自慰
参考資料

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  家計會教育組. . 2012-02-17  [2016-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-29）.
1 2  刘达临. . 黑龙江人民出版社. 1993: 386  [2016-07-25]. ISBN 7-207-02609-9. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）. 手淫又叫自慰、自渎或自抚,指个人采用某种方法刺激自己的身体以达到性快感或性高潮,因通常用手去做,故叫手淫。女性會用手插入陰莖並且來會插入
1 2  . Webmd.com. 2010-03-04  [2011-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-21）.
↑  Based on "masturbation" in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2003
1 2 3  . 香港家庭計劃指導會.   [2017-04-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）.
↑  . 漢典.   [2016-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-29）. 字义：1. 过多……4. 在男女关系上态度或行为不正当……5. 放纵，沉溺
↑  . 商務印書館(香港)有限公司. 1989: 431. ISBN 962-07-0002-3. ①过量的……②不正当的
↑  . 漢典.   [2016-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-29）. 字义：……2. 轻慢，对人不恭敬
↑  . 中華書局. 1990: 316. ISBN 962-231-001-X. 瀆……②褻瀆，輕慢，對人不恭敬
↑  Coleman, Eli.  (PDF). Bockting, Walter O.; Coleman, Eli  (编). . New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. 2012: 7 [2002]  [2016-07-16]. ISBN 0-7890-2047-5. OCLC 50913590. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-11-21）. Despite the scientific evidence indicating that masturbation is generally a normal variant of sexual expression and that it does not seem to have a causal relationship with sexual pathology, negative attitudes about masturbation persist and it remains stigmatized.
↑  Hallikeri, Vinay R.; Gouda, Hareesh.; Aramani, Sunil C.; Vijaykumar, A.G.; Ajaykumar, T.S. . Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (New Delhi: Medicolegal Society). 2010-07-12, 27 (2): 46–49  [2014-02-26]. ISSN 0971-1929. （原始内容存档于2016-08-21）. Today, masturbatory act is considered as a healthy practice when done in private and an offence if done in the public in most of the countries.
↑  . Petplace.com.   [2011-05-29]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-05）.
1 2  Bagemihl, Bruce. . St. Martin's Press. 1999  [2015-10-21]. ISBN 0-312-19239-8. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）.
↑  For further references, see also the main article Animal sexuality#Autoeroticism (masturbation)（英语：）.
↑  Dally, Peter. . George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Limited. 1975: 135. ISBN 0-297-76945-6.
↑  OED, s.v. masturbation
1 2  陶林. . 中国性科学. 2011-04-29  [2016-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-25）.
1 2  劉黎兒. . 蘋果日報. 2009-11-12  [2016-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-25）.
1 2  莺歌. . 吉林文史出版社. 1993: 248  [2016-07-24]. ISBN 7-80528-688-4. （原始内容存档于2020-09-05）. ……都有手淫行为。 ……过去,中国南方民间称之为"打手枪" ,而北方则称之为"撸管儿"
1 2  陳銘磻; 鍾蓮芳. . 出版街雜誌社. 1987: 84  [2016-07-24]. ISBN 978-9-8684-5538-2. （原始内容存档于2020-09-05）. 手淫,或叫毛管,或叫打空包彈。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15  薛翠华, 巴巴拉, 戴安娜, & 鲍玉珩. . 中国性科学. 2012, 21 (10): 75–79  [2016-08-28]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-29）.
