stanford-oval/wikipedia huggingface dataset:
八重山地震
震後餘波 > 餘震

該年的7月19至8月初6，八重山島南風見、仲間2村發生了多次的餘震，期間每天地震為8次到9次，之後地震次數逐漸的減少。地震結果卻導致了仲間村驛路中間和村前汀場地陷水湧，面積分別大約1尺以及大約2尺。
現代研究

根據在日本國家天文臺出版的《科學年鑑》資料也顯示，八重山地震的規模為7.4，震央在八重山群島石垣島東南方為40公里，然而這種講法並且他們也沒有辦法解釋為何居然會引發的超巨大海嘯，但是有許多疑點出現。根據在琉球大學理學部中村衛的研究，該次地震原因是由石垣島與多良間島之間的正斷層所引發的。 但是進一步的模擬結果，如果假設地震規模為ML7.5的時候 ，震央為深度6公里的琉球海溝斷層，這個就很有可能會引發規模為MW8.0的巨大海嘯地震發生。
參考資料

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  《球陽·卷十六·尚穆王二十年·三月十日》
↑  《中山世譜·尚穆王》
↑  《球陽·卷十六·尚穆王二十年·四月初八九日》
↑  《球陽·卷十六·尚穆王二十年·四七月十九》
↑  .   [2011-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-12）.
1 2  1771年八重山地震津波(明和の大津波) （页面存档备份，存于） 琉球大学理学部　中村衛研究室
↑  http://seis.sci.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/hazard/EQ/1771yaeyama2/1771tsunami_2.html （页面存档备份，存于） Meiwa earthquake was magnitude 8
↑  1771年明和津波（八重山地震津波）はマグニチュード8の海溝型巨大地震であった （页面存档备份，存于） 琉球大学理学部　中村衛研究室
下地島的帶岩，這個就是被八重山地震引發的巨大海嘯所帶上岸的
離岸解密

「開曼美食達人股份有限公司」的集團架構及統計，截至2017年12月31日，有超鏈接「國際調查記者同盟」的「離岸解密」。
 參看這個交互式SVG的使用說明位於維基共享資源上的文件描述頁面.
離岸解密是指國際調查記者同盟（調查新聞記者國際聯盟）於2013年4月所公佈全球名知人士到避稅天堂開設公司的資料的事件，當中牽涉包括170多國的政治人物、藝術家及富豪等。
調查新聞記者國際聯盟指於2007年收到神秘人士提供的電腦硬碟，內藏260GB的資料，包括其中有200多萬份郵件以及近50萬份的PDF及表格等檔案，合共超過250萬份文件，內容關於超過10萬間企業開設離岸公司到避稅天堂避稅的資料。
調查新聞記者國際聯盟經過多年的查核，終於2013年起逐步公佈相關資料的分析報告，相關報告面世後，追使部分歐盟國家同意交換銀行資料，並在彼此間成立稅務資料自動交換機制。
2014年1月《天下雜誌》第540期公布，包括旺旺集團蔡家、富邦集團蔡家、頂新集團魏家、新光集團吳家、京城建設蔡家、台達電子鄭家、佳格食品曹家、和信集團辜家、中信金控辜家、聯合報系王家、達芙妮陳家、全興精機吳家等十二個家族，都持有非因企業經營需求的個人境外公司或信託。
參考資料

↑  陳一姍、林昭儀.  (540期). 天下雜誌. 2014-01-21  [2016-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-16）.
↑  杜易寰、陳煒林、陳一姍. . 《天下雜誌》. 2016-04-07  [2016-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-08）.
馬林 (伊利諾伊州)

| 馬林 |
| --- | --- |
村落

馬林馬林在伊利諾伊州的位置
坐标：38°47′15″N 89°46′41″W﻿ / ﻿38.78750°N 89.77806°W﻿ / 38.78750; -89.77806
國家: 美国
州份: 伊利諾伊州
縣: 麥迪遜縣
面积
 • 总计: 1.85 平方公里（0.71 平方英里）
 • 陸地: 1.80 平方公里（0.69 平方英里）
 • 水域: 0.05 平方公里（0.02 平方英里）
海拔: 158 公尺（518 英尺）
人口（2010年美國人口普查）
 • 總計: 960人
 • 密度: 519人/平方公里（1,344人/平方英里）
时区: 北美中部时区（UTC-6）
 • 夏时制: CDT（UTC-5）
美國郵區編號: 62061
電話區號: 217
地名信息系统ID: 2399256
馬林（英語：）是位於美國伊利諾伊州麥迪遜縣的一個村落。
地理

