性別不一致
參考文獻

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↑  Ranna Parekh. . American Psychiatric Publishing.   [November 20, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-14）.
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↑  Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, De Baere E, T'Sjoen G. . The Journal of Sexual Medicine. March 2012, 9 (3): 751–7. PMID 22146048. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x. Of 23 monozygotic female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 same‐sex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.005)... These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID.
↑  Diamond, Milton. . International Journal of Transgenderism. 2013, 14 (1): 24–38. S2CID 144330783. doi:10.1080/15532739.2013.750222. Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.
1 2 3 4 5 6  . 英国国家医疗服务体系（NHS）. 2017-10-23  [2022-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-20） （英语）.
↑  Zucker, Kenneth J.; Lawrence, Anne A.; Kreukels, Baudewijntje P.C. . Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2016, 12: 217–247. PMID 26788901. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093034. [For DSM-5] a reconceptualization was articulated in which 'identity' per se was not considered a sign of a mental disorder. Rather, it was the incongruence between one’s felt gender and assigned sex/gender (usually at birth) leading to distress and/or impairment that was the core feature of the diagnosis.
↑  Lev, Arlene Istar. . Clinical Social Work Journal. 2013, 41 (3): 288–296. S2CID 144556484. doi:10.1007/s10615-013-0447-0. [Despite some misgivings], I think that the change in nomenclature from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5 is a step forward, that is, removing the concept of gender as the site of the disorder and placing the focus on issues of distress and dysphoria.
1 2 3 4  Guillamon A, Junque C, Gómez-Gil E. . Archives of Sexual Behavior. October 2016, 45 (7): 1615–48. PMC 4987404 . PMID 27255307. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0768-5.
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↑  Harmon, A., & Oberleitner, M. G. (2016). Gender dysphoria. In Gale (Ed.), Gale encyclopedia of children's health: Infancy through adolescence (3rd ed.). Farmington, MI: Gale.
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↑  Bryant, Karl Edward. . Ann Arbor, Michigan: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT). 2007: 222. ISBN 9780549268161.
↑  Giordano, Simona (2012). Children with Gender Identity Disorder: A Clinical, Ethical, and Legal Analysis. New Jersey: Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 0415502713.
↑  Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, De Baere E, T'Sjoen G. . The Journal of Sexual Medicine. March 2012, 9 (3): 751–7. PMID 22146048. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x. Of 23 monozygotic female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 same‐sex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.005)... These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID.
↑  Diamond, Milton. . International Journal of Transgenderism. 2013, 14 (1): 24–38. S2CID 144330783. doi:10.1080/15532739.2013.750222. Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.
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1 2  Reed GM, Drescher J, Krueger RB, Atalla E, Cochran SD, First MB,  et al. . World Psychiatry. October 2016, 15 (3): 205–221. PMC 5032510 . PMID 27717275. doi:10.1002/wps.20354. The ICD‐10 classification of Sexual dysfunctions (F52) is based on a Cartesian separation of “organic” and “non‐organic” conditions.
↑  Reed GM, Drescher J, Krueger RB, Atalla E, Cochran SD, First MB, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Arango-de Montis I, Parish SJ, Cottler S, Briken P, Saxena S. . World Psychiatry. October 2016, 15 (3): 205–221. PMC 5032510 . PMID 27717275. doi:10.1002/wps.20354.
↑  Drescher J, Cohen-Kettenis P, Winter S. . International Review of Psychiatry. December 2012, 24 (6): 568–77  [2022-01-08]. PMID 23244612. S2CID 12805083. doi:10.3109/09540261.2012.741575. （原始内容存档于2022-01-08）. Until the middle of the 20th century, with rare exceptions, transgender presentations were usually classified as psychopathological.
↑  Cohen-Kettenis PT, Pfäfflin F. . Archives of Sexual Behavior. April 2010, 39 (2): 499–513. PMID 19838784. S2CID 16336939. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9562-y. The DSM has consistently approached gender problems from the position that a divergence between the assigned sex or “the” physical sex (assuming that “physical sex” is a one-dimensional construct) and “the” psychological sex (gender) per se signals a psychiatric disorder. Although the terminology and place of the gender identity disorders in the DSM have varied in the different versions, the distress about one’s assigned sex has remained, since DSM-III, the core feature of the diagnosis.
↑  Lawrence AA. . Beidel DC, Frueh BC  (编).  8th. John Wiley & Sons. 2018: 634  [2022-01-08]. ISBN 978-1-119-38360-4. （原始内容存档于2022-01-08）. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), for example, defined GD as “discomfort or distress that is caused by a discrepancy between a person’s gender identity and that person’s sex assigned at birth (and the associated gender role and/or primary and secondary sex characteristics)”
↑  Robles R, Fresán A, Vega-Ramírez H, Cruz-Islas J, Rodríguez-Pérez V, Domínguez-Martínez T, Reed GM. . The Lancet. Psychiatry. September 2016, 3 (9): 850–9  [2022-01-08]. PMID 27474250. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30165-1. （原始内容存档于2021-07-05）.
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↑  Committee On Adolescence. . Pediatrics. July 2013, 132 (1): 198–203. PMID 23796746. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1282 . However, adolescents with multiple or anonymous partners, having unprotected intercourse, or having substance abuse issues should be tested at shorter intervals.
↑   (PDF). GLMA. 2013  [August 27, 2013]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-09）.
↑   (PDF). American Psychological Association. 2011  [August 27, 2013]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-21）. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that APA recognizes the efficacy, benefit, and necessity of gender transition treatments for appropriately evaluated individuals and calls upon public and private insurers to cover these medically necessary treatments;