饲料鱼
参考

1 2 3  Kils, U (1992) The ecoSCOPE and dynIMAGE: Microscale tools for in situ studies of predator–prey interactions. Arch Hydrobiol Beih 36: 83–96
1 2 3 4 5  National Coalition for Marine Conservation: Forage fish 的存檔，存档日期2008-12-17.
↑  U.S. Geological Survey: Forage Fish 的存檔，存档日期2008-09-16. Alaska Science Center
1 2 3  Alder, Jacqueline; Campbell, Brooke; Karpouzi, Vasiliki; Kaschner, Kristin; Pauly, Daniel. . Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2008, 33: 153–166. doi:10.1146/annurev.environ.33.020807.143204 .
↑  Randall, J.  (PDF Converted to digital format by NOAA, 2004). Studies in Tropical Oceanography. 1967, 5: 665–847  [2022-11-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2006-10-07）.  （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Tibbetts, I; Carseldine, L. . Marine & Freshwater Research. 2005, 56 (6): 925–932. doi:10.1071/MF04305.
1 2 3 4  Marine Fish Conservation Network: Forage fish: The Most Important Fish in the Sea 的存檔，存档日期2008-12-05.
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↑  Biology of Copepods 的存檔，存档日期2009-01-01. at Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg
↑  .   [2022-11-04]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-22）.  （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Mahmoudi, B; McBride, R.  (PDF). Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. 2002. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-10-25）.  （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Radakov DV (1973) Schooling in the ecology of fish. Israel Program for Scientific Translation, translated by Mill H. Halsted Press, New York. ISBN 9780706513516
↑  Nøttestad, L and Axelsen, BE (1999) Herring schooling manoeuvres in response to killer whale attacks Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77: 1540–1546.
↑  Pitcher, TJ and Parrish, JK (1993) Behaviour of Teleost Fishes, Chp 12: Functions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts （页面存档备份，存于） Springer. ISBN 9780412429309
1 2 3  Sardine Run Shark Feeding Frenzy Phenomenon in Africa 的存檔，存档日期2008-12-02.
↑  .   [2022-11-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-11）.  （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Marine Scientists Scratch Heads Over Sardines
↑  
Barbaro1 A, Einarsson B, Birnir1 B, Sigurðsson S, Valdimarsson S, Pálsson ÓK, Sveinbjörnsson S and Sigurðsson P (2009)  "Modelling and simulations of the migration of pelagic fish" Journal of Marine Science, 66(5):826–838.
↑  Kleber, John E (1992)  The Kentucky Encyclopedia University Press of Kentucky, Page 320. ISBN 9780813117720
↑  FAO (2005) Review of the state of world marine fishery resources. （页面存档备份，存于） Fisheries technical paper T457, ISBN 92-5-105267-0
↑  Clover, Charles. 2004. The End of the Line: How Overfishing is Changing the World and What We Eat. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-7
↑  Greenpeace: Rethinking sustainability: A new paradigm for fisheries management 的存檔，存档日期2009-03-25.
↑  World's Fish Catches Being Wasted As Animal Feed （页面存档备份，存于） Terra Daily. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
↑  New Study to Highlight Waste of Seafood （页面存档备份，存于） The FishSite. Retrieved 1 December 2008
↑  Michael B. Rust, et al., The Future of Aquafeeds, NOAA/USDA Alternative Feeds Initiative, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/SPO-124, December 2011, see http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/noaa_documents/NMFS/TM_NMFS_FSPO/NMFS_FSPO_tm124.pdf （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Our pets’ gourmet tastes are putting pressure on dwindling fish stocks （页面存档备份，存于） – Deakin University
↑  饲料鱼依存率（FFDR） - IFFO
↑  Plunging sardine numbers spark quick management response （页面存档备份，存于） Chinook Observer, 14 April 2015.
↑  Fish Oil Market Analysis By Application (Aquaculture (Salmon & Trout, Marine Fish, Crustaceans, Tilapias), Direct Human Consumption) And Segment Forecasts To 2022 （页面存档备份，存于） Grand View Research, February 2016.
↑  The Race to Find Fish Feeds That Don’t Bankrupt the Ocean （页面存档备份，存于） National Geographic, 24 May 2016.
Pikitch E and 12 others (2012) Little Fish, Big Impact: Managing a Crucial Link in Ocean Food Webs 的存檔，存档日期2012-07-03. Lenfest Ocean Program, Washington, DC. Summary and other materials available on the Lenfest Ocean Program website （页面存档备份，存于）.
Pauly, D; Christensen, V; Dalsgaard, J; Froese, R; Torres, F.  (PDF). Science. 1998, 279 (5352): 860–863  [2009-04-11]. PMID 9452385. doi:10.1126/science.279.5352.860. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-02-21）.  Archive-It的存檔，存档日期2008-02-21
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海洋生态塔
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中世纪时期在斯科讷的鲱鱼捕捞（1555年）
渔船用围网捕捞大鳞油鲱
随着食物链上端的大鱼被消耗殆尽，渔业的捕获也开始趋向食物网中下层的物种——即所谓的“降级捕捞”
鱼粉
用鱼粉、鱼油和谷物制成的用来喂养水产的鱼食