競爭法
注記

↑  . 北京: 高等教育出版社. 2022: 234 [2018]. ISBN 978-7-04-050098-1.
1 2 3  .   [2015-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）.
1 2 3  Taylor, Martyn D. . Cambridge University Press. 2006: 1  [2015-08-15]. ISBN 978-0-521-86389-6. （原始内容存档于2015-01-25）.
↑  Cartel Damage Claims (CDC). . http://www.carteldamageclaims.com/.   [23 June 2014]. （原始内容存档于2024-04-12）.
↑  .   [2015-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-05）.
↑  .   [2015-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-20）.
↑  Topping, Simon; Tweedale, Patrick. . Transaction Advisors.   [2015-08-15]. ISSN 2329-9134. （原始内容存档于2017-06-23）.
↑  JG Castel, 'The Extraterritorial Effects of Antitrust Laws' (1983) 179 Recueil des Cours 9
↑  Taylor, Martyn D. . Cambridge University Press. 2006: 2  [2015-08-15]. ISBN 978-0-521-86389-6. （原始内容存档于2015-01-25）.
↑  見經濟合作暨發展組織的「Regulation and Sectors （页面存档备份，存于）」 一頁
↑  Bork (1993), p. 56
↑  依據《De La Cure Annone chez le Romains》一書中記載，這時為凱撒的時期。
1 2  Wilberforce (1966) p. 20
↑  Wilberforce (1966) p. 22
1 2 3  Wilberforce (1966) p. 21
↑  Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law Vol. II, 453
1 2  51 & 52 Hen. 3, Stat. 1
↑  51 & 52 Hen. 3, Stat. 6
↑  Wilberforce (1966) p. 23
↑  23 Edw. 3.
↑  27 Edw. 3, Stat. 2, c. 25
↑  25 Hen. 8, c. 2.
↑  「現在的英國普通法已直接通過成為法律，因此成為美國的法官造法。」，Wilberforce (1966) p. 7
↑  (1414) 2 Hen. 5, 5 Pl. 26
1 2  Papadopoulos, Anestis S. . Cambridge University Press. 2010: 7. ISBN 978-0-521-19646-8.
↑  according to William Searle Holdsworth, 4 Holdsworth, 3rd ed., Chap. 4 p. 346
↑  (1602) 11 Co. Rep. 84b
↑  e.g. one John Manley paid  p.a. from 1654 to the Crown for a tender on the "postage of letters both inland and foreign" Wilberforce (1966) p. 18
↑  (1685) 10 St. Tr. 371
↑  Papadopoulos, Anestis S. . Cambridge University Press. 2010: 8–9. ISBN 978-0-521-19646-8.
1 2  Papadopoulos, Anestis S. . Cambridge University Press. 2010: 9–10. ISBN 978-0-521-19646-8.
↑  Papadopoulos, Anestis S. . Cambridge University Press. 2010: 11. ISBN 978-0-521-19646-8.
↑  Papadopoulos, Anestis S. . Cambridge University Press. 2010: 12. ISBN 978-0-521-19646-8.
↑  Papadopoulos, Anestis S. . Cambridge University Press. 2010: 11–12. ISBN 978-0-521-19646-8.
↑  Papadopoulos, Anestis S. . Cambridge University Press. 2010: 12–13. ISBN 978-0-521-19646-8.
↑  Papadopoulos, Anestis S. . Cambridge University Press. 2010: 14. ISBN 978-0-521-19646-8.
↑  Vandenborre, Ingrid; Goetz, Thorsten; Dionnet, Stephane. . Transaction Advisors.   [2015-08-15]. ISSN 2329-9134. （原始内容存档于2017-06-23）.
↑  .   [2015-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-21）.
↑  Warrier VS, Conflict between Competition Law and Intellectual Property Rights Citation: 2010 (1) LW 2 （页面存档备份，存于） The Lex-Warrier: Online Law Journal, ISSN 2319-8338
↑  . CCI.   [4 January 2013]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）.
↑  Papadopoulos, Anestis S. . Cambridge University Press. 2010: 15. ISBN 978-0-521-19646-8.
↑  Marek Martyniszyn, Inter-Agency Evidence Sharing in Competition Law Enforcement （页面存档备份，存于）, 19(1) International Journal of Evidence and Proof 11 (2015)
↑  Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. of California, 405（英语：） U.S. 251 (1972), 262.
↑  .   [2015-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-17）.
↑  .   [2015-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-04）.
↑  .   [2022-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-01）.
↑  Dr Peter Whelan, The Criminalization of European Cartel Enforcement: Theoretical, Legal and Practical Challenges （页面存档备份，存于）, Oxford University Press, 2014
↑  McEwin, R Ian. . University of New South Wales Law Journal. 2003, ((2003) University of New South Wales Law Journal 246)  [2015-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.
↑  see a speech by Wood, The Internationalisation of Antitrust Law: Options for the Future 3 February 1995, at .   [2007-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2005-02-10）.
