stanford-oval/wikipedia huggingface dataset:
An = Anum
An = Anum 及其前身

It is usually assumed that An = Anum has been composed in the Kassite period（英语：）, though a text regarded as its forerunner has been dated to the Old Babylonian period. The most probable date of composition is assumed to be the period between 1300 and 1100 BCE. The name of the list used in modern literature is based on its first line, explaining that the Sumerian（英语：） name An corresponds to Akkadian（英语：） Anum. Wilfred G. Lambert（英语：） proposed that it originated in the city of Babylon. However, according to Jeremiah Peterson, documents from Old Babylonian Nippur indicate that both the An = Anum forerunner and other texts showing the beginning of the development of new lists fleshing out the relations between deities were also in circulation among the theologians of that city.
While the forerunner, sometimes called the "Genouillac god list" after its original publisher, Henri de Genouillac（英语：）, has only 473 entries, over 2000 names are listed in An = Anum (2123 in the most complete known copy). However, this should not be understood as analogous to the presence of 2000 individual deities, as many of the names are instead epithets or alternate names. It is nonetheless the most extensive known god list.
YBC 2401, the most complete known example, was copied by the Assyrian scribe Kidin-Sin during the reign of 提格拉特帕拉沙尔一世 according to its colophon. This indicates that while Babylonian in origin, An = Anum already reached Assyria by the final decades of the second millennium BCE. Kidin-Sin wrote that he relied on "old tablets" containing the list. An = Anum continued to be copied in the first millennium BCE. For example, both the list itself and various references to it are known from an archive from Seleucid Uruk. Some of the known copies slightly differ from each other.
現代研究及出版

While fragments of An = Anum had already been published in the first half of the twentieth century, a transcription of the most complete known copy, presently in the collection of the Yale University, has only been compiled by Richard L. Litke in 1958, and remained unpublished for a long time. In 1976 permission to use Litke's translation was granted to Dietz-Otto Edzard（英语：）, who was the editor of Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie（英语：） at the time. Many entries in subsequently compiled volumes of this encyclopedia rely on it. Litke's reconstruction was later published as a book in 1998 in the series Texts from Yale Babylonian Collection（英语：）.
While a second edition of An = Anum was being prepared by Wilfred G. Lambert for a time, according to William W. Hallo（英语：） only three first tablets were finished by 1998. Subsequently Lambert also compiled his edition of tablet V. His version remained unpublished as of 2017.
Early restorations sometimes confused fragments of An = Anum and An = Anu ša amēli, but the latter list is now considered to be a distinct work of Mesopotamian scholarship and differs from An = Anum due to having three columns, with the third providing an explanation of the first two.
目錄

An = Anum is commonly understood as a list documenting Akkadian equivalents of Sumerian gods in a manner similar to the process of interpretatio graeca（英语：）, but according to Richard L. Litke this view is mistaken. The primary goal of the compilers of An = Anum was to clarify the familial relationships between deities, briefly describe their functions and characterize each god's household, rather than to provide Sumerian deities with Akkadian equivalents. The commentary, when present, is in Sumerian, rather than Akkadian, which is different from most lexical lists. The gods do not appear to be separated into strictly Sumerian and Akkadian columns. Furthermore, some gods are listed with no equivalents at all, for example Zababa（英语：）, who was a well established deity. Some deities listed are not Sumerian or Akkadian, but 埃蘭ite, "Subarian（英语：）" (Hurrian（英语：）), or Gutian（英语：）. The list documents many associations between deities and aspects of their character which are otherwise unknown. Explanations frequently use the sign MIN in a role analogous to the modern ditto mark（英语：）.
The entry of each deity is followed by their epithets and alternate names, the name of their spouse, children, and finally servants, if any were known. In some cases the chief attendant deity, so-called sukkal（英语：）, is listed before the children. Seemingly only the best established deities had a sukkal. The number and precise designation of various divine servants varies, and there seemingly was no standard composition of a divine court, though some titles, such as "doorkeeper" (NI.GAB) or "counselor" (gu4.DÚB), recur more often than others.
An = Anum consists of seven tablets. The initial four tablets list the deities in order of seniority, alongside their courts, but the rest of the list does not appear to follow similar principles. It is possible that it was a result of adding groups of deities from originally distinct texts to An = Anum without rearranging them. Jeremiah Peterson remarks that the reliance on theological factors is nonetheless more evident in An = Anum than in any other known god list. Some of the known copies preserve all the material on a single tablet, with a brief summary marked by pairs of horizontal lines indicating the end of each originally separate section.  Copies of long works such as god lists or literary composition inscribed on a single tablet are known as dubgallu or tupkallu, or as "monster tablets." YBC 2401 is one such example, and measures 30,5 x 39,5 centimeters (roughly 12 x 15 inches), which makes it one of the biggest clay tablets（英语：） known.
目錄 > 石牓 I

