行星系
參考資料

↑  p. 394, The Universal Book of Astronomy, from the Andromeda Galaxy to the Zone of Avoidance, David J. Dsrling, Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2004. ISBN 0-471-26569-1.
↑  p. 314, Collins Dictionary of Astronomy, Valerie Illingworth, London: Collins, 2000. ISBN 0-00-710297-6.
↑  p. 382, Collins Dictionary of Astronomy.
↑  p. 420, A Dictionary of Astronomy, Ian Ridpath, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-860513-7.
↑   Schneider, J. "Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog". The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
↑  Dreyer (1953)[錨點失效], pp.135–48; Linton (2004), pp.38–9). The work of Aristarchus's in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived. We only know of it now from a brief passage in Archimedes's The Sand Reckoner.
↑  "Cosmos" in
 The New Encyclopædia Britannica (15th edition, Chicago, 1991) 16:787:2a. "For his advocacy of an infinity of suns and earths, he was burned at the stake in 1600."
↑  
Newton, Isaac; Cohen, I. Bernard; Whitman, Anne. . University of California Press. 1999: 940 [First published 1713]. ISBN 0-520-20217-1.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
↑  Podsiadlowski, Philipp. . In: Planets Around Pulsars; Proceedings of the Conference. 1993, 36: 149. Bibcode:1993ASPC...36..149P.
↑  The fate of fallback matter around newly born compact objects （页面存档备份，存于）, Rosalba Perna, Paul Duffell, Matteo Cantiello, Andrew MacFadyen, (Submitted on December 17, 2013)
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↑  Types and Attributes （页面存档备份，存于） at Astro Washington.com.
↑  Mishra, Lokesh; Alibert, Yann; Udry, Stéphane; Mordasini, Christoph. . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2023-02-01, 670: A68  [2024-05-08]. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:2301.02374 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243751 . （原始内容存档于2024-06-24） （英语）.
↑  Mishra, Lokesh; Alibert, Yann; Udry, Stéphane; Mordasini, Christoph. . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2023-02-01, 670: A69  [2024-05-08]. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:2301.02373 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244705 . （原始内容存档于2024-09-21） （英语）.
↑  Mishra, Lokesh; Alibert, Yann; Leleu, Adrien; Emsenhuber, Alexandre; Mordasini, Christoph; Burn, Remo; Udry, Stéphane; Benz, Willy. . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2021-12-01, 656: A74. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:2105.12745 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140761  （英语）.
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↑  Bonfils, Xavier; Forveille, Thierry; Delfosse, Xavier; Udry, Stéphane; Mayor, Michel; Perrier, Christian; Bouchy, François; Pepe, Francesco; Queloz, Didier; Bertaux, Jean-Loup. . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2005, 443 (3): L15–L18. Bibcode:2005A&A...443L..15B. S2CID 59569803. arXiv:astro-ph/0509211 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200500193.
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↑  di Folco, E.; Absil, O.; Augereau, J.-C.; Mérand, A.; Coudé du Foresto, V.; Thévenin, F.; Defrère, D.; Kervella, P.; ten Brummelaar, T. A.; McAlister, H. A.; Ridgway, S. T.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Turner, N. H. . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2007, 475 (1): 243–250. Bibcode:2007A&A...475..243D. S2CID 18317389. arXiv:0710.1731 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077625.
↑  Johnston, Robert. . August 2, 2014  [January 19, 2015]. （原始内容存档于June 9, 2019）.
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↑  . Space.com. January 7, 2013  [January 8, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-16）.
↑  .   [2024-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-06）.
↑   （页面存档备份，存于） – "Mamajek thinks his team could be either observing the late stages of planet formation if the transiting object is a star or brown dwarf, or possibly moon formation if the transiting object is a giant planet"
↑  Российские астрономы впервые открыли луну возле экзопланеты （页面存档备份，存于） (in Russian) – "Studying of a curve of change of shine of WASP-12b has brought to the Russian astronomers unusual result: regular splashes were found out.<...> Though stains on a star surface also can cause similar changes of shine, observable splashes are very similar on duration, a profile and amplitude that testifies for benefit of exomoon existence."
↑  Dvorak, R.; Pilat-Lohinger, E.; Bois, E.; Schwarz, R.; Funk, B.; Beichman, C.; Danchi, W.; Eiroa, C.; Fridlund, M.; Henning, T.; Herbst, T.; Kaltenegger, L.; Lammer, H.; Léger, A.; Liseau, R.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Paresce F, Penny, A.; Quirrenbach, A.; Röttgering, H.; Selsis, F.; Schneider, J.; Stam, D.; Tinetti, G.; White, G.; "Dynamical habitability of planetary systems", Institute for Astronomy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, January 2010
↑  Mills, Sean M.; Fabrycky, Daniel C. . The Astronomical Journal. 2017, 153 (1): 45. Bibcode:2017AJ....153...45M. S2CID 119295498. arXiv:1606.04485 . doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/45 .
