晚期罗马军队
引用

1 2 3  Jones (1964) 609
↑  Treadgold 43-60
↑  Elton (1994) 106–107
↑  Lee (1997) 212
↑  Elton (1996) 110–5
↑  Mattingly (2006) 247–8
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 50, 78
1 2 3 4  Holder (2003) 120
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 56–8
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 80
1 2  Holder (2003) 145
1 2  Goldsworthy (2003) 58
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 60, 66
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 60
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 64–5
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 65–6
1 2  Tomlin (1988) 109
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 123, 209
↑  The Roman Law Library Constitutio Antoniniana de Civitate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Goldsworthy (2003) 205
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 164–65
↑  Holder (1982) 65
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 164
1 2 3  Tomlin (1988) 108
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 164–5
↑  Tomlin (1988) 107
1 2 3 4 5  Goldsworthy (2000) 170
1 2  Zosimus II.43
1 2  Jones (1964) 97
↑  Mattingly (2006) 244
↑  Holder (2003) 133
↑  Mattingly (2006) 223
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 219
1 2 3  Jones (1964) 620
↑  卡西乌斯·狄奥 LXXI.16
1 2  Holder (1980) 109–24
↑  Jones (1964)25
↑  Zosimus I.24
↑  D. Ch. Stathakopoulos Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire (2007) 95
↑  Zosimus I.16
↑  Zosimus I.20
↑  J. Kent The Monetary System in Wacher (1988) 576–7.
↑  Duncan-Jones (1990) 115
↑  Tomlin (1988) 110
↑  Jones (1964) 32
↑  Jones (1964) 29
1 2 3 4  Jones (1964) 615
↑  Elton (1996) 148–52
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 165
↑  Zosimus I.22
↑  Zosimus I.23
1 2  Jones (1964)
1 2  Victor 39.43
↑  Eutropius IX.15
↑  Hist. Aug. Probus 18
↑  Eutropius IX.25
↑  Zosimus II.40
↑  Lee (1997) 221 (note 58)
↑  Luttwak (1977) 177
↑  Luttwak (1976) 177
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 166
1 2 3 4 5  Jones (1964) 608
↑  Notitia Occidens Title XXXIV
↑  Jones (1964) 50
↑  Jones (1964) 17
1 2  Tomlin (1988) 111
1 2  Jones (1964) 681
↑  Heather (2005)
↑  Jones (1964) 61–2
↑  Jones (1964) 68
↑  Jones (1964) 55–6
1 2 3  Jones (1964) 100
1 2 3  Jones (1964) 613
1 2  Elton (1996) 120
↑  Jones (1964) 100-1, 606, 627
1 2 3  Mattingly (2006) 239
↑  Jones (1964) 58
↑  Zosimus II.54–5 (Translation in Jones (1964) 52)
↑  Jones (1964) 52
↑  Luttwak (1976) 179
1 2  Jones (1964) 125
1 2  Elton (1996) 201
↑  Lee (1997) 216
↑  Treadgold (1995) 45
↑  Elton (1996) 94–5
↑  Agathias（英语：） History V.13.7–8; Jones (1964) 680
↑  Jones (1964) 683
↑  Duncan-Jones (1990) 105–17
1 2  Jones (1964) 681–2
↑  Duncan-Jones (1990) 117
↑  Treadgold (1995) 44-45
↑  Treadgold (1995) 49-59
↑  Treadgold (1995) 59
↑  Heather (1995)
↑  Thompson (1982) 446
↑  Cameron (1969) 247
↑  Zosimus III
1 2 3  Elton (1996) 89
↑  Heather (1995) 63
↑  Coello (1996) 51
↑  MacMullen (1979) 454
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 144–5
