大取代
参考资料 > 引用

↑  Bracke, Sarah; Aguilar, Luis Manuel Hernández. . The British Journal of Sociology. 2020, 71 (4): 680–701. ISSN 1468-4446. PMC 7540673 . PMID 32100887. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12742 .
1 2  Bowles, Nellie. . The New York Times. 2019-03-18  [2019-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-17）. Behind the idea is a racist conspiracy theory known as 'the replacement theory,' which was popularized by a right-wing French philosopher.
↑  Feola, Michael. . Political Theory. 2020, 49 (4): 528–553. ISSN 0090-5917. doi:10.1177/0090591720972745 . This article addresses recent strains of white nationalism rooted within anxieties over demographic replacement (e.g., "the Great Replacement").
1 2 3 4 5  Taguieff (2015), PT71 （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑   (PDF). Berlin: Amadeu Antonio Stiftung. 2017: 18. ISBN 978-3-940878-29-8. OCLC 1042949000. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-09-24）.
↑  Korte, Barbara; Wendt, Simon; Falkenhayner, Nicole. . Routledge. 2019. PT176. ISBN 978-0429557842. This conspiracy theory, which was first articulated by the French philosopher Renaud Camus, has gained a lot of traction in Europe since 2015.
1 2 3  Fourquet (2016), PT29 （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Verstraet, Antoine. . Savoirs et Clinique. 2017, 23 (2): 55. ISSN 1634-3298. doi:10.3917/sc.023.0055 （法语）. [transl. from French] This theory states that the indigenous French ('') could soon be demographically replaced by non-European peoples, especially from the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa.
1 2 3  Bergmann (2021), pp. 37–38: "The term ‘The Great Replacement’ rose to new prominence when a deeply controversial French philosopher, Renaud Camus, used it for the title of his book published in 2011. Camus mainly focused on France, but he argued that European civilisation and identity was at risk of being subsumed by mass migration, especially from Muslim countries, and because of low birth rates among the native French people. (...) It found support widely in Europe and was, for instance, entangled in the more general White Genocide conspiracy theory, which nationalist far-right activists have upheld on both sides of the Atlantic.
1 2  Jenkins, Cecil. . Little, Brown Book Group. 2017. PT342. ISBN 978-1-4721-4027-2. As for the grand replacement, this has been widely seen as a paranoid fantasy, which plays fast and loose with the statistics, is racist in that it classes as immigrants people actually born in France, glosses over the fact that around half of immigrants are from other European countries, and suggests that declining indigenous France will be outbred by Muslim newcomers when in fact it has the highest fertility rate in Western Europe, and not because of immigration.
↑  Buncombe, Andrew. . The Independent. 2022-05-17  [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-17）.
1 2  Cosentino, Gabriele. . . Springer. 2020: 75. ISBN 978-3-030-43005-4. S2CID 216239634. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43005-4_3. While the Great Replacement is at its core an Islamophobic belief, Lane's ideology is anti-Semitic.
1 2 3 4 5  Camus & Lebourg (2017), pp. 206–207: "The success of that umpteenth incarnation of a theme launched immediately after World War II (Camus has personally declared his indebtedness to Enoch Powell) can be explained by the fact that he subtracted anti-Semitism from the argument."
1 2 3  Chatterton Williams (2017).
1 2 3 4 5  Boubeker, Bancel & Blanchard (2015)，第141–152頁.
1 2  . Anti-Defamation League.   [2022-05-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-21） （英语）.
↑  Ekman, Mattias. . Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. 2022-05-06: 135485652210919  [2022-05-26]. ISSN 1354-8565. doi:10.1177/13548565221091983. （原始内容存档于2022-05-26） （英语）.
1 2 3 4 5  Heim, Joe; McAuley, James. . The Washington Post. 2019-03-15  [2019-03-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-18）. Camus, now 72, told The Washington Post that he condemns the Christchurch attacks and has always condemned similar violence. [...] Camus added that he still hopes that the desire for a 'counterrevolt' against 'colonization in Europe today' will grow, a reference to increases in nonwhite populations.
↑  Byman, Daniel. . Foreign Policy. 2022-05-16  [2022-05-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-19）. In fact, although white supremacists in the United States and elsewhere have long claimed the white race is under attack, the Great Replacement theory itself originated in France with philosopher Renaud Camus (though Camus himself rejects violence).
