腫瘤異質性
參考資料

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分支演化相較於線性演化被認為與腫瘤異質性更相關。
複製演化模型與癌症幹細胞模型中，癌細胞形成腫瘤的能力。
化療會導致腫瘤細胞遭遇瓶頸效應，多數的細胞亞群會死亡，而抗藥性亞群存活並繼續增生。