魯凱語文法
詞彙與構詞 > 詞綴

下列為萬山魯凱語的詞綴來自齊莉莎(Zeitoun 2007)。
a- 'when'
a- (action/state nominalization)
a- 'plural'
-a 'beyond (in time or space)'
-a 'irrealis'
-a 'imperative'
-ae (state nominalization)
a- ... -ae; allomorph: ... -ae (objective nominalization; negative imperative)
amo- 'will'
-ane (meaning unknown; used on verbs to insult someone)
-a-nga 'imperative' (mild requests)
apaa- 'reciprocal causative' (dynamic verbs)
apano- 'like to, prone to, have a tendency to'
apa'a 'reciprocal causative' (stative verbs)
apa'ohi- 'split (causative form)'
-ci 'snivel'
dh- 'invisible'
i- 'at'
-i 'irrealis'
-i- ... -e (marking of the oblique case on personal and impersonal pronouns)
-ka 'predicative negation'
ka- 'in fact, indeed, actually'
ka- ... -ae 'genuine, real, original'
kala- ... -ae 'temporal nominalization'
kapa ~ kama- 'continuously'
kapa ... -nga 'all, every'
ki- 'modal negation'
ki- ... -ae 'whose'
k<in>-a- ... -ae 'more and more'
la- 'plural'
la-ma'a- 'reciprocal'
-lo 'plural' (demonstrative pronouns)
m- (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with k-, p-, or Ø in its non-finite form)
ma- (stative (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with ka- in its non-finite form)
ma- ... -le (forms 'tens')
ma-Ca- 'reciprocity' (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with pa-Ca; Ca refers to the reduplication of the first consonant)
maa- 'reciprocity' (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with paa)
maa- ... -e (~ paa- ... -e; maa- (dual reciprocal) + -e (meaning unknown))
maaraka- 'each/both'
maatali- ... -le/-lo '(a number of) floors'
maka- 'finish'
maka- ... -le/-lo (~ paka- ... -le/-lo) 'up to N-/for N- days/months/years'
maka'an- (attaches only to aleve 'below' and lrahalre 'above')
makini- ... -(a)e (~ pakini- ... -(a)e) 'all'
mali- (~ pali) 'along'
ma'ohi (~ pa'ohi) 'split'
m-o- (~ o-) 'holds X's ritual (where X = household name)' (attaches to household names to form dynamic verbs)
m-o- (~ o-) 'toward'
mo- 'anti-causative'
m-ore (~ ore-) 'perform'
mota'a- (~ ota'a-) 'raise'
n- 'visible'
-na 'still'
naa- 'continuously'
-nae 'place where'
-nae 'time when'
-nga 'already'
-nga 'superlative'
ni- 'counterfactuality (irrealis)'
ni- ... -a 'concessive'
o- 'dynamic / finite / realis / active'
o- ... -e 'dress well' (derives verbs from nouns)
o-ara- 'only' (attached to verbs)
o-ka'a- ... -le/-lo (~ ko'a- ... -le/-lo) 'a number of )recipients'
om- (~ m- / ~ Ø) 'dynamic / finite / realis / active'
o-tali (~ tali- / ~ toli) 'wrap up, pack up'
o-tali (~ tali-) 'made of'
o-tara- (~ tara-) 'a number of months / years'
taro- (doublet form: tao-) 'group of persons in movement'
o-ta'i- (~ ta'i-) 'precede'
o-'ara- (~ 'ara-) 'early'
pa- 'causative'
pa- 'every N-times'
paori 'stick to, think about'
pa'a- ... -ae '(what is) left'
pe- 'forbiddance (?)'
