自由意志主義 (政治)
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↑  Boaz, David. . 2009-01-30  [2017-02-21]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-04）. [L]ibertarianism, political philosophy that takes individual liberty to be the primary political value.  |encyclopedia=被忽略 (帮助)
↑  Woodcock, George. . Peterborough: Broadview Press. 2004: 16 [1962]. ISBN 9781551116297. [F]or the very nature of the libertarian attitude—its rejection of dogma, its deliberate avoidance of rigidly systematic theory, and, above all, its stress on extreme freedom of choice and on the primacy of the individual judgement （原文如此）.
↑  Long, Joseph. W (1996). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 310. "When I speak of 'libertarianism' [...] I mean all three of these very different movements. It might be protested that LibCap [libertarian capitalism], LibSoc [libertarian socialism] and LibPop [libertarian populism] are too different from one another to be treated as aspects of a single point of view. But they do share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry."
↑  Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006 （页面存档备份，存于）. ISBN 1412988764. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars."
↑  Francis, Mark. . Australian Journal of Politics & History. 1983, 29 (3): 462–472. ISSN 0004-9522. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x.
↑  "The Rise of Social Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 223 （页面存档备份，存于）. "In the meantime, anarchist theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well. One important pioneer is French anarcho-communists Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864), who [...] appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term "libertarian" for this position; hence "libertarianism" initially denoted a communist rather than a free-market ideology."
↑  "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227 （页面存档备份，存于）. "In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular."
↑  Rothbard, Murray.  (PDF). Mises Institute. 2009: 83 [2007]  [2020-06-12]. ISBN 978-1610165013. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-12-21）. One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over.
↑  Marshall, Peter (2009). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. p. 641 （页面存档备份，存于）. "For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchism but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent. Some anarchists like Daniel Guérin will call themselves 'libertarian socialists', partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism, and partly to stress the place of anarchism within the socialist tradition. Even Marxists of the New Left like E. P. Thompson call themselves 'libertarian' to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties."
↑  Kropotkin, Peter. . Courier Dover Publications. 1927: 150. ISBN 9780486119861. It attacks not only capital, but also the main sources of the power of capitalism: law, authority, and the State.
↑  Otero, Carlos Peregrin. . Otero, Carlos Peregrin  (编). . Chomsky, Noam Chomsky 3rd. Oakland, California: AK Press. 2003: 26. ISBN 1-902593-69-3.
↑  Chomsky, Noam. Carlos Peregrin Otero , 编.  3rd. Oakland, California: AK Press. 2003: 227–228. ISBN 1-902593-69-3.
↑  Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilbur R. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 1006 （页面存档备份，存于）. "[S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism".
1 2  Kymlicka, Will (2005). "libertarianism, left-". In Honderich, Ted. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 516. ISBN 978-0199264797. "'Left-libertarianism' is a new term for an old conception of justice, dating back to Grotius. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property. Historic proponents of this view include Thomas Paine, Herbert Spencer, and Henry George. Recent exponents include Philippe Van Parijs and Hillel Steiner."
↑  Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4 （页面存档备份，存于）. ISBN 1846310253. ISBN 978-1846310256. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition".
↑  Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 641 （页面存档备份，存于）. "Left libertarianism can therefore range from the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power, to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether. It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State".
1 2  Spitz, Jean-Fabien. . Cairn-int.info. March 2006  [2018-03-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-23）.
↑  Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism, Edinburgh University Press. p. 43 （页面存档备份，存于）. ISBN 0748634959. ISBN 978-0748634958. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only a narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all".
↑  "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227. "The term 'left-libertarianism' has at least three meanings. In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular. Later it became a term for the left or Konkinite wing of the free-market libertarian movement, and has since come to cover a range of pro-market but anti-capitalist positions, mostly individualist anarchist, including agorism and mutualism, often with an implication of sympathies (such as for radical feminism or the labor movement) not usually shared by anarcho-capitalists. In a third sense it has recently come to be applied to a position combining individual self-ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources; most proponents of this position are not anarchists."
↑  Vallentyne, Peter. . Zalta, Edward N.  (编).  Spring 2009. Stanford, California: Stanford University. March 2009  [2010-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-06）. Libertarianism is committed to full self-ownership. A distinction can be made, however, between right-libertarianism and left-libertarianism, depending on the stance taken on how natural resources can be owned.
↑  Carson, Kevin (15 June 2014). "What is Left-Libertarianism?" （页面存档备份，存于）. Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
↑  Hussain, Syed B. . New York: Facts on File Inc. 2004: 492  [2020-06-12]. ISBN 0816052247. （原始内容存档于2020-09-30）. In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that capitalism is an excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians.
1 2  Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 1006 （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Rothbard, Murray (1 March 1971). "The Left and Right Within Libertarianism" （页面存档备份，存于）. WIN: Peace and Freedom Through Nonviolent Action. 7 (4): 6–10. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
↑  Miller, Fred. . 2008-08-15  [2019-07-31]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-26）.  |encyclopedia=被忽略 (帮助)
↑  Boaz, David. . Cato Institute. 2019-04-12  [2019-12-20]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-03）.
↑  . Institute for Humane Studies.   [2019-12-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-01）.
↑  Baradat, Leon P. . Routledge. 2015: 31. ISBN 978-1317345558.
↑  "I'm for a free market. I only oppose the misuse of technology. A libertarian society would not allow anyone to injure others by pollution because it insists on individual responsibility. That's part of the beauty of libertarianism." -Russell Means
↑  Déjacque, Joseph. Letter to P. J. Proudhon （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Steiner, Hillel; Vallentyne, Peter (2000). The Origins of Left Libertarianism. Palgrave.
↑  Steiner, Hillel (1994). An Essay on Rights. Oxford: Blackwell.
↑  Van Parijs, Philippe (2009). Marxism Recycled. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
↑  Otsuka, Michael (2005). Libertarianism without Inequality. New York: Oxford University Press.
↑   (PDF).   [2008-08-15]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-10-02）.
↑  .   [2006-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-03）.
↑  The maxims are described in the introduction of this article. Tenet is a principle, belief, or doctrine generally held to be true.(Meraim Webster) I.e. it is generally held to be true that as a fundamental maxim all human interaction should be voluntary and consensual
↑  "The libertarian, if he is to be logically consistent, must urge zero crime, not a small amount of it. Any crime is anathema for the libertarian. Any government, no matter how "nice", must therefore also be rejected by the libertarian." Walter Block, GOVERNMENTAL INEVITABILITY: REPLY TO HOLCOMBE, JOURNAL OF LIBERTARIAN STUDIES VOLUME 19, NO. 3 (SUMMER 2005): 71–93
↑  .   [2006-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-05）.
↑  .   [2006-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2006-09-01）.
↑  .   [2006-10-21]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-16）.
↑  .   [2006-10-21]. （原始内容存档于2006-11-21）.