巴勒斯坦地名的希伯來化
參考來源

↑  Masalha, Nur. . Zed Books. 15 August 2018. ISBN 978-1-78699-275-8. APPROPRIATION, HYBRIDISATION AND INDIGENISATION: THE APPROPRIATION OF PALESTINE PLACE NAMES BY EUROPEAN ZIONIST SETTLERS. From Palestinian Fuleh to Jewish Afula. The etymology of the Zionist settler toponym Afula is derived from the name of the Palestinian Arab village al‐Fuleh, which in 1226 Arab geographer Yaqut al‐Hamawi mentioned as being a town in the province of Jund Filastin. The Arabic toponym al‐Fuleh is derived from the word ful, for fava beans, which are among the oldest food plant in the Middle East and were widely cultivated by local Palestinians in Marj Ibn 'Amer [Jerzeel Valley].
↑  Kadman, Noga. . . Indiana University Press. 2015-09-07: 91–  [2023-11-24]. ISBN 978-0-253-01682-9. （原始内容存档于2023-08-17）.
↑  Study by Palestinian geographer {{link-ar|舒克里·阿拉夫|شكري عراف]] (1992), "The Palestinian locations between two eras/maps" (Arabic). Kufur Qari’: Matba’at, Al-Shuruq Al-Arabiya; quoted in Amara 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAmara2017 (help)
↑  Sa'di, Ahmad H. . Israel Studies. 2002, 7 (2): 175–198  [2023-11-24]. JSTOR 30245590. S2CID 144811289. doi:10.2979/ISR.2002.7.2.175. （原始内容存档于2023-01-18）. Al-Nakbah is associated with a rapid de-Arabization of the country. This process has included the destruction of Palestinian villages. About 418 villages were erased, and out of twelve Palestinian or mixed towns, a Palestinian population continued to exist in only seven. This swift transformation of the physical and cultural environment was accompanied, at the symbolic level, by the changing of the names of streets, neighborhoods, cities, and regions. Arabic names were replaced by Zionist, Jewish, or European names. This renaming continues to convey to the Palestinians the message that the country has seen only two historical periods which attest to its "true" nature: the ancient Jewish past, and the period that began with the creation of Israel.
↑  Conder, C. R. Palmer, E. H. , 编. . Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. 1881: iv-v. To determine the exact meaning of Arabic topographical names is by no means easy. Some are descriptive of physical features, but even these are often either obsolete or distorted words. Others are derived from long since forgotten incidents, or owners whose memory has passed away. Others again are survivals of older Nabathean, Hebrew, Canaanite, and other names, either quite meaningless in Arabic, or having an Arabic form in which the original sound is perhaps more or less preserved, but the sense entirely lost. Occasionally Hebrew, especially Biblical and Talmudic names, remain scarcely altered.
↑  Rainey, 1978, p.230: “What surprised western scholars and explorers the most was the amazing degree to which biblical names were still preserved in the Arabic toponymy of Palestine”
↑  Mila Neishtadt. 'The Lexical Substrate of Aramaic in Palestinian Arabic,' in Aaron Butts (ed.) Semitic Languages in Contact, BRILL 2015 pp.281-282:'As in other cases of language shift, the supplanting language (Arabic) was not left untouched by the supplanted language (Aramaic) and the existence of an Aramaic substrate in Syro-Palestinian colloquial Arabic has been widely accepted. The influence of the Aramaic substrate is especially evidence in many Palestinian place names, and in the vocabularies of traditional life and industrials: agriculture, flora, fauna, food, tools, utensils etc.'
1 2  Rainey, 1978, p.231: “In the majority of cases, a Greek or Latin name assigned by Hellenistic or Roman authorities enjoyed an existence only in official and literary circles while the Semitic- speaking populace continued to use the Hebrew or Aramaic original. The latter comes back into public use with the Arab conquest. The Arabic names Ludd, Beisan, and Saffurieh, representing original Lod, Bet Se’an and Sippori, leave no hint concerning their imposing Greco-Roman names, viz., Diospolis, Scythopolis, and Diocaesarea, respectively”
↑  Mila Neishtadt. 'The Lexical Substrate of Aramaic in Palestinian Arabic,' in Aaron Butts (ed.) Semitic Languages in Contact, BRILL 2015 pp.281-282:'As in other cases of language shift, the supplanting language (Arabic) was not left untouched by the supplanted language (Aramaic) and the existence of an Aramaic substrate in Syro-Palestinian colloquial Arabic has been widely accepted. The influence of the Aramaic substrate is especially evidence in many Palestinian place names, and in the vocabularies of traditional life and industrials: agriculture, flora, fauna, food, tools, utensils etc.'
