美国宪法第十三修正案
参考资料

↑  . Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. 2012-11-20  [2013-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-01）.
1 2 3 4  任东来; 陈伟; 白雪峰; Charles J. McClain; Laurene Wu McClain. . . 中国法制出版社. 2004年1月. ISBN 7-80182-138-6.
1 2 3 4  李道揆. . 商务印书馆. 1999: 775–799.
↑  Kenneth M. Stampp. . Oxford University Press. 1980: 85  [2013-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
↑  Friedman, Lawrence Meir. . Random House. 2004: 69  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9780812972856. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
↑  陈伟. . . 中国法制出版社. 2004年1月: 一、美国宪法暗藏杀机. ISBN 7-80182-138-6.
↑  Jean Allain. . Oxford University Press. 2012: 117  [2013-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  Foner, Eric. . W. W. Norton. 2010  [2013-06-04]. ISBN 978-0-393-06618-0. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
↑  Jean Allain. . Oxford University Press. 2012: 119–120  [2013-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
↑  Tsesis, Alexander. . New York: New York University Press. 2004: 14. ISBN 0814782760. Nineteenth century apologists for the expansion of slavery developed a political philosophy that placed property at the pinnacle of personal interests and regarded its protection to be the government's chief purpose. The Fifth Amendment's Just Compensation clause provided the proslavery camp with a bastion for fortifying the peculiar institution against congressional restrictions to its spread westward. Based on this property-rights centered argument, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), found the Missouri Compromise unconstitutionally violated due process.
↑  Tsesis, Alexander. . New York: New York University Press. 2004: 18-23. ISBN 0814782760. Constitutional protections of slavery coexisted with an entire culture of oppression. The peculiar institution reached many private aspects of human life, for both whites and blacks. [...] Even free Southern blacks lived in a world so legally constricted by racial domination that it offered only a deceptive shadow of freedom.
↑  Vile, John R. (编). . . ABC-CLIO: 449–452. 2003.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  Goodwin, Doris Kearns. . Simon & Schuster. 2005  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 978-0-7432-7075-5. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  McPherson, James M. . Oxford University Press. 1988  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）.
↑  . Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society.   [2013-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-25）.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14  Tsesis, Alexander. . New York: New York University Press. 2004. ISBN 0814782760.
1 2  Amy Dru Stanley. . American Historical Review. 2010-06, 115 (3).
↑  Michigan State Historical Society. . Michigan Historical Commission. 1901: 582  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 52–53  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. Sumner made his intentions clearer on February 8, when he introduced his constitutional amendment to the Senate and asked that it be referred to his new committee. So desperate was he to make his amendment the final version that he challenged the well-accepted custom of sending proposed amendments to the Judiciary Committee. His Republican colleagues would hear nothing of it.
↑  . Harpers Weekly.   [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-15）.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 53  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. It was no coincidence that Trumbull's announcement came only two days after Sumner had proposed his amendment making all persons 'equal before the law.' The Massachusetts senator had spurred the committee into final action.
↑  McAward, Jennifer Mason.  (PDF). Columbia Law Review. 2012, 112: 1786. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-01-21）. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 54  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. Although it made Henderson's amendment the foundation of the final amendment, the committee rejected an article in Henderson's version that allowed the amendment to be adopted by the approval of only a simple majority in Congress and the ratification of only two-thirds of the states.
1 2  Benedict, Michael Les. . Maryland Law Review. 2012-10-31, 71 (1)  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-28）.
↑  Benedict, Michael Les. . Maryland Law Review. 2012-10-31, 71 (1): 179–180  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-28）. (Benedict quotes Sen. Garrett Davis:) there is a boundary between the power of revolution and the power of amendment, which the latter, as established in our Constitution, cannot pass; and that if the proposed change is revolutionary it would be null and void, notwithstanding it might be formally adopted. Full text of Davis's speech, with comments from others can be found in Great Debates in American History （页面存档备份，存于） (1918), ed. Marion Mills Miller.
1 2 3 4  Colbert, Douglas L. . Harvard Civil Rights – Civil Liberties Law Review. 1995, 30.
↑  TenBroek, Jacobus. . California Law Review. 1951-06, 39 (2): 180. It would make it possible for white citizens to exercise their constitutional right under the comity clause to reside in Southern states regardless of their opinions. It would carry out the constitutional declaration "that each citizen of the United States shall have equal privileges in every other state." It would protect citizens in their rights under the First Amendment and comity clause to freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of religion and freedom of assembly.
