干草市场事件
参考资料 > 引用

↑  Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here, Moment of Truth （页面存档备份，存于）, 2000, The Dramas of Haymarket, Chicago Historical Society（英语：）, "The details are factually incorrect, because by all accounts Fielden ended his speech before the bomb was thrown, and because the riot did not begin until after the explosion. In [this] depiction, the speech, the explosion, and the riot all take place at once. [该图的细节与事实不符，因为根据所有的描述，菲尔登在炸弹被扔出之前就结束了演讲，而且骚乱在爆炸之后才开始。而在这里，演讲、爆炸和骚乱都是同时发生的。]"
↑  . Cityofchicago.org.   [2012-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-06）.
↑  . ShareAmerica. 2014-08-13  [2021-11-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-16） （中文（简体））.
↑   [干草市场暴乱 | 历史，结果与劳动骑士团]. Encyclopedia Britannica.   [2019-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-09） （英语）.
↑  Timothy Messer-Kruse, The Haymarket Conspiracy: Transatlantic Anarchist Networks (2012)
↑  Smith, Carl. . The Dramas of Haymarket. Chicago Historical Society and Northwestern University.   [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-23）.
↑  See generally, Gilmer, Harry L. . Haymarket Affair Digital Collection. Chicago Historical Society. 1886-07-28  [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-27）.
↑  See generally,Thompson, Malvern M. . Haymarket Affair Digital Collection. Chicago Historical Society. 1886-07-27  [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-27）.
↑  Altgeld, John P. . digital.lib.niu.edu. 1893-06-26  [2019-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-12）.
↑  Trachtenberg, Alexander. . Marxists.org. 2002-03 [1932]  [2008-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-15）.
↑  Foner, "The First May Day and the Haymarket Affair", May Day, pp. 27–39.
↑  . illinoislaborhistory.org.   [2017-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-04）. No single event has influenced the history of labor in Illinois, the United States, and even the world, more than the Chicago Haymarket Affair. It began with a rally on May 4, 1886, but the consequences are still being felt today. Although the rally is included in American history textbooks, very few present the event accurately or point out its significance. [没有哪个事件能比芝加哥的干草市场事件对伊利诺伊州、美国乃至世界劳工史的影响更大。它始于1886年5月4日的一次集会，但其结果影响至今。虽然美国历史教科书中收录了这次集会，但很少有人准确地介绍这一事件，也很少有人指出它的意义。]
1 2 3  . City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003  [2008-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2006-06-14）.
↑  . National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. 2004-03  [2008-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-09）.
↑  Huberman, Michael. . The Journal of Economic History. 2004-12, 64 (4): 971  [2021-04-18]. JSTOR 3874986. doi:10.1017/s0022050704043050. （原始内容存档于2021-04-18）.
↑  Barrett, James R. . . Chicago History Museum, Newberry Library, Northwestern University.   [2012-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-26）.
↑  Moberg, David. . . Chicago History Museum, Newberry Library, Northwestern University.   [2012-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）.
↑  Reiff, Janice L. . . Chicago History Museum, Newberry Library, Northwestern University.   [2012-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.
↑  Kemmerer, Donald L.; Edward D. Wickersham (January 1950). "Reasons for the Growth of the Knights of Labor in 1885–1886". Industrial and Labor Relations Review 3 (2): 213–220.
↑  Henry David, The History of the Haymarket Affair (1936), introductory chapters, pages 21 to 138
↑  . The Guide to Life, The Universe and Everything. BBC. 2001-10-04  [2008-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-02）. (It is) Resolved ... that eight hours shall constitute a legal day's labor from and after May 1, 1886, and that we recommend to labor organizations throughout this district that they so direct their laws so as to conform to this resolution by the time named.
↑  . The Guide to Life, The Universe and Everything. BBC. 2001-10-04  [2008-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-02）.
↑  Winik, Jay. The Great Upheaval: America and the Birth of the Modern World, 1788-1800. New York: HarperCollins, 2007 page 153
1 2 3  Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 186.
1 2  Foner, May Day, p. 27.
↑  Foner, May Day, pp. 27–28.
1 2  Foner, May Day, p. 28.
↑  According to Henry David there were strikes by "no less than 30,000 men", and "perhaps twice that number (i.e., 80,000) were out on the streets participating in or witnessing the various demonstrations..."
↑  David, The History of the Haymarket Affair, pp. 177, 188.
↑  The existence of an 80,000 person march down Michigan Avenue, described by Avrich (1984), Foner (1986), and others, has been questioned by historian Timothy Messer-Kruse （页面存档备份，存于）, who claims to have found no specific reference to it in contemporary sources and notes that David (1936) doesn't mention it.
