社会主义经济学
参考资料

↑  Lerner, A. P. . The Review of Economic Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press). October 1938, 6 (1): 71–75. JSTOR 2967541. doi:10.2307/2967541.
↑  Sinclair, Upton. . 1918. Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'
↑  Busky, Donald F. . Praeger. 2000: 2. ISBN 978-0275968861. Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.
↑  Rosser Jr., J. Barkley; Rosser, Mariana V. . MIT Press. 2003: 53. ISBN 978-0262182348. Socialism is an economic system characterized by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.
↑  Nove, Alec. : 1–18. 2008. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1718-2. A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialized or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how.  |chapter=被忽略 (帮助)
↑  Arnold, N. Scott (1998). The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 8. "What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system."
↑  Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino. . Sage Publications. 2011: 2456. ISBN 978-1412959636. Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.
↑  Arneson, Richard J. (April 1992). "Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism". Ethics. 102 (3) pp. 485–511.
↑  Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 61–63. ISBN 0415919665. "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs. [...] Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology. [...] It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality. [...] Although money, and so monetary calculation, will disappear in socialism this does not mean that there will no longer be any need to make choices, evaluations and calculations. [...] Wealth will be produced and distributed in its natural form of useful things, of objects that can serve to satisfy some human need or other. Not being produced for sale on a market, items of wealth will not acquire an exchange-value in addition to their use-value. In socialism their value, in the normal non-economic sense of the word, will not be their selling price nor the time needed to produce them but their usefulness. It is for this that they will be appreciated, evaluated, wanted and produced.""
↑  Steele, David Ramsay. . Open Court. 1999: 175–77. ISBN 978-0875484495. Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization [...], the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.
↑  Bockman, Johanna. . Stanford University Press. 2011: 20. ISBN 978-0804775663. [S]ocialism would function without capitalist economic categories—such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent—and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.
↑  Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 60–64. ISBN 0415919665.
↑  Socialist Party of Great Britain.  (PDF). World Socialist Movement.   [15 February 2010]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于7 June 2011）.
↑  Veblein, Throstein. . The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Oxford: Oxford University Press). February 1907, 21 (2): 299–322. JSTOR 1883435. doi:10.2307/1883435.
↑  Roemer, John. . The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press). 1994. ISBN 978-0674339460.  |chapter=被忽略 (帮助)
↑  Taylor, Fred M. . The American Economic Review. 1929, 19 (1): 1–8. JSTOR 1809581.
↑  Enrico Barone, "Il Ministro della Produzione nello Stato Collettivista", Giornale degli Economisti, 2, pp. 267–93, trans. as "The Ministry of Production in the Collectivist State", in F. A. Hayek, ed. (1935), Collectivist Economic Planning, ISBN 978-0-7100-1506-8 pp. 245–90.
↑  F. Caffé (1987), "Barone, Enrico", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, ISBN 978-1-56159-197-8, v. 1, p. 195.
↑  János Kornai (1992), The Socialist System: the political economy of communism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-828776-6, p. 476.
↑  Mark Skousen (2001), Making Modern Economics, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-0479-8, pp. 414–15.
↑  Robin Hahnel (2005), Economic Justice and Democracy, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-93344-5, p. 170
↑  Kornai, János: The Socialist System. The Political Economy of Communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press and Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992; Kornai, János: Economics of Shortage. Munich: Elsevier 1980. A concise summary of Kornai's analysis can be found in Verdery, Katherine: Anthropology of Socialist Societies. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil Smelser and Paul B. Baltes. Amsterdam: Pergamon Press 2002, available for download.
↑  Brown, Susan Love (1997). "The Free Market as Salvation from Government". In Carrier, James G., ed. Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture. Berg Publishers. p. 107. ISBN 978-1859731499.
↑  Docherty, James C.; Lamb, Peter, eds. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (2nd ed.). Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. 73. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 9780810855601.