動物祭
参考資料

↑  . trans. Peter Bing. Berkeley: University of California. 1983. ISBN 0-520-05875-5.
1 2  Flores, Diane Victoria.  (PDF). 2003  [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-04-04）.
↑  . National Geographic. 2015  [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-29）.
↑  Archaeological Institute of America. . 2016  [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-23）.
↑  Jones O'Day, Sharyn; Van Neer, Wim; Ervynck, Anton. . Oxbow Books. 2004: 35–41  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 1-84217-113-5. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  .   [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-16）.
↑  . EurekAlert!. 25 September 2020  [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Burkert (1985): 2:1:1; to some extent different animals were thought appropriate for different deities, from bulls for Zeus and Poseidon to doves for Aphrodite, Burkert (1985): 2:1:4
↑  Burkert (1985): 2:1:2
↑  Burkert (1985): 2:1:4
↑  Burkert (1985), 2:1:1, 2:1:2. For more exotic local forms of sacrifice, see the Laphria (festival), Xanthika, and Lykaia. The advantageous division of the animal was supposed to go back to Prometheus's trick on Zeus]]
↑  Struck, P.T. (2014). "Animals and Divination", In Campbell, G.L. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life, 2014, Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589425.013.019, online （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Meuli, Griechische Opferbräuche, 1946
↑  Sarah Hitch, King of Sacrifice: Ritual and Royal Authority in the Iliad, online at （页面存档备份，存于） Harvard University's Center for Hellenic Studies
↑  Chadwick, John. . New York: Cambridge University Press. 1976: 85. ISBN 978-0-521-29037-1.
↑  Burkert (1972), 6–7
↑  Halm, in Rüpke (ed), 239.
↑  Gradel, 78, 93
1 2  Scheid, in Rüpke (ed), 263–71.
↑  Though the household Lares do just that, and at least some Romans understood them to be ancestral spirits. Sacrifices to the spirits of deceased mortals are discussed below in Funerals and the afterlife.
↑  Jörg Rüpke, Religion of the Romans (Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 81 online. （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  William Warde Fowler, The Religious Experience of the Roman People (London, 1922), p. 191.
↑  Robert E.A. Palmer, "The Deconstruction of Mommsen on Festus 462/464 L, or the Hazards of Interpretation", in Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic (Franz Steiner, 1996), p. 99, note 129 online （页面存档备份，存于）; Roger D. Woodard, Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult (University of Illinois Press, 2006), p. 122 online. （页面存档备份，存于） The Augustan historian Livy (8.9.1–11) says P. Decius Mus is "like" a piaculum when he makes his vow to sacrifice himself in battle (devotio).
↑  Hahn, in Rüpke (ed), 238.
↑  Beard et al., Vol 1, 32–36.
↑  Gradel, 21: but this need not imply sacrifice as a mutual contract, breached in this instance. Evidently the gods had the greater power and freedom of choice in the matter. See Beard, et al., 34: "The gods would accept as sufficient exactly what they were offered – no more, no less." Human error in the previous annual vows and sacrifice remains a possibility.
↑  Macaulay (1904:315).
1 2  Burkert (1972), pp. 8–9, google books （页面存档备份，存于）
1 2  Zotti, Ed (ed.). . The Straight Dope.   [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-05）.
↑  Rabbi Zalman Kravitz. .   [2016-04-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-30）.
↑  .   [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.
↑  .   [2016-04-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-27）.
↑  Todd Bolen, “The Samaritan Passover” （页面存档备份，存于）, ”egrc.net”, March 2015
↑  “Christ’s Sacrifice Once for All” （页面存档备份，存于）, ”Bible Gateway”, March 2015
↑  . Vagabondjourney.com. 2011-11-26  [2014-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-02）.
↑  Book of the Law, pp. 293–94.
↑  Book of the Law, p. 293.
↑  Book of the Law, p. 199, note 2.
↑  Book of the Law, pg. 199. Unlike other Latter Day Saint organizations at this time, Strang permitted women to serve as Priests and Teachers in his priesthood.
↑  Book of the Law, pp. 295–97.
