卡魯因大學
参考资料

↑  . Encyclopedia Britannica.   [2011-12-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-29）.
↑  The Report: Morocco 2009 - Page 252 Oxford Business Group "... yet for many Morocco's cultural, artistic and spiritual capital remains Fez. The best-preserved ... School has been in session at Karaouine University since 859, making it the world's oldest continuously operating university. "
↑  Esposito, John. . Oxford University Press. 2003: 328. ISBN 0-1951-2559-2.
1 2 3   Lulat, Y. G.-M.: A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0-313-32061-3, pp. 154–157
↑  errasse, Henri (1968). La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
↑   Lulat, Y. G.-M.: A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0-313-32061-3, p. 70
1 2 3   Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: Historical Dictionary of Morocco, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8108-5341-6, p. 348
1 2 3 4 5   Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
↑  Esposito, John, ed. (2003). "Universities (Islamic)". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-2559-7.
↑   Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Deverdun, Gaston (2012). "al-Ḳarawiyyīn". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.
↑  Gaudio, Attilio (1982). Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique. Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. ISBN 2723301591.
↑  Hendrickson, Jocelyn (2008). "A Guide to Arabic Manuscript Libraries in Morocco, with Notes on Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, and Spain". MELA Notes. 81: 15–88.
↑   Cherradi, Younes (2020). "About the First Available and Documented MD Certificate Delivered in the World: "IJAZAH"". Journal of Medical and Surgical Research. 6 (3): 679–683.
↑  Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). "II.1.k Bibliothèque Qaraouiyine". Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. ISBN 978-3902782311.
↑  Tibawi, A. L. (Summer 1980). "Reviewed Work: Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle) by Abdul-Hadi at-Tazi". Arab Studies Quarterly. 2 (3): 286–288.
↑  Esposito, John, ed. (2003). "Qarawiyin University". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1951-2559-7.
↑  Shillington, Kevin: Encyclopedia of African History, Vol. 2, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005, ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6, p. 1025
↑   "Medina of Fez". UNESCO. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
↑   "Bologna | Creative Cities Network". en.unesco.org. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
↑   "Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
↑  "Qarawīyīn | mosque and university, Fès, Morocco". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
1 2   Encyclopedia Britannica: "University", 2012, retrieved 26 July 2012
↑  Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-1951-2559-7.
↑  Ferruolo, Stephen C.: The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100–1215, Stanford University Press, 1985, ISBN 978-0-8047-1266-8, p. 5
↑  Pallavicini, Yahya Sergio Yahe (2009), "Islamic Knowledge in Italy", in Aslan, Ednan (ed.), Islamic Education in Europe, Wiener islamisch-religionspädagogische Studien, 1, Böhlau Verlag Wien, pp. 220–221, ISBN 9783205783107
↑  Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West", Journal of the American Oriental Society, American Oriental Society, 109 (2): 175–182 [176], doi:10.2307/604423, JSTOR 604423
↑   Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep. 1984), pp. 586-588 (587)