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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10  Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ. . J. Psychopharmacol. June 2013, 27 (6): 479–496. PMC 3666194 . PMID 23539642. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. The intravenous use of d-amphetamine and other stimulants still pose major safety risks to the individuals indulging in this practice. Some of this intravenous abuse is derived from the diversion of ampoules of d-amphetamine, which are still occasionally prescribed in the UK for the control of severe narcolepsy and other disorders of excessive sedation. ... For these reasons, observations of dependence and abuse of prescription d-amphetamine are rare in clinical practice, and this stimulant can even be prescribed to people with a history of drug abuse provided certain controls, such as daily pick-ups of prescriptions, are put in place (Jasinski and Krishnan, 2009b).
1 2  . . University of Alberta. 2013-02-08. （原始内容存档于2019-08-06） 使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (帮助).  |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
1 2 3 4 5  . . University of Alberta. 2013-02-08. （原始内容存档于2013-10-12） 使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (帮助).  |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21   (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Shire US Inc: 12–13. December 2013  [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-18）.
1 2 3 4  Glennon RA. . Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W  (编).  7th. Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2013: 646–648  [2015-09-11]. ISBN 9781609133450. （原始内容存档于2019-06-09）. The phase 1 metabolism of amphetamine analogs is catalyzed by two systems: cytochrome P450 and flavin monooxygenase. ... Amphetamine can also undergo aromatic hydroxylation to p-hydroxyamphetamine.  ... Subsequent oxidation at the benzylic position by DA β-hydroxylase affords p-hydroxynorephedrine. Alternatively, direct oxidation of amphetamine by DA β-hydroxylase can afford norephedrine.
↑  Taylor KB.  (PDF). J. Biol. Chem. 1974-01, 249 (2): 454–458  [2014-11-06]. PMID 4809526. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-04-04）. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase catalyzed the removal of the pro-R hydrogen atom and the production of 1-norephedrine, (2S,1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyl-1-phenylpropane, from d-amphetamine.
1 2  Horwitz D, Alexander RW, Lovenberg W, Keiser HR. . Circ. Res. May 1973, 32 (5): 594–599. PMID 4713201. doi:10.1161/01.RES.32.5.594. Subjects with exceptionally low levels of serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity showed normal cardiovascular function and normal β-hydroxylation of an administered synthetic substrate, hydroxyamphetamine.
1 2 3 4  Krueger SK, Williams DE. . Pharmacol. Ther. 2005-06, 106 (3): 357–387. PMC 1828602 . PMID 15922018. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001. 
"Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO （页面存档备份，存于）"
1 2  Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A. . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. March 1999, 288 (3): 1251–1260. PMID 10027866.
1 2 3 4 5  . . National Center for Biotechnology Information. （原始内容存档于2014-10-09） 使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (帮助).  |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
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Santagati NA, Ferrara G, Marrazzo A, Ronsisvalle G. . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. September 2002, 30 (2): 247–255. PMID 12191709. doi:10.1016/S0731-7085(02)00330-8.
↑  . . WebMD. （原始内容存档于2021-08-27） 使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (帮助). Onset of action: 30–60 min  |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
1 2 3  Millichap JG. . Millichap JG  (编).  2nd. New York, USA: Springer. 2010: 112. ISBN 9781441913968. 
Table 9.2 Dextroamphetamine formulations of stimulant medication
Dexedrine [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–6 h] ...
Adderall [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–7 h]
Dexedrine spansules [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h] ...
Adderall XR [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h]
Vyvanse [Peak:3–4 h] [Duration:12 h]
↑  Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL. . Postgrad. Med. September 2008, 120 (3): 69–88. PMID 18824827. doi:10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1909.
1 2  Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL. . Postgrad. Med. September 2008, 120 (3): 69–88. PMID 18824827. doi:10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1909.
1 2 3 4 5   (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.: 1–6. October 2015  [2016-05-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-09-15）.
1 2  . . Hazardous Substances Data Bank. （原始内容存档于2017-10-02） 使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (帮助). Concentrations of (14)C-amphetamine declined less rapidly in the plasma of human subjects maintained on an alkaline diet (urinary pH > 7.5) than those on an acid diet (urinary pH < 6). Plasma half-lives of amphetamine ranged between 16-31 hr & 8-11 hr, respectively, & the excretion of (14)C in 24 hr urine was 45 & 70%.  |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
1 2  Mignot EJ. . Neurotherapeutics. October 2012, 9 (4): 739–752. PMC 3480574 . PMID 23065655. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9.
1 2 3  . . United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. 11 April 2015. （原始内容存档于2013-10-13） 使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (帮助).  |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
↑  . . United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. 5 November 2016  [9 November 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-29）.  |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助)
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↑  . . United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. （原始内容存档于2013-10-13） 使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (帮助).  |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
↑  . IUPAC Goldbook. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.   [2014-03-14]. doi:10.1351/goldbook.E02069. （原始内容存档于2013-03-17）. One of a pair of molecular entities which are mirror images of each other and non-superposable.