1 2 3  Juan Campo. . Infobase Publishing. 2009: 342  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  . ABC-CLIO. 2005: 132. ISBN 978-1576070895.
↑  Bongmba, Elias Kifon. . Wiley.com. : 327.
↑  Brooke, Clarke. . Journal of Cultural Geography (Taylor & Francis). 1987, 7 (2): 67–88. doi:10.1080/08873638709478508. , Quote: "Id al-Adha's lawful sacrificial offerings include the four species prescribed for Hajj sacrifice, sheep, goats, camels and cattle, and additionally, cow-like animals initialing the water buffalo, domesticated banteng and yaks. To meet market demands for sacrificial animals, pastoralists in northern Africa and southwestern Asia increased their flocks and overstocked grazing land, consequently accelerating the deterioration of biotic resources."
↑  Bowen, John R. . American Ethnologist (Wiley-Blackwell). 1992, 19 (4): 656–71. doi:10.1525/ae.1992.19.4.02a00020.
↑  Lesley Hazleton. . Bloomsbury Publishing. 2008: 41  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 978-1-59691-799-6. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Eid al-Adha 2016: When is it and why does it not fall on the same date every year? （页面存档备份，存于）, Harriet Agerholm, The Independent (6 September 2016)
↑  Zaidi, Farrah; Chen, Xue-xin. . Forensic Science International (Elsevier BV). 2011, 209 (1–3): 186–94. PMID 21330071. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.01.027.
↑  Animal Sacrifice in the World’s Largest Muslim-Majority Nation （页面存档备份，存于）, The Wall Street Journal (September 23, 2015)
1 2  Juan Campo. . Infobase Publishing. 2009: 282  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Philip J. Stewart (1979), Islamic law as a factor in grazing management: The Pilgrimage Sacrifice （页面存档备份，存于）, The Commonwealth Forestry Review, Vol. 58, No. 1 (175) (March 1979), pp. 27–31
1 2  Edward Hulmes. Ian Richard Netton , 编. . Taylor & Francis. 2013: 248–49  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 978-1-135-17967-0. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Rod Preece. . UBC Press. 2001: 202  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 978-0774807241. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Kemmerer, Lisa; Nocella, Anthony J. . Lantern Books. 2011: 60  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 978-1590562819. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Stephens, Alan Andrew; Walden, Raphael Walden. . BRILL. 2006: 69  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 9004141251. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Smith, David Whitten; Bur, Elizabeth Geraldine. . Rowman & Littlefield. January 2007: 13  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 978-0742550551. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Christopher John Fuller. . Princeton University Press. 2004: 141  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 0-691-12048-X. （原始内容存档于2019-01-07）.
1 2  Christopher John Fuller. . Princeton University Press. 2004: 46, 83–85  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 0-691-12048-X. （原始内容存档于2019-01-07）.
↑  Hardenberg, Roland.  (PDF). Journal of Social Science. 2000, 4 (4): 267  [29 September 2015]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-20）.
↑  Hillary Rodrigues 2003，第277–78頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHillary_Rodrigues2003 (help)
↑  June McDaniel 2004，第204–05頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004 (help)
↑  Ira Katznelson; Gareth Stedman Jones. . Cambridge University Press. 2010: 343  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 978-1-139-49317-8. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Hillary Rodrigues 2003，第277-278頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHillary_Rodrigues2003 (help)
↑  June McDaniel 2004，第204-205頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004 (help)
↑  Rachel Fell McDermott. . Columbia University Press. 2011: 204–05  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 978-0-231-12919-0. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  In these cases, Shaktism devotees consider animal sacrifice distasteful, practice alternate means of expressing devotion while respecting the views of others in their tradition. A statue of asura demon made of flour, or equivalent, is immolated and smeared with vermilion to remember the blood that had necessarily been spilled during the war. Other substitutes include a vegetal or sweet dish considered equivalent to the animal.
↑  Harlan, Lindsey. . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1992: 107–08  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 0-520-07339-8. （原始内容存档于2021-03-07）.
