美国的节育运动
摘要

↑  Engelman, pp. 3–4.
↑  Engelman, p. 5. Fertility rate dropped from 7 to 31⁄2 children per couple.
↑  Engelman, p. 11.
↑  Tone, pp. 73–75.
Engelman, pp. 11–12.
↑  Engelman, pp. 5–6. Rarely in public: Engelman cites Brodie, Janet, Contraception and Abortion in 19th Century America, Cornell University Press, 1987.
↑  Engelman, p. 6. Cullen DuPont, Kathryn (2000), "Contraception" in Encyclopedia of women's history in America, Infobase Publishing, p. 53 (first book in America). Year of publication is variously stated as 1830 or 1831.
↑  Engelman, p. 6.
↑  Engelman, pp. 6–7.
↑  Riddle, John M. (1999), Eve's Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West, Harvard University Press, pp. 226–7.
↑  Engelman, p. 7.
↑  Engelman, pp. 7–8.
↑  "Contraception", in Women's studies encyclopedia, Volume 1, Helen Tierney (Ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 301.
↑  Engelman, pp. 9, 47.
↑  Ahluwalia, Sanjam (2008), Reproductive Restraints: Birth Control in India, 1877–1947, University of Illinois Press, p. 54.
↑  Tone, p. 17. Engelman, pp. 13–14.
↑  Engelman, p. 15.
↑  Engelman, pp. 15–16.
↑  Engelman, p. 20.
↑  Engelman, p. 20.
↑  Engelman, pp. 18–19.
↑  Engelman, pp. 23–27. Kersch, Kenneth Ira, Freedom of Speech: Rights and Liberties under the Law, ABC-CLIO, 2003, pp. 109–110.
↑  Engelman, pp. 23–25.
↑  Engelman, pp. 25–26.
↑  Baker, pp. 50–51 (Goldman circle).
Engelman, pp. 29–30 (Goldman circle)
Cox, p. 4 (pregnancies).
Buchanan, p. 121 (tuberculosis and cancer). Chelsler, p. 41 (age 50).
↑  Baker, pp. 49–51. Kennedy, pp. 16–18.
↑  Patient was Sadie Sachs. The selected papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1, p. 185. The source of Sanger's quote is identified as: "Birth Control", Library of Congress collection of Sanger's papers: microfilm: reel 129: frame 12, April 1916.
↑  Engelman, p. 34.
Cronin, Mary (1996), "The Woman Rebel", in Women's periodicals in the United States: social and political issues, Endres, Kathleen L. (Ed.), Greenwood Press, p. 448.
Cronin cites Sanger, An Autobiography, pp. 95–96.
Cronin cites Kennedy, p. 19, who points out that some materials on birth control were available in 1913.
↑  Tone, pp. 79–80.
↑  McCann (2010), pp. 750–751.
↑  Kennedy, pp. 1, 22. The slogan "No Gods, No Masters" originated in a flyer distributed by the Industrial Workers of the World in the 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike.
↑  Engelman, Peter C. (2004), "Margaret Sanger", article in Encyclopedia of Leadership, Volume 4, George R. Goethals, et al. (Eds.), SAGE, p. 1382. 
Engelman cites facsimile edited by Alex Baskin, Woman Rebel, New York: Archives of Social History, 1976. Facsimile of original.
Engelman, pp. 43–44: At the same time, Sanger published Family Limitation, a 16-page pamphlet summarizing contraceptive techniques.
↑  Sanger, The selected papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1, p. 70.。
Engelman, p. 23.
Kennedy, p. 101.
↑  Engelman, p. 43.
↑  Baker, p. 89.
↑  Chesler, p. 127.
↑  Engelman, p. 49.
↑  Engelman, pp. 54–55.
↑  Engelman, pp. 49–50.
↑  Engelman, p. 51. Organizations had existed in Europe, notably England and Netherlands, since the 1870s.
↑  Engelman, p. 52.
↑  Engelman, pp. 57–58.

Kennedy, p. 77.
↑  Kersten, Andrew (2011), Clarence Darrow: American Iconoclast, Macmillan, p. 170.

Sanger, Autobiography, pp. 183–189.

Engelman, p. 61–62: Sanger also gained sympathy from the public when her five-year-old daughter died immediately before the trial.
↑  Engelman, p. 64.
↑  Engelman, p. 72.
↑  Engelman, pp. 73, 76.
↑  Engelman, pp. 75–77.
↑  Engelman, p. 79.
↑  Chesler, p. 150.