1 2  Trelease, Allen W. . New York: Harper & Row. 1971: xvii. Negroes wanted the same freedom that white men enjoyed, with equal prerogatives and opportunities. The educated black minority emphasized civil and political rights more than the masses, who called most of all for land and schools. In an agrarian society, the only kind most of them knew, landownership was associated with freedom, respectability, and the good life. It was almost universally desired by Southern blacks, as it was by landless peasants the world over. Give us our land and we can take care of ourselves, said a group of South Carolina Negroes to a Northern journalist in 1865; without land the old masters can hire us or starve us as they please.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 73  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. The first notable convert was Representative James Brooks of New York, who, on the floor of Congress on February 18, 1864, declared that slavery was dying if not already dead, and that his party should stop defending the institution.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 74  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. The antislavery amendment caught Johnson's eye, however, because it offered an indisputable constitutional solution to the problem of slavery.
↑  Donald, David Herbert. . Simon & Schuster. 1996: 396  [2013-09-26]. ISBN 978-0-684-82535-9. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 48  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. The president worried that an abolition amendment might foul the political waters. The amendments he had recommended in December 1862 had gone nowhere, mainly because they reflected an outdated program of gradual emancipation, which included compensation and colonization. Moreover, Lincoln knew that he did not have to propose amendments because others more devoted to abolition would, especially if he pointed out the vulnerability of existing emancipation legislation. He was also concerned about negative reactions from conservatives, particularly potential new recruits from the Democrats.
↑  Willis, John C. . University of the South.   [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-03-29）. Resolved, That as slavery was the cause, and now constitutes the strength of this Rebellion, and as it must be, always and everywhere, hostile to the principles of Republican Government, justice and the National safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the soil of the Republic; and that, while we uphold and maintain the acts and proclamations by which the Government, in its own defense, has aimed a deathblow at this gigantic evil, we are in favor, furthermore, of such an amendment to the Constitution, to be made by the people in conformity with its provisions, as shall terminate and forever prohibit the existence of Slavery within the limits of the jurisdiction of the United States.
↑  . Get Out the Vote. Cornell University. 2004  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-07）. Despite internal Party conflicts, Republicans rallied around a platform that supported restoration of the Union and the abolition of slavery.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 178  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. there is only a question of time as to when the proposed amendment will go to the States for their action. And as it is to so go, at all events, may we not agree that the sooner the better?
↑  Donald, David Herbert. . Simon & Schuster. 1996: 554  [2013-09-26]. ISBN 978-0-684-82535-9. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）. the greatest measure of the nineteenth century was passed by corruption, aided and abetted by the purest man in America
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 187  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. But the clearest sign of the people's voice against slavery, argued amendment supporters, was the recent election. Following Lincoln's lead, Republican representatives like Godlove S. Orth of Indiana claimed that the vote represented a 'popular verdict . . . in unmistakable language' in favor of the amendment.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 191  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. The necessity of keeping support for the amendment broad enough to secure its passage created a strange situation. At the moment that Republicans were promoting new, far-reaching legislation for African Americans, they had to keep this legislation detached from the first constitutional amendment dealing exclusively with African American freedom. Republicans thus gave freedom under the antislavery amendment a vague construction: freedom was something more than the absence of chattel slavery but less than absolute equality.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 191–192  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. One of the most effective methods used by amendment supporters to convey the measure's conservative character was to proclaim the permanence of patriarchal power within the American family in the face of this or any textual change to the Constitution. In response to Democrats who charged that the antislavery was but the first step in a Republican design to dissolve all of society's foundations, including the hierarchical structure of the family, the Iowa Republican John A. Kasson denied any desire to interfere with 'the rights of a husband to a wife' or 'the right of [a] father to his child.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 198  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. It was at this point that the president wheeled into action on behalf of the Amendment […] Now he became more forceful. To one representative whose brother had died in the war, Lincoln said, 'your brother died to save the Republic from death by the slaveholders' rebellion. I wish you could see it to be your duty to vote for the Constitutional amendment ending slavery.
↑  Harrison, John. . University of Chicago Law Review. Spring 2001, 68 (2): 389  [2013-09-26]. For reasons that have never been entirely clear, the amendment was presented to the President pursuant to Article I, Section 7, of the Constitution, and signed.
↑  Thorpe, Francis Newton. . Chicago: Callaghan. 1901: 154  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-01）. The President signed the joint resolution on the first of February. Somewhat curiously the signing has only one precedent, and that was in spirit and purpose the complete antithesis of the present act. President Buchanan had signed the proposed Amendment of 1861, which would make slavery national and perpetual.
↑  . The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress: Series 3. General Correspondence. 1837-1897. Library of Congress.   [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-22）.
