更年期
註釋

1 2 3 4 5  . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-06-28  [8 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
1 2 3  Takahashi, TA; Johnson, KM. . The Medical clinics of North America. May 2015, 99 (3): 521–34. PMID 25841598. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006.
1 2 3 4  . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-06-28  [8 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-19）.
↑  . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 6 May 2013  [8 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
1 2 3 4 5  . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-06-28  [8 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-20）.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Krause, MS; Nakajima, ST. . Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. March 2015, 42 (1): 163–179. PMID 25681847. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.09.008.
1 2 3 4 5  . PubMedHealth. 29 August 2013  [8 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-10）.
1 2  . National Institute on Aging.   [2018-10-06]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-07） （英语）.
1 2  . Mayo Clinic.   [2018-10-06]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-03） （英语）.
1 2  Sievert, Lynnette Leidy.  [Online-Ausg.] New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 2006: 81  [2016-06-11]. ISBN 9780813538563. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.
↑  . DIANE Publishing. 2002: 36  [2016-06-11]. ISBN 9781428905214. （原始内容存档于2015-07-13）.
1 2  . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 6 May 2013  [8 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-20）.
↑  . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 6 May 2013  [8 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
↑  Warren, volume editors, Claudio N. Soares, Michelle.  [Online-Ausg.]. Basel: Karger. 2009: 73. ISBN 978-3805591010.
1 2  . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 6 May 2013  [8 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
↑  年長婦女脾氣暴躁屬正常 - 香港醫院管理局葵涌醫院 的存檔，存档日期2013-12-03.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27  Hoffman, Barbara. . New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2012: 555–56. ISBN 9780071716727.
↑  Dreisler, E; Poulsen, LG; Antonsen, SL; Ceausu, I; Depypere, H; Erel, CT; Lambrinoudaki, I; Pérez-López, FR; Simoncini, T; Tremollieres, F; Rees, M; Ulrich, LG. . Maturitas. 2013, 75 (2): 181–90. PMID 23619009. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.03.011.
↑  Pérez-López, FR; Cuadros, JL; Fernández-Alonso, AM; Chedraui, P; Sánchez-Borrego, R; Monterrosa-Castro, A. . Maturitas. 2012, 73 (4): 369–72. PMID 23041251. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.09.004.
1 2  Chedraui, P; Pérez-López, FR; Mendoza, M; Leimberg, ML; Martínez, MA; Vallarino, V; Hidalgo, L. . Maturitas. 2010, 65 (1): 75–80. PMID 19945237. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.11.003.
↑  Arakane, M; Castillo, C; Rosero, MF; Peñafiel, R; Pérez-López, FR; Chedraui, P. . Maturitas. 2011, 69 (2): 157–61. PMID 21444163. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.02.015.
↑  Monterrosa-Castro, A; Marrugo-Flórez, M; Romero-Pérez, I; Chedraui, P; Fernández-Alonso, AM; Pérez-López, FR. . Maturitas. 2013, 74 (4): 346–51. PMID 23391501. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.01.009.
1 2  Llaneza, P; García-Portilla, MP; Llaneza-Suárez, D; Armott, B; Pérez-López, FR. . Maturitas. 2012, 71 (2): 120–30. PMID 22196311. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.11.017.
↑  Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson. . Philadelphia: Saunders. 2007: 344. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.  8th edition
↑  Souza, Hugo. . Aging and Disease. 2013, 4 (6): 320–28. ISSN 2152-5250. doi:10.14336/AD.2013.0400320.
↑  . Human Reproduction Update. 2011, 17 (5): 706–17. PMID 21565809. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr020.
1 2  Amaral, André F. S.; Strachan, David P.; Real, Francisco Gómez; Burney, Peter G. J.; Jarvis, Deborah L. . European Respiratory Journal. 2016-11-01, 48 (5): 1288–97  [2017-08-04]. ISSN 0903-1936. PMID 27660514. doi:10.1183/13993003.00412-2016. （原始内容存档于2017-02-16） （英语）.
↑  Triebner, Kai; Matulonga, Bobette; Johannessen, Ane; Suske, Sandra; Benediktsdóttir, Bryndís; Demoly, Pascal; Dharmage, Shyamali C.; Franklin, Karl A.; Garcia Aymerich, Judith. . American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2016-12-01. ISSN 1535-4970. PMID 27907454. doi:10.1164/rccm.201605-0968OC.