石牓 I starts with 安努, Antu（英语：） and their ancestors. It includes their various servants as well. A sub-section is dedicated to Papsukkal（英语：） and his circle, including his wife Amasagnudi（英语：）.
The 恩利爾 section follows the Anu one. It begins with his ancestors, the so-called Enki-Ninki deities（英语：）, and includes his wife 宁利勒, primordial deities Lugaldukuga（英语：） (explained as Enlil's father) and Enmesharra（英语：）, as well as various courtiers, among them the goddess of writing, Nisaba（英语：）, and her husband Haia（英语：）, Enlil's sukkal Nuska（英语：） and his wife Sadarnunna（英语：）, the scribe goddess Ninimma（英语：）, and the beer goddess 宁卡西. A separate sub-section is dedicated to 尼努尔塔, his wife Nin-Nibru, and his own courtiers. The Syrian（英语：） god Dagan（英语：） also appears in the Enlil section. It is additionally possible that a deity whose name is not preserved, identified as "Enlil of Subartu," might be Hurrian Kumarbi（英语：）.
目錄 > 石牓 II

宁胡尔萨格 (Digirmah, Belet-ili) occupies the beginning of tablet II.  Deities listed in her section include her husband Shulpa'e（英语：）, her sons Panigingarra（英语：） and Ashgi（英语：）, the couple Lisin（英语：） and Ninsikila, and various courtiers.
The same tablet also covers 恩基 (Ea), accompanied by his wife Damkina（英语：）. A sub-section is dedicated to 马尔杜克 and includes his wife 萨尔帕尼. 纳布 appears in it as Marduk's sukkal alongside his wife Tashmetum（英语：）, but he is not yet identified as his son. Other deities present on tablet II include courtiers of Enki, the river god Id, the fire god 吉比尔, and various minor deities associated with craftsmen and other professions.
目錄 > 石牓 III

石牓 III describes the moon god Sin (unusually not identified directly as a son of Enlil), the sun god 沙玛什 (Utu) and the weather god Adad（英语：） (Ishkur). The circle of Sin includes his wife 宁伽勒 and various deities associated with cattle herding. 南施 and deities associated with her, including her husband Nindara（英语：）, who precedes her, separate his section from that of Shamash. While An = Anum appears to equate Nindara with Sin, there is no evidence for close association between Nanshe and the moon god otherwise. The circle of the sun god includes his wife Aya（英语：）, as well as two distinct groups of courtiers, deities of justice and deities of dreams. The cattle god Sakkan（英语：） is included in this section too.
While Sin and Shamash occur in the proximity of each other because they were viewed as father and son, Adad is most likely included on this tablet because of the well established connection between him and Shamash. The section dedicated to him includes his wife 沙拉 (女神), their children (such as Usuramassu（英语：）), as well as another weather god, Wer（英语：）, though other foreign weather gods are absent, in contrast with a later god list, K 2100, whose Adad section contains "Subarian" (Hurrian) Teshub（英语：） and Kassite（英语：） Buriyash. The tablet ends with a group of various gods mostly associated with Adad or Shamash, such as Shullat and Hanish（英语：）, though with some exceptions which were instead linked with Ea, Nisaba or Ishtar（英语：）. It has been proposed that what unified these deities was their possible Syrian origin, but this view is not universally accepted.
目錄 > 石牓 IV

