新加坡開埠
參考

↑  總理李顯龍. . 新加坡總理辦公室. 2019年2月6日. （原始内容存档于2022年11月7日）. 各位同胞，大家晚上好！新加坡开埠200周年纪念
今年是新加坡的开埠200周年。1819年是我国发展史的转捩点。那一年，莱佛士登陆新加坡，并且在这里设立了自由贸易港，吸引了大批移民从东南亚、印度和中国到这里谋生。我们的华族先辈有的来自中国广东、潮汕和福建，有的则来自邻近地区如槟城、马六甲和廖内群岛。他们刚来时，大多只能做苦力，勉强糊口。不过，他们刻苦拼搏，结果都找到立足之地，在这里安家立业。一些后来做起小生意，教育程度比较高的会当老师、做记者。有些则成了大园主，或者创办了银行和贸易行。他们可以说是我们的"开埠一代"，为这里做出巨大的贡献。
1 2 3 4 5  . Singapore Infopedia. 新加坡国家图书馆管理局. （原始内容存档于14 September 2022） （英语）. 28 Jan 1819: The Indiana and Enterprise anchor at St John’s Island. Raffles and Farquhar meet the Temenggong...30 Jan 1819: A draft agreement is penned between the Temenggong and the British, and the Union Jack is raised with little ceremony...6 Feb 1819: The Singapore Treaty is signed between Raffles, the Sultan and the Temenggong, with commanders from the accompanying seven ships witnessing the event... The Union Jack is officially raised. This date is recognised as the official founding of Singapore.
1 2  新加坡國家檔案館.  (PDF). （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021年9月24號） （英语）.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  . HistorySG. 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于28 July 2022） （英语）. On 6 February 1819, Sir Stamford Raffles, Temenggong Abdur Rahman and Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor signed a treaty that gave the British East India Company (EIC) the right to set up a trading post in Singapore. In exchange, Sultan Hussein received a yearly sum of 5,000 Spanish dollars while the Temenggong received 3,000 Spanish dollars. It was also on this day that the British flag was formally hoisted on Singapore, marking the birth of Singapore as a British settlement.
↑  . Singapore Infopedia. 新加坡国家图书馆管理局. （原始内容存档于13 January 2023）. Temasek, the name for Singapore, emerged as an important port in the early 14th century.
1 2  . The Straits Times. 31 December 2017. （原始内容存档于21 October 2021） （英语）. The Singapore story did not begin in 1965, the year of independence. Instead, it stretches back 700 years, telling a tale of ebb and flow...Even before Raffles' arrival at St John's Island on Jan 28 that year, Singapore had a rich history, harking back to the 14th century when it was a maritime emporium.
↑  . BiblioAsia. 新加坡国家图书馆管理局. 31 January 2019. （原始内容存档于15 January 2023） （英语）. Farquhar deserves as much credit as Raffles in the founding of modern Singapore.
↑  林志强. . 联合早报. （原始内容存档于2021年6月17日）. 淡马锡在王大渊到来之前已经亡国，再也不是商船前来贸易的港口
↑  Penang Port Commission. . （原始内容存档于2022年11月26號） （英语）. Prior to the English, Penang was originally part of the Malay Sultanate of Kedah . It's known as a harbour for pirates at that time. In 1786, Francis Light established Penang the first British trading post in the Far East . Light had persuaded the Sultan of Kedah to cede Penang to the British East India Company in exchange for military protection from the Siamese and Burmese armies who were threatening Kedah. On11 August 1786, Captain Francis Light, known as the founder of Penang, landed in Penang and renamed it Prince of Wales Island in honor of the heir to the British throne. In 1790, when Sultan Abdullah of Kedah heard that the British would not give protection, he formed an army to get rid of the Dutch and the English. He assembled his men at Prai to retake the island of Penang but was defeated. Captain Francis Light had carried out night raids on the enemy's fortress. In 1791, Sultan Abdullah signed a treaty with the British handing over Penang Island to the British. Light promised to pay the Sultan 6,000 Spanish dollars annually. Today, almost two centuries later, the Penang State Government still pays RM 18,800.00 to the Sultan of Kedah annually.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  Andrew Porter. . Oxford University Press. : 374. ISBN 0199246785 （英语）. The French Revolutionary Wars drastically reduced the Dutch position in South-East Asia but increased the French challenge to Britain. After the French invaded the Netherlands, William V fled to England and issued the Kew Letters (1795) instructing Dutch Governors overseas to transfer their territories to British safe-keeping. Britain consequently occupied the Cape, Ceylon, Padang (Sumatra), Malacca, Ambon, and Banda.
