被認定是偽科學的主題列表
参考文獻

↑  Chevalier, Gaetan; Sinatra, Stephan; Oschman, James; Sokal, Karol; Sokal, Pawel. . Journal of Environmental Public Health. 2012, 2012 (291541): 1–8. PMC 3265077 . PMID 22291721. doi:10.1155/2012/291541.
↑  Oschman, James. . The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2007-11-09, 13 (9): 955–967. PMID 18047442. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.7048.
↑  Röösli, M; Moser, M; Baldinini, Y; Meier, M; Braun-Fahrländer, C. . International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. February 2004, 207 (2): 141–50. PMID 15031956. doi:10.1078/1438-4639-00269.
↑  Rubin, G James; Das Munshi, Jayati; Wessely, Simon. . Psychosomatic Medicine. 2005, 67 (2): 224–232. PMID 15784787. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000155664.13300.64.
↑  Goldacre, Ben. . BadScience/The Guardian.   [2007-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-22）.
↑  .   [2007-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2007年11月16日）.
↑  National Science Foundation. . Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. 2002: ch. 7  [2016-08-04]. ISBN 978-0-16-066579-0. （原始内容存档于2015-08-18）.  "Belief in pseudoscience is relatively widespread... Polls also show that one quarter to more than half of the public believes in ... faith healing."
↑  Frazier, Kendrick. . Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. January 2005  [2007-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-17）. The majority of rigorous trials show no effect beyond placebo. (Edzard Ernst)
↑  .   [2016-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-19）.
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↑  Goldacre, Ben. . The Lancet. 2007-11-17, 370 (9600): 1672–1673. PMID 18022024. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61706-1. Five large meta-analyses of homoeopathy trials have been done. All have had the same result: after excluding methodologically inadequate trials and accounting for publication bias, homoeopathy produced no statistically significant benefit over placebo.
↑  . BBC News. 2005-08-25  [2008-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-03）. Professor Egger said: "We acknowledge to prove a negative is impossible. But good large studies of homeopathy do not show a difference between the placebo and the homoeopathic remedy, whereas in the case of conventional medicines you still see an effect."
↑  . Bandolier.   [2008-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2008年5月26日）. None of these systematic reviews provided any convincing evidence that homeopathy was effective for any condition. The lesson was often that the best designed trials had the most negative result
↑  . National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. April 2003  [2008-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-31）. In sum, systematic reviews have not found homeopathy to be a definitively proven treatment for any medical condition.
↑  Beyerstein, BL.  (PDF). 1997  [2007-07-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-07-11）.
↑  CSICOP, cited in National Science Foundation Subcommittee on Science & Engineering Indicators. . National Science Foundation. 2000  [2007-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2015-08-18）.
↑  . National Council Against Health Fraud. 1994  [2007-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-25）.
↑  Tyler, Chris.  (PDF). Sense About Science. September 2006  [2008-01-29]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007年10月4日）. The scientific evidence shows that homeopathy acts only as a placebo and there is no scientific explanation of how it could work any other way.
↑  . National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. April 2003  [2008-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-31）. a number of its key concepts do not follow the laws of science (particularly chemistry and physics)
↑  . American Cancer Society. 2000-01-05  [2008-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2008-01-20）. Most scientists say homeopathic remedies are basically water and can act only as placebos.
↑  . BBC News. 2006-10-25  [2008-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-21）. In a statement, the Royal College of Pathologists said they were "deeply alarmed" that the regulation of medicine had "moved away from science and clear information for the public"
↑  . Natural Standard. 2005-07-07  [2008-02-01]. （原始内容存档于2010年8月24日）. Research suggests that iridology is not an effective method to diagnose or help treat any specific medical condition.
↑  Ernst, E. . Archives of ophthalmology. January 2000, 118 (1): 120–1. PMID 10636425. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.1.120.
↑   (PDF). American Medical Association.   [2009-07-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-03-20）. Our AMA believes that iridology, the study of the iris of the human eye, has not yet been established as having any merit as a diagnostic technique.