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 124–5 (map)（25支罗马军团 每支军团定员5000人）
↑  Holder (2003) 120（28支罗马军团 每支军团定员5500人：自一世纪末开始，军团中的第一大队的定员翻倍，是其他大队定员数的两倍）
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 152–3 (map)（33支罗马军团 每支军团定员5500人）
↑  Tacitus Annales IV.5
↑  Assuming that auxilia would be expanded by the same amount as legions. J. C. Spaul ALA (1996) 257–60 and COHORS 2 (2000) 523–7 identify 4 alae and 20–30 cohortes raised in the late 2nd/early 3rd centuries
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 58：9支大队，每支定员480人，此外在加上日耳曼人贴身保镖
1 2  Rankov (1994) 8
↑  Implied by Tacitus Annales IV.5
↑  Hassall (2000) 320
↑  MacMullen How Big was the Roman Army? in KLIO (1979) 454 estimates 438,000
↑  On assumption Diocletian increased numbers by 33% (Heather 1995)
↑  Treadgold (1995) 44
↑  John Lydus De Mensibus I.47
↑  Treadgold (1995) 53,55
↑  Treadgold (1995) 53, 55
↑  Applying mid-point unit size estimates to Notitia units
↑  Treadgold (1995) 55
↑  Lee (1997) 215–6
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 171
↑  Elton (1996) 214–5
↑  Notitia Oriens Title I: List of duces
1 2 3 4 5  Jones (1964) 610
1 2  Notitia Oriens Title I
↑  Ammianus XVIII.7.3
↑  Jones (1964) 609 (note 4)
↑  Heather（2005) 246
↑  Heather (2007) 247
↑  Jones (1964) 609–10
↑  Notitia Occidens Title V
↑  Notitia Dignitatum Titles IX and XI
↑  Mattingly (2006) 245
↑  Jones (1964) 631
↑  Lee 2007, p. 175.
↑  Southern & Dixon, 1996, pp. 169-170, 171-174.
↑  Jones (1964) 631–2
1 2  Elton (1996) 208
↑  Lee (1997) 214
1 2  Tomlin (1988) 113
↑  Data from: Duncan-Jones (1990) 105–17; Elton (1996) 89; Goldsworthy (2003) 206; Mattingly (2006) 239
1 2 3  Goldsworthy (2003) 206
↑  Jones (1964) 684
1 2 3  Elton (1996) 99
↑  Duncan-Jones (1990) 105–70
↑  Woods (1996) 368–9
↑  Barlow & Brennan (2001) 240–1
↑  The Notitia Dignitatum.
↑  Elton (1996) 106
↑  Luttwak (1976) 173
↑  Jones (1964) 649–51
↑  Lee (1997) 234
1 2  Goldsworthy (2000) 172
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 203
↑  Tomlin (1988) 112
↑  Elton (1996) 206
↑  http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/stj/ （页面存档备份，存于） Retrieved 7 February 2008
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 139
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 213
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 138
1 2 3 4  Goldsworthy (2000) 169
↑  Elton (1996), p. 106
↑  Notitia Oriens.V
↑  e.g. Notitia Oriens.XXXI
↑  Elton (1996) 105
↑  Rance (2014) 475-6
↑  Elton (1996) 104
↑  .   [2021-02-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）.
↑  Southern and Dixon (1996), p. 72
1 2  Jones (1964) 611
↑  Rossi (1971) 104
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 204
↑  Jones (1964) 611–2
↑  Elton (1996) 92
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 77
↑  Mattingly (2006) 356
↑  Jones (1964) 614
↑  Elton (1996) 134
↑  Roman Diplomas Online Introduction
↑  Jones (1964) 614, 616
↑  Milner, N. P. . Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press. 1993: 6. ISBN 0853232288.
