美国种族主义
参考资料

↑  Internment camps are particularly associated with World War II, but also occurred during World War I. Most significant was the Japanese American internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans during World War II. There was also internment of almost 11,000 German Americans in German American internment during World War II, and some Italian American internment.
↑  In his 2009 visit to the US, the [UN] Special Rapporteur on Racism noted that "Socio-economic indicators show that poverty and race and ethnicity continue to overlap in the United States. This reality is a direct legacy of the past, in particular slavery, segregation, the forcible resettlement of Native Americans, which was confronted by the United States during the civil rights movement. However, whereas the country managed to establish equal treatment and non-discrimination in its laws, it has yet to redress the socioeconomic consequences of the historical legacy of racism." CERD Task Force of the US Human Rights Network. . . August 2010: 44.
↑  Henry, P. J., David O. Sears. Race and Politics: The Theory of Symbolic Racism. University of California, Los Angeles. 2002.
↑  U.S. Human Rights Network. . . August 2010: 8.
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↑  The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto David M. Cutler, Edward L. Glaeser, Jacob L. Vigdor The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 107, No. 3 (Jun., 1999), pp. 455-506
↑  How East New York Became a Ghetto （页面存档备份，存于） by Walter Thabit. ISBN 0-8147-8267-1. Page 42.
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↑  See: Race and health
↑  In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition[永久], Elizabeth Eisenhauer, GeoJournal Volume 53, Number 2, February 2001
↑  Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival （页面存档备份，存于） By Paul S. Grogan, Tony Proscio. ISBN 0-8133-3952-9. 2002. p. 114. "The goal was not to relax lending restrictions but rather to get banks to apply the same criteria in the inner-city as in the suburbs."
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↑  Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1993), 400-414.
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↑  Blau, Judith. . Contemporary Sociology. 2002, 31 (5): 527  [2015-09-12]. doi:10.2307/3090024. （原始内容存档于2019-03-07）.
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↑  White Americans play major role in electing the first black president （页面存档备份，存于）, Los Angeles Times
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↑  Long, Russ. "How to Think about Racial and Ethnic Inequality" （页面存档备份，存于）.
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↑  Orbe, Mark P., and Tina M. Harris. "Interracial Communication: Theory Into Practice."Google Books. Sage Publications, n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2014
↑  Eguchi, Shinsuke. "Revisiting Asiacentricity: Toward Thinking Dialectically about Asian American Identities and Negotiation". Howard Journal of Communications 24.1 (2013): 		95-115. Print.
1 2 3  Eguchi, Shinsuke. "Revisiting Asiacentricity: Toward Thinking Dialectically about Asian American Identities and Negotiation". Howard Journal of Communications 24.1 (2013): 95-115.
↑  Chin, Philip. "The Chinese Exclusion Act: Ten Year Exclusion Act Debates and Passage -- Part 3". Chinese American Forum 29.1 (2013): 24-31.
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↑  Sakamoto, Taylor. "The Triumph and Tragedies of Japanese Women in America: A View Across 	Four Generations". History Teacher 41.1 (2007): 97-122. Print.
↑  Eguchi, Shinsuke. "Revisiting Asia centricity: Toward Thinking Dialectically about Asian American Identities and Negotiation". Howard Journal of Communications 24.1 (2013): 95-115.
1 2 3  Lai, Lei, and Linda C. Babcock. "Asian Americans and Workplace Discrimination: The Interplay between Sex of Evaluators and the Perception of Social Skills". Journal of Organizational Behavior 34.3 (2013): 310-26.
↑  Kim, Isok. "The Role of Critical Ethnic Awareness and Social Support in the discrimination –	Depression Relationship among Asian Americans: Path Analysis". Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 20.1 (2014): 52-60.
↑  Sakamoto, Taylor. "The Triumph and Tragedies of Japanese Women in America: A View Across Four Generations". History Teacher 41.1 (2007): 97-122.
↑  Spencer, Michael S., et al. "Discrimination and Mental Health-Related Service use in a National Study of Asian Americans". American Journal of Public Health 100.12 (2010): 2410-7.
↑  Chae, David H., et al. "Unfair Treatment, Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Ethnic Identification, and Smoking among Asian Americans in the National Latino and Asian American Study". American Journal of Public Health 98.3 (2008): 485-92.
↑  Coolidge, Calvin. . Good Housekeeping. 1921: 14.
