酗酒
參考文獻

↑  . meshb.nlm.nih.gov.   [2020-05-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-23）.
1 2 3 4 5  . November 2013  [2015-05-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-18）.
1 2  . 2011-09-14  [2015-05-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-04）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20   5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2013: 490–97. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
1 2 3 4  . 2011-09-14  [2015-05-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-06-03）.
↑  Borges G, Bagge CL, Cherpitel CJ, Conner KR, Orozco R, Rossow I. . Psychological Medicine. April 2017, 47 (5): 949–957. PMC 5340592 . PMID 27928972. doi:10.1017/S0033291716002841.
1 2 3  Moonat S, Pandey SC. . Alcohol Research. 2012, 34 (4): 495–505. PMC 3860391 . PMID 23584115.
1 2 3  Morgan-Lopez AA, Fals-Stewart W. . Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. May 2006, 14 (2): 265–73. PMC 4631029 . PMID 16756430. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Blondell RD. . American Family Physician. February 2005, 71 (3): 495–502. PMID 15712624.
1 2  Testino G, Leone S, Borro P. . Minerva Medica. December 2014, 105 (6): 447–66. PMID 25392958.
1 2 3 4   (PDF). World Health Organization. 2018: 72, 80  [2021-09-11]. ISBN 978-92-4-156563-9. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-07-25）.
1 2 3  . population.un.org.   [2021-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-25）.
1 2  .   [2015-05-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-18）.
↑  Littrell J. . Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2014: 55. ISBN 978-1-317-78314-5. （原始内容存档于2017-07-20）. The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems
1 2  . ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. September 2020  [2020-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-01）.
↑  Romeo J, Wärnberg J, Nova E, Díaz LE, Gómez-Martinez S, Marcos A. . The British Journal of Nutrition. October 2007,. 98 Suppl 1: S111–5. PMID 17922947. doi:10.1017/S0007114507838049 .
↑  Moonat S, Pandey SC. . Alcohol Research. 2012, 34 (4): 495–505. PMC 3860391 . PMID 23584115.
↑  Agarwal-Kozlowski K, Agarwal DP. . Therapeutische Umschau. April 2000, 57 (4): 179–84. PMID 10804873. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.57.4.179.
↑  Mersy DJ. . American Family Physician. April 2003, 67 (7): 1529–32. PMID 12722853.
↑   (PDF): 33. June 2008  [2015-05-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-03-20）. H-30.997 Dual Disease Classification of Alcoholism: The AMA reaffirms its policy endorsing the dual classification of alcoholism under both the psychiatric and medical sections of the International Classification of Diseases. (Res. 22, I-79; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-89; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-90; Reaffirmed by CSA Rep. 14, A-97; Reaffirmed: CSAPH Rep. 3, A-07)
↑  Higgins-Biddle JC, Babor TF. . The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2018, 44 (6): 578–586. PMC 6217805 . PMID 29723083. doi:10.1080/00952990.2018.1456545.
↑  DeVido JJ, Weiss RD. . Current Psychiatry Reports. December 2012, 14 (6): 610–8. PMC 3712746 . PMID 22907336. doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0314-7.
↑  Albanese AP. . Clinics in Liver Disease. November 2012, 16 (4): 737–62. PMID 23101980. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.006.
↑  Tusa AL, Burgholzer JA. . Journal of Addictions Nursing. 2013, 24 (4): 237–46. PMID 24335771. S2CID 31719711. doi:10.1097/jan.0000000000000003.
↑  GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators. . Lancet. January 2015, 385 (9963): 117–71. PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.
↑  .   [2021-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-07）.
1 2  Schuckit MA. . The New England Journal of Medicine. November 2014, 371 (22): 2109–13  [2021-09-11]. PMID 25427113. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1407298. （原始内容存档于2020-02-13）.
↑  . Allied Publishers. : 175  [2021-09-11]. ISBN 978-81-86062-04-3. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.
1 2  WHO. . World Health Organization. （原始内容存档于2013-02-05）.
1 2  Hoffman PL, Tabakoff B. . Alcohol and Alcoholism. July 1996, 31 (4): 333–40. PMID 8879279. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008159 .
