並系群
參考文獻

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↑  Cox, Cymon J.; Li, Blaise; Foster, Peter G.; Embley, T. Martin; Civáň, Peter. . Systematic Biology（英语：）. 2014, 63 (2): 272–279. PMC 3926305 . PMID 24399481. S2CID 9140429 . doi:10.1093/sysbio/syt109 .
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↑  Simpson, Michael George. . Burlington; San Diego; London: Academic Press（英语：）. 2006: 139–140. ISBN 978-0-12-644460-5. OL 7329015M. It is now thought that the possession of two cotyledons is an ancestral feature for the taxa of the flowering plants and not an apomorphy for any group within. The 'dicots' ... are paraphyletic ...  [目前认为，拥有两个子叶是开花植物类群的祖先特徵，而不是任何类群内部的衍徵。“双子叶植物”……是並系的……]
↑  Agassiz, Louis. . Mineola, New York: Dover Publications（英语：）. 2013: 115. ISBN 978-0-486-15135-9. OCLC 868969147. （原始内容存档于2021-09-09）.
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↑  Philippe, H.; Derelle, R.; Lopez, P.; Pick, K.; Borchiellini, C.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Renard, E.; Houliston, E.; Quéinnec, E.; Da Silva, C.; Wincker, P.; Le Guyader, H.; Leys, S.; Jackson, D.J.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Morgenstern, B.; Wörheide, G.; Manuel, M. . Current Biology. 2009, 19 (8): 706–712. PMID 19345102. S2CID 15282843 . doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052 .
↑  Martindale, Mark; Finnerty, J.R.; Henry, J.Q. . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution（英语：）. 2002, 24 (3): 358–365. PMID 12220977. S2CID 6570344. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00208-7.
↑  Stampar, S.N.; Maronna, M.M.; Kitahara, M.V.; Reimer, J.D.; Morandini, A.C. . PLOS ONE. 2014, 9 (1): e86612. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986612S. PMC 3903554 . PMID 24475157. S2CID 11763910 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086612 .
↑  Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. .  (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole（英语：）. 2004: 132–148. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. LCCN 2003107287. OCLC 752875516. OL 7271214M.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
↑  Marques, Antonio C.; Collins, Allen G. . Invertebrate Biology. 2004, 123 (1): 23–42. S2CID 28342963 . doi:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00139.x .
↑  Zou, H.; Zhang, J.; Li, W.; Wu, S.; Wang, G. . PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (12): e51465. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...751465Z. PMC 3519871 . PMID 23240028. S2CID 17907871 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051465 .
↑  Zapata, F.; Goetz, F.E.; Smith, S.A.; Howison, M.; Siebert, S.; Church, S.H.; Sanders, S.M.; Ames, C.L.; McFadden, C.S.; France, S.C.; Daly, M.; Collins, A.G.; Haddock, S.H.D.; Dunn, C.W.; Cartwright, P. . PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (10): e0139068. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1039068Z. PMC 4605497 . PMID 26465609. S2CID 16364776 . bioRxiv 10.1101/017632 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139068 .
↑  Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A.; Ivantsov, A.Y. . Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia  (编). . Special publications 286. London: Geological Society. 2007: 157–179. ISBN 978-1-86239233-5. LCCN 2008273095. OCLC 156823511. OL 23157129M.
↑  Butterfield, N.J. . BioEssays（英语：）. 2006, 28 (12): 1161–1166. PMID 17120226. S2CID 29130876. doi:10.1002/bies.20507.
↑  Dunn, C.W.; Hejnol, A.; Matus, D.Q.; Pang, K.; Browne, W.E.; Smith, S.A.; Seaver, E.; Rouse, G.W.; Obst, M.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Sørensen, M.V.; Haddock, S.H.D.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.; Okusu, A.; Kristensen, R.M.; Wheeler, W.C.; Martindale, M.Q. & Giribet, G. . Nature. 2008, 452 (7188): 745–749. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..745D. PMID 18322464. S2CID 4397099 . doi:10.1038/nature06614.
