行星状星云
引文來源

Aller, Lawrence H.; Hyung, Siek, , Kwok, Sun; Dopita, Michael; Sutherland, Ralph  (编), , International Astronomical Union Symposium 209, Canberra, Australia: Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 15, 2003, Bibcode:2003IAUS..209...15A
Allison, Mark, , Birkhäuser: 56–8, 2006, ISBN 978-1-84628-190-7
Bowen, I. S., , Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, October 1927, 39: 295–7, Bibcode:1927PASP...39..295B, doi:10.1086/123745
Frankowski, Adam; Soker, Noam, , New Astronomy, November 2009, 14 (8): 654–8, Bibcode:2009NewA...14..654F, arXiv:0903.3364 , doi:10.1016/j.newast.2009.03.006, A planetary nebula (PN) is an expanding ionized circumstellar cloud that was ejected during the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase of the stellar progenitor.
Frew, David J.; Parker, Quentin A., , Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, May 2010, 27 (2): 129–148, Bibcode:2010PASA...27..129F, arXiv:1002.1525 , doi:10.1071/AS09040
Gurzadyan, Grigor A., , Springer, 1997, ISBN 978-3-540-60965-0
Harpaz, Amos, , A K Peters, Ltd., 1994, ISBN 978-1-56881-012-6
Hora, Joseph L.; Latter, William B.; Allen, Lori E.; Marengo, Massimo; Deutsch, Lynne K.; Pipher, Judith L., , Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, September 2004, 154 (1): 296–301, Bibcode:2004ApJS..154..296H, doi:10.1086/422820
, Hubblesite.org, December 17, 1997  [2008-08-09], （原始内容存档于2010-04-01）
Huggins, W.; Miller, W. A., , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1864, 154: 437–44, Bibcode:1864RSPT..154..437H, doi:10.1098/rstl.1864.0013
Jacoby, George. H.; Ferland, Gary. J.; Korista, Kirk T., , The Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 560 (1): 272–86, Bibcode:2001ApJ...560..272J, doi:10.1086/322489
Jordan, S.; Werner, K.; O'Toole, S. J., , Astronomy & Astrophysics, March 2005, 432 (1): 273–9, Bibcode:2005A&A...432..273J, arXiv:astro-ph/0501040 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041993
Kiss, L. L.; Szabó, Gy. M.; Balog, Z.; Parker, Q. A.; Frew, D. J., , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, November 2008, 391 (1): 399–404, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.391..399K, arXiv:0809.0327 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13899.x
Krause, Arthur, , Oliver and Boyd: 187, 1961
Kwok, Sun, , Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-62313-8  (Chapter 1 can be downloaded here.)
Kwok, Sun, , Journal of the Korean Astronomical Society, June 2005, 38 (2): 271–8, Bibcode:2005JKAS...38..271K, doi:10.5303/JKAS.2005.38.2.271
Kwok, Sun; Su, Kate Y. L., , The Astrophysical Journal, December 2005, 635 (1): L49–52, Bibcode:2005ApJ...635L..49K, doi:10.1086/499332, We report the discovery of multiple two-dimensional rings in the quadrupolar planetary nebula NGC 6881. As many as four pairs of rings are seen in the bipolar lobes, and three rings are seen in the central torus. While the rings in the lobes have the same axis as one pair of the bipolar lobes, the inner rings are aligned with the other pair. The two pairs of bipolar lobes are likely to be carved out by two separate high-velocity outflows from the circumstellar material left over from the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) wind. The two-dimensional rings could be the results of dynamical instabilities or the consequence of a fast outflow interacting with remnants of discrete AGB circumstellar shells.
Kwok, Sun; Koning, Nico; Huang, Hsiu-Hui; Churchwell, Edward, Barlow, M. J.; Méndez, R. H. , 编, , Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Symposium #234, Planetary Nebulae in our Galaxy and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2006, 2 (S234): 445–6, Bibcode:2006IAUS..234..445K, doi:10.1017/S1743921306003668, Planetary nebulae (PNs) have high dust content and radiate strongly in the infrared. For young PNs, the dust component accounts for ∼1/3 of the total energy output of the nebulae (Zhang & Kwok 1991). The typical color temperatures of PNs are between 100 and 200 K, and at λ >5 μm, dust begins to dominate over bound-free emission from the ionized component. Although PNs are traditionally discovered through examination of photographic plates or Hα surveys, PNs can also be identified in infrared surveys by searching for red objects with a rising spectrum between 4–10 μm.
