耶稣的出生日期
参考资料 > 引文

1 2  Dunn 2003，第344頁.
1 2 3 4 5  Niswonger 1992，第121–124頁.
1 2 3 4  Rahner 1975，第731頁.
↑  Molnar 1999，第104頁.
↑  Pearse 2018.
↑  Hijmans, S.E., Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 2009, p. 584.
↑  McGowan, Andrew, How December 25 Became Christmas 的存檔，存档日期December 14, 2012，., Bible History Daily, February 12, 2016.
1 2  English, Adam C. . Wipf and Stock Publishers. October 14, 2016: 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2 （English）.  引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型 (link)
↑  Augustine, Sermon 192 的存檔，存档日期November 25, 2016，..
1 2  Hijmans, S.E., Sol, the sun in the art and religions of Rome, 2009, p. 595. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3 的存檔，存档日期May 10, 2013，.
↑  Senn, Frank C. . Fortress Press. 2012  [December 23, 2014]. ISBN 978-1-4514-2433-1. （原始内容存档于December 31, 2015）.
↑  Roll, Susan K. . Kok Pharos Publishing. 1995: 87, cf. note 173  [April 9, 2021]. ISBN 978-90-390-0531-6. （原始内容存档于April 9, 2021）.
↑  Bradshaw, Paul. Larsen, Timothy , 编. . Oxford University Press. 2020: 7–10.
↑  Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article "Christmas".
1 2  Talley 1991，第88–91頁.
1 2  Bradshaw, Paul F., "Christmas" 的存檔，存档日期January 9, 2017，., The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy of Worship, Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd., 2002.
↑  Roll, p.107
1 2 3  Bradshaw, Paul. Larsen, Timothy , 编. . Oxford University Press. 2020: 4–5.
↑  Roll, pp. 88–90; Duchesne, Louis, Les Origines du Culte Chrétien, Paris, 1902, 262 ff.
↑  Andrew McGowan. . Bible Review & Bible History Daily. Biblical Archaeology Society.   [February 24, 2011]. （原始内容存档于December 14, 2012）.  参数|magazine=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite magazine}}或|website=） (帮助)
↑  Roll (1995), p. 88
↑  Hijmans, p.584
↑  Kelly, Joseph F.  (PDF). Liturgical Press. 2004: 60  [2024-03-08]. ISBN 978-0-8146-2984-0. （原始内容存档于2017-02-19）. Online here.
↑  Collinge, William J. . Scarecrow Press. 2012  [December 23, 2014]. ISBN 978-0-8108-5755-1. （原始内容存档于December 31, 2015）.
↑  Roll, p. 87.
↑  Roll, p.89: "Duchesne adds [...] a conjecture which he does not support by direct reference to any patristic author or text: that Christ must have been thought to have lived a whole number of years, since symbolic number systems do not permit the imperfection of fractions [...] But Duchesne was forced to admit that: "this explanation would be the more readily received if we could find it fully stated in some author. Unfortunately we know of no text containing it"."
1 2 3  English, Adam C. . Wipf and Stock Publishers. October 14, 2016: 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2 （English）. First, we should examine the biblical evidence regarding the timing of the conception. [...] The angel Gabriel appeared to Zechariah, husband of Elizabeth and father of John the Baptizer, on the day he was chosen by lot to enter the sanctuary of the Lord and offer incense (Luke 1:9) Zechariah belonged to the tribe of Levi, the one tribe especially selected by the Lord to serve as priests. Not restricted to any one tribal territory, the Levite priests dispersed throughout the land of Israel. Nevertheless, many chose to live near Jerusalem in order to fulfill duties in the Temple, just like Zechariah who resided at nearby Ein Karem. Lots were cast regularly to decide any number of priestly duties: preparing the altar, making the sacrifice, cleaning the ashes, burning the morning or evening incense. Yet, given the drama of the event, it would seem that he entered the Temple sanctuary on the highest and holiest day of the year, the Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. There, beside the altar of the Lord, a radiant angel gave news of the child to be born to Elizabeth. The date reckoned for this occurrence is September 24, based on computations from the Jewish calendar in accordance with Leviticus 23 regarding the Day of Atonement. According to Luke 1:26, Gabriel's annunciation to Mary took place in the "sixth month" of Elizabeth's pregnancy. That is, Mary conceives six months after Elizabeth. Luke repeats the uniqueness of the timing in verse 36. Counting six months from September 24 we arrive at March 25, the most likely date for the annunciation and conception of Mary. Nine months hence takes us to December 25, which turns out to be a surprisingly reasonable date for the birthday. [...] In Palestine, the months of November mark the rainy season, the only time of the year sheep might find fresh green grass to graze. During the other ten months of the year, animals must content themselves on dry straw. So, the suggestion that shepherds might have stayed out in the fields with their flocks in late December, at the peak of the rainy season, is not only reasonable, it is most certain.  引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型 (link)