↑  Cohen, Saul B.; Kliot, Nurit. . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 1992-12-01, 82 (4): 653–680  [2023-11-24]. ISSN 0004-5608. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01722.x. （原始内容存档于2023-04-18）.
↑  Miller and Hayes, 1986, p. 29.
↑  Swedenburg, 2003, p. 50.
↑  Vilnay, Zev (1954), p. 135 (section 9). Cf. Targum Shir HaShirim 5:4; etc. The reason for the hard-sounding "b" in the Arabic pronunciation of Banias has to do with the fact that, in the Arabic language, there is no hard "p" sound; the "p" being replaced by "b".
↑  Sign welcoming visitors to Siloam (Shiloach), printed both in Hebrew and Arabic with traditional names （页面存档备份，存于）, B'Tselem, 16 September 2014
1 2  Rekhess. . Israel Studies. 2014, 19 (2): 187–217. JSTOR 10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187. S2CID 144053751. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187. A new trend that has become particularly popular in recent years in mixed Jewish-Arab cities, is attempts to restore original Arabic street names, “Hebraized” after 1948
1 2  Ofer Aderet. . 国土报. 29 July 2011  [18 December 2011]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-01）.
↑  Rainey, 1978, p.231
↑  Hopkins, I.W.J. (1968), p. 34. Quote: "Conder collected the current Arabic names for the places on his [P.E.F.] maps, which on the face of it makes them appear to be less useful, compared with Jacotin's [map]. In fact, this makes the P.E.F. map even more useful as evidence of the current Arab place name, and the sheets are not cluttered up with doubtful identifications. The Arabic name is often a corruption of the ancient name and this fact has helped enormously in locating Biblical, Classical and Byzantine sites."
↑  Conder, Major C. R. (n.d.), pp. 218–219
1 2 3  Fields, Gary. . Univ of California Press. 5 September 2017: 222. ISBN 978-0-520-29104-1.
↑  Boaz Neumann. . UPNE. 2011: 167. ISBN 978-1-58465-968-6.
1 2  Maisler et al. 1932，第3-5 (Preface)頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress1932 (help)
↑  Adler, Elkan Nathan (2014), pp. 225, et al.
↑  British Colonial Office in Palestine (1931), pp. 1, 13, 37, 52, 54–56, 59, 65. Quote: (p. 2) "The list of geographical names has presented many difficulties. Many place names in Palestine are of Arabic origin while others are of Hebrew, Phoenician, Greek, Latin, or Frankish ancestry –– to mention only the most important sources –– but, as most places are inhabited by Arabic-speaking people, local usage has given them names in Arabicised forms or in colloquial Arabic. To adopt the colloquial forms in transliterating names was not considered consistent with the end in view, and as a general rule an effort has been made to put the names in as literary a garb as possible. In most names of Arabic origin this was comparatively easy; but in some the Arab experts recommended the retention of forms not usually admitted in Arabic grammatical word construction."
↑  Gleichen, Edward, ed. (1925). Quote: (Preface) "The following List of Names in Palestine, having been submitted through H.M. Secretary of State for the Colonies to the High Commissioner, and referred by him for correction to special Arabic and Hebrew subcommittees, is now published by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official use."
↑  Gleichen, Edward (1920), p. 309
↑  Benvenisti, M. (2000), pp. 47–48. Quote: "The Arab conquerors who colonized the land following the conquest of 638 C.E. settled among its Jewish, Samaritan, and Christian natives. They easily assimilated the Hebrew-Aramaic geographical and topographical names, and, their language being closely related to the Semitic languages spoken there, they made only slight changes in spelling and pronunciation. They had no difficulty finding Arabic forms for names such as Ashkelon –– which they transformed into Asqalan –– Beit Horon to Beit Ghur, Beersheba to Bir Saba'a, and Eilat to Aila."
