科學模型
參考資料

↑  Cartwright, Nancy. 1983. How the Laws of Physics Lie （页面存档备份，存于）. Oxford University Press
↑  Hacking, Ian. 1983. Representing and Intervening. Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science. Cambridge University Press
↑  von Neumann, J. (1995), "Method in the physical sciences", in Bródy F., Vámos, T. (editors), The Neumann Compendium, World Scientific, p. 628; previously published in The Unity of Knowledge, edited by L. Leary (1955), pp. 157-164, and also in John von Neumann Collected Works, edited by A. Taub, Volume VI, pp. 491-498.
↑  Frigg and Hartmann (2009) state: "Philosophers are acknowledging the importance of models with increasing attention and are probing the assorted roles that models play in scientific practice". Source: Frigg, Roman and Hartmann, Stephan, "Models in Science", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), (source （页面存档备份，存于）)
↑  Namdar, Bahadir; Shen, Ji. . International Journal of Science Education. 2015-02-18, 37 (7): 993–1023. ISSN 0950-0693. doi:10.1080/09500693.2015.1012185.
↑  Tolk, A. (2015). Learning something right from models that are wrong – Epistemology of Simulation. In Yilmaz, L. (Ed.) Concepts and Methodologies in Modeling and Simulation. Springer–Verlag. pp. 87–106
↑  Oberkampf, W. L., DeLand, S. M., Rutherford, B. M., Diegert, K. V., & Alvin, K. F. (2002). Error and uncertainty in modeling and simulation. Reliability Engineering & System Safety 75(3): 333–57.
↑  Ihrig, M. (2012). A New Research Architecture For The Simulation Era. In European Council on Modelling and Simulation. pp. 715–20).
↑  Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., & Feldman, M. W. (1981). Cultural transmission and evolution: A quantitative approach (No. 16). Princeton University Press.
↑  . Portal.acm.org.   [2014-06-20].
↑  Mark Colyvan. . Oxford University Press. 2001: 78–79  [2020-06-18]. ISBN 0195166612. （原始内容存档于2020-09-22）.
↑  Bird, Alexander. Edward N. Zalta , 编. . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition). Aug 11, 2011  [2020-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-25）.
↑  Thomas S Kuhn.  (PDF) 3rd. University of Chicago Press. 1966  [2020-06-18]. ISBN 0226458083. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-09）.
↑  Donald Allen. . （原始内容存档于2021-03-23） （英语）.
↑  Hosseini, Hamid S. . Biddle, Jeff E.; Davis, Jon B.; Samuels, Warren J.  (编). . Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2003: 28–45 [28 & 38]. ISBN 0631225730. doi:10.1002/9780470999059.ch3.
1 2  Thomas M. Humphrey, 1992. "Marshallian Cross Diagrams and Their Uses before Alfred Marshall," Economic Review, Mar/Apr, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, pp. 3-23. （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  A.D. Brownlie and M. F. Lloyd Prichard, 1963. "Professor Fleeming Jenkin, 1833-1885 Pioneer in Engineering and Political Economy," Oxford Economic Papers, NS, 15(3), p. 211.
↑  Fleeming Jenkin, 1870. "The Graphical Representation of the Laws of Supply and Demand, and their Application to Labour," in Alexander Grant, ed., Recess Studies, Edinburgh. ch. VI, pp. 151-85. Edinburgh. Scroll to chapter link. （页面存档备份，存于）
↑  Atanasov, AG; Waltenberger, B; Pferschy-Wenzig, EM; Linder, T; Wawrosch, C; Uhrin, P; Temml, V; Wang, L; Schwaiger, S; Heiss, EH; Rollinger, JM; Schuster, D; Breuss, JM; Bochkov, V; Mihovilovic, MD; Kopp, B; Bauer, R; Dirsch, VM; Stuppner, H. . Biotechnol Adv. 2015, 33 (8): 1582–614. PMC 4748402 . PMID 26281720. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001.
↑  Schelling, T. C. (1971). Dynamic models of segregation. Journal of mathematical sociology, 1(2), 143-186.
↑  Mesly, Olivier (2015). Creating Models in Psychological Research. United States: Springer Psychology: 126 pages. ISBN 978-3-319-15752-8
↑  Chang, Y. C. . International Journal of Computational Linguistics & Chinese Language Processing. 2017, 22 (212): 73–86.
|  论 编科学建模 |
| --- | --- |
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可持续发展:  能量模型（英语：）  综合评估模型（英语：）  人口建模（英语：） 
社会:  生物心理社会模式（英语：）  业务流程建模（英语：）  巨灾建模（英语：）  建造與經營模擬遊戲  罪行绘图  经济模型（英语：）  投入产出模型（英语：） 
相关主题:  數據可視化  计算机仿真软件列表（英语：）  数学模型  模型论  系统科学  系統思維  可视化分析论 
化學B-Z反應的電腦模擬。此反應可以用霍普夫分岔來描述。
概念驗證模型的說明圖
供給與需求的模型解釋了產品的數量和需求間的互動。圖中解釋從D1到D2的需求移動，會連帶地使得產品的供給數量和價格提高，如此一來才能達到新的均衡點。