↑  Codex Theodosianus for December 398 (Cod. Theod. X 22,4)
↑  Jones (1964) 617
1 2 3 4 5  Goldsworthy (2003) 208
↑  Lee (1997) 221–2
↑  Vindolanda Tablets（英语：） 166–77
↑  Jones (1964) 633
↑  Elton (1996) 154
↑  Heather (2005) 119
↑  Roman Military Diplomas Vols IV and V: Personnel tables
↑  Tacitus, Germania 28; Dio Cassius, LXXI.11
↑  Lee (1997) 222–3
↑  http://www.roman-britain.org （页面存档备份，存于） Table of auxiliary regiments
↑  Zosimus books IV, V
↑  Elton (1996) 144–5
↑  Elton (1996) 148–9
↑  Elton (1996) 136
↑  Jones (1964) 619
↑  Jones (1964) 619–20
↑  Elton (1996) 121–2
↑  Jones (1964) 623
↑  Elton (1996) 120–1
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 94
↑  Jones (1964) 31
↑  Duncan-Jones (1990) 35
↑  Jones (1964) 647
↑  Jones (1964) 626, 647
↑  Jones (1964) 634
1 2  Goldsworthy (2003) 202
↑  Based on: Jones (1964) 634; Goldsworthy (1995) 202; Holder (1980) 90–6
↑  Jones (1964) 640, 643
↑  The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century 的黎波里塔尼亚都督的薪资为1,582苏勒德斯
↑  Treadgold (1995) 152 地区野战军元帅的年俸推测为160磅金，薪金为11520苏勒德斯
↑  Treadgold (1995) 107 中央常备军对应的奥普希金军区，在被拆分之后，成为了以下数个组成部分：1，禁军战团的部分，囊括了Scholai,Excubitoi和Vigla(骑兵)及Noumeroi和Teichistai(步兵),；军区部分，囊括了拆分后的奥普希金，布刻拉里亚，奥普提玛顿和色雷斯,其各单位指挥官的薪金总和为196磅金，对应4-6世纪时期的784磅金，因东部常备军司令有两位，故平均为392磅金，约400磅金，其薪金约为28800苏勒德斯。
↑  Jones (1964) 636
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 118
↑  Jones (1964) 636–40
↑  Jones (1964) 640
↑  Elton (1996) 101
↑  Jones (1964) 642
↑  Jones (1964) 640–1
↑  Jones (1964) 526
↑  Jones (1964) 105
1 2 3  Jones (1964) 641
↑  Elton (1996) 91
↑  Notitia Occidens Title
↑  Tomlin (1988) 115
↑  Jones (1964) 639
↑  Elton (1996) 107
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 120, 127
↑  Mosaic from Piazza Armerina
↑  Sumner and D'Amato, 7–9
↑  Sumner and D'Amato, 37
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 129
↑  Milner NP. Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science, second edition, Liverpool University Press, 1996. pp. xxxvii ff
↑  Rosenbaum, S; "Who was Vegetius?" published on Academia.edu 2015 https://www.academia.edu/5496690/Who_was_Vegetius （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Seeck O.（英语：） Die Zeit des Vegetius. Hermes 1876 vol.11 pp. 61–83. As quoted in Milner NP. Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science, second edition, Liverpool University Press, 1996. pp. xxxvii ff
↑  De Re Militari. Flavius Vegetius Renatus. Translated by Lieutenant John Clarke 1767. Etext version by Mads Brevik (2001) http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~madsb/home/war/vegetius/dere03.php （页面存档备份，存于）
1 2  Elton (1996) 110
1 2  Elton (1996) 111
↑  Notitia Oriens.XI
↑  Elton (1996) 112
↑  Bishop and Coulston (2006) 208
↑  Coulston (1990) 142-143
↑  Ammianus, XVI 10
↑  Symonds, Matthew. . Roman Military Architecture on the Frontiers: Armies and Their Architecturue in Late Antiquity. 2015: 56.
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 137
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 126
↑  Southern and Dixon, pp. 94-95
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 123, 126
↑  Southern and Dixon, pp. 92-94
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 123, 205
↑  Southern & Dixon (1996) 92–93
↑  Bishop & Coulston (2006) 210–213
↑  Bishop & Coulston (2006) 214–5.
↑  Codex Theodosianus 10.22.I (11 March, 374)
↑  Elton (1996) 115
↑  The Strategikon book 1, sections 2 and 8, book 3, section 1, book 12B, section 5. Although this covers a later period, going by George Dennis's translation, most horse archers did not carry shields, and the foot archers carried small shields.
