性奴隸
参考文獻

1 2  , ,   [2014-08-22], （原始内容存档于2013-10-19）
↑ However the elements of the crime of sexual enslavement are described in more detail in a separate document originating from Article 9 of the Rome Statute: "General introduction 1. Pursuant to article 9 [of the Rome Statute], the following Elements of Crimes shall assist the Court in the interpretation and application of articles 6, 7 and 8, consistent with the Statute" (Article 1 of the Elements of the Crime). They are found in a paragraphs entitled "Article 7 (1) (g)-2 Crime against humanity of sexual slavery"; "Article 8 (2) (b) (xxii)-2 War crime of sexual slavery"; and "Article 8 (2) (e) (vi)-2 War crime of sexual slavery". The same wording is used in all three paragraphs ( , , International Criminal Law Database & Commentary, [ December 2012] , （原始内容存档于2013-05-09） ) Elements
The perpetrator exercised any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership over one or more persons, such as by purchasing, selling, lending or bartering such a person or persons, or by imposing on them a similar deprivation of liberty.
The perpetrator caused such person or persons to engage in one or more acts of a sexual nature.
The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international armed conflict.
The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence of an armed conflict.
↑  Commentaries on treaties explain why certain words and phrases appeared in a treaty and what the delegates considered when agreeing to the words and phrases used.
1 2  , International Criminal Law Database & Commentary: footnotes: 29, 82, 107  使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
1 2   (PDF): 29–30.   [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-06-07）.
↑  . 2007-03-26  [2020-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-26） （英国英语）.
↑  . Youth Advocate Program International.   [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-29）.
1 2  Clift, Stephen; Simon Carter. . Cengage Learning EMEA. 2000: 75–78. ISBN 1-85567-636-2.
1 2  . CNN. 11 May 2009  [6 April 2010]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-25）.
1 2   (PDF).   [2012-06-26]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2005-12-22）.
↑  . Thepanamanews.com.   [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-25）.
↑  Wortley, Richard; Stephen Smallbone. . Criminal Justice Press. 2006: 192. ISBN 1-881798-61-5.
↑  Sanderson, Christiane. . Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2004: 133. ISBN 1-84310-248-X.
↑  Akdeniz, Yaman. . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2008: 11. ISBN 0-7546-2297-5.
1 2  Finkelhor, David. . Future of Children: p31–53.   [2021-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-06）.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
1 2  Hobbs, Christopher James; Helga G. I. Hanks; Jane M. Wynne. . Elsevier Health Sciences. 1999: 328. ISBN 0-443-05896-2. Child pornography is part of the violent continuum of child sexual abuse
↑  Claire Milner, Ian O'Donnel. . Willan Publishing. 2007: p123.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
1 2  Sheldon, Kerry; Dennis Howitt. . John Wiley and Sons. 2007: p20. ISBN 0-470-02800-9. 'Child pornography is not pornography in any real sense; simply the evidence recorded on film or video tape – of serious sexual assaults on young children' (Tate, 1992, p.203) ... 'Every piece of child pornography, therefore, is a record of the sexual use/abuse of the children involved.' Kelly and Scott (1993, p. 116) ... '...the record of the systematic rape, abuse, and torture of children on film and photograph, and other electronic means.' Edwards(2000, p.1)  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
1 2  Klain, Eva J.; Heather J. Davies, Molly A. Hicks, ABA Center on Children and the Law. . National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. 2001. Because the children depicted in child pornography are often shown while engaged in sexual activity with adults or other children,they are first and foremost victims of child sexual abuse.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
1 2  Wortley, Richard; Stephen Smallbone. . Problem-Oriented Guides for Police: p17. The children portrayed in child pornography are first victimized when their abuse is perpetrated and recorded. They are further victimized each time that record is accessed.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
↑  Sheldon, Kerry; Dennis Howitt. . John Wiley and Sons. 2007: p9. ISBN 0-470-02800-9. ...supplying the material to meet this demand results in the further abuse of children Pictures, films and videos function as a permanent record of the original sexual abuse. Consequently, memories of the trauma and abuse are maintained as long as the record exists. Victims filmed and photographed many years ago will nevertheless be aware throughout their lifetimes that their childhood victimization continues to be exploited perversely.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
↑  Agnes Fournier de Saint Maur.  (PDF). Expert Meeting on Sexual Abuse of Children, Child Pornography and Paedophilia on the Internet: an international challenge. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). January 1999  [2014-08-22]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-04-08）.