↑  Luke 1:26
↑  Bonneau, Normand. . Liturgical Press. 1998: 114. ISBN 978-0-8146-2457-9 （English）. The Roman Church celebrates the annunciation of March 25 (the Roman calendar equivalent to the Jewish fourteenth Nisan); hence Jesus' birthday occurred nine months later on December 25. This computation matches well with other indications in Luke's gospel. Christians conjectured that the priest Zechariah was serving in the temple on the Day of Atonement, roughly at the autumnal equinox, when the angel announced to him the miraculous conception of John the Baptist. At her annunciation, Mary received news that Elizabeth was in her sixth month. Sixth months after the autumnal equinox means that Mary conceived Jesus at the vernal equinox (March 25). If John the Baptist was conceived at the autumnal equinox, he was born at the summer solstice nine months later. Thus even to this day the liturgical calendar commemorates John's birth on June 24. Finally, John 3:30, where John the Baptist says of Jesus: "He must increase, but I must decrease," corroborates this tallying of dates. For indeed, after the birth of Jesus at the winter solstice the days increase, while after the birth of John at the summer solstice the days decrease.  引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型 (link)
↑  Luke 1:5–23
↑  Collinge, Historical Dictionary of Catholicism, p.38
↑  Bartlett, Robert; Robert Bartlett (historian). . Princeton University Press. 2015: 154.  引文使用过时参数coauthor (帮助)
↑  Roll, p.105
↑  Rouwhorst, Gerard. . Brill. 2020: 43.
↑  Kelly, p.80
1 2 3  Forsythe, Gary. . Routledge. 2012: 141.
↑  Elm, Susanna. . University of California Press. 2012: 287.
↑  Remijsen, Sofie. . Cambridge University Press. 2015: 133.
↑  Martindale, Cyril Charles. .  3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1908.
↑  Cited in Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries, Ramsay MacMullen. Yale:1997, p. 155.
↑  Newton, Isaac, Observations on the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John 的存檔，存档日期September 18, 2012，. (1733). Ch. XI. A sun connection is possible because Christians considered Jesus to be the "Sun of righteousness" prophesied in Malachi 4:2: "But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness shall rise with healing in its wings. You shall go out leaping like calves from the stall."
↑  Roll, Susan K. . Peeters Publishers. 1995: 130  [June 20, 2015]. ISBN 978-90-390-0531-6. （原始内容存档于November 2, 2015）.
↑  Hermann Usener, Das Weihnachtsfest. In: Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, part 1. Second edition. Verlag von Max Cohen & Sohn, Bonn 1911.
↑  Hijmans, S.E. . 2009: 588. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. （原始内容存档于May 10, 2013）.
↑  Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield. Hastings, Adrian , 编. . Oxford University Press: 114. 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-860024-4.  |editor-first1=和|editor-first=只需其一 (帮助)
↑  Nothaft, C. Philipp E. . Questions Liturgiques/Studies in Liturgy (Peeters). 2013, 94 (3): 248. doi:10.2143/QL.94.3.3007366. Although HRT is nowadays used as the default explanation for the choice of 25 December as Christ's birthday, few advocates of this theory seem to be aware of how paltry the available evidence actually is.
↑  Freed 2001，第119頁.
↑  Barnes 1968，第204–209頁.
↑  Bernegger 1983，第526–531頁.
↑  Gelb 2013，第140頁.
↑  Martin 1989，第93–94頁.
↑  Schürer, Vermès & Millar 1973，第328頁.
↑  Steinmann 2009，第1–29頁.
1 2  Evans 1973，第24-39頁.
↑  Kokkinos 1989，第133-165頁.
↑  Rhees 2007，Section 54.
1 2 3  Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009，第114頁.
↑  Freedman & Myers 2000，第249頁.
↑  Evans 2003，第67–69頁.
1 2  Novak 2001，第302–303頁.
↑  Hoehner 1977，第29–37頁.
↑  Maier 1989，第113–129頁.
↑  Revillo, Juan, & Keyser, John. . Hope of Israel Ministries.   [2023-12-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-20）.
↑  . Koinonia House.   [2023-12-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-28）.
