二磷酸腺苷核糖基化
參考資料

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ADP核糖基化的機制，催化酶的殘基為藍色。
PARP1鋅指域與DNA結合的晶體結構（紫色）。 PDB：4AV1
PARP1通過募集修復酶促進DNA修復。 DNA的單鏈斷裂的修復是通過PARP1的結合而開始的。 PARP1結合斷裂的單鏈DNA並拉近鹼基切除修復中間體，從而合成聚ADP核糖。 XRCC1是X射線修復交叉互補蛋白1。 XRCC1與處理DNA末端的多核苷酸激酶（PNK）形成複合物。 PCNA是一種增殖細胞核抗原，可作為DNA鉗，幫助DNA聚合酶活性（DNA pol），然後募集FEN1（Flap內切核酸酶1）以去除懸垂的5'端。 DNA修復的最後一步涉及DNA連接酶，該酶將最終的DNA鏈以磷酸二酯鍵結合在一起。
白喉毒素的晶體結構。 PDB：1MDT