1 2  . www.vitagreen.com.   [2019-05-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-29）.
↑  Muka, Taulant; Oliver-Williams, Clare; Kunutsor, Setor; Laven, Joop S. E.; Fauser, Bart C. J. M.; Chowdhury, Rajiv; Kavousi, Maryam; Franco, Oscar H. . JAMA Cardiology. 14 September 2016, 1: 767. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2415.
↑  Minkin, Mary Jane;  et al. . Yale University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-300-07261-9.
↑  Kato, I; Toniolo, P; Akhmedkhanov, A; Koenig, KL; Shore, R; Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A. . J Clin Epidemiol. 1998, 51 (12): 1271–76. PMID 10086819. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00119-X.
↑  Do, KA; Treloar, SA; Pandeya, N; Purdie, D; Green, AC; Heath, AC; Martin, NG. . Hum Biol. 1998, 70 (6): 1073–91. PMID 9825597.
↑  Ringa, V. . Quality of Life Research. 2000, 9 (6): 695–707. JSTOR 4036942. doi:10.1023/A:1008913605129.
↑  Podfigurna-Stopa, A;  et al. . Journal of endocrinological investigation. September 2016, 39 (9): 983–90. PMC 4987394 . PMID 27091671. doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0467-z.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
↑  Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. . Hum Reprod Update. 2014, 20 (4): 582–93  [2017-08-08]. PMID 24619876. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu007. （原始内容存档于2020-05-09）.
↑  Lasa, JS; Zubiaurre, I; Soifer, LO. . Arq Gastroenterol. 2014, 51 (2): 144–50  [2017-08-08]. PMID 25003268. doi:10.1590/S0004-28032014000200014. （原始内容存档于2017-08-08）.
1 2 3  Harlow, SD; Gass, M; Hall, JE; Lobo, R; Maki, P; Rebar, RW; Sherman, S; Sluss, PM; de Villiers, TJ. . Fertility and Sterility. 2012, 97 (4): 398–406. PMC 3340904 . PMID 22341880. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.01.128.
↑  Greene, JG. . Maturitas. 1998, 29 (1): 25–31. PMID 9643514. doi:10.1016/s0378-5122(98)00025-5.
↑  Monterrosa-Castro, A; Romero-Pérez, I; Marrugo-Flórez, M; Fernández-Alonso, AM; Chedraui, P; Pérez-López, FR. . Menopause. 2012, 19 (8): 924–30. PMID 22549166. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e318247908d.
↑  Schneider, Hermann P.G.; Naftolin, Frederick. . London: Taylor & Francis. 2005: 28  [2017-07-17]. ISBN 9780203024966. （原始内容存档于2017-02-06）.
1 2  . WebMD.   [2018-10-06]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-07） （美国英语）.
↑  . A primer for the perimenopausal. The North American Menopause Society.   [2013-04-11]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-10）.
1 2 3  Prior, Jerilynn. . Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research (CeMCOR).   [2013-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-25）.
↑  Chichester, Melanie; Ciranni, Patricia. . Nursing for Women's Health. 2011年8月及9月, 15 (4): 320  [2013-04-11]. doi:10.1111/j.175-486X.2011.01652.x.  请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  Hurst, Bradley S. . Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011  [2017-07-17]. ISBN 9781444391817. （原始内容存档于2016-08-15）.
1 2  McNamara, M; Batur, P; DeSapri, KT. . Annals of Internal Medicine. 3 February 2015, 162 (3): ITC1–15. PMID 25643316. doi:10.7326/AITC201502030.
↑  Kessenich, Cathy. .   [2013-04-11]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-02）.
↑  Bellipanni, G; Di Marzo, F; Blasi, F; Di Marzo, A. . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2005-12, 1057 (1): 393–402. PMID 16399909. doi:10.1196/annals.1356.030.
↑  Lee S. Cohen; Claudio N. Soares; Allison F. Vitonis; Michael W. Otto; Bernard L. Harlow;  et al. . JAMA Psychiatry. The Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles. April 2006, 63 (4): 385–90  [28 September 2013]. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.385. （原始内容存档于2013-12-17）.
↑  Soules, MR; Sherman, S; Parrott, E; Rebar, R; Santoro, N; Utian, W; Woods, N. . Climacteric. 2001, 4 (4): 267–72. PMID 11770182. doi:10.1080/cmt.4.4.267.272.
1 2  Prior, JC. . Endocrine Reviews: 397–428. doi:10.1210/edrv.19.4.0341.