↑  Kalichman, Seth C. . Springer. 2009-01-16: 167  [2016-08-05]. ISBN 978-0-387-79476-1. （原始内容存档于2016-09-02）.
1 2  . NHS Choices. 2013-04-09  [2013-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-31）.
↑  Cormier, Zoe. . The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 2008-03-08  [2011-05-25].
1 2  Felstein, Roma. . The Daily Mail (London). 2007-01-09  [2016-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-20）.
↑  Park, Robert L. . . New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 2000: 61. ISBN 0-19-513515-6. Not only are magnetic fields of no value in healing, you might characterize these as "homeopathic" magnetic fields.
↑  National Science Foundation. . . Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. 2002  [2016-08-04]. ISBN 978-0-16-066579-0. （原始内容存档于2015-08-18）. Among all who had heard of [magnet therapy], 14 percent said it was very scientific and another 54 percent said it was sort of scientific. Only 25 percent of those surveyed answered correctly, that is, that it is not at all scientific.
1 2 3  . American Medical Association. 1997  [2016年8月6日]. （原始内容存档于2009年6月14日）.
1 2 3  . Quackwatch.   [2008-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-10）.
↑  Sharp, Lesley A. . Medical Anthropology Quarterly. December 2003, 17 (4): 511–512  [2008-08-16]. doi:10.1525/maq.2003.17.4.512.
1 2  Carroll, Robert Todd. . John Wiley and Sons. 2003: 45–4?. ISBN 0-471-27242-6.
↑  Sarris, J., and Wardle, J. 2010. Clinical naturopathy: an evidence-based guide to practice. Elsevier Australia. Chatswood, NSW.
↑  Atwood KC. . Medscape Gen Med. 2004-03-26, 6 (1): 33. PMC 1140750 . PMID 15208545.
1 2  Barrett S. . www.quackwatch.org. 2003-12-23  [2012-11-20]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-06）.
↑  McKnight, P. . Vancouver Sun. 2009-03-07  [2009-03-21]. []
↑  National Science Board. . Science and engineering indicators. Arlington, Virginia: National Science Foundation Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences. April 2002  [2016-08-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-08-18）.
↑  Wahlberg A. . Social Science & Medicine. 2007, 65 (11): 2307–2316. PMID 17719708. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.07.024.
↑  . （原始内容存档于2011-04-06）. , a web page with further references
↑  Carroll, Robert. . The Skeptic's Dictionary.   [2009-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）.
↑  . National Council Against Health Fraud. 1995  [2009-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-07）.
↑  Yang, M; Yuping, Y; Yin, X; Wang, BY; Wu, T; Liu, GJ; Dong, BR. Dong, Bi Rong , 编. . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013, 2 (2): CD006338. PMID 23450568. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006338.pub3.
↑  Posadzki, P.; Lee, M. S.; Ernst, E. . Pediatrics. 2013, 132 (1): 140–52. PMID 23776117. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3959.
↑  Hondras, Maria A; Linde, Klaus; Jones, Arthur P. Hondras, Maria A , 编. . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005, (2): CD001002. PMID 15846609. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001002.pub2.
↑  Guglielmo, WJ. . Medical economics. 1998, 75 (8): 200–2, 207–10, 213–4. PMID 10179479.
↑  Salzberg, Steven. . Forbes. 2010-10-27  [2013-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-18）.
↑  Cordón, LA. . Popular Psychology: An Encyclopedia (Greenwood Publishing Group). January 2005: 217–218. ISBN 978-0-313-32457-4.
↑  Baggoley C.  (PDF). Australian Government – Department of Health. 2015  [2016-08-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-06-26）. 简明摘要 – Gavura, S. Australian review finds no benefit to 17 natural therapies. Science-Based Medicine. (2015-11-19).
↑  Wallace, Sampson; Vaughn, Lewis. . CSICOP News. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 1998-03-24  [2007-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-13）. Despite this lack of evidence, TT is now supported by major nursing organizations such as the National League of Nurses and the American Nurses Association.
↑  O'Mathuna, DP; Ashford, RL. O'Mathúna, Dónal P , 编. . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003–2006, 2003 (4): CD002766  [2008-01-27]. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002766. （原始内容存档于2011-09-17）.
