反照率
參考資料

↑  . 南京信息工程大学.   [2014-12-21]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-21）.
↑  Environmental Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., Thompson Gale, 2003, ISBN 0-7876-5486-8
1 2  Pon, Brian. . Heat Island Group. 30 June 1999  [27 August 2007]. （原始内容存档于2007年8月29日）.
↑  Alan K. Betts; John H. Ball. . Journal of Geophysical. 1997, 102 (D24): 28,901–28,910  [27 August 2007]. Bibcode:1997JGR...10228901B. doi:10.1029/96JD03876. （原始内容存档于2007年9月30日）.
1 2 3  . Manchester Metropolitan University.   [11 November 2007]. （原始内容存档于2007年11月21日）.
1 2 3 4 5  Tom Markvart; Luis CastaŁżer. . Elsevier. 2003. ISBN 1-85617-390-9.
↑  Tetzlaff, G. . Cologne University Satellite Measurement of Radiation Budget Parameters. 1983: 60–63.
↑  . Scienceworld.wolfram.com.   [19 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-03）.
↑  Goode, P. R.;  et al. . Geophysical Research Letters. 2001, 28 (9): 1671–1674. Bibcode:2001GeoRL..28.1671G. doi:10.1029/2000GL012580.
↑   (PDF).   [2 June 2009]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009年6月1日）.
↑   (PDF).   [20 September 2009]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-04-18）.
↑   (PDF).   [20 September 2009]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-11）.
↑   (PDF).   [20 September 2009]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009年9月20日）.
↑  Roman, M. O.; C.B. Schaaf; P. Lewis; F. Gao; G.P. Anderson; J.L. Privette; A.H. Strahler; C.E. Woodcock; M. Barnsley. . Remote Sensing of Environment. 2010, 114 (4): 738–760. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.11.014.
↑  Sicardy, B.; Ortiz, J. L.; Assafin, M.; Jehin, E.; Maury, A.; Lellouch, E.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Braga-Ribas, F.;  et al.  (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress Abstracts. 2011, 6: 137  [14 September 2011]. Bibcode:2011epsc.conf..137S. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-10-06）.
↑  Wm. Robert Johnston. . Johnston's Archive. 17 September 2008  [17 October 2008]. （原始内容存档于2008年10月22日）.
↑  Wm. Robert Johnston. . Johnston's Archive. 28 June 2003  [16 June 2008]. （原始内容存档于2008年5月17日）.
↑  Robert Roy Britt. . Space.com. 29 November 2001  [1 September 2012]. （原始内容存档于2009年1月22日）.
↑  Medkeff, Jeff. . 2002  [5 July 2010]. （原始内容存档于2008年5月23日）.
↑  Dan Bruton. . Department of Physics & Astronomy (Stephen F. Austin State University).   [7 October 2008]. （原始内容存档于2008年12月10日）.
1 2  Winston, Jay. . Monthly Weather Review. 1971, 99 (11): 818–827. Bibcode:1971MWRv...99..818W. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1971)099<0818:TACOZM>2.3.CO;2.
↑  Hall, D.K. and Martinec, J. (1985), Remote sensing of ice and snow. Chapman and Hall, New York, 189 pp.
↑  "Changing Greenland – Melt Zone" （页面存档备份，存于） page 3, of 4, article by Mark Jenkins in National Geographic June 2010, accessed 8 July 2010
↑  . Ranknfile-ue.org.   [19 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-05）.
↑  Andrews, Rob W.; Pearce, Joshua M. . Solar Energy. 2013, 91: 233–241. Bibcode:2013SoEn...91..233A. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2013.01.030.
↑  Brennan, M.P.; Abramase, A.L.; Andrews, R.W.; Pearce, J. M. . Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 2014, 124: 111–116. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2014.01.046.
↑  Betts, RA. . Nature. 2000, 408 (6809): 187–190. PMID 11089969. doi:10.1038/35041545.
↑  Boucher;  et al. . Climate Dynamics. 2004, 22 (6–7): 597–603. Bibcode:2004ClDy...22..597B. doi:10.1007/s00382-004-0402-4.
↑  Bonan, GB. . Science. 2008, 320 (5882): 1444–1449. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1444B. PMID 18556546. doi:10.1126/science.1155121.
↑  Betts, Richard A. . Nature. 2000, 408 (6809): 187–190. PMID 11089969. doi:10.1038/35041545.
↑  . LiveScience. 24 January 2006  [19 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-06）.
↑   (PDF). Nature. 8 August 2002, 418: 601  [7 July 2015]. doi:10.1038/418601a. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006年5月3日）.
↑  Cahalan, Robert F. . Journal of Geophysical Research (Adsabs.harvard.edu). 30 May 1991, 97: 14565. Bibcode:1992JGR....9714565C. doi:10.1029/92JD00799.
↑  . Grida.no.   [19 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011年6月29日）.
↑  Spracklen, D. V; Bonn, B.; Carslaw, K. S.  (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 2008, 366 (1885): 4613–4626  [2016-03-01]. Bibcode:2008RSPTA.366.4613S. PMID 18826917. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0201. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-11）.
↑  . Grida.no.   [19 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011年6月29日）.
↑  James Hansen & Larissa Nazarenko, Soot Climate Forcing Via Snow and Ice Albedos, 101 Proc. of the Nat'l. Acad. of Sci. 423 (13 January 2004) ("The efficacy of this forcing is »2 (i.e. for a given forcing it is twice as effective as CO2 in altering global surface air temperature)"); compare Zender Testimony, supra note 7, at 4 (figure 3); See J. Hansen & L. Nazarenko, supra note 18, at 426. ("The efficacy for changes of Arctic sea ice albedo is >3. In additional runs not shown here, we found that the efficacy of albedo changes in Antarctica is also >3."); See also Flanner, M.G., C.S. Zender, J.T. Randerson, and P.J. Rasch, Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, 112 J. GEOPHYS. RES. D11202 (2007) ("The forcing is maximum coincidentally with snowmelt onset, triggering strong snow-albedo feedback in local springtime. Consequently, the "efficacy" of black carbon/snow forcing is more than three times greater than forcing by CO2.").
↑  Scott, Catherine; Monks, Sarah; Spracklen, Dominick; Arnold, Stephen; Forster, Piers; Rap, Alexandru; Carslaw, Kenneth; Chipperfield, Martyn; Reddington, Carly; Wilson, Christopher.  (PDF): EPSC2016–15602. 2016-04-01  [2024-12-13]. Bibcode:2016EGUGA..1815602S.