奥斯曼一世
參考文獻

1 2 3  Kermeli, Eugenia. . Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters  (编). . 2009: 444. Reliable information regarding Osman is scarce. His birth date is unknown and his symbolic significance as the father of the dynasty has encouraged the development of mythic tales regarding the ruler’s life and origins, however, historians agree that before 1300, Osman was simply one among a number of Turkoman tribal leaders operating in the Sakarya region.
1 2  Kafadar, Cemal. . 1995: 16. By the time of Osman's death (1323 or 1324)...
↑  Heath W. Lowry. . Albany: SUNY Press. 2003: 153  [2018-11-09]. ISBN 978-0-7914-8726-6. （原始内容存档于2020-09-23）.
↑  The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1999, Donald Quataert, page 4, 2005
↑  Kafadar, Cemal. . 1995: xii. There is still not one authentic written document known from the time of ʿOsmān, and there are not many from the fourteenth century altogether.
↑  Kafadar, Cemal. . 1995: 93.
↑  Finkel, Caroline. . Basic Books. 2005: 6. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7. Modern historians attempt to sift historical fact from the myths contained in the later stories in which the Ottoman chroniclers accounted for the origins of the dynasty
↑  Imber, Colin. Elizabeth Zachariadou , 编. . Rethymnon: Crete University Press. 1991: 75. Almost all the traditional tales about Osman Gazi are fictitious. The best thing a modern historian can do is to admit frankly that the earliest history of the Ottomans is a black hole. Any attempt to fill this hole will result simply in more fables.
1 2 Kafadar, Cemal. . 1995: 122. That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it.
Lowry, Heath. . SUNY Press. 2003: 78. ISBN 0-7914-5636-6. Based on these charters, all of which were drawn up between 1324 and 1360 (almost one hundred fifty years prior to the emergence of the Ottoman dynastic myth identifying them as members of the Kayı branch of the Oguz federation of Turkish tribes), we may posit that...
Lindner, Rudi Paul. . Indiana University Press. 1983: 10. In fact, no matter how one were to try, the sources simply do not allow the recovery of a family tree linking the antecedents of Osman to the Kayı of the Oğuz tribe.
↑  Kafadar, Cemal. . 1995: 124.
↑  Finkel, Caroline. . Basic Books. 2005: 12. Beyond the likelihood that the first Ottoman sultan was a historical figure, a Turcoman Muslim marcher-lord of the Byzantine frontier in north-west Anatolia whose father may have been called Ertuğrul, there is little other biographical information about Osman.
↑  Murphey, Rhoads. . London: Continuum. 2008: 24. ISBN 978-1-84725-220-3.
1 2 3  Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), vol. 1 ISBN 9780521291637, p. 13
↑  Fleet, Kate. . Fierro, Maribel  (编). . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2010: 313. ISBN 978-0-521-83957-0. The origins of the Ottomans are obscure. According to legend, largely invented later as part of the process of legitimising Ottoman rule and providing the Ottomans with a suitably august past, it was the Saljuq ruler ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn who bestowed rule on the Ottomans.
↑ Imber, Colin. 2. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009: 8.
Kafadar, Cemal. . 1995: 129. Of [military undertakings] we know nothing with certainty until the Battle of Bapheus, Osman's triumphant confrontation with a Byzantine force in 1301 (or 1302), which is the first datable incident in his life.
1 2  Shaw, Ottoman Empire, p. 14
↑ Kermeli, Eugenia. . Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (编). . 2009: 445. Apart from these chronicles, there are later sources that begin to establish Osman as a mythic figure. From the 16th century onward a number of dynastic myths are used by Ottoman and Western authors, endowing the founder of the dynasty with more exalted origins. Among these is recounted the famous “dream of Osman” which is supposed to have taken place while he was a guest in the house of a sheikh, Edebali. [...] This highly symbolic narrative should be understood, however, as an example of eschatological mythology required by the subsequent success of the Ottoman emirate to surround the founder of the dynasty with supernatural vision, providential success, and an illustrious genealogy.
Imber, Colin. . Turcica. 1987, 19: 7–27. The attraction of Aşıkpasazade's story was not only that it furnished an episode proving that God had bestowed rulership on the Ottomans, but also that it provided, side by side with the physical descent from Oguz Khan, a spiritual descent. [...] Hence the physical union of Osman with a saint's daughter gave the dynasty a spiritual legitimacy and became, after the 1480s, an integral feature of dynastic mythology.
↑  Finkel, Caroline. . Basic Books. 2005: 2. , citing Lindner, Rudi P. . Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1983: 37. ISBN 0-933070-12-8.
↑  Finkel, Caroline. . Basic Books. 2006: 2. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7. First communicated in this form in the later fifteenth century, a century and a half after Osman's death in about 1323, this dream became one of the most resilient founding myths of the empire.
↑  Kafadar, Cemal. . 1995: 132–3.
1 2  Steven Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople 1453 (Cambridge: University Press, 1969) p. 32
↑  Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople, p. 33
↑  Frederick William Hasluck, [First published 1929], "XLVI. The Girding of the Sultan", in Margaret Hasluck, Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans II, pp. 604–622. ISBN 978-1-4067-5887-0
↑  Frank R. C. Bagley, The Last Great Muslim Empires (Leiden: Brill, 1969), p. 2 ISBN 978-90-04-02104-4
↑   (PDF). The New York Times. 1876-09-18: 2  [2009-04-19]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-04）.
↑  
Kafadar, Cemal. . 1995: 10, 37.
↑ Kafadar, Cemal. . 1995: 105.
Finkel, Caroline. . Basic Books. 2006: 6. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7. Modern historians attempt to sift historical fact from the myths contained in the later stories in which the Ottoman chroniclers accounted for the origins of the dynasty
↑  Kafadar, Cemal. . 1995: 105.
↑  Kafadar, Cemal. . 1995: 107–8.
↑  Duducu, Jem. . Amberley Publishing. 2018-01-15  [2018-11-09]. ISBN 9781445668611. （原始内容存档于2019-09-13） （英语）.
↑  Lowry, Heath. . SUNY Press. 2003: 153.
1 2 3 4 5  Lowry, Heath. . SUNY Press. 2003: 73.
1 2 3 4  .   [2018-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.