↑  Pratt, John. . International Planetarium Society.   [2023-12-24]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-18）.
↑  Scarola 1998，第61-81頁.
↑  Schürer, Emil. A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, 5 vols. New York, Scribner's, 1896.
1 2  Marshall, Taylor. The Eternal City (Dallas: St. John, 2012), pp. 35–65.
1 2  Steinmann, Andrew. From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology (St. Louis: Concordia, 2011), pp. 235–238.
↑  Barnes, Timothy David. "The Date of Herod's Death," Journal of Theological Studies ns 19 (1968), 204–219
↑  Bernegger, P. M. "Affirmation of Herod's Death in 4 B.C.", Journal of Theological Studies ns 34 (1983), 526–531.
↑  Josephus, Wars, 1.631–632.
↑  Josephus, Wars, 2.26.
↑  Hoehner, Harold. Herod Antipas, (Zondervan, 1980) p. 251.
1 2 3  Beyer, David. https://books.google.com/books?id=mWnYvI5RdLMC&pg=PA93 |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). Vardaman, Jerry  (编). . Mercer University Press. 1998: 85–96  [2023-12-24]. ISBN 978-0-86554-582-3. （原始内容存档于2023-10-02）.
↑  Jachowski, Raymond J. . Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism. 2015, 11: 9-18  [2023-12-24]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-13）.
↑  Edwards, Ormond. "Herodian Chronology", Palestine Exploration Quarterly 114 (1982) 29–42
↑  Keresztes, Paul. Imperial Rome and the Christians: From Herod the Great to About 200 AD (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1989), pp.1–43.
↑  Vardaman, Jerry; Yamauchi, Edwin M. (编). . Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan. 1989: 85–92.
↑  Finegan, Jack. Handbook of Biblical Chronology （页面存档备份，存于）, Rev. ed. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998) 300, §516.
↑  Filmer, W. E. "Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great", Journal of Theological Studies ns 17 (1966), 283–298.
↑  Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003，第767頁.
↑  Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius Introduction and First Argumentum.
↑  Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003，第778頁.
↑  Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003，第778–79頁.
↑  Teres, Gustav. . Journal for the History of Astronomy. October 1984, 15 (3): 177–88. Bibcode:1984JHA....15..177T. S2CID 117094612. doi:10.1177/002182868401500302.
↑  Tøndering, Claus, The Calendar FAQ: Counting years 的存檔，存档日期24 September 2021.
1 2  Mosshammer, Alden A. . Oxford. 2009: 319–56. ISBN 978-0191562365.
↑  Finegan, Jack. . Hendrickson Publishers. 2015: 345  [2023-12-24]. ISBN 978-1-61970-641-5. （原始内容存档于2024-01-13）.
↑  Declercq, Georges(2000). "Anno Domini. The Origins of the Christian Era" Turnhout, Belgium, [页码请求]
↑  Wallraff, Martin: Julius Africanus und die Christliche Weltchronik. Walter de Gruyter, 2006
↑  Mosshammer, Alden A. (2009). The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford University Press, pp. 254, 270, 328
↑  Declercq, Georges (2000). Anno Domini. The Origins of the Christian Era. Turnhout Belgium. [页码请求]
↑  Halsall, Guy (2013). Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions of The Dark Ages. Oxford University Press, pp 194 - 200
↑  Ilan, Tal. . Tübingen, Germany: J.C.B. Mohr. 2002: 129.
↑  Stern, David. . Clarksville, Maryland: Jewish New Testament Publications. 1992: 4–5.
↑  Howard, George, Hebrew Gospel of Matthew, Mercer University Press, 1998. Howard cites Krauss, Das Leben Jesu, p 68
↑  Mead, George R.S., Did Jesus Live 100 BC? (1903, London, Theosophical Publ'g Society) 440 pages, the Toledoth text (primarily from Strassburg ms) on pages 258-280; https://archive.org/details/didjesuslive100b00meaduoft .
↑  Robert E. Van Voorst. Jesus outside the New Testament. 2000 ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5. p. 124. "This is likely an inference from the Talmud and other Jewish usage, where Jesus is called Yeshu, and other Jews with the same name are called by the fuller name Yehoshua, "Joshua"
↑  Schäfer, Peter. . Princeton University Press. 2002: 211f. ISBN 0-691-09068-8.
↑  . Bibleinfo.com.   [1 December 2017]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-29） （英语）.
↑  Morris 1988，第93頁.
↑  Freed 2001，第136-137頁.
