罗马帝国语言
参考

↑  Richard Brilliant, "Scenic Representations," in Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979), pp. 96–97.
↑  Bruno Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," translated by James Clackson, in A Companion to the Latin Language (Blackwell, 2011), p. 560.
↑  Alex Mullen, "Introduction: Multiple Languages, Multiple Identities," in Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds (Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 28.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," pp. 554, 556.
↑  J.N. Adams, "Romanitas and the Latin Language," Classical Quarterly 53.1 (2003), pp. 185–186, 205.
1 2  Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State, p. 5.
↑  The Oxford Handbook of the Literatures of the Roman Empire （页面存档备份，存于）, edited by Daniel L. Selden and Phiroze Vasunia (Oxford University Press). Richard Valantasis, introduction to Religions of Late Antiquity in Practice (Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 11.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire," pp. 15–16.
↑  Joseph Eska, "Inscriptions in the Celtic World," in Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-Clio, 2006), pp. 965–970.
1 2  Tore Janson, A Natural History of Latin (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 87.
↑  Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, pp. 264–265.
↑  James Clackson, introduction to A Companion to the Latin Language, p. 1.
↑  Virgil, Aeneid 12.834 and 837; Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," pp. 549, 563; Adams, "Romanitas and the Latin Language," p. 184.
1 2  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," p. 552.
↑  József Herman, Vulgar Latin, translated by Roger Wright (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000, originally published 1975 in French), p. 10.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," p. 549; Charles Freeman, The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World (New York: Penguin, 1999), pp. 389–433.
↑  Augustine of Hippo, De Civitate Dei 19.7.18, as cited by Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," p. 549.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," p. 549, citing Plutarch, Life of Alexander 47.6.
↑  Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, p. 265.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, p. 92.
↑  Clifford Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (University of California Press, 2000), pp. 86–87.
↑  William V. Harris, Ancient Literacy (Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 5; William A. Johnson, Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 3–4, especially note 5; T.J. Kraus, "(Il)literacy in Non-Literary Papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt: Further Aspects of the Educational Ideal in Ancient Literary Sources and Modern Times," Mnemosyme 53.3 (2000), p. 325; Marietta Horster, "Primary Education," in The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, pp. 89, 97–98.
↑  Christian Laes, Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within (Cambridge University Press, 2011, originally published in Dutch 2006), p. 108; Horster, "Primary Education," in The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, p. 89.
↑  IG 14.1125
1 2  Adams, "Romanitas and the Latin Language," pp. 186–187.
↑  Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire, p. 101; Kraus, "(Il)literacy in Non-Literary Papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt," pp. 325–327.
↑  Susan P. Mattern, Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate (University of California Press, 1999), p. 197; Teresa Morgan, Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds (Cambridge University Press, 1998, 2000), pp. 1–2 et passim; Greg Woolf, "Literacy or Literacies in Rome?" in Ancient Literacies, p. 46ff.; Horster, "Primary Education," in The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, p. 97. Ando poses the question as "what good would 'posted edicts' do in a world of low literacy?' in Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire, p. 101.
↑  Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire, pp. 152, 210.
↑  Edith Hall, introduction to New Directions in Ancient Pantomime (Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 6–7.
↑  Rance, "The De Militari Scientia or Müller Fragment," pp. 63–64.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, p. 100.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, p. 279; Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, p. 5.
↑  Lucian, Dialogue of the Dead 25; Anderson, The Second Sophistic, p. 194.
1 2  Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, p. 5.
↑  Stefan Zimmer, "Indo-European," in Celtic Culture: An Historical Encyclopedia, p. 961.
↑  Cicero, In Catilinam 2.15, P.Ryl. I 61 "recto".
↑  Suetonius, Life of Claudius 42.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," p. 553; Lee I. Levine, Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E. – 70 C.E.) (Jewish Publication Society, 2002), p. 154.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," p. 556; Adams, "Romanitas and the Latin Language," p. 200.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," pp. 553–554.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, pp. 93¬94.
↑  Moatii, "Translation, Migration, and Communication," p. 112.
