LGBT迴轉治療
參考資料 > 來源

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↑  Zimmerman, Jonathan. . Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia Inquirer. 2012-05-30. prominent psychiatrist Robert Spitzer renounced his famous 2001 study claiming that some gays could become straight via so-called reparative therapy.
↑  Besen, Wayne. . Huffington Post. 2013-01-02  [2013-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-05）. Spitzer renounced his infamous 2001 study that said that some highly motivated homosexuals could change from gay to straight.
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1 2 3 4 5 6  Medhora, Shalailah. . Hack, Triple J (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 2017-09-21  [2018-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-22）. Medical groups like the Australian Medical Association and the Royal Australasian College of Physicians have slammed gay conversion therapy.
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↑  "An Act to protect persons from conversion therapy provided to change their sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression" （页面存档备份，存于）. National Assembly of Québec.
↑  Robertson, John (31 July 2020). "P.E.I. law banning conversion therapy an important message for others, says LGBTQ rights advocate" （页面存档备份，存于）. CBC News. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
↑  Takeuchi, Craig (11 November 2020). "Yukon becomes first Canadian territory to protect LGBT people from conversion therapy" （页面存档备份，存于）. The Georgia Straight. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
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↑  . wpanet.org. World Psychiatric Association. March 2016  [2018-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-17）. There is no sound scientific evidence that innate sexual orientation can be changed. Furthermore, so-called treatments of homosexuality can create a setting in which prejudice and discrimination flourish, and they can be potentially harmful. The provision of any intervention purporting to 'treat' something that is not a disorder is wholly unethical. ... WPA considers same-sex attraction, orientation, and behaviour as normal variants of human sexuality. It recognises the multi-factorial causation of human sexuality, orientation, behaviour, and lifestyle. It acknowledges the lack of scientific efficacy of treatments that attempt to change sexual orientation and highlights the harm and adverse effects of such 'therapies'.
↑  Lace-Evans, Olivia. . BBC News (British Broadcasting Company). 2016-03-30  [2018-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-28）.
↑  . paho.org. Pan American Health Organization of the World Health Organization.   [2018-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-16）.
↑  Powell, Lois; Hein, Laura.  (PDF). ispn-psych.org. International Society of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses.   [2018-04-20]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-05-17）. In fact 'reparative or conversion therapies' have not supported authentic change in sexual orientation itself. ... There is no conclusive evidence that 'reparative therapy' is beneficial to patients. ... Harmful sequelae of reparative therapy reported in the literature include anxiety, depression, avoidance of intimacy, sexual dysfunction, PTSD, loss of self-confidence and self-efficacy, shame/guilt, self-destructive behavior, and suicidality.
↑   (PDF), American Medical Association, 2016-09-30  [2018-04-24], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-04-24）
↑  McGeorge, Christi R.; Carlson, Thomas Stone; Toomey, Russell B. . Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 2015, 41 (1): 42–56. ISSN 0194-472X. doi:10.1111/jmft.12040.
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1 2  Australian Medical Association. . Australian Human Rights Commission. 2007-06-21  [2018-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-22）. The AMA opposes the use of "reparative" or "conversion" therapy that is based upon the assumption that homosexuality is a mental disorder and that the patient should change his or her sexual orientation.
1 2  Australian Medical Association. . 2017-05-20  [2018-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-06）. There are real and significant mental and physiological health impacts arising from structural discrimination, and the AMA supports moves to eliminate it in all of its forms.  All Australian doctors should offer sensitive, non-discriminatory care to all of their patients, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Australian Psychological Society.  (PDF). Australian Psychological Society. 2015  [2018-03-17]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-03-17）. (emphases in original)   APS strongly opposes any approach to psychological practice or research that treats lesbians, gay men, and bisexual people as disordered. The APS also strongly opposes any approach to psychological practice or research that attempts to change an individual's sexual orientation.
There is no peer-reviewed empirical psychological research objectively documenting the ability to 'change' an individual’s sexual orientation. Furthermore, there is no peer-reviewed empirical psychological research demonstrating that homosexuality or bisexuality constitutes a disorder. In addition to the lack of empirical support for the claim that sexual orientation can be changed, empirical evidence indicates that attempts at changing sexual orientation can be harmful.