↑  .  1. Nashville, TN: The Southwestern Company. 2009: 29. ISBN 978-0-87197-208-8. []
1 2 3  O'Keefe JH, Bhatti SK, Bajwa A, DiNicolantonio JJ, Lavie CJ. . Mayo Clinic Proceedings. March 2014, 89 (3): 382–93. PMID 24582196. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005 .
↑  Alcohol and Heart Health 的存檔，存档日期19 January 2016. American Heart Association
↑  American Medical Association. . Leiken JS, Lipsky MS  (编).  First. New York: Random House Reference. 2003: 485  [2021-09-11]. ISBN 978-0-8129-9100-0. （原始内容存档于2022-10-14）.
↑  Müller D, Koch RD, von Specht H, Völker W, Münch EM. . Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und Medizinische Psychologie. March 1985, 37 (3): 129–32. PMID 2988001 （德语）.
↑  Testino G. . Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2008, 55 (82–83): 371–7. PMID 18613369.
↑  10th Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health 的存檔，存档日期13 September 2012., 2000, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
1 2 3  Blum LN, Nielsen NH, Riggs JA. . Journal of Women's Health. September 1998, 7 (7): 861–71. PMID 9785312. doi:10.1089/jwh.1998.7.861.
1 2  Walter H, Gutierrez K, Ramskogler K, Hertling I, Dvorak A, Lesch OM. . Archives of Women's Mental Health. November 2003, 6 (4): 253–8. PMID 14628177. S2CID 6972064. doi:10.1007/s00737-003-0014-8.
↑  Mihai B, Lăcătuşu C, Graur M. . Revista Medico-Chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici Si Naturalisti Din Iasi. April–June 2008, 112 (2): 321–6. PMID 19294998.
↑  Sibaï K, Eggimann P. . Revue Médicale Suisse. September 2005, 1 (32): 2106, 2108–10, 2112–5. PMID 16238232.
↑  Cederbaum AI. . Clinics in Liver Disease. November 2012, 16 (4): 667–85. PMC 3484320 . PMID 23101976. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.002.
1 2  Bakalkin G. . Eurekalert.org. 2008-07-08  [2012-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-30）.
↑  Oscar-Berman M, Marinkovic K. . Alcohol Research & Health. 2003, 27 (2): 125–33. PMC 6668884 . PMID 15303622.
↑  Uekermann J, Daum I. . Addiction. May 2008, 103 (5): 726–35. PMID 18412750. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02157.x.
↑  Wetterling T, Junghanns K. . European Psychiatry. December 2000, 15 (8): 483–8. PMID 11175926. S2CID 24094651. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00519-8.
↑  Schuckit MA. . Hospital & Community Psychiatry. November 1983, 34 (11): 1022–7. PMID 6642446. doi:10.1176/ps.34.11.1022.
↑  Cowley DS. . The American Journal of Medicine. January 1992, 92 (1A): 41S–48S. PMID 1346485. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(92)90136-Y.
↑  Cosci F, Schruers KR, Abrams K, Griez EJ. . The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. June 2007, 68 (6): 874–80. PMID 17592911. doi:10.4088/JCP.v68n0608.
↑  Grant BF, Harford TC. . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. October 1995, 39 (3): 197–206  [2021-09-11]. PMID 8556968. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(95)01160-4. （原始内容存档于2020-11-28）.
↑  Kandel DB, Huang FY, Davies M. . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. October 2001, 64 (2): 233–41. PMID 11543993. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00126-0.
↑  Cornelius JR, Bukstein O, Salloum I, Clark D. . . Recent Developments in Alcoholism 16. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 2003: 361–74. ISBN 978-0-306-47258-9. ISSN 0738-422X. PMID 12638646. doi:10.1007/0-306-47939-7_24.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
↑  Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Bergman M, Reich W, Hesselbrock VM, Smith TL. . The American Journal of Psychiatry. July 1997, 154 (7): 948–57. PMID 9210745. doi:10.1176/ajp.154.7.948 .
↑  Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Bucholz KK, Nurnberger JI, Hesselbrock VM, Crowe RR, Kramer J. . Addiction. October 1997, 92 (10): 1289–304. PMID 9489046. S2CID 14958283. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02848.x.
