海洋熱浪
參考文獻

1 2 3 4 5 6  Hobday, Alistair J.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Perkins, Sarah E.; Smale, Dan A.; Straub, Sandra C.; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Burrows, Michael T.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming; Holbrook, Neil J. . Progress in Oceanography. 2016-02-01, 141: 227–238  [2023-08-20]. Bibcode:2016PrOce.141..227H. ISSN 0079-6611. S2CID 49583270. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08） （英语）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16  Holbrook, Neil J.; Scannell, Hillary A.; Sen Gupta, Alexander; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Feng, Ming; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Burrows, Michael T.; Donat, Markus G.; Hobday, Alistair J.; Moore, Pippa J. . Nature Communications. 2019-06-14, 10 (1): 2624. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.2624H. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6570771 . PMID 31201309. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10206-z.
1 2  Oliver, Eric C. J. . Climate Dynamics. 2019-08-01, 53 (3): 1653–1659. Bibcode:2019ClDy...53.1653O. ISSN 1432-0894. S2CID 135167065. doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04707-2.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Oliver, Eric C. J.; Donat, Markus G.; Burrows, Michael T.; Moore, Pippa J.; Smale, Dan A.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Feng, Ming; Sen Gupta, Alex; Hobday, Alistair J.; Holbrook, Neil J. . Nature Communications. 2018-04-10, 9 (1): 1324. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.1324O. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5893591 . PMID 29636482. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9.
1 2 3  Bates, AE; Hilton, BJ; Harley, CDG. . Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 2009-11-09, 86 (3): 245–251. ISSN 0177-5103. PMID 20066959. doi:10.3354/dao02125 .
↑  Eisenlord, Morgan E.; Groner, Maya L.; Yoshioka, Reyn M.; Elliott, Joel; Maynard, Jeffrey; Fradkin, Steven; Turner, Margaret; Pyne, Katie; Rivlin, Natalie; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Harvell, C. Drew. . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2016-03-05, 371 (1689): 20150212. PMC 4760142 . PMID 26880844. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0212.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10  Garrabou, J.; Coma, R.; Bensoussan, N.; Bally, M.; Chevaldonné, P.; Cigliano, M.; Diaz, D.; Harmelin, J. G.; Gambi, M. C.; Kersting, D. K.; Ledoux, J. B. . Global Change Biology. May 2009, 15 (5): 1090–1103. Bibcode:2009GCBio..15.1090G. S2CID 55566218. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x.
1 2 3 4  McCabe, Ryan M.; Hickey, Barbara M.; Kudela, Raphael M.; Lefebvre, Kathi A.; Adams, Nicolaus G.; Bill, Brian D.; Gulland, Frances M. D.; Thomson, Richard E.; Cochlan, William P.; Trainer, Vera L. . Geophysical Research Letters. 2016-10-16, 43 (19): 10366–10376. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..4310366M. ISSN 0094-8276. PMC 5129552 . PMID 27917011. doi:10.1002/2016GL070023.
↑  Bond, Nicholas A.; Cronin, Meghan F.; Freeland, Howard; Mantua, Nathan. . Geophysical Research Letters. 2015-05-16, 42 (9): 3414–3420. S2CID 129149984. doi:10.1002/2015GL063306  （英语）.
↑  Schaeffer, A.; Roughan, M. . Geophysical Research Letters. 2017-05-28, 44 (10): 5025–5033. S2CID 134464357. doi:10.1002/2017GL073714 （英语）.
↑  Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E.; King, A. D.; Cougnon, E. A.; Holbrook, N. J.; Grose, M. R.; Oliver, E. C. J.; Lewis, S. C.; Pourasghar, F. . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2019-01-01, 100 (1): S105–S110  [2023-08-20]. Bibcode:2019BAMS..100S.105P. ISSN 0003-0007. S2CID 127347944. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0116.1. hdl:1885/237324 . （原始内容存档于2023-08-20） （英语）.
↑  Laufkötter, Charlotte; Zscheischler, Jakob; Frölicher, Thomas L. . Science. 2020-09-25, 369 (6511): 1621–1625  [2023-08-20]. Bibcode:2020Sci...369.1621L. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32973027. S2CID 221881814. doi:10.1126/science.aba0690. （原始内容存档于2023-08-22） （英语）.