↑  Thorpe, Francis Newton. . Chicago: Callaghan. 1901: 154  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-01）. But many held that the President's signature was not essential to an act of this kind, and, on the fourth of February, Senator Trumbull offered a resolution, which was agreed to three days later, that the approval was not required by the Constitution; "that it was contrary to the early decision of the Senate and of the Supreme Court; and that the negative of the President applying only to the ordinary cases of legislation, he had nothing to do with propositions to amend the Constitution.
↑  Tammy Webber. . Associated Press. Boston Globe. 2011-12-06  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-27）.
↑  Harrison, John. . University of Chicago Law Review. Spring 2001, 68 (2): 390  [2013-09-26]. Those ratifications raised some tricky questions. Four of them came from organizations purporting to be the legislatures of Virginia, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas. What about them? How many states were there, how many of them had legally valid legislatures, and if there were fewer legislatures than states, did Article V require ratification by three-fourths of the states or three-fourths of the legally valid state legislatures?
1 2 3 4  Forehand, Beverly. . Masters Thesis (Western Kentucky University). 1996-05-01  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-28）.
↑  Harrison, John. . University of Chicago Law Review. Spring 2001, 68 (2): 394–397  [2013-09-26]. Then came the kicker: The President decided who was loyal, prescribing suffrage qualifications for electing the convention. [...] Pursuant to Johnson's proclamations, the provisional governors organized elections for conventions. Six met in 1865, while Texas's convention did not organize until March 1866. Three leading issues came before the convention: secession itself, the abolition of slavery, and the Confederate war debt.
↑  Eric L. McKitrick. . U. Chicago Press. 1960: 178  [2013-09-26]. ISBN 9780195057072. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
↑  Clara Mildred Thompson. . Columbia University Press. 1915: 156  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 227–228  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. If, by the time Congress convened in December, the amendment had been ratified with the help of southern states, Johnson's Republican opponents might think twice about denying the southern states their place in the Union. Excluding these states might come at the embarrassing price of nullifying constitutional emancipation.
↑  DuBois, W. E. B. . New York: Russell & Russell. 1935: 208. Charles Sumner and others declared that [the enforcement clause] gave Congress power to enfranchise Negroes if such a step was necessary to their freedom. The South took cognizance of this argument.
↑  McAward, Jennifer Mason.  (PDF). Columbia Law Review. 2012, 112: 1786–1787. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-01-21）. any attempt by Congress toward legislating upon the political status of former slaves, or their civil relations, would be contrary to the Constitution of the United States.
↑  Thorpe, Francis Newton. . Chicago: Callaghan. 1901: 210  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-01）.
1 2  McAward, Jennifer Mason.  (PDF). Columbia Law Review. 2012, 112. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-01-21）.
↑  DuBois, W. E. B. . New York: Russell & Russell. 1935: 208. (Alabama's exception:) That this amendment to the Constitution of the United States is adopted by the Legislature of Alabama with the understanding that it does not confer upon Congress the power to legislate upon the political status of freedmen in this state.
↑  Mount, Steve. . 2007年1月  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-02）.
1 2  . African-American Registry.   [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013年6月11日）.
1 2 3  . Harper Weekly.   [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-15）.
↑  Harrison, John. . University of Chicago Law Review. Spring 2001, 68 (2): 398  [2013-09-26]. [Seward] counted thirty-six states in all, thus rejecting the possibility that any had left the Union or been destroyed. With Georgia's action on December 6, he counted twenty-seven ratifications. So on December 18, 1865, in keeping with a duty imposed on the Secretary of State by a statute from 1818, he issued a certificate stating that Congress had proposed a constitutional amendment by the requisite two-thirds vote, that twenty-seven states had ratified, that the whole number of states in the Union was thirty-six, that twenty-seven was the requisite three-fourths majority, and that the amendment had 'be[come] valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution of the United States.
↑  Andrew Kirell. . Mediaite. 2013-02-18  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-25）.
1 2  Matt Pearce. . Los Angeles Times. 2013-02-18  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-28）.
↑  Ben Waldron. . ABC News. 2013-02-18  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-08）.
↑  Tsesis, Alexander. . New York: New York University Press. 2004: 17, 34. ISBN 0814782760. It rendered all clauses directly dealing with slavery null and altered the meaning of other clauses that had originally been designed to protect the institution of slavery.
↑  . Primary Documents in American History. the Library of Congress.   [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-16）.
↑  Lowell Harrison; James C. Klotter. . University Press of Kentucky. 1997: 180  [2013-09-26]. ISBN 9780813126210. （原始内容存档于2013-09-27）.