↑  Wells, Melissa; Finkelhor, David; Wolak, Janis; Mitchell, Kimberly J.  (PDF). Police Practice and Research. 2007-07, 8 (3): 269–282  [2014-08-22]. ISSN 1561-4263. doi:10.1080/15614260701450765. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-06-04） （英语）.
1 2  . Fact Sheet. US Dept of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. February 29, 2008  [2014-08-22]. （原始内容存档于2009-03-13）.
↑  . IPS.   [16 June 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-26）. International organisations fighting child sex tourism say Mexico is one of the leading hotspots of child sexual exploitation, along with Thailand, Cambodia, India, and Brazil.
↑  Boot, Machteld. . Intersentia nv. 2002: 514  [2014-08-22]. ISBN 978-90-5095-216-3. （原始内容存档于2016-04-25）.
↑  . The United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 22 June 1998  [10 November 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009-07-23）.
↑  . Digitaljournal.com. 2007-08-29  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）.
↑  Wallace, Bob,  (PDF), Office of the Prostitution Licensing Authority: 1–2,   [2014-08-22], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-03-07）
1 2  .   [2009-02-04]. （原始内容存档于2009-02-04）.
↑  . www.bbc.co.uk.   [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-03） （英国英语）.
↑  Government of Canada, Department of Justice. . www.justice.gc.ca. 2013-09-30  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-13）.
↑   (PDF).   [2014-08-22]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-04-11）.
↑   (PDF).   [2011-07-08]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-08）.
↑   (PDF).   [2014-08-22]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-09-21）.
↑  . www.bbc.co.uk.   [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-24） （英国英语）.
↑  .   [2014-08-22]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-23）.
↑  As quoted by Guy Horton in Dying Alive – A Legal Assessment of Human Rights Violations in Burma （页面存档备份，存于） April 2005, co-Funded by The Netherlands Ministry for Development Co-Operation. See section "12.52 Crimes against humanity", Page 201. He references RSICC/C, Vol. 1 p. 360
↑  . legal.un.org.   [2013-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-19）.
1 2  . Michael Sells for "Community of Bosnia". May 1997. （原始内容存档于2009年1月9日）.
1 2  . Amnesty International. 22 February 2001. （原始内容存档于2009年9月7日）.
↑  See Brian Stross, Tzeltal Marriage by Capture, Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 3, Kidnapping and Elopement as Alternative Systems of Marriage (Special Issue) (July 1974), pp. 328–346 (describing Tzeltal culture as patriarchal with a few opportunities for "pre-marital cross-sex interaction")[hereinafter Stross, Tzeltal Marriage by Capture]; Sabina Kiryashova, Azeri Bride Kidnappers Risk Heavy Sentences, http://www.iwpr.net/?p=wpr&s=f&o=258105&apc_state=henpwp （页面存档备份，存于） (discussing the shame brought on Azeri kidnap victims who spend a night outside of the house); Gulo Kokhodze & Tamuna Uchidze, Bride Theft Rampant in Southern Georgia, http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=321627&apc_state=henh （页面存档备份，存于） (discussing the Georgian case), where "great social stigma attaches to the suspicion of lost virginity.". Compare with Barbara Ayres, Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective, Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 3, Kidnapping and Elopement as Alternative Systems of Marriage (Special Issue) (July 1974), pp. 245. ("There is no relationship between bride theft and status distinctions, bride price, or attitudes toward premarital virginity. The absence of strong associations in these areas suggests the need for a new hypothesis.".)
↑  See Stross, Tzeltal Marriage by Capture (Tzeltal culture); George Scott, The Migrants Without Mountains: The Sociocultural Adjustment Among the Lao Hmong Refugees In San Diego (Ann Arbor, MI: A Bell And Howell Company, 1986), pp. 82–85 (Hmong culture); Alex Rodriguez, Kidnapping a Bride Practice Embraced in Kyrgyzstan, Augusta Chronicle, 24 July 2005 (Kyrgyz culture);
↑  See Stross, Tzeltal Marriage by Capture, pp. 342–343; Craig S. Smith, Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite, N.Y. Times, 30 April 2005.
