福音书历史可靠性
参考资料

1 2 3  Sanders, E. P. . Penguin. 1993  [2017-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-01）.
↑  Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology," Theological Studies 54 (1993) p. 5,
1 2  Charles H. Talbert, What Is a Gospel?
↑  In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, Bart Ehrman (a secular agnostic) wrote: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees" B. Ehrman, 2011 Forged : writing in the name of God ISBN 978-0-06-207863-6. page 285
↑  Robert M. Price (an atheist) who denies the existence of Jesus agrees that this perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars: Robert M. Price "Jesus at the Vanishing Point" in The Historical Jesus: Five Views edited by James K. Beilby & Paul Rhodes Eddy, 2009 InterVarsity, ISBN 0830838686 page 61
↑  Michael Grant (a classicist) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." in Jesus by Michael Grant 2004 ISBN 1898799881 page 200
↑  Richard A. Burridge states: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all.
↑  Powell, Mark Allan. . 1998. ISBN 0-664-25703-8.
↑  Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 339 states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".
↑  Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus by William R. Herzog (Jul 4, 2005) ISBN 0664225284 pages 1-6
↑  Crossan, John Dominic. . HarperOne. 1995: 145. ISBN 0-06-061662-8. That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus...agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.
↑  James G. D. Dunn, Jesus Remembered, (Eerdmans, 2003) page 779-781.
↑  Bruce M. Metzger's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: Luke 24:51 is missing in some important early witnesses, Acts 1 varies between the Alexandrian and Western versions.
↑  Bart D. Ehrman: Misquoting Jesus - The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why, p. 90 (review) （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  The Gospel of Matthew claims, the title Nazarene for Jesus was derived from the prophecy "He will be called a Nazorean" (Matthew 2:22-23), despite the lack of any Old Testament source （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  "Historicity", The Oxford English Dictionary （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Craig L. Blomberg, Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey (2nd Edition).425.
↑  Paul Rhodes Eddy & Gregory A. Boyd, The Jesus Legend:A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. (2008, Baker Academic).309-262.
↑  Craig L. Blomberg, Historical Reliability of the Gospels (1986, Inter-Varsity Press).19-72.
↑  Paul Rhodes Eddy & Gregory A. Boyd, The Jesus Legend:A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. (2008, Baker Academic).237-308.
↑  Craig L. Blomberg, Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey (2nd Edition).424.
↑  Graham Stanton, Jesus and Gospel. p.192.
↑  Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN 0-86012-006-6 pages 730-741
↑  Examples of authors who argue the Jesus myth hypothesis: Thomas L. Thompson The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David  (Jonathan Cape, Publisher, 2006); Michael Martin, The Case Against Christianity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 36–72; John Mackinnon Robertson
↑  Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses. 117.
↑  James D.G. Dunn, "Messianic Ideas and Their Influence on the Jesus of History," in The Messiah, ed.
↑  Norman Perrin, Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus 43.
↑  Christopher Tuckett, "Sources and Method" in The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. ed.
↑  Meier, John P., A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Doubleday: 1991. vol 1: pp. 168–171.
↑  Bart D. Ehrman, The New Testament:A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings.194-5.
↑  Bart D. Ehrman, The New Testament:A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings.193.
↑  Stanley E. Porter, The Criteria for Authenticity in Historical-Jesus Research: previous discussion and new proposals.127.
↑  Ehrman 2004, pp. 479-480
1 2  Complete photographic facsimile in Allen, T. W., Codex Oxoniensis Clarkianus 39 Phototypice editus, 2 vols.
↑  Howell, Martha C.; Prevenier, Walter. . Cornell University Press. 2001: 19. ISBN 0-8014-8560-6. Historians must thus always consider the conditions under which a source was produced—the intentions that motivated it—but they must not assume that such knowledge tells them all they need to know about its “reliability.” They must also consider the historical context in which it was produced—the events that preceded it, and those that followed.
↑  Willker, Wieland. . 17 April 2008. （原始内容存档于2014年3月12日）.
↑  Peter, Kirby. . 2001–2007  [2008-01-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-01-15）.
↑  Achtemeier, Paul J. .  4. New York, New York: Doubleday: 545. 1992. ISBN 0-385-19362-9.
↑  M.G. Easton, Easton's Bible Dictionary (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1996, c1897), "Luke, Gospel According To"
↑  Meier, John P.  2. New York, New York: Doubleday. 1991: 955–6. ISBN 0-385-46993-4.
