加拉帕戈斯象龜

| 加拉帕戈斯象龜 |
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棲息於聖克魯斯島上的加拉巴哥象龜。
保护状况
 易危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类 
界：: 动物界 Animalia
门：: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：:  Reptilia
目：: 龜鱉目 Testudines
亚目：: 曲颈龟亚目 Cryptodira
科：: 陸龜科 Testudinidae
属：: 南美象龜屬 Chelonoidis
种：: 加拉帕戈斯象龜 C. nigra
二名法
Chelonoidis nigra (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)

亞種
 †平塔岛象龟 C. n. abingdoni (Günther, 1877)  C. n. becki (Rothschild, 1901)  C. n. chathamensis (Van Denburgh, 1907)  C. n. darwini (Van Denburgh, 1907)  C. n. duncanensis (Garman, 1917)  C. n. hoodensis (Van Denburgh, 1907)  †C. n. nigra (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824b)  †C. n. phantastica (Van Denburgh, 1907)  C. n. porteri (Rothschild, 1903)  C. n. vicina (Günther, 1875)

異名 
 亞種異名 Testudo californiana  Quoy & Gaimard, 1824a (nomen oblitum)  Testudo nigra  Quoy & Gaimard, 1824b(nomen novum)  Testudo elephantopus  Harlan, 1827 (nomen dubium)  Testudo nigrita  Duméril and Bibron, 1834 (nomen dubium)  Testudo planiceps  Gray, 1853(nomen dubium)  Testudo clivosa  Garman, 1917(nomen dubium)  Testudo typica  Garman, 1917(nomen dubium)  Testudo (Chelonoidis) elephantopus  Williams, 1952  Geochelone (Chelonoidis) elephantopus  Pritchard, 1967  Chelonoidis elephantopus  Bour, 1980  亞種異名 (概要) C. n. nigra (指名亞種) Testudo californiana  Quoy & Gaimard, 1824a (nomen oblitum)  Testudo nigra  Quoy & Gaimard, 1824b(nomen novum)  Testudo galapagoensis  Baur 1889 C. n. abingdoni Testudo ephippium Günther, 1875(partim, misidentified type specimen once erroneously attributed to what is now C. n. duncanensis)  Testudo abingdoni Günther, 1877 C. n. becki Testudo becki Rothschild, 1901 C. n. chathamensis Testudo wallacei Rothschild 1902 (partim, nomen dubium)  Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh, 1907 C. n. darwini Testudo wallacei Rothschild 1902 (partim, nomen dubium)  Testudo darwini Van Denburgh, 1907 C. n. duncanensis Testudo ephippium Günther, 1875(partim, misidentified type)  Geochelone nigra duncanensis Garman, 1917in Pritchard, 1996(nomen nudum) C. n. hoodensis Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh, 1907 C. n. phantastica Testudo phantasticus Van Denburgh, 1907 C. n. porteri Testudo nigrita  Duméril and Bibron, 1834 (nomen dubium)  Testudo porteri Rothschild, 1903 C. n. vicina Testudo microphyes Günther, 1875  Testudo vicina Günther, 1875  Testudo güntheri Baur, 1889  Testudo macrophyes Garman, 1917  Testudo vandenburghi De Sola, R. 1930(nomen nudum)  亞種異名 (全部) Chelonoidis nigra nigra Testudo nigra Quoy & Gaimard, 1824  Testudo californiana Quoy & Gaimard, 1824  Testudo galapagoensis Baur, 1889  Testudo elephantopus galapagoensis Mertens & Wermuth, 1955  Geochelone elephantopus galapagoensis Pritchard, 1967  Chelonoidis galapagoensis Bour, 1980  Chelonoidis nigra Bour, 1985  Chelonoidis elephantopus galapagoensis Obst, 1985  Geochelone nigra Pritchard, 1986  Geochelone nigra nigra Stubbs, 1989  Chelonoidis nigra galapagoensis David, 1994  Chelonoidis nigra nigra David, 1994  Geochelone elephantopus nigra Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996  Testudo california Paull, 1998 (ex errore)  Testudo californianana Paull, 1999 (ex errore) Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii Testudo ephippium Günther, 1875  Testudo abingdonii Günther, 1877  Testudo abingdoni Van Denburgh, 1914 (ex errore)  Testudo elephantopus abingdonii Mertens & Wermuth, 1955  Testudo elephantopus ephippium Mertens & Wermuth, 1955  Geochelone abingdonii Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone elephantopus abingdoni Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone elephantopus ephippium Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone ephippium Pritchard, 1967  Chelonoidis abingdonii Bour, 1980  Chelonoidis ephippium Bour, 1980  Geochelone elephantopus abingdonii Groombridge, 1982  Geochelone abingdoni Fritts, 1983  Geochelone epphipium Fritts, 