最大帝國列表
參考

↑  .   [2012-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-05）.
1 2 3 4 5  Taagepera, Rein.  (PDF). Social Science Research. 1978, 7 (2): 111  [2020-07-07]. ISSN 0049-089X. doi:10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-07-07） （英语）.
↑  Ferguson, Niall. . Basic Books. 2004. ISBN 0-465-02328-2.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Harrison (1998, pp. 3,7).
↑  a b c «Mongolia se encomienda a Gengis Jan» (en español). diario El País 18.08.2007 (2007). Consultado el 19/06/2008.
↑  中韓人口為8300萬（Biraben 2003[页码请求]）。東歐、俄羅斯、中亞、中東和土耳其為2700萬（Maddison 2006[页码请求]）。
↑  Biraben, Jean-Noel; Biraben, Jean-Noel. . Population (French Edition) (Institut National d'&#201). 1979-01, 34 (1): 13–25  [2012-02-09]. doi:10.2307/1531855. （原始内容存档于2018-12-25）.
↑  Rein Taagepera. . International Studies Quarterly（英语：）. September 1997, 41 (3): 498  [11 September 2016]. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. （原始内容存档于2019-10-27）.
↑  Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. . Journal of world-systems research. December 2006, 12 (2): 223  [11 September 2016]. ISSN 1076-156X. （原始内容存档于2019-05-20）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16  Maddison, op cit. For alternate estimates, see the Economic History Services' USA/UK GDP search tool. 的存檔，存档日期2012-01-18.
↑  Television documentary from CC&C Ideacom Production, "Apocalypse Never-Ending War 1918–1926", part 2, aired at Danish DR K on 22 October 2018.
↑  Claudio;  et al.  (PDF). Amer. Pol. Sci. Assoc. 2008, (104)  [2021-06-01]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-08-26）.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
1 2 3 4 5 6  Gordon (2005)
↑   Draft History of Qing
↑  當時的西班牙、葡萄牙、意大利、尼德蘭、美國和菲律賓群島的總人口為2920萬（Maddison 2006[页码请求]），而當時的拉丁美洲總人口為3900萬（Biraben 2003[页码请求]）。
↑  宋岩. . 史学理论研究. 1994, (3): 149–150. ISSN 1004-0013. CNKI SXLL199403017. CQVIP 1003317196. NCPSSD 1003317196.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19  Taagepera, Rein.  (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. September 1997, 41 (3): 492–502  [2020-07-07]. JSTOR 2600793. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-07-07）.
1 2 3 4 5  (a) John D. Durand, 1960, "The Population Statistics of China, A.D. 2–1953," Population Studies Vol. 13 (No. 3), 209–256. (b) John D. Durand, 1974, "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation," University of Pennsylvania, Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10.
↑  1290年人口和戶數紀錄為58,834,711和13,196,206，而1291年人口和戶數紀錄為59,848,964和13,430,322
↑  《內幕》編輯部. . 內幕雜誌社. 2013: 33. ISBN 9781630326371.
↑  韩, 子姣. . BEIJING BOOK CO. INC. 2016: 6. ISBN 9787545130409.
↑  Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter. . Oxford University Press. 2020-12-02  [2021-06-01]. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4. （原始内容存档于2022-04-03） （英语）.
↑  Blankinship, Khalid Yahya. . 纽约州立大学. 1994: 37. ISBN 0791418278.
↑  西南亞及北非的總人口為5700萬（Biraben 2003[页码请求]），而西班牙和葡萄牙的總人口為500萬（Maddison 2006[页码请求]）。
1 2  McEvedy and Jones (1978).
↑  Xie, Xuanjun. . Lulu Press, Incorporated. 2017: 165. ISBN 9781387223831.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
↑  Jean-Noël Biraben, "The History of the Human Population From the First Beginnings to the Present" in Demography: Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population (Eds: Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin, Guillaume J. Wunsch), Vol. III, Chapter 66, pp 5-18, Academic Press:San Diego (2005).
↑  1393年的人口和戶數統計為60,545,812和10,652,870，而1403年的人口和戶數統計為66,598,337和11,415,829（《明書》）。
↑  French Books on India Archive.today的存檔，存档日期2012-12-23 - an open access, 1000+ title bibliography with an introduction and annotations on the 50 most important books.
