印度尼西亚宗教
參考文獻

↑  . Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. 2018-05-15  [2020-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-03） （印度尼西亚语）. Muslim 231 Million (86.7), Christian 20.45 Million (7.6), Catholic 8.43 million (3.12), Hindu 4.65 million (1.74), Buddhist 2.03 million (0.77), Confucianism 76.630 (0.03), Others/Traditional faiths 126.51 (0.04), Total 266.5 Million
↑  Hosen 2005，第419–40頁; Intan 2006，第40頁; Seo 2013，第44頁; Ropi 2017，第61 etc頁.
↑  Frederick, William H.; Worden, Robert L., eds. (1993). Indonesia: A Country Study. Chapter Islam （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Gross 2016，第1頁.
↑  Lindsey & Pausacker 1995; Intan 2006，第18頁.
↑  Da Costa, Agustinus Beo. . Reuters. 2019-10-12  [2022-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-14） （英语）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  . US Department of State.   [2014-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-31）.
↑  Prinada, Yudi. . tirto.id. 2020-12-02  [2022-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-09） （印度尼西亚语）.
↑  Pringle 2010，第154–55頁; Buehler 2016.
↑  Federspiel 1970; Sidel 2006; Solahudin 2013; Buehler 2016; Baskara 2017.
↑  .   [2006-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-10）.
↑  Hosen 2005，第419–40頁; Shah 2017; Marshall 2018，第85–96頁.
1 2  Sutanto, Trisno S. . Center for religions and cross-cultural studies Graduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada. 2018-04-26  [2019-02-28]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-01）.
1 2 3  Marshall 2018，第85–96頁.
↑  . ICRP https://icrp-online.com/icrp/public/.   [2022-06-17]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-10）.  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
↑  Aritonang, Margareth S. . The Jakarta Post. 2014-11-07  [2006-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-05）.
↑   (PDF).   [2017-05-25]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-30）.
1 2  . Pew Research Center. 2011-01-27  [2014-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-06）.
↑  Atjeh 1977; Lindsey & Pausacker 1995，第271頁.
1 2 3  . Ministry of Religious Affairs. 2018-05-15  [2020-09-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-03） （印度尼西亚语）.
↑  Schefold 1980; Popov 2017，第96頁.
1 2  Shaw, Elliott (编). . PHILTAR, Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria. 2016-11-28  [2019-03-02]. []
↑  Heine-Geldern, Robert. . Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asia Program Publications of Cornell University. 1956.
↑  Kinney, Klokke & Kieven 2003; Levenda 2011; Acri, Creese & Griffiths 2011; Domenig 2014; Sukamto 2018.
↑  Azra 2006，第10–25頁.
1 2  Azra 2006; Husain 2017; Laffan 2011; Pringle 2010; Ricklefs 2006; Ricklefs 2007; Ricklefs 2012.
↑  Boelaars 1991; Aritonang & Steenbrink 2008.
↑  Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set （页面存档备份，存于） by Hans J. Hillerbrand, Routledge, chapter on Indonesia, p. 824.
↑  Goh 2005，第80頁; Aritonang & Steenbrink 2008.
↑  Intan 2006，第44–50頁.
↑  Geertz 1972，第62–84頁; Bertrand 2004，第34–104頁.
↑  Bertrand 2004，第34–104頁.
1 2  Martin, Richard C. . Macmillan. 2004.
↑  Laffan 2011，第3–6頁.
↑  Morgan, David; Reid, Anthony. The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 3: The Eastern Islamic World. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107456976, pp 587–89.
↑  Geertz 1960; Headley 2004; Hefner 1989; Muhaimin 2006; Picard & Madinier 2011，第71–93頁; Ricklefs 2006; Woodward 1989; Woodward 2011.
1 2  James Fox, Indonesian Heritage: Religion and ritual, Volume 9 of Indonesian heritage, Editor: Timothy Auger, ISBN 978-9813018587
↑  Fox 1996.
