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參考文獻

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↑  "Risk Classification (for All Practice Areas)," （页面存档备份，存于） Actuarial Standard of Practice No. 12, Actuarial Standards Board, December 2005
↑  Xu, Jiahua. . North American Actuarial Journal. 2020-01-02, 24 (1): 36–56. ISSN 1092-0277. doi:10.1080/10920277.2019.1585881.
↑  "Risk Classification in Voluntary Individual Disability Income and Long-Term Care Insurance" （页面存档备份，存于）, American Academy of Actuaries, Winter 2001
1 2  "Risk Classification in Individually Purchased Voluntary Medical Expense Insurance" （页面存档备份，存于）, American Academy of Actuaries, February 1999
↑  . CBS News. 2007-05-23  [2007-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-16）.
↑  Michelle, Andrews. . Health. U.S. News and World Report. 2007-08-07  [2007-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-12）.
↑  Marcus, Aliza. . Bloomberg News. 2008-05-07  [2008-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-22）.
↑  Teresa Chovan, Hannah Yoo and Tom Wildsmith,
"Individual Health Insurance: A Comprehensive Survey of Affordability, Access, and Benefits" 的存檔，存档日期2007-11-27., America's Health Insurance Plans, August 2005. A prior industry survey, conducted in 2002, had similar results: Thomas D. Musco and Thomas F. Wildsmith, "Individual Health Insurance: Access and Affordability" （页面存档备份，存于）, Health Insurance Association of America, October 2002.
↑  Lisa Duchon; Cathy Schoen. . Issue Brief. Commonwealth Fund. 2001-12-01  [2007-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-18）.
↑  Mark V. Pauly and Len M. Nichols,"The Nongroup Health Insurance Market: Short On Facts, Long On Opinions And Policy Disputes," Health Affairs - Web Exclusive, October 23, 2002, note 27
↑  Thomas D. Musco and Thomas F. Wildsmith, "Individual Health Insurance: Access and Affordability" （页面存档备份，存于）, Health Insurance Association of America, October 2002
↑  Lisa Duchon; Cathy Schoen. . Issue Brief. Commonwealth Fund. 2001-12-01  [2007-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-18）. , Figure 1
↑  Teresa Chovan, Hannah Yoo and Tom Wildsmith, "Individual Health Insurance: a Comprehensive Survey of Affordability, Access, and Benefits" 的存檔，存档日期2007-11-27., see Tables 2 and 3. America’s Health Insurance Plans, August 2005
↑  Leigh Wachenheim and Hans Leida, "The Impact of Guaranteed Issue and Community Rating Reforms on Individual Insurance Markets," （页面存档备份，存于） report prepared by Milliman, Inc. on behalf of America’s Health Insurance Plans, August 2007
↑  . Kff.org. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. September 24, 2013  [December 1, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-01）.
↑  Terhune, Chad  "Health Insurer's Premium Practices Add to Profit Surge, Roil Customers", The Wall Street Journal, April 9, 2002
↑  http://lawyer.get.com.tw/dic/DictionaryDetail.aspx?iDT=47693
↑  "The Illusion of Group Health Insurance: Discretionary Associations" （页面存档备份，存于）, FamiliesUSA, March 2004
↑  Terhune, Chad "Insurers Avoid State Regulations By Selling Via Groups Elsewhere", The Wall Street Journal, April 9, 2002
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↑  .   [2020-09-02]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-01）.
↑  Leigh Wachenheim, "Variation by Duration in Individual Health Medical Insurance Claims," 的存檔，存档日期2007-11-29. Society of Actuaries, October 3, 2006. A similar occurrence had been observed in the small group health insurance market. Stephen Brink, James Modaff and Steven Sherman, "Variation by Duration in Small Group Medical Claims （页面存档备份，存于）, Transactions of the [Society of Actuaries], 1991-92 Reports.
↑  Braun, Alexander; Xu, Jiahua. . The Journal of Fixed Income. 2020-03-31, 29 (4): 100–123  [2020-09-02]. ISSN 1059-8596. doi:10.3905/jfi.2020.1.084. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25） （英语）.
↑  Updegrave, Walter and Ashford, Kate "The neutron bomb of health insurance" （页面存档备份，存于） Money Magazine, February 13, 2007
↑  .   [2020-09-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）.
↑  Lisa Girion, "Court curbs insurers' ability to rescind medical policies," The Los Angeles Times, December 25, 2007
↑  .   [2020-09-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-30）.
↑  .   [2020-09-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-21）.