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↑  Richard Griswold del Castillo, "The Los Angeles "Zoot Suit Riots" Revisited: Mexican and Latin American Perspectives," Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, Vol. 16, No. 2. (Summer, 2000), pp. 367-391.
↑  Arthur C. Verge, "The Impact of the Second World War on Los Angeles," The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 63, No. 3, Fortress California at War: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oakland, and San Diego, 1941-1945. (Aug., 1994), pp. 306-7.
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↑  John Tehranian, "Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America," The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 109, No. 4. (Jan., 2000), pp. 817–848.
↑  Leonard, Karen. University of California, Irvine. Western Knight Center. "American Muslims: South Asian Contributions to the Mix". 2005. July 28, 2007.  （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Netton, Ian Richard; Evelyn Alsultany. . Zahia Smail Salhi (ed.)  (编). . Taylor & Francis. 2006: 140–43. ISBN 978-0-415-37542-9.
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↑  "While African-Americans, Asians, and Native Americans are racialized according to phenotype, Arab-Americans are often racialized according to religion and politics. Religious racialization conflates Arabs and Islam, and consequently positions all Arabs as Muslim; represents Islam as a monolithic religion erasing diversity among Arabs and Muslims; and marks Islam as a backwards, fanatical, uncivilized, and a terroristic belief system" (p. 127). "Whereas before September 11, Arab- and Muslim-Americans were not included in discourses on race and racism in the United States, a public discourse emerged after September 11 on whether Arabs and Muslims were being treated fairly or being subjected to racism with the rise in hate crimes and government measures targeting Arabs and Muslims." (p. 141) Alsultany, Evelyn. . Zahia Smail Salhi, Ian Richard Netton (eds.)  (编). . Taylor & Francis. 2006: 127. ISBN 978-0-415-37542-9.
↑  "'Muslim' identity has certainly congealed as a marker of exclusion and marginalization, in relation to white or mainstream America, which is subjected to similar processes of racialization, and racism, that operate for racial minority groups."Maira, Sunaina. . Duke University Press. January 2009: 229. ISBN 978-0-8223-4409-4.
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↑  Los Angeles Times: Essay: Iranians moving past negative depictions in pop culture （页面存档备份，存于）: "Iranians, left outside of the 9/11 conversation, began to leak fairly seamlessly into the best and worst of pop culture. In 2003, veteran Iranian actress Shohreh Aghadashloo starred in The House of Sand and Fog, for which she became the first Iranian nominated for an Academy Award (although two years later the pendulum swung back when she played a member of a terrorist family on the hit TV show 24)."  June 27, 2010.
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↑  Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1993), 277-283.
↑  Rosten, Leo (1968) The Joys of Yiddish
↑  Phagan, 1987, p. 27, states that "everyone knew the identity of the lynchers" (putting the words in her father's mouth). Oney, 2003, p. 526, quotes Carl Abernathy as saying, "They'd go to a man's office and talk to him or ... see a man on the job and talk to him," and an unidentified lyncher as saying "The organization of the body was more open than mysterious."
↑  . Time magazine. April 9, 1965  [2015-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-24）. An itinerant Methodist preacher named William Joseph Simmons started up the Klan again in Atlanta. On Thanksgiving Eve 1915, Simmons took 15 friends to the top of Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, built an altar on which he placed an American flag, a Bible and an unsheathed sword, set fire to a crude wooden cross, muttered a few incantations about a "practical fraternity among men," and declared himself Imperial Wizard of the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.
↑  Father Charles Edward Coughlin (1891-1971) （页面存档备份，存于） By Richard Sanders, Editor, Press for Conversion!
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↑  Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (1999); Hilene Flanzbaum, ed. The Americanization of the Holocaust (1999); Monty Noam Penkower, "Shaping Holocaust Memory," American Jewish History 2000 88(1): 127–132. 0164–0178
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↑  Ward Churchill, Kill the Indian, Save the Man, 2006. The basis for this theory was that inside every native person, there was a repressed white person screaming to come to the surface. Abuse both physical and psychological was common in these schools, and often their objective of 'compulsory whiteness' was not even ultimately achieved, with many of the Indians who later returned to the reservations afterwards not at all 'becoming white', but instead simply becoming heavy alcoholics and displaying signs of permanent psychological distress, and even mental illness. Further, these individuals were often either totally unemployable or only marginally employed, as it was sensed by those around them that on the one hand, they had not successfully assimilated into 'white society', nor were they any longer acceptable to the Indian societies from which they had originated.
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↑  United States Senate, Oversight Hearing on Trust Fund Litigation, Cobell v. Kempthorne （页面存档备份，存于）. See also, Cobell v. Norton.
