山脈形成
參考文獻

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↑  NASA - Activity at Kliuchevskoi
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Andrew Goudie (2004). Encyclopedia of geomorphology; Volume 2. Routledge. p. 701. ISBN 978-0-415-32738-1.
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Arthur Holmes; Donald Duff (2004). Holmes Principles of Physical Geology (4th ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-7487-4381-0.
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Michael P Searle (2007). "Diagnostic features and processes in the construction and evolution of Oman-, Zagros-, Himalayan-, Karakoram-, and Tibetan type orogenic belts". In Robert D Hatcher Jr.; MP Carlson; JH McBride & JR Martinez Catalán (eds.). 4-D framework of continental crust. Geological Society of America. p. 41 ff. ISBN 978-0-8137-1200-0.
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Scott Ryan (2006). "Figure 13-1". CliffsQuickReview Earth Science. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-78937-6.
↑  John Gerrard (1990-04-12). Reference cited. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-262-07128-4
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↑   Дончев (Donchev), Дончо (Doncho); Каракашев (Karakashev), Христо (Hristo) (2004). Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България [Topics on Physical and Social-Economic Geography of Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Ciela. pp. 128–129. ISBN 954-649-717-7
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↑   Løseth and Hendriksen 2005
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Y Niu & MJ O'Hara (2004). "Chapter 7: Mantle plumes are NOT from ancient oceanic crust". In Roger Hékinian; Peter Stoffers & Jean-Louis Cheminée (eds.). Oceanic hotspots: intraplate submarine magmatism and tectonism. Springer. p. 239 ff. ISBN 978-3-540-40859-8.
↑  AB Watts (2001). "§7.2 Extensional tectonics and rifting". Isostasy and flexure of the lithosphere. Cambridge University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-521-00600-2
↑  GD Karner & NW Driscoll (1999). "Style, timing and distribution of tectonic deformation across the Exmouth Plateau, northwest Australia, determined from stratal architecture and quantitative basin modelling". In Conall Mac Niocaill & Paul Desmond Ryan (eds.). Continental tectonics. Geological society. p. 280. ISBN 978-1-86239-051-5
照片圖顯示俄羅斯堪察加半島的 Ushkovsky、Tolbachik、Bezymianny、Zimina 和 Udina 成層火山。于2013 年 11 月 12 日從國際空間站拍攝的斜視圖
在俯衝帶（左）和擴張脊火山（右）產生的複合錐體火山。由熱點產生火山是中心
在索非亞旁邊的 Vitosha圓頂山
Zard-Kuh，伊朗中部扎格羅斯山脈的一座褶皺山
傾斜型斷塊山
從國際空間站看到的內華達山脈（由地殼分層剝離形成）