因果推斷
參考資料

↑  Pearl, Judea.  (PDF). Statistics Surveys. 1 January 2009, 3: 96–146  [2021-07-21]. doi:10.1214/09-SS057 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-08-06）.
↑  Morgan, Stephen; Winship, Chris. . Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-67193-4.
↑  Svetovidov, Andrei; Rahman, Abdul; Batarseh, Feras A. . Batarseh, Feras A.; Freeman, Laura J.  (编). . Academic Press. 2023-01-01: 293–319. ISBN 978-0-323-91919-7.
↑  . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.   [24 August 2014]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-03）.
↑  John Shaughnessy; Eugene Zechmeister; Jeanne Zechmeister. . McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. 2000: Chapter 1 : Introduction  [24 August 2014]. ISBN 978-0077825362. （原始内容存档于2014-10-15）.
↑  Schrodt, Philip A. . Journal of Peace Research. 2014-03-01, 51 (2): 287–300  [2021-07-21]. ISSN 0022-3433. S2CID 197658213. doi:10.1177/0022343313499597. （原始内容存档于2021-08-15） （英语）.
↑  Landsittel, Douglas; Srivastava, Avantika; Kropf, Kristin. . Quality Management in Health Care. 2020, 29 (4): 260–269  [2021-07-21]. ISSN 1063-8628. PMID 32991545. S2CID 222146291. doi:10.1097/QMH.0000000000000276. （原始内容存档于2021-08-15） （英语）.
↑  Hill, Austin Bradford. . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1965, 58 (5): 295–300  [2021-07-21]. PMC 1898525 . PMID 14283879. doi:10.1177/003591576505800503. （原始内容存档于2021-02-19）.
↑  Ogino S, Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Cho E, Wolpin BM,  et al. . review. Modern Pathology. April 2013, 26 (4): 465–84. PMC 3637979 . PMID 23307060. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.214.
↑  Hoyer, Patrik O., et al. "Nonlinear causal discovery with additive noise models （页面存档备份，存于）." NIPS. Vol. 21. 2008.
↑  Shimizu, Shohei;  et al.  (PDF). The Journal of Machine Learning Research. 2011, 12: 1225–1248  [2021-07-21]. arXiv:1101.2489 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-23）.
↑  Zhang, Kun, and Aapo Hyvärinen. "On the identifiability of the post-nonlinear causal model." Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. AUAI Press, 2009.
1 2  Mooij, Joris M., et al. "Probabilistic latent variable models for distinguishing between cause and effect （页面存档备份，存于）." NIPS. 2010.
↑  Lopez-Paz, David, et al. "Towards a learning theory of cause-effect inference （页面存档备份，存于）" ICML. 2015
↑  King, Gary. . Princeton Univ. Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0691034713. OCLC 754613241.
1 2  Mahoney, James. . World Politics. January 2010, 62 (1): 120–147. JSTOR 40646193. doi:10.1017/S0043887109990220.
↑  Creswell, John W.; Clark, Vicki L. Plano. . SAGE Publications. 2011  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 9781412975179. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21） （英语）.
↑  Seawright, Jason. . Cambridge Core. September 2016  [2019-04-18]. ISBN 9781316160831. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316160831. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21） （英语）.
↑  Holland, Paul. . Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1986, 81 (396): 945–960  [2021-07-23]. doi:10.2307/2289064. （原始内容存档于2021-08-01） （英语）.
↑  Smith, Herbert L. . Sociological Methods and Research. 10 February 2014, 43 (3): 406–415. PMC 4251584 . PMID 25477697. doi:10.1177/0049124114521149.
↑  Goertz, Gary; Mahoney, James. . Political Analysis. 2006, 14 (3): 227–249. ISSN 1047-1987. doi:10.1093/pan/mpj017 （英语）.
↑  Angrist, Joshua D.; Pischke, Jörn-Steffen. . Journal of Economic Perspectives. June 2010, 24 (2): 3–30  [2021-08-15]. ISSN 0895-3309. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.3. （原始内容存档于2021-07-05） （英语）.
↑  University, Carnegie Mellon. . www.cmu.edu.   [2021-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-11） （英语）.
↑  Simon, Herbert. . Dordrecht: Springer. 1977: 52.
1 2 3  Schrodt, Philip A. . Journal of Peace Research. 2014-03-01, 51 (2): 287–300  [2021-07-21]. ISSN 0022-3433. doi:10.1177/0022343313499597. （原始内容存档于2021-08-15） （英语）.
↑  Angrist, Joshua D.; Krueger, Alan B. . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2001, 15 (4): 69–85  [2021-07-21]. doi:10.1257/jep.15.4.69. （原始内容存档于2021-05-06）.
↑  Allen, Michael Patrick (编), , Understanding Regression Analysis (Boston, MA: Springer US), 1997: 166–170  [2021-02-16], ISBN 978-0-585-25657-3, doi:10.1007/978-0-585-25657-3_35, （原始内容存档于2021-08-15） （英语）
↑  Maziarz, Mariusz. . New York: Routledge. 2020.
↑  Salciccioli, Justin D.; Crutain, Yves; Komorowski, Matthieu; Marshall, Dominic C., MIT Critical Data , 编, , Secondary Analysis of Electronic Health Records (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 2016: 263–271, ISBN 978-3-319-43742-2, PMID 31314264, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43742-2_17 （英语）
↑  Illowsky, Barbara. . openstax.org. 2013  [2021-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Henschen, Tobias. . European Journal for Philosophy of Science. 2018, 8 (3): 709–733. doi:10.1007/s13194-018-0207-7.
1 2  Angrist Joshua & Pischke Jörn-Steffen. . Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2008.
↑  Achen, Christopher H. . Annual Review of Political Science. June 2002, 5 (1): 423–450  [2021-07-21]. ISSN 1094-2939. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.112801.080943. （原始内容存档于2021-08-12） （英语）.
↑  Angrist, Joshua D.; Pischke, Jörn-Steffen. . Journal of Economic Perspectives. June 2010, 24 (2): 3–30  [2021-08-15]. ISSN 0895-3309. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.3. （原始内容存档于2021-07-05） （英语）.
↑  Dawes, Robyn M. . American Psychologist. 1979, 34 (7): 571–582  [2021-07-21]. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.34.7.571. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Vandenbroucke, Jan P; Broadbent, Alex; Pearce, Neil. . International Journal of Epidemiology. December 2016, 45 (6): 1776–1786. ISSN 0300-5771. PMC 5841832 . PMID 26800751. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv341.
↑  Greenland, Sander. . European Journal of Epidemiology. January 2017, 32 (1): 3–20  [2021-07-21]. ISSN 1573-7284. PMID 28220361. doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0230-6. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Dominus, Susan. . The New York Times. 18 October 2017  [2019-03-02]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2020-01-03） （美国英语）.
↑  . American Scientist. 6 February 2017  [2019-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-13） （英语）.