阿拉是月神論
參考文獻

↑  Jones, Prudence; Pennick, Nigel. . London: Routledge. 1995: 77. ISBN 0415091365.
↑  Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M.; Holt, Peter R.; Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford. . Cambridge, Eng: University Press. 1977: 32. ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4.
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↑  Shamoun, Sam. . Answering Islam.   [2024-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2024-10-09） （英语）.
↑  Hommel, F. Houtsma, M. T.; Arnold, T. W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. , 编.  1. : 379–380.
↑  Glassé, C. . : 185.
↑  Wellhausen, Julius. . : 75.
↑  Hawting, Gerald R. . Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization. Cambridge University Press. 1999: 112. ISBN 0521651654.
↑  also mentioned in Crone, Patricia. . Gorgias Press. 2004: 185–195. ISBN 1593331029.
↑  Winckler, Hugo. . Berlin: W. Peiser. 1901: 83.
↑
↑  Eliade, Mircea; Adams, David.  1. Macmillan. 1987: 365.
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Fahd, Toufic. . Institut Français d'Archéologie de Beyrouth. Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique. LXXXVII. Paris: Paul Geuthner. 1968: 102–103.
Fahd, Toufic. . Semitica. 1958, 8: 75–76.
↑  Leeming, David Adams. . Oxford University Press. 2004: 121.
↑  Crone, Patricia. . 1987: 193–194.
↑  Morey, Robert. . Newport, PA: Research and Education Foundation. 1994.
↑  Shaheen 1997，第8頁.
↑  Schmidt, Donald E. . Algora. 2005: 347.
↑  Starrett, Gregory.  (PDF). Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. May 2009, 15: S222–S240  [2024-10-08]. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2009.01551.x. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-08-17）.
↑  Brown, Rick.  (PDF). International Journal of Frontier Missions. Summer 2006, 23 (2): 79. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-07-31）.
↑  Starrett, Gregory.  (PDF). Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. May 2009, 15: S222–S240  [2024-10-08]. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2009.01551.x. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-08-17）.
↑  Shaheen 1997，第9頁.
↑  Hassan, Farzana. . McFarland. 2008: 17. ISBN 978-0-7864-3300-1.
↑  Peters, Francis E. . SUNY Press. 1994: 109.
↑  Guillaume, Alfred.  13th. Oxford University Press. 1998: 386. ISBN 0-19-636033-1.
↑  Juan Eduardo Campo (编). : 479.  |entry=和|title=只需其一 (帮助)
↑  . quran.com.   [2021-05-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-21）.
↑  Shakir, M. H. . The Koran. University of Michigan.   [9 July 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-20）.
↑  . . （原始内容存档于2024-09-17） 使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (帮助).  |chapter-url=被忽略 (帮助); |entry=和|title=只需其一 (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
↑  Peters, F. E. . Princeton University Press. 2003: 4. ISBN 9780691122335.
↑  Gardet, L. .  |entry=和|title=只需其一 (帮助)
↑  See Qur'an 37:158
↑  See Qur'an (6:100
)
↑  See Qur'an (53:26–27
)
↑
↑  Böwering, Gerhard. . .
↑  See Qur'an 6:109
; 10:22
; 16:38
; 29:65
↑
↑  Nattan, Stephen Van. . Hajiallah.com. Allah, Divine or Demonic?.  [First published in 1995]  [2024-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2024-10-08） （英语）.
1 2  . Hajiallah.com. Allah, Divine of Demonic?.   [2024-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2024-10-08） （英语）.
↑  Nissim Amzallag. (2009). Yahweh, the Canaanite God of Metallurgy? （页面存档备份，存于）. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 33 (4), 387–404.
↑  James S. Anderson (2015). Monotheism and Yahweh's Appropriation of Baal, p.101. Bloomsbury Publishing.
↑  Meek, op. cit. pp. 86-99.
↑
↑
↑
↑  Volz, Mose und Seine Werk, 2nd ed., M. Buber, Moses, 1947, pp. 94ff.
↑
↑
↑  . Yahowah Beryth.   [2024-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-12） （英语）.
↑  Ackerman 2003，第394頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAckerman2003 (幫助)
↑  Stahl, Michael J. . Semitica. 2021-01-01, 63: 45-94  [2024-10-12]. ISSN 2466-6815. doi:10.2143/SE.63.0.3289896. （原始内容存档于2024-08-19）.  引文格式1维护：日期与年 (link)
↑  Amzallag, Nissim. . Cambridge University Press. 2023-01-01  [2024-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2024-12-01）.
1 2 3  Kjær, Sigrid K. . Modern Asian Studies. 2022, 56 (3): 776–795. ISSN 0026-749X. doi:10.1017/S0026749X21000305  （英语）.
↑  Sinai, Nicolai. . The American Oriental Society. 2020: 3.
↑  Gajda, Iwona. . Ancient Arabia. 2023  [2024-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2024-10-10）.
↑  Kościelniak, Krzysztof. . Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia. 2011-11-07, 3: 67–74  [2024-10-09]. ISSN 2450-2936. doi:10.15633/ochc.1024 . （原始内容存档于2021-11-18） （英语）. Some authors argue that the epithet Raḥmān ('the Merciful') has any connection to Arab Paganism – especially any connection to a lunar deity. They stress that Raḥmān is only Jewish-Christian origins and usage.1 It is the standard Muslim explanation, does not seem to be relevant for explanation of Raḥmānān's historical connections with all Semitic world.2 The first know example Raḥmān' form (rḥmn) is bilingual inscription written in Akkadian and Aramaic which was found in the Tell Fekherye in northeast Syria. This inscription was dedicated to the Aramean god Hadad contenting following sentence: 'lh. rḥmn zy. tṣlwth. ṭbh "merciful god to whom prayer is sweet." In the Akkadian version Adad is called by the form rēmēnȗ. It is worth to add that rēmēnȗ was used as the epithet for god Marduk. Raḥmān in the written version rḥmn has the Pagan origins and was used as a title for both a King and for the god Marduk.3
↑  Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman. . MSA Publication Limited. 2013: XXIV  [15 August 2024]. ISBN 978-1861798268. （原始内容存档于2024-10-10） （英语）. Exegesis of Al-Tabari and Al-Qurtubi with the reference material from a Hadith from Sunan al-Tirmidhi transmitted by Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf.
