固定的星星
參考資料

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↑  Pedersen, Olaf. . Pihl, Mogens. London: MacDonald and Janes. 1974: 65–67. ISBN 0-356-04122-0. OCLC 1094297.
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↑  Case, Stephen. . Mercury. Summer 2013, 42: 29–31 –Academia.
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↑  Heath, Thomas. . London: The Macmillan Company. 1920: 41.
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1 2  Carrol, Bradley and Ostlie, Dale, An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, Second Edition, Addison-Wesley, San Francisco, 2007. pp. 4
↑  Bruce S. Eastwood, Ordering the Heavens: Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance (Leiden: Brill, 2007), pp. 238-9.
↑  Margaret Deanesly, A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911 (New York: Routledge, 2020).
↑  "The most elucidating approach to Martianus is through his fortuna (Stahl 1965, p. 105).
1 2  Pedersen, Olaf. . Pihl, Mogens. London: MacDonald and Janes. 1974: 303–307. ISBN 0-356-04122-0. OCLC 1094297.
1 2 3  Christianson, J. R. (John Robert). . Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 2000: 122-123. ISBN 0-521-65081-X. OCLC 41419611.
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↑  Moore, Patrick.  Rev. New York: Scribner. 1976. ISBN 0-684-14924-9. OCLC 2967962.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
↑  Hesiod, Theogony 517–520
↑  Most of Anaximander's model of the Universe comes from pseudo-Plutarch (II, 20–28):
"[The Sun] is a circle twenty-eight times as big as the Earth, with the outline similar to that of a fire-filled chariot wheel, on which appears a mouth in certain places and through which it exposes its fire, as through the hole on a flute. [...] the Sun is equal to the Earth, but the circle on which it breathes and on which it's borne is twenty-seven times as big as the whole earth. [...] [The eclipse] is when the mouth from which comes the fire heat is closed. [...] [The Moon] is a circle nineteen times as big as the whole earth, all filled with fire, like that of the Sun".
↑  Thurston, Hugh. . New York: Springer-Verlag New York. 1994: 111. ISBN 0-387-94107-X.
↑  Sider, D. . Classical Philology. 1973, 68 (2): 128–129. JSTOR 269068. S2CID 161940013. doi:10.1086/365951.
↑  Curd, Patricia. . 扎尔塔, 爱德华·N  (编). . 2019.
↑  Yavetz, Ido. . Archive for History of Exact Sciences. February 1998, 52 (3): 222–225. Bibcode:1998AHES...52..222Y. JSTOR 41134047. S2CID 121186044. doi:10.1007/s004070050017.
↑  Pedersen, Olaf. . Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. 1993. ISBN 0-521-40340-5.
↑  Thurston, Hugh. . New York: Springer-Verlag New York. 1994: 118. ISBN 0-387-94107-X.
↑  Heath (1920，第302]頁)
↑  Hirshfeld, Alan W. . The Mathematics Teacher. 2004, 97 (4): 228–231. ISSN 0025-5769. JSTOR 20871578. doi:10.5951/MT.97.4.0228.
↑  Archimedes, The Sand Reckoner 511 R U, by Ilan Vardi, accessed 28-II-2007.
↑  Arenarius, I., 4–7
↑  Russo, Lucio. . Berlin: Springer. 2004: 68. ISBN 3-540-20396-6. OCLC 52945835.
↑  G. J. Toomer, "Hipparchus on the distances of the sun and moon," Archive for History of Exact Sciences 14 (1974), 126–142.
↑  North, John. . New York: W.W.Norton & Company, Inc. 1995: 115. ISBN 0-393-03656-1.
↑  Lindberg, David C. . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1992: 251. ISBN 978-0-226-48231-6.
↑  Van Helden, Albert. . Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 1985: 28–40. ISBN 978-0-226-84882-2.
↑  . projects.iq.harvard.edu.   [2022-11-05] （英语）.
1 2  Gilbert, William. . . 由Mottelay, P. Fleury翻译. (Facsimile). New York: Dover Publications. 1893. ISBN 0-486-26761-X.