↑  Finkielkraut (2017), 23m05s.
↑  Croucher, Stephen M. . Communication Monographs. 2013, 80 (1): 46–62. ISSN 0363-7751. S2CID 145389928. doi:10.1080/03637751.2012.739704. Such political rhetoric has been effective in the past decade, as more and more individuals in the US and Europe are less accepting of Muslims, particularly Muslim immigrants (Abbas, 2007; Croucher, 2008; Gonzalez et al., 2008).
↑  . Europol.   [2019-08-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-17）.
↑  . BBC. 2016-03-04  [2019-08-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-31） （英国英语）.
↑  Bergmann (2018)，第126–27頁.
↑  Polakow-Suransky (2017)，第2–3頁.
↑  Kennelly, Brian Gordon (2004). "Au-delà de leurs doléances, Au nom de l’In-nocence: Renaud Camus and the Political （页面存档备份，存于）", California Polytechnic State University.
↑  .   [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-04）.
1 2  Camus, Jean-Yves; Mathieu, Annie. . Le Soleil. 2017-08-19. （原始内容存档于2019-05-24）.
1 2  Finkielkraut (2017)，4分25秒.
↑  Leconte, Cécile. . Politix. 2019, 126 (2): 111–134. S2CID 210566278. doi:10.3917/pox.126.0111.
↑  Camus, Renaud. . Fayard. 2013. PT21. ISBN 978-2213672892 （法语）.
↑  Traverso, Enzo. . Verso Books. 2019: 71. ISBN 978-1788730495.
↑  Joignot, Frédéric. . Le Monde. 2014-01-23  [2019-08-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-21） （法语）.
↑  Bromley, Roger. . From the European South. University of Nottingham. 2018, 3: 15  [2020-07-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-10）.
↑  Albertini, Dominique. . Libération. 2015-10-13  [2019-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-01） （法语）.
↑  Wilson, Andrew. . Oxford Research Group. 2019-03-27  [2019-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-04）.
1 2 3  AFP. . Le Figaro. 2019-04-04  [2019-08-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-20）. 'L'Europe, il ne faut pas en sortir, il faut en sortir l'Afrique' [...] 'Jamais une occupation n'a pris fin sans le départ de l'occupant. Jamais une colonisation ne s'est achevée sans le retrait des colonisateurs et des colons. La Ligne claire, et seule à l'être, c'est celle qui mène du ferme constat du grand remplacement (...) à l'exigence de la remigration', ajoutent-ils.
1 2 3  Finkielkraut (2017), 23m05s.
1 2  Sapiro, Gisèle. . Le Seuil. 2018. PT377. ISBN 978-2-02-140215-5 （法语）.
↑  Polakow-Suransky (2017)，第210頁.
1 2  Sexton, David. . The Spectator. 2016-11-03  [2018-08-20]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-21）.
↑  Chaouat, Bruno. . Tablet Magazine. 2019-08-27  [2019-09-02]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-28）.
↑  Bergmann (2018)，第127–128頁.
↑  Berger, J. M. . The Atlantic.   [2017-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-06） （美国英语）. The manifesto itself was soon reduced to the simple phrase 'white genocide', which proliferated at the start of the 21st century and has become the overwhelmingly dominant meme of modern white nationalism.
↑  Dessem, Matthew. . Slate. 2016-12-26  [2017-11-24]. ISSN 1091-2339. （原始内容存档于2018-10-15） （美国英语）. Although it's difficult to date precisely, white supremacist publishing houses being somewhat less reliable than Simon & Schuster, that honor probably belongs to the late David Lane, terrorist, white supremacist, and author of an execrable little essay called 'White Genocide Manifesto'.
1 2  Weil & Truong (2015).
↑  Kauffmann, Grégoire. . Le Seuil. 2016. PT78. ISBN 978-2021300307 （法语）.
↑  François, Stéphane. . Le Monde. 2018-09-06  [2019-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-22） （法语）.
↑  Debono, Emmanuel. . Le Monde. 2014-11-03  [2019-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-16） （法语）.
↑  Ait Abdeslam, Abderrahim. . Journal of Multicultural Discourses. 2018, 13 (3): 232–242. S2CID 216116710. doi:10.1080/17447143.2018.1511717.
