同位素
參考文獻

1 2 3 4 5 6 7   葉錫溶 蔡長書. . 台灣台北縣: 新文京開發出版股份有限公司. 2008-03-26. ISBN 978-986-150-830-6 （中文（臺灣））.
↑   (PDF).   [2018-01-06]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-03-18）.
↑  Herzog, Gregory F. . Encyclopedia Britannica. 2 June 2020  [2023-08-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-24）.
↑  Soddy, Frederick.  (PDF). Nobelprize.org: 393. 12 December 1922  [9 January 2019]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-01-10）. Thus the chemically identical elements - or isotopes, as I called them for the first time in this letter to Nature, because they occupy the same place in the Periodic Table ...
↑  . www.etymonline.com.   [21 October 2021]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-09） （英语）.
↑  .   [2023-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-09）.
↑  .   [2023-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-13）.
↑  IUPAC (Connelly, N. G.; Damhus, T.; Hartshorn, R. M.; and Hutton, A. T.), Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry – IUPAC Recommendations 2005 （页面存档备份，存于）, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005; IUPAC (McCleverty, J. A.; and Connelly, N. G.), Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry II. Recommendations 2000, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001; IUPAC (Leigh, G. J.), Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (recommendations 1990), Blackwell Science, 1990; IUPAC, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Second Edition 的存檔，存档日期2016-03-03., 1970; probably in the 1958 first edition as well
↑  .   [2 January 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-23）.
1 2  . []
↑  Liljenzin, Jan-Olov; Rydberg, Jan; Choppin, Gregory R.  2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1995: 3–5. ISBN 0-7506-2300-4. OCLC 31433875.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
↑  Strömholm, D.; Svedberg, The. . Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie. 1909-02-14, 61 (1). doi:10.1002/zaac.19090610126 （英语）.
↑  Cameron, Alexander Thomas. . Society for promoting Christian knowledge. 1912 （英语）.
↑  Choppin, G.; Liljenzin, J. O. and Rydberg, J.　（1995） Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry (2nd ed.) Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 3–5
↑ Others had also suggested the possibility of isotopes; for example:
Strömholm, Daniel and Svedberg, Theodor (1909) "Untersuchungen über die Chemie der radioactiven Grundstoffe II." (Investigations into the chemistry of the radioactive elements, part 2), Zeitschrift für anorganischen Chemie, 63: 197–206; see especially page 206.
Alexander Thomas Cameron, Radiochemistry (London, England: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1910), p. 141. (Cameron also anticipated the displacement law.)
1 2 3  Ley, Willy. . For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. October 1966: 116–127.
1 2 3  Scerri, Eric R. (2007) The Periodic Table Oxford University Press, pp. 176–179 ISBN 0-19-530573-6
1 2  Nagel, Miriam C. . Journal of Chemical Education. 1982, 59 (9): 739–740. Bibcode:1982JChEd..59..739N. doi:10.1021/ed059p739.
↑  Kasimir Fajans (1913) "Über eine Beziehung zwischen der Art einer radioaktiven Umwandlung und dem elektrochemischen Verhalten der betreffenden Radioelemente" (On a relation between the type of radioactive transformation and the electrochemical behavior of the relevant radioactive elements), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 14: 131–136.
↑  Soddy announced his "displacement law" in: Soddy, Frederick. . Nature. 1913, 91 (2264): 57–58  [2023-08-07]. Bibcode:1913Natur..91...57S. S2CID 3975657. doi:10.1038/091057a0. （原始内容存档于2023-08-07）. .
↑  Soddy elaborated his displacement law in: Soddy, Frederick (1913) "Radioactivity," Chemical Society Annual Report, 10: 262–288.
↑  Alexander Smith Russell (1888–1972) also published a displacement law: Russell, Alexander S. (1913) "The periodic system and the radio-elements," Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, 107: 49–52.
↑  Soddy first used the word "isotope" in: Soddy, Frederick. . Nature. 1913, 92 (2301): 399–400  [2023-08-07]. Bibcode:1913Natur..92..399S. S2CID 3965303. doi:10.1038/092399c0. （原始内容存档于2015-10-04）.
↑  Fleck, Alexander. . Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1957, 3: 203–216. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0014 . p. 208:  Up to 1913 we used the phrase 'radio elements chemically non-separable' and at that time the word isotope was suggested in a drawing-room discussion with Dr. Margaret Todd in the home of Soddy's father-in-law, Sir George Beilby.
↑  Budzikiewicz H, Grigsby RD. . Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 2006, 25 (1): 146–57. Bibcode:2006MSRv...25..146B. PMID 16134128. doi:10.1002/mas.20061.
↑  Scerri, Eric R. (2007) The Periodic Table, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-530573-6, Ch. 6, note 44 (p. 312) citing Alexander Fleck, described as a former student of Soddy's.
↑  In his 1893 book, William T. Preyer also used the word "isotope" to denote similarities among elements. From p. 9 of William T. Preyer, Das genetische System der chemischen Elemente [The genetic system of the chemical elements] (Berlin, Germany: R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1893): "Die ersteren habe ich der Kürze wegen isotope Elemente genannt, weil sie in jedem der sieben Stämmme der gleichen Ort, nämlich dieselbe Stuffe, einnehmen." (For the sake of brevity, I have named the former "isotopic" elements, because they occupy the same place in each of the seven families [i.e., columns of the periodic table], namely the same step [i.e., row of the periodic table].)
1 2  The origins of the conceptions of isotopes （页面存档备份，存于） Frederick Soddy, Nobel prize lecture
↑  Thomson, J.J. . The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1912-08, 24 (140). ISSN 1941-5982. doi:10.1080/14786440808637325 （英语）.
↑  Thomson, J.J. . The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1910-10, 20 (118). ISSN 1941-5982. doi:10.1080/14786441008636962 （英语）.
↑  Aston, F. W. . Nature. 1920, 105 (2646): 617–619  [2023-08-07]. S2CID 4267919. doi:10.1038/105617a0. （原始内容存档于2023-04-29）.
↑  Mass spectra and isotopes （页面存档备份，存于） Francis W. Aston, Nobel prize lecture 1922
↑  Jamin, Eric; Guérin, Régis; Rétif, Mélinda; Lees, Michèle; Martin, Gérard J. . J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51 (18): 5202–6. PMID 12926859. doi:10.1021/jf030167m.
↑  Hermes, Taylor R.; Frachetti, Michael D.; Bullion, Elissa A.; Maksudov, Farhod; Mustafokulov, Samariddin; Makarewicz, Cheryl A. . Scientific Reports. 26 March 2018, 8 (1): 596. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.5177H. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5979964 . PMID 29581431. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22995-2 （英语）.
↑  Deegan, Frances M.; Troll, Valentin R.; Whitehouse, Martin J.; Jolis, Ester M.; Freda, Carmela. . Scientific Reports. 2016-08-04, 6 (1): 30774. Bibcode:2016NatSR...630774D. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4973271 . PMID 27488228. doi:10.1038/srep30774 （英语）.
↑  "A nuclear battery the size and thickness of a penny." （页面存档备份，存于） Gizmag, 9 October 2009
↑  "Tiny 'nuclear batteries' unveiled." Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2012-07-12 BBC News, Thursday 8 October 2009
約瑟夫·湯姆森的感光底片右下角標記了兩種氖同位素：氖-20（20
Ne
）和氖-22（22
Ne
）。