↑  Eisenhauer, U., Kulturwandel und Innovationsprozess: Die fünf grossen 'W' und die Verbreitung des Mittelneolithikums in Südwestdeutschland. Archäologische Informationen 22, 1999, 215–239; an alternative interpretation is the focus of abduction of children rather than women, a suggestion also made for the mass grave excavated at Thalheim. See E Biermann, Überlegungen zur Bevölkerungsgrösse in Siedlungen der Bandkeramik （页面存档备份，存于） (2001)
↑  Levinson, Bernard M. . 2004: 203. ISBN 978-0-567-08098-1.
↑  Askin, Kelly Dawn. . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1997: 26–27. ISBN 90-411-0486-0.
↑  Askin, Kelly Dawn. . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1997: 10–21. ISBN 90-411-0486-0.
↑  . www.pbs.org.   [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-23）.
↑  Jan 29, PTI /. . The Times of India.   [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-26） （英语）.
↑  . New Internationalist. 2006-06-02  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-05） （英语）.
↑  Around 2.8 mn prostitutes in India （页面存档备份，存于） Indian Express, May 8, 2007.
↑  . 2008-05-01  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04） （英国英语）.
↑  . 2006-07-03  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09） （英国英语）.
↑  . News.xinhuanet.com. 2009-02-15  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-04）.
↑  . Archive.newsmax.com. 2001-04-24  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-28）.
↑  . Uri.edu.   [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-24）.
↑  Bushell, Andrew. .   [2014-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2008-04-11）.
↑  . Frontpagemag.com. 2007-06-26  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-16）.
↑  Jr, Donald G. McNeil. . The New York Times. 2007-08-01  [2020-11-25]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2017-08-06） （美国英语）.
↑  . thestar.com. 2012-04-09  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-06） （英语）.
↑  .   [2005-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2005-10-24）.
↑  (Police Colonel Sanit Meephan, deputy chief of Tourism Police Bureau, "Thailand popular haunt for foreign prostitues," The Nation, 15 January 1997)
↑  United Arab Emirates （页面存档备份，存于）, US Department of State
↑  . State.gov.   [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-20）.
↑  . US Department of State.   [2014-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-13）.
↑  . The Independent. 2014-12-10  [2017-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-03）.
1 2  . 香港《蘋果日報》. 2014-12-12  [2017-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-13）.
↑  . Amnesty International.   [2007-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2004-07-21）.
↑  . 2007-07-03  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09） （英国英语）.
↑  . www.hrw.org.   [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-06）.
↑  . Hrw.org. 2006-07-28  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2008-11-03）.
↑  . San Diego Union-Tribune.   [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-18） （美国英语）.
↑  . 2005-02-11  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-13） （英国英语）.
↑  . 2007-08-09  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-24） （英国英语）.
↑  . 2001-02-08  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-06） （英国英语）.
↑  May, Meredith. . SFGATE. 2006-10-06  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25） （美国英语）.
↑  News, A. B. C. . ABC News.   [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-17） （英语）.
↑  Shafer, Jack. . Slate Magazine. 2005-06-06  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-28） （英语）.
↑  .   [2020-11-25]. ISSN 0190-8286. （原始内容存档于2020-12-11） （美国英语）.
1 2  Microsoft Word – Exec_Sum_020220.doc 的存檔，存档日期2008-10-02.. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-03-08.
↑  Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 Country Narratives – Countries N Through Z （页面存档备份，存于）. State.gov. Retrieved on 2011-03-08.
1 2 3 4 5 6  May, Meredith. . SFGATE. 2006-10-10  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-12） （美国英语）.
↑  Bales,Kevin and Ron Soodalter. The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009
↑  . English.bnrm.nl.   [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-29）.
↑  . English.bnrm.nl. 2007-09-18  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-29）.
↑  . English.bnrm.nl. 2007-09-18  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-08）.
↑  . Expatica.com.   [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-29）.
↑  . Crossroadsmag.eu.   [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-18）.
↑  . State.gov. 2010-03-11  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-14）.
↑  Reports on human trafficking Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2012-12-17, by the BKA. （德文）
↑  . State.gov. 2009-02-25  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2010-04-07）.
↑  . Swissinfo.ch. 2006-06-03  [2012-07-08]. []
↑  . State.gov. 2009-02-25  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-19）.
↑  Petar Kostadinov. . Sofiaecho.com. 2009-04-07  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-01）.
↑  . State.gov. 2009-02-25  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-13）.
↑  . State.gov. 2009-02-25  [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-19）.
↑  Rose, Caroline. . Taylor & Francis. 31 August 2004: 88  [2014-07-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.
