伊斯坦布尔历史
参考

↑  Pliny the Elder, book IV, chapter XI: （页面存档备份，存于）
1 2 3  Janin, Raymond. . Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines. 1964: 10f.
1 2  . 1860: 1003  [2020-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-01）.
↑  BBC: "Istanbul's ancient past unearthed" （页面存档备份，存于） Published on 10 January 2007. Retrieved on 3 March 2010.
↑  .   [2020-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-01）.
↑  .   [2020-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-18）.
↑  . Republic of Turkey, Minister of Culture and Tourism.   [2007-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-06）.
↑  .   [2020-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-01）.
1 2  Vailhé, S. .  4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1908  [2007-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2009-10-29）.
↑  Georgacas, Demetrius John. . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (The Johns Hopkins University Press). 1947, 78: 347–67. JSTOR 283503. doi:10.2307/283503.
1 2  Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 248
↑  Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 253
↑  Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 272
↑  Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. pp. 273–276
↑  Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 291
↑  Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 292
↑  Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. pp. 313–314
1 2 3  Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 427
1 2 3 4  Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229-249
↑  Hatzopoulos, Dionysios. "The Fall of Constantinople." http://www.greece.org/Romiosini/fall.html （页面存档备份，存于） (accessed 2012-05-31). p. 6
1 2  Eversley, Lord. The Turkish Empire from 1288 to 1914. 3rd ed. Howard Fertig. New York: Howard Fertig Inc., 1924. p. 2
↑  Hatzopoulos, Dionysios. "The Fall of Constantinople." http://www.greece.org/Romiosini/fall.html （页面存档备份，存于） (accessed 2/10/08). p. 7
↑  Hatzopoulos, Dionysios. "The Fall of Constantinople." http://www.greece.org/Romiosini/fall.html （页面存档备份，存于） (accessed 2/10/08). pp. 4–10
↑  Lewis, Bernard. Istanbul and the Civilization if the Ottoman Empire. 1, University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. p. 6
↑  Mansel, Philip (1995). Constantinople: City of the World's Desire. Hachette UK. p. 79. ISBN 0-7195-5076-9.
↑  Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229-249. p. 236
↑  Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. 2nd ed. A, To 1500. Mary Dougherty and Denise B. Wydra. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. p. 330
↑  .   [2020-07-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-09）.
↑  Mansel, Philip. . History Today. July 2003, 53 (6)  [2020-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-04）.
↑  Baten, Jörg. . Cambridge University Press. 2016: 212. ISBN 9781107507180.
↑  Stephen  Pope; Elizabeth-Anne Wheal. . . Macmillan. 1995  [2020-07-25]. ISBN 978-0-85052-979-1. （原始内容存档于2020-01-20）.
↑  . The Times (45369). 1929-11-25: 12.
↑  . New York Times. 1929-11-15: 19  [2020-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-27）.
↑  . The Manchester Guardian. 1929-11-15: 11. , also mentioned in . The Manchester Guardian. 1929-11-16: 11.
↑  . The New York Times. 1930-05-28  [2020-04-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-08）.

梅尔基奥·洛克：君士坦丁堡的前景（16世纪）



伊斯坦布尔的民族宗教团体（1896-1965年）：1896年，这是一个多元文化的城市，人口中50.5%为穆斯林，在1925年后变成了一个以穆斯林为主的城市。