北極熊
參考資料

↑  Schliebe, S., Wiig, Ø., Derocher, A. & Lunn, N. (IUCN SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group). . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008.   [2010年2月22日].
↑  DeMaster, Douglas P.; Stirling, Ian. . Mammalian Species. 8 May 1981, 145 (145): 1–7. JSTOR 3503828. OCLC 46381503. doi:10.2307/3503828.
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↑  http://www.defenders.org/polar-bear/basic-facts.%7C%5B%5D Behavior :
Polar bears are highly dependent on older stable pack ice in the Arctic region, where they spend much of their time on the ice hunting, mating and denning. They are generally solitary as adults, except during breeding and cub rearing.
↑  page 96 / Chapter Distribution and Population : Polar Bears A Complete Guide to Their Biology and Behavious : If ice condition permit, a bear will use the same area year after year. Female Polar bear home ranges vary from tiny areas of about 77 square miles ( 200 sq km ) packed into a single fjord to massive expanses of 371000 square miles ( 960,000 sq km), which is about half the size of Alaska )
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1 2  为何北极熊吃高脂肪食物而不得肥胖症？
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/kW6HSsTWlRI-DVrqekAusw （页面存档备份，存于）
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↑  Verena E Kutschera, Tobias Bidon, Frank Hailer, Julia L. Rodi, Steven R. Fain, Axel Janke (2014) Bears in a Forest of Gene Trees: Phylogenetic Inference Is Complicated by Incomplete lineage sorting and Gene Flow. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31(8): 2004–2017. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu186
↑  Frank Hailer, Verena E. Kutschera, Björn M. Hallström, Denise Klassert, Steven R. Fain, Jennifer A. Leonard, Ulfur Arnason, Axel Janke (2012): Nuclear Genomic Sequences Reveal that Polar Bears Are an Old and Distinct Bear Lineage. Science Vol. 336 no. 6079: 344-347. doi:10.1126/science.1216424
↑  Miller W, Schuster SC, Welch AJ, Ratan A, Bedoya-Reina OC, Zhao F, Kim HL, Burhans RC, Drautz DI, Wittekindt NE, Tomsho LP, Ibarra-Laclette E, Herrera-Estrella L, Peacock E, Farley S, Sage GK, Rode K, Obbard M, Montiel R, Bachmann L, Ingólfsson O, Aars J, Mailund T, Wiig O, Talbot SL, & Lindqvist C (2012). Polar and brown bear genomes reveal ancient admixture and demographic footprints of past climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(36):E2382–E2390. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210506109
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavious, page 181
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavious, page 10
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↑  Derocher, Andrew E. . JHU Press. 2012-03-08 –Google Books.
↑  http://www.polarbearsinternational.org/about-polar-bears/faqs#q14.%7CPolar （页面存档备份，存于） Bear FAQs : How long do the cubs remain with their mother?
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 183 : time to leave
↑  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nB7gS5IcD84.%7C Published on Dec 23, 2015
Polar Bears can detect another bear with their excellent sense of smell, male bears can spend weeks tracking the scent of a female who is ready to mate. Taken from Animal Attraction. BBC earth
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 139 : mating system
↑  .   [2016-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-11）.
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 165 When to Den
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, Den Ecology, page  158
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↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 171 : From Birth to Death
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 174 : The number of Cubs in a Litter
↑  http://www.livescience.com/27436-polar-bear-facts.html.%7CAt%5B%5D birth, a cub weighs only 1.3 pounds (about half a kilogram), but they grow very quickly. Cubs depend on their mothers for warmth and fattening milk, which is 36 percent fat, according to the San Diego Zoo.
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 168
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↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 174
↑  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbdopIzESCg.%7CAfter braving three months underground a mother polar bear shows her cub the outside world for the first time. Keen photographers Andre and Anita Gilden caught the extremely rare pictures after waiting more than four days in temperatures dipping to minus 40 degrees Celsius in Manitoba, Canada.
↑  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CbILj_CYqno.%7CTwo adorable newborn polar bear cubs play with their mother while they journey to the frozen sea. One cute cub climbs and hangs off mother's back. Features cubs play-fighting and nursing with mom. Very cute video! Footage copyright: Parks Canada.