↑  Rance, "The De Militari Scientia or Müller Fragment," p. 63.
↑  Anderson, The Second Sophistic, pp. 87–91.
↑  Anderson, The Second Sophistic, p. 101.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," p. 560.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," p. 560; A.H.M. Jones, The Decline of the Ancient World (Longmanns, 1966), p. 346.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," pp. 562–563.
↑  Richard Miles, "Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power," in Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire (Routledge, 2000), pp. 59–60.
1 2  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, p. 95.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," p. 4.
1 2 3  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," p. 5.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," p. 6.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," pp. 4–5.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," pp. 5–6.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," p. 7.
↑  Edwards et al., introduction to Apologetics in the Roman Empire, p. 7; Matthew W. Dickie, "Lucian's Gods: Lucian's Understanding of the Divine," in The Gods of Ancient Greece: Identifies and Transformations (Edinburgh University Press, 2010), p. 350.
↑  Adams, "Romanitas and the Latin Language,"  p. 199.
↑  Mark Sheridan, From the Nile to the Rhone and Beyond: Studies in Early Monastic Literature and Scriptural Interpretation (Studia Anselmiana, 2012), p. 225.
1 2 3  Sheridan, From the Nile to the Rhone, p. 226.
↑  Maged S.A. Mikhail, "An Historical Definition for the 'Coptic Period'," in Coptic Studies on the Threshold of a New Millennium. Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Coptic Studies Leiden 2000 (Peeters, 2004), vol. 2, p. 972.
↑  Mikhail, "An Historical Definition for the 'Coptic Period'," p. 973; Sheridan, From the Nile to the Rhone, p. 226.
↑  Mikhail, "An Historical Definition for the 'Coptic Period'," p. 973.
1 2  Mikhail, "An Historical Definition for the 'Coptic Period'," p. 974.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, pp. 201, 213.
↑  Andrew Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa: Function and Display," in Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds, pp. 266–268.
↑  Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa," p. 282.
↑  Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa," p. 295.
↑  Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa," p. 269.
↑  Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa," p. 307ff.
↑  Karel Jongeling and Robert M. Kerr, Late Punic Epigraphy (Mohr Siebeck, 2005), p. 4; Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa," p. 305.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 185 et passim.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 195.
↑  Fiona A. Rose, "Text and Image in Celtiberia: The Adoption and Adaptation of Written Language into Indigenous Visual Vocabulary," Oxford Journal of Archaeology 22.2 (2003), p. 155.
↑  Rose, "Text and Image in Celtiberia," pp. 157, 159.
↑  Rose, "Text and Image in Celtiberia," p. 159; Leonard A. Curchin, The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland (Routledge, 2004), p. 120.
↑  Rose, "Text and Image in Celtiberia," p. 156.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 280.
↑  Irenaeus, Against Heresies I, preface; Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies (Editions Errance, 2003), p. 10.
↑  Digest 31.1.11; Lambert, La langue gauloise, p. 10.
1 2  Lambert, La langue gauloise, p. 10.
↑  Jerome, commentary on the Letter to the Galatians; Lambert, La langue gauloise, p. 10.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 192.
1 2 3 4  Laurence Hélix. . Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. : 7. ISBN 978-2-7298-6470-5. 高卢语的衰落和消失不仅可以用具体的文化习俗来解释：当凯撒领导着罗马人在公元前1世纪入侵高卢时，高卢逐渐变得深刻地罗马化。在将近500年的时间里，即著名的高卢-罗马时期，高卢语和拉丁语共存；甚至在6世纪，图尔的格雷戈里的证词也证明了高卢语的存在。
↑  Latin Anthology 285 (= 279 in the edition of Shackleton Bailey): Inter 'eils' Goticum 'scapia matzia ia drincan' / non audet quisquam dignos edicere versus ;Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 275.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 274.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, pp. 274–275, citing Tacitus, Annales 2.10.3.
↑  Ammianus Marcellinus 18.2.2; Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 275.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 276.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, pp. 276–277.
↑  Sidonius, Epistle 5.5; Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 277.
