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↑  Landau & Lifshitz (1975，第361頁)：「有趣的是，在封閉空間中，總電荷必須為零。也就是說，在有限空間中的每個封閉表面，其兩側都包圍著一個有限的空間區域。因此，通過這個表面的電場通量，一方面等於表面內部的總電荷，另一方面則等於表面外部的總電荷，但符號相反。因此，表面兩側電荷的總和為零。」
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