Liu, X.-W.; Storey, P. J.; Barlow, M. J.; Danziger, I. J.; Cohen, M.; Bryce, M., , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, March 2000, 312 (3): 585–628, Bibcode:2000MNRAS.312..585L, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03167.x
Maciel, W. J.; Costa, R. D. D.; Idiart, T. E. P., , Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, October 2009, 45: 127–37, Bibcode:2009RMxAA..45..127M, arXiv:0904.2549 , These objects are produced by low and intermediate mass stars, with main sequence masses roughly between 0.8 and 8 M⊙, and present a reasonably large age and metallicity spread.
Majaess, D. J.; Turner, D.; Lane, D., , Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, December 2007, 119 (862): 1349–60, Bibcode:2007PASP..119.1349M, arXiv:0710.2900 , doi:10.1086/524414
Marochnik, L.S.; Shukurov, Anwar; Yastrzhembsky, Igor, , , Taylor & Francis: 6–10, 1996, ISBN 978-2-88124-931-0
Mermilliod, J.-C.; Clariá, J. J.; Andersen, J.; Piatti, A. E.; Mayor, M., , Astronomy and Astrophysics, August 2001, 375 (1): 30–9, Bibcode:2001A&A...375...30M, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010845
Miszalski, B.; Jones, D.; Rodríguez-Gil, P.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Corradi, R. L. M.; Santander-García, M., , Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2011, 531: A158, Bibcode:2011A&A...531A.158M, arXiv:1105.5731 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117084
Moore, S. L., , Journal of the British Astronomical Association, October 2007, 117 (5): 279–80, Bibcode:2007JBAA..117R.279M
Morris, M., , Mennessier, M.O.; Omont, Alain  (编), , Montpellier, France, September 4–7, 1989 IAP astrophysics meeting: Atlantica Séguier Frontières: 526–30, 1990, ISBN 978-2-86332-077-8
Osterbrock, Donald E.; Ferland, G. J., Ferland, G. J. , 编, , University Science Books, 2005, ISBN 978-1-891389-34-4
Parker, Quentin A.; Acker, A.; Frew, D. J.; Hartley, M.; Peyaud, A. E. J.; Ochsenbein, F.; Phillipps, S.; Russeil, D.; Beaulieu, S. F.; Cohen, M.; Köppen, J.; Miszalski, B.; Morgan, D. H.; Morris, R. A. H.; Pierce, M. J.; Vaughan, A. E., , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, November 2006, 373 (1): 79–94, Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373...79P, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10950.x
Parker, Quentin A.; Frew, David J.; Miszalski, B.; Kovacevic, Anna V.; Frinchaboy, Peter.; Dobbie, Paul D.; Köppen, J., , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, May 2011, 413 (3): 1835–1844, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.413.1835P, arXiv:1101.3814 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18259.x
Reed, Darren S.; Balick, Bruce; Hajian, Arsen R.; Klayton, Tracy L.; Giovanardi, Stefano; Casertano, Stefano; Panagia, Nino; Terzian, Yervant, , Astronomical Journal, November 1999, 118 (5): 2430–41, Bibcode:1999AJ....118.2430R, arXiv:astro-ph/9907313 , doi:10.1086/301091
Soker, Noam, , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, February 2002, 330 (2): 481–6, Bibcode:2002MNRAS.330..481S, arXiv:astro-ph/0107554 , doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05105.x
, SpaceDaily Express, January 6, 2005  [October 18, 2009], （原始内容存档于2009-06-18）, Source: Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
Rees, B.; Zijlstra, A.A., , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, July 2013, 435 (2): 975–991, Bibcode:2013MNRAS.435..975R, arXiv:1307.5711 , doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1300
, SEDS, September 9, 2013  [2013-11-10], （原始内容存档于2013-11-10）