性傾向和生物學
參考

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↑  Mary Ann Lamanna; Agnes Riedmann; Susan D Stewart. . Cengage Learning. 2014: 82  [2016-02-11]. ISBN 978-1305176898. （原始内容存档于2016-11-30）. The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established  – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).
↑  Gail Wiscarz Stuart. . Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 502  [2016-02-11]. ISBN 978-0323294126. （原始内容存档于2016-11-30）. No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.
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↑  While inconsistent with modern findings, the first relatively large-scale twin study on sexual orientation was reported by Kallman in 1952. (See: Kallmann FJ. . J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. April 1952, 115 (4): 283–97. PMID 14918012. ). Examining only male twin pairs, he found a 100% concordance rate for homosexuality among 37 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, compared to a 12%–42% concordance rate among 26 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, depending on definition. In other words, every identical twin of a homosexual subject was also homosexual, while this was not the case for non-identical twins. This study was criticized for its vaguely described method of recruiting twins and for a high rate of psychiatric disorders among its subjects. (See Rosenthal, D., "Genetic Theory and Abnormal Behavior" 1970, New York: McGraw-Hill.)
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