↑  Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP, Pierson J, Trim R, Nurnberger JI,  et al. . Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. November 2007, 68 (6): 805–12. PMID 17960298. S2CID 17528609. doi:10.15288/jsad.2007.68.805.
↑  Schuckit M. . The American Journal of Psychiatry. June 1983, 140 (6): 711–4. PMID 6846629. doi:10.1176/ajp.140.6.711.
1 2 3  Karrol BR. . Journal of Social Work. 2002, 2 (3): 337–56. S2CID 73186615. doi:10.1177/146801730200200305.
1 2 3  McCully C. . London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2004. ISBN 978-1-84310-265-6. （原始内容存档于2009-11-21）.
↑  Isralowitz R. . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2004: 122–23  [2021-09-11]. ISBN 978-1-57607-708-5. （原始内容存档于2022-10-14）.
↑  Langdana FK.  2nd. Springer. 2009: 81  [2021-09-11]. ISBN 978-0-387-77665-1. （原始内容存档于2022-10-14）.
↑  Gifford M. . Greenwood Press. 2009: 89–91. ISBN 978-0-313-35908-8.
↑  Schadé JP. . Foreign Media Books. 2006: 132–33. ISBN 978-1-60136-001-4.
↑  Gold M. . Psych Central.   [2011-11-27]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-16）.
↑  Galanter M, Kleber HD.  4th. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. 2008: 58  [2021-09-11]. ISBN 978-1-58562-276-4. （原始内容存档于2022-10-18）.
↑  Dart RC.  3rd. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2003: 139–40. ISBN 978-0-7817-2845-4.
↑  Idemudia SO, Bhadra S, Lal H. . Neuropsychopharmacology. June 1989, 2 (2): 115–22. PMID 2742726. doi:10.1016/0893-133X(89)90014-6.
↑  Chastain G. . The Journal of General Psychology. October 2006, 133 (4): 329–35. PMID 17128954. S2CID 40043433. doi:10.3200/GENP.133.4.329-335.
1 2 3  Heilig M, Egli M, Crabbe JC, Becker HC. . Addiction Biology. April 2010, 15 (2): 169–84. PMC 3268458 . PMID 20148778. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00194.x.
↑  Johnson BA. . New York: Springer. 2011: 301–03. ISBN 978-1-4419-0337-2. （原始内容存档于2015-12-01）.
↑  Breese GR, Sinha R, Heilig M. . Pharmacology & Therapeutics. February 2011, 129 (2): 149–71. PMC 3026093 . PMID 20951730. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.09.007.
↑  Sullivan JT, Sykora K, Schneiderman J, Naranjo CA, Sellers EM.  (PDF). British Journal of Addiction. November 1989, 84 (11): 1353–7  [2017-10-25]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.489.341 . PMID 2597811. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00737.x. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-08-10）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Enoch MA. . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. December 2006, 1094 (1): 193–201  [2021-09-11]. Bibcode:2006NYASA1094..193E. PMID 17347351. S2CID 248697. doi:10.1196/annals.1376.019. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Edenberg HJ, McClintick JN. . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. December 2018, 42 (12): 2281–2297. PMC 6286250 . PMID 30320893. doi:10.1111/acer.13904.
↑  Agrawal A, Sartor CE, Lynskey MT, Grant JD, Pergadia ML, Grucza R,  et al. . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. December 2009, 33 (12): 2047–56. PMC 2883563 . PMID 19764935. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01044.x.
↑  Crews FT, Vetreno RP, Broadwater MA, Robinson DL. . Pharmacol Rev. 2016, 68 (4): 1074–1109. PMC 5050442 . PMID 27677720. doi:10.1124/pr.115.012138.
↑  Crews FT, Boettiger CA. . Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. September 2009, 93 (3): 237–47. PMC 2730661 . PMID 19410598. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.018.
↑  Weinberger AH, Platt J, Goodwin RD. . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. April 2016, 161: 363–7. PMC 5028105 . PMID 26875671. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.014.
↑  Kirby T, Barry AE.  (PDF). The Journal of School Health. August 2012, 82 (8): 371–9. PMID 22712674. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2012.00712.x. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-06-04）.