↑  Wendy Doniger (2000), Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Merriam-Webster, ISBN 978-0877790440, pp. 516-517
↑  Jean Gelman Taylor, Indonesia: Peoples and Histories, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0300105186, pp. 21-83 and 142-173
↑  Mehden 1995; Burhanudin & Dijk 2013; Husain 2017.
↑  Hasan 2007; Solahudin 2013; Hauser-Schäublin & Harnish 2014，第144–61頁; Baskara 2017.
↑  Mehden 1995.
↑  Kraus 1997，第169–89頁; Howell 2001，第701–29頁; Sidel 2006; Laffan 2011.
↑  Abuza 2007; Bertrand 2004; Buehler 2016; Federspiel 1970; Gross 2016; Lidde 1996，第613–34頁; Pringle 2010.
↑  Atjeh 1977; Zulkifli 2011.
↑  Ida 2018，第194–215頁 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFIda2018 (help); Marshall 2011，第85–96頁 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFMarshall2011 (help).
↑  Jacobsen, Frode. . Taylor & Francis. 2009: 19 etc.  [2022-08-16]. ISBN 978-0-415-48092-5. （原始内容存档于2020-02-09）.
↑  Zulkifli 2011，第197頁.
1 2 3 4  Burhani 2014，第143–44頁.
↑  Cooley 1968; Goh 2005，第80頁; Aritonang & Steenbrink 2008.
1 2 3  cf. Frederick; Worden. (1993). Chapter Christianity （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  cf. Encyclopedia of Protestantism, p. 824
1 2 3 4  . Reformed Online.   [2006-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2006-12-05）.
↑  Rodgers 1981.
↑  cf. Encyclopedia of Protestantism, p. 337.
↑  Cooley 1968; Aritonang & Steenbrink 2008; Schröter 2010.
↑  Popov 2017，第23頁.
↑  Boelaars 1991; Aritonang & Steenbrink 2008; Steenbrink 2003.
↑  Barnes, R.H.  (PDF). University of Oxford. 2008  [2017-08-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-20）.
↑  Steenbrink 2007.
1 2 3 4   [Population by Region and Religion]. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik. 15 May 2010  [20 October 2011]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24） （印度尼西亚语）. Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian,, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion.  Muslim 207176162 (87.20%), Christian 16528513 (7), Catholic 6907873 (3), Hindu 4012116 (1.69), Buddhist 1703254 (0.74), Confucianism 71.999 (0.05), Other 112.792 (0.04), Total 237.641.326
↑  Steenbrink 2015.
↑  Delaney, Brigid. . The Guardian. 2018-03-29  [2018-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-30）.
↑  Popov 2017，第44–45頁.
↑  Darsa, Undang A. (2004). "Kropak 406; Carita Parahyangan dan Fragmen Carita Parahyangan", Makalah disampaikan dalam Kegiatan Bedah Naskah Kuna yang diselenggarakan oleh Balai Pengelolaan Museum Negeri Sri Baduga. Bandung-Jatinangor: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Padjadjaran, hlm. 1–23.
1 2  Kinney, Klokke & Kieven 2003，第17–20頁; Levenda 2011; Domenig 2014.
1 2  cf. Frederick; Worden. (1993). Chapter Hinduism （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Lansing 1987，第45–49頁.
↑  Howe 2001.
↑  Belo 1960; Fox 2011; Geertz 1973; Goris 1931; Hooykaas 1974; Howe 2001; Lansing 1987，第45–49頁; McDaniel 2010，第93–111頁; Pedersen 2006; Ramstedt 2004; Stuart-Fox 2002; Swellengrebel 1960; Swellengrebel 1969.
↑  Geertz 1960; Headley 2004; Hefner 1989; Muhaimin 2006; Picard & Madinier 2011，第71–93頁; Ricklefs 2006.
↑  Indonesia International Religious Freedom Report 2005 （页面存档备份，存于） – US State Department, Quote: "The Hindu association Parishada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI) estimates that 18 million Hindus live in the country, a figure that far exceeds the government estimate of 3.6 million. Hindus account for almost 90 percent of the population in Bali."
