上地幔
參考文獻

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William Lowrie (1997). Fundamentals of geophysics. Cambridge University Press. p. 158. ISBN 0-521-46728-4
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 Ito, E; Takahashi, E (1989). "Postspinel transformations in the system Mg2SiO4-Fe2SiO4 and some geophysical implications". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 94 (B8): 10637–10646.
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Deuss, Arwen; Woodhouse, John (2001-10-12). "Seismic Observations of Splitting of the Mid-Transition Zone Discontinuity in Earth's Mantle". Science. 294 (5541): 354–357. Bibcode：2001Sci...294..354D.doi:10.1126/science.1063524.ISSN 0036-8075PMID 11598296S2CID 28563140
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 Khan, Amir; Deschamps, Frédéric (2015-04-28). The Earth's Heterogeneous Mantle: A Geophysical, Geodynamical, and Geochemical Perspective. Springer. ISBN 9783319156279
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↑  Than, Ker (2007-03-01). "Scientists to study gash on Atlantic seafloor". NBC News. Retrieved 2008-03-16. A team of scientists will embark on a voyage next week to study an “open wound” on the Atlantic seafloor where the Earth’s deep interior lies exposed without any crust covering
↑  "Earth's Crust Missing In Mid-Atlantic". Science Daily. 2007-03-02. Retrieved 2008-03-16. Cardiff University scientists will shortly set sail (March 5) to investigate a startling discovery in the depths of the Atlantic
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 "Japan hopes to predict 'Big One' with journey to center of Earth". PhysOrg.com. 2005-12-15. Archived from the original on 2005-12-19. Retrieved 2008-03-16. An ambitious Japanese-led project to dig deeper into the Earth's surface than ever before will be a breakthrough in detecting earthquakes including Tokyo's dreaded "Big One," officials said Thursday
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