山達基
參考文獻

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↑  Kent, Stephen A. . Zablocki, Benjamin; Robbins, Thomas  (编). . University of Toronto Press. 2001: 349–358. ISBN 978-0-8020-8188-9 （英语）.
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1 2  Urban 2011. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFUrban2011 (幫助)
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↑  Westbrook, Donald A. . Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses (SAGE Publishing). August 10, 2018, 47 (3): 373–395. ISSN 0008-4298. S2CID 149581057. doi:10.1177/0008429818769404.
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1 2  Cowan & Bromley 2015，第27頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFCowanBromley2015 (幫助); Tobin 2016 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFTobin2016 (幫助); Shermer 2020 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFShermer2020 (幫助).
↑  Urban 2011，第186–188頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFUrban2011 (幫助)
↑  Urban 2021，第174頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFUrban2021 (幫助)
↑  Christensen 2016. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFChristensen2016 (幫助)
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↑  RE B & G (Minors: Custody), F.L.R. 493 (Court of Appeal (England and Wales) September 19, 1984).
↑
1 2  Beit-Hallahmi 2003 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBeit-Hallahmi2003 (幫助); Passas & Castillo 1992 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFPassasCastillo1992 (幫助); Sappell & Welkos 1990a sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSappellWelkos1990a (幫助); Tobin 2016 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFTobin2016 (幫助).
↑  Richardson 2009 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRichardson2009 (幫助)
↑  Carobene, Germana. . Stato, Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale (Milan: University of Milan). June 16, 2014, 2014 (21)  [March 10, 2020]. doi:10.13130/1971-8543/4109. In this sense the long process of Milan is of great importance, which, after six pronunciations was concluded in 2000 and legally recognized Scientology as a religion in Italy. The case was based on the complaint of a series of criminal offenses against some members of the church: conspiracy, fraud, extortion. After some contradictory rulings, the Milan judges became aware of the need to define the religiosity of the movement, i.e. it is to be considered a religion if all the alleged activities can qualify as normal religious practices
↑  Liu, Jing. . 美国华人. 2019-01-09  [2024-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-20） （中文（中国大陆））.
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↑  . The Leader-Post. 1979-08-16  [2011-08-31]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-26）.
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↑  Rothstein 2004，第110頁; Bigliardi 2016，第666頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBigliardi2016 (幫助).
↑  Lewis 2012，第136頁.
↑  Westbrook, Donald A. . Numen. 2016-01-13, 63 (1): 71–94  [2020-08-21]. ISSN 1568-5276. doi:10.1163/15685276-12341409. （原始内容存档于2020-08-09） （英语）.
↑  Urban 2011，第64頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFUrban2011 (幫助)
↑  Atack 1990，第128頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAtack1990 (幫助)
↑  Upward, Allen. . Kennerley. 1914: 139,149 [1907]. OL 14030703M.
1 2  Malko, George. . Delacorte Press. 1970. OL 5444962M.
↑  Nordenholz, Anastasius.  [Scientology: Science of the Constitution and Usefulness of Knowledge]. 1934. OCLC 249980578 （德语）.
↑  Wallis, Roy. . Columbia University Press. 1977. ISBN 0231042000. OL 4596322M.
↑  Wright, Lawrence. . Alfred A. Knopf. 2013: 227. ISBN 978-0-307-70066-7. OL 25424776M. There was a deliberate campaign to provide religious cloaking for the church's activities. A Scientology cross was created. Scientology ministers now appeared wearing Roman collars.
