赫费斯提翁
参考来源

↑  瑞瑙特, 玛丽. . 郑远涛译. 上海人民出版社. ISBN 978-7-208-13510-9.
1 2  Curtius 3.12.16
↑  Joseph Bidez; Albert Joseph Carnoy; Franz Valery Marie Cumont. . Imprimerie Marcel Istas. 2001: 165  [2022-02-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-24）.
↑  Bosworth, 1988 & 第71–74頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBosworth1988第71–74頁 (help)
↑  Ian Worthington. . Taylor & Francis. 10 July 2014: 126. ISBN 978-1-317-86644-2.
↑  Chugg, Andrew (2006). Alexander's Lovers. Raleigh, N.C.: Lulu. ISBN 978-1-4116-9960-1, pp 78-79.
↑  Reames, Jeanne. "Who was this guy anyway?"  Hephaistion - Philalexandros 的存檔，存档日期December 14, 2007，.
↑  Heckel 2006 p.133
↑  Diogenes Laërtius, Aristotle 5
↑  Plutarch 10
↑   Fox 1980, 第68頁
↑  Renault, 2001 & 第47頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRenault2001第47頁 (help)
↑  Bose, 2003 & 第43頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBose2003第43頁 (help)
↑  西西里的狄奧多羅斯 1989, XVI, 86 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Curtius 4.1.16
↑  Curtius 4.5.10
↑  Chugg 2006, p.93
↑  Lane Fox 1973, p.227
↑  Diodorus 17.61.3
↑  Arrian 3.15.2
↑  Curtius 4.16.32
↑  Plutarch, Alexandros 45,2–4; Arrian, Anabasis 4,7,4; zum persischen Festornat vgl. auch Curtius 6,6,2 ff.; Ephippos von Olynth, Über den Tod von Hephaistion und Alexander, FGrHist 126 aus Athenaios, Deipnosophistai 7,537e–538; zum „persischen“ Krönungsornat als Götterornat, der den persischen Großkönig in das menschliche Abbild des Sonnengottes Mithra verwandelte, Volker Fadinger: Attentat auf König Philipp II. 1997, S. 106 f.
↑  Curtius 6.11.10
↑  Plutarch Alexandros 47,3 und 71,1–2; zu den 30.000 sog. Epigonen vgl. auch Arrian 7,6; zu dem dahinter stehenden neuen politischen Programm der Völkerverständigung vgl. hier das Schlusskapitel: „Zusammenfassung“ mit den einschlägigen Quellenbelegen.
↑  so zu Recht Plutarch, Alexandros 47,7–8 und Arrian, Anabasis 4,19,5–6; zum Ritus des gemeinsamen Verzehrens eines Brotes, der heute noch in Turkestan bei Hochzeiten üblich ist: Curtius 8,4,27
↑  Brief 7,333a; 7,336a
↑  Xenophon, Agesilaos 7,7
↑  Isokrates, Reden 4,184; 5,16; 12,163
↑  Aristoteles, Fragment 658, ed. Valentin Rose.
↑  Arrian, Anabasis 4,12,3–6; Plutarch, Alexandros 54,5–6 im Anschluss an Chares von Mytilene, FGrHist II 66
↑  Heckel et al. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHeckelTritle2009第47–48頁 (help)
↑  Durant, Will. . The Story of Civilization 2 (New York: Simon and Schuster). 1939: 550.
↑  Plutarch, Moralia 330 = Eratostenes bei Strabon, Geographica 1,4,9,66 C,23–9,67 C,7 in der deutschen Übersetzung von St. Radt (Hrsg.): Strabons Geographika. Mit Übersetzung und Kommentar Bd. 1: Prolegomena Buch I-IV: Text und Übersetzung, Göttingen 2002, 167; zur Umsetzung des neuen Programms eines Weltfriedens und der Völkerverschmelzung durch Alexander, bes. durch die Heirat mit Rhoxane und dann die Massenhochzeit von Susa, vgl. auch Alexander Demandt, a. O. 39 ff., der „die größte Hochzeit der Weltgeschichte“ zu Recht auch als „eine Sternstunde der Menschheit“ (S. 41) charakterisiert.
↑  Plutarch a. O. 1,6 = Moralia 329 A 9–B 18
↑  Arrian 4.22.58
↑  Arrian 4.23.59
↑  Curtius 8.14.15
↑  Arrian 6.2.4
↑  Arrian, Indica 18
↑  Arrian 6.5.6
↑  Arrian 6.17.4
↑  Arrian 6.18.1 and 6.20.1
↑  Arrian 6.22.37
↑  Arrian 7.5.6
↑  Diogenes Laërtius 5.1.20
↑  Diodorus 17.37.5
↑  Arrian 2.12.31
↑  Curtius 3.12.17
↑  Diodorus 17.114.3
↑  Arrian 7.14.50
↑  Cartledge p. 19
↑  Arrian 3.26
↑  Arrian 4.5
↑  Curtius 12.16.2
↑  Plutarch 55.1
↑  Hammond 1980, p.16
↑  Hammond 1980, p.250
↑  Alexander Demandt: Alexander der Große. Leben und Legende., München 2009, p. 236f; Robin Lane Fox: Alexander der Große. Eroberer der Welt., Stuttgart 2004, p. 61; Elizabeth D. Carney: Woman in Alexander's Court, in: Roisman, Joseph (Hg.): Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great, Leiden, Boston 2003, p. 243
1 2 3  Martin, Thomas R.; Blackwell, Christopher W. . Cambridge University Press. 2012: 99–100. ISBN 978-0521148443. In any case, the ancient sources were certain that Alexander was sexually active with women. When Barsine, the daughter of a prominent Persian and a Greek woman, and the widow of Memnon of Rhodes, was captured in 333 and brought to Alexander, he was reportedly so entranced by her beauty – and her high level knowledge of Greek literature – that he became her lover. Plutarch asserted that Barsine was the only woman with whom Alexander had sex before his (first) marriage several years later, but other sources report that he had learned about sex from Pancaste, a woman from Thessaly in Greece so beautiful that Apelles the painter became famous for his nude portrait of her. Our sources also recount that Alexander, like the Persian kings he replaces, regularly took his pick of the many concubines kept at the court as temporary sex partners. Most colourfully of all they also report that Alexander spent thirteen days having sex with the female leader of the tribe of women warriors ('Amazons'), who came to him from the Caucasus region, asking that he impregnate her so she could have his child. The ancient sources do not report, however, what modern scholars have asserted: that Alexander and his very close friend Hephaestion were lovers. Achilles and his equally close friend Patroclus provided the legendary model for this friendship, but Homer in the Iliad never suggested that they had sex with each other. (That came from later authors.) If Alexander and Hephaestion did have a sexual relationship, it would have been transgressive by majority Greek standards ...
