弦論歷史
參考

Rickles, Dean. . Springer. 2014. ISBN 978-3-642-45128-7.
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↑  Rickles 2014, p. 28 n. 17: "S-matrix theory had enough time to spawn string theory".
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↑  John Archibald Wheeler, "On the Mathematical Description of Light Nuclei by the Method of Resonating Group Structure", Phys. Rev. 52, 1107–1122 (1937).
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 113：“An unfortunate (for string theory) series of events terminated the growing popularity that string theory was enjoying in the early 1970s.”
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 4.
↑  W. Heisenberg, "Die „beobachtbaren Größen“ in der Theorie der Elementarteilche"'. In: Zeitschrift für Physik, 120(7) (July 1943), pp. 513–53.
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1 2  Rickles 2014, p. 29.
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↑  Chew, G. (1962). S-Matrix theory of strong interactions. New York: W.A. Benjamin, p. 32.
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↑  Regge, Tullio, "Introduction to complex angular momentum," Il Nuovo Cimento Series 10, Vol. 14, 1959, p. 951.
↑  White, Alan. R. (2000). "The Past and Future of S-Matrix Theory" （页面存档备份，存于）.
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↑  Rickles 2014, pp. 38–9.
↑  Veneziano, G. . Il Nuovo Cimento A. 1968, 57 (1): 190–197  [2022-06-18]. Bibcode:1968NCimA..57..190V. S2CID 121211496. doi:10.1007/BF02824451. （原始内容存档于2022-05-19）.
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↑  Chan, H. M.; Paton, J. E. . Nucl. Phys. B. 1969, 10 (3): 516  [2022-06-18]. Bibcode:1969NuPhB..10..516P. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(69)90038-8. （原始内容存档于2018-01-21）.
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 5.
↑  Nambu, Y. (1970). "Quark model and the factorization of the Veneziano amplitude." In R. Chand (ed.), Symmetries and Quark Models: Proceedings of the International Conference held at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, June 18–20, 1969 (pp. 269–277). Singapore: World Scientific.
↑  Nielsen, H. B. "An almost physical interpretation of the dual N point function." Nordita preprint (1969); unpublished.
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↑  Neveu, A.; Schwarz, J. . Physics Letters. 1971, 34B (6): 517–518. Bibcode:1971PhLB...34..517N. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(71)90669-1.
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 97.
↑  Rickles 2014, pp. 5–6, 44.
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 77.
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 11 n. 22.
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↑  Zwiebach, Barton (2009). A First Course in String Theory. Cambridge University Press. p. 582.
↑  Lovelace, Claud, , Physics Letters B, 1971, 34 (6): 500–506, Bibcode:1971PhLB...34..500L, doi:10.1016/0370-2693(71)90665-4 .
↑  Sakata, Fumihiko; Wu, Ke; Zhao, En-Guang (eds.), Frontiers of Theoretical Physics: A General View of Theoretical Physics at the Crossing of Centuries, World Scientific, 2001, p. 121.
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 104.
↑  J. L. Gervais and B. Sakita worked on the two-dimensional case in which they use the concept of "supergauge," taken from Ramond, Neveu, and Schwarz's work on dual models: Gervais, J.-L.; Sakita, B. . Nuclear Physics B. 1971, 34 (2): 632–639. Bibcode:1971NuPhB..34..632G. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(71)90351-8.
↑  Gliozzi, F.; Scherk, J.; Olive, D. I. . Nucl. Phys. B. 1977, 122 (2): 253. Bibcode:1977NuPhB.122..253G. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(77)90206-1.
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 147: "Green and Schwarz's anomaly cancellation paper triggered a very large increase in the production of papers on the subject, including a related pair of papers that between them had the potential to provide the foundation for a realistic unified theory of both particle physics and gravity."
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 157.
↑  Green, M. B.; Schwarz, J. H. . Physics Letters B. 1984, 149 (1–3): 117–122. Bibcode:1984PhLB..149..117G. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(84)91565-X.