1 2  . World Health Organization. 1997  [1 December 2014]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-09）. In principle, INNs are selected only for the active part of the molecule which is usually the base, acid or alcohol. In some cases, however, the active molecules need to be expanded for various reasons, such as formulation purposes, bioavailability or absorption rate. In 1975 the experts designated for the selection of INN decided to adopt a new policy for naming such molecules. In future, names for different salts or esters of the same active substance should differ only with regard to the inactive moiety of the molecule. ... The latter are called modified INNs (INNMs).
1 2 3 4 5 6  Yoshida T. . Klee H  (编). . Amsterdam, Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers. 1997: 2  [1 December 2014]. ISBN 9789057020810. Amphetamine, in the singular form, properly applies to the racemate of 2-amino-1-phenylpropane. ... In its broadest context, however, the term [amphetamines] can even embrace a large number of structurally and pharmacologically related substances.
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↑  . Medical Subject Headings. United States National Library of Medicine.   [16 December 2013]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-27）.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7  . National Drug Code Directory. United States Food and Drug Administration.   [2013-12-16]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-16）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13  Miller GM. . J. Neurochem. January 2011, 116 (2): 164–176. PMC 3005101 . PMID 21073468. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x.
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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. . Sydor A, Brown RY  (编).  2nd. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 318, 321. ISBN 9780071481274. Therapeutic (relatively low) doses of psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, improve performance on working memory tasks both in normal subjects and those with ADHD. ... stimulants act not only on working memory function, but also on general levels of arousal and, within the nucleus accumbens, improve the saliency of tasks. Thus, stimulants improve performance on effortful but tedious tasks ... through indirect stimulation of dopamine and norepinephrine receptors. ...
Beyond these general permissive effects, dopamine (acting via D1 receptors) and norepinephrine (acting at several receptors) can, at optimal levels, enhance working memory and aspects of attention.
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Liddle DG, Connor DJ. . Prim. Care. June 2013, 40 (2): 487–505. PMID 23668655. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2013.02.009. Amphetamines and caffeine are stimulants that increase alertness, improve focus, decrease reaction time, and delay fatigue, allowing for an increased intensity and duration of training ...
Physiologic and performance effects
 · Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation
 · Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions 39 40
 · Improved reaction time
 · Increased muscle strength and delayed muscle fatigue
 · Increased acceleration
 · Increased alertness and attention to task
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8   (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Shire US Inc: 11. December 2013  [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-18）.
↑  Broadley KJ. . Pharmacol. Ther. March 2010, 125 (3): 363–375. PMID 19948186. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.005.
↑  . European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.   [2013-10-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-27）.
↑  Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ. . Trends Plant Sci. 2012, 17 (7): 404–412. PMID 22502775. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. ... For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall® and Dexedrine®, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79]. ... 
[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
1 2 3   (PDF). Arbor Pharmaceuticals LLC: 1–2. April 2014  [2015-08-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04）.
↑  . NHS Choice. 2016-09-28  [2017-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-09）.
↑  Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos Mde L. . Arch. Toxicol. August 2012, 86 (8): 1167–1231. PMID 22392347. doi:10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5.
↑  Berman S, O'Neill J, Fears S, Bartzokis G, London ED. . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. October 2008, 1141: 195–220. PMC 2769923 . PMID 18991959. doi:10.1196/annals.1441.031.
1 2  Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K. . JAMA Psychiatry. February 2013, 70 (2): 185–198. PMID 23247506. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277.
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Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, Faraone SV, Biederman J. . J. Clin. Psychiatry. September 2013, 74 (9): 902–917. PMC 3801446 . PMID 24107764. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r08287.
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Frodl T, Skokauskas N. . Acta psychiatrica Scand. February 2012, 125 (2): 114–126. PMID 22118249. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01786.x. Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in children with ADHD. These changes and alterations in limbic regions like ACC and amygdala are more pronounced in non-treated populations and seem to diminish over time from child to adulthood. Treatment seems to have positive effects on brain structure.
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Millichap JG. . Millichap JG  (编).  2nd. New York, USA: Springer. 2010: 121–123, 125–127. ISBN 9781441913968. Ongoing research has provided answers to many of the parents’ concerns, and has confirmed the effectiveness and safety of the long-term use of medication.
1 2 3 4 5  Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, Young S. . PLoS ONE. February 2015, 10 (2): e0116407. PMC 4340791 . PMID 25714373. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116407. The highest proportion of improved outcomes was reported with combination treatment (83% of outcomes). Among significantly improved outcomes, the largest effect sizes were found for combination treatment. The greatest improvements were associated with academic, self-esteem, or social function outcomes. 
