创伤式授精
参考资料

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14  Arnqvist, Göran; Rowe, Locke. . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2005-07-05: 87–91. ISBN 978-0-691-12218-2.
1 2  Reinhardt, K.; Naylor R.; Siva-Jothy, M. T. . Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2003-11-22, 270 (1531): 2371–2375. PMC 1691512 . PMID 14667353. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2515.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
1 2 3  Carayon, J. . . College Park, MD: Entomological Society of America. 1966: 81–166. ASIN B0000EGQ6L. ISBN 978-0-9776209-2-0.
↑  Ruck, B.N.; Villares, G.J.; Welch, C.M.; Facey, D.E. . Saint Michael's College.   [2009-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-19）.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  Arnqvist, citing A.D. Stutt, Reproductive Strategies and Sexual Conflict in the Bed Bug. PhD thesis. University of Sheffield, England.
↑  Arnqvist 89, citing personal observations and Monograph of Cimicidae
↑  Smith, Jane A. . ILAR Journal. 1991, 33 (1–2)  [2009-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-18）. In the majority of examples of invertebrate nociception noted above, there seems to be little, if any, evidence that the animals' responses persist in anything akin to the manner described for mammals. As Eisemann et al. (1984) have described in a review of the 'biological evidence' concerning pain in insects, 'No example is known to us of an insect showing protective behavior towards injured parts, such as by limping after leg injury or declining to feed or mate because of general abdominal injuries. On the contrary, our experience has been that insects will continue with normal activities even after severe injury or removal of body parts.'... Certainly, on the limited amount of evidence presented here, it seems very difficult to imagine that insects and the other simpler invertebrates mentioned above can 'suffer' pain in anything like the vertebrate sense. Nevertheless, the issue certainly is not closed, and further questions should be asked.
↑  Stutt AD, Siva-Jothy MT. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 2001-05-08, 98 (10): 5683–87  [2009-04-09]. PMC 33273 . PMID 11331783. doi:10.1073/pnas.101440698.
1 2  Quammen, David. . Simon & Schuster. 1998-02-16: 29–30 [1988]. ISBN 978-0-684-83626-3.
↑  Trowbridge, C. D. . The Veliger. 1995, 38: 203–211.
↑  Waldbauer, Gilbert. . Harvard University Press. 1998-02-11: 63. ISBN 978-0-674-45489-7.
↑  Tatarnic, Nikolai J; Gerasimos Cassis; Dieter F Hochuli. . Biol Lett. (The Royal Society). 2006-03-22, 2 (1): 58–61. PMC 1617170 . PMID 17148326. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0394.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  Kim, Jung-gon; Jung, Sung-Hoon. . Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 2016-06-01, 9 (2): 253–255  [2018-10-18]. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2016.02.002. （原始内容存档于2021-05-05） （英语）.  引文格式1维护：日期与年 (link)
↑  Reinhardt, Klaus; Naylor, Richard A., Siva-Jothy, Michael T. . Ecological Entomology. 2005-09-21, 30 (5): 607–611. doi:10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00730.x.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  Arnqvist, citing Monograph of Cimicidae
↑  .   [2004-09-19]. （原始内容存档于1996-01-01）. For this purpose we are studying the traumatic insemination of bed bugs. The natural mating rate of bed bugs is such that females suffer 25% higher mortality than is necessary for full fertilization. This is apparently not outweighed by 25% benefits to the offspring. So far, we have identified that a unique organ, the spermalege has possibly evolved to mediate pathogenic microbes transmitted during copulation. By contrast, the amount of wounding and wound repair in response to piercing is not mediated by the spermalege, nor are the action of seminal fluids. We are presently testing whether costs to activate the immune system, or costs to maintain sperm alive contribute to the increase female mortality.
↑  Morrow, Edward H.; Arnqvist, Göran. . Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2003-11-22, 270 (1531): 2377–2381. PMC 1691516 . PMID 14667354. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2514.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
1 2 3  Siva-Jothy MT. . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 2006-02-28, 361 (1466): 269–75. PMC 1569606 . PMID 16612886. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1789.