↑  《臺日大辭典》：
↑  中国性研究,第 3 期，万有出版社，2007，168「而且以前常看到的客人都不知道怎么搞的,人间蒸发了,也不来了,大概没钱,只好自己在家五个打一个(自慰)。」
1 2 3  黄盈盈; 潘绥铭; 杜鹃. . 万有出版社. 2008: 21、23、117  [2016-07-24]. ISBN 978-9-8683-3507-3. （原始内容存档于2020-09-07）. 有相当一部分人能够听懂‘手淫’或者‘自慰’，有的人听不懂，需要解释（比如：用手摸自己的小鸡鸡）。‘砍椽’、‘打飞机’、‘自摸’、‘发电报’是不少工人自己说的词。”“被访者说自己有过‘发电报’ （青海方言）
1 2 3  王长喜. . 学苑出版社. 1991: 993  [2016-07-24]. ISBN 7-5077-0381-9. （原始内容存档于2016-09-29）. 打手铳手淫的讳语.……放手铳即"打手铳
1 2  顾之川. . 河南大学出版社. 2000: 348  [2016-07-24]. ISBN 978-7-8104-1764-8. （原始内容存档于2020-09-08）. 「五姑娘隐指男子手淫。《欢》 23 : "花生听了,那物直 8 起来,不免五姑娘一起动手。」
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  史成礼. . 1996: 64  [2016-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-07）. 中国古代将手淫称为弄佛柄、打手铳、砍橼子、手活、弄丫丫、剡、打鸟枪、剡鸡巴等俗语，文明些叫"指头儿告了消乏"
↑  王實甫.  . 维基文库: p. 第三折 （中文）. 則你那夾被兒時當奮發，指頭兒告了消乏。
↑  曹雪芹.  . 维基文库 （中文）. 賈蓉兩個又常常的來索銀子，他又怕祖父知道，正是相思尚且難禁，更又添了債務，日間工課又緊，他二十來歲人，尚未娶親，邇來想著鳳姐，未免有那指頭告了消乏等事，更兼兩回凍惱奔波，因此三五下里夾攻，不覺就得了一病：心內發膨脹，口中無滋味，腳下如綿，眼中似醋，黑夜作燒，白晝常倦，下溺連精，嗽痰帶血。
↑  . 中华网. 2004-12-09  [2016-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-25）.
↑  . 2016-04-13  [2021-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-11）.
↑  Shamans Sex Beasts and Abuse: Mother-Son Relationships in Popular and Cult Cinema. Charles Jason Lee.  Film International, May 2005
↑  Darby, R. . Journal of Social History. 2004.
↑  Dolphin, Lambert. .   [2016-02-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-15）.
↑  .   [2021-01-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）.
↑  .   [2021-01-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Marshall Cavendish Partworks Limited. . 牛頓出版社. 1997: 107–108. ISBN 957-627-528-8.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  史成礼. . 中国性科学. 2011-03-13  [2017-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-03）.
↑  樊民胜. . 上海辞书出版社. 1998: 251  [2021-06-26]. ISBN 9787532604746. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.
↑  "Alice". . Columbia University, New York. 2005-02-18  [2006-07-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-07-29）.
↑  Various authors. . Body Modification Ezine. 2006-04-21  [2006-07-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-20）.
↑  McPartlin, Daniel; Adam P. Klausner, MD; Tristan T. Berry, MD. . Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 2005-09-09. ISSN 2210-2612. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2013.07.017.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  . Sex Editorials. 2004-03-16  [2012-01-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-14）.
1 2  珍妮特·S·海德; 約翰·D·德拉馬特. . 上海社會科学院出版社. 2005. ISBN 7-80681-730-1.
↑  Keesling, Barbara. . Psychology Today. 1999-11  [2006-07-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-20）.
↑ Ellis, Havelock (1927), Studies in the Psychology of Sex (3rd edition), Volume I,; Auto-Eroticism: A Study of the Spontaneous Manifestations of the Sexual Impulse; section I; "The Sewing-machine and the Bicycle:" quotes one Pouillet as saying "it is a well-recognized fact that to work a sewing-machine with the body in a certain position produces sexual excitement leading to the orgasm. The occurrence of the orgasm is indicated to the observer by the machine being worked for a few seconds with uncontrollable rapidity. This sound is said to be frequently heard in large French workrooms, and it is part of the duty of the superintendents of the rooms to make the girls sit properly."
Studies in the Psychology of Sex, v. I, by Havelock Ellis - 古腾堡计划
1 2  The Kinsey Institute. .   [2016-11-27]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-01）.
↑  Koedt, Anne. . Chicago Women's Liberation Union. 1970  [2010-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-19）.