↑  Johnson, Clifford V. D-branes. Cambridge University Press. 2006, pp. 169–70.
1 2  Gross, D. J.; Harvey, J. A.; Martinec, E.; Rohm, R. . Physical Review Letters. 1985, 54 (6): 502–505. Bibcode:1985PhRvL..54..502G. PMID 10031535. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.54.502.
↑  Schwarz, J. H. . Nuclear Physics B. 1972, 46 (1): 61–74. Bibcode:1972NuPhB..46...61S. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(72)90201-5.
↑  Candelas, P.; Horowitz, G.; Strominger, A.; Witten, E. . Nuclear Physics B. 1985, 258: 46–74. Bibcode:1985NuPhB.258...46C. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(85)90602-9.
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 89 n. 44.
1 2  Green, M. B., Schwarz, J. H. (1982). "Supersymmetrical string theories." Physics Letters B, 109, 444–448 (this paper classified the consistent ten-dimensional superstring theories and gave them the names Type I, Type IIA, and Type IIB).
↑  This was demonstrated in Nahm, Werner, "Supersymmetries and their representations". Nuclear Physics B 135 no 1 (1978) pp 149-166, doi:10.1016/0550-3213(78)90218-3 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  E. Bergshoeff, E. Sezgin, P. K. Townsend, "Supermembranes and Eleven-Dimensional Supergravity," Phys. Lett. B 189: 75 (1987).
↑  It was Edward Witten who observed that the theory must be an 11-dimensional one in Witten, Edward. . Nuclear Physics B. 1995, 443 (1): 85–126. Bibcode:1995NuPhB.443...85W. S2CID 16790997. arXiv:hep-th/9503124 . doi:10.1016/0550-3213(95)00158-O.
↑  Duff, Michael. . Scientific American. 1998, 278 (2): 64–9. Bibcode:1998SciAm.278b..64D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0298-64.
↑  When Witten named it M-theory, he did not specify what the "M" stood for, presumably because he did not feel he had the right to name a theory he had not been able to fully describe. The "M" sometimes is said to stand for Mystery, or Magic, or Mother. More serious suggestions include Matrix or Membrane. Sheldon Glashow has noted that the "M" might be an upside down "W", standing for Witten. Others have suggested that the "M" in M-theory should stand for Missing, Monstrous or even Murky. According to Witten himself, as quoted in the PBS documentary （页面存档备份，存于） based on Brian Greene's The Elegant Universe, the "M" in M-theory stands for "magic, mystery, or matrix according to taste."
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 208 n. 2.
↑  Polchinski, J. . Physical Review D. 1995, 50 (10): R6041–R6045. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..75.4724P. PMID 10059981. S2CID 4671529. arXiv:hep-th/9510017 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.4724.
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 212.
↑  Maldacena, Juan. . Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics. 1998, 2 (4): 231–252. Bibcode:1998AdTMP...2..231M. arXiv:hep-th/9711200 . doi:10.4310/ATMP.1998.V2.N2.A1.
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 207.
↑  Rickles 2014, p. 222.
↑  Maldacena, Juan.  (PDF). Scientific American. 2005, 293 (5): 56–63. Bibcode:2005SciAm.293e..56M. PMID 16318027. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1105-56. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-11-10）.  (p. 63.)
↑  Douglas, Michael R., "The statistics of string / M theory vacua", JHEP 0305, 46 (2003). arXiv:hep-th/0303194
↑  The most commonly quoted number is of the order 10500. See: Ashok S., Douglas, M., "Counting flux vacua", JHEP 0401, 060 (2004).
↑  Rickles 2014, pp. 230–5 and 236 n. 63.
↑  Kachru, Shamit; Kallosh, Renata; Linde, Andrei; Trivedi, Sandip P. . Physical Review D. 2003, 68 (4): 046005. Bibcode:2003PhRvD..68d6005K. S2CID 119482182. arXiv:hep-th/0301240 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.68.046005.