希土战争 (1919年—1922年)
註腳 > 參考資料

↑  According to John R. Ferris, "Decisive Turkish victory in Anatolia... produced Britain's gravest strategic crisis between the 1918 Armistice and Munich, plus a seismic shift in British politics..." Erik Goldstein and Brian McKerche, Power and Stability: British Foreign Policy, 1865–1965, 2004 p. 139
↑  A. Strahan claimed that: "The internationalisation of Constantinople and the Straits under the aegis of the League of Nations, feasible in 1919, was out of the question after the complete and decisive Turkish victory over the Greeks". A. Strahan, Contemporary Review, 1922.
↑  N. B. Criss, Istanbul Under Allied Occupation, 1918–1923, 1999, p. 143. "In 1922, after the decisive Turkish victory over the Greeks, 40,000 troops moved towards Gallipoli."
1 2 3  Jelavich, Barbara. . Cambridge University Press. 1983: 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
↑  The Place of the Turkish Independence War in the American Press (1918-1923) by Bülent Bilmez （页面存档备份，存于）: "...the occupation of western Turkey by the Greek armies under the control of the Allied Powers, the discord among them was evident and publicly known. As the Italians were against this occupation from the beginning, and started "secretly" helping the Kemalists, this conflict among the Allied Powers, and the Italian support for the Kemalists were reported regularly by the American press."
↑  Mütareke Döneminde Mustafa Kemal Paşa-Kont Sforza Görüşmesi, Mevlüt Çelebi （页面存档备份，存于） （土耳其文）
↑  Mustafa Kemal Paşa – Kont Sforza ve İtalya İlişkisi （土耳其文）
↑  Ergün Aybars, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi I, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1984, pg 319-334 （土耳其文）
↑  Turkish General Staff, Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi, Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225
1 2 3 4 5  Görgülü, İsmet, , Genelkurmay basımevi: 1, 4, 10, 360, 1992 （土耳其语） .
1 2  Erikan, Celâl. . Gerçek Yayınevi. 1917.
1 2  Tuğlacı, Pars, , Cem Yayınevi: 169, 1987 （土耳其语） .
↑  Eleftheria, Daleziou. . University of Glasgow: 108. 2002  [11 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.
↑   [The Western Front in the Turkish War of Independence] 2 II, Ankara: 土耳其參謀本部（英语：）: 225, 1999 （土耳其语） .
↑  . East & West. 1934.
↑  Sandler, Stanley. . ABC-CLIO. 2002. ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5.
↑  , Athens: Directorate of Army History: 140, 1967, on June 11 (OC) 6,159 officers, 193,994 soldiers (=200,153 men) .
↑  Eleftheria, Daleziou. . University of Glasgow: 243. 2002  [11 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.
↑  Giritli, İsmet,  (7) III, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi [Atatürk Research Center], November 1986, （原始内容存档于2013-04-05）
1 2 3  Sabahattin Selek: Millî mücadele - Cilt I (engl.: National Struggle - Edition I), Burçak yayınevi, 1963, page 109 （土耳其文）
↑  Taşkıran, Cemalettin. . 2005: 26. ISBN 978-975-8163-67-0.
↑    [Abridged History of the Campaign of Minor Asia], Athens: Directorate of Army History, Table 2, 1967 （希腊语） .
1 2  Στρατιωτική Ιστορία journal, Issue 203, December 2013, page 67
↑  Ahmet Özdemir, Savaş esirlerinin Milli mücadeledeki yeri （页面存档备份，存于）, Ankara University, Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, Edition 2, Number 6, 1990, pp. 328–332
↑   （页面存档备份，存于） Harp Mecmuası
↑  Kate Fleet, I. Metin Kunt, Reşat Kasaba, Suraiya Faroqhi. . 2008: 226.
↑  Sowards, Steven W. . . MSU. 2004-05-07  [2008-09-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-15）.
↑  Woodhouse, C.M. The Story of Modern Greece, Faber and Faber, London, 1968, p. 204
↑  Toynbee, Arnold J; Kirkwood, Kenneth P, , London: Ernest Benn: 94, 1926 .
↑  Giles Milton, Paradise Lost, 2008, Sceptre, ISBN 978-0-340-83786-3
↑  Tung, Anthony (2001). "The City the Gods Besieged". Preserving the World's Great Cities: The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis. New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 266. ISBN 0-609-80815-X, the same source depicts a table with Athens having a population of 123,000 in 1896
↑  Pentzopoulos, Dimitri (2002). The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact on Greece. C. Hurst & Co. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-85065-702-6
↑  Pentzopoulos, Dimitri. . C. Hurst & Co. 2002: 29–30. ISBN 978-1-85065-702-6.