↑  Urban 2012，第352頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFUrban2012 (幫助)
↑  Kent 1996，第30–32頁，While researchers must not minimise financial motives for Hubbard's decision to present Scientology as a religion in the early 1950s, they must also not neglect the fact that occasionally Hubbard's followers across the United States were being arrested for practicing medicine without licenses...Hubbard proclaimed in 1950 that, with the proper application of the techniques he outlined, "arthritis vanishes, myopia gets better, heart illness decreases, asthma disappears, stomachs function properly, and the whole catalogue of ills goes away and stays away". Because of claims such as these (to which Scientology still adheres), the New Jersey State Board of Medical Examiners accused the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation, Inc. of "operating a school for the treatment of disease without a license" in January, 1951, which contributed to the organisation's departure from Elizabeth, New Jersey, in April—prior to its pending trial in May...in late 1953 or early 1954, a Glendale, California, Dianeticist or Scientologist apparently spent ten days in jail for "practicising medicine without a license". Reacting to an emerging pattern of arrests, Hubbard (in December, 1953) incorporated three religious organisations in New Jersey: the Church of American Science, The Church of Scientology, and The Church of Spiritual Engineering. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKent1996 (幫助)
↑  Miller 1987，第140–142頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMiller1987 (幫助)
↑  Barrett 2001，第463頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBarrett2001 (幫助)
↑  Barrett 2001，第466頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBarrett2001 (幫助); Melton 2009，第25頁.
↑  Barrett 2001，第467頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBarrett2001 (幫助)
↑  Melton 2009，第28頁.
↑  Barrett 2001，第468頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBarrett2001 (幫助)
↑  Miller 1987，第374-5頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMiller1987 (幫助)
↑  Rigley, Colin. . New Times San Luis Obispo. （原始内容存档于December 17, 2013）.
↑  Urban 2011，第3頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFUrban2011 (幫助); Lewis 2009a，第7頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFLewis2009a (幫助).
↑  . BuzzFeed. June 10, 2014.
↑  Melton 2009，第25頁; Lewis 2012，第133頁.
↑  Lewis 2009a，第6頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFLewis2009a (幫助)
↑  Melton 2009，第25頁; Rothstein 2009，第378頁.
1 2 3  Bigliardi 2016，第665頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBigliardi2016 (幫助)
↑  Bromley 2009，第97頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBromley2009 (幫助)
↑  Grünschloß 2009，第231頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGrünschloß2009 (幫助)
↑  Larson, Bob.  revised. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. 2004. ISBN 9780842364171.  使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
↑  Dericquebourg, Regis. . . International Conference – Scientology in a scholarly perspective 24–25th January 2014. Antwerp, Belgium: University of Antwerp, Faculty for Comparative Study of Religions and Humanism. 2014. （原始内容存档于February 16, 2017） （英语及法语）.
↑  Hassan & Scheflin 2024，第759–761頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHassanScheflin2024 (幫助)
↑  . 山達基教會-洛杉磯高階機構. 0001-01-01  [2024-07-01]. （原始内容存档于2024-07-01） （中文）.  请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  Hassan & Scheflin 2024，第760頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHassanScheflin2024 (幫助)
↑  Thomas 2021，第17, 110頁.
↑  . Scientology Religion.   [2024-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2024-05-17） （中文）.
↑  Lewis 2009a，第9頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFLewis2009a (幫助)
↑  Flinn 2009，第217頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFFlinn2009 (幫助)
↑  . sup.scientologycourses.org.   [2024-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2024-05-24）.
↑  Thomas 2021，第42-43頁; Westbrook 2022，第7頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWestbrook2022 (幫助).
↑  Thomas 2021，第42頁.
1 2 3  Cowan & Bromley 2006，第170–171頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFCowanBromley2006 (幫助)
↑  Westbrook 2019，第17頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWestbrook2019 (幫助)
↑  .   [2019-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-15）.
↑  .   [September 14, 2010]. （原始内容存档于January 31, 2009）.
↑  . archive.ph. 2007-09-29  [2024-07-03]. 原始内容存档于2013-10-21.
↑  Westbrook 2019，第21頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWestbrook2019 (幫助); Thomas 2021，第51頁.
↑  Barrett 2001，第451-452頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBarrett2001 (幫助); Lewis 2009a，第5頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFLewis2009a (幫助); Thomas 2021，第52頁.
↑  Thomas 2021，第52頁.
↑  Bainbridge & Stark 1980，第133頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBainbridgeStark1980 (幫助); Barrett 2001，第451頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBarrett2001 (幫助); Melton 2009，第22頁.
