阿契美尼德王朝
參考 > 參考文獻

↑  Yarshater, Ehsan. . Cambridge University Press. 1993: 482. ISBN 978-0-521-20092-9. Of the four residences of the Achaemenids named by Herodotus — Ecbatana, Pasargadae or Persepolis, Susa and Babylon — the last [situated in Iraq] was maintained as their most important capital, the fixed winter quarters, the central office of bureaucracy, exchanged only in the heat of summer for some cool spot in the highlands. Under the Seleucids and the Parthians the site of the Mesopotamian capital moved a little to the north on the Tigris — to Seleucia and Ctesiphon. It is indeed symbolic that these new foundations were built from the bricks of ancient Babylon, just as later Baghdad, a little further upstream, was built out of the ruins of the Sassanian double city of Seleucia-Ctesiphon.
↑  Harald Kittel, Juliane House, Brigitte Schultze; Juliane House, Brigitte Schultze. . Walter de Gruyter. 2007: 1194–5. ISBN 978-3-11-017145-7.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  Boiy, T. . Peeters Publishers. 2004: 101. ISBN 978-90-429-1449-0.
↑   (PDF).   [2014-03-15]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-04-18）.
↑  Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography by Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, page 119
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1 2  《貝希斯敦銘文》
↑  Josef Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, (I.B. Tauris Ltd, 2007), 119.
↑  辞海编辑委员会 (编). .  1. 上海: 上海辞书出版社: 1233. 1999.
↑  英國與伊朗外交關係中的伊拉克問題 （页面存档备份，存于）—國立政治大學歷史學報
↑  埃克巴坦納—文化部文化資產局
↑  Sampson, Gareth C. . Pen & Sword Books Limited. 2008: 33. ISBN 978-1-84415-676-4. Cyrus the Great, founder of the First Persian Empire (c. 550–330 BC).
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↑  Taagepera, Rein. . Social Science History. 1979, 3 (3/4): 121. JSTOR 1170959. doi:10.2307/1170959.
↑  Yarshater (1996, p. 47 （页面存档备份，存于）)
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1 2 3  Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa. . Infobase Publishing. 2005: 256. ISBN 978-0-8160-5722-1.
↑  Ulrich Wilcken. . W.W. Norton & Company. 1967: 146. ISBN 978-0-393-00381-9.
↑  Taagepera, Rein. . Social Science History. 1979, 3 (3/4): 123. JSTOR 1170959. doi:10.2307/1170959. A superimposition of the maps of Achaemenid and Alexander's empires shows a 90% match, except that Alexander's realm never reached the peak size of the Achaemenid realm.
↑  Margaret Christina Miller. . Cambridge University Press. 2004: 243. ISBN 978-0-521-60758-2.
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↑  Tavernier 2007，第17頁.
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↑  Shapour Shahbazi, Alireza. Daryaee, Touraj , 编. . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012: 131. ISBN 978-0-19-973215-9. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199732159.001.0001. Although the Persians and Medes shared domination and others were placed in important positions, the Achaemenids did not—could not—provide a name for their multinational state. Nevertheless, they referred to it as Khshassa, "the Empire".
↑  Kent, Roland G. . American Oriental Society. 1954: 181. ISBN 978-0-940490-33-8.
↑  Brosius 2006，第3頁.
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1 2  Briant 2002，第17頁.
↑  Brosius 2006，第6頁.
↑  Briant 2002，第16頁.
↑  Briant 2002，第15頁.
↑  Nabonidus Cylinder I.8–II.25 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Nabonidus Chronicle II.1–4 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Briant 2002，第31頁.
↑  Briant 2002，第33頁.
1 2  Briant 2002，第34頁.
↑  Herodotus, Histories I.72 （页面存档备份，存于）, I.73 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Briant 2002，第35頁.
↑  Briant 2002，第36頁.
1 2  Brosius 2006，第11頁.
↑  Briant 2002，第37頁.
↑  Herodotus, Histories I.154 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Briant 2002，第37–38頁.