↑  Liogier, Raphaël. . Le Monde diplomatique. 2014-05-01  [2019-08-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-06） （法语）.
↑  Gross, Estelle; Cahuzac, Yannick. . L'Obs.   [2019-08-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-22） （法语）.
↑  Marján, Attila; André Sapir. . Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2010: 161. ISBN 978-0-8018-9547-0.
↑  Ganesh, Bharath. . The Spinoff. 2019-03-28  [2019-08-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-23）.
↑  Robin Yassin-Kassab. . The Guardian. 2014-04-03  [2019-08-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-24）.
↑  Soullier, Lucie; Lebourg, Nicolas. . Le Monde. 2019-03-15  [2019-08-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-06） （法语）.
↑  Condomines, Anaïs. . LCI. 2019-03-19  [2019-08-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-23） （法语）. Valérie Igounet: 'certaines personnes ont cité cette théorie avant Camus mais c'est bien lui qui l'a popularisée. L'association de ces deux mots a fait mouche dans un contexte français particulier, et ce de manière très récente'
1 2  MacKellar, Landis. . Population and Development Review. 2016, 42 (2): 368–375. JSTOR 44015644. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00130.x. hdl:10.1111/padr.2016.42.issue-2 . Michèle Tribalat of the Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED) has argued that the restriction forces policymakers to proceed with eyes wide shut, but Hervé Le Bras of the École d'Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) counters that such statistics simply objectify and dignify racist prejudices. Both views have some validity. Whichever way you feel, a consequence of our ignorance is that the specter of Le Grand Remplacement haunts French politics
1 2  . Pew Research Center. 2017-11-29  [2020-12-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-11）.
↑  Héran, François. . La Découverte. 2017: 20. ISBN 978-2707195821.
↑  . Insee.fr.   [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-12）.
↑  Tavernise, Sabrina. . The New York Times. 2018-11-22  [2021-10-13]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2021-10-29） （美国英语）.
↑  Moses, A. Dirk. . Journal of Genocide Research. 2019, 21 (2): 201–213. doi:10.1080/14623528.2019.1599493. In its fixation on demographic substitution, the fear [in Great Replacement theory] mimics settler colonial theory, which highlights how this form of colonialism is marked not primarily exploitation of native labour but through its elimination and replacement by immigrant-settlers: one society displaces another. Camus – and Tarrant who likely takes the French site of his “enlightenment” story from him – fear they are native victims of reverse settler colonialism. Not for nothing does he talk about the “colonization of Europe today.”
↑  Bauböck, Rainer.  [Population exchange or change? Explain the difference, Mr. Strache!]. Der Standard. 2019-05-07  [2019-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-20） （德语）.
↑  Jones, Dustin. . NPR. 2022-05-16  [2022-05-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-17） （英语）.
↑  Chotiner, Isaac. . The New Yorker. 2022-05-15  [2022-05-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-23） （美国英语）.
↑  Liabot, Thomas. . Le Journal du Dimanche.   [2019-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-27） （法语）.
↑  . Le Figaro. 2021-10-21  [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-28）.
1 2  Wildman, Sarah. . Vox. 2017-08-15. （原始内容存档于2018-08-09）.
↑  .   [2020-11-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-30）.
↑  Miller, Nick. . The Sydney Morning Herald. 2019-03-19  [2019-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-31）.
↑  Ahmed, Nafeez. . Le Monde diplomatique. 2019-03-25  [2019-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-07）.
↑  Betz, Hans-Georg. . Rydgren, Jens  (编).  1. Oxford University Press. 2018  [2022-05-24]. ISBN 978-0190644185. LCCN 2017025436. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.5. （原始内容存档于2021-04-16）.
↑  Dearden, Lizzie. . The Independent. 2017-11-09  [2018-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-25）. ...claims it represents "indigenous Europeans" and propagates the far-right conspiracy theory that white people are becoming a minority in what it calls the "Great Replacement"
↑  Meaker, Morgan. . Vienna: Deutsche Welle. 2018-08-28  [2018-09-24]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-24）. ...and spread the 'great replacement' conspiracy theory—the idea that white Europeans will be replaced by people from the Middle East and Africa through immigration. The theory is based on inflated statistics and un-substantiated demographic projections. Right now, only 4 percent of the European Union is made up of non-EU nationals.