↑  Bromley 2009，第91頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBromley2009 (幫助)
↑  Urban 2011，第77頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFUrban2011 (幫助)
↑  Urban 2011，第68-71頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFUrban2011 (幫助)
↑  Bromley 2009，第89頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBromley2009 (幫助)
↑  Lewis 2009a，第6頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFLewis2009a (幫助); Lewis 2012，第137頁.
↑  Dericquebourg 2009，第176頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDericquebourg2009 (幫助)
↑  Thomas 2021，第14, 86頁.
↑  Rothstein 2009，第365–366頁.
↑  .   [2024-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2024-02-04）.
↑  Rothstein 2009，第372-373, 375頁.
↑  Rothstein 2009，第375-376頁; Thomas 2021，第84頁.
↑  Rothstein 2009，第368-369頁.
↑  Shermer 2020 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFShermer2020 (幫助); Barrett 2001，第452頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBarrett2001 (幫助); Bromley 2009，第94頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBromley2009 (幫助); Thomas 2021，第14頁.
↑  Rothstein 2009，第367頁.
↑  Ortega, Tony. . Phoenix New Times. December 23, 1999  [September 16, 2007]. （原始内容存档于March 12, 2007）.  无效|url-status=deviated (帮助)
↑  Hines, Matt. . CNET. September 8, 2003  [September 16, 2007]. （原始内容存档于November 16, 2006）.
↑  Thomas 2021，第83頁.
↑  Lewis 2012，第137頁.
↑  ABC News. . Nightline (US news program) (ABC). November 18, 2006  [2008-08-02]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-19）.
↑  John Sweeney (journalist). . Panorama (TV series) (BBC). May 14, 2007.
↑  Rothstein 2009，第381頁.
↑  Barrett 2001，第453頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBarrett2001 (幫助)
↑  Rothstein 2009，第375頁.
↑
↑
↑  Rothstein 2016.
↑  Miller 1987，第184頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMiller1987 (幫助)
↑  Kent 1999，第6頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKent1999 (幫助)
↑  Urban 2011，第62–68頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFUrban2011 (幫助); Westbrook 2019，第81–83頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWestbrook2019 (幫助); Kent 1996 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKent1996 (幫助).
↑  Cooper, Paulette. . Web Edition. 1997.
↑  Mieszkowskii, Katharine. . Salon.com. July 1, 2005. （原始内容存档于March 6, 2023）.
↑
↑
↑  Cowan & Bromley 2006，第184頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFCowanBromley2006 (幫助)
↑
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↑  ETtoday新聞雲. . ETtoday新聞雲. 2019-01-06  [2024-12-24] （中文）.
1 2  Showalter, Brandon; Reporter, C. P. . 基督郵報. 2017年08月24日  [2025-02-15] （中文（繁體））.  请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑
↑  Farley, Robert. . St. Petersburg Times. June 24, 2006: 1A,14A  [June 24, 2007]. （原始内容存档于July 3, 2007）.
↑  Farley, Robert. . St. Petersburg Times. May 29, 2004  [November 3, 2008]. （原始内容存档于October 29, 2013）.
↑  Matt Loney; Evan Hansen. . CNet. March 21, 2002  [May 10, 2007]. （原始内容存档于October 15, 2008）.
↑  . Electronic Frontier Foundation.   [2007-10-10].
↑  Joe Childs, Thomas C. Tobin. . St Petersburg Times. June 23, 2009  [June 23, 2009]. （原始内容存档于January 17, 2013）.
↑  Miller 1987，第140–142頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMiller1987 (幫助)
↑  Westbrook 2019，第27頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWestbrook2019 (幫助)
↑  Kent 1996. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKent1996 (幫助)
1 2  Richard Behar, 時代雜誌. . May 6, 1991  [2008-02-26]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-24）.
↑  , Harley & Kieffer 2009，第191頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHarleyKieffer2009 (幫助)
↑  Harley & Kieffer 2009，第191頁 sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHarleyKieffer2009 (幫助); Thomas 2021，第48頁.