↑  Ibn Kathir. . Quran 4 U.   [27 January 2020]. （原始内容存档于2024-10-09）.
↑  Gajda, iwona. . Bakhos, Carol; Cook, Michael  (编). . Oxford studies in the abrahamic religions. Oxford: Oxford university press. 2017: 253–254. ISBN 978-0-19-874849-6.
↑  Grasso, Valentina A. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2023: 77–78. ISBN 978-1-009-25296-6.
↑  Robin, Christian Julien. . Fisher, Greg  (编). . Oxford Academic. 2015: 127–171.
↑  Vargo, Andrew. . Answering Islam.   [2024-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2024-10-09） （英语）. The "Islamic Awareness" team attempts to convince us that Muhammad's ar-Rahman is really no different than the Christian and Jewish uses of similar epithets for God. As Sam Shamoun pointed out in his article on ar-Rahman, it is clear that the people of Mecca did not recognize ar-Rahman as the God of the Christians and the Jews. The Christian inscriptions presented by the "Islamic Awareness" clearly shows that the authors were describing the Triune God – not Muhammad's concept of Allah.
↑  Kościelniak, Krzysztof. . Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia. 2011-11-07, 3  [2024-10-09]. ISSN 2450-2936. doi:10.15633/ochc.1024. （原始内容存档于2024-12-08） （英语）. It was mentioned that many Muslim authors connect the term RḤMNN only with monotheist religions stressing that Jews and Christians used rchmand ar-Raḥmān as attributes of the God of Israel. In the second position are the Orientalists, who explain how did this term evolve from Paganism to Judaism and Christianity. For example Andrew Vargo believes that Muhammad most likely thought that the use of ar-Raḥmān, as a name for God, was "a good marketing ploy." Taking the name ar-Raḥmān for Islamic theology, he could attract both the Jews and some Pagans to his new religion.33 RḤMNN – Ar-Raḥmān well known in South Arabia before the advent of Islam had many connections. Probably Muhammad borrowed this name from three sources, which could observe in his milieu. RḤMNN – Ar-Raḥmānunderstood by Jews and Christians as "Lord, the Merciful, Master of Heaven" was useful for Islam, new Monotheistic religion. On the other hand RḤMNN in South Arabia signified a moon-god, whom Muhammed even occasionally confused with or used as a substitute for 'Allah'. It is proper to remember that a god called Mar-Allah was recognized from inscriptional evidences in northern Arabia. The Koran mentions Ar-Raḥmān occasionally, for example in sura 43 : 19, which most translators have renamed as God or Allah, since they, as Muhammed, found no difference between these two South Arabian moon-gods.
↑  Nattan, Stephen Van. . Hajiallah.com. Allah, Divine or Demonic?.  [First published in 1995]  [2024-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2024-10-08） （英语）.
↑  Nattan, Stephen Van. . Hajiallah.com. Allah, Divine or Demonic?.  [First published in 1995]  [2024-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-07） （英语）.
1 2  L. Gardet, Allah, Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. by H.A.R. Gibb先生（英语：）
↑  Zeki Saritopak, Allah, The Qu'ran: An Encyclopedia, ed. by Oliver Leaman, p. 34
↑  Gerhard Böwering, God and his Attributes, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, ed. by Jane Dammen McAuliffe（英语：）
↑  Jonathan Porter Berkey. . Cambridge University Press. 2003: 42. ISBN 978-0-521-58813-3.
↑  Daniel C. Peterson. . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 2007-02-26: 21  [2020-10-01]. ISBN 978-0-8028-0754-0. （原始内容存档于2018-12-16）.
↑  Christian Julien Robin. . OUP USA. 2012: 304–305  [2020-09-26]. ISBN 9780195336931. （原始内容存档于2018-12-16）.
↑  . Hajiallah.com.   [2024-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2024-10-08）.
↑  . Hajiallah.com.   [2024-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2024-10-08）.
↑  Beaumont 2005，第175頁
↑  Jeffery, Arthur; Böwering, Gerhard; McAuliffe, Jane. . Woods Press. 2008: 220. ISBN 978-1-4437-2149-3.
↑  Vishnu Sahasranāma, translated by Swami Chinmayananda. Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. pp. 16–17.
↑  劉述先. . . 臺灣商務印書館. 1991: 72  [2024-10-11]. ISBN 978-957-05-0320-3. （原始内容存档于2014-10-30） （中文）.
↑  Puligandla 1997，第222頁.
↑  精選書摘. . The News Lens 關鍵評論網. 2017-09-12  [2023-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-06） （中文（臺灣））.
↑  Jeaneane D. Fowler. . Sussex Academic Press. 2002: 330. ISBN 978-1-898723-93-6. [永久]
↑  James Lochtefeld, Brahman, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931798, page 122
1 2  David Kinsley. . University of California Press. 1988: 137. ISBN 978-0-520-90883-3.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
↑  Stella Kramrisch. . Princeton University Press. 1992: 205–206. ISBN 0-691-01930-4.