↑  Metcalf 1987; Rousseau 1998; Schärer 1963; Winzeler 1993.
↑  Hefner 1989.
↑  Matthes 1872; Pelras 1987，第560–61頁.
↑  Budiman 2013; Nooy-Palm 1979; Nooy-Palm 1986; Nooy-Palm 1987，第565–67頁.
↑  cf. Bunge (1983), chapter Buddhism （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Melton & Baumann 2010，第1449頁.
↑  Kimura 2003，第53–72頁.
↑  Brown 1987，第108–17頁; Brown 1990; Cheu 1999; Hauser-Schäublin & Harnish 2014，第84–112頁; Kimura 2003，第53–72頁; Syryadinata 2005，第77–94頁.
↑  Cheu 1999.
↑  Syryadinata 2005，第77–94頁.
1 2 3 4 5  Chambert-Loir 2015，第67–107頁.
1 2 3 4  Yang 2005.
↑  Syryadinata 2005，第77–94頁; Sai & Hoon 2013; Sandkühler 2014，第157–84頁; Chambert-Loir 2015，第67–107頁.
↑  Indonesia: Religious Freedoms Report 2010 （页面存档备份，存于）, US State Department (2011), Quote: "The Ministry of Religious Affairs estimates that 10 million Hindus live in the country and account for approximately 90 percent of the population in Bali. Hindu minorities also reside in Central and East Kalimantan, the city of Medan (North Sumatra), South and Central Sulawesi, and Lombok (West Nusa Tenggara). Hindu groups such as Hare Krishna and followers of the Indian spiritual leader Sai Baba are present in small numbers. Some indigenous religious groups, including the "Naurus" on Seram Island in Maluku Province, incorporate Hindu and animist beliefs, and many have also adopted some Protestant teachings."
↑  Budiman 2013; Ensiklopedi Kepercayaan 2010 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFEnsiklopedi_Kepercayaan2010 (help); Geertz 1960; Koentjaraningrat 1987，第559–63頁; Maria & Limbeng 2007; Matthes 1872; Metcalf 1987，第290–92頁; Nooy-Palm 1979; Nooy-Palm 1986; Nooy-Palm 1987，第565–67頁; Pelras 1987，第560–61頁; Popov 2017，第96–104頁; Rodgers 1981; Rodgers 1987，第81–83頁; Rousseau 1998; Saringendyanti, Herlina & Zakaria 2018，第1–14頁; Schärer 1963; Schefold 1980; Schefold 1988，第5–22頁; Volkman 1985; Weinstock 1983; Winzeler 1993.
↑  Schiller 1996，第409–17頁.
↑  Beatty 1999; Epton 1974; Geertz 1960; Hadiwijono 1967; Koentjaraningrat 1987，第559–63頁; Kroef 1961，第18–25頁; Mulder 1998; Schlehe 1998; Schlehe 2019，第364–86頁; Stange 1980; Suparyanto 2019.
1 2  Choy 1999，第108頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFChoy1999 (help)
↑  Geertz 1960.
↑  Kroef 1961，第18–25頁; Stange 1980; Geels 1997; Ensiklopedi Kepercayaan 2010 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFEnsiklopedi_Kepercayaan2010 (help).
↑  Choy 1999，第118頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFChoy1999 (help)
↑  Choy 1999，第119頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFChoy1999 (help)
↑  Kroef 1961，第18–25頁; Geels 1997.
↑  Hunt, Stephen J. . Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 2003: 122. ISBN 978-0-7546-3410-2.
↑  Hunt 2003，第122頁.
↑  Benda & Castles 1969，第207-40頁; Shiraishi 1990，第95–122頁.
↑  Epton 1974; Schlehe 2014，第185–201頁; Sievers 1974; Winzeler 1993.
1 2 3  Popov 2017，第109頁.
↑  Klemperer-Markman, Ayala. . Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.   [2006-12-15]. [永久]
↑  . diarna.   [2022-06-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-10）.
