非人化
參考文獻

↑  Haslam, Nick. . Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2006, 10 (3): 252–264  [2019-09-02]. PMID 16859440. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4. （原始内容存档于2020-09-10） –Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
↑  Haslam, Nick. . Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2006, 10 (3): 252–264  [2019-06-22]. PMID 16859440. S2CID 18142674. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4. （原始内容存档于2020-09-10） –Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
↑  Haslam, Nick; Loughnan, Steve. . Annual Review of Psychology. 3 January 2014, 65 (1): 399–423. PMID 23808915. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045.
↑  Spens, Christiana. . Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations. 2014-09-01, 5 (3). ISSN 2516-3159. doi:10.15664/jtr.946  （英语）.
↑  Enge, Erik. . GRIN Verlag. 2015: 3. ISBN 9783668027107.
↑  Enge, Erik. . GRIN Verlag. 2015: 3. ISBN 9783668027107.
↑  . genocidewatch.   [2023-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-04） （英语）.
↑  Gordon, Gregory S. . Oxford University Press. 2017: 286. ISBN 978-0-19-061270-2 （英语）.
↑  . Free Peer Support for Male Sexual Abuse Survivors. 2019-03-17  [2021-03-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-19） （美国英语）.
1 2  Bandura, Albert; Underwood, Bill; Fromson, Michael E.  (PDF). Journal of Research in Personality. 1975, 9 (4): 253–269  [2019-09-22]. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(75)90001-X. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-11-07）.
↑  Yancey, George. . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 2014: 36. ISBN 9781412852678.
↑   (PDF). www.corteidh.or.cr.   [2021-03-25]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-02-06）.
↑  Haslam, Nick.  (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2006, 10 (3): 252–264. PMID 16859440. S2CID 18142674. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-06-26）.
↑  Andrighetto, Luca; Baldissarri, Cristina; Lattanzio, Sara; Loughnan, Steve; Volpato, Chiara. . British Journal of Social Psychology. 2014, 53 (3): 573–584. ISSN 2044-8309. PMID 24588786. doi:10.1111/bjso.12066. hdl:10281/53044  （英语）.
↑  Moller, A. C., & Deci, E. L. (2010). "Interpersonal control, dehumanization, and violence: A self-determination theory perspective". Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13, 41-53. (open access) 的存檔，存档日期2013-06-22.
↑  Haslam, Nick; Kashima, Yoshihisa; Loughnan, Stephen; Shi, Junqi; Suitner, Caterina. . Social Cognition. 2008, 26 (2): 248–258. doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.248.
↑  Bar-Tal, D. (1989). "Delegitimization: The extreme case of stereotyping and prejudice". In D. Bar-Tal, C. Graumann, A. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice: Changing conceptions. New York, NY: Springer.
↑  Opotow, Susan. . Journal of Social Issues. 1990, 46 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x.
↑  Nussbaum, M. C. (1999). Sex and Social Justice. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195112105
↑  Leyens, Jacques-Philippe; Paladino, Paola M.; Rodriguez-Torres, Ramon; Vaes, Jeroen; Demoulin, Stephanie; Rodriguez-Perez, Armando; Gaunt, Ruth.  (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2000, 4 (2): 186–197. S2CID 144981501. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_06. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-06-11）.
↑  Goof, Phillip; Eberhardt, Jennifer; Williams, Melissa; Jackson, Matthew.  (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008, 94 (2): 292–306  [7 May 2016]. PMID 18211178. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于17 October 2016）.
↑  Livingstone Smith, David. . St. Martin’s Press. 2011: 336. ISBN 9780312532727.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
↑  Smith, David Livingstone; Department of Philosophy, Florida State University. . Social Theory and Practice. 2016, 42 (2): 416–443  [2020-09-10]. ISSN 0037-802X. doi:10.5840/soctheorpract201642222. （原始内容存档于2020-09-10）.
↑  Kelman, H. C. (1976). "Violence without restraint: Reflections on the dehumanization of victims and victimizers". pp. 282-314 in G. M. Kren & L. H. Rappoport (Eds.), Varieties of Psychohistory. New York: Springer. ISBN 0826119409
↑  Eibl-Eibisfeldt, Irenäus. . New York Viking Press. 1979.
↑  Leyens, Jacques-Philippe; Paladino, Paola M.; Rodriguez-Torres, Ramon; Vaes, Jeroen; Demoulin, Stephanie; Rodriguez-Perez, Armando; Gaunt, Ruth.  (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2000, 4 (2): 186–197. S2CID 144981501. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_06. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-06-11）.
↑  Bar-Tal, D. (1989). "Delegitimization: The extreme case of stereotyping and prejudice". In D. Bar-Tal, C. Graumann, A. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice: Changing conceptions. New York, NY: Springer.
↑  Opotow, Susan. . Journal of Social Issues. 1990, 46 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x.
↑  Bandura, Albert.  (PDF). Journal of Moral Education. 2002, 31 (2): 101–119  [2014-11-07]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.2026 . S2CID 146449693. doi:10.1080/0305724022014322. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-12-20）.