1 2  Green, Death in the Haymarket, pp. 162–173.
↑  Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 190.
↑  Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 193.
↑   M. : 255  [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.
1 2  Nelson, Bruce C. . New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 1988: 189. ISBN 0-8135-1345-6.
↑  . Chicago: Barnard & Gunthorpe. . vol. II, p. 129. OCLC 36384114. , quoted in Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, pp. 199–200.
1 2  Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, p. 188.
1 2 3 4 5   [芝加哥街头的骚乱和流血事件] (PDF). The New York Times. 1886-05-05  [2012-02-29]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-05）. ，这篇文章于1886年5月4日被第一次登出，随后被多家媒体转载
↑  New York Times article datelined May 4, headlined "Anarchy's Red Hand" and dated May 6, reproduced on the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law website （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Avrich (1984), pp. 205–206.
↑  . Chicago Historical Society.   [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-21）.
↑   [芝加哥的致命枪声]. The New York Times. 1886-05-14  [2012-02-28]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-21）.
1 2  Messer-Kruse, Timothy, James O. Eckert Jr., Pannee Burckel, and Jeffrey Dunn.  [干草市场的炸弹：重新评估证据]. Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas (Duke University). 2005, 2 (2): 39–52. ISSN 1547-6715. doi:10.1215/15476715-2-2-39.
↑  Schaack, Anarchy and Anarchists, pp. 146–148.
↑  Bonfield, John. . Haymarket Affair Digital Collection. Chicago Historical Society. 1886-05-30  [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-21）.
↑  Chicago Tribune, 1886-06-27, quoted in Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 209.
↑  . Officer Down Memorial Page.   [2019-06-02].
↑  . Officer Down Memorial Page.   [2019-06-02].
↑  . Officer Down Memorial Page.   [2019-06-02].
↑  . Officer Down Memorial Page.   [2019-06-02].
↑  . Officer Down Memorial Page.   [2019-06-02].
↑  . Officer Down Memorial Page.   [2019-06-02].
↑  . Officer Down Memorial Page.   [2019-06-02].
↑  . Officer Down Memorial Page.   [2019-06-02].
↑  . The Dramas of Haymarket. Chicago Historical Society. 2000  [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-21）.
↑  Schaack, Michael J.  (PDF).  [安那其与无政府主义者：欧美红色恐怖及社会革命史，共产主义、社会主义和虚无主义学说与实践。芝加哥干草市场的阴谋，以及对阴谋者的侦察和审判]. Chicago: F. J. Schulte & Co. 1889: 155  [2008-01-19]. OCLC 185637808. （原始内容存档于2021-04-21）. After the moment's bewilderment, the officers dashed on the enemy and fired round after round. Being good marksmen, they fired to kill, and many revolutionists must have gone home, either assisted by comrades or unassisted, with wounds that resulted fatally or maimed them for life. ... It is known that many secret funerals were held from Anarchist localities in the dead hour of night. [在片刻的迷惑之后，警察们冲向敌人，一轮又一轮地射击。优秀的射手们开枪是为了毙敌。许多革命者一定是在战友的帮助下或在无人帮助的情况下，带着致命的伤痛或终生残废回到了家。……众所周知，许多无政府主义者在夜深人静的时候秘密地举行了葬礼。]
↑  Chicago Herald, May 5, 1886, quoted in Avrich (1984), pp.209–210.
↑  Schaack, Michael J. (1889), Anarchy and Anarchists, pp. 149–155.
↑  Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, pp. 188–189.
↑  Winik, Jay. The Great Upheaval: America and the Birth of the Modern World, 1788-1800. New York: HarperCollins, 2007  Page 238
↑  Avrich (1984), pp. 221–32.
↑  David, The History of the Haymarket Affair (1936), pages 178–189
1 2  Morn, Frank. . Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. 1982: 99. ISBN 0-253-32086-0.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Schaack, "Core of the Conspiracy" （页面存档备份，存于）, Anarchy and Anarchists, pp. 156–182.
↑  Schaack, "My Connection with the Anarchist Cases" （页面存档备份，存于）, Anarchy and Anarchists, pp, 183–205.
↑  Messer-Kruse, Timothy (2011) , page 21
↑  Messer-Kruse, Timothy, , Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History (Oxford University Press), 2018-06-25  [2021-05-28], ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5
1 2  Messer-Kruse (2011), pp. 18–21.
↑  The Grand Jury returned an indictment against August Spies, Michael Schwab, Samuel Fielden, Albert R. Parsons, Adolph Fischer, George Engel, Louis Lingg, William Seliger, Rudolph Schnaubelt and Oscar Neebe for murder.