↑  . European Beer Guide.   [2006-10-17]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-28）.
↑  Nelson M. . Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 2005: 1  [2010-09-21]. ISBN 978-0-415-31121-2. （原始内容存档于2022-10-14）.
↑  Rudgley R. . London: British Museum Press. 1993: 411  [2012-01-13]. ISBN 978-0-7141-1736-2.
↑  Arnold JP. . Cleveland, OH. 2005: 411  [2012-01-13]. ISBN 978-0-9662084-1-2.
↑  Joshua J. Mark (2011). Beer 的存檔，存档日期3 July 2014.. Ancient History Encyclopedia.
↑  McFarland B. . Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 2009. ISBN 978-1-4027-6694-7.
↑  "Gender differences in alcohol use and alcohol dependence or abuse: 2004 or 2005." The NSDUH Report. Accessed 22 June 2012.
1 2 3  Walters RK, Polimanti R, Johnson EC, McClintick JN, Adams MJ, Adkins AE,  et al. . Nature Neuroscience. December 2018, 21 (12): 1656–1669. PMC 6430207 . PMID 30482948. doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0275-1.
1 2 3  Kranzler HR, Zhou H, Kember RL, Vickers Smith R, Justice AC, Damrauer S,  et al. . Nature Communications. April 2019, 10 (1): 1499. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1499K. PMC 6445072 . PMID 30940813. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09480-8.
1 2  Eng MY, Luczak SE, Wall TL. . Alcohol Research & Health. 2007, 30 (1): 22–7. PMC 3860439 . PMID 17718397.
1 2  Ehlers CL. . Alcohol Research & Health. 2007, 30 (1): 14–7. PMC 3860438 . PMID 17718395.
↑  Scott DM, Taylor RE. . Alcohol Research & Health. 2007, 30 (1): 18–21. PMC 3860436 . PMID 17718396.
↑  Szlemko WJ, Wood JW, Thurman PJ. . The Journal of General Psychology. October 2006, 133 (4): 435–51. PMID 17128961. S2CID 43082343. doi:10.3200/GENP.133.4.435-451.
↑  Spillane NS, Smith GT. . Psychological Bulletin. May 2007, 133 (3): 395–418. PMID 17469984. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.395.
↑  Schumann G, Liu C, O'Reilly P, Gao H, Song P, Xu B,  et al. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. December 2016, 113 (50): 14372–14377. PMC 5167198 . PMID 27911795. S2CID 4060021. doi:10.1073/pnas.1611243113 .
1 2  Verzello, Amanda. . News. Brigham Young University.   [9 December 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-20）.
↑  American Heritage Dictionaries.  4. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2006. ISBN 978-0-618-70172-8. To use wrongly or improperly; misuse: abuse alcohol
↑  . health.gov. 2005  [2009-11-28]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-01）.  Dietary Guidelines
↑  . Alcohol Alert. April 2006, (68)  [2013-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-13）.
↑  Esser MB, Hedden SL, Kanny D, Brewer RD, Gfroerer JC, Naimi TS. . Preventing Chronic Disease. November 2014, 11: E206. PMC 4241371 . PMID 25412029. doi:10.5888/pcd11.140329.
↑  Morse RM, Flavin DK. . JAMA. August 1992, 268 (8): 1012–4. PMID 1501306. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490080086030.
↑  醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：Alcoholism
1 2  VandenBos GR. . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2006. ISBN 978-1-59147-380-0.
1 2  .   [2010-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-27）.
↑  Martin CS, Chung T, Langenbucher JW. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology. August 2008, 117 (3): 561–75. PMC 2701140 . PMID 18729609. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.3.561.
↑  .   [2010-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-25）.
↑   5th. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013: 490. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1. OCLC 830807378.
↑  .   [2010-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-24）.
↑  . ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. World Health Organization. April 2019  [2020-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-01）.
↑  . ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. World Health Organization. April 2019  [2020-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-01）.
↑  . ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. World Health Organization. April 2019  [2020-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-01）.
↑  Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, Davidson KW,  et al. . JAMA. November 2018, 320 (18): 1899–1909. PMID 30422199. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.16789 .
