河马
參考文獻

1 2  Lewison, R. & Pluháček, J. . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017.   [2020-11-25].
↑   (PDF). CITES.   [2020-11-25]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-07）.
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↑  Eltringham, S.K. . Poyser Natural History Series. Academic Press. 1999. ISBN 0-85661-131-X.
↑  Tsagkogeorga, Georgia; McGowen, Michael R.; Davies, Kalina T. J.; Jarman, Simon; Polanowski, Andrea; Bertelsen, Mads F.; Rossiter, Stephen J. . Royal Society Open Science. 2015, 2 (9): 150156. ISSN 2054-5703. doi:10.1098/rsos.150156.
1 2  Ursing, B.M.; Arnason U. . 皇家學會報告. 1998, 265 (1412): 2251–5. PMC 1689531 . PMID 9881471. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0567.
1 2 3  Gatesy, J.  (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution（英语：）. 1 May 1997, 14 (5): 537–543  [2018-11-15]. PMID 9159931. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025790. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-12-31）.
↑  Geisler, J. H.; Theodor, J. M. . Nature. 2009, 458 (7236): E1–4; discussion E5. PMID 19295550. doi:10.1038/nature07776.
1 2  Sanders, Robert. . Science News Daily. 25 January 2005  [8 January 2011]. （原始内容存档于26 February 2015）.
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1 2  Owen-Smith, R. Norman. . Cambridge University Press. 1992.
↑  Pienaar, U. de V.; Van Wyk, P.; Fairall, N. . Koedoe. 1966, 9 (1)  [2018-11-01]. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v9i1.778. （原始内容存档于2018-09-01）.
↑  Stewart Keith Eltringham. . T & A D Poyser Natural History. 1999.
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↑  . Mesker Park Zoo（英语：）. 12 June 2006  [21 June 2007]. （原始内容存档于27 September 2007）.
↑  . Evansville Courier & Press（英语：）. 12 July 2007  [15 July 2007]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-16）.
↑  Fears, Danika. . Today.com. 3 August 2012  [12 September 2013]. （原始内容存档于4 June 2013）.
↑  最常有觀察記錄顯示，河馬亦有一定遊泳速度。https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWGpmVnJ90E （页面存档备份，存于）
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↑  Haas, Georg. . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 1953, 132: 30–34. doi:10.2307/1355798.
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↑  . The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 October 1898  [14 July 2017]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-10）.
↑  Lewison, R.; Pluháček, J. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN). 2017, 2017: e.T10103A18567364  [2 June 2018]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10103A18567364.en. [永久]
↑  . 史密森尼 (雜誌). 1 January 2006  [23 January 2007]. （原始内容存档于2006-09-01）.
1 2  . BBC. 13 September 2005  [14 November 2005]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-22）.
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分類單元識別碼:  维基数据: Q34505  維基物種: Hippopotamus amphibius  ADW: Hippopotamus_amphibius  BOLD: 26234  EoL: 311532  EPPO: HPPPAM  Fossilworks: 77338  GBIF: 2441247  iNaturalist: 42149  IRMNG: 10228662  ITIS: 625024  IUCN: 10103  MSW: 14200106  NCBI: 9833  Species+: 9229  TSA: 8206  Xeno-canto: Hippopotamus-amphibius  ZooBank: 92482285-5A1F-4BB2-A283-2D7FF4D43B77 
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各地:  日本 
学术:  AAT 
河馬與鯨豚類的演化關係
漸新世時期生存於歐洲的石炭獸（Anthracotherium magnum），被認為是河馬的近親。
河馬的頭顱骨，可明顯觀察到用於打鬥的門牙和犬齒。
「打呵欠」的河馬
潛入水下的河馬（圣迭戈動物園）