↑  Bandura, Albert; Barbaranelli, Claudio; Caprara, Gian Vittorio; Pastorelli, Concetta.  (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1996, 71 (2): 364–374  [2014-11-07]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.458.572 . doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-11-07）.
↑  Bandura, Albert; Underwood, Bill; Fromson, Michael E.  (PDF). Journal of Research in Personality. 1975, 9 (4): 253–269  [2014-11-07]. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(75)90001-X. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-11-07）.
↑  Capozza, D.; Andrighetto, L.; Di Bernardo, G. A.; Falvo, R. . Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 2011, 15 (3): 363–377. S2CID 145639435. doi:10.1177/1368430211426733.
↑  Loughnan, S.; Haslam, N.; Kashima, Y. . Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 2009, 12 (6): 747–762. S2CID 144232224. doi:10.1177/1368430209347726.
↑  Gruenfeld, Deborah H.; Inesi, M. Ena; Magee, Joe C.; Galinsky, Adam D. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008, 95 (1): 111–127. PMID 18605855. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.111.
↑  Waytz, Adam; Epley, Nicholas. . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2012, 48 (1): 70–76. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.012.
↑  Harris, L. T.; Fiske, S. T.  (PDF). Psychological Science. 2006, 17 (10): 847–853. PMID 17100784. S2CID 8466947. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01793.x. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-05-13）.
↑  Harris, L. T.; Fiske, S. T. . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2007, 2 (1): 45–51. PMC 2555430 . PMID 18985118. doi:10.1093/scan/nsl037.
↑  Goff, Phillip Atiba; Eberhardt, Jennifer L.; Williams, Melissa J.; Jackson, Matthew Christian. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008, 94 (2): 292–306. PMID 18211178. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292.
↑  Haslam, Nick.  (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2006, 10 (3): 252–264. PMID 16859440. S2CID 18142674. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-06-26）.
↑  O'Brien, Gerald.  (PDF). Metaphor and Symbol. 2003, 18 (1): 33–47  [2014-11-07]. S2CID 143579187. doi:10.1207/S15327868MS1801_3. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-11-07）.
↑   (PDF). Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. 2012  [7 May 2016]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于18 April 2016）.
↑  Herman, Edward S., and Noam Chomsky. (1988). Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon. Page xli
↑  Thomas Ferguson. (1987). Golden Rule: The Investment Theory of Party Competition and the Logic of Money-Driven Politics
↑  Herman, Edward S., and Noam Chomsky. (1988). Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon. Page xli
↑  Graham, Stephen. . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 2006, 30 (2): 255–276. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00665.x.
↑  . The Guardian.   [February 7, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-13）.
↑  .   [2007-12-09]. （原始内容存档于December 9, 2007）.  Full text of both, with commentary by professor A. Waller Hastings
↑  Rickert, Levi. . Native News Online. Native News Online. January 16, 2017  [January 9, 2021]. （原始内容存档于November 26, 2018）.
↑  . Yale University.   [June 3, 2020]. （原始内容存档于June 3, 2020）.
↑  Bender, Albert. . People's World. February 13, 2014  [November 25, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-25）.
↑  Bender, Albert. . People's World. February 13, 2014  [November 25, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-25）.
↑  Johansen, Bruce E., , ABC-CLIO, "Brando, Marlon" (pp. 60–63); "Littlefeather, Sacheen" (pp. 176–178), 2013, ISBN 978-1-4408-0318-5
↑  Mekawi, Yara; Bresin, Konrad; Hunter, Carla D. . Race and Social Problems. 2019-12-01, 11 (4). ISSN 1867-1756. doi:10.1007/s12552-019-09267-y （英语）.
↑  Ellawala, Themal. . Scholarly Undergraduate Research Journal at Clark. 2016-04-26, 2 (1)  [2023-02-09]. ISSN 2472-6788. （原始内容存档于2023-04-18）.
↑  Ap. . The New York Times. 1991-06-12  [2020-08-24]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2017-10-09） （美国英语）.
↑  Brophy, Alfred L. . Law & Social Inquiry. 2016, 41 (4): 824–832  [2023-02-09]. ISSN 0897-6546. S2CID 147798196. doi:10.1111/lsi.12205. （原始内容存档于2023-02-06） （英语）.
↑  Brophy, Alfred L. . Law & Social Inquiry. 2016, 41 (4): 824–832  [2023-02-09]. ISSN 0897-6546. S2CID 147798196. doi:10.1111/lsi.12205. （原始内容存档于2023-02-06） （英语）.
↑  Anderson, Emma. . United States: Harvard University Press. 2013: 91. ISBN 9780674726161.
阿布格萊布監獄的一名囚犯被迫在地板上爬行，林迪·英格蘭拉著系在脖子上的皮帶，而梅根·安布爾則在一旁觀看。
佔領中國的兩名日本軍官比賽看誰能（用劍）先殺死一百人。
Ota Benga，布朗克斯動物園的人類展覽，1906 年。
1769 年南卡羅來納州查爾斯頓奴隸拍賣廣告傳單的複製品。
描繪了古羅馬的一次奴隸拍賣。 任何不是羅馬公民的人都會受到奴役，並被視為私有財產。
第二次世界大戰的美國政府宣傳海報，一名被描繪成老鼠的日本士兵