↑  Helms, Randel. . Altadena, California: Millennium Press. 1997: 8. ISBN 0-9655047-2-7.
1 2  Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible.
↑  Bart Ehrman - The History of the Bible: The Making of the New Testament Canon The Teaching Company, Lesson 12.
↑  Carr, David M.; Conway, Colleen M. . John Wiley & Sons. 8 March 2010: 233  [2017-03-01]. ISBN 978-1-4051-6738-3. （原始内容存档于2017-02-15）.
↑  "The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus" "Jesus Christ."
↑  Mark Allan Powell (editor), The New Testament Today, p. 50 (Westminster John Knox Press, 1999).
↑  Stanley E, Porter (editor), Handbook to Exegisis of the New Testament, p. 68 (Leiden, 1997).
↑  '[A]s the earliest Gospel, [Mark] is the primary source of information about the ministry of Jesus.'
↑  Mack, Burton L “Who Wrote the New Testament: The Making of the Christian Myth” (Harper Collins)
↑  "Messianic secret."
↑  "Wrede, William."
↑  "Mark, Gospel of St." Cross, F. L., ed.
↑  Bernd Kollmann, Joseph Barnabas (Liturgical Press, 2004), page 30.
↑  Eusebius. . Kregel Academic. 2007  [2017-03-01]. ISBN 9780825494888. （原始内容存档于2019-08-15） （英语）.
↑  F. L. Cross & E. A. Livingstone, The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 1989 pp. 874-875
↑  Thomas Patrick Halton, On illustrious men, Volume 100 of Fathers of the Church, CUA Press, 1999 pp.17-19  and the Early Church Fathers （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Senior, Donald P. . Ferguson, Everett  (编).  2nd. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. 1998: 719. ISBN 0-8153-3319-6.
↑  Funk, Robert W.; Hoover, Roy W.; The Jesus Seminar. . New York, New York: Macmillan. 1993. ISBN 0-02-541949-8.
↑  Crossan, John Dominic. . San Francisco, California: HarperSanFrancisco. 1991. ISBN 0-06-061629-6.
↑  Eisenman, Robert H. . Penguin Books. 1998: 56. ISBN 0-14-025773-X.
1 2  Bauckham, Richard.  (PDF).   [21 March 2015]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）.
↑  C. E. B. Cranfield, The Gospel According to St Mark, page 250 (Cambridge University Press, 1959).
↑  Dennis Nineham, The Gospel of St Mark, pages 40, 203 (New York: Seabury, 1968).
↑  Mary Healy, The Gospel of Mark (Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture), page 146 (Baker Academic, 2008).
1 2  "Matthew, Gospel acc. to St." Cross, F. L., ed.
↑  'The clearest cases of invention are in the birth narratives.'
↑  "Numerous textual indications point to an author who was a Jewish Christian writing for Christians of similar background."
↑  Ehrman 2004, p. 110 and Harris 1985 both specify a range c. 80-85; Gundry 1982, Hagner 1993, and Blomberg 1992 argue for a date before 70.
↑  The Gospel of Matthew （页面存档备份，存于） p 1
↑  .   [2017-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-20）.
↑  Harrington, Daniel J. (1991).
↑  James R. Edwards, The Hebrew Gospel & the Development of the Synoptic Tradition, 2009 Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co, 2009. pp 121
↑  "Luke will have been composed in a large city west of Palestine."
↑  '[T]he order to proclaim the good news of salvation to all the nations must be struck out from the list of the authentic sayings of Jesus.'
↑  "Introduction to the New Testament", chapter on Luke, by D. Carson and D. Moo, Zondervan Books (2005)
↑  Brown, Raymond E. . New York: Anchor Bible. 1997: 226. ISBN 0-385-24767-2.
↑  Meier, John P., A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus.
↑  Guthrie, Donald. .  third. Downer's Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. 1970: 340–345. ISBN 0-87784-953-6.
↑  Horrell, DG, An Introduction to the study of Paul, T&T Clark, 2006, 2nd Ed.,p.7; cf.
↑  on linguistics, see A. Kenny, A stylometric Study of the New Testament (1986).
↑  F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles (1952), p2.
↑  Aune, David. . : 243.
↑  'John, however, is so different that it cannot be reconciled with the Synoptics except in very general ways (e.g., Jesus lived in Palestine, taught, healed, was crucified and raised).
↑  . Encyclopedia Britannica.   [2017-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-06-05） （英语）.
↑  Brown, Raymond E. . New York: Anchor Bible. 1997: 164. ISBN 0-385-24767-2.