↑  Deitrick, Russell; Barnes, Rory; McArthur, Barbara; Quinn, Thomas R.; Luger, Rodrigo; Antonsen, Adrienne; Fritz Benedict, G. . The Astrophysical Journal. 2014, 798: 46. S2CID 118409453. arXiv:1411.1059 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/798/1/46.
↑  . Nasa.gov. 2010-05-25  [2012-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-30）.
↑  Emspak, Jesse. . International Business Times. International Business Times Inc. March 2, 2011  [March 2, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-20）.
↑  Winn, Joshua N.; Fabrycky, Daniel C. . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2015, 53: 409–447. Bibcode:2015ARA&A..53..409W. S2CID 6867394. arXiv:1410.4199 . doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122246.
↑  Fabrycky, Daniel C. . 2010. arXiv:1006.3834  [astro-ph.EP].
↑  Migaszewski, Cezary; Goździewski, Krzysztof. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2009, 395 (4): 1777–1794. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.395.1777M. S2CID 14922361. arXiv:0812.2949 . doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14552.x.
↑  On the origin of planets at very wide orbits from the recapture of free-floating planets （页面存档备份，存于）, Hagai B. Perets, M. B. N. Kouwenhoven, 2012
↑  Amend, J. P.; Teske, A. . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2005, 219 (1–2): 131–155. Bibcode:2005PPP...219..131A. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.10.018.
↑  Further away planets 'can support life' say researchers （页面存档备份，存于）, BBC, January 7, 2014 Last updated at 12:40
↑  Sanders, R. . newscenter.berkeley.edu. November 4, 2013  [November 6, 2014]. （原始内容存档于November 7, 2014）.
↑  Petigura, E. A.; Howard, A. W.; Marcy, G. W. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013, 110 (48): 19273–19278. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11019273P. PMC 3845182 . PMID 24191033. arXiv:1311.6806 . doi:10.1073/pnas.1319909110 .
↑  .   [2024-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2024-06-20）.
↑  Kane, Stephen R.; Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar; Domagal-Goldman, Shawn D. . The Astrophysical Journal. 2014, 794 (1): L5. Bibcode:2014ApJ...794L...5K. S2CID 119178082. arXiv:1409.2886 . doi:10.1088/2041-8205/794/1/L5.
↑  SAG 11: Preparing for the WFIRST Microlensing Survey 的存檔，存档日期February 22, 2014，., Jennifer Yee
↑  Toward a New Era in Planetary Microlensing 的存檔，存档日期November 3, 2014，., Andy Gould, September 21, 2010
↑  MOA-2011-BLG-293Lb: First Microlensing Planet possibly in the Habitable Zone （页面存档备份，存于）, V. Batista, J.-P. Beaulieu, A. Gould, D.P. Bennett, J.C Yee, A. Fukui, B.S. Gaudi, T. Sumi, A. Udalski, (Submitted on October 14, 2013 (v1), last revised October 30, 2013 (this version, v3))
↑  Charles H. Lineweaver. . Icarus. 2000, 151 (2): 307–313. Bibcode:2001Icar..151..307L. S2CID 14077895. arXiv:astro-ph/0012399 . doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6607.
↑  T. S. van Albada; Norman Baker. . Astrophysical Journal. 1973, 185: 477–498. Bibcode:1973ApJ...185..477V. doi:10.1086/152434 .
↑  Stellar activity mimics a habitable-zone planet around Kapteyn's star （页面存档备份，存于）, Paul Robertson (1 and 2), Arpita Roy (1 and 2 and 3), Suvrath Mahadevan (1 and 2 and 3) ((1) Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Penn State University, (2) Center for Exoplanets & Habitable Worlds, Penn State University, (3) The Penn State Astrobiology Research Center), (Submitted on May 11, 2015 (v1), last revised June 1, 2015 (this version, v2))
↑  Two planets around Kapteyn's star : a cold and a temperate super-Earth orbiting the nearest halo red-dwarf （页面存档备份，存于）, Guillem Anglada-Escudé, Pamela Arriagada, Mikko Tuomi, Mathias Zechmeister, James S. Jenkins, Aviv Ofir, Stefan Dreizler, Enrico Gerlach, Chris J. Marvin, Ansgar Reiners, Sandra V. Jeffers, R. Paul Butler, Steven S. Vogt, Pedro J. Amado, Cristina Rodríguez-López, Zaira M. Berdiñas, Julian Morin, Jeff D. Crane, Stephen A. Shectman, Ian B. Thompson, Mateo Díaz, Eugenio Rivera, Luis F. Sarmiento, Hugh R.A. Jones, (Submitted on June 3, 2014)
↑  Habitable Zones in the Universe （页面存档备份，存于）, G. Gonzalez, (Submitted on March 14, 2005 (v1), last revised March 21, 2005 (this version, v2))
↑  John, D, (2006), Astronomy, ISBN 1-4054-6314-7, p. 224-225
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↑  Whitney Clavin. . 2005-04-20  [2007-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-11）.
