古典音乐
参考資料

↑  
許常惠. . 樂韻出版社. 1998: 65. ISBN 9789579222792. 西洋古典音樂作曲理論…… 

呂炳川. . 時報文化出版事業有限公司. 1979: 28. 單以節奏來論，西洋古典音樂節奏變化…… 

邵義強. . 復文. 2005. ISBN 9789575365035. 

許雪姬. . 行政院文化建設委員會. 2004: 5. ISBN 9789570174304. ……早期以代理西洋古典音樂為主 

顏綠芬. . 財團法人群策會李登輝學校. 2006: 6. ISBN 9789572975244. ……西洋古典音樂研究
↑  . Oxford University Press.
↑  . Oxford University Press.
↑  
. January 28, 2015. Composers wrote out embellishments for the benefit of amateurs or students, who, unlike the composer or virtuosos, were not expected to have mastered the art of improvisation
↑  
. In many cases dynamics are not explicitly notated but must be inferred on the basis of the performer’s understanding of form, content and expression.
↑  薛宗明. . 臺灣商務印書館. 2003. ISBN 9570518197.
↑  高士杰. . 西安音乐学院学报. 2014年12月, 第33卷 (第4期): 006.
↑  Kennedy, Michael (2006), The Oxford Dictionary of Music, p. 178
↑  Knud Jeppesen: "Bach's music grows out of an ideally harmonic background, against which the voices develop with a bold independence that is often breath-taking." Quoted from Adele Katz（1946; reprinted 2007）
↑  Kirgiss, Crystal. . Black Rabbit Books. 2004. ISBN 978-1-58340-674-8.
↑  Julian Johnson (2002) Who Needs Classical Music?: Cultural Choice and Musical Value: p. 63.
↑  . Classic FM.   [2022-10-05]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-19） （英语）.
↑  . WFMT. 2017-10-20  [2022-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-28） （美国英语）.
↑  . WQXR.   [2022-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-10） （英语）.
↑  . Classic FM.   [2022-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-19） （英语）.
↑  . Oxford University Press.
↑  See, for example, . Oxford University Press.
↑  Yeomans, David. . Indiana University Press. 2006: 2. ISBN 0-253-21845-4.
↑  Stevens, Haley; Gillies, Malcolm. . Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1993: 129. ISBN 0-19-816349-5.
↑  Robert Walser（英语：）《Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music》(1993)ISBN 0-8195-6260-2，第58頁
↑  . 葛洛夫音樂百科全書（英语：）. 2012-01-12  [2010-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-07） （英语）.
↑  Robert Walser《Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music》(1993)ISBN 0-8195-6260-2，第156頁
↑  . Veoh（英语：）.   [2016-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-18） （英语）.
↑  . 衛報. 2008-09-08  [2017-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-18） （英语）.
↑  王崇刚. . 河北新聞網. 2014-09-23  [2015-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-15）.
Copland, Aaron (1957) What to Listen for in Music; rev. ed. McGraw-Hill. (paperback).
Gray, Anne; (2007) The World of Women in Classical Music, Wordworld Publications. ISBN 1-59975-320-0 (Paperback)
Grout, Donald Jay; Palisca, Claude V.（英语：） (1996) A History of Western Music, Fifth edition. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-96904-5 (hardcover).
Hanning, Barbara Russano（英语：）; Grout, Donald Jay (1998 rev. 2009) Concise History of Western Music. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-92803-9 (hardcover).
Kamien, Roger（英语：） (2008) Music: an appreciation; 6th brief ed. McGraw-Hill ISBN 978-0-07-340134-8
Lebrecht, Norman. . Simon & Schuster. 1996. ISBN 978-0-671-01025-6.
Lihoreau, Tim; Fry, Stephen (2004) Stephen Fry's Incomplete and Utter History of Classical Music（英语：）. Boxtree. ISBN 978-0-7522-2534-0
Scholes, Percy Alfred（英语：）; Arnold, Denis（英语：） (1988) The New Oxford Companion to Music（英语：）. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-311316-3 (paperback).
Schick, Kyle (2012). "Improvisation: Performer as Co-composer" （页面存档备份，存于）, Musical Offerings: Vol. 3: No. 1, Article 3.
Sorce Keller, Marcello (2011) What Makes Music European. Looking Beyond Sound. Latham, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press.
Taruskin, Richard (2005, rev. paperback version 2009) Oxford History of Western Music. Oxford University Press (US). ISBN 978-0-19-516979-9 (Hardback), ISBN 978-0-19-538630-1 (Paperback)