1 2 3  美國國會圖書館. . （原始内容存档于2022年7月3號） （英语）. Sultan Abdul Rahman ascended the throne of the kingdom of Johor at the expense of his older half-brother Tengku Hussein who was away in the kingdom of Pahang for his wedding at the time of the passing of their father. Despite the support of certain members at court, Tengku Hussein was unable to claim the throne, and relegated to a quiet existence on an island (Pulau Penyengat).  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  英國國會. . （原始内容存档于2022年7月23號）.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
1 2 3  . （原始内容存档于2022年11月17號） （英语）. By 1818 the Dutch had returned to the East Indies and had reimposed their restrictive trade policies. In that same year, the Dutch negotiated a treaty with the Bugis-controlled sultan of Johore granting them permission to station a garrison at Riau, thereby giving them control over the main passage through the Strait of Malacca. British trading ships were heavily taxed at Dutch ports and suffered harassment by the Dutch navy.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
1 2  .   [2023-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15） （英语）. In 1817 the court of directors confirmed him in the governorship of Bencoolen, and he took up his appointment there on 22 March 1818...Having received information that the Dutch were fitting out expeditions with the view of occupying all the most commanding situations in the Archipelago, Raffles urged upon his superiors the necessity of taking counter steps. Proceeding to Calcutta in the autumn of 1818 to confer with the government of Bengal, a voyage on which he was shipwrecked at the mouth of the Hooghly, he obtained authority to assume charge of British interests to the eastward of the Straits of Malacca, as agent to the governor-general, and prevailed upon the Marquis of Hastings, who had now been brought to express approval of his conduct in Java, to allow the occupation of Singapore. This almost uninhabited island he had selected even before leaving England as highly fitted for preserving to British trade free access to the eastern islands, and preventing the Dutch from securing the exclusive command of the eastern seas. He had discovered its capabilities in the course of his Malay studies. It was unknown alike to the European and to the Indian world, and it had been overlooked by the Dutch, who conceived themselves to have occupied every place available for securing the only two practicable approaches to the Archipelago—the Straits, namely, of Malacca and Sunda.
↑  Marks, Harry J. . Brill. 1959: 47  [2023-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15） （英语）. By this time, of course, Van der CapeIlen had heard of the British occupation of Singapore and had discussed it with Elout, Buyskes, and Wolterbeek. On 25 February 1819 he drew up a document summarizing his views and decisions. "From the somewhat confused reports sent in by the Governor of Malacca," Van der CapeIlen concluded that "it appears almost certain" that a British force under Raffles and Farquhar "has indeed set foot upon the island of Singapore." This island was "a dependency of the empire of Linga, Djohor, Pahang, Riouw, etc.," with which on 28 November 1818 the Netherlands government had signed a treaty wherein the sultan "acknowledged being a vassal of H.M. the King of the Netherlands and as receiving his empire as a lawful and permanent feudal tenure." This document perpetuated the treaty of 1784 which had "never been nuIIified or altered," as the action of former Governor Couperus in ceding Riouw was nuIl and void, never having been ratified by the government. Malacca upon reverting to the Dutch therefore included all the prewar dependencies. Farquhar's "so-called treaty" of the previous August was null and void, the sultan lacking authority to sign such an agreement, and it was expressly outlawed when the sultan in the treaty of 28 November 1818 (Articles 22 and 23) obligated himself never to cede any part of his territories nor to conclude treaties with other powers without consent of the Netherlands government, and abrogated all prior treaties.