↑  Harlan, Lindsey. . Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. 2003: 45 with footnote 55, 58–59  [14 October 2016]. ISBN 978-0195154269. （原始内容存档于2021-03-07）.
↑  Hiltebeitel, Alf; Erndl, Kathleen M. . Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press. 2000: 77  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 978-0814736197. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Harlan, Lindsey. . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 1992: 61, 88  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 0-520-07339-8. （原始内容存档于2021-03-07）.
↑  Rodrigues, Hillary. . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 2003: 215  [26 October 2015]. ISBN 07914-5399-5. （原始内容存档于2020-11-08）.
↑  Gadgil, M; VD Vartak.  (PDF). Journal of the Bombay Natural History. 1975, 72 (2): 314  [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-20）.
↑  Ram Chandra, Shah.  (PDF). Humane Society International.   [29 July 2015]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-21）.
↑  Meredith, Charlotte. . Vice News. Vice Media, Inc. 29 July 2015  [29 July 2015]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-29）.
↑  Kumar Yadav, Praveen; Tripathi, Ritesh. . 29 July 2015  [26 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-27）.
↑  Olivia Lang in Bariyapur. . The Guardian (London). 2009-11-24  [2012-08-13]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-08）.
↑  . CNN. 2009-11-24  [2012-08-13]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-07）.
↑  James G. Lochtefeld. . The Rosen Publishing Group. 2002: 41  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 978-0823931798. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑   (PDF).   [2015-02-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-03-18）.
↑  Bali Today: Love and social life By Jean Couteau, Jean Couteau, et al. p.129 .   [2015-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-20）.
↑  Indonesia Handbook, 3rd, Joshua Eliot, Liz Capaldi, & Jane Bickersteth, (Footprint – Travel Guides) 2001 p. 450 Eliot, Joshua; Capaldi, Liz; Bickersteth, Jane. . 2001. ISBN 1900949512.
1 2  Bhattacharya, Aritra. . The Quint (The Quint). 6 November 2018  [24 May 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-24）.
↑  Herbert Plutschow. . Anthropoetics. 1996  [2021-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-24） （英语）. As we have learned above, Shang dynasty sacrifice consisted in humans and animals and, to a lesser extent, wine and food (millet), and sometimes, as practiced later in Japan, tools, weapons and clothing. Sacrificial animals included dogs (traditionally interpreted as guides for the spirits, to help them during their hunts), and also sheep, oxen and pigs.
↑  . 搜狐文化.   [2021-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16）. 汉高祖刘邦过鲁，以“太牢”祭祀孔子，开历代帝王祭孔之先河。
↑  .   [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-31）.
↑  .   [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-06）.
↑  .   [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2010-04-22）.
↑  .   [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-29）.
↑  .   [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-13）.
↑  .   [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-05）.
↑  .   [2021-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-12）.
↑  Utagawa, Hiroshi. "The "sending-back" rite in Ainu culture （页面存档备份，存于）." Japanese Journal of Religious Studies (1992): 255–70.
↑  Marie-Jose Alcide Saint-Lot. . Educa Vision Inc. 2003: 14  [2021-07-21]. ISBN 978-1584321774. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.
↑  Insoll, T. Talensi Animal Sacrifice and its Archaeological Implications, pp. 231–34
↑  泥仔. . DQ地球圖輯隊. 2019-08-29  [2021-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-24） （中文）.
↑  李靖棠. . 上報. 2019-03-07  [2021-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-24） （中文）.
↑  Murra, John V. . 美国人类学家. 1962, 64 (4): 714.
↑  . 原住民族委員會.   [2021-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-22） （中文）. 在部落中有一種力量，就如泰雅的gaga一樣，太魯閣叫做gaya。Gaya是家與部落的中心，每一個成員都必須嚴格遵守的，否則一人違規全家或全部落都會遭殃的。  這種力量像是一種規訓，如果不遵守就會觸犯禁忌、受到祖先的懲罰，這時必須殺豬來解除。其內容各gaya間會略有不同，但大抵來說都是道德上的訓誡，如不可口出穢言、要參與部落活動等等。