↑  Burger, HG. . European Journal of Endocrinology. 1994, 130 (1): 38–42. PMID 8124478. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1300038.
1 2  Nahás E, Pontes A, Traiman P, NahásNeto J, Dalben I, De Luca L. . Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2003, 17: 125–31. PMID 12737673. doi:10.1080/713603218.
1 2  Petri Nahás EA, Pontes A, Nahas-Neto J, Borges VT, Dias R, Traiman P. . J Ultrasound Med. February 2005, 24: 169–74. PMID 15661947.
↑  Burger, HG. . European Journal of Endocrinology. 1994, 130 (1): 38–42. PMID 8124478. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1300038.
↑  Simpson, ER; Davis, SR. . Endocrinology. 2001, 142 (11): 4589–94. PMID 11606422. doi:10.1210/en.142.11.4589.
↑  Davison, SL; Bell, R; Donath, S; Montalto, JG; Davis, SR. . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005, 90 (7): 3847–53. PMID 15827095. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0212.
↑  Robin H. Fogle; Frank Z. Stanczyk; Xiaohua Zhang; Richard J. Paulson. . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism: 3040–43.   [27 September 2013]. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0581. [永久]
1 2  Titus, S; Li, F; Stobezki, R; Akula, K; Unsal, E; Jeong, K; Dickler, M; Robson, M; Moy, F; Goswami, S; Oktay, K. . Science Translational Medicine. 2013, 5 (172): 172ra21. PMC 5130338 . PMID 23408054. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004925.
↑  Harris Bernstein, Carol Bernstein and Richard E. Michod (2011). Meiosis as an Evolutionary Adaptation for DNA Repair. Chapter 19 in DNA Repair. Inna Kruman editor. InTech Open Publisher. doi:10.5772/25117 http://www.intechopen.com/books/dna-repair/meiosis-as-an-evolutionary-adaptation-for-dna-repair （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  The Woman's Health Program Monash University, Oestrogen and Progestin as Hormone Therapy （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  . Menopause (New York, N.Y.). Mar 2010, 17 (2): 242–55. PMID 20154637. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181d0f6b9.
1 2  . Menopause. July 2017, 24 (7): 728–753. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000000921.
1 2  Boardman, Henry M. P.; Hartley, Louise; Eisinga, Anne; Main, Caroline; Roqué i Figuls, Marta; Bonfill Cosp, Xavier; Gabriel Sanchez, Rafael; Knight, Beatrice. . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015-03-10, (3): CD002229. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 25754617. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002229.pub4.
↑  de Villiers, TJ; Stevenson, JC. . Climacteric. June 2012, 15 (3): 263–66. PMID 22612613. doi:10.3109/13697137.2012.659975.
1 2  Marjoribanks, Jane; Farquhar, Cindy; Roberts, Helen; Lethaby, Anne; Lee, Jasmine. . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 17 Jan 2017, 1: CD004143. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 28093732. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub5.
↑  Chlebowski, R. T.; Anderson, G. L. . Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 2015, 6 (2): 45–56. ISSN 2042-0986. doi:10.1177/2042098614568300.
1 2  Somboonporn, W.; Davis, S.; Seif, M. W.; Bell, R. . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005-10-19, (4): CD004509. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 16235365. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004509.pub2.
↑  Davis, SR; Dinatale, I; Rivera-Woll, L; Davison, S. . J Endocrinol. 2005, 185 (2): 207–22. PMID 15845914. doi:10.1677/joe.1.05847.
↑  Bevers, TB. . J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2007, 5 (8): 817–22.
↑  Orleans, RJ; Li, L; Kim, MJ; Guo, J; Sobhan, M; Soule, L; Joffe, HV. . The New England Journal of Medicine. 2014, 370 (19): 1777–79. PMID 24806158. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1402080.
↑  Nedrow, A; Miller, J; Walker, M; Nygren, P; Huffman, LH; Nelson, HD. . Arch Intern Med. 2006, 166 (14): 1453–65. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.14.1453.
1 2  Franco, Oscar H.; Chowdhury, Rajiv; Troup, Jenna; Voortman, Trudy; Kunutsor, Setor; Kavousi, Maryam; Oliver-Williams, Clare; Muka, Taulant. . JAMA. 21 June 2016, 315 (23): 2554–63. PMID 27327802. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.8012.
