游牧帝国
参考资料

↑  劉學銚. . 風格司藝術創作坊. 2012/01/19  [2024-02-18]. ISBN 9789868431119. （原始内容存档于2023-11-23） （中文（臺灣））.  请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
↑  Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Southgate Publishers. p. 75.
↑  . Encyclopædia Britannica Online.   [16 May 2015]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-21）.
↑  . Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press.   [16 May 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-01）.
↑  . history-world.org.   [2020-07-12]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-28）.
↑  .   [2020-07-12]. （原始内容存档于2015-07-17）.
↑  Lessman, Thomas. . 2004. Thomas Lessman.   [23 October 2013]. （原始内容存档于8 December 2013）.
↑  . Encyclopædia Britannica Online.   [31 December 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-11）.
↑  Waldman & Mason 2006，第692–694頁 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWaldmanMason2006 (help)
↑  J.Harmatta: "Scythians" in UNESCO Collection of History of Humanity – Volume III: From the Seventh Century BC to the Seventh Century AD. Routledge/UNESCO. 1996. pg. 182
↑  Sinor 1990，第113頁 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSinor1990 (help)
↑  Arrowsmith, Fellowes, Hansard, A, B & G L.  3 April 2006. Hansard London. 1832: 9  [20 August 2014].
↑  Arrowsmith, Fellowes, Hansard, A, B & G L.  3 April 2006. Hansard London. 1832: 15  [20 August 2014].
↑  The Dynasty Arts of the Kushans, University of California Press, 1967, p. 5 （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  .   [2020-07-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-25）.
↑  which began about 127 CE. "Falk 2001, pp. 121–136", Falk (2001), pp. 121–136, Falk, Harry (2004), pp. 167–176 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 33, 368–371.
↑  Wyatt 2004，第8頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWyatt2004 (help)
↑  Chen, Sanping. . Journal of Asian History. 1996, 30 (1): 46–78. JSTOR 41931010.
↑  Prokopios, Historien I 3,2–7.
↑  Grousset, Rene. . Rutgers University Press. 1970: 67–72. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
↑  Unesco Staff 1996，第135–163頁 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnesco_Staff1996 (help)
↑  West 2009，第274–277頁 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWest2009 (help)
↑  Hyun Jin Kim. . Cambridge University Press. 2013: 58–59, 150–155, 168, 204, 243  [2020-07-12]. ISBN 9781107009066. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
↑  Golden 1992，第253, 256頁: "[Pontic Bulgars] With their Avar and Türk political heritage, they assumed political leadership over an array of Turkic groups, Iranians and Finno-Ugric peoples, under the overlordship of the Khazars, whose vassals they remained." ... "The Bulgars, whose Oguric ancestors ..." sfn error: no target: CITEREFGolden1992 (help)
↑  McKitterick, Rosamond. . Cambridge University Press. 1995: 229  [2020-07-12]. ISBN 9780521362924. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）. The exact ethnic origins of the Danubian Bulgars is controversial. It is in any case most probable that they had enveloped groupings of diverse origins during their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppes, and they undoubtedly spoke a form of Turkic as their main language. The Bulgars long retained many of the customs, military tactics, titles and emblems of a nomadic people of the steppes.
↑  Sophoulis 2011，第65–66, 68–69頁: "The warriors who founded the Bulgar state in the Lower Danube region were culturally related to the nomads of Eurasia. Indeed, their language was Turkic, and more specifically Oğuric, as is apparent from the isolated words and phrases preserved in a number of inventory inscriptions." ... "It is generally believed that during their migration to the Balkans, the Bulgars brought with them or swept along several other groups of Eurasian nomads whose exact ethnic and linguistic affinities are impossible to determine... Sarmato-Alanian origin... Slav or Slavicized sedentary populations." sfn error: no target: CITEREFSophoulis2011 (help)
↑  Brook 2006，第13頁: "Thus, the Bulgars were actually a tribal confederation of multiple Hunnic, Turkic, and Iranian groups mixed together." sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrook2006 (help)
↑  . Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.  [3 June 2015]. The name Bulgaria comes from the Bulgars, a people who are still a matter of academic dispute with respect to their origin (Turkic or Indo-European) as well as to their influence on the ethnic mixture and the language of present-day Bulgaria. [永久]
1 2  . Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.  [3 June 2015]. Although many scholars, including linguists, had posited that the Bulgars were derived from a Turkic tribe of Central Asia (perhaps with Iranian elements), modern genetic research points to an affiliation with western Eurasian populations.