石牓 IV documents the circle of Ishtar（英语：） (Inanna). Due to its contents, it has been nicknamed "the Ištar tablet" by Richard L. Litke. It is less well preserved than other tablets, and full restoration is presently impossible. Among the deities listed are Ninegal（英语：） and various astral deities, such as Ninsianna（英语：） and Kabta（英语：）.  It also most likely originally included Dumuzi（英语：） and Nanaya（英语：） sub-sections, which are not preserved. It ends with short sections dedicated to Ishara（英语：） (who also appears in the Enlil section and in the end of tablet III) and Manzat（英语：）, which do survive.
目錄 > 石牓 V

石牓 V starts with the deified hero Lugalbanda（英语：） and his wife 宁松, but it also contains sections dedicated to Lugal-Marada, the tutelary god of Marad（英语：）, the mongoose（英语：） deity Ninkilim（英语：）, the agricultural god Urash（英语：） (his court includes Lagamal（英语：）, in other lists present among underworld（英语：） deities), the war god Zababa（英语：） (whose section also includes 内尔伽勒's sukkal Ugur（英语：）, explicitly identified as such), and a number of names which seem to be grouped together only because they belong to gods originating in 拉格什, among them Ningirsu.  This god was usually syncretised with Ninurta and as such regarded as a son of Enlil, but in this case appears on a different tablet. Other deities of Lagash listed there include Bau（英语：） and Gatumdag（英语：）. Juxtaposition of various deities originating in this area is not exclusive to An = Anum, as attested in a small fragment of an otherwise unknown god list found in Nippur. The next sub-section is centered on medicine goddesses (Ninisina（英语：）, Ninkarrak（英语：）, Nintinugga（英语：）, Gula（英语：）) and their families (including Pabilsag（英语：）, 达木 and Gunura（英语：）). They are in turn followed by sections dedicated to the prison goddess 仑伽勒, the underworld goddess 埃列什基伽勒, a group of gods associated with snakes and the underworld (尼纳祖, Ningishzida（英语：）, Tishpak（英语：）, Inshushinak（英语：） and Ishtaran（英语：）), the pair Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea（英语：）, who were also underworld deities, but have no apparent connection with the preceding gods, and a number of minor figures of similar character, such as Lugal-a'abba ("lord of the sea").
目錄 > 石牓 VI

石牓 VI starts with 内尔伽勒, his titles, family and court (including Laṣ（英语：）, Mammitum（英语：） and Ishum（英语：）), continues with various figures explained as ilu lemnu ("evil god"), such as Kingaludda, the weaver goddess 乌特图, a group of deities possibly originating in 迪爾蒙, the Sebitti（英语：） and other groups of seven (as well as the closely connected Elamite goddess Narundi（英语：）), Amurru（英语：）, the divine representation of Amorite（英语：） nomads, and his wife Ashratum（英语：）, the deified hero 吉爾伽美什 and his companion 恩奇杜, a number of names belonging to deities of uncertain identity, assumed to be of very minor importance, and a list of collective terms for deities.
目錄 > 石牓 VII

石牓 VII lists various names of Marduk and of his throne bearer Mandanu（英语：）, and is assumed to be a late addition. According to Wilfred G. Lambert, it should be considered an appendix（英语：） loosely connected with the rest of the composition, similar to the case of the final tablet of the standard edition of 吉尔伽美什史诗.
影響 > 對古代的影響

