前伊斯兰时期的阿拉伯
参考资料

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↑  Yaqut. . 1959. ISBN 978-9004082687. Hagar is the name of Bahrain and its capital Hagar destroyed by Qarmatians
↑  Gerrha, The Ancient City Of International Trade جره مدينة التجارة العالمية القديمة
↑  Larsen, Curtis (1983). Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46906-9.
↑  Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society By Curtis E. Larsen p. 13
1 2  Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography By Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, page 119
↑  Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren, Historical Researches Into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity, Henry Bohn, 1854 p38
↑  Arnold Heeren, ibid, p441
↑  See Ares, Ares in the Arabian Peninsula section
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↑  Jean Francois Salles in Traces of Paradise: The Archaeology of Bahrain, 2500BC-300AD in Michael Rice, Harriet Crawford Ed, IB Tauris, 2002 p132
↑  Jean Francois Salles p132
↑  Curtis E. Larsen. Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society University Of Chicago Press, 1984 p13
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↑  Rice, Michael. . Routledge. 1994: 20. ISBN 978-0-415-03268-1.
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1 2  Bahrain By Federal Research Division, page 7
↑  Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam, Routledge 2001p28
↑  Conflict and Cooperation: Zoroastrian Subalterns and Muslim Elites in ... By Jamsheed K. Choksy, 1997, page 75
↑  Strong's Hebrew and Aramaic Dictionary of Bible Words
1 2  "Nestorian Christianity in the Pre-Islamic UAE and Southeastern Arabia" （页面存档备份，存于）, Peter Hellyer, Journal of Social Affairs, volume 18, number 72, winter 2011, p. 88
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↑  Nebes, Norbert. "Epigraphic South Arabian", Encyclopaedia: D-Ha pp. 334; Leonid Kogan and Andrey Korotayev: Ṣayhadic Languages (Epigraphic South Arabian) // Semitic Languages. London: Routledge, 1997, p. 157–183.
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↑  Munro-Hay, Aksum, p. 72.
↑  Yule, Paul, A Late Antique christian king from Ẓafār, southern Arabia, Antiquity 87, 2013, 1124-35.
↑  [古兰经 7:73

]
↑  [古兰经 11:61

]
↑  [古兰经 26:141

]
↑  [古兰经 54:23

]
↑  [古兰经 89:6

]
↑  [古兰经 91:11

]
↑  . : DNa inscription Line 27  [2020-05-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-12） （英语）.
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↑  History of Arabia – Kindah （页面存档备份，存于）. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
↑  Le Muséon, 3-4, 1953, P.296, Bulletin Of The School Of Oriental And African Studies, University Of London, Vol., Xvi, Part: 3, 1954, P.434, Ryckmans 508
↑  Blench 2010，第4–5頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBlench2010 (幫助)
↑  Blench 2010 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBlench2010 (幫助)
↑  McNutt 2003，第43頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMcNutt2003 (幫助)
↑  Bosworth, Heinrichs & Donzel 2003，第814頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBosworthHeinrichsDonzel2003 (幫助)
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1 2  Parolin, Gianluca P. . 2009: 30. ISBN 978-9089640451.  "The 'arabicised or arabicising Arabs', on the contrary, are believed to be the descendants of Ishmael through Adnan, but in this case the genealogy does not match the Biblical line exactly. The label 'arabicised' is due to the belief that Ishmael spoke Hebrew until he got to Mecca, where he married a Yemeni woman and learnt Arabic. Both genealogical lines go back to Sem, son of Noah, but only Adnanites can claim Abraham as their ascendant, and the lineage of Mohammed, the Seal of Prophets (khatim al-anbiya'), can therefore be traced back to Abraham. Contemporary historiography unveiled the lack of inner coherence of this genealogical system and demonstrated that it finds insufficient matching evidence; the distinction between Qahtanites and Adnanites is even believed to be a product of the Umayyad Age, when the war of factions (al-niza al-hizbi) was raging in the young Islamic Empire."
↑  Reuven Firestone. . 1990: 72  [2020-05-18]. ISBN 9780791403310. （原始内容存档于2020-09-15）.
↑  Göran Larsson. . 2003: 170. ISBN 978-9004127401.
↑  . （原始内容存档于2019-11-16）. That Manicheism went further on to the Arabian peninsula, up to the Hejaz and Mecca, where it could have possibly contributed to the formation of the doctrine of Islam, cannot be proven. A detailed description of Manichean traces in the Arabian-speaking regions is given by Tardieu (1994).
↑  .
1 2  Liska, George. . Rowman & Littlefield. 1998: 170  [2018-02-08]. ISBN 9780847686797.
↑  
Compare:
Ibrahim, Hayder. . . Studien zur Kulturkunde 49. Steiner. 1979: 7  [2018-02-08]. ISBN 9783515029070. There was a continuous migration from Arabia to the neighbouring regions, because the Arabian peninsula was overpopulated and lacked resources and periodic drought drove the people out of the region. [...] The overflow of migration accelerated during the Islamic expansion [...].
↑  "Bury, John.", "A history of the later Roman empire: from Arcadius to Irene.", "(New York: 1889)", "401"
↑  Sicker, Martin, "The Pre-Islamic Middle East", (Connecticut:2000), 201.
↑  Egger, Vernon, "Origins" in "A History of the Muslim World to 1405: The Making of a Civilization", "(New Jersey: 2005)", "10"
↑  Ware, Timothy, "The Orthodox Church", (New York:1997), 67–69
↑  "Bowersock", "Brown", and "Grabar", ""Alphabetical Guide" in Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Post-Classical World", "(Cambridge: 2000)", "469".
↑  "Singh, Nagendra", "International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties", "(India: 2005)", "75"
↑  Egger, 2005, 33