Cinematographer: www.AndrewManske.com 
All scenes filmed in the wilds of northern Manitoba, Canada, near Hudon's Bay.
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↑  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=No70mI2lJD8.%7CUploaded on Nov 4, 2007
National Geographic Polar Bear Mom protects cubs
Canada's frozen north in the Tundra Buggy Lodge
↑  ECM, Parsons; A, Bauer; M.P, Simmonds; A.J, Wright; D, McCafferty. . Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2012-04-11 –Google Books.
↑  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQHbZ9UYovs.%7CPublished on Jun 13, 2012
Brad Josephs filmed this amazing clip in Alaska of a Polar Bear mother protecting defending her cubs from male Polar Bear
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 187
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior, page 179
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behaviour, Chapter Prey, page 89
↑  http://sectionhiker.com/bears_sense_of_smell.%7CBears%5B%5D are thought to have the best sense of smell of any animal on earth. For example, the average dog’s sense of smell is 100 times better than a humans. A blood hound’s is 300 times better. A bear’s sense of smell is 7 times better than a blood hound’s or 2,100 times better than a human.
↑  .   [2016-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-18）.
↑  http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/polar-bear.%7Cwhat's%5B%5D on the menu :The polar bear's nose is so powerful it can smell a seal on the ice 20 miles (32 kilometers) away, sniff out a seal's den that has been covered with snow, and even find a seal's air hole in the ice up to 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) away.
↑  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTbYOnkZkEw.%7CRelease Date: 20 April 2012
Genre: Documentary
↑  http://www.bearlife.org/polar-bears.html.%7CPolar%5B%5D bears are intelligent and very curious by nature
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behaviour, Chapter " Hunting Methods " from page 125 to page 135
↑  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MC26JK9nk-8.%7CUnique footage of polar bear hunting bearded seal. Clip from the programme 'Polar Bear - Spy on the Ice', Produced & Directed by John Downer Productions, Narrated by David Tennant
1 2  .   [2016-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-03）.
↑  Polar Bear : A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behaviour, page 130
↑  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Nrr7nZVdQQ.%7CBrilliant wildlife video from BBC nature show 'Animals: The Inside Story'. Learn how a pregnant polar bear survivies in the gruelling winter months.
↑  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mgnf6t9VEc.%7CAs the sea ice begins to break up in Summer, a polar bear ingeniously uses the drift ice to sneak up on a seal. Published on Nov 4, 2015 by BBC, Programme website: http://bbc.in/1iD3ju5
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In ideal hunting conditions, the bear will just eat the seal fat, leaving the carcass for other animals.
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↑  .   [2016-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-10）.  During the 19th century and the early 20th century, walruses were widely hunted and killed for their blubber, walrus ivory, and meat. The population of walruses dropped rapidly all around the Arctic region.
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↑  Wrigley, Robert E.  (PDF). Polar Bears International Newsletter. Polar Bears International. Spring 2008  [9 June 2008]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2008-06-26）.
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↑  Andrew E. Decocher. . The John Hopskins University Press. 2012: 199. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2 （英语）.  chapter : Threat, page 199 to 223
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↑  .   [2016-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-16）.   Over the past 25 years, the summer sea ice melt period has lengthened, and summer sea ice cover has declined by over half a million square miles.
↑  Andrew E. Decocher. . The John Hopskins University Press. 2012: 199. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2 （英语）.  page 218 Global warming is the greatest threat facing polar bears not mearly threaten individual bears, It threatens the entire species
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↑  氣候變遷衝擊 加拿大北極熊5年減少逾1/4 （页面存档备份，存于）中央社 2022-12-24
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↑  Andrew E. Decocher. . The John Hopskins University Press. 2012: 210. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2 （英语）.  chapter : Threat : Pollution , page 210
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↑  Andrew E. Decocher. . The John Hopskins University Press. 2012: 215. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2 （英语）.  Oil, Gas, Mining and Develpment, page 215
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↑  Andrew E. Decocher. . The John Hopskins University Press. 2012: 217. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2 （英语）.  What you can do to Help the Ice Bears, page 226
Polar Bear International website （页面存档备份，存于）
Polar Bear : A complete guide to their biology and behavior , Text by Andrew E. Derocher, Photographs by Wayne Lynch, ISBN 9781421403052