1 2  Rosenstreich, Gabi.  (PDF) 2nd. Sydney: National LGBTI Health Alliance. 2013: 10  [2018-03-17]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-04-20）. Experiences of LGBTI people include violence, refusal or reluctance to treat or if treating to acknowledge a health concern directly related to their sexual orientation, gender identity or intersex status. They also include homophobic and transphobic treatment paradigms, for example, pathologising LGBTI identity as a symptom of mental ill-health and using conversion therapies for same-sex attracted people (also known as reparative therapy). This practice claims to change sexual orientation and has been condemned the Australian Psychological Society and numerous other Australian and international professional associations as not only not working (as it is based on false premises) but also as unethical and harmful to the wellbeing of those who undergo it.
↑  Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. . 2016  [2018-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-23）. [G]eneral practitioners (GPs) [must] have a good understanding of the diversity of sex, sexuality and gender in Australia, and to approach every individual in a holistic and non-judgemental way, minimise discrimination and obstacles to care access, and optimise the quality of healthcare that they provide.  The title of this contextual unit is intentionally broad to encompass individuals who may identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer (LGBTIQ), asexual, pansexual, those who do not identify with any particular gender or sexual orientation, and those who prefer not to be categorised. The purpose of this unit is to challenge the 'binary' approach to provision of healthcare by GPs, in which assumptions and judgements are made about an individual's sex, sexuality and/or gender based on appearances and/or what is considered by the individual GP to be 'normal.' This approach is essentially flawed and typically impacts the quality of care that can be provided. ... GPs have an important role to play in advocating to reduce discrimination and in creating meaningful therapeutic relationships with LGBTIQ individuals to improve healthcare access. The establishment of high-quality therapeutic relationships and delivery of quality care to these individuals draws on the core skills in The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners' (RACGP's) 2016 curriculum.
↑  Bell, Melissah; Costiga, Genevieve.  (PDF) (新闻稿). Royal Australasian College of Physicians jointly with the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. 2017-09-18  [2018-03-17]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-03-17）.
1 2  Committee for Therapeutic Interventions and Evidence-Based Practice, Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. . Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. 2015  [2018-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-17）. The harm such therapies can cause to individuals, the contribution they make to the misrepresentation of homosexuality as a mental disorder, and the prejudice and discrimination that can flourish through the use of such therapies has led all major medical organisations to oppose the use of sexual orientation change efforts.
Recommendations
* The RANZCP does not support the use of sexual orientation change efforts of any kind
* Mental health workers must avoid misrepresenting the efficacy of sexual orientation change efforts when providing assistance to people distressed by their own or others' sexual orientation
* Mental health workers should assist people distressed by their sexual orientation by care and treatment approaches that involve acceptance, support, and identity exploration.  These should aim to reduce the stigma associated with homosexuality and respect the person’s religious beliefs.
1 2  Board, Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. . Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. 2016  [2018-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-01）. [S]exual orientation change efforts, or often non-consensual therapies intended to change the sexual orientation of a person, are now broadly understood to be harmful and unethical
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↑  . canada.ca. Government of Canada.   [2018-04-21]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-22）. A student's sexual orientation is not a 'lifestyle' choice and under no circumstances should a student be counselled to change or attempt to 'repair' their sexual orientation. These kinds of 'conversion' or 'reparative' therapies have been criticized and discouraged by the American Psychological Association and by many teacher associations across Canada. Clinical research has demonstrated that these approaches are largely ineffective, ignore the impact of social stigmatization on mental health, and in some cases, can be extremely dangerous, particularly for vulnerable youth. Instead of attempting to change a student's sexual orientation, educators, administrators, and health care professionals should focus on helping the youth and their family to develop active coping mechanisms to address issues related to internalized homophobia, stigma, prejudice and discrimination.
↑  Kjær, Reider. . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy (Haworth Medical Press). 2003, 7 (1/2): 65. doi:10.1300/J236v07n01_05. In October 2000, the General Assembly [of the Norwegian Psychiatric Association] voted overwhelmingly (about 90%) in favor of the following statement ... Homosexuality is no disorder or illness, and can therefore not be subject to treatment. A 'treatment' with the only aim of changing sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual must be regarded as ethical malpractice, and has no place in the health system.
↑  Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation （页面存档备份，存于） Page 2
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1 2 3  Australian Psychological Society.  (PDF). Australian Psychological Society. 2007-09-27  [2018-03-17]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-03-12）. The Australian Psychological Society Limited (the Society) adopted this Code of Ethics (the Code) at its Forty-First Annual General Meeting held on 27 September 2007. ... Reprinted October 2016
↑  . Psychology Board of Australia. 2018-01-29  [2018-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-13）. The Board has adopted the Australian Psychological Society Code of Ethics for the profession.
↑  . Australian Psychological Society. 2018  [2018-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-17）. In 2010 the Psychology Board of Australia adopted the APS Code of Ethics for the profession.
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