馬林的座標為38°47′15″N 89°46′41″W﻿ / ﻿38.78750°N 89.77806°W﻿ / 38.78750; -89.77806，而該地最高點為海拔高度158米（即518英尺）。
人口

根據2010年美國人口普查的數據，馬林的面積為1.85平方千米，當中陸地面積為1.80平方千米，而水域面積為0.05平方千米。當地共有人口960人，而人口密度為每平方千米518人。
參考文獻

1 2  . . United States Geological Survey.
↑  . 美国人口调查局.   [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-11）.  （页面存档备份，存于）
馬鐵

此条目页的主題是三國時期人物。稱為馬鐵的港鐵行車綫，請見「」。
馬鐵（？—212年）是三國時西北方將軍馬騰之子，馬超之兄弟。
曹操被封為丞相時，想將馬超召喚進京城當部屬，但馬超並沒有接受。曹操以衛尉名義徵召馬騰，進京當官，馬超也被封為偏將軍以及都亭侯，馬鐵也隨家族搬到鄴。但後來在211年，馬超起兵叛曹，曹操將馬超的父親馬騰及家人兄弟誅殺，馬鐵也卒於此時。
小行星2507

| 发现 |
| --- | --- |
發現者: Osservatorio Félix Aguilar
發現日期: 1976年11月18日
編號
其它名稱: 1976 WB1
小行星分類: 主小行星带小行星
軌道參數
半長軸: 2.7808341 UA
離心率: 0.084
平近點角: 356.076
軌道傾角: 10.316
升交點黃經: 130.036
近日點參數: 101.778
物理特徵
絕對星等(H): 11.7
 
小行星2507（2507 Bobone）是一颗绕太阳运转的小行星，为主小行星带小行星。该小行星于1976年11月18日发现。
轨道参数

小行星2507的轨道半长轴为2.7808341 UA，离心率为0.084。
郑场镇 (仙桃市)

| 郑场镇 |
| --- | --- |
镇
坐标：30°29′33″N 113°01′39″E﻿ / ﻿30.4926°N 113.02737°E﻿ / 30.4926; 113.02737
国家:  中华人民共和国
上级行政区: 仙桃市
村级区划单位数:  29 1社区 28行政村 
时区: 北京时间（UTC+8）
行政区划代码: 42 90 04 100
电话区号: +86 
郑场镇，是中华人民共和国湖北省仙桃市下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。
行政区划

郑场镇下辖以下地区：
大友社区、​马王村、​潘阳村、​黄家村、​卢庙村、​马垸村、​络绎村、​韩岭村、​连渔村、​渔泛村、​茅湖村、​天门村、​游潭村、​永兴村、​香铺村、​河岭村、​郑场村、​花园村、​贾窑村、​施家村、​王滩村、​同兴村、​徐鸳村、​官庙村、​普庆村、​田垸村、​潭口村、​朱垸村和蒋河村。
参考资料

↑  . 中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2023-06-30 （中文（中国大陆））.
↑  . 中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2023-06-30 （中文（中国大陆））.
克雷格

克雷格可以指：
克雷格 (科罗拉多州)，美国科罗拉多州莫弗特县下属的一座城市
克雷格 (阿拉斯加州)，美国阿拉斯加州的一座城市
克雷格縣，若干以克雷格为名的县
丹尼尔·克雷格（1968年－），英國演員
馮孜 (隆慶進士)

名为馮孜的其他人物，請見「」。
| 馮孜 |
| --- | --- |
大明湖廣左布政使
籍貫: 浙江嘉興府桐鄉縣
字號: 字子漸
出生: 嘉靖十五年（1536年）二月初四日 
逝世: 卒年不詳 
配偶: 娶都氏，継娶项氏
出身
 嘉靖四十三年甲子科舉人  隆慶二年戊辰科進士出身 
馮孜（1536年—？），字子漸，浙江嘉興府桐鄉縣人，民籍，明朝政治人物。
生平

