反法西斯主义运动 (美国)
参考资料

↑  Liberman, Mark. . Language Log. 2017-08-20  [2020-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-23）.
↑  . 美国之音. 2020-06-17  [2020-11-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-03）.
↑  LaFree, Gary. . Society. 2018, 55 (3): 248–252. ISSN 1936-4725. doi:10.1007/s12115-018-0246-x. In general, antifa falls on the less structured side of this continuum. It is not a highly organized entity. It has not persisted over time. There is little evidence of a chain of command or a stable leadership structure. To this point in time antifa seems to be more of a movement than a group.
1 2 3 4  Klein, Adam. . International Journal of Communication. 2019, 13: 22  [2020-11-19]. ISSN 1932-8036. （原始内容存档于2020-06-12）. This present climate of partisan tribalism has given rise to new actors and factions representing the far ends of the political spectrum. [...] On the far left, Antifa represents a fast-growing crusade designed to confront all forms of fascism, principally the aforementioned groups but also, at times, law enforcement. Antifa has no single spokesperson but rather presents its movement as a collective of nameless vigilantes, typically outfitted in concealing masks and black combat gear, ready for battle.
1 2 3 4  Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas. . The New York Times. 2019-07-02  [2019-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-24）.
↑  Gordon, Tim. . KGW. NBC. 2020-10-01  [2020-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-02）.
1 2 3  Beauchamp, Zack. . Vox. 2020-08-06  [2020-06-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）.
1 2 3 4  Sacco, Lisa N. . Congressional Research Service. 2020-06-09  [2020-09-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-15）.
↑ 安提法目標：
Clarke, Colin; Kenney, Michael. . War on the Rocks. 2020-06-23  [2020-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-24）. [...] Antifa, a highly decentralized movement of anti-racists who seek to combat neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and far-right extremists whom Antifa's followers consider 'fascist' [...].
Ellis, Emma Grey. . Wired. 2017-02-04  [2017-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-12）.
. Anti-Defamation League. 2017  [2019-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-01）.
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↑ 意識形態（學術來源）： 意識形態 （新聞）：
Bray, Mark. . . London: Melville House. 2017. ISBN 978-1-61219-703-6. In the United States, most [antifa groups] have been anarchist or antiauthoritarian since the emergence of modern antifa under the name Anti-Racist Action (ARA) in the late eighties.
Cammeron, Brenna. . BBC News. 2017-08-14  [2017-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-21）. Antifa is anti-government and anti-capitalist, and their methodologies are often perceived as more closely aligned with anarchists than the mainstream left.
Fuller, Thomas; Feuer, Alan; Kovaleski, Serge F. . The New York Times. 2017-08-17  [2017-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-06）. [...] the diverse collection of anarchists, communists and socialists has found common cause in opposing right-wing extremists and white supremacists.
Illing, Sean. . Vox. 2017-08-25  [2017-08-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-28）. For the most part, these are pan-leftist groups composed of leftists of different stripes. They all seem to have different views of what they think the ideal social order looks like. Some of them are Marxists, some are Leninists, some are social democrats or anarchists.
Lozada, Carlos. . The Washington Post. 2017-09-01  [2017-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-01）. And its politics are not just negatory — they also aim to adapt "preexisting socialist, anarchist, and communist currents to a sudden need to react to the fascist menace.
Beinart, Peter. . The Atalntic. 2017-09-06  [2017-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-13）. Trump's rise has also bred a new sympathy for antifa among some on the mainstream left. 'Suddenly,' noted the antifa-aligned journal It's Going Down, 'anarchists and antifa, who have been demonized and sidelined by the wider Left have been hearing from liberals and Leftists, 'you've been right all along.' An article in The Nation argued that 'to call Trumpism fascist' is to realize that it is 'not well combated or contained by standard liberal appeals to reason.' The radical left, it said, offers 'practical and serious responses in this political moment.
. Al Jazeera. 2020-06-01  [2020-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-02）. Anti-fascists of the movement tend to be grouped on the leftward fringes of the US political spectrum, many describing themselves as socialists, anarchists, communists or anti-capitalists.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10  Beinart, Peter. . The Atalntic. 2017-09-06  [2017-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-13）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Illing, Sean. . Vox. 2017-08-25  [2017-08-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-28）.
↑  Bray, Mark. . New York: Melville House. 2017: 54  [2022-08-20]. ISBN 978-1-61219-703-6. （原始内容存档于2021-03-07）.
1 2 3  Bray, Mark. . . London: Melville House. 2017. ISBN 978-1-61219-703-6. In the United States, most [antifa groups] have been anarchist or antiauthoritarian since the emergence of modern antifa under the name Anti-Racist Action (ARA) in the late eighties.
↑  . NBC News.   [2021-05-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-15）.
↑ Criticism:
Beinart, Peter. . The Atlantic. 2017-08-16  [2020-10-23]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-21）. As I argued in my essay, some of their tactics are genuinely troubling. They're troubling tactically because conservatives use antifa's violence to justify—or at least distract from—the violence of white supremacists, as Trump did in his press conference. They're troubling strategically because they allow white supremacists to depict themselves as victims being denied the right to freely assemble. And they're troubling morally because antifa activists really do infringe upon that right.