↑  Kennedy, E. S. . Isis. 1986-06-01, 77 (2): 371–372. ISSN 0021-1753. doi:10.1086/354184.
↑  Bray, Oliver.  1. archive.org: London Printed for the Viking Club. 1908.
↑  Lindow, John. . books.google.com: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 9780199839698.
↑  Colum, Padaric. . Guternberg Project: Gutenberg Project eBook. March 2, 2008: 62–69.
↑  Khan, Charles. . New York: Columbia University Press. 1960: 84–85. ISBN 9780231903349.
↑  Hellyer, Marcus (编). . Blackwell Essential Readings in History 7. John Wiley & Sons. 2008: 63. ISBN 9780470754771. The Puritan Thomas Digges (1546–1595?) was the earliest Englishman to offer a defense of the Copernican theory. ... Accompanying Digges's account is a diagram of the universe portraying the heliocentric system surrounded by the orb of fixed stars, described by Digges as infinitely extended in all dimensions.
↑  Bruno, Giordano. . . （原始内容存档于27 April 2012）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
↑  Galileo Galilei, Sidereus Nuncius (Venice, (Italy): Thomas Baglioni, 1610), pages 15 and 16. 的存檔，存档日期March 16, 2016，.

English translation: Galileo Galilei with Edward Stafford Carlos, trans., The Sidereal Messenger (London: Rivingtons, 1880), pages 42 and 43. 的存檔，存档日期December 2, 2012，.
↑  . Online Etymology Dictionary.   [2 May 2022]. （原始内容存档于18 March 2022）.
↑  Henderson, Thomas. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1839, 4 (19): 168–170. Bibcode:1839MNRAS...4..168H. doi:10.1093/mnras/4.19.168 .
↑  John R. Percy. . Cambridge University Press. 2007: 21. ISBN 978-0-521-23253-1.
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↑  Peter Schneider. . Springer. 2006: 84, §2.6.5. ISBN 3-540-33174-3.
↑  Christopher De Pree; Alan Axelrod.  3rd. Alpha Books. 2004: 198. ISBN 1-59257-219-7.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
↑  Huggins, W. . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1868, 158: 529–564. Bibcode:1868RSPT..158..529H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1868.0022.
↑  Ferraro, Rafael. . Foundations of Physics. 2017, 47 (1): 71. Bibcode:2017FoPh...47...71F. S2CID 254514108. arXiv:1801.00676 . doi:10.1007/s10701-016-0042-7.
↑  Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz; Samuel Clarke; Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr von Leibniz; Robert Gavin Alexander. . Manchester University Press. 1956. ISBN 978-0-7190-0669-2.
↑  Mach, Ernst; McCormack, Translated by Thomas J. . 2013. Bibcode:2013scme.book.....M.
↑  Einstein, Albert. . Vierteljahrschrift FÜR Gerichtliche Medizin und ÖFfentliches SanitÄTswesen. 1912, 44: 37. Bibcode:1912VMed...44...37E.
↑  Einstein, A. . . 2005: 8–64. ISBN 9783527406098. doi:10.1002/3527608958.ch2.
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↑  Einstein, A. . Annalen der Physik. 1918, 360 (4): 241. Bibcode:1918AnP...360..241E. doi:10.1002/andp.19183600402.
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：各地 :  德国 
地心模型所描述的複雜性。
尼古拉斯·哥白尼的De revolutionibus orbium coelestium。紐倫堡，1543年；哥白尼作品的列印副本。根據他的宇宙理論，展示了以太陽為中心，外部為「靜止恒星」球體的宇宙模型。
《新哲學世界》中的日心宇宙（關於我們地下世界的新哲學），歸因於威廉·吉爾伯特（英語：），1631年（死後）。文中寫道：「太陽能量之球外的恆星，或以滲出物的形式，不會被太陽移動，但對我們來說似乎是固定的。」
恆星視差效應的原理，以及將一個秒差距定義為距離單位（圖未按比例）。
從太陽系（圖未按比例）看到的遙遠運動天體的自行和速度分量之間的關係。
都卜勒紅移和藍移。