嘉靖四十三年（1564年）甲子科浙江鄉試第五十九名舉人。隆慶二年（1568年）中式戊辰科會試第一百九十八名，二甲進士。官太仓州知州，擢刑部郎中，萬曆九年（1581年）十一月奉命往江西恤刑。十一年九月升河南副使，遷福建布政司左参政，十七年正月升贵州按察使，升江西右布政使，二十一年五月升本省左布政，二十四年八月復除湖廣左布政使。
家族

曾祖馮瑾，壽官；祖父馮莊；父馮倫，母張氏。重庆下。弟冯敏。
小叶野海棠

| 小叶野海棠 |
| --- | --- |

科学分类 
界：: 植物界 Plantae
演化支：:  Tracheophyta
演化支：: 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：: 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支：: 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目：: 桃金娘目 Myrtales
科：: 野牡丹科 Melastomataceae
属：: 野海棠属 Bredia
种：: 小叶野海棠 B. microphylla
二名法
Bredia microphylla H. L. Li, 1944

小叶野海棠（学名：）为野牡丹科野海棠属下的一个种。其种加词microphylla，意为“小叶的”。
巴瑟村委员会

| 巴瑟村委员会 Басинский сельсовет |
| --- | --- |
村委员会
坐标：46°06′51″N 47°07′53″E﻿ / ﻿46.11417°N 47.13139°E﻿ / 46.11417; 47.13139
国家:  俄羅斯
州: 阿斯特拉罕州
区: 利曼区
行政中心: 巴瑟
人口（2015）
 • 總計: 1,160人
时区: MSK+1（UTC+4）
巴瑟村委员会（俄语：）是俄罗斯联邦阿斯特拉罕州利曼区所属的一个村委员会。其下辖有2个居民点，行政中心为巴瑟。据2015年统计，该村委员会的人口为1160人。
陶拉蓋區

| 陶拉蓋區 Tauragės rajono savivaldybė |
| --- | --- |
市镇
位于陶拉格的天主教堂
   徽章
 陶拉蓋區在立陶宛的位置
坐标：55°15′N 22°17′E﻿ / ﻿55.25°N 22.28°E﻿ / 55.25; 22.28
国家:  立陶宛
传统地区: 萨莫吉希亚
县份: 陶拉蓋縣
行政中心: 陶拉盖
面积
 • 总计: 1,179 平方公里（455 平方英里）
人口（2020年）
 • 總計: 37,805人
 • 密度: 32.1人/平方公里（83人/平方英里）
时区: EET（UTC+2）
 • 夏时制: EEST（UTC+3）
電話區號: 446
網站: www.taurage.lt
陶拉蓋區（立陶宛語：），或作陶拉格區，是立陶宛陶拉蓋縣内的市镇，位于该国西部，行政中心为陶拉盖市。市镇面積为1,179平方公里，2020年人口数量为37,805人。
小叶野扁豆

| 小叶野扁豆 |
| --- | --- |

科学分类 
界：: 植物界 Plantae
演化支：:  Tracheophyta
演化支：: 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：: 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支：: 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目：: 豆目 Fabales
科：: 豆科 Fabaceae
亚科：: 蝶形花亚科 Faboideae
属：: 野扁豆属 Dunbaria
种：: 小叶野扁豆 D. parvifolia
二名法
Dunbaria parvifolia X. X. Chen

