不孕
參考文獻

↑  GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. . Lancet. 8 October 2016, 388 (10053): 1545–1602. PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6.
1 2  Chowdhury SH, Cozma AI, Chowdhury JH. Infertility. Essentials for the Canadian Medical Liscensing Exam: Review and Prep for MCCQE Part I. 2nd edition. Wolters Kluwer. Hong Kong. 2017.
↑  Makar RS, Toth TL. . Am J Clin Pathol. 2002, 117 (Suppl): S95–103. PMID 14569805. doi:10.1309/w8lj-k377-dhra-cp0b.
↑  Himmel W, Ittner E, Kochen MM, Michelmann HW, Hinney B, Reuter M, Kallerhoff M, Ringert RH. . British Journal of General Practice. 1997, 47 (415): 111–8. PMC 1312893 . PMID 9101672.
1 2  . European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
↑  . National Health Service. 2017-10-23  [2019-08-26]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-29）.  Page last reviewed 15/07/2014
1 2  Cooper TG, Noonan E, von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HW, Behre HM, Haugen TB, Kruger T, Wang C, Mbizvo MT, Vogelsong KM. . Hum. Reprod. Update. 2010, 16 (3): 231–45. PMID 19934213. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp048.
1 2  Gurunath S, Pandian Z, Anderson RA, Bhattacharya S. . Human Reproduction Update. 2011, 17 (5): 575–88. PMID 21493634. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr015.
1 2  Tamparo, Carol; Lewis, Marcia. . Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company. 2011: 459. ISBN 9780803625051.
↑  . Who.int. 2013-03-19  [2013-06-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-08）.
↑   (PDF). London: RCOG Press. 2004  [2019-08-27]. ISBN 978-1-900364-97-3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-11-15）.
↑  . NICE Clinical guidelines, CG156. February 2013  [2019-08-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-23）.
↑   (PDF).   [2019-08-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-03-05）.
↑  .   [2007-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-09）.
↑  Cousineau TM, Domar AD. . Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2007, 21 (2): 293–308. PMID 17241818. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.12.003.
↑  Rooney, Kristin L.; Domar, Alice D. . The Relationship Between Stress and Infertility. 2018-03, 20 (1294–8322): 41–47. PMC 6016043 . PMID 29946210.
↑  Donor insemination Edited by C.L.R. Barratt and I.D. Cooke. Cambridge (England): Cambridge University Press, 1993. 231 pages., page 13, citing Berger (1980)
↑  Domar AD, Zuttermeister PC, Friedman R. . J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 1993, 14 (Suppl): 45–52. PMID 8142988.
↑  Donor insemination Edited by C.L.R. Barratt and I.D. Cooke. Cambridge (England): Cambridge University Press, 1993. 231 pages., page 13, in turn citing Connolly, Edelmann & Cooke 1987
1 2  . Springer. 2017: 352. ISBN 978-3-319-44667-7.
↑  Schmidt L, Christensen U, Holstein BE. . Hum. Reprod. Apr 2005, 20 (4): 1044–52. PMID 15608029. doi:10.1093/humrep/deh687.
↑  Khetarpal A, Singh S. . The Australasian Medical Journal. 2012, 5 (6): 334–9. PMC 3395292 . PMID 22848333. doi:10.4066/AMJ.2012.1290.
1 2 3  Restrepo, B.; Cardona-Maya, W. . Actas Urologicas Espanolas. October 2013, 37 (9): 571–578. ISSN 1699-7980. PMID 23428233. doi:10.1016/j.acuro.2012.11.003.
1 2  Rao, Kamini. . JP Medical Ltd. 2013-09-30. ISBN 9789350907368 （英语）.
↑  Lis, R.; Rowhani-Rahbar, A.; Manhart, L. E. . Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2015, 61 (3): 418–26. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 25900174. doi:10.1093/cid/civ312.
↑  Ljubin-Sternak, Suncanica; Mestrovic, Tomislav. . Journal of Pathogens. 2014, 2014 (183167): 183167. PMC 4295611 . PMID 25614838. doi:10.1155/2014/183167.
↑  Ferraz-de-Souza, Bruno; Lin, Lin; Achermann, John C. . Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2011-04-10, 336 (1–2): 198–205. ISSN 0303-7207. PMC 3057017 . PMID 21078366. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.006.
1 2  Zenzes MT. . Hum. Reprod. Update. 2000, 6 (2): 122–31. PMID 10782570. doi:10.1093/humupd/6.2.122.
↑  Mark-Kappeler CJ, Hoyer PB, Devine PJ. . Biol. Reprod. November 2011, 85 (5): 871–83. PMC 3197911 . PMID 21697514. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.111.091173.