↑  Clermont-Ganneau (1896), pp. 67–68, 214, where he wrote: (p. 214) "Tibneh, 'chopped straw', one would swear was Arabic, but it is beyond a doubt that it is the name of the town Timnah, brought into that shape by one of those popular etymologies which are as dear to the peasantry of Palestine as to those of our European countries." On pp. 67–68 he wrote: "One has to beware, however, of these appellations that appear to be of purely Arabic origin, they are often ancient Hebrew names converted by a process of popular etymology into words familiar to the Arabs. In many cases slight phonetic changes assist the process. These, by the bye, are not arbitrary, but are subject to real laws. Thus, for instance, the name of the Bible town of Thimnah has become in fellâh speech Tibneh, 'chopped straw'."
↑  Robinson, E. (1860), p. 17. See alao John William McGarvey (1829–1911) who quotes Conder on the linguistic evidence of the name, saying that, in Arabic, "the substitution of B for M is so common (as in Tibneh for Timnah)..." See: McGarvey, 2002, pp. 246-247; cf. Palmer, E.H. (1881), p. 330, s.v. Tibna
↑  Kampffmeyer, Georg (1892), p. 38 (section 15)
↑  Tilley (2005), p. 190
↑  Bitan 1992，第366頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBitan1992 (help)
↑  Ettinger, Y. . Davar. 25 August 1925  [2023-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-01） （希伯来语）.
↑  Benvenisti 2000，第26頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBenvenisti2000 (help)
↑  ,  (PDF), Jerusalem: Government of Israel: 630, 1953  [2023-11-24], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-04-19） （希伯来语）, The names of the settlements were mostly determined at different times by the 'Names Committee for the Settlements,' under the auspices of the Jewish National Fund (est. 1925), while [other] names were added by the Government Naming Committee.
↑  Benvenisti 2000，第30頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBenvenisti2000 (help)
↑  A British Mandate map, contained at the National Library of Israel (Eran Laor Cartographic Collection （页面存档备份，存于）, Jaffa: Survey of Palestine 1928 – 1947, "Palestine" (Pal 1157)); an Ottoman period map, the Palestine Exploration Fund Map, published by the Israel Antiquities Authority SWP web-site （页面存档备份，存于）, and which is chiefly studied by archaeologists and historical geographers when trying to determine what Arabic place names are representative of ancient Hebrew toponymy. Other online maps include: George A. Smathers Libraries: Survey of Palestine map （页面存档备份，存于）; The Palestine Exploration Fund Maps （页面存档备份，存于）, published by The Digital Archaeological Atlas of the Holy Land; McMaster University - Digitalised maps of Palestine / Israel （页面存档备份，存于）; 1944 Map of Palestine （页面存档备份，存于）, published by the National Library of Israel.
↑  Maisler et al. 1932，第6頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress1932 (help)
1 2  Benvenisti 2000，第12頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBenvenisti2000 (help)
↑  Nur Masalha. . Zed Books Ltd. 9 August 2012: 72–  [2023-11-24]. ISBN 978-1-84813-973-2. （原始内容存档于2023-08-17）.
↑  Benvenisti 2000，第17頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBenvenisti2000 (help)
↑  Benvenisti 2000，第40頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBenvenisti2000 (help)
↑  ,  (PDF), Jerusalem: Government of Israel: 845, 1951  [2023-11-24], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-04-19） （希伯来语）
↑  Vilnay 1983，第Abstract頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVilnay1983 (help)
↑  In the Survey of Western Palestine (Arabic and English Name Lists), London 1881, p. 307, E.H. Palmer describes the site Khŭrbet Jurfa as "the ruin of the perpendicular bank (cut out by the torrent in the débris of a valley)."
↑  Avner, Rina. . Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel (Israel Antiquities Authority). 2006, 118  [2023-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-08） （英语）.
↑  Benvenisti 2000，第49頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBenvenisti2000 (help)
↑  In the case of Kiryat Sefer (now Modi'in), a name rejected by the Committee in 1994 on grounds that the biblical Kiryat Sefer was located elsewhere, or in the case of Neveh Tzuf, which name was rejected by the Committee (HCJ 146/81) for Halamish, on grounds that a "historical name is not to be copied elsewhere," these names were decided strictly by the Committee, based on Government Statute No. 258 of March 8, 1951, in which it gave to the Government Naming Committee the sole responsibility for the naming of settlements. This decision states that the aforesaid Committee will act in the Prime Minister's Office and that its decisions will be binding upon state institutions: "The committee is the only competent body for determining names for various localities and sites, including intersections, interchanges, tourist sites, nature and landscape, industrial and employment sites and the like in the State of Israel." The Committee's decisions are made in its plenary and published in "Records".