复合口服避孕药
参考资料

1 2  Trussell, James. . Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates, Willard Jr.; Kowal, Deborah; Policar, Michael S. (eds.)  (编).  20th revised. New York: Ardent Media. 2011: 779–863. ISBN 978-1-59708-004-0. ISSN 0091-9721. OCLC 781956734.  Table 26–1 = Table 3–2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States. （页面存档备份，存于）
1 2  Hannaford, Philip C.; Iversen, Lisa; Macfarlane, Tatiana V.; Elliot, Alison; Angus, Valerie; Lee, Amanda J. . BMJ. March 11, 2010, 340: c927. PMC 2837145 . PMID 20223876. doi:10.1136/bmj.c927.
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1 2  UN,  Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.  (PDF). New York: United Nations. 2015: 51  [2019-07-23]. ISBN 978-92-1-151546-6. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-14）.
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↑  Taylor, Tamara; Keyse, Laura; Bryant, Aimee.  (PDF). London: Office for National Statistics. 2006. ISBN 1-85774-638-4. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-01-09）.  16–49英国女性: 24% (17% 使用复合避孕药, 5% 使用仅孕激素避孕药, 2% 避孕药类型未知)
↑  Yoshida H, Sakamoto H, Leslie A, Takahashi O, Tsuboi S, Kitamura K. . Contraception. June 2016, 93 (6): 475–7. PMID 26872717. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2016.02.006.
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1 2 3 4  Pincus G, Bialy G. . Adv Pharmacol. 1964, 3: 285–313. PMID 14232795. doi:10.1016/S1054-3589(08)61115-1. The original observation of Makepeace et al. (1937) that progesterone inhibited ovulation in the rabbit was substantiated by Pincus and Chang (1953). In women, 300 mg of progesterone per day taken orally resulted in ovulation inhibition in 80% of cases (Pincus, 1956). The high dosage and frequent incidence of breakthrough bleeding limited the practical application of the method. Subsequently, the utilization of potent 19-norsteroids, which could be given orally, opened the field to practical oral contraception.
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1 2  Chang MC. . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. September 1978, 132 (2): 217–9. PMID 356615. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(78)90928-6.
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↑  Rock J, Garcia CR, Pincus G. . Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 1957, 13: 323–39; discussion 339–46. PMID 13477811.
1 2 3  Pincus G. . Postgraduate Medicine. December 1958, 24 (6): 654–60. PMID 13614060. doi:10.1080/00325481.1958.11692305.
1 2 3  Pincus, Gregory.  17: 307–324. 1959. ISSN 0083-6729. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60274-5. Ishikawa et al. (1957) employing the same regime of progesterone administration also observed suppression of ovulation in a proportion of the cases taken to laparotomy. Although sexual intercourse was practised freely by the subjects of our experiments and those of Ishikawa el al., no pregnancies occurred. Since ovulation presumably took place in a proportion of cycles, the lack of any pregnancies may be due to chance, but Ishikawa et al. (1957) have presented data indicating that in women receiving oral progesterone the cervical mucus becomes impenetrable to sperm.
1 2  Diczfalusy E. . Br Med J. December 1965, 2 (5475): 1394–9. PMC 1847181 . PMID 5848673. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5475.1394. At the Fifth International Conference on Planned Parenthood in Tokyo, Pincus (1955) reported an ovulation inhibition by progesterone or norethynodrel1 taken orally by women. This report indicated the beginning of a new era in the history of contraception. [...] That the cervical mucus might be one of the principal sites of action was suggested by the first studies of Pincus (1956, 1959) and of Ishikawa et al. (1957). These investigators found that no pregnancies occurred in women treated orally with large doses of progesterone, though ovulation was inhibited only in some 70% of the cases studied. [...] The mechanism of protection in this method—and probably in that of Pincus (1956) and of Ishikawa et al. (1957)—must involve an effect on the cervical mucus and/or endometrium and Fallopian tubes.
1 2  Annette B. Ramírez de Arellano; Conrad Seipp. . University of North Carolina Press. 10 October 2017: 107–  [2019-07-23]. ISBN 978-1-4696-4001-3. （原始内容存档于2021-06-25）. [...] Still, neither of the two researchers was completely satisfied with the results. Progesterone tended to cause "premature menses," or breakthrough bleeding, in approximately 20 percent of the cycles, an occurrence that disturbed the patients and worried Rock.17 In addition, Pincus was concerned about the failure to inhibit ovulation in all the cases. Only large doses of orally administered progesterone could insure the suppression of ovulation, and these doses were expensive. The mass use of this regimen as a birth control method was thus seriously imperiled.18 [...]
↑  Garcia CR, Pincus G, Rock J. . Science. November 1956, 124 (3227): 891–3. Bibcode:1956Sci...124..891R. PMID 13380401. doi:10.1126/science.124.3227.891.
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↑  Pincus G, Rock J, Garcia CR, Ricewray E, Paniagua M, Rodriguez I. . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. June 1958, 75 (6): 1333–46. PMID 13545267. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(58)90722-1.
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↑  Ramírez de Arellano AB, Seipp C. . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1983. ISBN 978-0-8078-1544-1.
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1 2 3 4 5  Trussell, James. . Hatcher, Robert A.;  et al  (编).  19th rev. New York: Ardent Media. 2007  [2010-03-12]. ISBN 0-9664902-0-7. （原始内容存档于2008-05-31）.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
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