↑  Seino T, Saito H, Kaneko T, Takahashi T, Kawachiya S, Kurachi H. . Fertil. Steril. June 2002, 77 (6): 1184–90. PMID 12057726. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03103-5.
↑  Gharagozloo P, Aitken RJ. . Hum. Reprod. July 2011, 26 (7): 1628–40. PMID 21546386. doi:10.1093/humrep/der132.
↑  Nili HA, Mozdarani H, Pellestor F. . Iran. Biomed. J. 2011, 15 (4): 122–9. PMC 3614247 . PMID 22395136.
↑  Shamsi MB, Imam SN, Dada R. . J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. November 2011, 28 (11): 1073–85. PMC 3224170 . PMID 21904910. doi:10.1007/s10815-011-9631-8.
↑  Evenson DP, Darzynkiewicz Z, Melamed MR. (1980) Relation of mammalian sperm chromatin heterogeneity to fertility. Science 210:1131-1133; PMID 7444440
↑  Gorczyca W, Traganos F, Jesionowska H, Darzynkiewicz Z. (1993) Presence of DNA strand breaks and increased sensitivity of DNA in situ to denaturation in abnormal human sperm cells. Analogy to apoptosis of somatic cells. Exp Cell Res 207:202-205; PMID 8391465 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1993.1182.
↑  Jangir RN, Jain GC. . Curr Diabetes Rev. May 2014, 10 (3): 147–57. PMID 24919656. doi:10.2174/1573399810666140606111745.
↑  Livshits A, Seidman DS. . Womens Health (Lond Engl). Nov 2009, 5 (6): 701–7. PMID 19863473. doi:10.2217/whe.09.47.
↑  Andreeva P. . Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 2014, 53 (7): 18–23. PMID 25675618.
↑  Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. . Hum. Reprod. Update. 2014, 20 (4): 582–93  [2019-09-04]. PMID 24619876. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu007. （原始内容存档于2020-05-09）. Physicians should investigate women with unexplained infertility, recurrent miscarriage or IUGR for undiagnosed CD. (...) CD can present with several non-gastrointestinal symptoms and it may escape timely recognition. Thus, given the heterogeneity of clinical presentation, many atypical cases of CD go undiagnosed, leading to a risk of long-term complications. Among atypical symptoms of CD, disorders of fertility, such as delayed menarche, early menopause, amenorrhea or infertility, and pregnancy complications, such as recurrent abortions, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), small for gestational age (SGA) babies, low birthweight (LBW) babies or preterm deliveries, must be factored. (...) However, the risk is significantly reduced by a gluten-free diet. These patients should therefore be made aware of the potential negative effects of active CD also in terms of reproductive performances, and of the importance of a strict diet to ameliorate their health condition and reproductive health.
↑  Lasa, JS; Zubiaurre, I; Soifer, LO. . Arq Gastroenterol. 2014, 51 (2): 144–50. PMID 25003268. doi:10.1590/S0004-28032014000200014. Undiagnosed celiac disease is a risk factor for infertility. Women seeking medical advice for this particular condition should be screened for celiac disease. Adoption of a gluten-free diet could have a positive impact on fertility in this group of patients.(...)According to our results, non-diagnosed untreated CD constitutes a risk factor significantly associated with infertility in women. When comparing studies that enrolled patients previously diagnosed with CD, this association is not as evident as in the former context. This could be related to the effect that adoption of a gluten-free diet (GFD) may have on this particular health issue.
↑  Hozyasz, K. . Ginekol Pol. Mar 2001, 72 (3): 173–9. PMID 11398587. Coeliac men may have reversible infertility, and as in women, if gastrointestinal symptoms are mild or absent the diagnosis may be missed. It is important to make diagnosis because the giving of gluten free diet may result in conception and favourable outcome of pregnancy.
↑  Sher, KS; Jayanthi, V; Probert, CS; Stewart, CR; Mayberry, JF. . Dig Dis. 1994, 12 (3): 186–90. PMID 7988065. doi:10.1159/000171452. There is now substantial evidence that coeliac sprue is associated with infertility both in men and women. (...) In men it can cause hypogonadism, immature secondary sex characteristics and reduce semen quality. (...) Hyperprolactinaemia is seen in 25% of coeliac patients, which causes impotence and loss of libido. Gluten withdrawal and correction of deficient dietary elements can lead to a return of fertility both in men and women.
↑  Reichman DE, White PC, New MI, Rosenwaks Z. . Fertil Steril: 301–9 2014–02. PMID 24355046. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.11.002.
↑  . New Scientist. 2001-10-26  [2013-06-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-05-09）.
↑  . BBC News. 2001-10-27  [2010-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-11）.
↑  . cdc.gov. 2019-01-11  [2019-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-17）.
↑  Martha E. Wittenberg. . LIVESTRONG.COM.   [2019-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-24）.
