過渡化石
參考資料

↑  Herron, Scott Freeman, Jon C.  3rd. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. 2004: 816. ISBN 978-0-13-101859-4.
↑  Darwin 1859，第279–280頁
↑  Darwin 1859，第341–343頁
↑  . 新浪科技時代. 2009-02-16  [2014-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-05）.
1 2  Prothero, D. . New Scientist. 2008-02-27, (2645): 35–40  [2014-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-05）.
↑  Archibald, J. David.  (PDF). Journal of the History of Biology (Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer Netherlands). August 2009, 42 (3): 561–592  [2015-07-21]. ISSN 0022-5010. PMID 20027787. doi:10.1007/s10739-008-9163-y. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-03）.
↑  Darwin 1859，Chapter 10.
↑  Williams, David B. . EARTH (Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute). September 2011  [2012-02-24]. ISSN 1943-345X. （原始内容存档于2012-05-07）.
↑  Wellnhofer 2009
↑  Leche 1904，第1379–1380頁
↑  Benton 1997
↑  Prothero 2007，第84頁.
↑  Prothero 2007，第127頁.
1 2  Kazlev, M. Alan. . Palaeos.   [2012-05-09]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-16）.
↑  Prothero 2007，第263頁.
↑  Prothero 2007，第133–135頁
↑  Prothero, Donald R.; Lazarus, David B. . Systematic Biology (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists). June 1980, 29 (2): 119–129. ISSN 1063-5157. doi:10.1093/sysbio/29.2.119.
1 2  Prothero 2007，第50–53頁
↑  Isaak, Mark (编). . TalkOrigins Archive. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. 2006-11-05  [2009-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2009-02-27）.
↑  Donovan & Paul 1998
↑  Wellnhofer 2004，第282–300頁
↑  Xing Xu; Hailu You; Kai Du; Fenglu Han. . Nature (London: Nature Publishing Group). 2011-07-28, 475 (7357): 465–470. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 21796204. doi:10.1038/nature10288.
↑  Erickson, Gregory M.; Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Zhonghe Zhou;  et al. . PLOS ONE (San Francisco, CA: PLOS). 2009-10-09, 4 (10): e7390. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7390E. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 2756958 . PMID 19816582. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007390.
↑  Yalden, Derek W. . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Linnean Society of London). September 1984, 82 (1–2): 177–188. ISSN 0024-4082. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00541.x.
↑  . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley.   [2006-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-08）.
1 2  Lovejoy, C. Owen.  (PDF). Scientific American (Stuttgart: Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group). November 1988, 259 (5): 82–89  [2015-07-27]. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 3212438. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1188-118. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-08-27）.
↑  . Human Evolution. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program.   [2015-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-26）.
↑  White, Tim D.; Suwa, Gen; Simpson, Scott; Asfaw, Berhane. . American Journal of Physical Anthropology (New York: John Wiley & Sons for the American Association of Physical Anthropologists). January 2000, 111 (1): 45–68. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 10618588. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200001)111:1<45::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-I.
↑  Easton, John. . University of Chicago Chronicle (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago). 2008-10-23, 28 (3)  [2012-04-19]. ISSN 1095-1237. （原始内容存档于2012-04-07）.
↑  Clack, Jennifer A. . Scientific American (Stuttgart: Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group). December 2005, 293 (6): 100–107. Bibcode:2005SciAm.293f.100C. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 16323697. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100.
1 2  Daeschler, Edward B.; Shubin, Neil H.; Jenkins, Farish A., Jr. . Nature (London: Nature Publishing Group). 2006-04-06, 440 (7085): 757–763. Bibcode:2006Natur.440..757D. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16598249. doi:10.1038/nature04639.
↑  Wilford, John Noble. . The New York Times. 2006-04-05  [2015-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-19）.
↑  Shubin 2008
↑  Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Szrek, Piotr; Narkiewicz, Katarzyna;  et al. . Nature (London: Nature Publishing Group). 2010-01-07, 463 (7227): 43–48. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20054388. doi:10.1038/nature08623.
