同胞
參考資料

↑  .   [2020-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-20）.
↑   (PDF).   [2020-08-15]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-12）.
↑  梅祖麟. . Language and Linguistics. 2015, 16 (2): 131-132.
↑  教育部重編國語辭典修訂本、說文解字
↑  McHale, Susan M.; Crouter, Ann C.  70 (4): 996. 1999.
↑  Croft, Alyssa; Schmader, Toni; Block, Katharina; Baron, Andrews S. . Psychological Science. 2014, 25 (7): 1418–28. PMID 24890499. doi:10.1177/0956797614533968.
↑  . UK Parliament.   [2015-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-26）.
↑  Fla. Stat. s. 732.105.
↑  . 壹周刊. 2009-10-14  [2020-08-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20）.
↑  《資治通鑑》、《舊唐書》
↑  Westermarck, E.A. (1921). The history of human marriage, 5th edn. London: Macmillan, 1921.
↑  Arthur P. Wolf. . American Anthropologist. 1970, 72 (3): 503–515. JSTOR 672994. doi:10.1525/aa.1970.72.3.02a00010.
↑  中華民國司法院釋字12、32、58號
↑  Dr. Shafer, Aaron. . The Tech. Stanford University.   [13 December 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-06）.
↑  Dr. Starr, Barry. . The Tech. Stanford University.   [19 June 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-19）.
↑  .   [2020-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20）.
↑  Plomin, R; Pederson, N.L.; McClearn, G.E.; Nesselroade, J.R.; Bergeman, C.S. . Psychology and Aging. 1988, 3 (1): 43–50. PMID 3268242. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.3.1.43.
↑  Anderson, D. J.  (PDF). The Auk. 1995, 112 (4): 860–869  [2016-02-27]. doi:10.1007/BF00302994. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-04-18）.  |url-status=和|dead-url=只需其一 (帮助)
↑  Wahaj, Sofia A.,Ned J. Place, Mary L. Weldele, Stephen E. Glickman and Kay E. Holekamp. "Siblicide in the Spotted Hyena: Analysis with Ultrasonic Examination of Wild and Captive Individuals." Behavioral Ecology 18.6 (2007): 974-984. Web.
↑  Buckley, David, Marina Alcobendas, Mario García-París, and Marvalee H. Wake. "Heterochrony, cannibalism, and the evolution of viviparity in Salamandra salamandra." Evolution & Development 9.1 (2007): 105-115.
↑  Hamlett, William C., Allison M. Eulitt, Robert L. Jarrell, and Matthew Kelly. "Uterogestation and Placentation in Elasmobranchs." Journal of Experimental Zoology 266.5 (1993): 347-67. Print.
↑  Chapman, Demian D., Sabine P. Wintner, Debra L. Abercrombie, Jimiane Ashe, Andrea M. Bernard, Mahmood S. Shivji, and Kevin A. Feldheim. "The Behavioural and Genetic Mating System of the Sand Tiger Shark, Carcharias Taurus, an Intrauterine Cannibal." Biology Letters 9.3 (2013). Print.
↑  Carey, Benedict. . International Herald Tribune. June 21, 2007  [July 15, 2007]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-19）.
↑  Rodgers, J.L., Cleveland, H.H., van den Oord, E. and Rowe, D. (2000). Resolving the Debate Over Birth Order, Family Size and Intelligence. American Psychologist, Vol. 55.
1 2  Comer, Ronald; Gould, Elizabeth; Ogden, Nancy; Boyes, Michael. . Wiley. February 2012.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
↑  邱淳孝. . 寶瓶文化出版. 2019-11-22  [2020-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20）.
↑  Wichman, A.L.; Rodgers, J.L.; MacCallum, R.C. . Society for Personality and Social Psychology Inc. 2006, 32 (1): 117–127. PMID 16317193. doi:10.1177/0146167205279581.
↑  Eckstein, D.; Kaufman, J.A. . The Journal of Individual Psychology. 2012, 68 (1): 60–61.
1 2  Stewart, Alan E. . The Journal of Individual Psychology. 2012, 68 (1): 75–106.
1 2  Esping, Amber. . Human Intelligence.   [2020-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-14）.
↑  Zajonc, Robert B.; Gregory B. Markus. . Psychological review. 1975, 82 (1): 74–88.
↑  Ernst, C. & Angst, J. (1983). Birth order: Its influence on personality. Springer.
↑  Jefferson, T.; Herbst, J.H.; McCrae, R.R. . Journal of Research in Personality. 1998, 32 (4): 498–509  [2020-08-15]. doi:10.1006/jrpe.1998.2233. （原始内容存档于2020-08-18）.
↑  Harris, J.R. (1998). The Nurture Assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. New York: Free Press.
1 2 3 4  Leder, Jane Mersky. . Psychology Today. January 1, 1993  [15 May 2018].
↑  Verma, Suman; Saraswathi, T.S. . : 110.
↑  Dunn, J., & Kendrick, C., (1982). “Siblings: Love, envy, and understanding.” Campbridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
↑  Teti, D.M. (1992). Sibling interaction. In V.G. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (Eds.), “Handbook of social development: A lifespan perspective” (pp. 201-226). New York: Plenum Press.
↑  Ervin-Tripp, S. (1989). Sisters and brothers. In P.G. Zukow (Ed.), “Sibling interaction across cultures: Theoretical and methodological issues” (pp. 184-195). New York: Springer-Verlag.
↑  Bretherton, I. (1992). Attachment and bonding. In V. G. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (Eds.), “Handbook of social development: A lifespan perspective” (pp. 13-155). New York: Basic Books.
↑  Stewart, R. B., & Marvin, R. S. (1984) Sibling relations: The role of conceptual perspective taking in the ontogeny of sibling caregiving. “Child Development, 55”, 1322-1332.
↑  Dunn, J. (1992) Introduction. In F. Boer & J. Dunn (Eds.), “Children’s sibling relationships: Developmental and clinical issues” (pp. xiii-xvi). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
↑  Bryant, B.K. (1992). Sibling caretaking: Providing emotional support during middle childhood. In F. Boer & J. Dunn (Eds.), “Children’s sibling relationships: Developmental and clinical issues” (pp. 55-69). Hallsdale, NJ: Lawrence Elbaum Associates
1 2  Buist, Kirsten L.; Vermande, Marjolijn. . Journal of Family Psychology. 2014, 28 (4): 529–537. PMID 24866727. doi:10.1037/a0036990.
↑  Lempers, J., & Clark-Lempers, D. (1992). Young, middle, and late adolescents’ comparisons of the functional importance of five significant relationships. “Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21”, 53-96.
↑  Brody, G., Stoneman, Z., & McCoy, J. (1994). Forecasting sibling relationships in early adolescence from child temperaments and family processes in middle childhood. “Child Development, 65”, 771-784.
↑  Buhrmester, D., & Furman, W. (1990). Perceptions of sibling relationships during middle childhood and adolescence. “Child Development, 61”, 1387-1396.
↑  Kim, J., McHale, S.M., Osgood, D.W., & Crouter, A.C. (2006). Longitudinal course and family correlates of sibling relationships from childhood through adolescence. “Child Development, 77”, 1746-1761.
1 2  East, P. (2009). Adolescents’ relationships with siblings. In R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), “Handbook of adolescent psychology” (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 43-73). New York: Wiley.
↑  Yeh, H., & Lempers, J.D. (2004). Perceived sibling relationships and adolescent development. “Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33”, 133-147.
↑  Cicirelli, V. G. (1994). “Sibling relationships over the life course.” Paper presented at the 49th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Atlanta.
↑  East, P.L.; Rook, K.S. . Developmental Psychology. 1992, 28 (1): 163–172. PMC 4108171 . PMID 25067850. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.163.
↑  Stocker, C.M. . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1994, 35 (8): 1447–1459. PMID 7868639. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01286.x.
↑  Tucker, C.J.; Updegraff, K.A.; McHale, S.M.; Crouter, A.C. . Journal of Early Adolescence. 1999, 19 (2): 176–198. doi:10.1177/0272431699019002003.
↑  Bank, L.; Burraston, B.; Snyder, J. . Journal of Research on Adolescence. 2004, 14: 99–125. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.01401005.x.
↑  Criss, M.M.; Shaw, D.S. . Journal of Family Psychology. 2005, 19 (4): 592–600. PMID 16402874. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.4.592.
↑  Kowal, A. & Blinn-Pike, L., (2004). Sibling influences on adolescents’ attitudes toward safe sex practices. “Family Relations, 53”, 377-384.
↑  Brody, G.H. . Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2004, 13 (3): 124–126. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00289.x.
↑  Snyder, J.; Bank, L.; Burraston, B. . Journal of Family Psychology. 2005, 19 (4): 643–653. PMID 16402880. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.4.643. hdl:10057/114 .
1 2  .Cicirelli, V. G. (1981). “Helping elderly parents: Role of adult children.” Boston: Auburn House.
↑  Connidis, I. A., & Davies, L. (1990) Confidants and companions in later life: The place of family and friends. “Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 45”, 141-149
↑  White, L. K., & Riedmann, A. (1992). Ties among adult siblings. “Social Forces, 71”, 85-102.
↑  Adams, B. N. (1968) “Kinship in an urban setting.” Chicago: Markham.
↑  Cicirelli, V. G. (1985). The role of siblings as family caregivers. In W. J. Sauer & R. T. Coward (Eds.), “Social support networks and the care of the elderly” (pp. 93-107). New York: Springer-Verlag.
↑  Connidis, I. A. (1992). Life transitions and the adult sibling tie: A qualitative study. “Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54”, 972-982.
↑  Bedford, V. H. (1990). Changing affect toward siblings and the transition to old age. “Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Future of Adult Life”. Leeuwenhorst, The Netherlands.
↑  New Baby Sibling （页面存档备份，存于） University of Michigan Health System, June 2006
↑  Stepp, Gina. . Vision (Interview). Family and Relationships. 2011. （原始内容存档于2017-02-06） （英语）.
↑  Pickhardt, Carl E. . Psychology Today. 7 March 2011 （英语）.