↑  Hornsby, Alan (编). . . ABC-CLIO: 139. 2011  [2013-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
1 2 3 4 5  Goldstone, Lawrence. . Walker & Company. 2011  [2013-09-02]. ISBN 978-0-8027-1792-4. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
1 2 3  Stromberg, Joseph R. . Journal of Libertarian Studies. Spring 2002.
↑  Nelson, William E. . Harvard University Press. 1988: 47  [2013-09-03]. ISBN 978-0-674-04142-4. （原始内容存档于2013-10-09）.
↑  DuBois, W. E. B. . New York: Russell & Russell. 1935: 140. There is a kind of innate feeling, a lingering hope among many in the South that slavery will be regalvanized in some shape or other. They tried by their laws to make a worse slavery than there was before, for the freedman has not the protection which the master from interest gave him before.
↑  DuBois, W. E. B. . New York: Russell & Russell. 1935: 188. Slavery was not abolished even after the Thirteenth Amendment. There were four million freedmen and most of them on the same plantation, doing the same work that they did before emancipation, except as their work had been interrupted and changed by the upheaval of war. Moreover, they were getting about the same wages and apparently were going to be subject to slave codes modified only in name. There were among them thousands of fugitives in the camps of the soldiers or on the streets of the cities, homeless, sick, and impoverished. They had been freed practically with no land nor money, and, save in exceptional cases, without legal status, and without protection.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 244  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. Slavery was not abolished even after the Thirteenth Amendment. There were four million freedmen and most of them on the same plantation, doing the same work that they did before emancipation, except as their work had been interrupted and changed by the upheaval of war. Moreover, they were getting about the same wages and apparently were going to be subject to slave codes modified only in name. There were among them thousands of fugitives in the camps of the soldiers or on the streets of the cities, homeless, sick, and impoverished. They had been freed practically with no land nor money, and, save in exceptional cases, without legal status, and without protection.
↑  Trelease, Allen W. . New York: Harper & Row. 1971: xviii. The truth seems to be that, after a brief exulation with the idea of freedom, Negroes realized that their position was hardly changed; they continued to live and work much as they had before.
1 2 3 4 5  Blackmon, Douglas A. . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2008-03-25  [2013-09-27]. ISBN 978-0-385-50625-0. （原始内容存档于2013-10-11）.
↑  Novak, Daniel A. . University Press of Kentucky. 1978: 2. ISBN 0813113717.
↑  Vorenberg, Michael. . Cambridge University Press. 2001: 230–231  [2013-09-25]. ISBN 9781139428002. （原始内容存档于2013-09-29）. The black codes were a violation of freedom of contract, one of the civil rights that Republicans expected to flow from the amendment. Because South Carolina and other states anticipated that congressional Republicans would try to use the Thirteenth Amendment to outlaw the codes, they made the preemptive strike of declaring in their ratification resolutions that Congress could not use the amendment's second clause to legislate on freed people's civil rights.
↑  Benjamin Ginsberg. . Johns Hopkins Press. 2010: 44–46  [2013-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-11）.
↑  Wolff, Tobias Barrington. . Columbia Law Review. 2002-05, 102 (4): 981  [2013-09-27]. Peonage was a system of forced labor that depended upon the indebtedness of a worker, rather than an actual property right in a slave, as the means of compelling work.  A prospective employer would offer a laborer a "loan" or "advance" on his wages, typically as a condition of employment, and then use the newly created debt to compel the worker to remain on the job for as long as the employer wished.
1 2  Wolff, Tobias Barrington. . Columbia Law Review. 2002-05, 102 (4): 982  [2013-09-27]. Not surprisingly, employers used peonage arrangements primarily in industries that involved hazardous working conditions and very low pay. While black workers were not the exclusive victims of peonage arrangements in America, they suffered under its yoke in vastly disproportionate numbers. Along with Jim Crow laws that segregated transportation and public facilities, these laws helped to restrict the movement of freed black workers and thereby keep them in a state of poverty and vulnerability.
↑  Wolff, Tobias Barrington. . Columbia Law Review. 2002-05, 102 (4): 982  [2013-09-27]. Legally sanctioned peonage arrangements blossomed in the South following the Civil War and continued into the twentieth century. According to the Professor Jacqueline Jones, 'perhaps as many as one-third of all [sharecropping farmers] in Alabama, Mississippi, and George were being held against their will in 1900.