↑  . AP-NORC.   [2022-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-13） （美国英语）.
↑  Osborne, Samuel. . The Independent. 2017-04-25  [2018-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-24）.
↑  Froio, Caterina. . Perspectives on Politics. 2018-08-21, 16 (3): 696–709. S2CID 149865406. doi:10.1017/S1537592718001573. ...the conspiracy theory of the Grand remplacement (Great replacement) positing the 'Islamo-substitution' of biologically autochthonous populations in the French metropolitan territory, by Muslim minorities mostly coming from sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb
↑  Schneider, Frédérique.  (Video). La Croix. 2018-01-26  [2018-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-23） （法语）. ...le " grand remplacement ", une théorie de type conspirationniste selon laquelle il existerait un processus de remplacement des Français sur leur sol par des non-Européens.
1 2 3   [Identity politics and the myth of the "great replacement"]. The Conversation. 2019-06-16  [2019-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-11） （法语）.
↑  . The Southern Poverty Law Center. 2019-04-17  [2019-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-17）.
↑   [The myth of the great exchange]. Expo. 2019-03-15  [2019-07-10]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-10） （瑞典语）.
↑   [Racism, homophobia: what we find on the accounts of FN candidates]. France-Soir. 2017-06-06  [2019-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-08） （法语）.
↑   [Legislative – National Front: not so presentable candidates ...]. Le Point. 2017-06-08  [2019-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-08） （法语）.
↑   [The FN in PACA: Racist and Islamophobic remarks from candidates for the legislative elections]. France Info. 2017-06-07  [2019-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-08） （法语）.
↑  . Politico. 2019-04-22  [2019-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-08）. Marion Maréchal—pegged as the heir apparent to the Le Pen dynasty and a possible presidential contender in 2022—is a proponent of the "Great Replacement" theory embraced by the man accused of the Christchurch killings in New Zealand.
↑  . The Economist. 2019-03-14  [2019-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-17）.
1 2 3 4  Miller, Nick. . The Sydney Morning Herald. 2019-03-19  [2019-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-31）.
1 2   [The Conspiracy Theory of the Gunner]. Der Tagesspiegel. 2019-03-19  [2019-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-31） （德语）.
↑   [Jordan Bardella evokes the "Great replacement" without naming it]. France-Soir. 2019-05-16  [2019-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-17） （法语）.
1 2   [Great replacement and Kosovo: the fantasy of Zemmour and Marion Maréchal]. France-Soir. 2019-06-19  [2019-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-26） （法语）.
↑  Sowerwine, Charles. . London: Palgrave. 2018: 460. ISBN 978-1-137-40611-8. OCLC 1051356006. Zemmour flirted with a far-right conspiracy theory; the Grand remplacement (Great Replacement)
↑  . Al Jazeera. 2019-05-01  [2019-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-17）.
↑  . The Times of Israel. 2019-05-01  [2019-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-16）.
↑  . Reuters. 2019-05-01  [2019-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-17）.
↑  . The Guardian. 2019-04-29  [2019-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-17）.
↑  . Foreign Policy. 2019-05-13  [2019-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-16）.
↑   [What do you have to do to become a "warrior" or "veteran" of Schild & Vrienden and what is the ultimate goal?]. Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie. 2018-08-31  [2019-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-11） （荷兰语）.
↑   [From "redpill" to "normies": these are the basic concepts of Schild & Vrienden]. Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie. 2018-09-05  [2019-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-11） （荷兰语）.
↑  . Time. 2019-07-18  [2019-07-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-18）.
↑  Ebner, Julie; Davey, Jacob.  (PDF). Institute for Strategic Dialogue. 2019-07-01  [2019-07-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-07-24）.
1 2 3   [From the climate to the Qur'an: The election campaign is about a distant future we will not experience]. Kristeligt Dagblad. 2019-05-20  [2019-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-08） （丹麦语）.
1 2   [Detector: Predictions about the Great Replacement are 'something worse than nonsense']. DR (broadcaster). 2019-06-20  [2019-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-08） （丹麦语）.
↑   [Rasmus Paludan, the Danish face of extreme xenophobia]. Le Monde. 2019-05-31  [2019-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-27） （法语）.