↑  . HowStuffWorks. 2011-02-17  [2019-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-14）.
↑  van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH. . Human Reproduction Update. 2011, 17 (5): 605–619. PMID 21622978. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr024.
↑  Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM, Moreno-Grau JM, Ten J, Roca M, Moreno-Grau S, Bernabeu R. . Reprod Biomed Online. June 2008, 16 (6): 842–50. PMID 18549695. doi:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60151-4. [永久]
↑  Smith EM, Hammonds-Ehlers M, Clark MK, Kirchner HL, Fuortes L. . J Occup Environ Med. February 1997, 39 (2): 138–47  [2019-09-04]. PMID 9048320. doi:10.1097/00043764-199702000-00011. （原始内容存档于2012-03-11）.
↑  Regulated fertility services: a commissioning aid – June 2009 （页面存档备份，存于）, from the Department of Health UK
↑  Sharma R, Biedenharn KR, Fedor JM, Agarwal A. . Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2013, 11: 66. PMC 3717046 . PMID 23870423. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-11-66.
↑  About infertility & fertility problems （页面存档备份，存于） from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority.
↑  Lessy, B.A. (2000) Medical management of endometriosis and infertility: 1089-1096.
↑  . Chelsea Fertility NYC.   [6 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-07）.
↑  . Information on Egg Freezing.   [6 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-07）.
↑  Balen AH, Dresner M, Scott EM, Drife JO. . BMJ. 2006, 332 (7539): 434–5. PMC 1382524 . PMID 16497735. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7539.434.
↑  Mishail, A., et al. (2009) Impact of a second semen analysis on a treatment decision making in the infertile man with varicocele: 1809-1811
↑  Avidor-Reiss T, Khire A, Fishman EL, Jo KH. . Front Cell Dev Biol. Apr 2015, 3: 21. PMC 4381714 . PMID 25883936. doi:10.3389/fcell.2015.00021.
↑  Unexplained Infertility Background, Tests and Treatment Options （页面存档备份，存于） Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago
↑  Altmäe S, Stavreus-Evers A, Ruiz JR, Laanpere M, Syvänen T, Yngve A, Salumets A, Nilsson TK. . Fertility and Sterility. 2010, 94 (1): 130–137. PMID 19324355. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.025.
↑  Kenneth I. Aston; Philip J. Uren; Timothy G. Jenkins; Alan Horsager; Bradley R. Cairns; Andrew D. Smith; Douglas T. Carrell. . Fertility and Sterility. December 2015, 104 (6): 1388–1397. PMID 26361204. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.019.
↑  Dada R, Kumar M, Jesudasan R, Fernández JL, Gosálvez J, Agarwal A. . J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2012, 29 (3): 213–23. PMC 3288140 . PMID 22290605. doi:10.1007/s10815-012-9715-0.
↑  .   [2019-09-02]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-25）.
↑  ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. . Human Reproduction Update. 2013, 19 (4): 354–365. PMID 23459992. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt007.
↑  Edmund S. Sabanegh, Jr. . Springer Science & Business Media. 20 October 2010: 82–83. ISBN 978-1-60761-193-6.
↑  Paul McFedries. . wordspy.com.   [2019-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2006-06-01）.
↑  Vassena, R; Eguizabal, C; Heindryckx, B; Sermon, K. . Hum. Reprod. 2015, 30 (9): 2014–2021. PMID 26202914. doi:10.1093/humrep/dev181.
↑  Hermann, BP; Sukhwani, M; Winkler, F; Pascarella, JN. . Cell Stem Cell. 2012, 11 (5): 715–26. PMID 23122294. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2012.07.017.
↑  Johnson, J; Canning, J; Kaneko, T; Pru, JK. . Nature. 2004, 428 (March(6979)): 145–50. PMID 15014492. doi:10.1038/nature02316.
↑  Maheshwari, A. . 2008: 538–542.
↑  .   [2 June 2008]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-30）.
↑  Khan, Khalid; Janesh K. Gupta; Gary Mires. . London: Hodder Arnold. 2005: 152. ISBN 978-0-340-81672-1.
↑  Sahlgrenska University Hospital. (translated from the Swedish sentence: "Cirka 10% av alla par har problem med ofrivillig barnlöshet." （页面存档备份，存于）)
1 2  chicagotribune.com Heartache of infertility shared on stage, screen Archive.today的存檔，存档日期2012-07-03 By Colleen Mastony, Tribune reporter. 21 June 2009
↑  O'Neill Desmond. . BMJ. 2009, 339: b4215. doi:10.1136/bmj.b4215.
↑  . europa.eu. （原始内容存档于2008-05-21）.
↑  .   [2019-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-23）.
↑  .   [2019-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-28）.