1 2 3  Frölicher, Thomas L.; Laufkötter, Charlotte. . Nature Communications. December 2018, 9 (1): 650. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..650F. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5811532 . PMID 29440658. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03163-6.
1 2  Gulf of Maine Research Institute; Pershing, Andrew; Mills, Katherine; Dayton, Alexa; Franklin, Bradley; Kennedy, Brian. . Oceanography. 2018-06-01, 31 (2). doi:10.5670/oceanog.2018.213 .
1 2 3  Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Cavole, Leticia; Demko, Alyssa; Diner, Rachel; Giddings, Ashlyn; Koester, Irina; Pagniello, Camille; Paulsen, May-Linn; Ramirez-Valdez, Arturo; Schwenck, Sarah; Yen, Nicole. . Oceanography. 2016, 29 (2). doi:10.5670/oceanog.2016.32 .
1 2  Gentemann, Chelle L.; Fewings, Melanie R.; García-Reyes, Marisol. . Geophysical Research Letters. 2017-01-16, 44 (1): 312–319. doi:10.1002/2016GL071039 .
1 2 3 4 5  Smale, Dan A.; Wernberg, Thomas; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Thomsen, Mads; Harvey, Ben P.; Straub, Sandra C.; Burrows, Michael T.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming. . Nature Climate Change. April 2019, 9 (4): 306–312. Bibcode:2019NatCC...9..306S. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 91471054. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1.
1 2  Cooley, S., D. Schoeman, L. Bopp, P. Boyd, S. Donner, D.Y. Ghebrehiwet, S.-I. Ito, W. Kiessling, P. Martinetto, E. Ojea, M.-F. Racault, B. Rost, and M. Skern-Mauritzen, 2022: Chapter 3: Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems and Their Services （页面存档备份，存于）. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （页面存档备份，存于） [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 379–550, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.005.
1 2 3  .   [2023-08-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-04）.
↑  IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: Glossary （页面存档备份，存于） [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （页面存档备份，存于） [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  CSIRO; Hobday, Alistair; Oliver, Eric; Sen Gupta, Alex; Benthuysen, Jessica; Burrows, Michael; Donat, Markus; Holbrook, Neil; Moore, Pippa; Thomsen, Mads; Wernberg, Thomas. . Oceanography. 2018-06-01, 31 (2). doi:10.5670/oceanog.2018.205 .
↑  National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) & University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). . Phys.org. 17 Mar 2023  [2023-08-20]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-08）.
↑  . www.climate.gov.   [2019-09-30].
↑  Gu, D. . Science. 1997-02-07, 275 (5301): 805–807  [2023-08-20]. PMID 9012341. S2CID 2595302. doi:10.1126/science.275.5301.805. （原始内容存档于2023-08-20）.
↑  Schwing, Franklin B.; Mendelssohn, Roy; Bograd, Steven J.; Overland, James E.; Wang, Muyin; Ito, Shin-ichi. . Journal of Marine Systems. Impact of climate variability on marine ecosystems: A comparative approach. 2010-02-10, 79 (3): 245–257. Bibcode:2010JMS....79..245S. ISSN 0924-7963. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.027.
↑  Mignot, Alexandre; von Schuckmann, Karina; Landschützer, Peter; Gasparin, Florent; van Gennip, Simon; Perruche, Coralie; Lamouroux, Julien; Amm, Tristan. . Nature Communications. 2022-07-25, 13 (1). ISSN 2041-1723. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31983-0 （英语）.
1 2 3 4  Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G.  Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021: Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change （页面存档备份，存于）. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （页面存档备份，存于） [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L.  Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211–1362, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011.
1 2  Greene, Scott; Kalkstein, Laurence S.; Mills, David M.; Samenow, Jason. . Weather, Climate, and Society. October 2011, 3 (4): 281–292  [2023-08-20]. ISSN 1948-8327. S2CID 49322487. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-11-00055.1 . （原始内容存档于2023-08-20）.
1 2  Pearce, Alan F.; Feng, Ming. . Journal of Marine Systems. 2013-02-01,. 111–112: 139–156. Bibcode:2013JMS...111..139P. ISSN 0924-7963. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.10.009.