↑  Kahan M. . Canadian Family Physician. April 1996, 42: 661–71. PMC 2146411 . PMID 8653034.
↑  Ewing JA. . JAMA. October 1984, 252 (14): 1905–7. PMID 6471323. doi:10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025.
↑   (PDF). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-28）.
↑  Dhalla S, Kopec JA. . Clinical and Investigative Medicine. 2007, 30 (1): 33–41. PMID 17716538. doi:10.25011/cim.v30i1.447 .
↑  Raistrick D, Dunbar G, Davidson R. . European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 1983. （原始内容存档于2016-07-21）.
↑  . The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. （原始内容存档于2006-09-06）.
↑  Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG.  (PDF). World Health Organization. 2001. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-05-02）.
↑  Smith SG, Touquet R, Wright S, Das Gupta N. . Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. September 1996, 13 (5): 308–12. PMC 1342761 . PMID 8894853. doi:10.1136/emj.13.5.308.
↑  Jones AW. . Toxicological Reviews. 2006, 25 (1): 15–35. PMID 16856767. S2CID 11117640. doi:10.2165/00139709-200625010-00002.
↑  Das SK, Dhanya L, Vasudevan DM. . Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2008, 68 (2): 81–92. PMID 17852805. S2CID 83600284. doi:10.1080/00365510701532662.
↑  World Health Organization. . 2010. （原始内容存档于2010-02-26）.
↑   (PDF). World Health Organization. 2005-09-12. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-01-23）.
↑  Crews F, He J, Hodge C. . Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. February 2007, 86 (2): 189–99. PMID 17222895. S2CID 6925448. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.12.001.
1 2  Gabbard GO.  3. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-88048-910-2.
↑  Stavro K, Pelletier J, Potvin S. . Addiction Biology. March 2013, 18 (2): 203–13. PMID 22264351. S2CID 205401192. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00418.x.
↑  Smith M, Saisan J. . 2016. （原始内容存档于2015-05-21）.
↑  Kelly JF, Humphreys K, Ferri M. . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Systematic review). March 2020, 3: CD012880. PMC 7065341 . PMID 32159228. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2.
↑  Dawson DA, Grant BF, Stinson FS, Chou PS, Huang B, Ruan WJ. . Addiction. March 2005, 100 (3): 281–92. PMID 15733237. S2CID 19679025. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00964.x . （原始内容存档于2011-07-19）.
↑  Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Grant BF. . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. December 2007, 31 (12): 2036–45  [2021-09-11]. PMID 18034696. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00536.x. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.
↑  Sobell MB, Sobell LC. . Behavior Therapy. 1973, 4: 49–72. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(73)80074-7.
↑  Pendery ML, Maltzman IM, West LJ. . Science. July 1982, 217 (4555): 169–75. Bibcode:1982Sci...217..169P. PMID 7089552. doi:10.1126/science.7089552.
↑  . The New York Times. 1982-06-28  [2021-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-24）. The new article will say that, 10 years later, four of the 20 had died from alcohol-related causes. Eight others were still drinking excessively, six were abstinent but in most cases after multiple hospitalizations, and one was drinking moderately. The alcohol dependence of that last case was also questioned. Another subject, who could not be found, was reported gravely disabled.
1 2  Vaillant GE. . Addiction. August 2003, 98 (8): 1043–51. PMID 12873238. S2CID 12835128. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00422.x.
↑  . Encyclopedia.com.   [2021-08-28]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-11）.
↑  Riper H, Hoogendoorn A, Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, Boumparis N, Mira A,  et al. . PLOS Medicine. December 2018, 15 (12): e1002714. PMC 6298657 . PMID 30562347. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002714.
↑  . Alcohol Alert (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism). July 2008, (76)  [2013-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-28）.
↑  Mason BJ, Heyser CJ. . Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. January 2010, 9 (1): 177–88. PMID 20021295. S2CID 25810236. doi:10.1517/14740330903512943.
↑  Mason BJ, Heyser CJ. . CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets. March 2010, 9 (1): 23–32. PMC 2853976 . PMID 20201812. doi:10.2174/187152710790966641.