Engelman, p. 79–80.
↑  Chesler p. 151.

Engelman, p. 83.
↑  Engelman, p. 86.
↑  Engelman, pp. 87–89.
↑  Engelman, p. 89.
↑  Cox, p. 65.

Engelman, p. 91.
↑  . The Model Editions Partnership.   [November 1, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-01）.
↑  Engelman, p. 84.
↑  Engelman, pp. 84–85.
↑  Caption at the bottom of this 1919 issue reads: "Must She Always Plead in Vain? 'You are a nurse – can you tell me? For the children's sake – help me!'"
↑  McCann (2010), p. 751.

Engelman, p. 92.
↑  Chesler, pp. 127, 131, 148, 152, 166, 392.

Kennedy pp. 84, 181.

Engelman, pp. 92–93. In her memoirs, Sanger often understated or entirely omitted the contributions of fellow activists.
↑  Engelman, pp. 92–93. In her memoirs, Sanger often understated or entirely omitted the contributions of fellow activists.
↑  Engelman, pp. 92–93.
↑  Engelman, p. 92.
↑  Engelman, pp. 94–96 ("phenomenal media hype"). 
Sanger's movie was banned as "indecent" in New York. Other movies included Miracle of Life, The Black Stork, The Unborn, Where are my Children and The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (1917 film).
↑  Engelman, p. 96.
↑  Engelman, pp. 97, quoting Billy Sunday.
↑  McCann (1994), pp. 99–101.
Engelman, pp. 97–98.
↑  Engelman, p. 99.
↑  Engelman, pp. 99–101.
↑  Engelman, pp. 101–103.
↑  Engelman, p. 103.
↑  Engelman, pp. 107–109.

Tone, pp. 91–115 contains a history of contraception in the U.S. military in World War I. Navy secretary Josephus Daniels led the efforts to enforce abstinence.
↑  Engelman, pp. 107–109.
↑  Engelman, p. 109.
↑  Engelman pp. 109–110, quoting Tone pp. 102–109.
↑  . jwa.org.   [2017-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-05） （英语）.
↑  Engelman, pp. 115–116. Sanger, jealous of her leadership role, excluded Dennett from meetings and other activities that would benefit Dennett.
↑  "Birth control: What it is, How it works, What it will do", The Proceedings of the First American Birth Control Conference, November 1921, pp. 207–208.
Sanger, Margaret (Ed.), The Birth Control Review, V (12):18, (December 1921).
↑  Engelman, p. 120–122.
↑  Engelman, pp. 125–126.
↑  Engelman, p. 129.
↑  Freedman, Estelle B. (2007), The Essential Feminist Reader, Random House Digital, Inc., p. 211.
Engelman, pp. 129–130.
The ABCL was established in December 1921, and held its first meeting in January 1922.
↑  Engelman, p. 137.
↑  Engelman, p. 138.
↑  Engelman, p. 138. The CRB, from its inception, collected detailed data on the effectiveness of various contraceptive methods, and published the results in many reports and journals.
↑  Engelman, p. 139.
↑  McCann (1994), pp. 168–173.

. Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter (Margaret Sanger Papers Project). 14 November 2002, (28)  [25 January 2009]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-18）. 

Allegations of racism can be found in Franks, Angela (2005), Margaret Sanger's Eugenic Legacy: The Control of Female Fertility, McFarland; and in Davis, Angela (1981), Women, Race and Class.
↑  Commission on Population Growth and the American Future. . 1972.
↑  . Time. April 7, 1967  [2010-03-20]. （原始内容存档于February 19, 2005）. 
Goldin, Claudia & Lawrence Katz. . Journal of Political Economy. 2002, 110 (4): 730–770. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.6514 . S2CID 221286686. doi:10.1086/340778.
↑  Lynch, Catherine M. . Contraception Online. Baylor College of Medicine.   [2006-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2006-01-27）.
↑  Office of Population Affairs Clearinghouse. "Fact Sheet: Title X Family Planning Program." 的存檔，存档日期April 5, 2012，. January 2008.
↑  . Guttmacher Institute. August 2011  [2 March 2012]. （原始内容存档于2008-09-26）.
↑  . Healthy People 2020. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.   [5 March 2012]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-28）.  The DHHS cites:

Gold RB, Sonfield A, Richards C, et al., Next steps for America's family planning program: Leveraging the potential of Medicaid and Title X in an evolving health care system, Guttmacher Institute, 2009; and

Frost J, Finer L, Tapales A., "The impact of publicly funded family planning clinic services on unintended pregnancies and government cost savings", J Health Care Poor Underserved, 2008 Aug, 19(3):778-96.
↑  The drug is also known as RU-486 or Mifeprex.