↑  Whish (2003) p. 448
↑  see, http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/ （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Campbell R. McConnell, Stanley L. Brue. Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005. pp. 601–02
↑  Smith (1776) Book I, Chapter 7, para 26
↑  Smith (1776) Book I, Chapter 10 （页面存档备份，存于）, para 82
↑  Mill (1859) Chapter V, para 4
↑  有關反對的意見，請見約翰·加爾布雷斯於1967年所著的《新工業國家》（The New Industrial State）。
↑  Joseph Schumpeter, The Process of Creative Destruction (1942)
↑  Whish (2003), p. 14.
↑  Clark, John M. . American Economic Review. 1940, 30 (2): 241–56. JSTOR 1807048.
↑  c.f. Lipsey, R. G.; Lancaster, Kelvin. . Review of Economic Studies. 1956, 24 (1): 11–32. doi:10.2307/2296233.
↑  Hovenkamp, Herbert. . Michigan Law Review (The Michigan Law Review Association). 1985, 84 (2): 213–84. JSTOR 1289065. doi:10.2307/1289065.
↑  Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc., 433（英语：） U.S. 36 (1977); Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., 441（英语：） U.S. 1 (1979); National Collegiate Athletic Assn. v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla., 468（英语：） U.S. 85 (1984); Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan, 506（英语：） U.S. 447 (1993); State Oil Co. v. Khan, 522（英语：） U.S. 3 (1997); Verizon v. Trinko, 540（英语：） U.S. 398 (2004); Leegin Creative Leather Products Inc. v. PSKS Inc., 551 U.S. ___ (2007).
↑  Posner, R.  2nd. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2001. ISBN 0-226-67576-9.
↑  Posner, R.  7th. Austin, TX: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7355-6354-4.
↑  Bork, Robert H. . New York: Free Press. 1978. ISBN 0-465-00369-9.
1 2  Bork (1978), p. 405.
↑  Bork (1978), p. 406.
↑  Easterbrook, Frank. . Texas Law Review. 1984, 63: 1. ISSN 0040-4411.
↑  Brooke Group v. Williamson, 509（英语：） U.S. 209 (1993).
↑  C-27/76 United Brands Continental BV v. Commission [1978] ECR 207
↑  C-85/76 Hoffmann-La Roche & Co AG v. Commission [1979] ECR 461
↑  AKZO [1991]
↑  Michelin [1983]
↑  Continental Can [1973]
↑  Art. 82 (b) Porto di Genova [1991]
↑  Case T-201/04 （页面存档备份，存于） Microsoft v. Commission Order, 22 December 2004
↑  Commercial Solvents [1974]
↑  C-30/87 （页面存档备份，存于） Corinne Bodson v. SA Pompes funèbres des régions libérées [1987] ECR 2479
↑  see, e.g. Posner (1998) p. 332; 「既然可以想像有個會以掠奪性訂價作為合理策略的案例，為何現在判決的案件會如此少見。」
↑  Case T-340/03 France Telecom SA v. Commission
↑  在歐盟，規定於羅馬條約第82(2)c)條裡。
↑  Irish Sugar [1999]
↑  依據歐盟法律，集中化是指「持續性的控制轉變，因為(a)兩個以上原本獨立之企業的合併…(b)收購……若直接或間接控制一家或其他多家企業的部分或一部。 Art. 3(1), Regulation 139/2004, 歐盟併購法規（European Community Merger Regulation）
↑  在 [T-102/96] Gencor Ltd v. Commission [1999] ECR II-753 這個案子裡，歐盟初審法院寫道，併購控制是「為了避免建立會形成或強化支配地位的市場結構，而不需有濫用支配地位之行為。」
↑  執委會通過此法的授權為羅馬條約第83條。
↑  Coase, Ronald H.  (PDF). Economica. November 1937, 4 (16): 386–405  [2007-02-10]. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-01-13）.
↑  Art. 2(3) Reg. 129/2005
↑  Clayton Act Section 7, codified at 美國法典第15编（英语：） § 第18節
↑  see, for instance para 17, Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers (2004/C 31/03)
↑  C-68/94 France v. Commission [1998] ECR I-1375, para. 219
↑  Italian Flat Glass [1992] ECR ii-1403
↑  T-342/99 Airtours plc v. Commission [2002] ECR II-2585, para 62
↑  Mannesmann, Vallourec and Ilva [1994] CMLR 529, OJ L102 21 April 1994
↑  see the argument put forth in Hovenkamp H (1999) Federal Antitrust Policy: The Law of Competition and Its Practice, 2nd Ed, West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota. Unlike the authorities however, the courts take a dim view of the efficiencies defense.
↑  Kali und Salz AG v. Commission [1975] ECR 499
↑  Time Warner/AOL [2002] 4 CMLR 454, OJ L268
↑  e.g. Guinness/Grand Metropolitan [1997] 5 CMLR 760, OJ L288; Many in the US disapprove of this approach, see W. J. Kolasky, Conglomerate Mergers and Range Effects: It's a long way from Chicago to Brussels 9 November 2001, Address before George Mason University Symposium Washington, DC.
↑   (PDF) (报告). U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission. April 2007  [2015-08-15]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-05-30）.
↑  Suzanne Scotchmer: "Innovation and Incentives" the MIT press, 2004 (Chapter 2).