pi- 'local causative'
po- 'causative of movement'
po- 'bear, grow N' (attaches to nouns)
saka- 'external'
samori- 'keep on ... -ing' (attaches only to the root kane 'to eat')
sa'api- 'prone to, inclined to'
so- 'tribute'
ta- (subjective nominalization)
ta- 'inalienability' (kinship and color terms)
ta- ... -(a)e 'place where'
ta- ... -ae 'time when'
ta- ... -n-ae (forms derived locative nominal)
taka- 'a number of persons'
tako- 'while'
tala- 'container' (?; found only with the root ove'eke)
tali- 'belong to'
ta'a- 'with (a group of persons)'
ta'a- ... -le/-lo 'measure with an extended arm' (bound numerals)
to- 'do, make, produce, build'
toka- ... -(a)e 'use ... for, by ... -ing'
to'a- 'use ... to, for'
'a- 'instrument/manner nominalizer'
'a- ... -e 'have a lot of'
'aa- 'turn into'
'aka- 'Nth' (ordinal prefix 'a- + stative marker ka- (non-finite form))
'ako- (doublet form: 'ako- ... -ae) 'speak (out)'
'ako- 'barely, a little'
'ako- ... -le 'say a number of times'
'ako- ... -nga 'more'
'ali- 'from (in time or space)' (<  'aliki '(come) from')
'ano- 'walk, ride, take'
'ano- 'unknown meaning' (only attaches to stative roots)
'ano-Ca- 'along/with a number of persons (in movement)' (attaches to bound numeral forms and certain other roots)
'ano- ... -ae 'entirely, completely, cease, alleviate'
'ao- ... -le/-lo 'the Nth time' (ordinal prefix 'a- + 'o- ... -le/-lo 'a number of times')
'apaka- ... -le/-lo 'the Nth day' (ordinal prefix 'a- + paka- ... -le/-lo 'up to/for a number of days / months / years)
'api- 'like ... -ing'
'a-po- 'as a result of'
'apo- 'come out'
'asa- ... -ae 'what's the use of'
'asi- (meaning unknown; found only once in the word 'work')
'i- 'passive'
'i- 'verbalizer' (from nouns; polysemous prefix). Semantic core of 'i-N is 'get, obtain-N', although it can also be glossed as 'get, harvest, gather, look after, bear, have for, kill, etc.'
'i- 'put on, wear' (derives verbs from nouns)
'ia- ... ae 'because of, out of'
'ini- 'movement toward'
'ini- 'cross'
'ini- 'consume'
'ini-Ca- '(one)self' (reflexive)
'ini- ... -ae 'pretend'
'ini- ... (-ae) 'behave like, look like' (derived from  'inilrao 'resemble')
'ira- 'for' (derived from  'iraki '(do) for')
'o- 'take off'
'o- ... -le/-lo 'a number of times' (attaches to bound numerals)
'o- ... -le/-lo 'measure' (must be followed by certain words to indicate a measure with the hand, foot, ruler, etc.)
'o-tali 'unpack'
下列霧台魯凱語詞綴參考自(Comparative Austronesian Dictionary 1995)。
ka- ... -anə + N 'something real or genuine
ko- + Pronoun 'nominative'
moasaka- + N (numeral) 'ordinal'
sa- ... anə + V 'instrument, tool'
sa- + N 'some body parts'
ta- ... -anə + N 'location, time'
ta-ra + N 'agentive, a person specialised in...'
-a- + V 'realis'
-a + V 'imperative'
ki- + N 'to gather, to collect, to harvest'
ki- + V 'dative-focus, involuntary action'
ko- + N 'to remove, to peel'
ko- + V 'intransitive, patient-focus'
ma- + V 'mutual, reciprocal'
maa- + V 'stative'
mo- + N 'to discharge, remove'
mo- + V '(to go) self-motion, non-causative'
ŋi- + V 'to act or to move in a certain direction or manner'
ŋo- + N 'to ride'
pa- + V 'causative'
si- + V (bound stem) 'verbal prefix'
si- + N 'to wear, to carry, to possess'
so- + N 'to spit, to clean, to give out'
to- + N 'to make, produce, bring forth'
θi + N 'to release'
w- + V 'agent-focus, verbal prefix'