唯心主義
参考资料

↑  . Encyclopedia Britannica.   [2020-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-04） （英语）.
↑  Embree, Lester; Nenon, Thomas (编). . Springer Publishing. 2012: 338  [2019-07-27]. ISBN 9789400752122. （原始内容存档于2020-03-12）.
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1 2  Daniel Sommer Robinson, "Idealism" （页面存档备份，存于）, Encyclopædia Britannica
↑  Ludwig Noiré, Historical Introduction to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
↑  Zim, Robert (1995). Basic ideas of Yogācāra Buddhism. San Francisco State University. Source:  （页面存档备份，存于） (Retrieved 18 October 2007).
↑  Sprigge, T. (1998). Idealism （页面存档备份，存于）. In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. Retrieved 29 Jun. 2018. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-N027-1
↑  Guyer, Paul; Horstmann, Rolf-Peter. . Zalta, Edward N.  (编). . Stanford, California: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 30 August 2015  [2021-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-14）.
↑  In On The Freedom of the Will, Schopenhauer noted the ambiguity of the word idealism, calling it a "term with multiple meanings". For Schopenhauer, idealists seek to account for the relationship between our ideas and external reality, rather than for the nature of reality as such. Non-Kantian idealists, on the other hand, theorized about mental aspects of the reality underlying phenomena.
↑  Philip J. Neujahr would "restrict the idealist label to theories which hold that the world, or its material aspects, are dependent upon the specifically cognitive activities of the mind or Mind in perceiving or thinking about (or 'experiencing') the object of its awareness." Philip J. Neujahr, Kant's Idealism, Ch. 1
↑  Immanuel Kant, Notes and Fragments, ed. Paul Guyer, trans. by Curtis Bowman, Paul Guyer, and Frederick Rauscher, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 318, ISBN 0-521-55248-6
↑  Critique of Pure Reason, A 38
↑  Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin, "Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-mind/ （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  ARNE GRØN. . Encyclopedia of Science and Religion.   [1 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-01-12）.
↑  J.D.McNair. . Students' notes. MIAMI-DADE COMMUNITY COLLEGE.   [7 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-14）.
↑  Arne Grøn. . Encyclopedia of Science and Religion. eNotes.   [7 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-01-12）.
↑  Simone Klein. . Philosophy Questions. Philosophos.   [7 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-16）.
↑  Snowden, J. (1915). Philosophical Idealism and Christian Theology. The Biblical World, 46(3), 152-158. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3142477 （页面存档备份，存于）
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↑  Thompson, Theodore L. . The Christian Science Journal. March 1963, 81 (3)  [2019-07-27]. ISSN 0009-5613. （原始内容存档于2021-05-23）.
↑  Krishnananda, Swami. Daily Invocations （页面存档备份，存于）. Divine Life Society, The Purusha Sukta, Verses 4-5.
↑  Nikhilananda, Swami. The Upanishads — A New Translation. Chhandogya Upanishad （页面存档备份，存于）, Parts 5-8.
↑  Fernando Tola, Carmen Dragonetti. Philosophy of mind in the Yogacara Buddhist idealistic school. History of Psychiatry, SAGE Publications, 2005, 16 (4), pp.453-465.
1 2 3  Trivedi, Saam; Idealism and Yogacara Buddhism. Asian Philosophy Vol. 15, No. 3, November 2005, pp. 231–246
↑  Kapstein, Matthew T. Buddhist Idealists and Their Jain Critics On Our Knowledge of External Objects.
Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement / Volume 74 / July 2014, pp 123 - 147
doi:10.1017/S1358246114000083, Published online: 30 June 2014
↑  李國琛. . 星雲大師. 佛光教科書.   [2025-03-11] （中文）. 哲學所要探討的根本問題，即是宇宙人生的本原。在西方傳統哲學裡，認為「存在」的本原，往上可追溯到唯一的真實存在，即是上帝，此上帝創造並主宰整個世界。然而佛教並不承認有一個主宰者存在，萬物也不是真實的存在，萬物非由上帝所主宰，而是「法爾如是」的因緣所生法，是無常無我，是因緣和合的暫時性存在，非絕對獨一的存在論。既然「諸法因緣所生」，並無獨自存在的實體，那麼誰是認知這個世界的主體呢？佛教早期的瑜伽行派及後期的唯識宗都認為世界上的一切現象是由人的「心識」*6所變現出來的，這是佛教對本質與現象的認識論。西方哲學則認為世界上任何事物，本質和現象是對立的，本質是事物自身的根本性質；現象則是事物本質的外在表現。這種內外(精神與物質)二分法，易於「唯心主義」或「唯物主義」中執取一端。若以佛教的「唯識」做為認識論的對比，在「唯心」、「唯物」的辯證上，即可免除對立與矛盾。因為外境現象雖皆由心識所變現，但此心識亦是依因待緣，隨境變現，所以在唯識勝義上來說，亦無「唯心」之論。
↑  J.D.McNair. . Students' notes. MIAMI-DADE COMMUNITY COLLEGE.   [2011-08-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-14）.