季節性流感疫苗
有效性 > 年度更新

在每年的季节性流行期间，编码血凝素和神经氨酸酶蛋白的基因都会发生点突变，而这两种蛋白是保护性抗体的主要靶标。流行性流感病毒株的这种抗原漂移导致监管官员和生产商每年都要调整流感疫苗中的病毒抗原。偶尔，人类和禽类共同感染的情况下，分割的病毒基因组会重新出现，产生一种新的病毒，也就是抗原转变，从而导致大流行。1918 年（H1N1）、1957 年（H2N2）、1968 年（H3N2）和 2009 年（新型 H1N1）都发生过全球性的大流行。在这种情况下，必须对疫苗进行重大调整。
以下为北半球每年流感疫苗针对的毒株列表。Starting in the 2012–2013 season, the recommendation shifted from a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing three strains to a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) that contains both influenza B lineages.[來源請求]
| 年度 | H1N1甲流 | 演化支 | 类似猪H1支 | H3N2甲流 | 演化支 | 乙流Victoria株 | 演化支 | 乙流山形株 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| November 1998–April 1999 | A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 |  | A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus |  | N/A |  | B/Beijing/184/93-like virus |
| November 1999–April 2000 | A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 |  | A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus |  | B/Shangdong/7/97-like virus |  | B/Beijing/184/93-like virus |
| 2000–2001 | A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 |  | A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus |  | N/A |  | B/Beijing/184/93-like virus |
| 2001–2002 | A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 |  | A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus |  | N/A |  | B/Sichuan/379/99-like virus |
| 2002–2003 | A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 |  | A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus |  | B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus |  | N/A |
| 2003–2004 | A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 |  | A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus |  | B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus |  | N/A |
| 2004–2005 | A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 |  | A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2)-like virus |  | N/A |  | B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus |
| 2005–2006 | A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 |  | A/California/7/2004 (H3N2)-like virus |  | N/A |  | B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus |
| 2006–2007 | A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 |  | A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virus |  | B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus |  | N/A |
| 2007–2008 | A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 |  | A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virus |  | B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus |  | N/A |
| 2008–2009 | A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 | 1B.2.1 | A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus |  | N/A |  | B/Florida/4/2006-like virus |
| 2009–2010 | A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus | 未谱系 | 1B.2.1 | A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus |  | B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus |  | N/A |
| 2010–2011 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus | (0) | 1A.3.3.2 | A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus |  | B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus |  | N/A |
| 2011–2012 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus | (0) | 1A.3.3.2 | A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus |  | B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus |  | N/A |
| 2012–2013 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | (0) | 1A.3.3.2 | A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virus |  | B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus |  | B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus |
| 2013–2014 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | (0) | 1A.3.3.2 | A(H3N2) virus antigenically like the cell-propagated prototype virus A/Victoria/361/2011 |  | B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus |  | B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus |
| 2014–2015 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | (0) | 1A.3.3.2 | A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)-like virus |  | B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus |  | B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus |
| 2015–2016 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | (0) | 1A.3.3.2 | A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)-like virus |  | B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus |  | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |
| 2016–2017 | A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | (0) | 1A.3.3.2 | A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a | B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus |  | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |
| 2017–2018 | A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1 | 不再使用 | A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a | B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus |  | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |
| 2018–2019 | A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1 | 不再使用 | A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1 | B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage) |  | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |
| 2019–2020 | A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.1 | 不再使用 | A/Kansas/14/2017 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.3a | B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage) |  | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |
| 2020–2021 egg-based vaccines | A/Guangdong-Maonan/SWL1536/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.5a.1 | 不再使用 | A/Hong Kong/2671/2019 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.1b | B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus | V1A.3 | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |
| 2020–2021 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines | A/Hawaii/70/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.5a.1 | 不再使用 | A/Hong Kong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.1b | B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus | V1A.3 | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |
| 2021–2022 egg-based vaccines | A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.5a.2 | 不再使用 | A/Cambodia/e0826360/2020 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.2a.1 | B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus | V1A.3 | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |
| 2021–2022 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines | A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.5a.2 | 不再使用 | A/Cambodia/e0826360/2020 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.2a.1 | B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus | V1A.3 | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |
| 2022–2023 egg-based vaccines | A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.5a.2 | 不再使用 | A/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.2a.2a | B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus | V1A.3a.2 | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |
| 2022–2023 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines | A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.5a.2 | 不再使用 | A/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.2a.2a | B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus | V1A.3a.2 | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |
| 2023–2024 egg-based vaccines | A/Victoria/4897/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.5a.2a.1 | 不再使用 | A/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.2a.2a | B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus | V1A.3a.2 | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |
| 2023–2024 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines | A/Wisconsin/67/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus | 6B.1A.5a.2a.1 | 不再使用 | A/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virus | 3C.2a1b.2a.2a | B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus | V1A.3a.2 | B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus |

↑  早期针对人类流感病毒进行详细谱系，仅存在最接近的猪H1流感病毒的HA蛋白谱系，一些最接近人H1N1流感病毒的猪H1流感病毒甚至属于H1N2型。
1 2  The recommendation was for either the B Victoria or the B Yamagata strain.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  (H1N1)pdm09 is newer nomenclature for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, not a different strain.
↑  It is recommended that A/Texas/50/2012 is used as the A(H3N2) vaccine component because of antigenic changes in earlier A/Victoria/361/2011-like vaccine viruses (such as IVR-165) resulting from adaptation to propagation in eggs.
↑  A/Texas/50/2012 is an A(H3N2) virus that following adaptation to growth in eggs has maintained antigenic properties similar to the majority of recently circulating cell-propagated A(H3N2) viruses including A/Victoria/361/2011