↑  Scott Pilutik. . February 18, 2008  [2008-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-19）.
↑  . Lfv.bayern.de.   [September 4, 2010]. （原始内容存档于February 19, 2012）.
↑  Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. . 2001-2009.state.gov.
↑  Jean-Marie Abgrall: ''La mécanique des sectes.'' Documents Payot, Paris 1996, S. 19f.
↑  Gerald Willms, S. 273 ff. (Webarchiv|url=http://www.transcript-verlag.de/ts330/ts330_1.pdf%7Ctext=transcript-verlag.de%7Cwayback=20070927014323; PDF; 117 kB).
↑  Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi: Scientology: Religion or racket? In: Marburg Journal of Religion 8 (1) (2003), S. 1–56, S. 29–31 (uni-marburg.de （页面存档备份，存于）; PDF; 365 kB).
↑  James T. Richardson, Massimo Introvigne, “Brainwashing” Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on “Cults” and “Sects”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40 (2): pp. 143–168, S. 158 （德文）
↑  "Woman says her sister was 'changed' by Scientology," The Irish Times, January 30, 2003
↑  .   [2024-05-18]. （原始内容存档于2024-05-18） （中文（臺灣））.
↑  . 山達基教會：L. 羅恩 賀伯特、戴尼提、什麼是山達基？、書籍、信仰、大衛 密斯凱維吉. 0001-01-01  [2024-12-08] （中文（臺灣））.  请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑   (PDF). Westlake Post. 30 April 1970  [2017-03-05]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04）. "The conference presented current programs effective in alleviating drug problems. No program which employs drug or electric shock therapy was presented, as it has been discovered that groups which condone these techniques have only been pretending to be effective in drug rehabilitation", said Max Prudente, Scientology spokesman. ... "Based solely on the philosophy and tenets of Scientology, the applied religious philosophy, this program has achieved new and dramatic breakthroughs in the field of drug rehabilitation. Its nearly 85% success ratio has earned high praise from Governors, state and federal officials and correction authorities across the U.S., " Prudente said.
↑  . The Hawaiian-American. 17 December 1975  [6 September 2012]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-05）. We talked with Rev. Diana Harris, Pastor of the Church of Scientology of Hawaii ... and she gave us a complete background on the church's social programs for those in need in our community. ... Another community program the church offers is Narconon - a program designed to assist persons to get off drugs and to keep off drugs. The program was utilized in Oahu State Prison for a while and enjoyed a very high rate of success, according to Pastor Harris. They [Scientology] have been asked to consider re-introducing the program to the prison at a later date.
↑  . The Phoenix Gazette. 19 May 1970  [6 September 2012]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-05）. General information regarding the technology of Scientology, upon which NARCONON is based, can be secured from the Institute of Applied Philosophy
↑  . 山達基.   [2024-07-05]. （原始内容存档于2024-07-05） （中文）.
1 2  Peters, Paul. . Salt Lake City Weekly.   [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-15） （英语）.
↑  . SFGate.   [2016-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-23）.
↑  . NBCRock Center. 16 August 2012  [3 September 2012]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-07）.
↑  . New York Times. Associated Press. 17 July 1989: A13  [13 March 2014]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-16）.
↑  Farley, Robert. . St Petersburg Times. 30 March 2003. When Narconon opened its Chilocco facility in 1991, the Oklahoma Board of Mental Health issued a blistering assessment in denying its application for certification. "There is no credible evidence establishing the effectiveness of the Narconon program to its patients," the board concluded. It attacked the program as medically unsafe; dismissed the sauna program as unproven; and criticized Narconon for inappropriately taking some patients off prescribed psychiatric medication.