↑  Bishop & Coulston (2006) 217
↑  Bishop & Coulston (2006) 202
↑  Bishop & Coulston (2006) 205
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 167; (2003) 205; Dennis, "Maurice's Strategikon," 139.
1 2 3  Goldsworthy (2000) 168
↑  Elton (1996) 108
↑  Jonathan Roth, The Logistics of the Roman Army at War (264 BC - AD 235), although covering an earlier period, discusses the same constraint on pp. 137 and 139.
↑  Ammianus, book 17, chapter 8.
↑  Elton (1996) 236
↑  Elton (1996) 237
↑  Jones (1964) 831
↑  Jones (1964) 843, 868
1 2  Jones (1964) 842
↑  http://www.2.rgzm.de 的存檔，存档日期2013-08-13. Merchant Vessels and Maritime Commerce in Roman Times
↑  Jones (1964) 843
↑  Jones (1964) 844
↑  Notitia Oriens Titles XXXIX to XLII and Occidens Titles XXXII to XXXIV
↑  Jones (1964) 834
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 88, 149
↑  Elton (1996) 116
↑  Notitia Titles Oriens XI, Occidens IX
↑  Elton (1996) 161–71
↑  Luttwak (1976) 134–5
↑  Tacitus Historiae IV.22, 23, 29, 30, 60
↑  Elton (1996) 161
↑  Elton (1996) 163
↑  Elton (1996) 162–3
↑  Elton (1996) 164
↑  Elton (1996) 165–7
↑  Elton (1996) 167
↑  Isaac (1992) 198
↑  Luttwak (1976) 132–4
↑  Mann (1979) 175–83
↑  Luttwak (1976) Fig.3.3
↑  Luttwak (1976) 136
↑  Luttwak (1976) 132
↑  J. C. Mann in Journal of Roman Studies 69 (1979)
↑  F. Miller in Britannia 13 (1982)
↑  Isaac (1992) 372–418
↑  Isaac (1992) 378, 383, 401–6
↑  Isaac (1992) 387–93
↑  Mann (1979) 180–1
↑  Mann (1979) 180
↑  C. Scarre Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome (1995) 87 (map)
↑  Elton (1996) 157, 159 (Fig 13)
↑  Luttwak (1976) 190
↑  Elton (1996) 215
↑  Mann (1979) 181
↑  Elton (1996) 209
↑  Scarre Atlas 87
↑  Ammianus XVI.11
↑  Ammianus XXVII.10, XXVIII.2, XXIX.4, XXX.5,6
↑  Elton (1996) 105–6
↑  Hassall (2000) 336
↑  Tomlin (1998) 117–8
↑  Ammianus XVI.12
↑  Ammianus XXXI
↑  Ammianus XIX.1–8
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 176–7
↑  Ammianus XXXI.13
↑  Elton (1996) 243–63
1 2  Goldsworthy (2000) 182
↑  Elton (1996) 216
↑  Elton (1996) 218
↑  Elton (1996) 216, 218–9
↑  Arrian Acies contra Alanos
↑  Elton (1996) 251–2
↑  Webster G. (1998), p. 129
↑  Goldsworthy (2000) 137
↑  Elton (1996) 109
↑  Ammianus XVI.12 (para. 44)
↑  Lendon (2005) 261–268
↑  Goldsworthy (2000)
↑  Lee (1997) 233
↑  Elton (1996) 148
↑  Notitia Dignitatum passim
↑  Jones (1964) 622
↑  Jones (1964) 621–2
↑  Elton (1996) 138
↑  Elton (1996) 151
↑  Jones (1964) 621
↑  Elton (1996) 152
↑  Lee (1997) 223–4
↑  Goldsworthy (2003) 209
↑  Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of the West: The Slow Death of the Roman Superpower, Great Britain, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, paperback edition by Orion Books Ltd, London, 2010. Published in the U.S.A. as How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower.