先天与后天
參考資料

↑  中山大学中文系. 《古汉语基础知识》编写组. . 广东人民出版社. 1979: 107  [2020-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-01） （中文）.
↑  李盟编,DNA密码,中国言实出版社,2012.04,第133页
↑  In English at least since Shakespeare (The Tempest 4.1: a born devil, on whose nature nurture can never stick) and Richard Barnfield (Nature and nurture once together met / The soule and shape in decent order set.); in the 18th century used by Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke (Roach v. Garvan, "I appointed therefore the mother guardian, who is properly so by nature and nurture, where there is no testamentary guardian.")
↑  Schechter, D.S., & Willheim, E. (2009).  Disturbances of attachment and parental psychopathology in early childhood.   Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health Issue.  Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 18(3), 665-87.
↑  Grienenberger, J., Kelly, K. & Slade, A. (2005). Maternal Reflective Functioning, Mother-Infant Affective Communication and Infant Attachment: Exploring The Link Between Mental States and Observed Caregiving. Attachment and Human Development, 7, 299-311.
↑  Lieberman, A.F.; Padrón, E.; Van Horn, P.; Harris, W.W. . Infant Ment. Health J. 2005, 26 (6): 504–20. PMID 28682485. doi:10.1002/imhj.20071.
↑  Flaherty, Serena Cherry; Sadler, Lois S. . Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 1 March 2011, 25 (2): 114–121. PMC 3051370 . PMID 21320683. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2010.02.005.
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↑  Craven, Hamilton. 1978. The Triumph of Evolution: The Heredity-Environment Controversy, 1900–1941: "While it would be inaccurate to say that most American experimentalists concluded as the result of the general acceptance of Mendelism by 1910 or so that heredity was all powerful and environment of no consequence, it was nevertheless true that heredity occupied a much more prominent place than environment in their writings."
↑  Watson, John B. 1930. Behaviorism. p. 82.
↑  阿什利·蒙塔古. 1968. Man and Aggression, cited by Pinker, Steven. 2002. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Penguin. ISBN 1501264338. p. 24.
↑  Hall, Calvin S. 1951. "The Genetics of Behavior." Pp. 304–29 in Handbook of Experimental Psychology, edited by S. S. Stevens. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
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↑  Meaney M. 2004. "The nature of nurture: maternal effects and chromatin remodelling." In Essays in Social Neuroscience, edited by J. T. Cacioppo and G. G. Berntson. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-03323-2.
↑  Pinker (2002), pp. 435–439.
↑  Kohn, A. (2008) The Brighter Side of Human Nature. Basic Books. ISBN 078672465X
↑  Harris, Judith Rich. . Simon and Schuster. 24 February 2009: 21–  [2021-01-07]. ISBN 978-1-4391-0165-0. （原始内容存档于2020-08-06）.
↑  A position not actually taken by the author, but apparently it was feared that "lay readers" would still interpret the book in this way, as in  "Will it free some to mistreat their kids, since 'it doesn't matter'?", with this fear being attributed to "psychologist Frank Farley of Temple University, president of the APA division that honored Harris" by Begley, Sharon. . Newsweek. 1998-09-29  [2021-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-03）.
↑  Pinker, Steven. . Pinker.wjh.harvard.edu.   [2011-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-10）.
1 2  Pinker, Steven. 2002. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (1st ed.). Viking Press. ISBN 978-0670031511. Lay summary.
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↑  《母親的教誨》，節選自胡適《四十自述》
↑  Association for Psychological Science. . ScienceDaily. 2010-06-22.
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↑  Sincero, Sarah Mae. . Explorable.com.   [2017-05-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-07） （英语）.
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↑  Martin Humburg. . 2012.
↑  Xicheng Wen, Yuhui Zhao, Yucheng T. Yang, Shiwei Wang, Xinyu Cao. . Front. Psychol. 29 April 2021, 12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641333.
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↑  S R Woolfenden, K Williams, J Peat. . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001, 2  [2021-01-09]. PMID 11406062. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003015. （原始内容存档于2021-01-11）.