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↑  Altilio, Terry; Otis-Green, Shirley. . Oxford University Press. 2011: 380  [April 12, 2016]. ISBN 978-0199838271. （原始内容存档于2016-12-01）. Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth (Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation [GLAAD], 2007).
1 2  Forsyth, Craig J.; Copes, Heith. . Sage Publications. 2014: 740  [April 12, 2016]. ISBN 978-1483364698. （原始内容存档于2016-12-01）. Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth.
↑  Berg-Weger, Marla. . Routledge. 2016: 229  [April 12, 2016]. ISBN 978-1317592020. （原始内容存档于2016-12-01）. Transgender: An umbrella term that describes people whose gender identity or gender expression differs from expectations associated with the sex assigned to them at birth.
1 2 3 4  Thomas E. Bevan, The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism (2014, ISBN 1-4408-3127-0), page 42: "The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) [...]. The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince."
1 2  R Polly, J Nicole, Understanding the transsexual patient: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice, in the Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal (2011): "The use of terminology by transsexual individuals to self-identify varies. As aforementioned, many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender, or simply trans, as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas. There are some transsexual individuals [,] however, who reject the term transgender; these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition. Following medical and/or surgical transition, they live within the binary as either a man or a woman and may not disclose their transition history."
1 2  Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Transgender glossary of terms" （页面存档备份，存于）, "GLAAD", USA, May 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-24. "An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth."
↑  Bilodeau, Brent. . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education. 2005, 3 (1): 29–44. S2CID 144070536. doi:10.1300/J367v03n01_05.  "Yet Jordan and Nick represent a segment of transgender communities that have largely been overlooked in transgender and student development research – individuals who express a non-binary construction of gender[.]"
↑  Susan Stryker, Stephen Whittle, The Transgender Studies Reader (ISBN 1-135-39884-4), page 666: "The authors note that, increasingly, in social science literature, the term "third gender" is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term "transgender."
↑  Joan C. Chrisler, Donald R. McCreary, Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology, volume 1 (2010, ISBN 1-4419-1465-X), page 486: "Transgender is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity[. ...] For example, some cultures classify transgender individuals as a third gender, thereby treating this phenomenon as normative."
↑  Reisner, Sari L; Conron, Kerith; Scout, Nfn; Mimiaga, Matthew J; Haneuse, Sebastien; Austin, S. Bryn. . LGBT Health. 2014, 1 (2): 98–106. PMID 26789619. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018. Transgender was defined broadly to cover those who transition from one gender to another as well as those who may not choose to socially, medically, or legally fully transition, including cross-dressers, people who consider themselves to be genderqueer, androgynous, and…
↑  . Encyclopædia Britannica.   [2022-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-14） （英语）.
1 2 3  Goldberg, Michelle (4 August 2014). "What Is a Woman?" （页面存档备份，存于）. The New Yorker. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
↑  . American Psychological Association.   [August 10, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-08）.
↑   (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015  [March 28, 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04）.
↑  . www.merriam-webster.com.   [2019-03-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-26） （英语）.
↑   (PDF) (报告). gov.uk. 3 July 2018  [29 May 2022]. ISBN 9781786556738. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于8 April 2022）.
↑  Easton, Rob. . CBC.ca. 27 April 2022  [29 May 2022]. （原始内容存档于27 April 2022）.
↑  M.H. . The Economist. Sep 1, 2017  [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-22）.  含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 (link)
↑  . World Population Review.   [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-22）.
↑  . Division of Prevention Science.   [2022-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-13）.
1 2  Kozee, H. B.; Tylka, T. L.; Bauerband, L. A. . Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2012, 36 (2): 179–196  [2020-02-23]. S2CID 10564167. doi:10.1177/0361684312442161. （原始内容存档于2021-03-05）.
1 2  Victoria Maizes, Integrative Women's Health (2015, ISBN 0190214805), page 745: "Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria—distress that results from the discordance of biological sex and experienced gender (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Treatment for gender dysphoria, considered to be highly effective, includes physical, medical, and/or surgical treatments [...] some [transgender people] may not choose to transition at all."
↑  . National Center for Transgender Equality. 1 May 2009  [20 April 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-22）.
↑  Lombardi, Emilia L.; Anne Wilchins, Riki; Priesing, Dana; Malouf, Diana. . Journal of Homosexuality. October 2008, 42 (1): 89–101. PMID 11991568. S2CID 34886642. doi:10.1300/J082v42n01_05.