↑  Cenghiz, Ilhan. . yhaplogroups.wordpress.com. 2015  [2020-07-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-26）.
↑  Suslova;  et al. . International Journal of Immunogenetics (Blackwell Publishing Ltd). October 2012, 39 (5): 375–392. PMID 22520580. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x.
↑  Waldman, Mason 2006，第106–107頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWaldman,_Mason2006 (help)
↑  Waldman, Mason 2006，第108–109頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWaldman,_Mason2006 (help)
↑  Waldman, Mason 2006，第109頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWaldman,_Mason2006 (help)
↑  Maenchen-Helfen 1973，第168頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (help)
↑  Kim 2013，第123頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKim2013 (help)
↑  Kim 2015，第136頁 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFKim2015 (help); Sinor 2005，第4228頁 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFSinor2005 (help).
↑  Róna-Tas 1999，第309頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRóna-Tas1999 (help)
↑  Golden 1992，第104頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGolden1992 (help)
1 2  Golden 1992，第103頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGolden1992 (help)
↑  Bowersock, Brown, Grabar 1999，第354頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999 (help)
↑  Waldman, Mason 2006，第108頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWaldman,_Mason2006 (help)
↑  Golden 2011，第145, 158, 196頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGolden2011 (help)
↑  Fiedler 2008，第151頁: "...ethnic symbiosis between Slavic commoners and Bulgar elites of Turkic origin, who ultimately gave their name to the Slavic-speaking Bulgarians." sfn error: no target: CITEREFFiedler2008 (help)
↑  William Montgomery McGovern – early empires of Central Asia, p. 421
↑  Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun.  (PDF).   [Research into Jurchen and Khitan Studies by Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun]. Shōkadō (松香堂). 2009  [2020-07-12]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-10-19） （中文）.
↑  Ledyard, 1983, 323
↑  .   [2020-07-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-22）.
↑  Gregory G.Guzman – the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history? （页面存档备份，存于）, The historian 50 (1988), 568–70
↑  Thomas T. Allsen – and conquest in Mongol Eurasia （页面存档备份，存于）, 211
↑  Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, by Barbara A. West, p. 558
↑  . e-history.kz.   [2020-07-12]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-29）.
↑  . Astana Times.   [2020-07-12]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-10）.
↑  Pamela Crossley, The Manchus, p. 3
↑  Patricia Buckley Ebrey et al., East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History （页面存档备份，存于）, 3rd edition, p. 271
↑  Frederic Wakeman, Jr., The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in the Seventeenth Century （页面存档备份，存于）, p. 24, note 1
↑  Huang 1990 （页面存档备份，存于） p. 246.
↑  .   [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-20）.
↑  Gorelova 2002 （页面存档备份，存于）, pp. 13–4.
↑  Gorelova 2002 （页面存档备份，存于）, p. 14.
↑  萧国亮. . 艺术中国(ARTX.cn): 1. 2007-01-24  [25 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-10）.
↑  Vajda 的存檔，存档日期2010-06-01.
↑  Sinor 1996 （页面存档备份，存于）, p. 416.
↑  Twitchett, Franke, Fairbank 1994 （页面存档备份，存于）, p. 217.
↑  de Rachewiltz 1993 （页面存档备份，存于）, p. 112.
↑  Breuker 2010 （页面存档备份，存于）, p. 221.
↑  Wurm 1996 （页面存档备份，存于）, p. 828.
↑  Reardon-Anderson 2000 （页面存档备份，存于）, p. 504.
↑  Mote, Twitchett & Fairbank 1988 （页面存档备份，存于）, p. 266.
↑  Twitchett & Mote 1998 （页面存档备份，存于）, p. 258.
↑  Rawski 1996 （页面存档备份，存于）, p. 834.
↑  Rawski 1998, p. 43.
↑  Allsen 2011 （页面存档备份，存于）, p. 215.
↑  . American Philosophical Society. : 10–. ISBN 978-1-4223-7719-2.
↑  Karl August Wittfogel; Chia-shêng Fêng. . American Philosophical Society. 1949: 10.
↑  . 智汇三农. 2016  [2023-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-23）.
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