分子演化
參考資料

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五種大規模圖變示例。
模擬一個中性的等位基因的隨機漂變50世代10次，並比較三個不同的族群大小。同樣由0.5的頻率開始，上方族群較小時，基因容易失去（頻率為0）或達到固定（頻率為1），而下方較大的族群則較不受漂變的影響。
微衛星序列在DNA複製時容易發生滑動而造成其長度改變。圖中的每個方格代表相同的一段重複序列，黑色是舊的DNA，在DNA複製時作為模板，白色是新合成的DNA。上：正常無突變的複製。中：新合成的DNA產生環圈而變長。下：舊的DNA產生環圈造成新合成的DNA較短。
反轉錄轉移：基因體中的反轉錄轉座子（左下）經轉錄及轉譯產生核醣蛋白複合體（左上），然後反轉錄產生cDNA（右上），插入基因體的其他位置（右下）。