↑  Rösner S, Hackl-Herrwerth A, Leucht S, Lehert P, Vecchi S, Soyka M. Rösner S , 编. . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Submitted manuscript). September 2010, 128 (9): CD004332  [2021-09-11]. PMID 20824837. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004332.pub2. （原始内容存档于2020-07-08）.
1 2 3 4  Jonas DE, Amick HR, Feltner C, Bobashev G, Thomas K, Wines R,  et al. . JAMA. May 2014, 311 (18): 1889–900. PMID 24825644. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3628 .
↑  Soyka M, Rösner S. . Current Drug Abuse Reviews. November 2008, 1 (3): 280–91. PMID 19630726. doi:10.2174/1874473710801030280.
↑  Anderson K. . Psychology Today. 2013-07-28  [2016-07-18]. （原始内容存档于2014-06-20）.
1 2  Sinclair JD. . Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2001, 36 (1): 2–10. PMID 11139409. doi:10.1093/alcalc/36.1.2 .
↑  Lindsay SK, Powell GE (编).  2nd. Routledge. 1998-07-28: 402. ISBN 978-0-415-07215-1.
↑  Gitlow S.  2nd. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006: 52, 103–21  [2021-09-11]. ISBN 978-0-7817-6998-3. （原始内容存档于2022-10-14）.
↑  Kushner MG, Abrams K, Borchardt C. . Clinical Psychology Review. March 2000, 20 (2): 149–71. PMID 10721495. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00027-6.
↑  Ogborne AC. . CMAJ. June 2000, 162 (12): 1705–8. PMC 1232509 . PMID 10870503.
1 2 3 4  Soyka M, Müller CA. . Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. August 2017, 18 (12): 1187–1199. PMID 28658981. S2CID 23092076. doi:10.1080/14656566.2017.1349098.
↑  Cservenka A, Yardley MM, Ray LA. . The American Journal on Addictions. August 2017, 26 (5): 516–525. PMC 5484746 . PMID 28134463. doi:10.1111/ajad.12463.
↑  Hammond CJ, Niciu MJ, Drew S, Arias AJ. . CNS Drugs. April 2015, 29 (4): 293–311. PMC 5759952 . PMID 25895020. doi:10.1007/s40263-015-0240-4.
↑  Pani PP, Trogu E, Pacini M, Maremmani I. . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. February 2014, 2 (2): CD008544. PMID 24523233. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008544.pub2. At the current stage of research, evidence supporting the clinical use of anticonvulsants to treat alcohol dependence is insufficient. Results are conditioned by heterogeneity and by the low number and quality of studies comparing anticonvulsants versus other medications. The uncertainty associated with these results leaves to clinicians the need to balance the possible benefits/risks of treatment with anticonvulsants versus other medications as supported by evidence of efficacy.
↑  Poulos CX, Zack M. . Behavioural Pharmacology. November 2004, 15 (7): 503–12. PMID 15472572. S2CID 23040302. doi:10.1097/00008877-200411000-00006.
↑  Johansson BA, Berglund M, Hanson M, Pöhlén C, Persson I. . Alcohol and Alcoholism. November 2003, 38 (6): 613–8. PMID 14633651. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agg123 .
↑  . Our World in Data.   [2020-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-16）.
1 2   (PDF). Cabinet Office Strategy Unit. September 2003. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-05-15）.
↑  Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Ogburn E, Grant BF. . Archives of General Psychiatry. July 2007, 64 (7): 830–42. PMID 17606817. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.830 .
↑  . . 2010. （原始内容存档于2 December 2010）.
↑  Ballas D, Dorling D, Hennig B. . Bristol: Policy Press. 2017: 73. ISBN 978-1-4473-1354-0. []
↑  Vonghia L, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, Bertini M, Gasbarrini G, Addolorato G. . European Journal of Internal Medicine. December 2008, 19 (8): 561–7. PMID 19046719. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2007.06.033.
↑  Volkow N.  (PDF). American Medical Association. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-06-29）.
↑  Dick DM, Bierut LJ. . Current Psychiatry Reports. April 2006, 8 (2): 151–7. PMID 16539893. S2CID 10535003. doi:10.1007/s11920-006-0015-1.