↑  Courcey, Kevin. . Quackwatch.   [2007-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-09）. What's missing from all of this, of course, is any statement by Krieger and her disciples about how the existence of their energy field can be demonstrated by scientifically accepted methods.
↑  . National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. 2007-10-24  [2007-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-22）. neither the external energy fields nor their therapeutic effects have been demonstrated convincingly by any biophysical means.
↑  Unschuld, Paul Ulrich. . University of California Press. 1985. ISBN 0-520-06216-7.
1 2 3 4  . Complementary/Integrative Medicine Therapies. The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.   [12 February 2009]. [永久]
↑  . CSICOP.   [12 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-13）.
1 2 3 4  NIH Consensus Development Program. . National Institutes of Health. 3–5 November 1997  [17 July 2007]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-22）.
↑  Barrett, Stephen. . Quackwatch. 30 December 2007  [4 January 2009]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-02）.
1 2 3  . National Council Against Health Fraud. 16 September 1990  [30 December 2007]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-12）.
↑  Maciocia, Giovanni. . Churchill Livingstone. 1989. ISBN 0-443-03980-1.
↑  Barrett, Stephen. . Acupuncture Watch. 28 March 2008  [16 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-16）.
1 2  . CSICOP.   [12 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009年10月4日）.
1 2  Mann, Felix. . London: Butterworth Heinemann,. 1996: 14. ...acupuncture points are no more real than the black spots that a drunkard sees in front of his eyes.
↑  Kaptchuk. . 1983: 34–35.
↑  White, A.; Ernst, E. . Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004, 43 (5): 662–663. PMID 15103027. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg005.
1 2 3 4  Ernst, E; Pittler, MH; Wider, B; Boddy, K. . Am J Chin Med. 2007, 35 (1): 21–5. PMID 17265547. doi:10.1142/S0192415X07004588.
↑  White, AR; Filshie, J; Cummings, TM; International Acupuncture Research Forum. . Complement Ther Med. 2001, 9 (4): 237–245. PMID 12184353. doi:10.1054/ctim.2001.0489.
↑  Johnson, MI. . Acupunct Med. 2006, 24 (2): 71–9. PMID 16783282. doi:10.1136/aim.24.2.71.
↑  Committee on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by the American Public. . National Academies Press: 126. 2005  [2016-08-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-09）.
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↑  Furlan, AD; van Tulder, MW; Cherkin, DC; Tsukayama, H; Lao, L; Koes, BW; Berman, BM. Furlan, Andrea D , 编. . Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2005, (1): CD001351  [2016-08-07]. PMID 15674876. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001351.pub2. （原始内容存档于2011-10-17）.
↑  Lee, ML; Done, ML. Lee, Anna , 编. . Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2004, (3): CD003281  [2016-08-07]. PMID 15266478. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003281.pub2. （原始内容存档于2011-09-23）.
↑   (PDF). World Health Organization. 2003. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009年3月25日）.
1 2  NIH Consensus statement: "Despite considerable efforts to understand the anatomy and physiology of the 'acupuncture points', the definition and characterization of these points remains controversial. Even more elusive is the basis of some of the key traditional Eastern medical concepts such as the circulation of Qi, the meridian system, and the five phases theory, which are difficult to reconcile with contemporary biomedical information but continue to play an important role in the evaluation of patients and the formulation of treatment in acupuncture."  Acupuncture.  National Institutes of Health:  Consensus Development Conference Statement, 3–5 November 1997.  Available online at consensus.nih.gov/1997/1997Acupuncture107html.htm （页面存档备份，存于）. Retrieved 30 January 2007.
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↑  . National Cancer Institute.   [16 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-19）.
↑  Shermer, Michael. . Scientific American. July 2005, 293 (2): 30  [16 February 2009]. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0805-30.
