食道癌
參考文獻

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1 2  Zhang, HZ; Jin, GF; Shen, HB. . Chinese journal of cancer. Jun 2012, 31 (6): 281–6. PMC 3777490 . PMID 22507220. doi:10.5732/cjc.011.10390.
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1 2  . National Cancer Institute.   [2014-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-06）.  （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. . Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1545–1602. PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6.
↑  GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. . Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1459–1544. PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  World Health Organization. . . 2014. ISBN 9283204298.
1 2 3  Ferri, Fred.  1st ed. Elsevier Mosby. 2012: 389–391. ISBN 9780323083737.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
1 2  Zhang, HZ; Jin, GF; Shen, HB. . Chinese journal of cancer. 2012-06, 31 (6): 281–6  [2014-11-28]. PMID 22507220. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Kelsen, David.  2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007: 4  [2014-11-28]. ISBN 9780781776172. （原始内容存档于2014-10-27） （英语）.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
↑  Whittemore. David Schottenfeld, Joseph F. Fraumeni, Jr., associate editors, Graham A. Colditz, Jonathan M. Samet, Alice S. , 编.  3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006: 697  [2014-11-28]. ISBN 9780199747979. （原始内容存档于2014-10-27） （英语）.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
1 2 3 4 5  Stahl, M; Mariette, C; Haustermans, K; Cervantes, A; Arnold, D;  ESMO Guidelines Working, Group. . Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO. Oct 2013, 24 (Suppl 6): vi51–6. PMID 24078662.  引文使用过时参数coauthor (帮助)
↑  Enzinger PC, Mayer RJ. . N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 349 (23): 2241–52. PMID 14657432. doi:10.1056/NEJMra035010.
1 2 3 4 5  Enzinger PC, Mayer RJ. Esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2241-52. PMID 14657432.
↑  Lozano, R; Naghavi, M; Foreman, K; Lim, S; Shibuya, K; Aboyans, V; Abraham, J; Adair, T. . Lancet. 2012-12-15, 380 (9859): 2095–128. PMID 23245604. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0.
↑  . 民眾日報. 2009-06-18  [2009-08-04]. [永久]
↑  Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, Nyren O.  Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999;340:825-31. PMID 10080844.
↑  Corley DA, Kerlikowske K, Verma R, Buffler P. Protective association of aspirin/NSAIDs and esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2003;124:47-56. PMID 12512029. See also NCI - "Esophageal Cancer (PDQ®): Prevention" （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Wong A, Fitzgerald RC.  Epidemiologic risk factors for Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinoma.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Jan;3(1):1-10.  PMID 15645398
↑  Ye W, Held M, Lagergren J, Engstrand L, Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Nyren O.  Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy: risk of adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Mar 3;96(5):388-96.  PMID 14996860
↑  Nakajima S, Hattori T.  Oesophageal adenocarcinoma or gastric cancer with or without eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic atrophic gastritis patients: a hypothetical opinion from a systematic review.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Jul;20 Suppl 1:54-61.  PMID 15298606
↑  NCI Prevention: Dietary Factors （页面存档备份，存于）, based on Chainani-Wu N. Diet and oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer. Nutr Cancer 2002;44:104-26. PMID 12734057.
↑  See scientific studies cited by advocates of alternative natural foods cancer therapies, such as "Healing Fruits" （页面存档备份，存于）: Ellagic Acid" (Australia).  For study conducted at the Comprehensive Cancer Center 的存檔，存档日期2007-04-04. at the Ohio State University, see Abstract （页面存档备份，存于） of article published by Tong Chen, Hyejeong Hwang, Miranda E. Rose, Ronald G. Nines, and Gary D. Stoner, "Epidemiology and Prevention: Chemopreventive Properties of Black Raspberries in N-Nitrosomethylbenzylamine-Induced Rat Esophageal Tumorigenesis: Down-regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, and c-Jun." Cancer Research 2006 Mar.  1; 66: 2853-59.  Cf. online resources hosted by Oregon State University and sponsored by the Oregon berry industry; e.g., Berry Health Benefits Network （页面存档备份，存于） and "How to Increase Your Health Vocabulary with Just One Bite" （页面存档备份，存于） ("Natural Health Properties of Oregon Raspberries and Blackberries").
↑  Ross P, Nicolson M, Cunningham D, Valle J, Seymour M, Harper P, Price T, Anderson H, Iveson T, Hickish T, Lofts F, Norman A. Prospective randomized trial comparing mitomycin, cisplatin, and protracted venous-infusion fluorouracil (PVI 5-FU) with epirubicin, cisplatin, and PVI 5-FU in advanced esophagogastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1996-2004. PMID 11956258.
↑  Stewart BW, Kleihues P (editors). World cancer report. Lyon: IARC, 2003. ISBN 978-92-832-0411-4.