B級片
参考文獻

↑  . Encyclopædia Britannica.   [2020-05-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-13）.
↑  Hirschhorn (1999), pp. 9–10, 17.
↑  Finler (2003), pp. 41–42; Balio (2003), p. 29.
↑  See, e.g., Taves (1995), p. 320.
1 2  Balio (1995), p. 29. See also Schatz (1999), pp. 16, 324.
↑  See Finler (2003), pp. 26, 41–43, 47–49.
↑  Finler (2003), pp. 18–19.
↑  Taves (1995), pp. 326–27.
↑  See, e.g., Balio (1995), pp. 103–4.
↑  Epstein (2005), p. 6. See also Schatz (1999), pp. 16–17.
1 2  Taves (1995), p. 325.
↑  Taves (1995), p. 326.
↑  Epstein (2005), p. 4.
1 2 3 4  Finler (2003), p. 42.
↑  Taves (1995), p. 317. Taves (like this article) adopts the usage of "programmer" argued for by author Don Miller in his 1973 study B Movies (New York: Ballantine). As Taves notes, "the term programmer was used in a variety of different ways by reviewers" of the 1930s (p. 431, n. 8). Some present-day critics employ the Miller–Taves usage; others refer to any B movie from the Golden Age as a "programmer" or "program picture".
↑  Balio (1995), p. 102.
↑  Finler (2003), pp. 26, 111, 116.
↑  Tuska (1999), pp. 183–84.
↑  See Taves (1995), pp. 321–29.
↑  Adapted from Finler (2003), p. 26.
↑  See Taves (1995), p. 323; McCarthy and Flynn (1975), p. 20. In its peak year, 1937, Grand National did produce around twenty pictures of its own.
↑  Taves (1995), p. 313.
↑  Nachbar (1974), p. 2.
↑  Tuska (1974), p. 37.
↑  Taves (1995), pp. 327–28.
↑  Taves (1995), p. 316.
↑  See, e.g., Taves (1995), p. 318.
↑  Quoted in Schatz (1999), p. 75.
↑  Naremore (1998), p. 141.
↑  Taves (1995), p. 328.
↑  Schatz (1999), p. 73.
↑  Schatz (1999), pp. 19–21, 45, 72, 160–63.
↑  Schatz (1999), p. 16.
↑  Schatz (1993), p. 11.
↑  See, e.g., Finler (2003), pp. 4, 6.
↑  Jewell (1982), 181; Lasky (1989), 184–85.
↑  Schatz (1999), p. 78.
↑  Schatz (1999), pp. 340–41.
↑  Schatz (1999), p. 295; Naremore (1998), p. 142.
↑  Robert Smith ("Mann in the Dark," Bright Lights 2, no. 1 [fall 1976]), quoted in Ottoson (1981), p. 145.
↑  Schatz (1999), p. 173, table 6.3.
↑  Schatz (1999), p. 232; Finler (2003), pp. 219–20.
↑  Finler (2003), p. 216.
↑  See, e.g., Dave Kehr, "Critic's Choice: New DVD's," The New York Times, August 22, 2006; Dave Kehr, "Critic's Choice: New DVD's," The New York Times, June 7, 2005; Robert Sklar, "Film Noir Lite: When Actions Have No Consequences," The New York Times, "Week in Review," June 2, 2002.
↑  Jewell (1982), pp. 218, 219.
↑  For a detailed consideration of classic B noir, see Lyons (2000).
↑  Finler (2003), pp. 214–15.
↑  Jewell (1982), p. 147.
↑  Schatz (1999), p. 175.
↑  Naremore (1998), p. 144.
↑  See Mank (2001), p. 274.
↑  Strawn (1974), p. 257.
↑  Lev (2003), p. 205.
↑  Lasky (1989), p. 229.
↑  See Finler (2003), pp. 357–58, for top films. Finler lists The Country Girl as 1955, when it made most of its money, but it premiered in December 1954. The Seven Year Itch replaces it in this analysis (the two films happen to be virtually identical in length).
↑  See, e.g., Matthews (2007), p. 92; Lyons (2000), p. 53.
↑  Lev (2003), pp. 60–61.
↑  Hurd (2007), pp. 10–13.
↑  Muller (1998), p. 176; Cousins (2004), p. 198.
↑  Jewell (1982), p. 272.
↑  Maltby (2000).
↑  Schrader (1972), p. 61; Silver (1995).
↑  Shapiro (2002), p. 96. See also Atomic Films: The CONELRAD 100 （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Kinnard (1988), pp. 67–73.
↑  Lev (2003), pp. 186, 184; Braucort (1970), p. 75.
↑  Auty (2005), p. 34. See also Shapiro (2002), pp. 120–24.