↑  Roberts, Thomas Duval. Area Handbook for the Republic of Turkey. p. 79
1 2  Lowe & Dockrill 2002，第367頁.
↑  Zamir, Meir. . Middle Eastern Studies. 1981, 7 (1): 85–106. JSTOR 4282818. doi:10.1080/00263208108700459.
↑  Montgomery, AE. . The Historical Journal. 1972, 15 (4): 775. doi:10.1017/S0018246X0000354X.
↑  , The Scotsman, June 29, 1920: 5 .
↑  Smith 1999，第35頁.
↑  Toynbee 1922，第312–13頁.
1 2  Smith 1999，第3頁.
↑  Kinross 1960，第154頁.
↑  Shaw & Shaw 1977，第342頁.
↑  Ansiklopedisi 1982，第4273–74頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAnsiklopedisi1982 (幫助)
↑  K. E. Fleming. . Princeton University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-691-14612-6.
↑  Ραμαζιάν Σ., Ιστορία τών  Άρμενο – Έλληνικών στρατιωτικών σχεσεων καί συνεργασίας, Αθήνα, 2010. Ռամազյան Ս., Հայ-հունական ռազմական առնչությունների և համագործակցության պատմություն, Աթենք, 2010, pp. 200–201, 208-209; see The attempts of the Greek-Armenian Co-operation during the Armenian Genocide (1915–1923) （页面存档备份，存于） by Gevorg Vardanyan
↑  , NY Sun,   [2021-11-28], （原始内容存档于2010-08-15）, ... on May 15, 1919, Greek troops disembarked in the city's harbor to take possession of their prize. It was a scene of rejoicing and revenge, dramatically evoked by Mr. Milton. The local Greeks, who had long nurtured a grievance against the Ottoman state and had been severely persecuted during the war, welcomed the Greek army as liberators.
↑  Sunga, Lyal S. . Martinus Nijhoff. 1992-01-01. ISBN 978-0-7923-1453-0.
↑  Bernhardsson, Magnus. . University of Texas Press. 2005-12-20. ISBN 978-0-292-70947-8.
↑  , GR: MFA, 24 July 1923, （原始内容存档于29 June 2007） .
↑  Kinross 1960，第233頁.
↑  . A history of Greece.   [2008-09-03]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-03）. [來源可靠？]
↑  Stone, David R., "Soviet Arms Exports in the 1920s," 'Journal of Contemporary History,' 2013, Vol.48(1), pp.57-77
↑  Dobkin 1998，第60–1, 88–94頁.
↑  Kapur, H,  .
↑  Шеремет, В,  , Moscow: 241, 1995 （俄语） .
↑  Mezhdunarodnaya Zhizn. Moscow, 1963, No. 11, p. 148.
↑  Kinross 1960，第275頁.
↑  Shaw & Shaw 1977，第360頁.
↑  Greek Army General Staff, The Minor Asia Campagne, volume 5th, The Angora Campagne, Athens, 1986
↑  Kinross 1960，第277頁.
↑  Kapur, H. Soviet Russia and Asia, 1917–1927, p. 114.
↑  Yapp, Malcolm E. The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923, London; New York: Longman, 1987, p. 319, ISBN 978-0-582-49380-3
1 2  Shaw & Shaw 1977，第362頁.
↑  Kinross 1960，第315頁.
↑  Greek Army History Directorate: The Minor Asia Campaign, volume 7,retreat of I and II Army Korps, page 259
1 2  Shaw & Shaw 1977，第363頁.
↑  Lenczowski, George. The Middle East in World Affairs, Cornell University Press, New York, 1962, p. 107.
↑  Papoutsy, Christos, , Peter E Randall: 16, 2008, ISBN 978-1-931807-66-1 .
↑  Murat, John, : 132, 1999, ISBN 978-0-9600356-7-0 .
↑  Glenny, Misha,  (hardcover) May 1, 2000, Viking, 2000, ISBN 978-0-670-85338-0 [页码请求]
↑  James, Edwin L. "Kemal Won't Insure Against Massacres （页面存档备份，存于）," New York Times, September 11, 1922.
↑  Horton, George. . Bobbs-Merril Co.   [23 February 2012]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-05）.
↑  Dobkin 1998，第6頁.