An = Anum was itself most likely used as a model for other similar scholarly compositions, for example the so-called "Canonical Temple List," which documents temple names rather than god names, though the deities venerated in them are arranged according to similar theological principles. In some cases, the order of deities in An = Anum has been used to support proposed restoration of passages in the Canonical Temple List, for example Andrew R. George（英语：） notes that the order in which temples of Enlil's courtiers are listed in the latter matches the order of these deities in the former, making it plausible that three missing lines referred to 宁卡西, Ninmada（英语：） and Ugelamma.
Paul-Alain Beaulieu（英语：） proposed in 1992 that the changes in the religion of Seleucid Uruk were inspired by adherence to An = Anum. The entire pantheon of the city was restructured, with Ishtar（英语：）, Nanaya（英语：）  and their court, encompassing deities such as Usuramassu（英语：）, surpassed in prominence by 安努 and Antu（英语：）. While Anu was not completely absent from Uruk at any point in time between the third and first millennium BCE, his position was that of a "figurehead" and "otiose deity," in contrast with An = Anum, where he is the foremost god. Beaulieu considers the position of Marduk to be the main difference between An = Anum the Seleucid pantheon of Uruk, as the position of this god was much lower in the latter case, possibly due to theological conflict between Uruk and 巴比伦. Today it is agreed that both the elevation of Anu and Antu and the introduction of many new deities, such as Amasagnudi（英语：）, relied on the study of this god list conducted by priests.
參考

1 2 3  George 1993，第6頁.
1 2  Litke 1998，第5頁.
↑  這個詞在語音上是/e/
1 2  Litke 1998，第1頁.
1 2  Lambert 1971，第473頁.
↑  Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013，第45頁.
↑  Lambert 1971，第473-474頁.
1 2 3  Lambert 1971，第474頁.
↑  Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013，第78頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第2頁.
↑  Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013，第79頁.
↑  Tugendhaft 2016，第166頁.
↑  Tugendhaft 2016，第173頁.
↑  Peterson 2009，第1頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第2-3頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第5-6頁.
↑  Wiggermann 2011，第307頁.
1 2  Feliu 2006，第232頁.
↑  George 1993，第166頁.
1 2 3  Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013，第99頁.
↑  Lambert 2013，第149頁.
↑  Peterson 2009，第2頁.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Lambert 1971，第475頁.
↑  Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013，第80頁.
1 2 3  Hallo 1998，第VII頁.
↑  Lambert 2016，第43頁.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Lambert 2016，第44頁.
1 2  Litke 1998，第17頁.
1 2  Krul 2018，第80頁.
↑  Hallo 1998，第V-VI頁.
1 2 3  Hallo 1998，第VI頁.
↑  Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013，第329頁.
↑  Beaulieu 1992，第71頁.
1 2  Simons 2017，第99頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第4-5頁.
↑  Lambert 1971，第476-477頁.
1 2 3  Litke 1998，第6頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第10頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第13頁.
1 2  Feliu 2006，第245頁.
↑  Sallaberger 2005，第304頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第7-8頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第6-7頁.
1 2 3  Litke 1998，第7頁.
1 2  Litke 1998，第4頁.
↑  Peterson 2009，第83頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第16頁.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  Sallaberger 2005，第306頁.
↑  Lambert 2013，第301頁.
↑  Beaulieu 1992，第57頁.
↑  Beaulieu 1992，第49-50頁.
↑  Lambert 2013，第409頁.
↑  Lambert 2013，第303頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第56頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第61頁.
1 2  Feliu 2003，第54頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第66-72頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第72頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第74-75頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第75頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第76頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第95頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第96頁.
↑  Lambert 2013，第251頁.
↑  Lambert 1971，第476頁.
1 2 3 4 5  Schwemer 2007，第145頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第119頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第124頁.
↑  Boivin 2018，第201頁.
↑  Boivin 2018，第215頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第131頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第137頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第128頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第142-143頁.
↑  Schwemer 2007，第146頁.
1 2  Schwemer 2007，第147頁.
1 2  Litke 1998，第148頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第155頁.
↑  Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013，第95頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第160頁.
1 2  Litke 1998，第162頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第166-167頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第168頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第171頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第172頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第173頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第174頁.
↑  Peterson 2009，第95頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第178-185頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第185-187頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第188-190頁.
1 2  Wiggermann 1997，第34頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第196-198頁.
↑  Lambert 2013，第240頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第199-208頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第209頁.
1 2  Litke 1998，第211頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第211-213頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第216-219頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第220頁.
↑  George 2003，第121頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第97頁.
↑  Litke 1998，第3-4頁.
↑  George 1993，第24頁.
↑  Beaulieu 1992，第58頁.
1 2  Beaulieu 1992，第54頁.
1 2  Beaulieu 1992，第68頁.
參考 > 參考書目

Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G.  (PDF). 2013  [2022-09-21]. ISBN 978-3-7278-1738-0. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-06-05）.
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain. . Acta Sumerologica. 1992, 14  [2022-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-21）.
Boivin, Odette. . De Gruyter. 2018. ISBN 978-1-5015-0782-3. doi:10.1515/9781501507823.
Feliu, Lluís. . Boston: BRILL. 2003. ISBN 90-04-49631-9. OCLC 1288215998.
Feliu, Lluís. . . Barcelona: Editorial AUSA. 2006  [2022-09-21]. ISBN 84-88810-71-7. OCLC 157130833. （原始内容存档于2022-09-21）.
George, Andrew R. . Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 1993. ISBN 0-931464-80-3. OCLC 27813103.
George, Andrew R. . Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. 2003  [2022-09-21]. ISBN 0-19-814922-0. OCLC 51668477. （原始内容存档于2022-05-24）.
Hallo, William W. .  (PDF). New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection. 1998  [2022-09-21]. ISBN 978-0-9667495-0-2. OCLC 470337605. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-13）.
Krul, Julia. . . Brill. 2018: 79–106  [2022-09-21]. ISBN 9789004364936. doi:10.1163/9789004364943_004. （原始内容存档于2022-09-22）.
Lambert, Wilfred G., , , 1971  已忽略未知参数|entry-url= (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
Lambert, Wilfred G. . Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 2013. ISBN 978-1-57506-861-9. OCLC 861537250.
Lambert, Wilfred G. George, Andrew R.; Oshima, Takayoshi M. , 编. . Orientalische Religionen in der Antike. Mohr Siebeck. 2016  [2022-05-01]. ISBN 978-3-16-153674-8.
Litke, Richard L.  (PDF). New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection. 1998  [2022-09-21]. ISBN 978-0-9667495-0-2. OCLC 470337605. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-13）.
Peterson, Jeremiah. . Münster: Ugarit Verlag. 2009  [2022-09-21]. ISBN 3-86835-019-5. OCLC 460044951. （原始内容存档于2022-09-20）.
Sallaberger, Walther, , , 2005 （德语）  已忽略未知参数|entry-url= (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
Schwemer, Daniel.  (PDF). Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions (Brill). 2007, 7 (2): 121–168  [2022-09-21]. ISSN 1569-2116. doi:10.1163/156921207783876404. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-16）.
Simons, Frank. . Altorientalische Forschungen (De Gruyter). 2017, 44 (1)  [2022-09-21]. ISSN 2196-6761. doi:10.1515/aofo-2017-0009. （原始内容存档于2022-09-21）.
Tugendhaft, Aaron. . Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.  (编). . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2016  [2022-09-21]. doi:10.1017/cbo9781316226728.009. （原始内容存档于2022-07-23）.
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. . Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J.  (编). . 1997  [2022-09-21]. ISBN 978-90-56-93005-9. （原始内容存档于2022-09-21）.
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. . Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni. 2011, 77 (2): 298–322  [2022-09-21]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-21）.
沙瓦 (芒什省)

| 沙瓦 Chavoy |
| --- | --- |
 法國市镇

沙瓦的位置  
沙瓦显示法国的地图沙瓦显示芒什省的地图
坐标：48°43′38″N 1°20′01″W﻿ / ﻿48.7272°N 1.3336°W﻿ / 48.7272; -1.3336
国家:  法國
大区:  
省:  芒什省
面积1
 • 市镇: 3.7 平方公里（1.4 平方英里）
人口（2021年）
 • 市镇: 135人
 • 密度: 36.5人/平方公里（94.5人/平方英里）
时区: CET（UTC+01:00）
 • 夏时制: CEST（UTC+02:00）
邮政编码: 50870
INSEE: 50126 
省级选区: 阿夫朗什县（英语：）
海拔: 20—127（66—417英尺） （平均：73.5米）
1法國統計部門在計算土地面積時，不計算面積大於1平方公里的湖泊、池塘、冰川和河口。 2「人口不重複計算」：擁有多重居住地的居民（如：學生和軍人）僅計算一次。
沙瓦（法語：，法语发音：[ʃavwa]）是法国芒什省的一个市镇，属于阿夫朗什区。
地理