↑  Justin, Epitome I.7 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Briant 2002，第39頁.
↑  Briant 2002，第40頁.
1 2  Briant 2002，第41–43頁.
↑  Nabonidus Chronicle III.12–16 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Brosius 2006，第11-12頁.
↑  Cyrus Cylinder 23–35 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Kuhrt 1983，第85-86頁.
1 2  Briant 2002，第43–44頁.
↑  Cyrus Cylinder 43 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Kuhrt 1983，第88–89頁.
1 2  Briant 2002，第46頁.
↑  Isaiah 41:2–4; 45:1–3
↑  Ezra 6:2–5
1 2 3  Behistun Inscription 11 （页面存档备份，存于）
1 2  Briant 2002，第98頁.
↑  Briant 2002，第49–50頁.
1 2  Brosius 2006，第13頁.
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↑  Briant 2002，第52-55頁.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Briant 2002，第52–55頁.
1 2  Herodotus, Histories III.11 （页面存档备份，存于）, III.13 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Herodotus, Histories III.29 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Herodotus, Histories III.30 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Herodotus, Histories III.31 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Herodotus, Histories III.36 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Herodotus, Histories III.38 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Briant 2002，第55–57頁.
↑  Herodotus, Histories III.17 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Herodotus, Histories III.19 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Herodotus, Histories III.25 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Heidorn 1992，第147–150頁.
↑  Herodotus, Histories III.61 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Ctesias, Persica 11 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Ctesias, Persica 15 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Briant 2002，第61頁.
↑  Herodotus, Histories III.64 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Briant 2002，第100–101頁.
↑  Briant 2002，第101–103頁.
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↑  Behistun Inscription
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↑  Willis Mason West. . Allyn and Bacon. 1904: 137. The Athenian support was particularly troubling to Darius since he had come to their aid during their conflict with Sparta
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↑  The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, by B.C. McGing, p. 11
↑  Children of Achilles: The Greeks in Asia Minor Since the Days of Troy, by John Freely, pp. 69–70
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↑  A.T. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, chapter XXI: "Overtaxation and Its Results", University of Chicago Press, 1948, pp. 289–301
↑  The Penguin Encyclopedia of Ancient Civilizations, ed. Arthur Cotterell, Penguin Books Ltd., London, 1980, p. 154
1 2  Will Durant, Our Oriental Heritage, Simon and Schuster, Inc., New York, 1935, p. 363
↑  Charles Robinson Jr., Ancient History, 2nd ed., MacMillan Company, New York, 1967, pp. 328, 338
↑  Charles Robinson Jr., Ancient History, 2nd ed., MacMillan Company, New York, 1967, pp. 391, 347
↑  Charles Robinson Jr., Ancient History, 2nd ed., MacMillan Company, New York, 1967, p. 351
↑  Peter Levi, The Greek World, Equinox Book-Andromeda, Oxford Ltd., 1990, p. 182
↑  Will Durant, Our Oriental Heritage, Simon and Schuster, Inc., New York, 1935, p. 382
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↑  Engineering an Empire – The Persians （页面存档备份，存于）. Broadcast of The History Channel, narrated by Peter Weller
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↑  Persepolis Recreated, NEJ International Pictures; 1st edition (2005) ISBN 978-964-06-4525-3 ASIN B000J5N46S, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCwxJsk14e4 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Herodotus Book III, 89–95
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↑  M. Dandamayev, "Foreign Slaves on the Estates of the Achaemenid Kings and their Nobles," in Trudy dvadtsat' pyatogo mezhdunarodnogo kongressa vostokovedov II, Moscow, 1963, pp. 151–52
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↑  The words are actually inscribed on the frieze of the James A. Farley Post Office Building in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, New York. The inscription is based on: Herodotus with George Rawlinson, trans., The History of Herodotus (New York, New York: Tandy-Thomas Co., 1909), vol. 4, Book 8, § 98, p. 147. （页面存档备份，存于）
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