Charged with making an unlawful, willful, felonious and with malice aforethought assault on the body of Mathias J. Degan causing him mortal wounds, bruises, lacerations and contusions upon his body.See Grand jury indictments for murder, 1886 June 4.| Chicago Historical Society, Haymarket Affair Digital Collection. （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  . University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law.   [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-31）.
↑  Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (1984), pp. 260–262
1 2  Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (1984), pp. 262–267
↑  Messer-Kruse (2011). pp. 123–128
↑  Robert Loerzel, Alchemy of Bones: Chicago's Luetgert Murder Case of 1897 (University of Illinois Press; 2003), p. 52.
↑  . The Dramas of Haymarket. Chicago Historical Society. 2000  [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-24）. From the time of the arrests following the riot to the hangings, the men held responsible for the bombing found the celebrity that they had been so eagerly seeking, if hardly on the terms they desired. ... In almost all instances, the accused achieved notoriety rather than fame, though reporters frequently remarked on their bravery in the face of the awesome fate awaiting them, and on their devotion to their families. Even these stories, however, emphasized their fanaticism and wrong-headed dedication to a dangerous and selfish cause that only hurt the ones they supposedly loved. [从暴动后的逮捕到绞刑，炸弹投掷者找到了他急切寻求的名人——尽管这些名人的地位其实并不理想。……尽管记者们经常评论被告面对等待他们的可怕命运时的勇敢，以及他们对家庭的奉献，但几乎在所有情况下，他们收获的都是恶名。而且，即使是这些报道，也会强调他们的狂热和对危险而自私的事业的错误奉献，并评价称这只会伤害他们所爱的人。]
↑  . The New York Times. 1886-05-06  [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-18）.
↑  The New York Times, May [4] 6, 1886, quoted in Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 217.
↑  Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 216.
↑  Parsons, George Frederic. . The Atlantic Monthly. July 1886, 58: 97–113.
↑  . The Dramas of Haymarket. Chicago Historical Society. 2000  [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.
↑  Loertzel, Alchemy of Bones, p. 52.
↑  122 Ill. 1 (1887).
↑  123 U.S. 131 (1887).
↑  . Chicago Tribune. 1887-11-11: 1.
↑  Chi, Zou. . The News Lens 關鍵評論網. 2014-05-02  [2022-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-28） （中文（臺灣））. 其中一位工運領袖史比司（August Vincent Theodore Spies）在臨刑前說：「終會有一天，我們死亡的沈默，會遠比今天你們所要壓制的言論更為宏亮有力！」
1 2  Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 393.
↑  Messer-Kruse (2011). p. 181.
↑  John J. Miller, "What Happened at Haymarket? A historian challenges a labor-history fable" （页面存档备份，存于）, National Review, February 11, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
↑  . Chicago Historical Society.   [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-27）.
↑  John A. Farrell, Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned (New York: Doubleday, 2011), p. 5 and passim.
↑  . Port Huron Daily Times (Port Huron, Michigan). 1893-06-27: 1  [2018-05-04]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-27） –Newspapers.com.
↑  Quoted in Stanley Turkel, Heroes of the American Reconstruction: Profiles of Sixteen Educators (McFarland, 2009) p. 121.
↑  Morn. . 1982: 99. ISBN 0-253-32086-0.  On April 9, 1885, Pinkertons shot and killed an elderly man at the McCormick Harvester Company Works in Chicago. On October 19, 1886, they shot and killed a man in Chicago's packinghouse district. More info.
↑  ACT V Raising the dead: Absolute Pardon, （页面存档备份，存于） Chicago Historical Society (2000)
↑  Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld （页面存档备份，存于） National Governors Association (2011).
↑  The Debs Case: Labor, Capital, and the Federal Courts of the 1890s, Biographies, John Peter Altgeld （页面存档备份，存于） Federal Judicial Center.
1 2 3  Teaford, Jon C. . Reviews in American History. 2006, 34 (3): 350–354. JSTOR 30031536. S2CID 144084130. doi:10.1353/rah.2006.0051.
↑  Thale, Christopher. . . Chicago History Museum, Newberry Library and Northwestern University.   [2012-04-01]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-06）.
↑  Smith, Carl. . The Dramas of Haymarket. Chicago Historical Society and Northwestern University.   [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.
↑  Smith, Carl. . The Dramas of Haymarket. Chicago Historical Society and Northwestern University.   [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.
↑  Mann, Leslie. . Chicago Tribune. 2011-09-14  [2017-11-01]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-07）.