↑  .   [2007-10-26]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-29）.
↑  Fackler, Martin. . The New York Times. 6 March 2007  [23 March 2007]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.
↑  . BBC News. 2007-03-02  [23 March 2007]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-06）.
↑  . BBC News. 2007-03-08  [23 March 2007]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-12）.
↑  Peter Li. . Transaction Publishers. 2003: 45–  [8 March 2011]. ISBN 978-0-7658-0890-5. （原始内容存档于2016-04-25）.
↑  Parker, Karen. . Guidetoaction.org.   [2011-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-17）.
↑  War crimes against women: prosecution in international war crimes tribunals Kelly Dawn Askin page 72
↑  The Blessed Abyss: Inmate #6582 in Ravensbruck Concentration Prison for Women by Nanda Herbermann
1 2 3  Numer: 17/18/2007 Wprost "Seksualne Niewolnice III Rzeszy"
↑  Linda Frost, Never one nation: freaks, savages, and whiteness in U.S. popular culture, 1850–1877, University of Minnesota Press, 2005, p. 68-88.
↑  In the US this usage became prominent around 1909: "a group of books and pamphlets appeared announcing a startling claim: a pervasive and depraved conspiracy was at large in the land, brutally trapping and seducing American girls into lives of enforced prostitution, or 'white slavery.' These white slave narratives, or white-slave tracts, began to circulate around 1909." Mark Thomas Connelly, The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era, University of North Carolina Press, 1980, p.114
↑  Cecil Adeams, "The Straight Dope: Was there really such a thing as "white slavery"? （页面存档备份，存于）" January 15, 1999.
↑  Cecil Adams, op. cit.
↑  Deirdre M. Moloney. . Univ of North Carolina Press. 7 May 2012: 62–  [28 September 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8078-8261-0. （原始内容存档于2016-06-24）.
↑  p. 69.
↑  Prime Cut
↑  . Bbc.co.uk.   [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-21）.
↑  . The South African Institute of International Affairs.   [2016-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-28）.
↑  . Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media.   [2024-08-14]. （原始内容存档于2015-06-28）.
↑  . Avalanchepress.com.   [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-01）.
↑  .   [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-25）.
↑  Davis, Robert. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800.Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". Stephen Behrendt, "Transatlantic Slave Trade", Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (New York: Basic Civitas Books, 1999), ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
↑  Ehud R. Toledano. . University of Washington Press. 1998: 13–4. ISBN 0-295-97642-X.
↑  . thuvienbao.com.   [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-05）.
↑  Schafer, Edward Hetzel. . University of California Press. 1967: 56  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-08） （英语）.
↑  Reilly, Thomas. . M.E. Sharpe. 2003: 59  [2020-11-25]. ISBN 978-0-7656-1059-1. （原始内容存档于2020-08-08） （英语）.
↑  Cartier, Carolyn. . John Wiley & Sons. 2011-07-26: 31  [2020-11-25]. ISBN 978-1-4443-9924-0. （原始内容存档于2019-12-16） （英语）.
↑  Forbes, Andrew. . cpa media. cpa media.   [2 August 2013]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-20）.
↑  Henley, Andrew Forbes, David. . Cognoscenti Books. : 232  [2020-11-25]. ISBN 978-1-300-56807-0. （原始内容存档于2016-04-29） （英语）.
↑  Schafer, Edward H. . University of California Press. 1963: 44  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-08） （英语）.
↑  Abramson, Marc S. . University of Pennsylvania Press. 2011-12-31: 21  [2020-11-25]. ISBN 978-0-8122-0101-7. （原始内容存档于2020-08-08） （英语）.
1 2  Leupp, Gary P. . Continuum International Publishing Group. 2003: 49. ISBN 0-8264-6074-7.
1 2  Leupp, Gary P. . Continuum International Publishing Group. 2003: 52. ISBN 0-8264-6074-7.
↑  Fischer-Tiné, Harald. . The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 2003-06, 40 (2): 163–190  [2020-11-25]. ISSN 0019-4646. doi:10.1177/001946460304000202. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09） （英语）.
↑  . U.S. Ambassador to Japan. English.chosun.com. （原始内容存档于2008-06-05）.
↑  Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware, 1995-2005
↑  Evans, Albert S. . . San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft and Company. 1873  [2014-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-11）.
↑  Rogers, Jacquie. . Unusual Historicals. 2010-08-25  [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-07）.