↑  新加坡國家圖書館管理局. . BiblioAsia. （原始内容存档于2022年12月21號） （英语）. The Dutch Return to Riau 
No such premonitions were apparent to Königsdorffer when the Dutch frigate Tromp dropped him in Tanjung Pinang on Bintan island. Sometime in November 1818, the Dutch had returned to their former possessions in the East Indies (Malay Archipelago) and were eager to renew their old alliances. Arriving in a show of military force on Pulau Penyengat, they promptly signed a treaty with the reigning Bugis Viceroy or Yang Dipertuan Muda Raja Jaafar, which was sealed with the stamp of Sultan Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah of the Johor-Riau Sultanate. The flag of the Netherlands was raised on the island, and Königsdorffer was appointed Resident and Commandant over the small garrison of 150 men.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  新加坡國家圖書館管理局 Singapore Infopedia 資料庫. . （原始内容存档于2022年8月13號） （英语）. On 28 January 1819, Stamford Raffles and William Farquhar landed in Singapore and met with Temenggung Abdul Rahman to negotiate a provisional treaty. The Temenggung signed the preliminary treaty and allowed for a British settlement in Singapore provided the terms were approved by his patron, Tengku Husain. This agreement that was drafted on 30 January 1819 stated that the Temenggung was the "Ruler of Singapore, who governs the country of Singapore in his own name and in the name of Sree Sultan Hussein Mahummud Shah".  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
1 2  新加坡國家文物局. . Roots. （原始内容存档于2022年8月11號） （英语）. The reigning Sultan at the time was Tengku Abdul Rahman. Tengku Abdul Rahman was the second born son, and his older half-brother, Tengku Hussein Shah, should have been the rightful successor. However, Tengku Hussein Shah was away at Pahang at the time of the Sultan's passing in 1811, which led to his younger half-brother, Tengku Abdul Rahman, becoming Sultan instead. The hasty coronation ceremony to instate Tengku Abdul Rahman as Sultan before Tengku Hussein Shah's return was organised with a politically-charged agenda by the leader of the Bugis faction, effectively aligning themselves with the Dutch...Aware of this dispute, Raffles struck a deal with Tengku Hussein Shah, knowing that this man had the support of the Malay chiefs in Riau and Pahang. It was a calculated move on his part, since Abdul Rahman was crowned by the Bugis faction that allied themselves with the Dutch, and this may have presented challenges in the negotiations for a British trading settlement in the region. Raffles summoned Tengku Hussein Shah to Singapore, acknowledged him as the legitimate successor to the throne, and proclaimed him the Sultan of Johor. An official treaty was signed on 6th February 1819 with Temenggong Abdul Rahman and Sultan Hussein Shah, which gave the British East India Company the right to operate a trading post in Singapore. This acknowledgement was beneficial for both the Temenggong and Sultan Hussein Shah. Both men were paid a handsome sum of money yearly to uphold this agreement.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  Singapore Bicentennial Office. . （原始内容存档于2021年10月19號）.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
1 2  . 聯合早報. 2017年12月31號. （原始内容存档于2018年4月21號）.  请检查|date=, |archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
1 2  李顯龍, 總理辦公室. . （原始内容存档于2022年9月27號） （英语）. Hence I am glad that for the Bicentennial, over 200 groups and organisations are holding commemorative events.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  . The Straits Times. （原始内容存档于2022-12-18） （英语）. The year-long series of events was launched by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong to mark 200 years since Sir Stamford Raffles' arrival.
↑  . 聯合早報. 2018-04-21. （原始内容存档于2018-04-26）.
↑  . 新浪網. 2019-06-09. （原始内容存档于2023-01-16）.
↑  新加坡國家發展部 MND Link 新聞通訊. . （原始内容存档于2023年1月16號）.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  . 聯合早報. 2019-08-06. （原始内容存档于2020-10-28）. 为纪念新加坡开埠200年设的历史体验展，自6月1日开放给公众预约参观后反应踊跃，也有不少人呼吁让展览延期闭幕。有关当局正在考虑这些请求，也可能将展览改为永久展览，但必须评估技术上的可行性。
↑  . 聯合早報. 2019-06-22. （原始内容存档于2019-06-24）.
↑  . 聯合早報. 2019-06-10. （原始内容存档于2019-06-10）.
↑  . 聯合早報. 2019-09-16. （原始内容存档于2022-08-07）.