↑  English, Adam C. . Wipf and Stock Publishers. October 14, 2016: 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2 （English）. First, we should examine the biblical evidence regarding the timing of the conception. … The angel Gabriel appeared to Zechariah, husband of Elizabeth and father of John the Baptizer, on the day he was chosen by lot to enter the sanctuary of the Lord and offer incense (Luke 1:9) Zechariah belonged to the tribe of Levi, the one tribe especially selected by the Lord to serve as priests. Not restricted to any one tribal territory, the Levite priests dispersed throughout the land of Israel. Nevertheless, many chose to live near Jerusalem in order to fulfill duties in the Temple, just like Zechariah who resided at nearby Ein Karem. Lots were cast regularly to decide any number of priestly duties: preparing the altar, making the sacrifice, cleaning the ashes, burning the morning or evening incense. Yet, given the drama of the event, it would seem that he entered the Temple sanctuary on the highest and holiest day of the year, the Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. There, beside the altar of the Lord, a radiant angel gave news of the child to be born to Elizabeth. The date reckoned for this occurrence is September 24, based on computations from the Jewish calendar in accordance with Leviticus 23 regarding the Day of Atonement. According to Luke 1:26, Gabriel's annunciation to Mary took place in the "sixth month" of Elizabeth's pregnancy. That is, Mary conceives six months after Elizabeth. Luke repeats the uniqueness of the timing in verse 36. Counting six months from September 24 we arrive at March 25, the most likely date for the annunciation and conception of Mary. Nine months hence takes us to December 25, which turns out to be a surprisingly reasonable date for the birthday. … In Palestine, the months of November mark the rainy season, the only time of the year sheep might find fresh green grass to graze. During the other ten months of the year, animals must content themselves on dry straw. So, the suggestion that shepherds might have stayed out in the fields with their flocks in late December, at the peak of the rainy season, is not only reasonable, it is most certain.  引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型 (link)
↑  Murray, Alexander, "Medieval Christmas" 的存檔，存档日期13 December 2011., History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31–39.
↑  Bishop Jacob Bar-Salabi (cited in Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries, Ramsay MacMullen. Yale:1997, p. 155)
↑  Hyden, Marc. . Newnan Times-Herald. December 20, 2021  [February 17, 2023]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-26） （英语）. Around 274 ADᵃ, Emperor Aurelian set December 25—the winter solstice at the time—for the celebration of Sol Invictus who was the ‘Unconquered Sun’ god. ‘A marginal note on a manuscript of the writings of the Syriac biblical commentator  Dionysius bar-Salibi states that in ancient times the Christmas holiday was actually shifted from January 6 to December 25 so that it fell on the same date as the pagan Sol Invictus holiday,’ reads an excerpt from Biblical Archaeology. / Could early Christians have chosen December 25 to coincide with this holiday? ‘The first celebration of Christmas observed by the Roman church in the West is presumed to date to [336 AD],’ per the Encyclopedia Romanaᵃ, long after Aurelian established Sol Invictus' festival. 

(a) .  （英语）.
↑  Talley 1991，第88-91頁.
↑  . .   [February 17, 2023] （英语）. In the Julian calendar, December 25 marked the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year, after which the days begin to lengthen….
↑  . www.catholic.com.   [2023-12-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-17）.
↑  Espín & Nickoloff 2007，第237頁.
↑  Vischer 2003，第400–401頁.
↑  Schmidt, T. C. (2010). Hippolytus of Rome: Commentary on Daniel. 的存檔，存档日期5 November 2021.
↑  Mills, Bullard & McKnight 1990，第142頁.
↑  Castro, Joseph; published, Jessica Leggett. . livescience.com. 19 November 2021  [23 April 2022]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-20） （英语）.
↑  Beckwith 2001，第72頁.
↑  "On the Day of the Birth of Our Savior Jesus Christ" 的存檔，存档日期18 May 2021. by St. John Chrysostom. 1, para. 1
↑  Chapman 1907，第591頁.
↑  . BYU Studies.   [5 May 2022]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-17） （英语）.
↑  . HowStuffWorks. 23 December 2021  [5 May 2022]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-05） （英语）.
↑  Muhammad, Bilal. . Berkeley Institute for Islamic Studies. 16 January 2020  [28 December 2022]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-02）.
Mosley, J. . The Planetarian. 1981, (Third Quarter)  [2023-12-24]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-06）.
耶稣与法利赛人的争论，詹姆斯·蒂索 (James Tissot)着，c.1890年
《天使出现在牧羊人面前》，戈弗特·弗林克，1639年。牧羊人的存在对于确定耶稣的出生日期非常重要。