损伤相关分子模式
例子 > 在植物中

人們發現植物中的 DAMP 可以刺激快速的免疫反應，但不會產生哺乳動物中 DAMP 所特有的炎症。与哺乳动物 DAMP 一样，植物 DAMP 本质上是细胞质，在细胞受到创伤或病原体损伤后释放到细胞外空间。植物和哺乳动物之间免疫系统的主要区别在于，植物缺乏适应性免疫系统，因此植物无法确定之前有哪些病原体攻击过它们，从而很容易对它们介导有效的免疫反应。为了弥补这种防御的缺乏，植物使用模式触发免疫（PTI）和效应触发免疫（ETI）途径来对抗创伤和病原体。 PTI 是植物的第一道防线，由PAMP觸發，在整個植物中發出細胞發生損傷的信號。與 PTI 一起，DAMP 也會針對這種損傷而釋放，但如前所述，它們不會像哺乳動物那樣引發炎症反應。 DAMP 在植物中的主要作用是充當移動信號來啟動傷害反應並促進損傷修復。植物中的 PTI 途徑和 DAMP 之間存在很大的重疊，並且植物 DAMP 有效地充當 PTI 放大器。 ETI 總是發生在 PTI 途徑和 DAMP 釋放之後，是對病原體或創傷的最後手段，最終導致程序性細胞死亡。 PTI 和 ETI 信號通路與 DAMP 結合使用，可快速向植物的其餘部分發出信號，以激活其先天免疫反應並抵抗入侵的病原體或介導創傷造成的損傷的癒合過程。
植物 DAMP 及其受体的特征如下：
| Category | DAMP | Molecular structure or epitope | Source or precursor | Receptor or signaling regulator | Species |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Epidermis cuticle | Cutin monomers | C16 and C18 hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids | Epidermis cuticle | Unknown | Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum |
| Cell wall polysaccharide fragments or degrading products | OGs | Polymers of 10–15 α-1-4-linked GalAs | Cell wall pectin | WAK1 (A. thaliana) | A. thaliana, G. max, N. tabacum |
| Cell wall polysaccharide fragments or degrading products | Cellooligomers | Polymers of 2-7 β-1,4-linked glucoses | Cell wall cellulose | Unknown | A. thaliana |
| Cell wall polysaccharide fragments or degrading products | Xyloglucan oligosaccharides | Polymers of β-1,4-linked glucose with xylose, galactose, and fructose side chains | Cell-wall hemicellulose | Unknown | A. thaliana, Vitis vinifera |
| Cell wall polysaccharide fragments or degrading products | Methanol | Methanol | Cell wall pectin | Unknown | A. thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | CAPE1 | 11-aa peptide | Apoplastic PR1 | Unknown | A. thaliana, S. lycopersicum |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | GmSUBPEP | 12-aa peptide | Apoplastic subtilase | Unknown | Glycine max |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | GRIp | 11-aa peptide | Cytosolic GRI | PRK5 | A. thaliana |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | Systemin | 18-aa peptide (S. lycopersicum) | Cytosolic prosystemin | SYR1/2 (S. lycopersicum) | Some Solanaceae species |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | HypSys | 15-, 18-, or 20-aa peptides | Apoplastic or cytoplasmic preproHypSys | Unknown | Some Solanaceae species |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | Peps | 23~36-aa peptides (A. thaliana) | Cytosolic and vacuolar PROPEPs | PEPR1/2 (A. thaliana) | A. thaliana, Zea mays, S. lycopersicum, Oryza sativa |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | PIP1/2 | 11-aa peptides | Apoplastic preproPIP1/2 | RLK7 | A. thaliana |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | GmPep914/890 | 8-aa peptide | Apoplastic or cytoplasmic GmproPep914/890 | Unknown | G. max |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | Zip1 | 17-aa peptide | Apoplastic PROZIP1 | Unknown | Z. mays |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | IDL6p | 11-aa peptide | Apoplastic or cytoplasmic IDL6 precursors | HEA/HSL2 | A. thaliana |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | RALFs | ~50-aa cysteine-rich peptides | Apoplastic or cytoplasmic RALF precursors | FER (A. thaliana) | A. thaliana, N. tabacum, S. lycopersicum |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | PSKs | 5-aa peptides | Apoplastic or cytoplasmic PSK precursors | PSKR1/2 (A. thaliana) | A. thaliana, S. lycopersicum |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | HMGB3 | HMGB3 protein | Cytosolic and nuclear HMGB3 | Unknown | A. thaliana |
| Apoplastic peptides and proteins | Inceptin | 11-aa peptide | Chloroplastic ATP synthase γ-subunit | Unknown | Vigna unguiculata |
| Extracellular nucleotides | eATP | ATP | Cytosolic ATP | DORN1/P2K1 (A. thaliana) | A. thaliana, N. tabacum |
| Extracellular nucleotides | eNAD(P) | NAD(P) | Cytosolic NAD(P) | LecRK-I.8 | A. thaliana |
| Extracellular nucleotides | eDNA | DNA fragments< 700 bp in length | Cytosolic and nuclear DNA | Unknown | Phaseolus vulgaris, P. lunatus, Pisum sativum, Z. mays |
| Extracellular sugars | Extracellular sugars | Sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose | Cytosolic sugars | RGS1 (A. thaliana) | A. thaliana, N. tabacum, Solanum tuberosum |
| Extracellular amino acids and glutathione | Proteinogenic amino acids | Glutamate, cysteine, histidine, aspartic acid | Cytosolic amino acids | GLR3.3/3.6 or others (A. thaliana) | A. thaliana, S. lycopersicum, Oryza sativa |
| Extracellular amino acids and glutathione | Glutathione | Glutathione | Cytosolic glutathione | GLR3.3/3.6 (A. thaliana) | A. thaliana |
許多哺乳動物 DAMP 在植物中都有 DAMP 對應物。一個例子是高迁移率蛋白。哺乳动物具有 HMGB1 蛋白，而拟南芥具有 HMGB3 蛋白。