↑  . 2004-10-22  [2009-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-12）.  "The Full Fist Masturbation Technique" and "The Thumb-Forefinger Masturbation Technique"
1 2  Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie. . Routledge. 2014  [2017-04-07]. ISBN 978-0824079727. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）.
↑  Sean. . orgasmicguy. 2010-04-13  [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）.
↑  . Plastic surgery abroad - Latvia.   [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-07）. Male circumcision is the removal of some or all of the foreskin (prepuce) from the penis.
↑  Mels van Driel. . Reaktion Books. 2013: 33  [2017-04-07]. ISBN 978-1861899194. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）.
1 2 3 4  劉杏元; 鄭丞傑. . 臺灣性學學刊. 2013, 19 (1): 53–66  [2021-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-18）.
↑  Debby Herbenick. . idsnews. 2015-10-26  [2017-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-22）.
↑  露絲·畢思理; 瓊·瑞妮絲. . 張老師出版社. 1992: 156–163. ISBN 957-693-033-2.
↑  Gary, Kelly. . Cram101. 2016  [2017-04-07]. ISBN 9781467219983. （原始内容存档于2019-01-21）. Autofellatio: Autofellatio is the act of oral stimulation of one's own penis as a form of masturbation.
↑  Savage, Dan. . Plume. 1998: 242  [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-28）.
↑  Greer, Erik V. . Nova Science Publishers Inc. 2007: 176  [2017-04-07]. ISBN 978-1594548475. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）.
↑  . pleasuremechanics.   [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-07）.
↑  See here  （页面存档备份，存于） and pages 47–49 （页面存档备份，存于） for views on what constitutes virginity loss and therefore sexual intercourse or other sexual activity; source discusses how gay and lesbian individuals define virginity loss, and how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical virginity" by whether or not a person has engaged in penile-vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter. . NYU Press. 2005: 295 pages  [2011-10-09]. ISBN 0-8147-1652-0.
↑  Bryan Strong; Christine DeVault; Theodore F. Cohen. . Cengage Learning. 2010: 186  [2011-10-08]. ISBN 0-534-62425-1. Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. ...But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' … Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual activity (e.g. oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation). … Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins'.
↑  . 2006-06-12  [2010-08-07]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-22）.  — A biographical collection of data for a sociological repository on the topic of mutual masturbating to study changes on the activity over time.
↑  Heiby, E,; Becker JD. . Arch Sex Behav. April 1980, 9 (2): 115–21. PMID 7396686. doi:10.1007/BF01542263.
1 2  De Alwis AC, Senaratne AM, De Silva SM, Rodrigo VS; Senaratne; De Silva; Rodrigo. . Ceylon Med J. 2006-09, 51 (3): 121–2. PMID 17315592.
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↑  Lopez-Meza E, Corona-Vazquez T, Ruano-Calderon LA, Ramirez-Bermudez J; Corona-Vazquez; Ruano-Calderon; Ramirez-Bermudez. . Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2005-12, 59 (6): 739–42. PMID 16401253. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01446.x.
↑  NHS. . 2015-05-21  [2016-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-14）.
↑  Elizabeth Shimer Bowers. . 2016-06-30  [2016-07-26]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-29）.
1 2  Gerressu M, Mercer CH, Graham CA, Wellings K, Johnson AM. . Arch Sex Behav. 2008-04, 37 (2): 266–78. PMID 17333329. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9123-6.
1 2 3  徐震雷; 张玫玫. . 人民卫生出版社. 2014. ISBN 978-7-117-18759-6.
↑  潘绥铭. . 2016-04-13  [2016-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）.
1 2 3 4  Porter, Robert S.; Kaplan, Justin L. (编). .  19th. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., A Subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. 2011  [2016-07-15]. ISBN 978-0-911910-19-3. （原始内容存档于2015-02-20）.
↑  Jacqueline L. Longe (编). .  4 Second. Detroit, Mich.: Cengage Gale. 2011-06-07: 1404  [2016-07-16]. ISBN 978-1-4144-8641-3. OCLC 712621295. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）.