↑  Skinner, Marilyn B. . Cartledge, Paul; Greenland, Fiona Rose  (编). . Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. 2010: 129. ISBN 9780299232832. [...] none of Alexander's extant biographers, Greek or Roman, ever refers to Hephaestion as anything but Alexander's 'friend' (Greek philos, Latin amicus), conforming to Alexander's own epithet for him, philalexandros
↑  Arrian: Hephaestion (1) （页面存档备份，存于）; Hephaistion Philalexandros; John J. Popovic, Alexander the great of Macedon （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Kittel: FRIENDSHIP / φιλία [philia] （页面存档备份，存于）)
↑  Arrian 1.12.1
↑  Plutarch, 15.4
↑  Aeschylus, Fragments 64–66 of The Myrmidons.
↑  Plato, Symposium, 179e–180a.
↑  "Against Timarchus" in Aeschines. Translated by Chris Carey, Austin, University of Texas Press, 2000, p. 71. ISBN 0-292-71223-5
↑  Lane Fox 1973, p.113
↑  e.g. Victoria Wohl (2002). Love Among the Ruins: the Erotics of Democracy in Classical Athens. Princeton University Press, pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-691-09522-1.
↑  Cantarella, Eva. . Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli. 2001: 7. ISBN 88-17-11654-8. I greci e i romani, infatti, al di là delle profonde differenze tra le due culture, vivevano i rapporti tra uomini in modo molto diverso da quello in cui li vivono (ovviamente, salvo eccezioni) coloro che fanno oggi una scelta di tipo omosessuale: per i greci e i romani, infatti (sempre salvo eccezioni), l'omosessualità non era una scelta esclusiva. Amare un altro uomo non era un'opzione fuori della norma, diversa, in qualche modo deviante. Era solo una parte dell'esperienza di vita: era la manifestazione di una pulsione vuoi sentimentale vuoi sessuale che nell'arco dell'esistenza si alternava e si affiancava (talvolta nello stesso momento) all'amore per una donna  (English edition translated by Cormac O' Cuilleanain: Bisexuality in the Ancient World (2nd edition), Yale University Press, New Haven, 2002, ISBN 978-0300093025).
↑  Cartledge 2004, p.10
↑  Aelian, Varia Historia 12.7. According to Plato, it was Achilles that should be regarded as the eromenos as he was "much younger" (Symposium, 179e–180a).
↑  Lane Fox 1973, p.57
↑  Hammond 1997, p.27
↑  Lucian, On Slips of the Tongue, 8
↑  Plutarch 39.40
1 2  Arrian 7.14.13
↑  Chugg 2006, p.125
↑  Arrian 4.22.1
↑  Arrian 5.12.25
↑  Arrian 7.13
↑  Plutarch, Eumenes 2
↑  Plutarch 47
↑  Falk, Avner. . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. 1996: 211. ISBN 9780838636602. Alexander married 'Barsine' (Stateira), daughter of the dead Darius III; his best friend, Hephaestion, married her sister 'Drypetis', whose Persian name recalls Draupadi, the Indian heroine of the Mahabharata.
↑  Arrian 7.4.29
↑  Arrian 7.14.3
↑  Plutarch 72.2
↑  瑞瑙特, 玛丽. . 郑远涛译. 上海人民出版社.
↑  Renault p 209
↑  Worthington, Ian. . Routledge. 2014: cxxvi. ISBN 9781317866442. Then Hephaestion was cremated and the ashes were taken to Babylon. There, an enormous funerary monument was to be built of brick and decorated with five friezes. It would stand over 200 feet high and cost 10,000 talents（英语：）. Alexander himself would supervise its building when he got back to Babylon. In the aftermath of the king’s death, it was abandoned.
↑  Chandler, Joyce Helen. . AuthorHouse. 2006: 23. ISBN 9781467806343. Eumenes suggested giving divine honors to Hephaestion, as so it was done, Hephaestion was then cremated when they got back to Babylon.
1 2  Plutarch 72.3
1 2  Arrian 7.14.9
↑  Arrian 7.14.8
↑  Iliad 23.160 (translation by Alexander Pope)
↑  Arrian 7.15.3
↑  Arrian 7.15.4
↑  Arrian 7.23.8
↑  .   [2022-05-12]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-19）.
↑  . Greek and Roman Art (greek-art.livejournal.com). 13 November 2011  [2021-09-20]. （原始内容存档于2012-12-01）. Διογένης Ἡφαιστίωνι ἥρωι (Diogénēs Hephaistíoni hḗroi)
↑  Arrian 7.15.5
↑  Plutarch 72.4
↑  Diodorus 17.115 1–5
↑  Lane Fox 1973, p. 477
↑  Diodorus 17.114.4