Figure 3: Treatment benefit by treatment type and outcome group （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Arnold, L. Eugene; Hodgkins, Paul; Caci, Hervé; Kahle, Jennifer; Young, Susan. . PLoS ONE.   [2017-05-15]. PMID 25714373. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116407. （原始内容存档于2020-11-09）.
1 2 3 4 5  Huang YS, Tsai MH. . CNS Drugs. July 2011, 25 (7): 539–554. PMID 21699268. doi:10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000. Recent studies have demonstrated that stimulants, along with the non-stimulants atomoxetine and extended-release guanfacine, are continuously effective for more than 2-year treatment periods with few and tolerable adverse effects. The effectiveness of long-term therapy includes not only the core symptoms of ADHD, but also improved quality of life and academic achievements. The most concerning short-term adverse effects of stimulants, such as elevated blood pressure and heart rate, waned in long-term follow-up studies. ... In the longest follow-up study (of more than 10 years), lifetime stimulant treatment for ADHD was effective and protective against the development of adverse psychiatric disorders.
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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. . Sydor A, Brown RY  (编).  2nd. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 154–157. ISBN 9780071481274.
1 2 3  Bidwell LC, McClernon FJ, Kollins SH. . Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. August 2011, 99 (2): 262–274. PMC 3353150 . PMID 21596055. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.002.
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Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V. . Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. (systematic review (secondary source)). September 2013, 6: 87–99. PMC 3785407 . PMID 24082796. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S49114. Only one paper53 examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria. ... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.
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Millichap JG. . Millichap JG  (编).  2nd. New York, USA: Springer. 2010: 111–113. ISBN 9781441913968.
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Castells X, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Bosch R, Nogueira M, Casas M. Castells X , 编. . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. June 2011, (6): CD007813. PMID 21678370. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007813.pub2.
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Punja S, Shamseer L, Hartling L, Urichuk L, Vandermeer B, Nikles J, Vohra S. . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. February 2016, 2: CD009996. PMID 26844979. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009996.pub2.
↑  Pringsheim T, Steeves T. Pringsheim T , 编. . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. April 2011, (4): CD007990. PMID 21491404. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007990.pub2.
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↑  . Home of MedlinePlus → Drugs, Herbs and Supplements → Methylphenidate Methylphenidate pronounced as (meth il fen i date). 2016-02-15  [2017-02-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-04）.
↑  . Science News. Elsevier. 2016-08-01  [January 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-02）. "Three studies to be published in the August 2016 issue of the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (JAACAP) report that combining two standard medications could lead to greater clinical improvements for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than either ADHD therapy alone.", August, 2016
↑  . MedlinePlus the Magazine 9. 8600 Rockville Pike · Bethesda, MD 20894, United States of America: NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE at the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. Spring 2014: 19  [2017-04-05]. ISSN 1937-4712. （原始内容存档于2017-07-15） （美国英语）.
↑  . Home → Medical Encyclopedia → Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE at the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. 2016-05-25  [2017-02-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-26）.
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1 2  Spencer RC, Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW. . Biol. Psychiatry. June 2015, 77 (11): 940–950. PMID 25499957. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013. The procognitive actions of psychostimulants are only associated with low doses. Surprisingly, despite nearly 80 years of clinical use, the neurobiology of the procognitive actions of psychostimulants has only recently been systematically investigated. Findings from this research unambiguously demonstrate that the cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve the preferential elevation of catecholamines in the PFC and the subsequent activation of norepinephrine α2 and dopamine D1 receptors. ... This differential modulation of PFC-dependent processes across dose appears to be associated with the differential involvement of noradrenergic α2 versus α1 receptors. Collectively, this evidence indicates that at low, clinically relevant doses, psychostimulants are devoid of the behavioral and neurochemical actions that define this class of drugs and instead act largely as cognitive enhancers (improving PFC-dependent function). ... In particular, in both animals and humans, lower doses maximally improve performance in tests of working memory and response inhibition, whereas maximal suppression of overt behavior and facilitation of attentional processes occurs at higher doses.
↑  Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ. . J. Cogn. Neurosci. January 2015: 1–21. PMID 25591060. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00776. Specifically, in a set of experiments limited to high-quality designs, we found significant enhancement of several cognitive abilities. ... The results of this meta-analysis ... do confirm the reality of cognitive enhancing effects for normal healthy adults in general, while also indicating that these effects are modest in size.
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Bagot KS, Kaminer Y. . Addiction. April 2014, 109 (4): 547–557. PMC 4471173 . PMID 24749160. doi:10.1111/add.12460. Amphetamine has been shown to improve consolidation of information (0.02 ≥ P ≤ 0.05), leading to improved recall.
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Devous MD, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ. . J. Nucl. Med. April 2001, 42 (4): 535–542. PMID 11337538.