1 2  Nathan Fine, Labor and Farmer Parties in the United States, 1828–1928. New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1928; pg. 53.
↑  . New-York Tribune. 1887-05-04  [2015-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.
↑  Stanford, Leland, 1887. Co-operation of Labor. Special Collection 33a, Box 7, Folder 74, Stanford University Archives. PDF （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Foner, May Day, p. 40.
↑  Foner, May Day, p. 41.
↑  . 中文马克思主义文库.   [2022-03-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21） （中文（简体））. 在一个作为永久规定的日子里，组织大规模的国际性游行示威，以便在一切国家和一切城市，劳动者都在同一天里要求执政当局从法律上把工作日限制在8小时以内，并实现巴黎国际代表大会的其他一切决议。
1 2  Foner, May Day, p. 42.
↑  Foner, May Day, p. 45.
↑  Foner, May Day, pp. 45–46.
↑  Roediger, Dave, "Mother Jones & Haymarket", in Roediger and Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook, p. 213.
↑  Foner, May Day, p. 104.
↑  Goldman, Emma. . New York: Dover Publications. 1970: 7–10, 508 [1931]. ISBN 0-486-22543-7.
↑  Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 434.
↑  Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, pp. 433–434.
↑  Gilmer, Harry L. . Haymarket Affair Digital Collection. Chicago Historical Society. 1886-07-28  [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-27）.
↑  Thompson, Malvern M. . Haymarket Affair Digital Collection. Chicago Historical Society. 1886-07-28  [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-27）.
↑  绞刑后，赖策尔曾告知另一位无政府主义者乌尔班·哈通博士，称：“我们已经知道谁是投掷炸弹的人了，但是我们不准备说出去，因为即便他承认了自己是投掷者，我们的同志也回不来了”，摘自卡尔·诺尔德1933年1月12日至昂内斯·英格利斯（英语：）的信件，后被录入至阿夫里希的专门史中：Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 442.
↑  . Chicago History Museum.   [2020-10-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-31）.
↑  Baumann, Edward. . chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tibune. 1986-04-27  [2020-10-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-31）.
↑  Messer-Kruse, The Trial of the Haymarket Anarchists, p. 74. Avrich also suggests the bomber might have been a shoemaker named George Schwab (no relation to hanged defendant Michael Schwab). Anarchist George Meng, has recently also been mentioned "Who Threw the Bomb", The Dramas of the Haymarket, Chicago Historical Society and Northwestern University website （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑  Messer-Kruse, The Trial of the Haymarket Anarchists, p. 182.
↑  露西·帕森斯在1933年1月17日致卡尔·诺尔德的信中称，哈里斯的书“从封面到尾页的每一页都充斥着谎言”, quoted in David, The History of the Haymarket Affair, p. 435.
↑  David, The History of the Haymarket Affair, p. 428.
↑  Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, pp. 444–45.
↑  Avrich, Paul, "The Bomb-Thrower: A New Candidate", in Roediger and Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook, pp. 71–73.
↑  Dyer Lum, quoted in David, The History of the Haymarket Affair, pp. 426–427.
↑  David, The History of the Haymarket Affair, pp. 430–431.
↑  Altgeld, John P. . Haymarket Affair Digital Collection. Chicago Historical Society. 1893-06-26  [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-12）.
↑  David, The History of the Haymarket Affair, pp. 428–429.
↑  David, The History of the Haymarket Affair, p. 431.
↑  Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, pp. 444.
↑  David, The History of the Haymarket Affair, pp. 429–430.
↑  Parsons, Albert R. . . Chicago Historical Society. 1886  [2017-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-31）.
↑  Grossman, Ron. . Chicago Tribune. 1998-05-01  [2021-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-28）.
↑  . www.forestparkreview.com.   [2017-10-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-11）.
↑  Adelman, Haymarket Revisited, pp. 38–39.
1 2  . Chicago Police Department weblog. Chicago Police Department. 2007-05-31  [2008-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2007-12-18）.
1 2  Adelman, William J., "The True Story Behind the Haymarket Police Statue", in Roediger and Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook, pp. 167–168.
1 2  Adelman, Haymarket Revisited, p. 39.
1 2 3 4  Adelman, Haymarket Revisited, p. 40.
1 2 3  Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 431.
↑  Lampert, Nicholas. "Struggles at Haymarket: An Embattled History of Static Monuments and Public Interventions," 261
↑  Kinzer, Stephen.  [芝加哥模棱两可的干草市场袭击纪念馆]. The New York Times. 2004-09-15  [2008-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-28）.
↑  . www.marybrogger.com.   [2019-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-28）.