Friedersdorf, Conor. . The Atlantic. 2017-08-31  [2020-10-23]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-12）. Antifa is more complicated. Some of its members employ the objectionable means of initiating extralegal street violence; but its stated end of resisting fascism is laudable, while its actual end is contested. Is it really just about resisting fascists or does it have a greater, less defensible agenda? Many debates about Antifa that play out on social media would prove less divisive if the parties understood themselves to be agreeing that opposing fascism is laudable while disagreeing about Antifa's means, or whether its end is really that limited.
Oppenheim, Maya. . The Independent. 2017-08-22  [2017-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-25）.
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1 2  Bray, Mark; Sycamore, Mattilda Bernstein. . Los Angeles Review of Books. 2017-12-11  [2020-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-18）.
↑  Kivland, Chelsey (2017). "A Defense of the Charlottesville Counter‐Protesters" （页面存档备份，存于）. Anthropology News. 58 (5): 94–99.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Beckett, Lois. . The Guardian. 2020-07-27  [2020-07-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）.
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↑  Feldman, Brian. . New York. 2017-08-21  [2019-08-14]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-14）.
1 2  Glaun, Dan. . The Republican. 2017-09-14  [2019-08-14]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-14）.
1 2 3  Feuer, Alan; Goldman, Adam; MacFarquhar, Neil. . The New York Times. 2020-06-11  [2020-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-13）. Despite claims by President Trump and Attorney General William P. Barr, there is scant evidence that loosely organized anti-fascists are a significant player in protests. [...] A review of the arrests of dozens of people on federal charges reveals no known effort by antifa to perpetrate a coordinated campaign of violence. Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group.
↑  Peiser, Jaclyn. . The Washington Post. 2020-08-10  [2020-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-10）.
1 2  Haberman, Maggie; Savage, Charlie. . The New York Times. 2020-05-31  [2020-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-02）.
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1 2 3 4 5  . Anti-Defamation League. 2017  [2019-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-01）.
↑  Friedersdorf, Conor. . The Atlantic. 2017-08-31  [2020-10-23]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-12）.
↑  Cammeron, Brenna. . BBC News. 2017-08-14  [2017-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-21）. Antifa is anti-government and anti-capitalist, and their methodologies are often perceived as more closely aligned with anarchists than the mainstream left.
1 2  . The Economist. 2017-07-29  [2017-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-17）.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Cammeron, Brenna. . BBC News. 2017-08-14  [2017-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-21）.
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↑  Perliger, Lauren R.; Shapiro, Arie. . Maras, Marie-Helen; Sweeney, Matthew M.  (编). . New York: Springer International Publishing: 1–9. 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-69891-5. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_250-1. [...] Antifa, a far-left anti-fascist movement. [...] The American Far Left includes 'groups or individuals that embrace anticapitalist, Communist, or Socialist doctrines and [seek] to bring about change through violent revolution' (Department of Homeland Security 2009, p. 6).
↑  Alizadeh, Meysam; Weber, Ingmar; Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio; Fortunato, Santo; Macy, Michael. . EPJ Data Science. 2019, 8 (1): 17. ISSN 2193-1127. doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-019-0193-9. [...] during 2016 and 2017, far-left movements in the U.S. such as Antifa were actively engaging in violent actions attacking alt-right demonstrators [...]. While the antifascist movements seemed to be disappeared with the end of WWII, they are on rise in the United States and Europe, in part due to the growth of neo-Nazism (LaFree, Arlow).
↑  Xu, Weiai Wayne. . International Journal of Communication (Los Angeles: USC Annenberg Press). 2020, 14: 22  [2020-11-19]. ISSN 1932-8036. （原始内容存档于2020-06-12）.
1 2  Savage, Charlie. . The New York Times. 2017-08-16  [2017-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-16）.
↑  Miller, Michael E. . The Washington Post. 2017-09-14  [2017-10-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-14）. It was a call to arms for militant anti-fascists, or 'antifa' – and Hines was heeding it.
↑  Campos, Robert; Carroll, Jeremy; Guyen, Vicky; Jaworski, Jonathan; Jewett, Chris; Rutanashoodech, Tony. . KNTV. 2017-09-27  [2017-10-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-14）. NBC Bay Area sat down with several militant Antifa protesters [...].
↑  Vysotsky, Stanislav. . London: Routledge. 2020. ISBN 978-0-429-26517-4. doi:10.4324/9780429265174. Since the election of President Trump and the rise in racism and white supremacist activity, the militant anti-fascist movement known as antifa has become increasingly active and high profile in the United States.
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1 2 3  Bray, Mark. . The Washington Post. 2017-08-16  [2017-11-10]. ISSN 0190-8286. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）.
1 2 3  Fuller, Thomas; Feuer, Alan; Kovaleski, Serge F. . The New York Times. 2017-08-17  [2017-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-06）. [...] the diverse collection of anarchists, communists and socialists has found common cause in opposing right-wing extremists and white supremacists.