1 2 3   [Why the Home Office warns against right-wing rhetoric]. Berliner Morgenpost. 2019-03-23  [2019-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-26） （德语）.
1 2   [Right-wing extremists are trying desperately to reinterpret the Christchurch massacre]. Vice. 2019-03-19  [2019-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-23） （德语）.
1 2 3  . SBS World News. 2019-07-08  [2019-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-08）.
↑  . Politico. 2019-05-06  [2019-05-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-25）.
↑  O'Malley, Nick. . The Sydney Morning Herald. 2019-09-15  [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-16） （英语）.
↑  . ThinkProgress. 2019-05-13  [2019-05-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-25）.
↑  . Radio New Zealand. 2019-04-07  [2019-05-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-25）.
↑  Ryan, Órla. . TheJournal.ie.   [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-05）.
↑  . Irish Examiner. 2019-11-16  [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-05）.
↑  Holl, Kitty; Correspondent, Social Affairs. . The Irish Times.   [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-13）.
↑  Deegan, Gordon. . The Irish Times.   [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-29）.
↑  Downes, Richard, , Raidió Teilifís Éireann, 2020-06-25  [2022-05-24], （原始内容存档于2021-07-14） .
↑  . Irish Examiner. 2020-01-06  [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-04）.
↑  Security, Conor Lally; Editor, Crime. . The Irish Times.   [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-27）.
↑  . Extra.ie. 2020-10-23  [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.
↑  Association, Press. . TheJournal.ie.   [2022-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-16）.
↑  . NPR. 2019-05-22  [2019-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-24）. A recurrent Salvini theme is what is known as the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory, which he described this way in an interview with Italy's Sky TG24 news
↑   [Migrants, Salvini on Sky TG24: "An ethnic substitution is underway"]. Sky TG24. 2016-05-29  [2019-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-24） （意大利语）.
1 2 3  Schulte, Addie.  [The struggle for the future: On doom-scenarios and progress]. Cossee Publishers. 2019. ISBN 978-9059368347 （荷兰语）.
↑   ["Omvolking" comes from a French castle]. NRC Handelsblad. 2018-01-22  [2019-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-24） （荷兰语）.
↑  . The Washington Post. 2019-04-28  [2019-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-17）.
↑  . Foreign Policy. 2019-03-16  [2019-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-10）.
↑  Scheffer, Paul.  [The doom scenario of 'minority in one's own country]. NRC Handelsblad. 2018-09-18  [2019-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-02） （荷兰语）.
↑  Soto Ivars, Juan.  [Cultural separatism: the joining hinge between the extreme right and the identitarian left]. El Confidencial. 2020-08-15  [2021-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10） （西班牙语）.
↑  Maestre, Antonio.  [Lepénisme starts to show in Catalonia]. ElDiario.es. 2021-02-13  [2021-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-04） （西班牙语）. El discurso nacionalista catalán contra los castellanohablantes es una reformulación de la teoría supremacista neonazi del "Gran Reemplazo", que argumentaba que la inmigración de países africanos a Europa tenía como objetivo diluir la identidad occidental. El votante potencial de Vox en Cataluña es para los nacionalistas esencialistas catalanes lo que los inmigrantes musulmanes son para Vox. La tormenta perfecta del odio. [The Catalan nationalist discourse against Castillian-speakers is a reformulation of the Neo-Nazi supremacist theory of the "Great Replacement", which argues that immigration from African countries to Europe has as its obective the dilution of the Western identity. Vox's potential voter in Catalonia is for the purist Catalan nationalists what the Muslim immigrants are for Vox. The perfect storm of hatred.]
↑  . University of Cambridge. 2018-11-23  [2021-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.
↑  . The Guardian. 2019-07-08  [2019-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-09）.
↑  . The Independent. 2019-07-08  [2019-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-09）.
↑  . Business Insider. 2019-05-07  [2019-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-08）.
↑  . Southern Poverty Law Center. 2019-03-15  [2019-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-02）.
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↑  Rubenstein, Adam. . The Weekly Standard. 2018-11-08  [2019-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-18）.
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大取代理论的最早提出者雷诺·加缪，摄于2019年3月
2014年，加缪发起反“大取代”的“愤怒日”示威。在活动的宣传册子中，加缪呼吁民众“向人民及文明改变说不，向反犹太思想说不”。