↑  Moatti, "Translation, Migration, and Communication," p. 111, note 9.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," pp. 553–555.
↑  The second inscription comes from Corstopitum (Corbridge), about 50 kilometers away.
↑  Mullen, introduction to Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds pp. 1–4.
↑  Miles, "Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power," p. 58.
↑  James Clackson and Geoffrey Horrocks, The Blackwell History of the Latin Language (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), p. 83; Herman, Vulgar Latin, p. 11.
↑  Giuliano Bonfante and Larissa Bonfante, The Etruscan Language (Manchester University Press, rev. ed. 2002), p. 33.
↑  Kalle Korhonen, "Sicily in the Roman Imperial Period," in Language and Linguistic Contact in Ancient Sicily (Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 332.
↑  Korhonen, "Sicily in the Roman Imperial Period," pp. 336–338.
↑  Korhonen, "Sicily in the Roman Imperial Period," 339–340.
↑  Korhonen, "Sicily in the Roman Imperial Period," p. 363.
1 2  Korhonen, "Sicily in the Roman Imperial Period," p. 366.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," p. 550; Stefan Zimmer, "Indo-European," in Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-Clio, 2006), p. 961; Leonard A. Curchin, "Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain," American Journal of Philology 116.3 (1995), p. 464.
↑  Varro as quoted by Isidore of Seville, Origines 15.1.63, trilingues quod et graece loquantur et latine et gallice; Edgar C. Polomé, "The Linguistic Situation in the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II (De Gruyter, 1983), p. 527; Philip Freeman, Ireland and the Classical World (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001), p. 15.
1 2  Miles, "Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power," pp. 58–59.
↑  Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, p. 8, especially note 10.
1 2 3  Herman, Vulgar Latin, p. 12.
↑  Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, pp. 266, 273.
↑  Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, p. 266.
↑  Mullen,  Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, p. 267.
↑  Ausonius, Epicedion in patrem 9–10 (a first-person poem written in the voice of his father); J.N. Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language (Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 356–357, especially note 109, citing R.P.H. Green, The Works of Ausonius (Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 1991), p. 276 on the view that Gaulish was the native language of Iulius Ausonius. Adams is inclined to believe that he simply spoke Latin with a Gaulish accent. See also Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, p. 269 (note 19).
↑  Karmele Rotaetxe, "Basque as a Literary Language," in A Comparative History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula (John Benjamins, 2010), p. 446.
↑  Clackson and Horrocks, The Blackwell History of the Latin Language, pp. 85–86.
↑  Charles-Edwards, T. M. . 2012: 75. ISBN 0198217315.
↑  Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," p. 127.
↑  Clackson and Horrocks, The Blackwell History of the Latin Language, pp. 86–87; Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," pp. 128–129, expressing skepticism about identifying the non-Punic languages of North Africa as "Berber".
↑  Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa," pp. 284, 286.
↑  Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," p. 129.
↑  Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," pp. 128–130.
1 2 3  Blench, Roger. 2018. Reconciling archaeological and linguistic evidence for Berber prehistory （页面存档备份，存于）.
1 2  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," pp. 558–559.
↑  Sheridan, From the Nile to the Rhone, p. 226.
↑  Sheridan, From the Nile to the Rhone, p. 225.
↑  Miles, "Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power," p. 58; Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, pp. 5–7.
1 2 3  Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," p. 126.
↑  Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," p. 127, citing Philostratus and Gregory of Nyssa.
↑  Teresa Morgan, "Education," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 18.
↑  J.J. Wilkes, "The Roman Danube: An Archaeological Survey," Journal of Roman Studies 95 (2005), p. 124
↑  Not to be confused with the modern Macedonian language, which is Slavonic.
1 2 3  Clackson and Horrocks, The Blackwell History of the Latin Language, p. 86.
↑  Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," p. 126, citing also L.P. Wilkinson, Ovid Recalled (1955), ch. 10.
↑  Goodman, Mission and Conversion, pp. 48, 130.
↑  Mullen, introduction to Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds, p. 18.
↑  Goodman, Mission and Conversion, p. 48.