小叶野扁豆（学名：）为豆科野扁豆属下的一个种。
扩展阅读

維基物種上的相關：小叶野扁豆
民营航天

关于付费式商业太空旅游，请见「」。关于对地外空间总体意义上的商业开发和用途，请见「」。
民营航天、私人航天或商业航天（英語：）是由官方政府机构以外的实体所进行的对航天科技以及空间应用技术的开发和利用。
在人类进入航天时代最初的几十年里，美苏两国政府的航天机构就曾分别与各自国内的设计局和私营公司展开过合作，通过对上述实体的资金补助等手段来支持航天新技术的开发和运营成本。其后于1975年成立的欧洲空间局（ESA）也大致效仿美苏而遵循类似的空间技术发展模式。但成立于1980年的阿丽亚娜空间公司却先于美苏成为全球首家商业航天发射服务的提供商，其后各国的大型国防承包商开始根据承接自政府机构的航天技术开发并运营各自的运载火箭系统。
目前为止，地球轨道上的私人航天产业包括通信卫星系统、卫星电视、卫星广播、航天员天地往返运输以及亚轨道和轨道级的太空旅游。在美国，联邦航空管理局甚至设立了一项名为“商业航天员”（英語：）的新职业。
进入新世纪以来，民营航天企业家们开始有计划地设计并发展相关航天技术，以预期在2010年代左右可研制与冷战时代政府研发的运载火箭技术相当的运载系统并将之投入使用，这些新产业于2010年之后在商业航天发射领域的市场带来了巨大的竞争角逐，其中主要的竞争点之一是通过降低单次火箭的发射成本以提供更多的发射能力。
现今私人航天飞行的主要成就包括：亚轨道太空飞机的飞行（太空船1号和2号）、轨道级火箭的发射、充气式可扩展空间站试验舱段的在轨测试（创世纪1号、2号和BEAM试验舱），以及将宇航员成功送往空间站。
历史 > Russian privatization

条目：Space industry of Russia
In 1992, a Resurs-500 capsule containing gifts was launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome in a private spaceflight called Europe-America 500. The flight was conceived by the Russian Foundation for Social Inventions and TsSKB-Progress, a Russian rocket-building company, to increase trade between Russia and USA, and to promote the use of technology once reserved only for military forces. Money for the launch was raised from a collection of Russian companies. The capsule parachuted into the Pacific Ocean and was brought to Seattle by a Russian missile-tracking ship.
The Russian government sold part of its stake in RSC Energia to private investors in 1994. Energia, together with Khrunichev, constituted most of the Russian crewed space program.[來源請求][需要更新]
历史 > Launch alliances

Since 1995 Khrunichev's Proton rocket has been marketed through International Launch Services, while the Soyuz rocket is marketed via Starsem. The Sea Launch project flies the Ukrainian Zenit rocket.
In 2003, Arianespace joined with Boeing Launch Services and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to create the Launch Services Alliance. In 2005, continued weak commercial demand for EELV launches drove Lockheed Martin and Boeing to propose a joint venture called the United Launch Alliance to service the United States government launch market.
历史 > Spaceflight privatization

Since the 1980s, various private initiatives have started up to pursue the private use of space. Traditional costs to launch anything to space have been high—on the order of tens of thousands of US dollars per kilogram—but by 2020, costs on the order of a few thousand dollars per kilogram are being seen from one private launch provider that was an early 2000s startup, with the cost projected to fall to less than a few hundred dollars per kilogram as the technology of a second private spaceflight startup of ~2000 comes into service.
The first privately funded rocket to reach the boundary of space, the Kármán line, (although not orbit) was Conestoga I, which was launched by Space Services Inc. on a suborbital flight to 309（192英里） altitude on 9 September 1982.  In October 1995, their first (and only) attempt at an orbital launch, Conestoga 1620, failed to achieve orbit due to a guidance system failure.
On April 5, 1990, Orbital Sciences Corporation's Pegasus, an air launched rocket, was the first launch vehicle fully developed by a private company to reach orbit.
In the early 2000s, several public-private corporate partnerships were established in the United States to privately develop spaceflight technology. Several purely private initiatives have shown interest in private endeavors to the inner Solar System.
In 2006, NASA initiated a program to purchase commercial space transport to carry cargo to the International Space Station, while funding a portion of the development of new technology in a public-private partnership.
In May 2015, the Japanese legislature considered legislation to allow private company spaceflight initiatives in Japan.
In 2016, the United States granted its first clearance for a private flight to the moon, from the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation.
On 30 May 2020, Crew Dragon Demo-2 operated by Space X became the first crewed mission to the International Space Station in the Commercial Crew Program.
After 2015, European-based private small-lift launch vehicle development got underway, particularly in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, but "France has largely been left out of this new commercial launch industry".  In 2021, the Government of France announced a plan to fund the "France-based rocket firm ArianeGroup to develop a new small-lift rocket called Maïa by the year 2026," which would be a government-funded but commercially-developed rocket.
商业航天实体