↑  Stewart, Matthew. . The Hemingway Review. 2003-01-01, 23 (1): 58–71. S2CID 153449331. doi:10.1353/hem.2004.0014.
↑   (PDF).   [2021-11-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-12）.
↑  Ernest Hemingway, Hemingway on War, p 278 Simon and Schuster, 2012 ISBN 1476716048,
↑  Walder, David (1969). The Chanak Affair, London, p. 281.
↑  Friedman 2012，第238, 248頁.
↑  Friedman 2012，第238頁.
↑  Friedman 2012，第251頁.
1 2  Smith 1999，第108頁.
↑  Payaslian, Simon, , New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 163, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4039-7467-9
↑  Şemsettin Bargut; Turkey. Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı. . Dz.K.K. Merkez Daire Başkanlığı Basımevi. 2000. ISBN 978-975-409-165-6.
↑  Doğanay, Rahmi. . Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi. 2001. ISBN 978-975-16-1524-4.
↑  Gingeras, Ryan, , Oxford University Press: 225, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-160979-4 .
↑  Erickson, Edward J, : 211 .
1 2 3  , NTV Tarih [NTV History Journal] (NTV Yayınları), August 2011, (31): 45–55 .
↑  Greek Army History Directorate, The Minor Asia Campaign Logistic and Transportation, Athens, 1965, page 63
↑  Turan, Şerafettin, , Bilgi Yayinevi: 157, 1991, ISBN 975-494-278-1 （土耳其语） .
↑  Türkmen, Zekeriya, , Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi: 67–69, 2001 .
↑  Smith 1999.
↑  Smith 1999，第207頁.
↑  Smith 1999，第207頁.
↑  Kinross 1960，第298頁.
↑  Müderrisoğlu, Alptekin, : 52, 1990, ISBN 975-16-0269-6 （土耳其语） .
↑   (GIF) (table),   [2021-11-28], （原始内容存档于2022-05-30） .
↑  Rummel, Rudolph J. "Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources （页面存档备份，存于）", Statistics of Democide, 1997.
↑  Rumel, Rudolph, Turkish Democide （页面存档备份，存于）, Power Kills, Lines 363 & 382. University of Hawai'i.
↑  Toynbee 1922，第152頁.
↑  Akçam 2006，第322頁.
↑  Akçam 2006，第323頁.
1 2 3 4  "Turk's Insane Savagery: 10,000 Greeks Dead." The Times. Friday, May 5, 1922.
1 2  , The Scotsman, August 24, 1920 .
1 2  "24 Greek Villages are Given to the Fire." Atlanta Constitution. March 30, 1922
1 2  , Christian Science Monitor, July 13, 1922 .
↑  "Turks will be Turks," The New York Times, Sep. 16, 1922
1 2 3 4  , Belfast News Letter, May 16, 1922 .
↑  , Christian Science Monitor, Feb 1, 1919 .
↑  "Allies to Act at Once on Armenian Outrages," The New York Times, Feb. 29, 1920.
↑   (PDF), The Philadelphia Evening Bulletin (University of Michigan), 1919  [2013-04-01], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-12-03）
↑  , New York City: Cyprus Press Office  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助).
↑  Pataki, George E,  (Resolution of the State), New York, October 6, 2002 .
↑  Freely, John. . Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 2004: 105. ISBN 978-1-85043-618-8.
↑  Horowitz, Irving Louis; Rummel, Rudolph J. . . Transaction Publishers. 1994: 233. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
1 2  Toynbee 1922，第260頁.
↑  Arnold J. Toynbee and Kenneth P. Kirkwood, Turkey, 1926, London: Ernest Benn, p. 92.
1 2  Shenk, Robert. . Naval Institute Press. 2017: 36. ISBN 9781612513027 （英语）.
1 2  Erhan, Çağrı, 1972-. . 2002  [2021-11-28]. OCLC 499949038. （原始内容存档于2020-06-22）.
↑  Yalazan, Talat. . Genelkurmay Basımevi. 1994. ISBN 9789754090079 （土耳其语）.
↑  Toynbee 1922.
↑  Steven Béla Várdy; T. Hunt Tooley; Ágnes Huszár Várdy. . Social Science Monographs. 2003: 190. ISBN 978-0-88033-995-7.
↑  Özdalga, Elizabeth. The Last Dragoman: the Swedish Orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as Scholar, Activist and Diplomat (2006), Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, p. 63
↑  McCarthy, Justin. . Darwin Press. 1995: 264. ISBN 978-0-87850-094-9.