↑  Davis, Blair. . Rutgers University Press. 2012-04-06  [2022-04-01]. ISBN 9780813553245. （原始内容存档于2022-04-01） （英语）.
↑  Strawn (1974), p. 259; Lev (2003), p. 206.
↑  Lentz (2002), p. 17.
↑  Cook (2000), p. 324. See also p. 171.
↑  Denisoff and Romanowski (1991), pp. 64–65, 95–100, 105.
↑  Di Franco (1979), p. 3.
↑  Corman (1998), p. 36. It appears Corman made at least one true B picture—according to Arkoff, Apache Woman, to Corman's displeasure, was handled as a second feature (Strawn [1974], p. 258).
↑  Rausch and Dequina (2008), p. 56.
↑  Heffernan (2004), pp. 102–4.
↑  Heffernan (2004), pp. 95–98.
↑  Segrave (1992), p. 33.
↑  Heffernan (2004), p. 161.
↑  Matthews (2007), p. 91.
1 2  Cook (2000), p. 324.
↑  Nason (1959).
↑  Hirschhorn (1979), p. 343.
↑  .   [2022-04-01]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-14）.
↑  Thompson (1960).
↑  Quoted in Di Franco (1979), p. 97.
↑  Per Corman, quoted in Di Franco (1979), p. 97.
↑  Quoted in Reid (2005a), p. 5.
↑  Schaefer (1999), pp. 187, 376.
↑  Schaefer (1999), p. 118.
↑  Schaefer (1992), p. 176, n. 1.
↑  Gibron, Bill. . DVD Verdict. July 24, 2003  [November 17, 2006]. （原始内容存档于October 20, 2006）.
↑  Halperin (2006), p. 201.
↑  Frasier (1997), pp. 7–8, 13.
↑  Frasier (1997), pp. 9–11, 90; Denisoff and Romanowski (1991), pp. 116–18.
↑  Frank (1998), p. 186; McGilligan (1996), p. 183.
1 2  Cook (2000), p. 222.
↑  Paul (1994), p. 33.
↑  Rockoff (2002), pp. 32–33.
↑  Langford (2005), p. 175.
↑  Heffernan (2004), p. 221; Cook (2002), pp. 70–71.
↑  Cook (2000), pp. 222–23.
↑  Heffernan (2004), pp. 190, 200–1.
↑  Cook (2000), p. 223.
↑  Canby (1969).
↑  Di Franco (1979), pp. 162, 165.
↑  See, e.g., Mathijs and Mendik (2008), p. 167; James (2005), pp. 282, 398; Cagin and Dray (1984), pp. 66–67.
↑  Cagin and Dray (1984), pp. 61–66.
↑  Financial figures per associate producer William L. Hayward, cited in Biskind (1998), p. 74.
↑  Cagin and Dray (1984), p. 53.
↑  See Finler (2003), p. 359, for top films. Finler lists Hello, Dolly! as 1970, when it made most of its money, but it premiered in December 1969. The Owl and the Pussycat, 51 minutes shorter, replaces it in this analysis.
↑  From 1955: Apache Woman, The Beast with a Million Eyes, Day the World Ended, The Fast and the Furious, and Five Guns West. From 1970: Angels Die Hard, Bloody Mama, The Dunwich Horror, Ivanna (aka Scream of the Demon Lover; U.S. premiere: 1971), and The Student Nurses. For purchase of Ivanna: Di Franco (1979), p. 164.
↑  Di Franco (1979), p. 160.
↑  Kael (1973), p. 269.
↑  Willis (1997), p. 254, n. 30.
↑  Lawrence (2008), p. 27.
↑  Cook (2000), p. 260.
↑  Van Peebles (2003).
↑  Haines (2003), p. 69; Landis and Clifford (2002), pp. 117–21.
↑  Haines (2003), p. 49; Landis and Clifford (2002), pp. 3–4.
1 2  Merritt (2000), p. 229.
↑  Quoted in Reynaud (2006). See Reynaud also for Loden's fundraising efforts. See also Reynaud, Bérénice. . Sense of Cinema. 1995  [December 29, 2006]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-19）.
↑  Williams (1996), pp. 171–73.
↑  Wood (2003), pp. 118–19.
↑  Kauffman (1998), pp. 118–28; Williams (1996), pp. 198–200.
↑  See, e.g., Milne (2005), p. 389.
↑  Greenspun (1973).
↑  See, e.g., Stevenson (2003), pp. 49–50; Hollows (2003); Staiger (2000), p. 112.
↑  Merritt (2000), pp. 254–57.
↑  Hoberman and Rosenbaum (1983), p. 13.
↑  Cook (2000), pp. 266–71; Desser (2000).
↑  Ebert (1974).