条目：List of private spaceflight companies
Today many commercial space transportation companies offer launch services to satellite companies and government space organizations around the world. In 2005, there were 18 total commercial launches and 37 non-commercial launches. Russia flew 44% of commercial orbital launches, while Europe had 28% and the United States had 6%. China's first private launch, a suborbital flight by OneSpace, took place in May 2018.
商业航天实体 > Funding

In recent years, the funding to support private spaceflight has begun to be raised from a larger pool of sources than the comparatively limited pool of the 1990s. For example, 截至2013年6月 (2013-06) and in the United States alone, ten billionaires had made "serious investments in private spaceflight activities" at six companies, including Stratolaunch Systems, Planetary Resources, Blue Origin, Virgin Galactic, SpaceX, and Bigelow Aerospace. The ten investors were Paul Allen, Larry Page, Eric Schmidt, Ram Shriram, Charles Simonyi, Ross Perot Jr., Jeff Bezos, Richard Branson, Elon Musk, and Robert Bigelow.[來源請求]
At the start of the private space era it was not yet clear to what extent these entrepreneurs see "legitimate business opportunity, [for example], space tourism and other commercial activities in space, or [are] wealthy men seeking the exclusivity that space offers innovators and investors." There has been speculation as to whether these investments are a "gamble", and whether they will prove lucrative.
As of the early 2020's some of these investments have paid off, with Musk's SpaceX coming to dominate the launch market in mass to orbit and with a $100 billion dollar valuation. Other companies such as Bigelow Aerospace have though collapsed and left the market. Many startup space companies such as Rocket Lab and Axiom Space have launched on the stock market for funding as Special-purpose acquisition company, but their SPAC values have been affected by market volatility.
商业航天实体 > Funding > Venture capital investment

Some investors see the traditional spaceflight industry as ripe for disruption, with "a 100-fold improvement [relatively straightforward and|orig=is actually a piece of cake, and making] a thousand-fold improvement [possible]". Between 2005 and 2015, there was 10 billion美元 of private capital invested in the space sector, most of it in the United States. This liberalized private space sector investments beginning in the 1980s, with additional legislative reforms in the 1990s–2000s. From 2000 through the end of 2015, a total of 13.3 billion美元 of investment finance was invested in the space sector, with 2.9 billion美元 of that being venture capital. In 2015, venture capital firms invested 1.8 billion美元 in private spaceflight companies, more than they had in the previous 15 years combined. 截至2015年10月 (2015-10), the largest and most active investors in space were Lux Capital, Bessemer Venture Partners, Khosla Ventures, Founders Fund, RRE Ventures and Draper Fisher Jurvetson.
Increasing interest by investors in economically driven spaceflight had begun to appear by 2016, and some space ventures had to turn away investor funding. CBInsights in August 2016 published that funding to space startups was "in a slump", although the number of space investment deals per quarter had gone from 2 or 3 in 2012 to 14 by 2015. In 2017, CB Insights ranked the most active space tech investors, ranked from highest to lowest, were Space Angels Networks, Founders Fund, RRE Ventures, Data Collective, Bessemer, Lux Capital, Alphabet, Tencent Holdings, and Rothenberg Ventures. In June 2019, Miriam Kramer of Axios wrote that private spaceflight companies and investors were poised to capitalize on NASA's plan to open up the International Space Station to commercial space ventures.
商业航天实体 > Commercial launchers

条目：Space transport
The space transport business has, historically, had its primary customers in national governments and large commercial segments. Launches of government payloads, including military, civilian and scientific satellites, was the largest market segment in 2007 at nearly $100 billion a year. This segment is dominated by domestic favorites such as the United Launch Alliance for U.S. government payloads and Arianespace for European satellites. The commercial payload segment, valued at under $3 billion a year, was dominated by Arianespace in 2007, with over 50% of the market segment, followed by Russian launchers. See a complete list of launch systems.
Spaceflight, Inc. operates as a launch broker, matching small-payload customers with launch providers in a "ridesharing" service.
商业航天实体 > Commercial launchers > US government commercial cargo services