1 2  Onishi, Norimitsu. . The New York Times. 2010-11-22  [2010-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-10）.
↑  Serebryanski, Yossi. . The Jewish Press. 2015-08-28  [2016-06-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-08）.
↑  . Association for Religion Data Archives.   [2019-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-25）.
↑  . The ARDA Association of Religion Data Archives.   [2019-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-09）.
1 2  . Refworld.org. US Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2016-05-02  [2019-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.
↑  . ANTARA News. 6 November 2007  [2019-02-28]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-27） （印度尼西亚语）.
↑  Nurish, Amanah. . The Jakarta Post. 2014-08-08  [2014-02-21]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-31）.
↑  Pedersen, Lene. . The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology. 2016, 17 (5: Special Issue: Communal Peace and Conflict in Indonesia: Navigating Inter–religious Boundaries): 387–98. doi:10.1080/14442213.2016.1218534 .
↑  Popov 2017，第110–11頁.
↑  Kahlon 2016.
↑  Popov 2017，第111頁.
↑  Popov 2017，第108頁.
↑  Ensiklopedi Kepercayaan 2010，第325–27頁 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFEnsiklopedi_Kepercayaan2010 (help); Popov 2017，第112–13頁.
↑  Popov 2017，第81頁.
↑  Clarke, Peter B. (编). . London; New York: Routledge: 607–608. 2006. ISBN 9-78-0-415-26707-6.
↑  Popov 2017，第103–104頁.
↑  Osman, Salim. . Jakarta Globe. 2012-02-07  [2017-04-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-08）.
↑  . BBC News. 2012-01-20  [2012-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-31）.
↑  . Jakarta Globe. 14 June 2012  [2012-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-19）.
↑  Syofiardi Bachyul Jb. . The Jakarta Post. 14 June 2012  [2012-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-16）.
1 2  Hodal, Kate. . The Guardian. 2012-05-03  [2012-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-02）.
↑  Geertz 1972，第62–84頁; Lindsey & Pausacker 1995; Lidde 1996，第613–34頁; Bertrand 2004，第34–104頁.
↑  Lindsey & Pausacker 1995; Bertrand 2004，第34–104頁; Pringle 2010，第143–57頁; Crouch 2013; Duncan 2013.
1 2   (新闻稿). Embassy of Republic of Indonesia at Canberra, Australia. 2004-12-06  [2006-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2006-08-24）.
↑  Zulkifli 2011; Ida 2016，第194–215頁.
↑  Rahman 2014，第418–20頁.
↑  . The Jakarta Post. 2011-08-24  [2022-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
↑  Holtz, Michael. . Associated Press. 2011-08-24.
↑  . The Jakarta Post. 21 May 2011  [2019-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-02）.
↑  . Quran.com.   [2022-06-20]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-10）.
↑  . 2018-02-26  [2022-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-31）.
↑  .   [2022-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-31）.
↑  .   [2022-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-31）.
↑  . 2018-11-20  [2022-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-31）.
↑  Suryadinata, Leo; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Ananta, Aris. . Indonesia's population. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2003: 103–104  [2022-08-16]. ISBN 978-981-230-218-2. （原始内容存档于2022-08-10）.
↑   (PDF) 31. New York: United Nations. 1980. p. 641 Table 29. Population by religion, sex and urban/rural residence: each census, 1970–1979  [2018-01-18]. ISBN 978-0-8002-2882-8. OCLC 16991809. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-01-09）.
↑  C.I.C.R.E.D. cites  [National Survey of Social and Economic Fourth Round – Demographic Characteristics of the Population]. Jakarta: Biro Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Statistics). 1969.  for Table III.10 of "The Population of Indonesia, 1974 World Population Year", p. 31. However, due to inaccessibility of the data source for verification and data collection proximity to census year 1971, referenced 1969 data is not included in this article's table.  (PDF). C.I.C.R.E.D. 2. Jakarta: Lembaga Demografi (Demographic Institute), Universitas Indonesia. 1973: 31–32  [2018-01-18]. LCCN 77366078. OCLC 3362457. OL 4602999M. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-10-21）. The statistical data on religion show that Islam has the highest percentage of adherents with about 87.1 per cent of the population of Indonesia (National Socio Economic Survey, 1969). The second biggest religion in Indonesia is Protestant (5.2%), while Catholic is the third (2.5%). The rest are Hindu (2.0%) and Buddhist (1.1%) and other religions which are not included in the above classification.