1 2  Thomas H. Ollendick; Carolyn S. Schroeder. . . Boston, MA: Springer Science & Business Media. 2012-12-06: 359  [2016-07-16]. ISBN 978-1-4615-0107-7. OCLC 913623298. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）.
↑  Hansen, J.K.; Balslev, T. . European Journal of Paediatric Neurology (Elsevier). 2009-11, 13 (6): 508–10 [2008]. ISSN 1090-3798. PMID 19010071. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.10.007. Infantile masturbation is considered a variant of normal behaviour.
1 2  Roya Nikkhah. . Telegraph. 2009-07-12  [2015-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-27）.
↑  . 日本性教育協会.   [2017-05-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-24）.
↑  . AbemaTIMES. 2020-02-06  [2020-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-24） （日语）.
↑  Giorgi G, Siccardi M. . Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996-09, 175 (3 Pt 1): 753. PMID 8828451.
↑  Heilborn, M.L., Cabral, C.S. . Cad Saude Publica. 2006, 22 (7): 1471–81. PMID 16791346. doi:10.1590/S0102-311X2006000700011.
↑  Menon A.; McAllister R.H.; Watson W.; Watson S. . Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2006, 20 (1): 125–7. PMID 16354735. doi:10.1177/0269881106059732.
↑  Burleson MH, Trevathan WR, Gregory WL. . Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2002-05, 27 (4): 489–503. PMID 11912001. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00066-X.
↑  Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John O. . Cengage Learning. 2014-01-01: 406  [2016-07-16]. ISBN 978-1-305-16173-3. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）.
↑  Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John O.; Martini, Tanya S. . Cengage Learning. 5 December 2016: 407. ISBN 978-1-337-51708-9.
↑  Baker, Robin. . Diane Books Publishing Company. 1996-06. ISBN 978-0-7881-6004-2.
↑  Baker, Robin R.; Bellis, Mark A. . Animal Behaviour. 1993-11, 46 (5): 87, 23p. doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1272.
↑  Thomsen, Ruth. . Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. 2000-10  [2016-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-14）.
↑  Baker, Robin R.; Bellis, Mark A. . Animal Behaviour. 1993-11, 46 (5): 861, 25p. doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1271.
↑  Shackelford, Todd K.; Goetz, Aaron T.  (PDF). Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2007-02, 16 (1): 47–50  [2016-07-17]. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00473.x. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04）.
1 2  Patton, Michael S. . Journal of Religion and Health (Springer Netherlands). 1985-06, 24 (2): 133–146  [2011-11-12]. ISSN 0022-4197. doi:10.1007/BF01532257. （原始内容存档于2021-04-05）. Social change in attitudes toward masturbation has occurred at the professional level only since 1960 and at the popular level since 1970. [133] … onanism and masturbation erroneously became synonymous... [134] … there is no legislation in the Bible pertaining to masturbation. [135]
1 2  Jack Boulware. . Salon.com. 2000-05-09  [2014-08-27]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-22）.  apud . Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance.   [2014-08-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-21）.
↑  . Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance.   [2014-08-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-21）.
1 2 3  Szasz, Thomas S. . . London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 1974: 10 [1973]  [2011-06-30]. ISBN 0-7100-7757-2. （原始内容存档于2021-03-21）. Masturbation: the primary sexual activity of mankind. In the nineteenth century it was a disease; in the twentieth, it's a cure.
1 2  Shpancer, Noah. . Psychology Today. New York City: Sussex Publishers. 29 September 2010  [2013-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-31）. The publication of Kinsey's and Masters and Johnson's research revealed that masturbation was both common and harmless. Many studies have since confirmed this basic truth, revealing in addition that masturbation is neither a substitute for "real" sex nor a facilitator of risky sex.  参数|journal=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite journal}}或|website=） (帮助)
1 2  Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John O. .  14. Cengage Learning. 2015-01-01: 363  [2016-07-15]. ISBN 978-1-305-54500-7. （原始内容存档于2020-06-14）. Is there any way that masturbation can cause harm? Seventy years ago, a child might have been told that masturbation would cause insanity, acne, sterility, or other such nonsense. "Self-abuse," as it was then called, has enjoyed a long and unfortunate history of religious and medical disapproval (Caroll, 2013). The modern view is that masturbation is a normal sexual behavior (Hogarth & Ingham, 2009). Enlightened parents are well aware of this fact. Still, many children are punished or made to feel guilty for touching their genitals. This is unfortunate because masturbation itself is harmless. Typically, its only negative effects are feelings of fear, guilt, or anxiety that arise from learning to think of masturbation as "bad" or "wrong." In an age when people are urged to practice "safer sex," masturbation remains the safest sex of all.
