穆巴拉克時期
參考文獻

↑  蔡娪嫣. . 風傳媒. 2020-02-25  [2023-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-19）.
↑  徽徽. . 地球圖輯隊. 2020-02-26  [2023-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-02）.
↑  . Amnesty International. June 2011  [2013-06-23]. （原始内容存档于2012-12-04）.
↑  Quote: "Egypt is a presidential state. .. the President is the dominant political and governmental authority in Egypt. Any important policy or project must normally have the `blessing` of the President before it can proceed with a reasonable prospect of success." Egypt Under Mubarak （页面存档备份，存于）, "Government and the State in Egypt Today," Naziah N. Ayubi p.10
↑  . The Independent. 2005-05-27  [2009-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2005-06-21）.
↑  . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2005-05-25  [2009-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-14）.
↑  . International Herald Tribune. 2005-05-25  [2009-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-13）.
↑  Arab Media & Society （页面存档备份，存于）. Arabmediasociety.com. Retrieved on 2 February 2011.
↑  Interview with MR. GAMAL MUBARAK Chairman Of Medinvest Associates Ltd （页面存档备份，存于）. Winne.com (14 January 1999). Retrieved 2 February 2011.
↑  Egypt After 9/11: Perceptions of the United States 的存檔，存档日期15 July 2006. 26 March 2004
↑  R. Clemente Holder. . Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. August 1994  [2011-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-24）.
↑  Caraley, Demetrios. . Academy of Political Science. April 2004. ISBN 1-884853-04-8.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
↑  . news.google.com.   [2023-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-19）.
↑  F.A.Q. on U.S. Aid to Egypt: Where Does the Money Go—And Who Decides How It’s Spent? （页面存档备份，存于） by Marian Wang, ProPublica, 31 January 2011
↑  Douglas Jehl, "Mubarak Visits Syria in Effort To Defuse Crisis With Turkey" （页面存档备份，存于）, New York Times, 5 October 1998
↑  Karsh, Efraim Islamic Imperialism, Yale University Press, 2006, p. 183.
↑  Karsh, Efraim Islamic Imperialism, Yale University Press, 2006 p. 184.
↑  Weaver, Mary Ann, Portrait of Egypt, p.68
↑  Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam by Gilles Kepel, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2002, p.290-1
↑  Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p.82-3
↑  Sageman, p.47
↑  Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, (p.116)
1 2  . Human Rights Watch. 2010-01-20  [2023-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-22）.
1 2 3 4 5  . The Economist. 2010-07-15  [2016-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-12）.
↑  EOHR calls for investigating 900 torture cases （页面存档备份，存于）, by  Marwa Al-A'sar/Daily News Egypt 22 June 2011
↑  Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution by John R. Bradley, Palgrave MaacMillan, 2008. p.191
↑  . www.freedomhouse.org.   [2023-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-06）.
↑  Freedom of the Press. Egypt, 2008 （页面存档备份，存于） freedomhouse.org
↑  Reporters sans frontières - Annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index - 2005 的存檔，存档日期19 April 2008.
↑  Reporters sans frontières - Egypt - Annual report 2006 的存檔，存档日期15 February 2008.
↑  http://www 的存檔，存档日期26 March 2006.. tradingeconomics .com/egypt/gdp-per-capita-ppp Egypt GDP per capita PPP| tradingeconomics.com (a blacklisted site although it seems legit.)
↑  Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 130–31
↑  . countrystudies.us.   [2023-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-10-11）.
↑  The UNDP gives slightly better life expectancy improvement from 56.2 to 73.2 years. International Human Development Indicators UNDP 的存檔，存档日期10 May 2013.
↑  The World Bank estimates Egypt's gini coefficient from 1993-98 at 30.8 GINI index （页面存档备份，存于） World Bank
↑  . World Bank.   [2023-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-12）.
↑  （页面存档备份，存于） [6]
↑  Suzanne Choney. . NBC News. 2011-01-27  [2011-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-23）.
↑  Jane Mayer. . The New Yorker. 30 October 2006  [28 January 2011]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-29）.
↑  Kalla Fakta. . trojkan.se. 2004-05-18  [2011-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-04）.
↑  Jack Shenker. . The Guardian (UK). 2010-11-22  [2011-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-26）.
↑  . Transparency International.   [2010-10-26]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-26）.
↑  . countrystudies.us.   [2023-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-17）.
1 2  Education （页面存档备份，存于）, from  Egypt: A Country Study. Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990.
↑  Kirkpatrick, David D. . New York Times. 2011-01-28  [2011-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-08）.
↑  Kirkpatrick, David D.; Shadid, Anthony; Cowell, Alan. . New York Times. 2011-02-11  [2011-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-11）.
↑  . BBC. 2010-02-11  [2011-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-11）.
↑  Kirkpatrick, David D.; Stack, Liam. . The New York Times. 2011-03-13  [2011-04-13]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-16）.
↑  . Reuters. 2011-05-24  [2011-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-31）.