↑  Webster, Bonnie L.; Copley, Richard R.; Jenner, Ronald A.; Mackenzie-Dodds, Jacqueline A.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Littlewood, D.T.J.; Telford, Maximilian J. . Evolution & Development（英语：）. 2006, 8 (6): 502–510. PMID 17073934. S2CID 22823313. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00123.x.
↑  Andrew, David R. . Arthropod Structure & Development. 2011, 40 (3): 289–302. PMID 21315832. S2CID 29360314. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2011.02.001.
↑  Bjoern, M.; von Reumont, Ronald A.; Jenner, Matthew A.; Wills, Emiliano; Dell'Ampio, Günther; Pass, Ingo; Ebersberger, Benjamin; Meyer, Stefan; Koenemann, Thomas M. Iliffe. . Molecular Biology and Evolution（英语：）. 2012, 29 (3): 1031–1045. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.4464 . PMID 22049065. S2CID 1047649 . doi:10.1093/molbev/msr270 . （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.
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1 2  Sharkey, M.J.  (PDF). Zootaxa. 2007, 1668 (1): 521–548. S2CID 86772806 . doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.25. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-08）. Symphyta and Apocrita have long been considered as suborders of Hymenoptera but since recognition of the paraphyletic nature of the Symphyta (Köningsmann 1977, Rasnitsyn 1988) and the advent of cladistic methods the subordinal classification should be avoided. Likewise the woodwasps are thought to be non-monophyletic, forming a grade that is ancestral relative to Apocrita and Orussidae. The traditional hymenopteran classification is faulty, by cladistic criteria,in the same way as pre-cladistic vertebrate classifications in which groups sharing plesiomorphic characterswere recognized as natural, e.g., fishes were once grouped together as 'Pisces', which excluded tetrapods.  [广腰亚目和细腰亚目长期以来一直被认为是膜翅目的两个亚目，但由於认识到广腰亚目的並系性（Köningsmann 1977，Rasnitsyn 1988），加上支序學分類法的出现，这样的亚目分类应當避免。同样的，树蜂（英语：）被认为是非單系的，形成了一个相对於细腰亚目和尾蜂科（英语：）的祖先级别。传统的膜翅目分类是错误的，根据支序学的标准，这种情况与支序学出现之前的脊椎动物分类相同，那时认为具有共同祖徵（英语：）的类群是自然的，例如鱼类曾被统一归为“鱼纲”，将四足动物排除在外。]
1 2  Johnson, Brian R.; Borowiec, Marek L.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Lee, Ernest K.; Atallah, Joel; Ward, Philip S.  (PDF). Current Biology. 2013, 23 (20): 2058–2062. PMID 24094856. S2CID 230835 . doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050 .
↑  Brusca, Richard C.  (PDF). RickBrusca.com. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-09）.
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↑  Shimek, Ronald L. . Reefkeeping. 2006-01. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08）.
↑  Lindgren, A.R.; Giribet, G.; Nishiguchi, M.K. . Cladistics（英语：）. 2004, 20 (5): 454–486. PMID 34892953. S2CID 85975284 . doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00032.x .
↑  Reeder, Tod W.; Townsend, Ted M.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Wood, Perry L.; Sites, Jack W.; Wiens, John J. . PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (3): e0118199. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018199R. PMC 4372529 . PMID 25803280. S2CID 5046152 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199 . hdl:10088/25654.
↑  Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. & Hurum, J. . Palaeontology（英语：）. 2001, 44 (3): 389–429. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00185 .
↑  Thewissen, J.G.M.; Williams, E.M. . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics（英语：）. 2002, 33: 73–90. JSTOR 3069257. S2CID 85720339. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426.
↑  Groves, C.P. . Primates（英语：）. 1998, 39 (1): 13–27. S2CID 10869981. doi:10.1007/BF02557740.