↑  Vasseghi, Sheda （页面存档备份，存于）, "The other Iran story: Re-engineering the nation's cultural DNA （页面存档备份，存于）", Breaking... WorldTribune.com World Tribune News, (12 October 2009).
↑  Prevas (2009, p. 14) 1. Langer (2001, p. 40) 2[]. McEvedy and Jones (2001, p. 50) 3 （页面存档备份，存于）. Strauss (2004, p. 37) 4 （页面存档备份，存于）. Ward (2009, p. 16) 5 （页面存档备份，存于）. Aperghis (2007, p. 311) 6 （页面存档备份，存于）. Scheidel (2009, p. 99) 7 （页面存档备份，存于）. Zeinert (1996, p. 32) 8 （页面存档备份，存于）. Rawlinson and Schauffler (1898, p. 270) 9 （页面存档备份，存于）. Astor (1899, p. 56) 10 （页面存档备份，存于）. Lissner (1961, p. 111) 11 （页面存档备份，存于）. Milns (1968, p. 51) 12 （页面存档备份，存于）. Hershlag (1980, p. 140) 13 （页面存档备份，存于）. Daniel (2001, p. 41) 15 （页面存档备份，存于）. Meyer and Andreades (2004, p. 58) 16[]. Pollack (2004, p. 7) 17 （页面存档备份，存于）. Jones (2004, p. 8) 18 （页面存档备份，存于）. Safire (2007, p. 627) 19 （页面存档备份，存于）. Dougherty (2009, p. 6) 20 （页面存档备份，存于）. Richard (2008, p. 34) 21 （页面存档备份，存于）. Mitchell (2004, p. 16) 22 （页面存档备份，存于）. Hanson (2001, p. 32) 23 （页面存档备份，存于）. West (1913, p. 85) 24 （页面存档备份，存于）. Zenos (1889, p. 2) 25 （页面存档备份，存于）. Cowley (1999 and 2001, p. 17) 26 （页面存档备份，存于）. Cook (1904, p. 277)  27 （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Historical Estimates of World Population U.S. Census Bureau （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Yarshater (1996, p. 47 （页面存档备份，存于）)
↑  Steele, Christy, "Rome （页面存档备份，存于）", p. 36 (2001).
1 2  Mclynn Frank "Marcus Aurelius" p. 4. Published by The Bodley Head 2009
↑  Scheidel (2006, p. 2) 、Goldsmith (1984, p. 263) 、Beloch (1886, p. 507) 、Maddison (2006, p. 51, 120) Roman Empire Population （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Taagepera, Rein. . Social Science History (Duke University Press). 1979, 3 (3/4): 125. JSTOR 1170959. doi:10.2307/1170959.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.", Social Science History Vol. 3, 115-138 (1979).
↑  公元2年的人口和戶數統計為59,594,978和12,233,062（《漢書》）。
↑  Scheidel (2005, p. 37) and Yoon (1985, p. 211-212).
↑  Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.", Social Science Research Vol. 7, 180-196 (1978).
↑  Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones (1978), "Atlas of World Population History", Facts on File (p. 342-351). New York.
↑  1103年的人口和戶數統計為45,981,845和20,524,065，而1109年的人口和戶數統計則為46,734,784和20,882,438。
↑  Claudio Cioffi-Revilla, J. Daniel Rogers, Steven P. Wilcox, & Jai Alterman, "Computing the Steppes: Data Analysis for Agent-Based Modeling of Polities in Inner Asia", Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the Amer. Pol. Sci. Assoc., Boston, MA, p. 8 August 28–31, (2008).
↑  Thomlinson (1975, Table 1).
↑  1195的人口和戶數統計為48,490,400和7,223,400
↑  . www.bharatadesam.com.   [2022-02-17]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-14）.
↑  "The Cholas"" University of Madras"K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
↑  606年人口和戶數統計為46,019,956和8,907,546
1 2  Broadberry and Harrison (2005).
↑  Pamuk (2005[页码请求]).