↑  Wolff, Tobias Barrington. . Columbia Law Review. 2002-05, 102 (4): 982  [2013-09-27]. It did not recognize a property right in a human being (a peon could not be sold in the manner of a slave); and the condition of peonage did not work 'corruption of blood' and travel to the children of the worker. Peonage, in short, was not chattel slavery. Yet the practice unquestionably reproduced many of the immediate practical realities of slavery—a vast underclass of laborers, held to their jobs by force of law and threat of imprisonment, with few if any opportunities for escape.
↑  DuBois, W. E. B.  87 (519). The Atlantic: 354–365. 1901-03  [2013-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-31）.
↑  Tsesis, Alexander. . New York: New York University Press. 2004: 50-51. ISBN 0814782760. Blacks applied to local provost marshalls and Freedmen's Bureau for help against these child abductions, particularly in those cases where children were taken from living parents. Jack Prince asked for help when a woman bound his maternal niece. Sally Hunter requested assistance to obtain the release of her two nieces. Bureau officials finally put an end to the system of indenture in 1867.
↑  Tsesis, Alexander. . New York: New York University Press. 2004: 56-57, 60-61. ISBN 0814782760. If the Republicans had hoped to gradually use section 2 of the Thirteenth Amendment to pass Reconstruction legislation, they would soon learn that President Johnson, using his veto power, would make increasingly more difficult the passage of any measure augmenting the power of the national government. Further, with time, even leading antislavery Republicans would become less adamant and more willing to reconcile with the South than protect the rights of the newly freed. This was clear by the time Horace Greely accepted the Democratic nomination for president in 1872 and even more when President Rutherford B. Hayes entered the Compromise of 1877, agreeing to withdraw federal troops from the South.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Goluboff, Risa L.  (PDF). Duke Law Journal. 2001, 50  [2013-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.
↑  Soifer, “Prohibition of Voluntary Peonage” (2012), p. 1617.
↑  . Codes.lp.findlaw.com.   [2013-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-22）.
↑  . Codes.lp.findlaw.com.   [2013-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-20）. If two or more persons conspire to injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person in any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or because of his having so exercised the same; or If two or more persons go in disguise on the highway, or on the premises of another, with intent to prevent or hinder his free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege so secured - They shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, they shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death.
↑  . Codes.lp.findlaw.com.   [2013-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-20）. Whoever, under color of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom, willfully subjects any person in any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or to different punishments, pains, or penalties, on account of such person being an alien, or by reason of his color, or race, than are prescribed for the punishment of citizens, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and if bodily injury results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death.
1 2  . U.S. Department of Justice.   [2013-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-29）.
↑  Bailey v. Alabama, 219（英语：） U.S. 219 (1911)
↑  . SSRN.   [2013-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-18）.
↑  According to the Dept. of Justice, "Congress enacted § 1589 in response to the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Kozminski, 487（英语：） U.S. 931 (1988), which interpreted § 1584 to require the use or threatened use of physical or legal coercion. Section 1589 broadens the definition of the kinds of coercion that might result in forced labor."
↑  Kenneth L. Karst. . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution.  – HighBeam Research  . 2000-01-01  [2013-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-28）.
↑  . Scribd.   [2013-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-02）.
↑  Seth P. Waxman.  75. Indiana Law Journal. 2000: 1302–1303. （原始内容存档于2013-07-02）.
↑  Blyew v. U.S., 80（英语：） U.S. 581 (1871)
↑  The Slaughter-House Cases, 83（英语：） U.S. 36 (1873)
↑  United States v. Cruikshank, 92（英语：） U.S. 542 (1876)
↑  Waskey, Andrew J. . Wilson, Steven Harmon  (编). . ABC-CLIO: 547. ISBN 978-1-59884-305-7.
↑  . D. Appleton & Company. 1888: 132  [2013-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-11）.
↑  Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)
↑  Plessy v. Ferguson, 163（英语：） U.S. 537 (1896)
↑  Hodges v. United States, 203（英语：） U.S. 1 (1906)
↑  Corrigan v. Buckley, 271（英语：） U.S. 323 (1926)
1 2  Wolff, Tobias Barrington. . Columbia Law Review. 2002-05, 102 (4)  [2013-09-27].
↑  Clyatt v. United States, 197（英语：） U.S. 207 (1905)
1 2  Tsesis, Alexander. . New York: New York University Press. 2004: 3. ISBN 0814782760. After Reconstruction, however, a series of Supreme Court decisions substantially diminished the amendment's significance in achieving genuine liberation. The Court did not revisit the amendment's meaning until 1968, during the heyday of the Civil Rights movement. In Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer, the Court found that the Thirteenth Amendment not only ended unrecompensed, forced labor but that its second section also empowered Congress to develop legislation that is 'rationally' related to ending any remaining 'badges and incidents of servitude'.