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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. . Sydor A, Brown RY  (编).  2nd. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 266. ISBN 9780071481274. Dopamine acts in the nucleus accumbens to attach motivational significance to stimuli associated with reward.
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Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG. . Pharmacol. Rev. January 2014, 66 (1): 193–221. PMID 24344115. doi:10.1124/pr.112.007054.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21  Westfall DP, Westfall TC. . Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC  (编).  12th. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. 2010. ISBN 9780071624428.
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Parr JW. . Clin. Sports Med. July 2011, 30 (3): 591–610. PMID 21658550. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2011.03.007. In 1980, Chandler and Blair47 showed significant increases in knee extension strength, acceleration, anaerobic capacity, time to exhaustion during exercise, pre-exercise and maximum heart rates, and time to exhaustion during maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) testing after administration of 15 mg of dextroamphetamine versus placebo. Most of the information to answer this question has been obtained in the past decade through studies of fatigue rather than an attempt to systematically investigate the effect of ADHD drugs on exercise.
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Roelands B, de Koning J, Foster C, Hettinga F, Meeusen R. . Sports Med. May 2013, 43 (5): 301–311. PMID 23456493. doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0030-4. In high-ambient temperatures, dopaminergic manipulations clearly improve performance. The distribution of the power output reveals that after dopamine reuptake inhibition, subjects are able to maintain a higher power output compared with placebo. ... Dopaminergic drugs appear to override a safety switch and allow athletes to use a reserve capacity that is ‘off-limits’ in a normal (placebo) situation.
↑  Bracken NM.  (PDF). NCAA Publications. National Collegiate Athletic Association. January 2012  [2013-10-08]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-20）.
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Docherty JR. . Br. J. Pharmacol. June 2008, 154 (3): 606–622. PMC 2439527 . PMID 18500382. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.124.
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Parker KL, Lamichhane D, Caetano MS, Narayanan NS. . Front. Integr. Neurosci. October 2013, 7: 75. PMC 3813949 . PMID 24198770. doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00075. Manipulations of dopaminergic signaling profoundly influence interval timing, leading to the hypothesis that dopamine influences internal pacemaker, or “clock,” activity. For instance, amphetamine, which increases concentrations of dopamine at the synaptic cleft advances the start of responding during interval timing, whereas antagonists of D2 type dopamine receptors typically slow timing;... Depletion of dopamine in healthy volunteers impairs timing, while amphetamine releases synaptic dopamine and speeds up timing.
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Rattray B, Argus C, Martin K, Northey J, Driller M. . Front. Physiol. March 2015, 6: 79. PMC 4362407 . PMID 25852568. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00079. Aside from accounting for the reduced performance of mentally fatigued participants, this model rationalizes the reduced RPE and hence improved cycling time trial performance of athletes using a glucose mouthwash (Chambers et al., 2009) and the greater power output during a RPE matched cycling time trial following amphetamine ingestion (Swart, 2009). ... Dopamine stimulating drugs are known to enhance aspects of exercise performance (Roelands et al., 2008)
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Roelands B, De Pauw K, Meeusen R. . Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. June 2015,. 25 Suppl 1: 65–78. PMID 25943657. doi:10.1111/sms.12350. This indicates that subjects did not feel they were producing more power and consequently more heat. The authors concluded that the “safety switch” or the mechanisms existing in the body to prevent harmful effects are overridden by the drug administration (Roelands et al., 2008b). Taken together, these data indicate strong ergogenic effects of an increased DA concentration in the brain, without any change in the perception of effort.
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Kessler S. . South. Med. J. January 1996, 89 (1): 33–38. PMID 8545689. doi:10.1097/00007611-199601000-00005. statements on package inserts are not intended to limit medical practice. Rather they are intended to limit claims by pharmaceutical companies. ... the FDA asserts explicitly, and the courts have upheld that clinical decisions are to be made by physicians and patients in individual situations.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8   (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Shire US Inc: 4–6. December 2013  [2013-12-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-18）.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7   (PDF). Tris Pharmaceuticals: 1–16. October 2015  [2015-11-23]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-10-13）. DYANAVEL XR contains d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine in a ratio of 3.2 to 1 ... The most common (≥2% in the DYANAVEL XR group and greater than placebo) adverse reactions reported in the Phase 3 controlled study conducted in 108 patients with ADHD (aged 6–12 years) were: epistaxis, allergic rhinitis and upper abdominal pain. ... 
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Extended-release oral suspension contains 2.5 mg amphetamine base per mL.
↑  Ramey JT, Bailen E, Lockey RF.  (PDF). J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 2006, 16 (3): 148–155  [2015-04-29]. PMID 16784007. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-10）. Table 2. Decongestants Causing Rhinitis Medicamentosa
 – Nasal decongestants:
  – Sympathomimetic:
   · Amphetamine
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