↑  Siva-Jothy MT and Alistair D. Stutt. . Proceedings of the Royal Society B. March 2003, 270 (1515): 649–652. PMC 1691276 . PMID 12769466. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2260.
↑  Anderson, Roy Clayton. . CABI. 2000: 233. ISBN 0-85199-421-0.
↑  Hugot, JP. . Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie 3. Sciences de la Vie (France). 1982-04-19, 294 (14): 707–10.
↑  Doyle, Lester R.; Larry N. Gleason. . The Journal of Parasitology (The American Society of Parasitologists). June 1991, 77 (3): 437–40. JSTOR 3283132. PMID 2040955. doi:10.2307/3283132.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  Wallace, R. L. . Knobil, Ernst; Neill, Jimmy D  (编). . Boston: Academic Press. 1998: 290–301. ISBN 0-12-227020-7.
↑  Obst, Matthias; Funch, Peter. . Journal of Morphology. 2003-01-06, 255 (3): 261–78. PMID 12520546. doi:10.1002/jmor.10040.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  Michiels, N. K.; Newman, L. J. . Nature. 1998-02-12, 391 (647): 647–8. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 859632. doi:10.1038/35527.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  Milius, S. . Science News Online.   [2009-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2008-03-26）.
↑  Beani L, Giusti F, Mercati D, Lupetti P, Paccagnini E, Turillazzi S, Dallai R. . Journal of Morphology. 2005-07-26, 265 (3): 291–303. PMID 16047336. doi:10.1002/jmor.10359.
↑  Kamimura, Yoshitaka. . Biol Lett. (The Royal Society). 2007-08-22, 3 (4): 401–404. PMC 2391172 . PMID 17519186. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0192.
↑  Schmitt V, Anthes N, Michiels NK. . Frontiers in Zoology. 2007, 4: 17  [2009-04-09]. PMC 1934903 . PMID 17610714. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-4-17. []
↑  Řezáč, Milan. . Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2009-04-29, 276 (1668): 2697–701  [2009-05-09]. PMC 2839943 . PMID 19403531. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0104. （原始内容存档于2013-11-09）.  Abstract at link
↑  Reinhardt, Klaus; Ewan Harney, Richard Naylor, Stanislav Gorb, Michael T. Siva‐Jothy. . American Naturalist. 2007, 170 (6): 931–35  [2014-07-06]. PMID 18171174. doi:10.1086/522844. （原始内容存档于2021-05-05）.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  Krebs, John R.; Davies, Nicholas B. . Wiley-Blackwell. 1993: 186. ISBN 0-632-03546-5 请检查|isbn=值 (帮助).  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助), citing Carayon, J. . Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences (France). 1974, 278: 2803–06.
↑  Abele, Lawrence G.; Sandra Gilchrist. . Science. 1977, 197 (4298): 81–83. PMID 867055. doi:10.1126/science.867055.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  Smith, Lewis. . The Times (London). 2007-06-25: 25  [2009-04-03].
↑  Bailey, Robert O.; Seymour, Norman R.; Stewart, Gary R. . The Auk. January 1978, 95 (1): 188–90.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  Angier, Natalie. . The New York Times (New York City). 1992-02-18: C1  [2009-04-03]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-12）.
↑  Connor, Richard C.; F. Andrew, Rachel A. Smolker, Janet Mann. . Behaviour. February 1996, 133 (1/2): 37–69. doi:10.1163/156853996X00026.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  Han, Chang S.; Jablonski, Piotr G. . Nature Communications. August 2010, 1 (52): 1. PMC 2964456 . PMID 20975717. doi:10.1038/ncomms1051.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
鹰嘴豆象豆象䖬的交接器。此昆虫的部分物种演化出了尖刺状的交接器，会破坏雌性的生殖系统。这使雌性演化出了多种反抗技术。
一只雌性地松鼠（Spermophilus richardsonii）的交配塞。
创伤式授精过的雌性臭虫