↑  Herring, Stephanie C.; Hoell, Andrew; Hoerling, Martin P.; Kossin, James P.; Schreck, Carl J.; Stott, Peter A. . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. December 2016, 97 (12): S1–S3. Bibcode:2016BAMS...97S...1H. ISSN 0003-0007. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0313.1 .
↑  Fumo, James T.; Carter, Melissa L.; Flick, Reinhard E.; Rasmussen, Linda L.; Rudnick, Daniel L.; Iacobellis, Sam F. . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. May 2020, 125 (5). Bibcode:2020JGRC..12515674F. ISSN 2169-9275. S2CID 218992543. doi:10.1029/2019JC015674  （英语）.
↑  . Copernicus Climate Change Service. European Commission.   [13 August 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-05）.
1 2  Salinger, M James; Renwick, James; Behrens, Erik; Mullan, A Brett; Diamond, Howard J; Sirguey, Pascal; Smith, Robert O; Trought, Michael C T; Alexander, Lisa; Cullen, Nicolas J; Fitzharris, B Blair. . Environmental Research Letters. 2019-04-12, 14 (4): 044023. Bibcode:2019ERL....14d4023S. ISSN 1748-9326. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab012a .
1 2  Galli, Giovanni; Solidoro, Cosimo; Lovato, Tomas. . Frontiers in Marine Science. 2017-05-11, 4: 136. ISSN 2296-7745. doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00136 .
↑  Wernberg, T.; Bennett, S.; Babcock, R. C.; de Bettignies, T.; Cure, K.; Depczynski, M.; Dufois, F.; Fromont, J.; Fulton, C. J.; Hovey, R. K.; Harvey, E. S. . Science. 2016-07-08, 353 (6295): 169–172. Bibcode:2016Sci...353..169W. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27387951. doi:10.1126/science.aad8745 .
↑  Garrabou, Joaquim; Gómez‐Gras, Daniel; Medrano, Alba; Cerrano, Carlo; Ponti, Massimo; Schlegel, Robert; Bensoussan, Nathaniel; Turicchia, Eva; Sini, Maria; Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;  et al. . Global Change Biology. 18 July 2022, 28 (19): 5708–5725. ISSN 1354-1013. PMC 9543131 . PMID 35848527. S2CID 250622761. doi:10.1111/gcb.16301 （英语）.
↑  Chumkiew, Sirilak. . 2011  [2014-02-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-18） –ResearchGate.
↑  Huppert, Amit; Lewis Stone. . The American Naturalist. September 1998, 152 (3): 447–459. PMID 18811451. doi:10.1086/286181.
↑  . BBC中文新聞網. 2016-05-30  [2016-06-20]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-02）.
↑  McDermott, Amy. . Science News. 22 June 2016  [25 July 2016]. （原始内容存档于16 August 2016）.
1 2  Albright R. . Scientific American. December 2017, 318 (1): 42–49. Bibcode:2017SciAm.318a..42A. PMID 29257818. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0118-42.
↑  Bridge, Tom C. L.; Baird, Andrew H.; Pandolfi, John M.; McWilliam, Michael J.; Zapalski, Mikołaj K. . Scientific Reports. 2022-01-26, 12 (1): 1386. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.1386B. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8792005 . PMID 35082318. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05154-6 （英语）.
↑  Zapalski MK, Nowicki J, Jakubowicz M, Berkowski B. . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2017, 487: 416–429. Bibcode:2017PPP...487..416Z. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.09.028.
↑  Saranya, J. S.; Roxy, M. K.; Dasgupta, Panini; Anand, Ajay. . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. February 2022, 127 (2). Bibcode:2022JGRC..12717427S. ISSN 2169-9275. doi:10.1029/2021JC017427 （英语）.
↑  Naranjo, Laura. . earthdata.nasa.gov. 2 November 2018  [2019-09-30].
海洋熱浪的分類
這張圖片展示了1950年至2012年之間的三個氣候變異的示例：聖嬰 - 小女孩振盪、北極振盪和北大西洋振盪。
2013年至2016年在東北太平洋發生的被稱為“Blob”的海洋熱浪。