南京大屠杀的死亡人数
参考资料

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, "Leftover Problems," in The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 377-384.
↑  "永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート," Shokun!, February 2001, 183-192.
↑  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 40.
↑  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 50.
↑  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 66-68.
↑  F. Tillman Durdin, "Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking," New York Times, January 9, 1938, 38.
↑  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 91-93.
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1 2  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 82.
↑  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 81.
1 2  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 167-168.
↑  John Gittings. . 《卫报》. 2002-10-04  [2014-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-10）.
↑  HJ Timperley, Japanese Terror in China (New York: Modern Age Books, 1938), 46, 51.
↑  David Askew, "Part of the Numbers Issue: Demography and Civilian Victims," in The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 98.
↑  Edgar Snow, The Battle for Asia (New York: Random House, 1941), 57.
↑  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 177-178.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Ikuhiko Hata, "The Nanking Atrocities: Fact and Fable," Japan Echo, August 1998, 47-57.
↑  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 110.
1 2  Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, "The Messiness of Historical Reality," in The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 3-5.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14  David Askew. . Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies. 2002-04  [2014-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-05）.
↑  Daqing Yang, "A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity As History," Sino-Japanese Studies, November 1990, 16.
1 2  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 203, 219-223.
↑  Minoru Kitamura, The Politics of Nanjing: An Impartial Investigation (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2007), 140-141, 155.
1 2  Takashi Yoshida, The Making of the "Rape of Nanking" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 60.
1 2 3 4  Tokushi Kasahara, "数字いじりの不毛な論争は虐殺の実態解明を遠ざける," in 南京大虐殺否定論１３のウソ, ed. Research Committee on the Nanking Incident (Tokyo: Kashiwa Shobo, 1999), 74-96.
1 2  Daqing Yang, "A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity As History," Sino-Japanese Studies, November 1990, 18, 22-24.
↑  Takashi Yoshida, The Making of the "Rape of Nanking" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 182.
1 2  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 113.
↑  Tokushi Kasahara, "Massacres outside Nanking City," in The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–38: Complicating the Picture, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 66-69.
1 2 3 4  Tokushi Kasahara, 南京事件 (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1997), 220, 223, 226-227.
↑  Minoru Kitamura, The Politics of Nanjing: An Impartial Investigation (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2007), 6.
1 2  Kazutoshi Hando et al., 歴代陸軍大将全覧: 昭和篇(1) (Tokyo: Chuo Koron Shinsha, 2010), 141-142.
1 2  Ikuhiko Hata, 南京事件: 「虐殺」の構造 (Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 2007), 208-214.
↑  David Askew, "Part of the Numbers Issue: Demography and Civilian Victims," in The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 92.
↑  David Askew, "The Nanjing Incident: An Examination of the Civilian Population," Sino-Japanese Studies, March 15, 2001, 2-4.
↑  Tokushi Kasahara, 南京事件 (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1997), 115.
↑  David Askew, "Defending Nanking: An Examination of the Capital Garrison Forces," Sino-Japanese Studies, April 15, 2003, 173.
↑  David Askew, "The Nanjing Incident: An Examination of the Civilian Population," Sino-Japanese Studies, March 15, 2001, 20.
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↑  Takashi Yoshida, The Making of the "Rape of Nanking" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 98-100.
1 2 3 4 5  Daqing Yang, "Convergence or Divergence?: Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing," American Historical Review, June 1999, 851-852.
1 2 3  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 115, 147-148, 157.
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↑  Shudo Higashinakano, The Nanking Massacre: Fact Versus Fiction (Tokyo: Sekai Shuppan, 2005), 142, 164-165.
↑  "永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート," Shokun!, February 2001, 173, 175, 180.
↑  Yutaka Yoshida, "国際法の解釈で事件を正当化できるか," in 南京大虐殺否定論１３のウソ, ed. Research Committee on the Nanking Incident (Tokyo: Kashiwa Shobo, 1999), 160-176.
↑  "永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート," Shokun!, February 2001, 184.
1 2  Masato Kajimoto. . Online Documentary - The Nanking Atrocities. 2000  [2014-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-06-22）.
1 2 3  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 246-247.
↑  Takashi Yoshida, The Making of the "Rape of Nanking" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 138.
↑  Katsuichi Honda, The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan's National Shame (Armonk, New York: ME Sharpe, 1999), 37-80.
1 2  Jean-Louis Margolin. . China Perspectives. February 2006  [2014-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-08）.
1 2  "永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート," Shokun!, February 2001, 197.
↑  Akira Fujiwara, "The Nanking Atrocity: An Interpretive Overview," in The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 34.
1 2  David Askew, "Defending Nanking: An Examination of the Capital Garrison Forces," Sino-Japanese Studies, April 15, 2003, 153.
1 2  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 237, 242.
↑  "永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート," Shokun!, February 2001, 183-192.
↑  Haruo Tohmatsu and HP Willmott, A Gathering Darkness: The Coming of War to the Far East and the Pacific (Lanham, Maryland: SR Books, 2004), p. 72.
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↑  Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, "The Messiness of Historical Reality," in The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 19.
↑  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 193.
↑  Ono Kenji, "Massacre Near Mufushan," in The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 85.
↑  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 112.
↑  David Askew, "The Scale of Japanese Atrocities in Nanjing: An Examination of the Burial Records," Ritsumeikan Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, June 2004, 7-10.
↑  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 252.
↑  Takashi Yoshida, The Making of the "Rape of Nanking" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 160-161, 164.
↑  Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, "The Messiness of Historical Reality," in The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 25.
↑  Joshua A. Fogel, "The Nanking Atrocity and Chinese Historical Memory," in The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 274.
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↑  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 261.
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↑  Frank Dorn, The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-41 (New York: Macmillan, 1974), 93.
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↑  Masaaki Tanaka, What Really Happened In Nanking: The Refutation of a Common Myth (Tokyo: Sekai Shuppan, 2000), 64.
↑  "永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート," Shokun!, February 2001, 192-193.
↑  "永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート," Shokun!, February 2001, 202.
↑  Katsuichi Honda, The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan's National Shame (Armonk, New York: ME Sharpe, 1999), xiii.
↑  "永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート," Shokun!, February 2001, 194.
↑  Barry Schwartz, "Rethinking Conflict and Collective Memory: The Case of Nanking," in The Oxford Handbook of Cultural Sociology, eds. Jeffrey C Alexander et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 546-547.
↑  Robert Sabella, Feifei Li, David Liu, They Were in Nanjing：The Nanjing Massacre Witnessed by American and British Nationals(Hong Kong University Press), 307-308.
↑  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 239-242.
↑  "永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート," Shokun!, February 2001, 183-184.
↑  Kitamura Minoru, The Politics of Nanjing: An Impartial Investigation (Maryland: University Press of America, 2007), 93.
↑  Yoshiaki Itakura, 本当はこうだった南京事件 (Tokyo: Nihon Tosho Kankokai, 1999), 11.
↑  Takashi Yoshida, "Refighting the Nanking Massacre: The Continuing Struggle over Memory," in Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing, eds. Robert Sabella, et al. (Armonk, New York: ME Sharpe, 2002), 170.
↑  Daqing Yang, "Convergence or Divergence?: Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing," American Historical Review, June 1999, 853.
1 2  Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 271-272.
南京大屠殺中，日軍強硬將中國平民押進坑中準備集體活埋。
1936年亞新地學社出版的《袖珍中華全圖》的南京市区地图。图中红色部分即南京城，范围小于南京市的行政区域。
300000受害者的数字写在侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆的墙上。