1 2  Lozada, Carlos. . The Washington Post. 2017-09-01  [2017-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-01）.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Bray, Mark. . The Washington Post. 2020-09-11  [2020-09-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.
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↑  Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Garcia, Sandra E. . The New York Times. 2020-09-28  [2020-10-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-24）. One of the first groups in the United States to use the name was Rose City Antifa, which says it was founded in 2007 in Portland.
↑  Enzinna, Wes. . Mother Jones. 2017-04-27  [2020-09-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-11）.
↑  Strickland, Patrick. . Al-Jazeera. 2017-02-21  [2020-09-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-27）.
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1 2  Beinart, Peter. . The Atlantic. 2017-08-16  [2017-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-21）.
↑  Mark, Michelle. . Business Insider. 2017-08-23  [2020-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-06）. Updated by Michelle Mark and Connor Perrett to "Trump said he intends to declare antifa as a terrorist organization. Here's what we know about the decades-old, leaderless group." on 2020-06-02.
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1 2  Swenson, Kyle. . The Washington Post. 2017-08-28  [2017-08-28]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-29）.
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1 2  Lithwick, Dahlia. . Slate. 2017-08-16  [2017-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-09）.
↑  Flood, Alison. . The Guardian. 2017-08-22  [2017-08-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-04）. What Trump said made the book seem even more urgent. Rushed into print after the US president said there were 'fine people on both sides' of the Charlottesville clashes, Mark Bray's guide provides tactics for those hoping to 'defeat the resurgent far right.'
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↑  Stelter, Brian. . CNN. 2018-11-17  [2020-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-07）. The group defended its decision to show up at Carlson's home. They believe Carlson supports and promotes a white nationalist agenda on Fox News, a charge Carlson denies.
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1 2  Oppenheim, Maya. . The Independent. 2017-08-22  [2017-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-25）.
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↑  . Anti-Defamation League. 2020  [2020-10-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-11）. Right-wing extremists have been one of the largest and most consistent sources of domestic terror incidents in the United States for many years; they have murdered hundreds of people in this country over the last ten years alone. To date, there has been one suspected antifa-related murder, which took place on August 29, 2020, in Portland, Oregon.
↑  . Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020-06-02  [2020-09-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-04）.
↑  . New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness. 2017-06-12  [2017-08-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-27）.
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1 2  Meyer, Josh. . Politico. 2017-09-01  [2017-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-01）. Federal authorities have been warning state and local officials since early 2016 that leftist extremists known as 'antifa' had become increasingly confrontational and dangerous, so much so that the Department of Homeland Security formally classified their activities as 'domestic terrorist violence', according to interviews and confidential law enforcement documents obtained by POLITICO.
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1 2  McCausland, Phil. . NBC News. 2020-05-30  [2020-05-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.
↑   (新闻稿). United States Department of Justice. 2020-05-31  [2020-06-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-31）.
↑  Smith, Allan. . NBC News. 2020-05-31  [2020-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-29）.
↑  Samuels, Brett; Chalfant, Morgan. . The Hill. 2020-06-01  [2020-06-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-15）.
↑  Beauchamp, Zack. . Vox. June 8, 2020  [2020-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）. Take, for example, Trump's repeated vows to label antifa a terrorist organization.
↑  . BBC News. 2020-05-31  [2020-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-08）.
↑  . NPR. 2020-05-31  [2020-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-29）.
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↑  Haberman, Maggie; Savage, Charlie. . The New York Times. 2020-05-31  [2020-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-02）. First, antifa is not an organization. It does not have a leader, membership roles or any defined, centralized structure. Rather, it is a vaguely defined movement of people who share common protest tactics and targets. More important, even if antifa were a real organization, the laws that permit the federal government to deem entities terrorists and impose sanctions on them are limited to foreign groups. There is no domestic terrorism law, despite periodic proposals to create one.
↑  Beauchamp, Zack. . Vox. 2020-06-08  [2020-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）. Take, for example, Trump's repeated vows to label antifa a terrorist organization. He cannot do this legally: The federal government maintains a list of foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) [...]. There is no such thing as a domestic terrorism designation, and it would require an act by Congress to create one. The president's proposal is, legally speaking, impossible.
↑  Alemany, Jacqueline; Klemko, Robert; Zapotosky, Matt. . The Washington Post. 2020-05-31  [2020-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-13）. Trump cannot, for practical and legal reasons, formally designate antifa a terrorist organization [...]. Although Trump vowed Sunday to designate antifa a terrorist organization, legal observers say it is impossible for him to do so with any domestic group.
1 2  Klippenstein, Ken. . The Nation. 2020-06-02  [2020-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-03）.
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1 2  Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse. . The Washington Post. 2020-06-22  [2020-06-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-22）.
↑  . Associated Press. 2020-06-06  [2020-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-09） –Voice of America. The Associated Press analyzed court records, employment histories, social media posts and other sources of information for 217 people arrested last weekend [...] only a handful appeared to have any affiliation with organized groups. [...] Social media posts indicate only a few of those arrested are left-leaning activists, including a self-described anarchist. But others had indications of being on the political right, including some Trump supporters.
↑  Lucas, Ryan. . NPR. 2020-06-09  [2020-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-11）.