处女膜
參考文獻

↑  . 术语在线. 全国科学技术名词审定委员会.   [2023-11-29].
↑  . 國家教育研究院樂詞網. 國家教育研究院.
1 2  Emans, S. Jean. "Physical Examination of the Child and Adolescent" (2000) in Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas, Second edition, Oxford University Press. 61–65
↑  Heger, Astrid.; Emans, S. Jean Herriot. . New York: Oxford University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-19-507425-4. OCLC 24288199.
1 2 3  Perlman, Sally E.; Nakajyma, Steven T.; Hertweck, S. Paige. . Parthenon. 2004: 131. ISBN 1-84214-199-6.
↑  Blank, Hanne. . Bloomsbury Publishing. 2008: 72  [2017-09-20]. ISBN 9781596917194. （原始内容存档于2017-09-21）.
↑  Heger, Astrid.; Emans, S. Jean Herriot.; Muram, David.  Second edition. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000: p62. ISBN 0-19-513126-6. OCLC 64389654. An early study by Jenny (1987) confirmed that all girls are born with hymens.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
↑  . University of California, Santa Barbara.   [2009-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-09）. The hymen oftentimes, though not always, rips or tears the first time a female engages in penetrative intercourse, which may cause some temporary bleeding and slight discomfort.
1 2 3  Janell L. Carroll. . Cengage Learning. 1 January 2012: 155–. ISBN 1-111-83581-0. In reality, many activities can tear the hymen, including vigorous exercise, horseback or bike riding, masturbation or the insertion of tampons or other objects into the vagina
↑  Knight, Bernard.  11th. London: Arnold. 1997: 114. ISBN 0-7131-4452-1.
↑  Blank, Hanne. . Bloomsbury Publishing. 2007: 23  [2013-11-09]. ISBN 978-1-59691-010-2.
↑  Blackledge, Catherine. . Rutgers University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8135-3455-8. Hymens, or vaginal closure membranes or vaginal constrictions, as they are often referred to, are found in a number of mammals, including llamas, ...  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
↑  This band of hymen would not permit the stallion to breed the mare. After transecting this tissue, the vagina was open allowing breeding to occur. .   [2018-04-24]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-24）.
1 2  Heger, Astrid H.; Emans, S. Jean (编).  (PDF) 2nd. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000: 61–65  [July 8, 2018]. ISBN 978-0-19-507425-3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于July 8, 2018） （英语）.
1 2 3  McCann, J; Rosas, A. and Boos, S. (2003) "Child and adolescent sexual assaults (childhood sexual abuse)" in Payne-James, Jason; Busuttil, Anthony and Smock, William (eds). Forensic Medicine: Clinical and Pathological Aspects, Greenwich Medical Media: London, a)p.453, b)p.455 c)p.460. ISBN 978-1-84-110026-5
↑  Callahan, Tamara L.; Caughey, Aaron B. . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7817-8249-4 （英语）.
↑  Lardenoije, Céline; Aardenburg, Robert; Mertens, Helen. . BMJ Case Reports. 2009-05-26, 2009: bcr0820080722. ISSN 1757-790X. PMC 3029536 . PMID 21686660. doi:10.1136/bcr.08.2008.0722.
↑  . medlineplus.gov. 美国国立医学图书馆. 2021  [2024-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-08）.
1 2  Heger, Astrid; Emans, S. Jean; Muram, David.  Second. Oxford University Press. 2000: 116. ISBN 978-0-19-507425-3.
↑  . brighamandwomens.org. 布莱根妇女医院.   [2024-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-07）.
↑  . mountsinai.org. 布鲁克林西奈山医院.
↑  . texaschildrens.org. 德克萨斯儿童医院.   [2024-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-26）.
↑  . childrenshospital.org. 波士顿儿童医院.   [2024-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-11）.
↑  Healey, Andrew. . Mann, Gurdeep S.; Blair, Joanne C.; Garden, Anne S.  (编). . Medical Radiology. Springer. 2012: 21–30. ISBN 978-3-540-85602-3. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85602-3.
↑  Pugno, Perry. . 1999. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.522.1894 .
↑  Lahoti, Sheela L.; McClain, Natalie; Girardet, Rebecca; McNeese, Margaret; Cheung, Kim. . American Family Physician. 2001-03-01, 63 (5): 883–92  [2024-07-15]. ISSN 0002-838X. PMID 11261865. （原始内容存档于2019-11-10） （英语）.
↑  Heger, Astrid H.; Emans, S. Jean (编).  (PDF) 2nd. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000: 122  [July 8, 2018]. ISBN 978-0-19-507425-3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于July 8, 2018） （英语）.
↑  Rogers, Deborah J; Stark, Margaret. . BMJ : British Medical Journal. 1998-08-08, 317 (7155): 414. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1113684 . PMID 9694770.
↑  Emma Curtis, Camille San Lazaro. . BMJ : British Medical Journal. 1999-02-27, 318 (7183): 605. PMC 1115047 . PMID 10037658 （英语）. We agree with Rogers and Stark that so called rupture and bleeding of the hymen is not to be routinely expected after first sexual intercourse.
↑  Loeber, Olga.  (PDF). Tijdschrift voor Seksuologie 32. 2008: 129–137  [2018-09-07]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-11-05） （荷兰语）. De vragenlijsten werden verzameld in de periode van maart 2005 tot maart 2006.487 Questionnaires were collected: 173 women were Dutch, 132 Middle Eastern and Moroccan, 39 African, 32 Eastern European, 39 Asian and 53 from Middle and South America.Women from the Netherlands reported much less pain and blood loss than women from foreign countries.Women from countries where blood loss often is regarded as a proof of virginity still reported in 26.5% of the cases to have had no blood loss at first intercourse. 30% of the entire group reported severe pain: especially African women (49%) and women from the Middle East and Morocco (45%) report this. 19 % of Dutch women report severe pain.The relation between blood loss and pain is different for the different groups suggesting other than biological reasons.The use of tampons prior to first intercourse did not have a significant influence on the experienced blood loss.
↑  . 中央社 CNA.   [2022-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-22） （中文（臺灣））.
↑  . 국립국어원 표준국어대사전.   [2022-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-22） （韩语）.
↑  . 국립국어원.   [2022-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-22） （韩语）.
↑  . 教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》2021.   [2022-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-24）.
↑  . 教育部《國語辭典簡編本》2021.   [2022-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-22）.
↑  . 教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》. 2024-05-17  [2024-07-30]. （原始内容存档于2024-06-17）.