↑  Aritonang; Steenbrink 2008，第216頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAritonang;_Steenbrink2008 (help)
↑  Unable to find online data for Sensus Penduduk 1980 (Penduduk Indonesia: hasil sensus penduduk. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik, 1980).  Unable to find online version of  [Statistical Pocketbook Of Indonesia 1982]. Jakarta, Indonesia: Biro Pusat Statistik. 1983. OCLC 72673205. , which contains 1980 census data.
1 2 3 4  Cholil, Suhadi; Bagir, Zainal Abidin; Rahayu, Mustaghfiroh; Asyhari, Budi.  (PDF). Max M. Richter, Ivana Prazic. Yogyakarta: Center for Religious & Cross-cultural Studies, Gadjah Mada University. Aug 2010: 15. ISBN 978-602-96257-1-4. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-04-25）. . Cites BPS-Statistics Indonesia for intercensal population survey 1985, census 1990, census 2000, and intercensal population survey 2005
↑  Ricklefs, Merle Calvin.  3d. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 2001: 379  [2018-01-18]. ISBN 978-0-8047-4480-5. （原始内容存档于2021-01-13）. The 1990 census recorded 156.3 million Muslims in Indonesia, 87.2 per cent of the population and the largest Muslim population of any nation in the world. This was a steady percentage, having been 87.1 per cent in 1980. Christians (Catholics and Protestants) totalled 17.2 million, 9.6 per cent of the population, whereas in 1971 the figure was 7.5 per cent and in 1980 it was 8.8 per cent. So Christianity was still growing. In the large cities of Central Java in particular, Christians constituted nearly 20 per cent of the population. The rising tide of religiosity was also reflected in the much smaller communities of Hindus (3.3 million, 1.8 per cent of the population in 1990) and Buddhists (1.8 million, 1.0 per cent of the population).
↑  The 1990 census recorded 87.21% Muslims, 6.04% Protestants, 3.58% Catholics, 1.83% Hindus, 1.03% Buddhists and 0.31% as "Others". Population of Indonesia: Results of the 1990 Population (Jakarta: Biro Pusat Statistik, 1992), p. 24, as cited by
↑  Intan 2006，第6頁.
↑  . Demographic Yearbook (Spreadsheet) (New York: United Nations). 2006-06-30,. 2b – Ethnocultural characteristics  [2018-01-18]. ISSN 0082-8041. OCLC 173373970. （原始内容存档于2018-11-02）.
↑  . The World Factbook. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. People and Society. 2011-10-18  [2011-11-08]. ISSN 1553-8133. （原始内容存档于2021-04-13）. Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)
↑  In 1979, Soeharto retracted official recognition of Confucianism.  Hence Confucianism appears in the 1971 census data, but not in 1980 or 1990.  In 2000, Indonesia decided to separately categorise Confucianism only during the enumeration process, but did not actually list this option on the printed form. This is not listed as a separate category in the U.N. data. Utomo, Ariane J.  (PDF) (报告). The Australian National University: 7. March 2003. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-04-25）. The six categories for religion were Islam, Catholicism, Protestant, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Other. The decision to have a separate category for Confucianism (Kong Hu Cu) occurred during the enumeration process itself, hence it was not printed in the actual form of the L1. The data on the number of Confucians is only available for certain provinces. However, the number seems much smaller than expected due to the abrupt process of including it in the questionnaire.
↑  Totals and lefthand column per year are in millions of persons.
↑  Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Singapore: ISEAS: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2015. p. 273.