↑  For the film's cost: West (1974), p. 9; Rockoff (2002), p. 42. For its influence: Sapolsky and Molitor (1996), p. 36; Rubin (1999), p. 155.
↑  For the film's cost and worldwide gross: Harper (2004), pp. 12–13. For its influence and debt to Black Christmas: Rockoff (2002), pp. 42–44, 50–55; Paul (1994), p. 320.
↑  Waterman (2005), pp. 38–39.
↑  Schaefer (1999), p. 224; Goodwin (1987), p. 341.
↑  Levine (2007), pp. 114–15.
↑  Paul (1994), pp. 288, 291.
↑  Paul (1994), p. 92.
↑  Heffernan (2004), p. 223.
↑  . Box Office Mojo.   [December 29, 2006]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-18）.
↑  See Major film studio#Organizational lineage for a record of the sales and mergers involving the eight major studios of the Golden Age.
↑  Finler (2003), p. 42. Prince (2002) gives $9 million as the average production cost in 1980, and a total of $13 million after adding on costs for manufacturing exhibition prints and marketing (p. 20). See also p. 21, chart 1.2. The Box Office Mojo website gives $9.4 million as the 1980 production figure; see . Box Office Mojo.   [December 29, 2006]. （原始内容存档于December 30, 2006）.
↑  Lubasch (1979).
↑  Cook (2000), pp. 323–24.
↑  Collum (2004), pp. 11–14.
↑  Canby (1984).
↑  Petit (2005), p. 1481.
↑  Cost per Bruce Campbell, cited in Warren (2001), p. 45
↑  David Chute (Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, May 27, 1983), quoted in Warren (2001), p. 94.
↑  Kraus, Daniel. . Salon. October 30, 1999  [January 8, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-06）.
↑  Morrow (1996), p. 112.
↑  Berra (2008), p. 74.
1 2  . Box Office Mojo.   [December 29, 2006]. （原始内容存档于December 30, 2006）.
↑  . Box Office Mojo.   [December 29, 2006]. （原始内容存档于December 6, 2006）.  Dick Tracy literally had been B movie material—the character was featured in four low-budget RKO films in the 1940s. For how espionage and crimebusting thrillers were long "widely regarded as nothing more than B-movie fodder," see Chapman (2000), pp. 46–50.
↑  Heffernan (2004), p. 225.
↑  Finler (2003), p. 379.
↑  Finler (2003), pp. 287, 290.
↑  O'Connor (1995).
↑  Johnstone (1999), p. 16.
↑  King (2005), pp. 167, 170–75.
↑  Maslin (1997).
↑  Mottram (2006), pp. 197–98; Wyatt (1998), p. 78. For details of the film's distribution, see Lewis (2002), pp. 286–88.
↑  Mottram (2006), p. 75.
↑  . Box Office Mojo.   [January 2, 2007]. （原始内容存档于January 17, 2007）.
↑  See, e.g., Rausch, Andrew J. . Images. 2000  [August 13, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-01）. Saroyan, Strawberry. . Telegraph. May 6, 2007  [August 13, 2010]. （原始内容存档于January 11, 2022）.  含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 (link)
↑  Scott (2005).
1 2  Marone, Alfonso.  (PDF). Spectrum Strategy Consultants. 2006  [December 29, 2006]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于February 3, 2007）.
↑  Zeitchik and Laporte (2006).
↑  Fleming, Michael. . Variety. April 19, 2009  [April 27, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2010-07-31）.
↑  Rabiger (2008), pp. 7, 10; Davies and Wistreich (2007), p. 5.
↑  Nashville Film Institute. . NFI. 2021  [January 7, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-19）.
↑  Suddath, Claire. . Bloomberg. 12 July 2013  [January 7, 2021].
↑  Megumi Komiya 2012 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMegumi_Komiya2012 (help)
↑  Oppermann (1996).
↑  See, e.g., Campos, Eric. . Film Threat. December 12, 2005  [October 20, 2006]. （原始内容存档于March 10, 2007）.
↑  See, e.g., Taves (1995), p. 323.
↑  .   [2022-04-01]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-24）.
↑  See, e.g., Quarles (2001), pp. 79–84.
↑  McDonagh, Maitland. . TVGuide.com. July 17, 2006  [December 26, 2006]. （原始内容存档于October 12, 2007）.
↑  Ignizio, Bob. . Utter Trash. April 20, 2006  [October 20, 2006]. （原始内容存档于September 11, 2006）.
↑  See, e.g., Schneider and Williams (2005), pp. 2, 5; Syder and Tierney (2005), pp. 34–35, 50–53.
1 2 3 4  Schumacher, Heidemarie.  (PDF). Schüren Verlag, Marburg. 1995  [2022-04-01]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-08-29）.
↑  Henriksen, Erik. . Portland Mercury. 19 August 2011  [5 June 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-29）.