沙瓦（48°43'38"N, 1°20'1"W）面积3.7 平方千米，位于法国诺曼底大区芒什省，该省份为法国西北部沿海省份，西、北、东北三面环大西洋，东起顺时针与卡爾瓦多斯省、奧恩省、马耶讷省和伊勒-维莱讷省接壤。
与沙瓦接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：勒吕奥、普隆、蓬村、圣让德拉艾兹、勒帕尔克。
沙瓦的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政

沙瓦的邮政编码为50870，INSEE市镇编码为50126。
政治

沙瓦所属的省级选区为阿夫朗什县（英语：）。
人口

沙瓦于2021年1月1日时的人口数量为135人。
沙瓦的OSM定位图
1962-2008年间沙瓦人口变化图示
波美拉尼亚省 (普鲁士)

此條目介紹的是1815年至1946年普鲁士地理建制内的波美拉尼亚省。关于与此条目同名的波兰省分，请见「」。
1905年的波美拉尼亚省地图
波美拉尼亚省（德語：）是1815年至1946年间普鲁士王国和及后的普鲁士自由邦的一个省分。此省是由1648年威斯特伐利亚和约之后分别由勃兰登堡和瑞典统治的中波美拉尼亚及瑞属波美拉尼亚（「西波美拉尼亚」）所组成。瑞典在1814年的基尔条约中曾想波美拉尼亚让给丹麦，但条约并没有被遵守，次年维也纳会议后波美拉尼亚被转让到普鲁士。
第二次世界大战后波美拉尼亚全境被苏军占领，奥得河-尼斯河线以东的波美拉尼亚以及斯德丁周边被割让给波兰。1949年剩余的波美拉尼亚地区成为东德的一部分，1990年两德统一后波美拉尼亚与梅克伦堡合并，组成了新的梅克伦堡-前波莫瑞联邦州。
其它连结

Gemeindeverzeichnis Deutschland 1900 （页面存档备份，存于） （德文）
公爵

公是中国古代爵位名。在中文裡用“公爵”來翻译歐洲中世纪貴族等级系统中相應等級的称号（例如英語Duke、德語Herzog、法語Duc等）。
中国

条目：中国爵位
公起源于中國周代分封建国制度下的诸侯五等爵体系，为第一等爵，只有姬姓宗室才會分到這一個等級，具有明确的尊卑等级和对应的权责。“爵”，是一种酒器，多为青铜所制，是西周礼器中的一种，诸侯须依据其地位与等级使用相对应的“爵”，所以诸侯的等级又称“爵位”。《禮記·王制》：「王者之制祿爵，公、侯、伯、子、男，凡五等」。西周時诸侯國享公爵者有四：宋國、西虢國、周國和虞國。
“公”作为中国古代分封制爵位的一个等级，须与现代汉语中的“公爵”相区别，后者是英文Duke（或其他相应西欧爵位称号）在中文中的对应翻译，并且根据英语的使用习惯，可以直接应用在人名、尊称中，具体格式为“英国爵位等级of封国”，翻译为“封国·爵位对应翻译”，例如Duke of Edinburgh，中文直译为“爱丁堡公爵”；在中文语境中，“公爵”不等于“公”，而是“等级为公的爵位”之意，通常特用于“进（公爵）”、“享（公爵）”等动词之后，并且不可以直接用于人称，用于人称时通常是“封国·（谥号）·爵位等级”，例如“宋公”、“魏文侯”。
进入战国时期以后，“礼崩乐坏”，各诸侯国纷纷称王，周王室名存实亡，五等爵制度也失去了其法制地位，各个诸侯王国在一系列变法行动中纷纷建立了自己的爵位制度。秦朝的二十等爵制度不设公，汉承秦制，也沿用了二十等爵并增设王爵，公则成为了爵位体系外一种特殊的尊荣。汉朝封为公的特例有“二王三恪”制度下的周室后裔（汉成帝绥和元年将周承休侯进爵为公、汉平帝元始四年改郑公）和商室后裔（汉成帝绥和元年将殷绍嘉侯进爵为公、元始二年改宋公），以及西汉末王莽受封安汉公和东汉末曹操受封魏公。以后唐朝有國公、郡公、縣公等，宋朝、明朝有国公爵，清朝有公爵。
汉朝公爵列表
曹魏公爵列表
晋朝公爵列表
十六国公爵列表
南朝公爵列表
北朝公爵列表
隋朝公爵列表
唐朝公爵列表
五代十国公爵列表
宋朝公爵列表
辽朝公爵列表
金朝公爵列表
元朝公爵列表
明朝公爵列表
清朝公爵列表
欧洲贵族