↑  Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community" （页面存档备份，存于）, GLAAD, USA, February 4, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
↑  Bradford, Judith; Reisner, Sari L.; Honnold, Julie A.; Xavier, Jessica. . American Journal of Public Health. 2013, 103 (10): 1820–1829. PMC 3780721 . PMID 23153142. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796.
↑  Whittle, Stephen. "Respect and Equality: Transsexual and Transgender Rights." Routledge-Cavendish, 2002.
↑  Oliven, John F. . The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1965, 250 (2): 235. doi:10.1097/00000441-196508000-00054.
↑  Oliven, John F. . 1965: 514. Where the compulsive urge reaches beyond female vestments, and becomes an urge for gender ("sex") change, transvestism becomes "transsexualism." The term is misleading; actually, "transgenderism" is what is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism. Psychologically, the transsexual often differs from the simple cross-dresser; he is conscious at all times of a strong desire to be a woman, and the urge can be truly consuming.
↑  Rawson, K. J.; Williams, Cristan. . Present Tense: A Journal of Rhetoric in Society. 2014, 3 (2)  [2017-05-18]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-15）.
1 2  Elkins, Richard; King, Dave. . Sage. 2006: 13–14. ISBN 978-0-7619-7163-4. （原始内容存档于2015-09-26）.
↑  Stryker, S. (2004), "... lived full-time in a social role not typically associated with their natal sex, but who did not resort to genital surgery as a means of supporting their gender presentation ..." in Transgender （页面存档备份，存于） from the GLBTQ: an encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer culture. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
↑  The Radio Times (1979: 2 June)
↑  Peo, TV-TS Tapestry Board of Advisors, Roger E. . The TV-TS Tapestry (2). 1984  [2012-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-07）.
↑  . organizational pamphlet. ICTLEP/. 1992  [2012-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-30）. Transgendered persons include transsexuals, transgenderists, and other crossdressers of both sexes, transitioning in either direction (male to female or female to male), of any sexual orientation, and of all races, creeds, religions, ages, and degrees of physical impediment.
↑  Stryker, Susan. "Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity". Radical History Review, Vol. 2008, No. 100. (Winter 2008), pp. 145–157
↑  Glicksman, Eve. . Vol 44, No. 4: American Psychological Association: 39. April 2013  [2013-09-17]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-25）. Use whatever name and gender pronoun the person prefers
↑  Sponsored by the American Medical Association and The Fenway Health with unrestricted support from Fenway Health and Pfizer.  (PowerPoint Presentation). The Fenway Institute: 24.   [2013-09-17]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-20）. Use the pronoun that matches the person's gender identity
1 2  Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "GLAAD's Transgender Resource Page" （页面存档备份，存于）, "GLAAD", USA. Retrieved 2011-02-24. "Problematic: "transgendered". Preferred: transgender. The adjective transgender should never have an extraneous "-ed" tacked onto the end. An "-ed" suffix adds unnecessary length to the word and can cause tense confusion and grammatical errors. It also brings transgender into alignment with lesbian, gay, and bisexual. You would not say that Elton John is "gayed" or Ellen DeGeneres is "lesbianed," therefore you would not say Chaz Bono is "transgendered."
↑  .   [2017-11-28]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-25）.
↑  Guardian and Observer style guide （页面存档备份，存于）: use transgender [...] only as an adjective: transgender person, trans person; never "transgendered person" or "a transgender"
↑  Martin, Katherine. . Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.   [2015-08-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-08-14）.
↑  .   [2024-09-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-10）.  已忽略文本“Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com” (帮助)
↑  . www.chinacourt.org.   [2024-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2024-12-01）.
↑  Transgender Rights (2006, ISBN 0-8166-4312-1), edited by Paisley Currah, Richard M. Juang, Shannon Minter
↑  A. C. Alegria, Transgender identity and health care: Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation, in the Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, volume 23, issue 4 (2011), pages 175–182: "Transgender, Umbrella term for persons who do not conform to gender norms in their identity and/or behavior (Meyerowitz, 2002). Transsexual, Subset of transgenderism; persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity (Meyerowitz, 2002)."
↑  For example, Virginia Prince used transgender to distinguish cross-dressers from transsexual people (. glbtq.com.   [2017-11-28]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-11）. ), writing in Men Who Choose to Be Women (in Sexology, February 1969) that "I, at least, know the difference between sex and gender and have simply elected to change the latter and not the former."
↑  . medilexicon.com.   [2017-11-28]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-22）. : defines sex as a biological or physiological quality, while gender is a (psychological) "category to which an individual is assigned by self or others...".
↑   (PDF).   [2017-11-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-02-21）.