↑  . Nature (Editor's summary) (London: Nature Publishing Group). 2010-01-07, 463 (7227)  [2015-07-27]. ISSN 0028-0836. （原始内容存档于2012-11-03）.
↑  Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy. . Science Daily (Rockville, MD: ScienceDaily, LLC). 2007-12-21  [2015-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-24）.
↑  Gingerich & Russell 1981
↑   J. G. M. Thewissen and Sunil Bajpai. . BioScience: 1037-1049. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[1037:WOAAPC]2.0.CO;2.
↑  Nummela, Sirpa; Thewissen, J. G. M.; Bajpai, Sunil;  et al. . Nature (London: London Publishing Group). 2004-08-12, 430 (7001): 776–778. Bibcode:2004Natur.430..776N. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15306808. doi:10.1038/nature02720.
↑  Thewissen, J. G. M.; Williams, Ellen M.; Roe, Lois J.;  et al. . Nature (London: Nature Publishing Group). 2001-09-20, 413 (6853): 277–281. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11565023. doi:10.1038/35095005.
1 2  Thewissen, J. G. M.; Williams, Ellen M. . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics (Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews). November 2002, 33: 73–90. ISSN 1545-2069. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426.
↑  Thewissen, J. G. M.; Bajpai, Sunil.  (PDF). BioScience (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences). December 2001, 51 (12): 1037–1049  [2015-05-16]. ISSN 0006-3568. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[1037:WOAAPC]2.0.CO;2. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-09-28）.
↑  Chapleau & Amaoka 1998，第223–226頁
1 2  Friedman, Matt. . Nature (London: Nature Publishing Group). 2008-07-10, 454 (7201): 209–212. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..209F. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18615083. doi:10.1038/nature07108.
1 2  Minard, Anne. . National Geographic News (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society). 2008-07-09  [2008-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-16）.
↑  Kidston, Robert; Lang, William Henry. . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (London: Robert Grant & Son; Williams & Norgate). 1917-02-27, 51 (3): 761–784  [2015-05-18]. ISSN 0080-4568. OCLC 704166643. doi:10.1017/S0263593300006805. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.
↑  Kerp, Hans; Trewin, Nigel H.; Hass, Hagen. . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences (Edinburgh, Scotland: Royal Society of Edinburgh). 2003, 94 (4): 411–428. ISSN 0080-4568. doi:10.1017/S026359330000078X.
↑  Andrews 1967，第32頁
↑  Gerrienne, Philippe; Meyer-Berthaud, Brigitte; Fairon-Demaret, Muriel;  et al. . Science (Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science). 2004-10-29, 306 (5697): 856–858. Bibcode:2004Sci...306..856G. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15514154. doi:10.1126/science.1102491.
↑  Haeckel 2011，第216頁.
↑  Lamarck 1815–1822
↑  Appel, Toby A. . Journal of the History of Biology (Kluwer Academic Publishers). Fall 1980, 13 (2): 291–319. ISSN 0022-5010. JSTOR 4330767. doi:10.1007/BF00125745.
↑  Elements of Geology, Charles Lyell, 1851
↑  Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man, Charles Lyell, 1863
↑  Bynum, William F. . Journal of the History of Biology (Kluwer Academic Publishers). Summer 1984, 17 (2): 153–187. ISSN 0022-5010. JSTOR 4330890. doi:10.1007/BF00143731.
↑  Browne 2003，第130, 218, 515頁.
↑  Sambrani, Nagraj. . Biology Times (Blog). 2009-06-10  [2015-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-20）.
↑  Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2001
↑  Reader 2011
↑  Benton, Michael J. . actionbioscience. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Biological Sciences. March 2001  [2012-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-26）.
↑  Zimmer, Carl. . The Loom (Blog) (Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Publishing). 2009-05-19  [2011-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-05）.
↑  . CBC News (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). 2010-04-08  [2015-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-06-14）. It's tempting to call the new species a 'missing link' between earlier species and modern humans, but scientists say the concept no longer applies, given new knowledge of human evolution. [...] Researchers now say the evolution of humans consisted of a number of diverse species in many branches, not a single smooth line from ape-like species to humans.
↑  Gould 1980，第189頁.