↑  Kyle Smith. . New York Post. 20 April 2007  [20 March 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-22）. Those who want a tan from his celebrity glow will urge a fair hearing for his quackery. Obscure City Councilman Hiram Monserrate suddenly finds himself talked about after issuing a proclamation of huzzahs for L. Ron Hubbard. Three: The Ground Zero maladies are so baffling that workers will try anything. Anyone who feels better will credit any placebo at hand - whether Cruise or the Easter Bunny. In 1991, Time called Scientology's anti-drug program "Narconon" a "vehicle for drawing addicts into the cult" - which the magazine said "invented hundreds of goods and services for which members are urged to give up 'donations' " - such as $1,250 for advice on "moving swiftly up the Bridge" of enlightenment. That's New Age techno-gobbledygook for advice on buying swiftly up the Bridge of Brooklyn. Scientology fronts such as the New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project - its Web site immediately recognizable as the work of Hubbardites by its logo, which looks like the cover of a Robert Heinlein paperback from 1971 - hint that their gimmicks might possibly interest anyone dreaming of weight loss, higher I.Q. or freedom from addiction. And you might be extra-specially interested if you've faced heart disease, cancer, Agent Orange or Chernobyl. As Mayor Bloomberg put it, Scientology "is not science." Nope. It's science fiction.
↑  Robert W. Welkos; Joel Sappell. . Los Angeles Times. 27 June 1990  [13 September 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-23）. A fourth article did not mention Hubbard by name, but reported favorably on Narconon, his drug and alcohol rehabilitation program, which is run by Scientologists.
↑  . Agence France-Presse. 14 January 1992  [20 March 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-17）. About 30 Scientologists were arrested -- and 19 of them later indicted -- between May and October 1990 on charges of fraud, conspiracy to defraud and the illegal practice of medicine following the 1988 suicide of a church member in Lyon, eastern France. ... The sect has often found itself in trouble with officialdom the world over, accused of defrauding and brainwashing followers and, in France, of quackery at its illegal anti-drug clinics called "Narconon."
↑  Abgrall, Jean-Marie.  (PDF). 2001: 193  [24 September 2012]. ISBN 1-892941-51-1. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-09）. Narconon, a subsidiary of Scientology, and the association “Yes to Life, No to Drugs” have also made a specialty of the fight against drugs and treating drug addicts. ... Drug addicts are just one of the Scientologists’ targets for recruitment. The offer of care and healing through techniques derived from dianetics is only a come-on. The detoxification of the patient by means of “dianetics purification” is more a matter of manipulation, through the general weakening that it causes; it is a way of brainwashing the subject. Frequently convicted for illegal practice of medicine, violence, fraud and slander, the Scientologists have more and more trouble getting people to accept their techniques as effective health measures, as they like to claim. They recommend their purification processes to eliminate X-rays and nuclear radiation, and to treat goiter and warts, hypertension and psoriasis, hemorrhoids and myopia. . . why would anyone find that hard to swallow? Scientology has built a library of several hundreds of volumes of writings exalting the effects of purification, and its disciples spew propaganda based on irresponsible medical writings by doctors who are more interested in the support provided by Scientology than in their patients’ well-being. On the other hand, responsible scientific reviews have long since “eliminated” dianetics and purification from the lists of therapies — relegating them to the great bazaar of medical fraud. ... Medical charlatans do not base their claims on scientific proof but, quite to the contrary, on peremptory assertions — the kind of assertions that they challenge when they come out of the mouths of those who defend “real” medicine.
↑  Asimov, Nanette. . San Francisco Chronicle. 2 October 2004  [2017-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-22）. The program, Narconon Drug Prevention & Education, "often exemplifies the outdated, non-evidence-based and sometimes factually inaccurate approach, which has not served students well for decades," concluded Steve Heilig, director of health and education for the San Francisco Medical Society. In his letter to Trish Bascom, director of health programs for the San Francisco Unified School District, Heilig said five independent experts in the field of drug abuse had helped him evaluate Narconon's curriculum. ... "One of our reviewers opined that 'this (curriculum) reads like a high school science paper pieced together from the Internet, and not very well at that,' " Heilig wrote Bascom. "Another wrote that 'my comments will be brief, as this proposal hardly merits detailed analysis.' Another stated, 'As a parent, I would not want my child to participate in this kind of 'education.' " Heilig's team evaluated Narconon against a recent study by Rodney Skager, a professor emeritus at UCLA's Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, describing what good anti-drug programs should offer students.
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