↑  A Swenson, Medical Care of the Transgender Patient, in Family Medicine (2014): "While some transsexual people still prefer to use the term to describe themselves, many transgender people prefer the term transgender to transsexual."
↑  .   [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-03）.
↑  Parker, Jerry. . Newsday/Winnipeg Free Press. 1979-10-18  [2012-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-25）. If you understand trans-genders," she says, (the word she prefers to transsexuals), "then you understand that gender doesn’t have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity.
↑  . Appeal-Democrat/Associate Press. 1982-05-11: A–10  [2012-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-12）. she describes people who have had such operations’ "transgender" rather than transsexual. "Sexuality is who you sleep with, but gender is who you are," she explained
1 2   (PDF). January 2010  [2013-12-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-19）.
1 2  Valentine, David. Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category, Duke University, 2007
1 2  Stryker, Susan. Introduction. In Stryker and S. Whittle (Eds.), The Transgender Studies Reader, New York: Routledge, 2006. 1–17
↑  Kelley Winters, "Gender Madness in American Psychiatry, essays from the struggle for dignity, 2008, p. 198. "Some Transsexual individuals also identify with the broader transgender community; others do not."
↑  Boyd, Hellen. . enGender.   [2012-06-28]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-22）. the only part of the gender binary we *necessarily* challenge is the notion that people are always assigned to the right side of the binary at birth, and don’t need sympathy or help if the assignment goes wrong.
1 2  Benjamin, H. (1966). The transsexual phenomenon. New York: Julian Press, page 23.
↑  Conway, Lynn. . 2003  [2017-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-19）.
↑  Schoenberg, Nara. . CHICAGO TRIBUNE. 2001-11-19  [2017-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2001-11-20）.
↑  Amy McCrea, Under the Transgender Umbrella: Improving ENDA's Protections, in the Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law (2013): "This article will begin by providing a background on transgender people, highlighting the experience of a subset of non-binary individuals, bigender people, ..."
↑  Wilchins, Riki Anne (2002) 'It's Your Gender, Stupid’, pp.23–32 in Joan Nestle, Clare Howell and Riki Wilchins (eds.) Genderqueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary. Los Angeles:Alyson Publications, 2002.
↑  Nestle, J. (2002) "...pluralistic challenges to the male/female, woman/man, gay/straight, butch/femme constructions and identities..." from Genders on My Mind, pp.3–10 in Genderqueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary, edited by Joan Nestle, Clare Howell and Riki Wilchins, published by Los Angeles:Alyson Publications, 2002:9. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
↑  Lindqvist, Anna. . Psychology & Sexuality. 18 Feb 2020: 1–13. doi:10.1080/19419899.2020.1729844 .
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↑  E. D. Hirsch, Jr., E.D., Kett, J.F., Trefil, J. (2002) "Transvestite: Someone who dresses in the clothes usually worn by the opposite sex." in Definition of the word "transvestite" （页面存档备份，存于） from The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition （页面存档备份，存于）. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
↑  various (2006) "trans·ves·tite... (plural trans·ves·tites), noun. Definition: somebody who dresses like opposite sex:" in Definition of the word "transvestite" （页面存档备份，存于） from the Encarta World English Dictionary (North American Edition) （页面存档备份，存于）. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
↑  Raj, R (2002) "transvestite (TV): n. Synonym: crossdresser (CD):" in Towards a Transpositive Therapeutic Model: Developing Clinical Sensitivity and Cultural Competence in the Effective Support of Transsexual and Transgendered Clientsfrom the International Journal of Transgenderism 6,2. Retrieved 2007-08-13. （页面存档备份，存于）
1 2  Hall, B. et al. (2007) "...Many say this term (crossdresser) is preferable to transvestite, which means the same thing..." and "...transvestite (TV) – same as cross-dresser. Most feel cross-dresser is the preferred term..." in Discussion Paper: Toward a Commission Policy on Gender Identity （页面存档备份，存于） from the Ontario Human Rights Commission （页面存档备份，存于）. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
↑  Green, E., Peterson, E.N. (2006) "...The preferred term is 'cross-dresser', but the term 'transvestite' is still used in a positive sense in England..." in LGBTTSQI Terminology  （页面存档备份，存于） from Trans-Academics.org （页面存档备份，存于）. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
↑  Gilbert, Michael A. . International Journal of Transgenderism. 2000  [December 16, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-26）.