条目：Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
The US government determined to begin a process to purchase orbital launch services for cargo deliveries to the International Space Station (ISS) beginning in the mid-2000s, rather than operate the launch and delivery services as they had with the Space Shuttle, which was to retire in less than half a decade, and ultimately did retire in 2011.  On 18 January 2006, NASA announced an opportunity for US commercial providers to demonstrate orbital transportation services. As of 2008, NASA planned to spend $500 million through 2010 to finance development of private sector capability to transport payloads to the International Space Station (ISS).[需要更新]
 This was considered more challenging than then-available commercial space transportation because it would require precision orbit insertion, rendezvous and possibly docking with another spacecraft. The commercial vendors competed in specific service areas.
In August 2006, NASA announced that two relatively young aerospace companies, SpaceX and Rocketplane Kistler, had been awarded $278 million and $207 million, respectively, under the COTS program. In 2008, NASA anticipated that commercial cargo delivery services to and return services from the ISS would be necessary through at least 2015. The NASA Administrator suggested that space transportation services procurement may be expanded to orbital fuel depots and lunar surface deliveries should the first phase of COTS prove successful.
After it transpired that Rocketplane Kistler was failing to meet its contractual deadlines, NASA terminated its contract with the company in August 2008, after only $32 million had been spent. Several months later, in December 2008, NASA awarded the remaining $170 million in that contract to Orbital Sciences Corporation to develop resupply services to the ISS.
商业航天实体 > Private foundations

The B612 Foundation was designing and building an asteroid-finding space telescope named Sentinel. It would have launched in 2016.
The Planetary Society, a nonprofit space research and advocacy organization, has sponsored a series of small satellites to test the feasibility of solar sailing. Their first such project, Cosmos 1, was launched in 2005 but failed to reach space, and was succeeded by the Lightsail series, the first of which launched on 20 May 2015. A second spacecraft is expected to launch in 2016 on a more complex mission.
Copenhagen Suborbitals is a crowd funded amateur crewed space programme. 截至2016年 (2016-Missing required parameter 1=month!) it has flown four home-built rockets and two mock-up space capsules.
发展计划

Many have speculated on where private spaceflight may go in the near future. Numerous projects of orbital and suborbital launch systems for satellites and crewed flights exist. Some orbital crewed missions would be state-sponsored like most COTS participants. (that develop their own launch systems). Another possibility is for paid suborbital tourism on craft like those from Virgin Galactic, Space Adventures, XCOR Aerospace, RocketShip Tours, ARCASPACE, PlanetSpace-Canadian Arrow, British Starchaser Industries or non-commercial like Copenhagen Suborbitals. Additionally, suborbital spacecraft have applications for faster intercontinental package delivery and passenger flight.
发展计划 > Private orbital spaceflight, space stations

SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket, first launched in 2010 with no passengers, was designed to be subsequently human-rated. The Atlas V  launch vehicle is also a contender for human-rating.
Plans and a full-scale prototype for the SpaceX Dragon, a capsule capable of carrying up to seven passengers, were announced in March 2006,
and Dragon version 2 flight hardware was unveiled in May 2014.
截至2014年9月 (2014-09), both SpaceX and Boeing have received contracts from NASA to complete building, testing, and flying up to six flights of human-rated space capsules to the International Space Station beginning in 2017.
In December 2010, SpaceX launched the second Falcon 9 and the first operational Dragon spacecraft. The mission was deemed fully successful, marking the first launch to space, atmospheric reentry and recovery of a capsule by a private company. Subsequent COTS missions included increasingly complex orbital tasks, culminating in Dragon first docking to the ISS in 2012.
Bigelow Aerospace develops BA 330 module (based on the former NASA TransHab design) intended to be used for activities like microgravity research, space manufacturing, and space tourism with modules serving as orbital "hotels". To promote private crewed launch efforts, Bigelow offered the US$50 million America's Space Prize for the first US-based privately funded team to launch a crewed reusable spacecraft to orbit on or before 10 January 2010; such feat is yet to be achieved 截至2018年12月 (2018-12).
The British Government partnered in 2015 with the ESA to promote a possibly commercial single-stage to orbit spaceplane concept called Skylon. This design was pioneered by the privately held Reaction Engines Limited, a company founded by Alan Bond after HOTOL was canceled.
As of 2012, private company NanoRacks provides commercial access to the US National Laboratory space on the International Space Station (ISS).  Science experiments can be conducted on a variety of standard rack-sized experimental platforms, with standard interfaces for power and data acquisition.
SpaceX announced that Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa will launch with the dearMoon crew in 2023 to become to first civilian on a lunar Starship mission.
发展计划 > On-orbit propellant depots