↑  Bruce, F.F. The New Testament Documents: Are they Reliable? p.7
1 2  Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus, Ch 3, (2005)
↑  Guy D. Nave, The role and function of repentance in Luke-Acts,p. 194
↑  Feminist companion to the New Testament and early Christian writings, Volume 5, by Amy-Jill Levine, Marianne Blickenstaff, pg. 175
↑  . Bible.org.   [2009-10-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-28）.
↑  Keith, Chris. . Currents in Biblical Research. 2008, 6 (3): 377–404. doi:10.1177/1476993X07084793.
↑  Bruce Metzger "A Textual Commentary on the New Testament", Second Edition, 1994, German Bible Society
↑  K. Aland and B. Aland, "The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions & to the Theory & Practice of Modern Textual Criticism", 1995, op. cit., p. 29-30.
↑  Heide, K. Martin. . Stewart, Robert B.  (编). . Fortress Press. 2011: 134–138, 157–158. ISBN 9780800697730.
↑  Brown, Raymond Edward. . Yale University Press. 1999-05-18: 36. ISBN 0-300-14008-8.
↑  W.D Davies and E. P. Sanders, 'Jesus from the Jewish point of view', in The Cambridge History of Judaism ed William Horbury, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984.
↑  Vermes, Géza. . Penguin Books Ltd. 2006-11-02: 64. ISBN 0-14-102446-1.
↑  Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus.
↑  Marcus Borg, 'The Meaning of the Birth Stories' in Marcus Borg, N T Wright, The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions (Harper One, 1999) page 179: "I (and most mainline scholars) do not see these stories as historically factual."
↑  Mark D. Roberts Can We Trust the Gospels?: Investigating the Reliability of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John  Good News Publishers, 2007 p. 102
↑  Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology by Timothy Wiarda 2010 ISBN 0-8054-4843-8 pp. 75–78
↑  Jesus, the Christ: Contemporary Perspectives by Brennan R. Hill 2004 ISBN 1-58595-303-2 p. 89
↑  The Gospel of Luke by Timothy Johnson 1992 ISBN 0-8146-5805-9 p. 72
↑  Recovering Jesus: the witness of the New Testament Thomas R. Yoder Neufeld 2007 ISBN 1-58743-202-1 p. 111
↑  Geza Vermes, The Nativity: History and Legend, (Penguin, 2006), page 42.
↑  Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003 (幫助)
↑  Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN 0-86012-006-6 p. 731
↑  Raymond E. Brown, An Adult Christ at Christmas: Essays on the Three Biblical Christmas Stories （页面存档备份，存于）, (Liturgical Press, 1988), p. 17.
↑  Archer, Gleason Leonard. . Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Pub. House. April 1982: 366. ISBN 0-310-43570-6.
↑  Frederick Fyvie Bruce, The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? (1943; republished Eerdman, 2003), pp. 87–88.
↑  Nikos Kokkinos, 1998, in Chronos, kairos, Christos 2 by Ray Summers, Jerry Vardaman ISBN 0-86554-582-0 pp. 121–126
↑  C.F. Evans, Tertullian's reference to Sentius Saturninus and the Lukan Census in the Journal of Theological Studies (1973) XXIV(1): 24–39
↑  The Life of Jesus of Nazareth by Rush Rhees 2007 ISBN 1-4068-3848-9 Section 54
↑  Geza Vermes. . Penguin Books Limited. 2 November 2006: 28–30  [2017-03-01]. ISBN 978-0-14-191261-5. （原始内容存档于2020-01-25）.
↑  Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament, p.114.
↑  Alfred Edersheim Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, 5.xiv （页面存档备份，存于），1883.
↑  Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, 5.xiv （页面存档备份，存于）, 1883.
↑  Inter-Varsity Press New Bible Commentary 21st Century edition p1071
↑  Kravitz, Rabbi Zalman. . jewsforjudaism.org. Jews For Judaism.   [15 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-20）.
↑  Joseph Barber Lightfoot in his Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians writes: "At this point Gal 6:11 the apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand.
↑  Jerome Murphy-O'Connor. . Oxford University Press. 1 May 1998: 91–  [28 July 2010]. ISBN 978-0-19-285342-4.
↑  Bruce, F. F. (1977), Paul and Jesus, London: SPCK, pp.19-29; cf.
↑  Oscar Cullmann, The Earliest Christian Confessions, translated by J. K. S. Reid, (London: Lutterworth, 1949)
↑  1Corinthians 15:3–4
↑  Neufeld, The Earliest Christian Confessions (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964) p. 47
↑  see Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus – God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968)p. 90; Oscar Cullmann, The Early church: Studies in Early Christian History and Theology, ed.
