均輪和本輪
註解

↑  "epicycle" （页面存档备份，存于）. Online Etymology Dictionary.
↑  Andrea, Murschel. . Journal for the History of Astronomy. 1995, (xxvii): 33–61  [2014-08-02]. Bibcode:1995JHA....26...33M. （原始内容存档于2021-07-15）.
↑  For an example of the complexity of the problem, see Owen Gingerich, The Book Nobody Read, Walker, 2004, p. 50
↑  Gingerich, Chapter 4
↑  One volume of De Revolutionibus was devoted to a description of the trigonometry used to make the transformation between geocentric and heliocentric coordinates.
↑  Gingerich, p. 267
↑  Gingerich, p. 54
↑  Palter, Robert. . Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science. 1970, 1: 94.
↑  Owen Gingerich, "Alfonso X as a Patron of Astronomy", in The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler (New York: American Institute of Physics, 1993), p. 125.
↑  Gingerich, "Crisis versus Aesthetic in the Copernican Revolution", in Eye of Heaven, pp. 193–204.
↑  "The popular belief that Copernicus's heliocentric system constitutes a significant simplification of the Ptolemaic system is obviously wrong ... [T]he Copernican models themselves require about twice as many circles as the Ptolemaic models and are far less elegant and adaptable." Neugebauer, Otto.  2. Dover Publications. 1969 [1957]  [2020-09-18]. ISBN 978-0-486-22332-2. （原始内容存档于2020-08-14）. , p. 204. This is an extreme estimate in favor of Ptolemy.
↑  Koestler, Arthur. . Arkana, Penguin Books. 1989 [1959]. , p. 195
↑  Palter, Approach to the History of Astronomy, pp. 113–114.
↑  Koestler, Arthur. . Arkana, Penguin Books. 1989 [1959]. , pp. 194–195
↑  A deferent/epicycle model is in fact used to compute Lunar positions needed to define modern Hindu calendars. See Nachum Dershovitz and Edward M. Reingold: Calendrical Calculations, Cambridge University Press, 1997, Chapter 14. (ISBN 0-521-56474-3)
↑  Goldstein, Bernard R. . Isis. 1972, 63 (1): 39–47 [40–41]. doi:10.1086/350839.
↑  Kollerstrom, Nicholas. . Green Lion Press. 2000. ISBN 1-888009-08-X.
↑  Dorothy Stimson,  The Gradual Acceptance of the Copernican Theory of the Universe (New York, 1917),  p. 14. The quotation is from John Milton's Paradise Lost, Book 8, 11.82–85.
↑  Robert Palter, An Approach to the History of Early Astronomy
↑  Encyclopædia Britannica, 1968, vol. 2, p. 645. This is identified as the highest number in Owen Gingerich, Alfonso X. Gingerich also expressed doubt about the quotation attributed to Alfonso. In The Book Nobody Read (p. 56), however, Gingerich relates that he challenged Encyclopædia Britannica about the number of epicycles. Their response was that the original author of the entry had died and its source couldn't be verified.
↑  Gingerich, The Book Nobody Read, p. 57
↑  Hanson, Norwood Russell.  (PDF). Isis. 1960-06-01, 51 (2): 150–158  [2011-10-21]. ISSN 0021-1753. JSTOR 226846. doi:10.1086/348869. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-01）.
↑  See, e.g., this animation （页面存档备份，存于） made by Christián Carman and Ramiro Serra, which uses 1000 epicycles to retrace the cartoon character Homer Simpson; cf. also Christián Carman's "Deferentes, epiciclos y adaptaciones （页面存档备份，存于）." and "La refutabilidad del Sistema de Epiciclos y Deferentes de Ptolomeo" （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Cf. Duhem, Pierre. . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1969. OCLC 681213472.  (excerpt （页面存档备份，存于）).