条目：Propellant depot
In a presentation given 15 November 2005 to the 52nd Annual Conference of the American Astronautical Society, NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin suggested that establishing an on-orbit propellant depot is, "Exactly the type of enterprise which should be left to industry and to the marketplace." At the Space Technology and Applications International Forum in 2007, Dallas Bienhoff of Boeing made a presentation detailing the benefits of propellant depots. Shackleton Energy Company has established operational plans, an extensive teaming and industrial consortium for developing LEO Propellant Depots supplied by Lunar polar sourced water ice.
发展计划 > Asteroid mining

条目：Asteroid mining
Some have speculated on the profitability of mining metal from asteroids. According to some estimates, a one kilometer-diameter asteroid would contain 30 million tons of nickel, 1.5 million tons of metal cobalt and 7,500tons of platinum; the platinum alone would have a value of more than $150 billion at 2008 terrestrial prices.
发展计划 > Space elevators

条目：Space elevator
A space elevator system is a possible launch system, currently under investigation by at least one private venture. There are concerns over cost, general feasibility and some political issues. On the plus side the potential to scale the system to accommodate traffic would (in theory) be greater than some other alternatives. Some factions contend that a space elevator — if successful — would not supplant existing launch solutions but complement them.
Non-launched efforts > Failed spaceflight ventures

After earlier first effort of OTRAG, in the 1990s the projection of a significant demand for communications satellite launches attracted the development of a number of commercial space launch providers. The launch demand largely vanished when some of the largest satellite constellations, such as 288 satellite Teledesic network, were never built.
In 1996, NASA selected Lockheed Martin Skunk Works to build the X-33 VentureStar prototype for a single stage to orbit (SSTO) reusable launch vehicle. In 1999, the subscale X-33 prototype's composite liquid hydrogen fuel tank failed during testing. At project termination on 31 March 2001, NASA had funded US$912 million of this wedge shaped spacecraft while Lockheed Martin financed US$357 million of it. The VentureStar was to have been a full-scale commercial space transport operated by Lockheed Martin.
In 1997, Beal Aerospace proposed the BA-2, a low-cost heavy-lift commercial launch vehicle. On 4 March 2000, the BA-2 project tested the largest liquid rocket engine built since the Saturn V. In October 2000, Beal Aerospace ceased operations citing a decision by NASA and the Department of Defense to commit themselves to the development of the competing government-financed EELV program.
In 1998, Rotary Rocket proposed the Roton, a Single Stage to Orbit (SSTO) piloted Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) space transport. A full scale Roton Atmospheric Test Vehicle flew three times in 1999. After spending tens of millions of dollars in development the Roton failed to secure launch contracts and Rotary Rocket ceased operations in 2001.
On 28 September 2006, Jim Benson, SpaceDev founder, announced he was founding Benson Space Company with the intention of being first to market with the safest and lowest cost suborbital personal spaceflight launches, using the vertical takeoff and horizontal landing Dream Chaser vehicle based on the NASA HL-20 Personnel Launch System vehicle.[需要更新]
Excalibur Almaz had plans in 2007 to launch a modernized TKS Spacecraft (for Almaz space station), for tourism and other uses. It was to feature the largest window ever on a spacecraft. Their equipment was never launched, and their hangar facility closed in 2016. It is to be converted into an educational exhibit.
Escape Dynamics operated from 2010 to 2015, with the goal of making single-stage to orbit spaceplanes.
In December 2012, the Golden Spike Company announced plans to privately transport space exploration participants to the surface of the Moon and return, beginning as early as 2020, for US$750 million per passenger.
XCOR Aerospace planned to initiate a suborbital commercial spaceflight service with the Lynx rocketplane in 2016 or 2017 at $95,000. The first test flights were to be conducted by 23 pilots from the Axe Apollo Space Academy, were planned for 2015.