1983 (ex errore)  Chelonoidis nigra ephippium Pritchard, 1984  Chelonoidis elephantopus abingdoni Obst, 1985  Chelonoidis elephantopus ephippium Obst, 1985  Geochelone nigra abingdoni Stubbs, 1989  Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii David, 1994  Chelonoidis elephantopus abingdonii Rogner, 1996  Chelonoidis nigra abingdoni Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996  Chelonoidis nigra abdingdonii Obst, 1996 (ex errore)  Geochelone abdingdonii Obst, 1996  Geochelone nigra abdingdoni Obst, 1996 (ex errore)  Geochelone nigra ephyppium Caccone, Gibbs, Ketmaier, Suatoni & Powell, 1999 (ex errore)  Chelonoidis nigra ahingdonii Artner, 2003 (ex errore)  Chelonoidis abingdoni Joseph-Ouni, 2004 Chelonoidis nigra becki Testudo becki Rothschild, 1901  Testudo bedsi Heller, 1903 (ex errore)  Geochelone becki Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone elephantopus becki Pritchard, 1967  Chelonoidis becki Bour, 1980  Chelonoidis elephantopus becki Obst, 1985  Chelonoidis nigra beckii David, 1994 (ex errore)  Chelonoidis elephantopus beckii Rogner, 1996  Chelonoidis nigra becki Obst, 1996 Chelonoidis nigra chathamensis Testudo wallacei Rothschild, 1902  Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh, 1907  Testudo elephantopus chathamensis Mertens & Wermuth, 1955  Testudo elephantopus wallacei Mertens & Wermuth, 1955  Testudo chatamensis Slevin & Leviton, 1956 (ex errore)  Geochelone chathamensis Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone elephantopus chathamensis Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone elephantopus wallacei Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone wallacei Pritchard, 1967  Chelonoidis chathamensis Bour, 1980  Chelonoidis elephantopus chathamensis Obst, 1985  Chelonoidis elephantopus wallacei Obst, 1985  Chelonoidis elephantopus chatamensis Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993  Chelonoidis nigra chathamensis David, 1994  Chelonoidis nigra wallacei Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996  Geochelone cathamensis Obst, 1996 (ex errore)  Geochelone elephantopus chatamensis Paull, 1996  Testudo chathamensis chathamensis Pritchard, 1998  Cherlonoidis nigra wallacei Wilms, 1999  Geochelone nigra chatamensis Caccone, Gibbs, Ketmaier, Suatoni & Powell, 1999  Geochelone nigra wallacei Chambers, 2004 Chelonoidis nigra darwini Testudo wallacei Rothschild, 1902  Testudo darwini Van Denburgh, 1907  Testudo elephantopus darwini Mertens & Wermuth, 1955  Testudo elephantopus wallacei Mertens & Wermuth, 1955  Geochelone darwini Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone elephantopus darwini Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone elephantopus wallacei Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone wallacei Pritchard, 1967  Chelonoidis darwini Bour, 1980  Chelonoidis elephantopus darwini Obst, 1985  Chelonoidis elephantopus wallacei Obst, 1985  Chelonoidis nigra darwinii David, 1994 (ex errore)  Chelonoidis elephantopus darwinii Rogner, 1996  Chelonoidis nigra darwini Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996  Chelonoidis nigra wallacei Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996  Cherlonoidis nigra wallacei Wilms, 1999  Geochelone nigra darwinii Ferri, 2002  Geochelone nigra wallacei Chambers, 2004 Chelonoidis nigra duncanensis Testudo duncanensis Garman, 1917 (nomen nudum)  Geochelone nigra duncanensis Stubbs, 1989  Geochelone nigra duncanensis Garman, 1996  Chelonoidis nigra duncanensis Artner, 2003  Chelonoidis duncanensis Joseph-Ouni, 2004 Chelonoidis nigra hoodensis Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh, 1907  Testudo elephantopus hoodensis Mertens & Wermuth, 1955  Geochelone elephantopus hoodensis Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone hoodensis Pritchard, 1967  Chelonoidis hoodensis Bour, 1980  Chelonoidis elephantopus hoodensis Obst, 1985  Chelonoidis nigra hoodensis David, 1994 Chelonoidis nigra phantastica