欧洲國家貴族爵位中，第五級(从低至高）貴族爵位一般在中文裡譯作“公爵”，在王或親王之下，在侯爵之上。
歐洲諸國近代的“公爵”稱號比較統一，大多可以歸為三類：從拉丁文“Dux”衍生出的爵位名（例如法語Duc和英語Duke'），此詞源原義是“領袖”；與德語Herzog同源的稱號，詞源是日耳曼語，“領軍”的意思；此外部分斯拉夫國家有沃伊沃德（或類似）的稱號，是相似的“戰士領袖”的意思。
三組稱號都源自于對於軍隊首領的稱號。在古羅馬時代，由日耳曼或凯尔特蠻族出身而作爲雇傭軍為羅馬軍隊所用的將帥，由於沒有正式的羅馬軍銜而統稱為Dux，也因此Dux被認爲等同于日爾曼人舊有的軍事領袖稱號，Herzog。羅馬帝國滅亡之後，各部族的軍事領袖成爲歐洲各獨立小國的國君，其中許多就以Dux或Herzog（或相似的當地名稱）為稱號。直到近代，意大利和德國統一之前的很多小國都以此為稱號，為與擁有相似稱號而不是國君的貴族有所區別，中文一般稱作“大公”，歐洲現存唯一的獨立大公國是盧森堡。
歷史上的其它大公國經過合併和併吞，逐漸演變成了由國王授予的爵位。在歐洲各國，公爵都是最高爵位之一，在一些國家公爵以上還有親王，但另一些國家的公爵級別比親王要高。
博伊德海峽

62°50′S 62°00′W﻿ / ﻿62.833°S 62.000°W﻿ / -62.833; -62.000
博伊德海峽是南極洲的海峽，位於南設得蘭群島，處於雪島和史密斯島之間，連接德雷克海峽和布蘭斯菲爾德海峽，寬40公里。
外部連結

SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer（页面存档备份，存于）.
洗溪镇

| 洗溪镇 |
| --- | --- |
镇
坐标：28°14′16″N 110°03′05″E﻿ / ﻿28.23775°N 110.05151°E﻿ / 28.23775; 110.05151
国家:  中华人民共和国
上级行政区: 泸溪县
村级区划单位数:  9 1社区 8行政村 
时区: 北京时间（UTC+8）
行政区划代码: 43 31 22 106
电话区号: +86 
洗溪镇，是中华人民共和国湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州泸溪县下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。
行政区划

洗溪镇下辖以下地区：
洗溪社区、​能滩村、​甘溪桥村、​李岩村、​峒头寨村、​张家坪村、​洞底坪村、​邓家坪村和宋家寨村。
参考资料

↑  . 中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2023-06-30 （中文（中国大陆））.
↑  . 中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2023-06-30 （中文（中国大陆））.
博尔本德尔县

古吉拉特邦萨乌拉施特拉地区
博尔本德尔县（Porbandar district）为印度古吉拉特邦辖县，属于萨乌拉施特拉地区；全县人口585,449人（2011年），其中城镇人口48.69%。地理上该县位于卡提阿瓦半岛西南部边沿，县域北部与贾姆讷格尔县接壤，东北部和拉杰果德县相连，东部与朱纳格特县交界，西南临阿拉伯海。行政中心驻博尔本德尔市。
錫達科斯河

