等离子体
參考資料

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Peratt, A. L. . Astrophysics and Space Science. 1996, 242 (1–2): 93–163. Bibcode:1996Ap&SS.242...93P. doi:10.1007/BF00645112.
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↑  .   [2017-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2009-10-05）. . The University of Arizona
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↑  Alfvén, Hannes. . . Dordrecht. 1981. ISBN 978-90-277-1151-9. From the cosmological point of view, the most important new space research discovery is probably the cellular structure of space. As has been seen in every region of space accessible to in situ measurements, there are a number of 'cell walls', sheets of electric currents, which divide space into compartments with different magnetization, temperature, density, etc.
↑  Morfill, G. E.; Ivlev, Alexei V. . Reviews of Modern Physics. 2009, 81 (4): 1353–1404. Bibcode:2009RvMP...81.1353M. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1353.
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↑  Evolution of the Solar System （页面存档备份，存于）, 1976
↑  一種常見的說法是，可見宇宙中超過99%的物質都是等離子體。見：Gurnett, D. A. & Bhattacharjee, A. . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2005: 2. ISBN 978-0-521-36483-6. 和Scherer, K; Fichtner, H & Heber, B. . Berlin: Springer. 2005: 138. ISBN 978-3-540-22907-0. 等。
1 2 3  Mészáros, Péter (2010) The High Energy Universe: Ultra-High Energy Events in Astrophysics and Cosmology, Publisher    Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-51700-3, p. 99 （页面存档备份，存于）.
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↑  Hannes, A. . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 1990, 18: 5–10. Bibcode:1990ITPS...18....5P. ISSN 0093-3813. doi:10.1109/27.45495. In order to understand the phenomena in a certain plasma region, it is necessary to map not only the magnetic but also the electric field and the electric currents. Space is filled with a network of currents which transfer energy and momentum over large or very large distances. The currents often pinch to filamentary or surface currents. The latter are likely to give space, as also interstellar and intergalactic space, a cellular structure.
↑  Raine, Derek J. and Thomas, Edwin George (2010) Black Holes: An Introduction, Publisher: Imperial College Press, ISBN 978-1-84816-382-9, p. 160 （页面存档备份，存于）
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↑  參見：Flashes in the Sky: Earth's Gamma-Ray Bursts Triggered by Lightning （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Plasma fountain Source （页面存档备份，存于）, press release: Solar Wind Squeezes Some of Earth's Atmosphere into Space （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  . ESO Press Release.   [23 January 2014]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-22）.
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1 2 3  Gomez, E.; Rani, D. A.; Cheeseman, C. R.; Deegan, D.; Wise, M.; Boccaccini, A. R. . Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009, 161 (2–3): 614–626. PMID 18499345. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.017.
↑  Leroux, F.; Perwuelz, A.; Campagne, C.; Behary, N. . Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. 2006, 20 (9): 939–957. doi:10.1163/156856106777657788.
↑  Leroux, F. D. R.; Campagne, C.; Perwuelz, A.; Gengembre, L. O. . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2008, 328 (2): 412–420. PMID 18930244. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2008.09.062.
↑  Park, J.; Henins, I.; Herrmann, H. W.; Selwyn, G. S.; Hicks, R. F. . Journal of Applied Physics. 2001, 89: 20. Bibcode:2001JAP....89...20P. doi:10.1063/1.1323753.
↑  Stern, David P. .   [2010-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-28）.
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↑  Okumura, T. . Physics Research International. 2010, 2010: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2010/164249.
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↑  Nemchinsky, V. A.; Severance, W. S. . Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2006, 39 (22): R423. Bibcode:2006JPhD...39R.423N. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/39/22/R01.
↑  Peretich, M.A.; O’Brien, W.F.; Schetz, J.A.  (PDF). Virginia Space Grant Consortium. 2007  [12 April 2010]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-29）.
↑  IPPEX Glossary of Fusion Terms 的存檔，存档日期2008-03-08.. Ippex.pppl.gov. Retrieved on 2011-11-19.
↑  克魯克斯曾於1879年8月22日在謝菲爾德對英國科學促進協會（British Association for the Advancement of Science）演講。 （页面存档备份，存于）  （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  在1897年4月30日對英國皇家科學研究所的晚間演講上首次公佈，並發佈於：Thomson, J. J. . Philosophical Magazine. 1897, 44 (269): 293–316  [2017-01-26]. doi:10.1080/14786449708621070. （原始内容存档于2015-11-24）.
1 2  Langmuir, I. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1928, 14 (8): 627–637. Bibcode:1928PNAS...14..627L. doi:10.1073/pnas.14.8.627. Except near the electrodes, where there are sheaths containing very few electrons, the ionized gas contains ions and electrons in about equal numbers so that the resultant space charge is very small. We shall use the name plasma to describe this region containing balanced charges of ions and electrons.
↑  Brown, Sanborn C. . HIRSH, Merle N. e OSKAM, H. J.  (编).  1. Academic Press. 1978. ISBN 978-0-12-349701-7.