↑  Goodman, Mission and Conversion, p. 79.
↑  Goodman, Mission and Conversion, pp. 53, 78.
↑  Goodman, Mission and Conversion, pp. 65–66.
↑  Goodman, Mission and Conversion, p. 48.
↑  Simon Price, "Latin Christian Apologetics: Minucius Felix, Tertullian, and Cyprian," in Apologetics in the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews, and Christians (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 103.
↑  Valantasis, introduction to Religions of Late Antiquity, p. 11.
↑  Robin Margaret Jensen, Understanding Christian Art (Routledge, 2000), p. 51; Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 233.
↑  Mark Edwards, "The Constantinian Circle and the Oration to the Saints," in Apologetics, p. 255.
↑  Augustine, Confessions 1.14.23; Moatii, "Translation, Migration, and Communication," p. 112.
↑  Augustine, Confessions 1.13.20 and 2.38.91; Moatti, "Translation, Migration, and Communication," p. 112, note 16.
↑  Simon Swain, "Defending Hellenism: Philostratus, in Honour of Apollonius," in Apologetics, p. 173.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, pp. 97–98.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, p. 98.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, pp. 102–103.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, pp. 103–104.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, p. 104.
1 2  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, p. 105.
↑  Alderik Bloom, "Linguae sacrae in Ancient and Medieval Sources: An Anthropological Approach to Ritual Language," in Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds, p. 124, prefers "ritual" to the problematic distinction between "religion" and "magic" in antiquity.
↑  Hans Dieter Betz, "Introduction to the Greek Magical Papyri," The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells (University of Chicago Press, 1986, 1996), p. xli.
↑  William M. Breshear, "The Greek Magical Papyri: An Introduction and Survey," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II 18.5 (1994), passim.
↑  Blom, "Linguae sacrae," p. 130.
↑  James Clackson, "Language Maintenance and Shift," in Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds, p. 55.
↑  Betz, introduction to "The Greek Magical Papyri," pp. xlv–xlvi; Janet H. Johnson, "Introduction to the Demotic Magical Papyri," p. lv in the same volume (page numbering of the two introductions is independent, not sequential).
↑  Campbell Bonner, “Harpokrates (Zeus Kasios) of Pelusium,” Hesperia 15 (1946), p. 54.
↑  In addition to the PGM, charms are common in texts from late antiquity, including the collected pharmacological recipes of Marcellus of Bordeaux; Pseudo-Apuleius, Herbarius; Sextus Placitus, Liber medicinae ex animalibus; Hippiatrica; Physica Plinii; Pseudo-Dioscurides, De herbis feminis; and the Anglo-Saxon Lacnunga. See Blom, "Linguae sacrae," p. 127, note 22. Inscriptions are found on amulets, intaglio gems, incantation bowls, curse tablets, and lamellae (metal-leaf tablets).
↑  Fritz Graf, “Prayer in Magic and Religious Ritual,” in Magika Hiera: Ancient Greek Magic and Religion, (Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 191, and Roy Kotansky, “Incantations and Prayers for Salvation on Inscribed Greek Amulets,” also in Magika Hiera, p. 132, note 60, both on Egyptian; John G.  Gager, “A New Translation of Ancient Greek and Demotic Papyri, Sometimes Called Magical,” Journal of Religion 67 (1987), p. 83 on Coptic.
↑  Gager, “A New Translation of Ancient Greek and Demotic Papyri,", p. 83; Paul Mirecki, “The Coptic Wizard's Hoard,” Harvard Theological Review 87 (1994), pp. 457–458.
↑  Kotansky, “Incantations and Prayers for Salvation," p. 117.
↑  Lambert, La langue gauloise, pp. 176–178, particularly on a 3rd–4th century tablet from the Gallo-Roman town Rom that may be Celtic in a Latin context.
↑  Breshear, "The Greek Magical Papyri," p. 3435.
↑  Matthias Klinghardt, “Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion,” Numen 46 (1999), p. 50; Hans Dieter Betz, "Secrecy in the Greek Magical Papyri," in Secrecy and Concealment: Studies in the History of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Religions (Leiden 1995), 153–175, especially 158–164; Brashear, “The Greek Magical Papyri," p. 3434.