↑  Stenger, Victor J. . Skeptical Briefs (Committee for Skeptical Inquiry). June 1998  [25 December 2007]. （原始内容存档于11 December 2007）.  "Despite complete scientific rejection, the concept of a special biological fields within living things remains deeply engraved in human thinking. It is now working its way into modern health care systems, as non-scientific alternative therapies become increasingly popular. From acupuncture to homeopathy and therapeutic touch, the claim is made that healing can be brought about by the proper adjustment of a person's or animal's 'bioenergetic fields.'"
↑  . CSICOP.   [15 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009年10月4日）.
↑  . Complementary/Integrative Medicine Therapies. The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.   [12 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2007年12月15日）.
↑  Yuehua, N; Chen, J; Wu, T; Jiafu, W; Liu, G; Chen, Jin. Chen, Jin , 编. . Protocols. 2004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004877.
↑  Praities, Nigel. . Pulse. 7 August 2008  [16 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2010年9月23日）.
↑  Normile, Dennis. . Science. 2003, 299 (5604): 188–190  [2016-08-07]. PMID 12522228. doi:10.1126/science.299.5604.188. （原始内容存档于2009-12-25）.
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↑  “腦控”真的存在嗎？其實和催眠沒關係 （页面存档备份，存于）, 新浪網
↑  Randi, James. . James Randi Educational Foundation. 2004-07-16  [2007-11-17]. （原始内容 (newsletter)存档于2004年7月17日）. This is a total quack procedure that has actually killed children.
↑  Maloney, Shannon-Bridget. .   [2007-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-13）.
↑  Berlin, Lisa J.; Ziv, Yair; Amaya-Jackson, Lisa; Greenberg, Mark T. (编). . . Duke series in child development and public policy. Guilford Press. 2007-01-09: xvii. ISBN 1-59385-470-6.
1 2  Chaffin, M; Hanson, R; Saunders, BE; Nichols, T; Barnett, D; Zeanah, C; Berliner, L; Egeland, B;  et al. . Child Maltreat. 2006, 11 (1): 76–89. PMID 16382093. doi:10.1177/1077559505283699.
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↑  American Psychological Association Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology (BSERP). . CESNUR: APA Memo of 1987 with Enclosures. CESNUR Center for Studies on New Religions. 1987-05-11  [2008-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2008-09-24）. BSERP thanks the Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control for its service but is unable to accept the report of the Task Force. In general, the report lacks the scientific rigor and evenhanded critical approach necessary for APA imprimatur.
↑  .   [2016-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-21）.
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↑  . American Psychiatric Association. May 2000  [2007-08-28]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008年9月10日）.
↑   (PDF). Just the Facts Coalition. 1999  [2010-05-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-23）.
↑  Glassgold, JM.  (PDF). American Psychological Association. 2009-08-01  [2009-09-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-06-03）.
↑  . Ask the Scientists. Scientific American Frontiers.   [2008-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-05）. they simply interpret the way we form these various features on the page in much the same way ancient oracles interpreted the entrails of oxen or smoke in the air. I.e., it's a kind of magical divination or fortune telling where 'like begets like.'
↑  . British Columbia Civil Liberties Union. 1988  [2008-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2008年2月17日）. On the other hand, in properly controlled, blind studies, where the handwriting samples contain no content that could provide non-graphological information upon which to base a prediction (e.g., a piece copied from a magazine), graphologists do no better than chance at predicting the personality traits
↑  National Academy of Science. . National Academy Press. 1999: 48  [2016-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-09）.
↑  Thomas, John A. . North Texas Skeptics. 2002  [2008-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-12）. In summary, then, it seems that graphology as currently practiced is a typical pseudoscience and has no place in character assessment or employment practice. There is no good scientific evidence to justify its use, and the graphologists do not seem about to come up with any.
↑  Schmidt, Helmut. . Journal of Parapsychology. 1969, 33.
↑  Schmidt, Helmut. . Journal of Parapsychology. 1970, 34.
↑  Schmidt, Helmut. . Journal of Parapsychology. 1973, 37.
↑  Wooffitt, Robin; Holt, Nicola. . Andrews UK Limited. 2011-11-23: 32  [2019-01-25]. ISBN 9781845403355. （原始内容存档于2020-03-12）.