↑  Toynbee 1922，第285頁: M. Gehri stated in his report that "... The Greek army of occupation have been employed in the extermination of the Muslim population of the Yalova-Gemlik peninsula."
↑  Naimark 2002，第45頁.
1 2  Toynbee 1922，第284頁.
↑  Shenk, Robert. . Naval Institute Press. 2017: 95–96. ISBN 9781612513027 （英语）.
↑  Toynbee 1922，第318頁.
↑  Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror. . Harvard University Press. 2019: 401. ISBN 9780674916456 （英语）.
↑  Travlos, Konstantinos. . . 2021: 352-353. ISBN 9781440878428. When it comes to Muslims population loss, the best estimates are those of McCarthy, who argues for an estimated population loss of 1,246,068 Muslims between 1914 and 1922 in Anatolia, and arbitrarily ascribes 640,000 of those as occurring in the Greek and British zones of operation in 1919–1922.
↑  McCarthy, Justin. . Darwin Press Incorporated. 1996: 295–297, 303–304  [2021-11-28]. ISBN 0-87850-094-4. （原始内容存档于2023-01-14）. Of all the estimates of the number of Muslim refugees, the figures offered by İsmet Pașa (İnönü) at the Lausanne Peace Conference seem most accurate. He estimated that 1.5 million Anatolian Turks had been exiled or had died in the area of Greek occupation. This estimate may appear high, but it fits well with estimates made by contemporary European observers. Moreover, İsmet Pașa's figures on refugees were presented to the Conference accompanied by detailed statistics of destruction in the occupied region, and these statistics make the estimate seem probable. İsmet Pașa, quoting from a census made after the war, demonstrated that 160,739 buildings had been destroyed in the occupied region. The destroyed homes alone would account for many hundreds of thousands of refugees, and not all the homes of refugees were destroyed. European accounts of refugee numbers were necessarily fragmented, but when compiled they support İsmet Pașa's estimate. The British agent at Aydin, Blair Fish, reported 177,000 Turkish refugees in Aydin Vilâyeti by 30 September 1919, only four months after the Greek landing. The Italian High Commissioner at Istanbul accepted an Ottoman estimate that there were 457,000 refugees by September of 1920, and this figure did not include the new refugees in the fall and winter of 1920 to 1921. Dr. Nansen stated that 75,000 Turks had come to the Istanbul area alone since November of 1920. Such figures make İsmet Pașa's estimate all the more credible. Since approximately 640,000 Muslims died in the region of occupation during the war, one can estimate that approximately 860,000 were refugees who survived the war. Of course many, if not most, of those who died were refugees, as well. If one estimates that half the Muslims who died were refugees, it would be roughly accurate to say that 1.2 million Anatolian Muslim refugees fled from the Greeks, and about one-third died.
↑  Kieser, Hans-Lukas. . Kerem Öktem, Maurus Reinkowski. London. 2015: 1–26. ISBN 978-0-85772-744-2. OCLC 944309903.
↑  Auron, Yair. The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2003, p. 248.
↑  Charny, Israel W. Encyclopedia of Genocide, Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1999, p. 163.
↑  Hovannisian, Richard G. "Denial of the Armenian Genocide in Comparison with Holocaust Denial" in Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide.  Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999, p. 210.
↑  Lachenmann, Frauke; Wolfrum, Rüdiger. . Oxford University Press. 2017: 652. ISBN 978-0198784623 （英语）. Whereas Greece recognized the obligation to make reparations for damages caused in Anatolia, Turkey agreed to renounce all such claims due to Greece's financial situation resulting from the war.
↑  Conference on Near Eastern Affairs, Lausanne; Allied Powers, 1914-; Great Britain. Foreign Office; Curzon, George Nathaniel Curzon. . London : H.M.S.O. 31 December 2017 –Internet Archive.
1 2  Fisher 1969，第386頁.
↑  Naimark 2002，第46頁.
↑  U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34
↑  Kinross 1960，第318頁.
↑  Toynbee, Arnold, , The Times (Turkey), 6 April 1922 [9 March 1922] .
↑  Howell, HG, , Istanbul: The Inter-Allied commission proceeding to Bourssa, 15 September 1922, F.O. 371-7898, no. E10383 .
↑  Twice A Stranger: How Mass Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey, by Clarke, Bruce (2006), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674023680.
↑  Dinah, Shelton. Encyclopaedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, p. 303.