↑  Bolaños, R; Del Castillo, A; Francia, J. . Menopause. 2010, 17 (3): 660–66. PMID 20464785. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181cb4fb5.
↑  Lethaby, A; Marjoribanks, J; Kronenberg, F; Roberts, H; Eden, J; Brown, J. . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 December 2013, 12: CD001395. PMID 24323914. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001395.pub4.
↑  EFSA Femarelle® and bone mineral density （页面存档备份，存于） Scientific substantiation of a health claim related to "Femarelle®" and "induces bone formation and increases bone mineral density reducing the risk for osteoporosis and other bone disorders" pursuant to Article 14 of the Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. The EFSA Journal (2008) 785, pp. 1–10]
↑  Leach, MJ; Moore, V. . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 September 2012, 9: CD007244. PMID 22972105. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007244.pub2.
↑  Clement, YN; Onakpoya, I; Hung, SK; Ernst, E. . Maturitas. March 2011, 68 (3): 256–63. PMID 21237589. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.12.005.
↑  Dodin, S; Blanchet, C; Marc, I; Ernst, E; Wu, T; Vaillancourt, C; Paquette, J; Maunsell, E. . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 30 July 2013, 7: CD007410. PMID 23897589. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007410.pub2.
↑  Zhu, X; Liew, Y; Liu, ZL. . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 15 March 2016, 3: CD009023  [18 March 2016]. PMID 26976671. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009023.pub2. [永久]
↑  Wells, GA; Cranney, A; Peterson, J; Boucher, M; Shea, B; Robinson, V; Coyle, D; Tugwell, P. . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Jan 23, 2008, (1): CD001155. PMID 18253985. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001155.pub2.
↑  Winterich, J. (August 2008). "Gender, medicine, and the menopausal body: How biology and culture influence women's experiences with menopause". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York. Retrieved 11 November 2008 from Allacademic.com 的存檔，存档日期9 July 2012.
↑  Gannon, L; Ekstrom, B. . Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1993, 17: 275–88. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1993.tb00487.x.
↑  Avis, N.; Stellato, R. Crawford; Bromberger, J.; Gan, P.; Cain, V.; Kagawa-Singer, M. . Social Science & Medicine. 2001, 52 (3): 345–56. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00147-7.
1 2  Lock, M. . Psychosomatic Medicine. 1998, 60 (4): 410–19. PMID 9710286. doi:10.1097/00006842-199807000-00005.
↑  Melby, MK. . Maturitas. 2005, 52 (3–4): 205–22. PMID 16154301. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.02.002.
1 2  Lock, M. & Nguyen, V. (2010) An Anthropology of Biomedicine, Chapter 4 "Local Biologies and Human Difference" (pp. 84–89), West Sussex, Wiley-Blackwell
↑  Gold, EB; Block, G; Crawford, S; Lachance, L; FitzGerald, G; Miracle, H; Sherman, S. . American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004, 159 (12): 1189–99. PMID 15191936. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh168.
↑  Maoz, B.; Dowty, N.; Antonovsky, A.; Wisjenbeck, H. . Social Psychiatry. 1970, 5: 35–40. doi:10.1007/BF01539794.
↑  Stotland, N. L. . Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2002, 5: 5–8. doi:10.1007/s007370200016.
↑  Lock, Margaret M., and Vinh-Kim Nguyen. "Chapter 2". An Anthropology of Biomedicine. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. pp. 32–56. Print.
↑  .   [2017-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-10）.
↑  Diamond, Jed. . 1998. ISBN 1-57071-397-9.
↑  Diamond, Jed. . Naperville, Ill: Sourcebooks. 2000. ISBN 1-57071-433-9.
↑  Tan, Robert S. . Houston, Tex: AMRED Pub. 2001. ISBN 0-9707061-0-3.
1 2  . www.nhs.uk. NHS Choices. April 8, 2016  [October 7, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-09）.
↑  Gorski, David. . Science-Based Medicine. 2013-12-25  [2017-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-11）.
1 2  Perls, T; Handelsman, DJ. . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. April 2015, 63 (4): 809–11  [2017-07-17]. PMID 25809947. doi:10.1111/jgs.13391. （原始内容存档于2017-09-06）.
↑  Dimopoulou, C;  et al. . Maturitas. 2016-02, 84: 94–9. PMID 26614257. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.11.003.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
更年期的症狀
陰道腔，一般情形和更年期
由於更年期女性激素變化造成的骨質流失