↑  Hans von Campenhausen, "The Events of Easter and the Empty Tomb," in Tradition and Life in the Church (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1968) p. 44
↑  Archibald Hunter, Works and Words of Jesus (1973) p. 100
↑  James L. Bailey; Lyle D. Vander Broek. . Westminster John Knox Press. 1992: 83–  [31 July 2010]. ISBN 978-0-664-25154-3.
↑  1John 4:2
↑  Cullmann, Confessions p. 32
↑  2Timothy 2:8
↑  Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament vol 1, pp. 49, 81; Joachim Jeremias, The Eucharistic Words of Jesus translated Norman Perrin (London: SCM Press, 1966) p. 102
↑  Romans 1:3–4
↑  Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus – God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968) pp. 118, 283, 367; Neufeld, The Earliest Christian Confessions (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964) pp. 7, 50; C. H. Dodd, The Apostolic Preaching and its Developments (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1980) p. 14
↑  1Timothy 3:16
↑  Reginald Fuller, The Foundations of New Testament Christology (New York: Scriner's, 1965) pp. 214, 216, 227, 239; Joachim Jeremias, The Eucharistic Words of Jesus translated Norman Perrin (London: SCM Press, 1966) p. 102; Neufeld, The Earliest Christian Confessions (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964) pp. 7, 9, 128
↑  Julius Africanus, Extant Writings XVIII in Ante-Nicene Fathers, ed.
↑  Lucian, The Death of Peregrine, 11–13 in The Works of Lucian of Samosata, translated by H. W. Fowler (Oxford: Clarendon, 1949) vol. 4
↑  Morton Smith, Jesus the Magician: Charlatan or Son of God? (1978) pp. 78–79.
↑  Celsus the First Nietzsche 的存檔，存档日期2011-01-02.
1 2  Bruce, F.F. . InterVarsity Press. 1981  [2017-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-19）.
↑  Chronicle, Olympiad 202, trans.
↑  Tertullian, Apologeticus, Chapter 21, 19 （页面存档备份，存于） cited in Bouw, G. D. (1998, Spring).
↑  .   [2017-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-09）.
↑  Rufinus, Ecclesiastical History, Book 9, Chapter 6
↑  Josephus Antiquities 18.3.3 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Alice Whealey, Josephus on Jesus (New York, 2003) p.194.
↑  Josephus Antiquities 20:9.1 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Louis H. Feldman, "Josephus" Anchor Bible Dictionary, Vol. 3, pp. 990–91
↑  Tacitus, Annals 15.44 (Latin （页面存档备份，存于）, English （页面存档备份，存于） and also at Fordham.edu （页面存档备份，存于）)
↑  . 2008-02-09  [2017-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-09）.
↑  Robert E. Van Voorst. . Wm. B. Eerdmans. 2000: 43.
↑  Theissen and Merz p.83
↑  Iudaeos, impulsore Chresto, assidue tumultuantes Roma expulit; Uchicago.edu Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2012-06-30
↑  see his translation of Suetonius, Claudius 25, in The Twelve Caesars (Baltimore: Penguin, 1957), and his introduction p. 7, cf. p. 197
↑  Francois Amiot, Jesus A Historical Person p. 8; F. F. Bruce, Christian Origins p. 21
↑  Singer, Rabbi Tovia. . outreachjudaism.org. Outreach Judaism.   [15 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-17）.
↑  Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz.
↑  Sanhedrin 43a.
↑  CCEL （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Douglas R. Edwards. . Routledge. 2004: 164–  [4 August 2010]. ISBN 978-0-415-30597-6.
↑  Henry Chadwick. . Oxford University Press. 2003: 15–  [4 August 2010]. ISBN 978-0-19-926577-0.
↑  George J. Brooke. . Fortress Press. 1 May 2005: 20–  [4 August 2010]. ISBN 978-0-8006-3723-1.
1 2  Cline, Eric H. . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 0195342631.
↑  Evans, Craig. . Huffington Post.   [2017-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-20）.
↑  . Biblical Archaeology Society.   [2017-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-24）.
↑  James H. Charlesworth, Jesus and archaeology, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2006. p 566
↑  Howe, Thomas, "When Critics Ask" (Wheaton Ill: Victor, 1992), 385.
↑  Powell, Mark. . Paulist Press. 1989: 6  [2022-03-01]. ISBN 0-8091-3111-0. （原始内容存档于2019-08-20）.