錫達科斯河是西班牙的河流，流經卡斯蒂利亞-萊昂、索里亞省和拉里奧哈，屬於埃布羅河的支流，河道全長82.8公里，流域面積696平方公里，平均流量每秒2.7立方米。
洛尔·布洛

| 洛尔·布洛 |
| --- | --- |

出生: 1986年10月22日  （37歲） 克莱蒙费朗 
职业: 足球員 
奖项: 国家功绩勋章骑士 
洛尔·布洛（法語：，1986年10月22日—），生于克莱蒙费朗，法国女子足球运动员。她曾代表法国国家队参加2011年和2015年国际足联女子世界杯，其中2011年世界杯获得殿军。
参考资料

↑  . soccerdonna.   [2022-12-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-25）.
Template:2015年国际足联女子世界杯法国队阵容
GMM 25

| GMM 25 |
| --- | --- |

国家／地区:  泰國
: GMM Channel Co., Ltd.
: 2014年5月25日，​10年前​（2014-05-25）
: 1080i（16:9 HDTV）
语言: 泰語
口号: 享受每一天，一直在一起
播出地区:  泰國
总部地点: 曼谷宛他那縣阿索克蒙特里路（英语：）GMM Grammy Place
旧称: BiG GMM Channel
: One 31
网站: gmm25.com
GMM 25，是泰國的一條地面數碼電視頻道，由演藝公司GMM Grammy持有。此頻道製作各種節目予觀眾收看，包括電視劇、音樂節目、新聞等，亦有為年輕人製作的娛樂節目。
2013年12月，GMM Grammy在獲得國家廣播電視委員會頒發的數碼電視牌照後，於2014年5月25日啟播此頻道。此頻道與線上電視台Line TV有合作關係，不少熱門的電視劇皆為兩台合作製作及同時播出。而GMM 25亦與香港串流平台Viu有合作關係，提供電視劇予該平台播出。自2020年起，GMMTV所製作的電視劇系列只會在此電視台播放。
合作伙伴

CHANGE2561
參考資料

↑  . www.gmmgrammy.com.   [2017-04-14]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-16）.
↑  . The Nation Thailand. 2015-03-03  [7 December 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-07）.
↑  . Bangkok Post. 2018-02-21  [07-12-2019]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-21）.  请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  . Bangkok Post. 2018-05-17  [07-12-2019]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-21）.  请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  . CHANGE2561.   [2024-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-25） （泰语）.
外部連結

GMM 25官方網站（页面存档备份，存于）
GMM 25的新浪微博
GMM 25的Instagram帳戶
GMM 25的Facebook專頁
GMM 25的X（前Twitter）帳戶
YouTube上的GMM 25頻道
洛容县

洛容县，古县名。唐朝永徽中置，一作贞观中置，治所在今广西壮族自治区柳州市鱼峰区雒容镇西北白岸，属柳州。南宋时移治今鹿寨县西北中渡附近。元朝属柳州路。明朝属柳州府，又迁至今鹿寨县西北中渡，万历三年（1575年）始移治今鱼峰区东雒容镇。清朝改名雒容县，1951年并入鹿寨县。
人猿泰山 (1999年電影)

与「」標題相近或相同的条目页，請見「」。
| 人猿泰山  |
| --- | --- |
DVD封面
基本资料
导演: 黛安·艾斯凱納吉 鮑比·謝（海外）
监制: 黛安·艾斯凱納吉 黛西·萊特
编剧: 馬克·楊
原著: 《人猿泰山》 愛德加·萊斯·巴勒斯作品
配乐: 史蒂夫·凱勒（音樂） 茉莉兒·方斯華斯（歌詞）
片长: 48分
语言: 英語
上映及发行
上映日期: 1999年3月9日
发行商: 索尼奇蹟、鴻鷹動畫公司（海外）
《人猿泰山》（英語：）是一部動畫音樂冒險電影，由黛安·艾斯肯納吉和黛西·萊特製片，由馬克·楊編劇，改編自美國作家愛德加·萊斯·巴勒斯的作品《人猿泰山》。理查·華格納和女武神的騎行做於電影的開頭場面。它在1999年3月9日發售成為家庭錄影帶。