 Mifepristone is still used for contraception in Russia and China.

Ebadi, Manuchair, "Mifepristone" in Desk reference of clinical pharmacology, CRC Press, 2007, p. 443, ISBN 978-1-4200-4743-1.

Baulieu, Étienne-Émile; Rosenblum, Mort. . Simon & Schuster. 1991. ISBN 0-671-73816-X. 


Mifeprex prescribing information (label) （页面存档备份，存于）. Retrieved 24 January 2012.

Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information （页面存档备份，存于）. Retrieved 24 January 2012.

FDA approval letter to Population Council （页面存档备份，存于）. 28 September 2000. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
↑  Kolata, Gina. . The New York Times. September 29, 2000: A1  [2021-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-04）.  Retrieved 15 November 2011.
↑  The FDA approved the Yuzpe regimen in 1997.

Levonorgestrel (Plan B) was approved, by prescription, in 1999.

Ebadi, Manuchair, "Levonorgestrel", in Desk Reference of Clinical Pharmacology, CRC Press, 2007, p. 338, ISBN 978-1-4200-4743-1.

Updated FDA Action on Plan B (levonorgestrel) Tablets 的存檔，存档日期2012-06-30. (press release). 22 April 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2012.

FDA Approves Over-the-Counter Access for Plan B for Women 18 and Older （页面存档备份，存于） (press release). 24 August 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2012.

The phrase "morning-after pill" is a misnomer, because it can be taken several days after unprotected sexual intercourse to have an effect to reduce the rates of an unplanned pregnancy.
↑  Speroff, Leon (2010), A Clinical Guide for Contraception, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 978-1-60831-610-6, pp. 153–155.
↑  McBride, Dorothy (2008), Abortion in the United States: a Reference Handbook, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-59884-098-8, pp. 67–68.
↑  . The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 2000-12-14  [2014-01-25]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-07）.
↑   (PDF). 2011-11-01  [2014-01-25]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-08-13）.  "The official start date is August 1, 2012, but since most plan changes take effect at the beginning of a new plan year, the requirements will be in effect for most plans on January 1, 2013. School health plans, which often begin their health plan years around the beginning of the school year, will see the benefits of the August 1st start date."
↑  . 2013-05-04  [2014-01-25]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-31）.
↑   (PDF). 2011-11-01  [2014-01-25]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-08-13）.  "These changes include cutting benefits significantly; increasing co-insurance, co-payments, or deductibles or out-of-pocket limits by certain amounts; decreasing premium contributions by more than 5%; or adding or lowering annual limits."
↑   (PDF). 2011-11-01  [2014-01-25]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-08-13）.  "Non-grandfathered plans are group health plans created after the health care reform law was signed by the President or individual health plans purchased after that date."
↑  Sonfield, Adam.  (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. 2013, 16 (4)  [2014-01-25]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-02-01）.
↑  Willis, David. . BBC News. June 30, 2014  [June 30, 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-06-30）.
↑  O'Donoghue, Amy Joi. . Deseret News. Jul 5, 2014  [Jul 30, 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-12）.
↑  >Haberkorn, Jennifer; Gerstein, Josh. . Politico. Jun 30, 2014  [Jun 30, 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-01）.
↑  LoGiurato, Brett. . Business Insider. July 3, 2014  [2021-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-11）.
↑  Liptak, Adam. . The New York Times. March 23, 2016  [2021-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-08）.
↑  . 6 October 2017  [2021-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-24）.
↑  . Associated Press.   [2021-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-15）.
罗伯特·戴尔·欧文（ Robert Dale Owen）创作并出版了美国第一本以节育为主题的书。
安东尼·康斯托克美国许多反避孕法的责任者
玛格丽特·桑格是节育运动的领导人之一。
1914年3月，《叛逆妇女》创刊号
本页描绘讲解了宫颈帽，出自1914年的节育手册《家庭限制》。
《论节育》出版于1917年至1940年间的月刊。
纽约的这座大楼于1930至1973年间被作为临床研究局投入使用。
1926年的广告
桑格于1920年写作的支持优生学的书籍。
W·E·B·杜波依斯，曾作为哈莱姆节育诊所理事会的一员工作。
避孕隔膜是在避孕药被最为普遍被使用的女性避孕药具（现代样本，尺寸由硬币对比展示）
避孕药