↑  Pickhardt, Carl E., 1939-. . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. ISBN 9781403979049. OCLC 85691468.
↑  Laule, Sarah. . www.mottchildren.org. March 2017  [2020-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-18）.
1 2  Laule, Sarah. . C.S. Mott Children's Hospital. March 2017. （原始内容存档于2019-05-26）.
1 2  Sibling Rivalry （页面存档备份，存于） University of Michigan Health System, October 2006
↑  Rimm, Sylvia. . Dr Sylvia Rimm. 2002. （原始内容存档于2007-07-01） –Wayback Machine.  |url-status=和|dead-url=只需其一 (帮助)
↑  .   [2020-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-04）.
↑  Jacobson, Donna Rae. . North Dakota State University Extension Service. July 1995. （原始内容存档于2011-07-25）.
↑  McNerney, Annie; Usner, Joy. . Oxford, OH: The Nature of Human Nature. 30 April 2001. （原始内容存档于2017-10-15） –Miami University.
↑  Sibling Rivalry in Degree and Dimensions Across the Lifespan （页面存档备份，存于） Annie McNerney and Joy Usner, 30 April 2001.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Volling, B. L.; McElwain, N.L.; Miller, A.L. . Child Development. 2002, 73 (2): 581–600. PMID 11949910. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00425.
↑  Thompson, J.A.; Halberstadt, A.G. . Social Development. 2008, 17 (3). doi:10.1111/J.1467-9507.2007.00435x (不活跃 2020-05-29).
1 2  Campione-Barr, Nicole; Bassett Greer, Kelly; Kruse, Anna. . Child Development. May–June 2013, 84 (3): 938–954. PMID 23278528. doi:10.1111/cdev.12022.
↑  Solmeyer, Anna; McHale, Susan; Crouter, Ann. . Developmental Psychology. February 2014, 50 (2): 600–610. PMC 3797172 . PMID 23772819. doi:10.1037/a0033207.
↑  Riggio, Heidi. . The Journal of Psychology. September 1999, 133 (5): 514–522. PMID 10507140. doi:10.1080/00223989909599759.
|  论 编家庭 |
| --- | --- |
 户  原生家庭  核心家庭  扩展家庭  夫妇式家庭（英语：）  母主家庭（英语：）    單親家庭  隔代教養家庭  继亲家庭  機能不全家族 高風險家庭  多忠贞家庭（英语：） 
近亲属（英语：）:  配偶 丈夫  妻子  父母 父亲  母亲  子女 儿子  女儿  兄弟姐妹（兄弟／姐妹） 
扩展家庭亲属:  祖父母  孙  父系長輩 伯父／伯母  叔父／叔母  姑母／姑父  母系長輩 舅父／舅母  姨母／姨父  堂兄弟姐妹  表兄弟姐妹  侄  甥  共同祖先 
姻亲家庭亲属:  岳父  岳母  公公  婆婆  亲家  嫂  弟媳  姐夫  妹夫  妻舅  姨子  连襟  伯  叔  姑  妯娌  儿媳  女婿 
继亲家庭亲属:  继父  继母  同父异母兄弟姐妹  同母异父兄弟姐妹  继子  继女 
亲属关系:  断绝关系（英语：）  婚姻  离婚  拟亲属关系  失和（英语：）  收养  血亲  养亲属关系（英语：）  姻亲 
世系:  传家宝（英语：）  父系制度  继承  家系图（英语：）  母系制度  谱系图  始祖（英语：）  双系继嗣  系谱学  姓氏  遗传 
关系:  父母之爱  尊敬  亲情（英语：）  孝顺  性爱  友爱 
理论:  第一公社  反俄狄浦斯  三亲婴儿（英语：） 
人類學家路易斯·亨利·摩爾根區分的六大親屬系統，黃色部份為兄弟姊妹。在左中的蘇丹型和左下的愛斯基摩型中，兄弟姊妹只包括核心家庭成員，漢語也是如此。右邊為伊羅奎型、克魯型、以及歐馬哈型，將平行從表也視為兄弟姊妹。左上為夏威夷型，將所有堂親和表親都視為兄弟姊妹。
畫家揚·馬泰伊科筆下的四名兄弟姊妹，這是他的子女。（1879年）
英國文學家勃朗特三姊妹畫像。（約1835年）
各國對成年人兄弟姊妹合意性交的法律規範。注意：一、各國對兄弟姊妹的定義並不一致；二、有些國家未禁止同性亂倫，或另有法律禁止；三、允許性交不一定允許登記結婚。
  合法
  相同性別合法，不同性別為有期徒刑
  不同性別合法，相同性別為有期徒刑
  有期徒刑
  可判無期徒刑
  最高死刑
聖經故事中，暗嫩強姦他瑪，兩人是同父異母的兄妹。
一窩穴鴞兄弟姊妹。
排行較長的兄姐往往需照顧他們的弟妹。
新生兒他的兩名哥哥。
英國畫家Joseph Clark筆下的一對姊弟（約1926年）。
暴力的兄弟衝突。
約書亞·雷諾茲的畫作《Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons》，圖中可見三名兄弟爭取母親的關注（1773~1775年）。