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↑  Marissa Newhall, "Channeling Their Discontent, 500 Gather at Executive's D.C. Home to Protest Stereotypes （页面存档备份，存于）," Washington Post, September 16, 2007
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↑  For example, Catherine A. Hansman, Leon Spencer, Dale Grant, Mary Jackson, "Beyond Diversity: Dismantling Barriers in Education," Journal of Instructional Psychology, March 1999
↑  Andrew Blankstein And Joel Rubin. L.A.'s top cops at odds: William Bratton, Lee Baca disagree on role of race in gang violence. （页面存档备份，存于） Los Angeles Times, June 13, 2008.
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↑  What is Institutional and Structural Racism? （页面存档备份，存于） ERASE RACISM
↑  Bullock III, C. S. & Rodgers Jr., H. R. (1976) "Institutional Racism: Prerequisites, Freezing, and Mapping". Phylon 37 (3), 212-223.
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↑  "Census report: Broad racial disparities persist （页面存档备份，存于）", November 14, 2006.
↑  George Lipsitz, "The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: Racialized Social Democracy and the "White" Problem in American Studies," American Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 3. (September 1995), pp. 369-387.
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1 2  Valentino, Nicholas. . The American Political Science Review. March 2002, 96 (1): 83  [November 5, 2013]. doi:10.1017/s0003055402004240. （原始内容存档于2021-02-26）.
↑  Full Show: Ian Haney López on the Dog Whistle Politics of Race, Part I （页面存档备份，存于）. Moyers & Company, February 28, 2014. See also: Ian Haney-López. Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class （页面存档备份，存于）. Oxford University Press, 2014. ISBN 0199964270
↑  Bill Quigley. . 2010-07-26.  缺少或|url=为空 (帮助)
↑  Hate Crime Statistics, 2004 （页面存档备份，存于）. Hate Crime Statistics, 2005 （页面存档备份，存于）.
↑   (PDF). Bureau of Justice Statistics.   [30 August 2014]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-03-18）.
↑  Hate Crime Reported by Victims and Police 的存檔，存档日期2013-02-27., Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, November 2005, NCJ 209911.
↑  The Color of Crime （页面存档备份，存于）, 1999.
↑  Preface to Minnesota's official crime data reports, quoted in Southern Poverty Law Center, Coloring Crime 的存檔，存档日期2014-11-13..
↑  Tim Wise, "The Color of Deception: Race, Crime and Sloppy Social Science （页面存档备份，存于）," 2004.
↑  Southern Poverty Law Center, Coloring Crime 的存檔，存档日期2014-11-13..
↑  . The Jerusalem Post. November 3, 2011  [December 20, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-29）.
1 2  Babington, Charles. . Fox News Channel. September 22, 2008  [January 16, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-26）. [A] new Associated Press-Yahoo News poll, conducted with Stanford University, shows... that a substantial portion of white Americans still harbor negative feelings toward blacks.
↑  Benjamin, Rich. Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America. (New York: Hachette Books, 2009).
The mob-style lynching of Will James, Cairo, Illinois, 1909.
太平洋战争时期的一张反日宣传海报，上面用了“Jap”（日本鬼子）这样的诋毁字眼，并将日本人比做老鼠。
1882年的一张嘲讽“排华法案”的政治漫画，图中一个中国人四周围满了中国移民得到的好处，但却被挡在了“金色的自由之门”外，而其他群体，如“共产党人”，“流氓分子”等却被允许进入。图片下方的文字充满了讽刺意味，“你知道的，我们必须在某些地方划清界限。”
Philadelphia Nativist Riots.
New York Times, 1854 ad, reading "No Irish need apply."
底特律一座被毁坏的亚述教堂（2007年）。亚述人，不是阿拉伯人，也并非完全的基督徒，在美国常遭到攻击，只因为他们有中东背景。
1979年伊朗人质危机期间，华盛顿哥伦比亚特区一男子高举写有“驱逐所有伊朗人”和“滚出我的国家”的牌子。
1877年俄克拉荷马州的马斯科吉（克里克）部落居民，他们的祖先都是欧洲人和非洲人。克里克人是俄克拉马地区的土著人。
这是一张20世纪90年代随处可见的诋毁黑人女性的明信片，上面写着“我知道你不怎么注重小节/但我还是担心你会骚扰罪而被捕/你对女人是如此的迷恋/就算是一个浑身散发臭气的乡下黑奴也能让你春心荡漾