↑  Richard Janko, “Forgetfulness in the Golden Tablets of Memory,” Classical Quarterly 34 (1984), pp. 89–100 on problems of oral transcription; Graf, “Prayer in Magic and Religious Ritual,” p. 191; Betz, "The Greek Magical Papyri," p. xlvi; Breshear, "The Greek Magical Papyri," pp. 3434–3438.
↑  IGF 159; Mullen,  Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, pp. 266–267.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 194.
↑  L.C. Youtie, "A Medical Prescription for Eye-salve," ZPE 23 (1976), pp. 121–29; Collingwood and Wright, “Roman Inscriptions of Britain I” (Oxford 1965), p. 144, no. 436.
↑  According to Origen, Commentary on Matthew (PG 13.1757): Hebraeo acceptis adiurant daemonia; Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 194.
↑  Jerome, Vita Hilarionis 13.7: videres de ore barbaro, et qui Francam tantum et Latinam linguam noverat, Syra ad purum verba resonare: Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 275.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," p. 3.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," pp. 2–3.
↑  W.W. Buckland A Textbook of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian, 3rd ed. edited by Peter Stein (Cambridge University Press, 1921, 2007), p. 9.
↑  Digest 32.11 pr.; Ramsey MacMullen, "Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire," American Journal of Philology 87.1 (1966), p. 2.
↑  Adolf Berg, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (American Philosophical Society, 1980, 1991), pp. 470–471. In late antiquity, fideicommissa could be legally binding as well.
↑  Digest 45.1.1.6; MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," p. 2.
↑  Gaius, Institutiones 3.93; MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," pp. 2–3.
↑  Françoise Waquet, Latin, Or, The Empire of the Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century (Verso, 2001; originally published 1998 in French), pp. 1–2; Kristian Jensen, "The Humanist Reform of Latin and Latin Teaching," in The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism (Cambridge University Press, 1996, 2003), pp. 63–64.
↑  Adams, "Romanitas and the Latin Language,"  p. 199; Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, pp. 5, 7.
高卢行省La Graufesenque遗址出土的赭色粘土陶器（terra sigillta）上的罗马书写体
罗马执政官卢修斯·门修斯·纳塔利斯（133–134）在祭坛上为阿斯克勒庇俄斯所作希腊语神誓（votum）
罗马帝国语言区示意图，西部以拉丁语为主，东部以希腊语为主。
一份5世纪莎草纸，内容为西塞罗演讲稿的拉丁-希腊语双语对应。
罗马帝国区域性语言示意图（c.150）
《犹大福音》首页，恰科斯抄本（3–4世纪）
共和国时期的招待信物上的凯尔特伊比利亚语铭文
罗马人在祭坛上献祭的场景，祭坛上有对日耳曼或凯尔特女神瓦格达维库斯提斯的拉丁文献词，由一位禁卫军长官于165年设立于Colonia Ubiorum（德国科隆）
半身像（1世纪晚期），有高卢语名字Esumopas Cnustious及拉丁文缩写VSLM（votum solvit libens merito“自由地应允了他的誓言”）
位于今日利比亚大莱普提斯剧院的拉丁语-布匿语双语铭文
用科普特语记录将小麦运往磨坊的容器碎片，321年6月2日
拉丁文罗马军事文凭，多瑙河诺里库姆行省卡农顿，上记日期为公元80年6月13日
正在阅读手卷的以斯拉或耶利米，杜拉欧罗普斯犹太教堂一张壁画（3世纪）
这块墓碑（3世纪）是最早的基督教铭文之一：顶部的缩写D.M.指麻内，即古罗马死神，伴有基督矛和耶稣鱼，表达希腊语习语“活鱼”，后面是死者的拉丁文墓志铭
装订好的魔法铭文铅板（4或5世纪）
4-7世纪西欧的语言分布，粉色区域为罗曼语族。
14世纪罗曼语的分布