Testudo phantasticus Van Denburgh, 1907  Testudo phantastica Siebenrock, 1909  Testudo elephantopus phantastica Mertens & Wermuth, 1955  Geochelone elephantopus phantastica Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone phantastica Pritchard, 1967  Chelonoidis phantastica Bour, 1980  Geochelone phantasticus Crumly, 1984  Chelonoidis elephantopus phantastica Obst, 1985  Chelonoidis nigra phantastica David, 1994 Chelonoidis nigra porteri Testudo nigrita Duméril & Bibron, 1835  Testudo porteri Rothschild, 1903  Testudo elephantopus nigrita Mertens & Wermuth, 1955  Geochelone elephantopus porteri Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone nigrita Pritchard, 1967  Chelonoidis nigrita Bour, 1980  Geochelone elephantopus nigrita Honegger, 1980  Geochelone porteri Fritts, 1983  Chelonoidis elephantopus nigrita Obst, 1985  Geochelone nigra porteri Stubbs, 1989  Chelonoidis elephantopus porteri Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993  Chelonoidis nigra nigrita David, 1994  Geochelone nigra perteri Müller & Schmidt, 1995 (ex errore)  Chelonoidis nigra porteri Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 Chelonoidis nigra vicina Testudo elephantopus Harlan, 1827  Testudo microphyes Günther, 1875  Testudo vicina Günther, 1875  Testudo macrophyes Garman, 1917  Testudo vandenburghi de Sola, 1930  Testudo elephantopus elephantopus Mertens & Wermuth, 1955  Geochelone elephantopus Williams, 1960  Geochelone elephantopus elephantopus Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone elephantopus guentheri Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone elephantopus guntheri Pritchard, 1967 (ex errore)  Geochelone elephantopus microphyes Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone elephantopus vandenburgi Pritchard, 1967 (ex errore)  Geochelone guntheri Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone microphyes Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone vandenburghi Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone vicina Pritchard, 1967  Geochelone elephantopus microphys Arnold, 1979 (ex errore)  Geochelone elephantopus vandenburghi Pritchard, 1979  Chelonoides elephantopus Obst, 1980  Chelonoidis elephantopus Bour, 1980  Chelonoidis guentheri Bour, 1980  Chelonoidis microphyes Bour, 1980  Chelonoidis vandenburghi Bour, 1980  Geochelone guentheri Fritts, 1983  Chelonoidis elephantopus elephantopus Obst, 1985  Chelonoidis elephantopus guentheri Obst, 1985  Chelonoidis elephantopus microphyes Obst, 1985  Chelonoidis elephantopus vandenburghi Obst, 1985  Geochelone elephantopus vicina Swingland, 1989  Geochelone elephantopus vicini Swingland, 1989 (ex errore)  Chelonoidis elephantopus guntheri Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993  Chelonoidis nigra guentheri David, 1994  Chelonoidis nigra microphyes David, 1994  Chelonoidis nigra vandenburghi David, 1994  Geochelone nigra elephantopus Müller & Schmidt, 1995  Chelonoidis elephantopus vicina Rogner, 1996  Geochelone elephantopus vandenburghii Obst, 1996 (ex errore)  Geochelone vandenburghii Obst, 1996  Chelonoidis nigra microphyies Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 (ex errore)  Geochelone elephantopus microphytes Paull, 1996 (ex errore)  Geochelone elephantopus vandenbergi Paull, 1996 (ex errore)  Testudo elephantopus guntheri Paull, 1999  Chelonoidis nigra vicina Artner, 2003  Chelonoidis vicina Joseph-Ouni, 2004  Geochelone nigra guentheri Chambers, 2004
加拉巴哥象龜（學名：Chelonoidis nigra）是現存體型最大的陸龜之一。為厄瓜多加拉巴哥群島特有。成年象龜身長1.5 米(4.9呎)，平均体重达到175公斤，最高纪录为400公斤(880磅)，在爬虫类中列第13位。野外寿命超过100年。2006年6月23日在澳洲動物園因心臟衰竭病逝的大象龜哈麗，估計享年約175歲，病逝前為世上最長壽的存活動物。
由於加拉帕戈斯群島中不同島上的生態環境有明顯的差異，故不同亞種的象龜形態都不同。在濕潤的高地島，象龟更大，有半球形的壳和短脖子，在干燥的低地岛，象龟更小，有马鞍形的壳和长脖子。这啟發出達爾文對“演化論”的思考。
近年這些群島上各品種之間的關係存在爭議，故現時將加拉帕戈斯象龜歸類為一個物種綜合（species complex），而非單一物種。
16世纪加拉巴哥象龜的數量大約有25萬隻，1970年代只剩下3000只，主要原因是人的捕猎以获取肉和油，栖息地被农业生产占用和物种入侵，如羊和猪。原有的15个亚种还剩十个亚种在野外生存，第十一个亚种只剩一只名为「孤独乔治」的雄龟，于2012年6月死亡。20世纪初开始的动物保护活动使象龟现有的数量回复到1.9万只。在国际自然保护联盟名录中属于易危物种。