↑  . 新加坡財政部. （原始内容存档于2022年12月2號） （英语）.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
1 2  新加坡國家檔案館. . （原始内容存档于2023年1月16號） （英语）. National celebrations came under the Ministry of Culture (MC) during the early years. Thus, MC drove the plans to celebrate the 150th Anniversary of the founding of Singapore in 1969, on a grand scale and work began in early 1968 following a Cabinet directive. Key programmes included the issue of gold and silver commemorative coins; a series of commemorative stamps depicting key achievements and historical highlights; a commemorative book on the political, economic and social history of Singapore spanning the period 1819-1969; exhibitions; concerts; and other organised activities.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  新加坡國家檔案館.  [新加坡國際商會慶祝新加坡開埠 150 週年宴會：總理致辭 - 1969年2月6號]. 1969年2月6號. （原始内容存档于2023年1月16號）.  请检查|date=, |archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  新加坡國家圖書館管理局. . BiblioAsia. 2018年1月9號. （原始内容存档于2022年7月7號） （英语）. The 150th anniversary of the founding of Singapore series in 1969 was the first time that stamps were issued in 12-by-12 centimetre miniature sheets, and featured different designs for each of the six values. To commemorate the milestones in Singapore’s modern history, Eng and Han Kuan Cheng, who were colleagues at Radio Television Singapura, used a semi-abstract graphic style to depict the country's industrialisation (15 cents), entry into the United Nations (30 cents), merger with Malaysia (75 cents), self-government in 1959 ($1), the Japanese Occupation ($5) and the landing of Sir Stamford Raffles ($10).  请检查|date=, |archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  新加坡國家文物局. . Roots. （原始内容存档于2022年8月17號） （英语）. This is the first commemorative gold coin commissioned by the Board of Commissioners of Currency and minted by the Singapore Mint in 1969 to mark the 150th anniversary of Singapore's founding by Sir Stamford Raffles.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  Royal Over-Seas League. . （原始内容存档于2023年1月16號） （英语）. Fifty years ago in 1969, Singapore marked its 150th anniversary in a high-profile manner too and in a link of special interest to the Royal Over-Seas League, Vice-Patron HRH Princess Alexandra was invited by the Singapore Government to represent HM the Queen to attend the commemoration activities. It was noted by the then-British High Commissioner, Sir Arthur de la Mare, that then-Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew wanted to give the visit 'all possible trappings', including 'as many guns as it [was] possible to fire', and to 'take the opportunity to make manifest [Singapore's] connection with Britain'. Such was the warmth and enthusiasm Singapore had towards the British back then! Princess Alexandra's visit to Singapore lasted for seven days, during which she interacted with everyday Singaporeans, officiated the opening of a reservoir, and most notably attended Singapore's National Day Parade as the principal guest. Throughout the visit, she was warmly received by Singaporeans.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  新加坡國家圖書館管理局. . SG Books. （原始内容存档于2023年1月16號）.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
1 2 3 4 5  . Singapore Infopedia. 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于2021年11月4號） （英语）. The Centenary Day saw celebrations held by each major ethnic group, such as the Arab, Tamil, Muslim, Eurasian and Jewish communities...The Centenary Memorial Committee proposed the formation of a Centenary Day Committee to look into celebrations on the event day...Official celebrations began with the arrival of Governor Arthur Young at Victoria Memorial Hall at 7.30 am...After addressing the crowds, Young unveiled a commemoration tablet on the plinth of the newly relocated statue of Raffles...This was followed by the reading of addresses and congratulatory messages from the various ethnic and business communities in Singapore and abroad, and a choral service of thanksgiving at St Andrew's Cathedral...After the unveiling ceremony, sea sports held at the Singapore harbour commenced. Spectators thronged to Johnston's Pier to catch a view of the boat races, which featured vessels bedecked with flags and decorations. A procession of over 8,000 schoolchildren carrying flags and banners walked along the main roads towards the Serangoon Road Race Course where the festivities continued.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
1 2  . Singapore Infopedia. 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于2022年10月18號） （英语）. Raffles College was set up in 1928 at 469 Bukit Timah Road as a college for higher education in the arts and sciences. Its formation was the result of a scheme to commemorate the centenary of the founding of Singapore by Stamford Raffles (Sir). In 1949, Raffles College merged with King Edward VII College of Medicine to form the University of Malaya, which became known as the University of Singapore in 1962, and then the National University of Singapore (NUS) in 1980 after merging with Nanyang University.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  . 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于2022年10月2號） （英语）. Centenary Day took place on 6 February 1919 and marked Singapore's hundredth year as a colonial port-settlement. It was celebrated as a public holiday filled with official festivities and fanfare.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  . 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于2023年1月6號） （英语）. A tablet was placed at its plinth to recognise the role that Raffles had played in the founding of modern Singapore. The plaque reads: "1819–1919. This tablet to the memory of Sir Stamford Raffles, to whose foresight and genius Singapore owes its existence and prosperity, was unveiled on February 6th, 1919, the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Settlement."  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
1 2  . Memories of Two Cities. （原始内容存档于2022年7月4號） （英语）. Completed in 1869 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of Singapore, the bridge is named after William Orfeur Cavenagh, who was the last governor of the Straits Settlements (1859–1867) before Singapore became a crown colony.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  . Roots. 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于2022年12月7號） （英语）. Cavenagh Bridge is the oldest surviving suspension bridge across the Singapore River.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  . Singapore Infopedia. 新加坡國家圖書館管理局. （原始内容存档于2022年11月30號） （英语）. In August 2019, it was announced that Cavenagh Bridge, Elgin Bridge, and Anderson Bridge would be collectively gazetted as a National Monument.  请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
萊佛士爵士
農曆年慶祝燈飾（右側拱門上以中英雙語標示「紀念新加坡開埠200週年」）
夜晚的加文納橋