1 2  Sigel, Lisa Z. . Journal of Social History (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Summer 2004, 37 (4): 1065–1066. ISSN 0022-4529. JSTOR 3790078. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0065. Stengers and Van Neck follow the illness to its  fairly abrupt demise; they  liken the shift to  finally seeing  the  emperor  without clothes as doctors  began  to doubt masturbation  as a cause of illness at the turn of the twentieth century.  Once doubt set  in,  scientists began to accumulate  statistics about the  practice, finding  that a large minority and then a  large majority  of  people  masturbated. The implications were clear: if most  people  masturbated and did not  experience insanity, debility, and  early death,  then masturbation  could not be held accountable  to the  etiology that had been assigned it. Masturbation quickly lost its hold over the medical community, and  parents  followed  in  making  masturbation  an  ordinary part  of first childhood  and then human sexuality.
1 2  Wood, Kate. . Culture, Health & Sexuality (London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd.). 2005-03, 7 (2): 182–184. ISSN 1369-1058. JSTOR 4005453. In the collection's introductory chapter, Eli Coleman describes how Kinsey's research half a century ago was the first in a series of studies to challenge widely prevalent cultural myths relating to the 'harmful' effects of masturbation, revealing the practice to be both common and non-pathological.  Subsequent research, outlined by Coleman in this chapter, has shown masturbation to be linked to healthy sexual development, sexual well-being in relationships, self-esteem and bodily integrity (an important sexual right). As such, the promotion and de-stigmatization of the practice continue to be important strategies within sexology for the achievement of healthy sexual development and well-being.

The collection concludes with two surveys among US college students. The first of these was based on limited quantitative questions relating to masturbation. The findings suggest that masturbation is not a substitute for sexual intercourse, as has often been posited, but is associated with increased sexual interest and greater number of partners. The second of these surveys asks whether masturbation could be useful in treating low sexual desire, by examining the relationship between masturbation, libido and sexual fantasy.
1 2 3  David J. Ley. . Rowman & Littlefield. 2014-07-10: 12  [2016-07-15]. ISBN 978-1-4422-1305-0. （原始内容存档于2020-06-14）.
↑  Planned Parenthood Federation of America. . Contemporary Sexuality (Mount Vernon, IA: American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists). 2003-03, 37 (3): v. ISSN 1094-5725. OCLC 37229308. Finally, the American medical community pronounced masturbation as normal in 1972 American Medical Association publication, Human Sexuality (Rowan, 2000).
1 2 3  李銀河. . 內蒙古大學出版社. 2009. ISBN 978-7-8111-5745-1.
↑  尤锡元. . 医学文选. 1993, (1): 69–69.
↑  罗鸿宇. . 河北中医. 2001, 23 (7): 531–531.
1 2  文榮光; 王經綸. . 腎虧症候群: 臺灣所見一種具文化特殊性的性精神官能症. 林宗義、Arthur Kleinman編、柯永河、蕭欣義譯 (香港: 中文大學). 1990: 303–313.
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1 2   (PDF). WHO. 1993: 213、215  [2016-07-23]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-06-18）. Acute anxiety and somatic complaints such as fatigue and muscle pain, related to a fear of semen loss in men or women(also thought to secrete semen). Precursors are said to include excess coitus, urinary disorders, imbalances in body humours, and diet. The main symptom is a whitish discharge in urine, interpreted as semen loss. Traditional remedies focus on herbal tonics to restore semen or humoral balance.
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