↑  Gilbert, Michael ‘Miqqi Alicia’ (2000) "The Transgendered Philosopher" in Special Issue on What is Transgender? （页面存档备份，存于） from The International Journal of Transgenderism, Special Issue July 2000 （页面存档备份，存于）. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
↑  Docter, Richard F.; Prince, Virginia. . Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1997, 26 (6): 589–605. PMID 9415796. S2CID 43816859. doi:10.1023/a:1024572209266.
↑  . National Center For Transgender Equality. National Center For Transgender Equality. 28 April 2017  [3 September 2020]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-10）.
↑  . HuffPost. 2019-11-12  [2020-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08） （英语）.
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↑  Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity （页面存档备份，存于） report from the website of the American Psychological Association - "What is the relationship between transgender and sexual orientation?"
↑  Tobin, H.J. (2003) "...It has become more and more clear that trans people come in more or less the same variety of sexual orientations as non-trans people..." Sexual Orientation from Sexuality in Transsexual and Transgender Individuals.
↑  Blanchard, R. (1989) The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias[永久] from Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 18, Number 4, August 1989. Retrieved via SpringerLink （页面存档备份，存于） on 2007-04-06.
↑  APA task force (1994) "...For sexually mature individuals, the following specifiers may be noted based on the individual's sexual orientation: Sexually Attracted to Males, Sexually Attracted to Females, Sexually Attracted to Both, and Sexually Attracted to Neither..." in DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85 （页面存档备份，存于） published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via Mental Health Matters （页面存档备份，存于） on 2007-04-06.
↑  Goethals, S.C. and Schwiebert, V.L. (2005) "...counselors to rethink their assumptions regarding gender, sexuality and sexual orientation. In addition, they supported counselors' need to adopt a transpositive disposition to counseling and to actively advocate for transgendered persons..." Counseling as a Critique of Gender: On the Ethics of Counseling Transgendered Clients[永久] from the International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, Vol. 27, No. 3, September 2005. Retrieved via SpringerLink （页面存档备份，存于） on 2007-04-06.
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↑  Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity （页面存档备份，存于） report from the website of the American Psychological Association - "Is being transgender a mental disorder?"
↑  Carroll, L.; Gilroy, P.J.; Ryan, J. . Counselor Education and Supervision. 2002, 41 (3): 233–242. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2002.tb01286.x.
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↑   (PDF). The World Professional Association for Transgender Health.   [2014-11-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-03-03）.
↑  Shute, Joe. . National Post. Postmedia. 2017-10-02  [2017-10-02]. Dr. Miroslav Djordjevic says more people, particularly transgender women over 30, are asking for reversal surgery, yet their regrets remain taboo.
↑  Hanssmann, C.; Morrison, D.; Russian, E. . Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 2008, 5: 5–23. doi:10.1525/srsp.2008.5.1.5.
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↑   [Transsexualism is no longer a mental illness in France]. Le Monde.fr. 2010-12-02  [2017-12-02]. （原始内容存档于2010-02-13） （法语）.
↑  Haas, Ann P.; Rodgers, Philip L.; Herman, Jody L.  (PDF). American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and the Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy. January 2014: 2–3, 11  [2017-10-09]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-08）.
↑  Pfäfflin F., Junge A. (1998) "...This critique for the use of the term sex change in connection to sex reassignment surgery stems from the concern about the patient, to take the patient seriously...." in Sex Reassignment: Thirty Years of International Follow-Up Studies: A Comprehensive Review, 1961–1991 from the Electronic Book Collection of the International Journal of Transgenderism. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
↑  APA task force (1994) "...preoccupation with getting rid of primary and secondary sex characteristics..." in DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85 （页面存档备份，存于） published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via Mental Health Matters （页面存档备份，存于） on 2007-04-06.
↑  Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. . Obstetrics and Gynecology. American Committee for Obstetrics and Gynecology: 1454–1458. December 2011  [2017-06-18]. PMID 22105293. （原始内容存档于2014-12-16）.  参数|journal=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite journal}}或|website=） (帮助); |volume=被忽略 (帮助)
↑  Cecilia Dhejne, Paul Lichtenstein, Marcus Boman, Anna L. V. Johansson, Niklas Långström, Mikael Landén. .   [2019-07-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-26）. Our findings suggest that sex reassignment, although alleviating gender dysphoria, may not suffice as treatment for transsexualism, and should inspire improved psychiatric and somatic care after sex reassignment for this patient group.
↑   (PDF). National Center for Transgender Equality.   [2016-03-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-09）.
↑  Jones, BA; Arcelus, Jon;  et al. . Sports Med. 2017, 47 (4): 701–16. PMC 5357259 . PMID 27699698. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0621-y.
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