↑  Christophe Lovis; Michel Mayor. . 2006-05-18  [2007-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2008-08-28）.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
↑  Robert Roy Britt. . 2004-09-10  [2007-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-04）.
↑  . 2005-11-29  [2007-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-11）.
|  论 编恆星系統 |
| --- | --- |
有邊界的:  星系  矮星系  星团 球狀星團  疏散星团  聯星  多星系統  行星系 
無邊界的: 星流 · 星协 · 移動星群 · 速逃星
目視集團: 雙星 · 聚星 · 星座 · 恆星雲 · 星群
  分类 
|  论 编恒星 |
| --- | --- |
演化:  恆星形成  主序前星  主序星  水平分支 (紅群聚)  紅巨星分支  漸近巨星分支  藍迴圈  上翻  不穩定帶  PG 1159星  蒭藁變星  行星状星云  原行星雲  亮紅新星  高光度藍變星  沃爾夫-拉葉星  假超新星  超新星  極超新星  赫羅圖  双色图 
原恆星:  分子雲 电离氢区  包克雲球  初期恆星體  赫比格-哈羅天體  林忠四郎軌跡  林忠四郎極限  亨耶跡  獵戶型變星 金牛T星  獵戶FU型變星  赫比格Ae/Be星 
光度分类:  次矮星  主序星 藍  橙  紅  棕  黃  次巨星  巨星 紅  蓝  亮巨星  超巨星 藍  紅  黃  特超巨星 黃  藍掉隊星 
光谱分类:  O  B  A  F  G  K  M  Be  OB  B型次矮星  晚期型星  特殊恆星 金屬線星  Ap和Bp星 快速振盪Ap星  鋇星  碳星  CN星  CH星  極端氦星  牧夫λ  鉛星  汞錳星  S型星  殼層星  鍀星 
残骸:  白矮星 氦行星  黑矮星  中子星 脉冲星 X射线  磁星  恆星黑洞  致密星  X射线联星 X射線爆發源 
纯理论恒星:  藍矮星  綠色星  黑矮星  奇特星 先子星  普朗克恒星（英语：）  夸克星  暗物质星  Q星  冰冻恒星（法语：）  类星  索恩-祖特闊夫天體  鐵星 
核合成:  氦核作用  3氦過程  質子—質子鏈反應  氦閃  碳氮氧循環  鋰燃燒  碳燃烧  氖燃烧  氧燃烧  硅燃烧  s過程  r過程  核融合體  新星 新星遗迹 
结构:  核心  对流层 微湍流（英语：）  大气层 輻射層  光球层  色球层  星斑  冕  星风 星風泡  星震學  爱丁顿光度  开尔文-亥姆霍兹机制 
特徵:  命名  动力学  有效溫度  运动学  磁场  视星等  絕對星等  质量  金屬量  自转  UBV色  變星 
恆星系統:  雙星 密接聯星  共有包層  聚星  吸积盘  行星系  太阳系 
地球视角:  北极星  拱極星  星等  消光  双色图  视向速度  自行  视差  测光标准星 
恒星列表:  普通星名表（英语：） 阿拉伯星名表（英语：）  中西星名對照表  星座恒星  巨大质量恒星  最小质量恒星  巨大恒星  恒星光度  恒星亮度  临近恒星  棕矮星  行星状星云  超新星  超新星候选  变星  以人名命名的恆星  恆星天文學年表 
相关条目:  亚恒星 棕矮星  次棕矮星  恆行星  後漸近巨星支星  星团 疏散星团  球狀星團  星系  銀河年  超星系團  日震學  客星  星座  星群  引力  星系際恆星  紅外暗雲 
 恒星分类   共享资源  恒星主题页  天文学主题页   恒星专题 
|   |
| --- | --- |
各地:  德国  以色列  美国 
学术:  AAT 
哥白尼手稿中的太陽系日心模型。
電離原行星盤的動力學說明
用甚大望遠鏡觀測到的原行星盤。
摩根-肯那光譜分類。
使用改進的成像過程，在HST的年輕恆星檔案影像中探測到「HD 141943」和「HD 191089」的岩屑盤（2014年4月24日）
不同類型恒星周圍適居帶的位置。
截至2014年7月，90%已知距離的行星距離地球約2,000光年。