敘利亞革命
參考文獻

Cooper, Tom. . Solihull: Helion & Company Limited. 2015. ISBN 978-1-910294-10-9.
↑  Oliver, Christin. . The Guardian (London). 26 October 2010  [10 April 2011]. （原始内容存档于17 September 2013）.
↑  Phillips, Christopher. . Third World Quarterly (Taylor & Francus). 2015, 36 (2): 357–376. JSTOR 24523162. S2CID 144558644. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788. The greatest responsibility for sectarianising the conflict lies with the regime
↑  Droz- , Philippe, Vincent. . Middle East Journal (Middle East Institute). 2014, 68 (1): 33–58. JSTOR 43698560. S2CID 143177306. doi:10.3751/68.1.12. The use and abuse of sectarianism has been a foundational feature of Assad family rule since November 1970.
↑  C. Hof, Simon, Frederic, Alex. . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. : 2, 4, 9. Alawites, in the service of a family-based regime trying desperately to save itself, have played a central role in violations of human rights and international law that include indiscriminate artillery and aerial bombardments of villages, summary executions, and massacres of civilians. Sunni Arabs.. have inevitably borne the overwhelming brunt of this abuse..This period has witnessed.. the rise to power of an Alawite-dominated regime whose forty-year reign preached secularism only to deepen sectarian fault-lines when challenged, laying the groundwork for a civil war that has torn Syria's complex ethno-religious tapestry... the 1963 coup was accompanied by a dramatic surge of Alawite power in the military leadership. This trend of Alawite consolidation was accelerated by systematic discrimination against Sunnis among the Ba'ath's military adherents, as Alawites sought to further enhance their control.
↑  Zafar, Saad. . AllVoices. 24 March 2011  [20 April 2011]. （原始内容存档于11 May 2011）.
↑  Mroue, Bassem. . The Huffington Post. 18 June 2011  [9 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于3 March 2016）.
↑  Oweis, Khaled; al-Khalidi, Suleiman. . Reuters. 8 April 2011  [8 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于5 March 2016）.
↑  Colvin, Mark. . ABC News. 25 March 2011  [5 March 2011]. （原始内容存档于29 April 2011）.
↑  McShane, Larry. . New York Daily News. 25 March 2011  [25 March 2011]. （原始内容存档于2 November 2012） （英语）.
↑  . Al Jazeera. 19 April 2011  [25 April 2011]. （原始内容存档于22 November 2011）.
↑  C. Hof, Simon, Frederic, Alex.  (PDF). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. : ii, 4, 9. This grave situation has been brought about by a regime that elected to respond to peaceful protests against police brutality with deadly force...Over time, regime tactics have transformed a peaceful uprising into armed resistance. In trying to crush that resistance the regime has opted to use the tools on which it could best rely: Alawite-heavy special forces and regime protection units from the army; Alawite-heavy armed units from the various regime intelligence services; and mainly Alawite auxiliaries loosely formed into militias. The tactics of choice were artillery and air bombardments of residential areas, incarceration and torture, and numerous massacres...shift from peaceful protest toward armed resistance occurred gradually throughout the first year and a half of the uprising.. as the regime employed ever greater levels of force to suppress an initially peaceful uprising, the opposition responded in kind.
↑  Cooper (2015)，第21頁.
↑  Navon, Emmanuel. . Jerusalem Post. 27 March 2011  [10 December 2024]. （原始内容存档于30 August 2011）.
↑  . Inside Iran. 5 September 2011  [10 December 2024]. （原始内容存档于20 March 2012）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
↑  Tisdall, Simon. . The Guardian (London). 9 May 2011  [10 December 2024]. （原始内容存档于28 April 2016）.
↑  Oweis, Khaled. . Reuters. 29 April 2011  [10 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于9 October 2017） （印度英语）.
↑  . NOW News. 28 July 2011  [10 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于11 February 2017）.
↑  Story, AP. .   [22 July 2013]. （原始内容存档于4 March 2016）.
↑  . CNN. 18 August 2011  [17 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于17 August 2011）.
↑  . GCR2P. 1 December 2022. （原始内容存档于28 January 2023）.
1 2  . Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 15 March 2024  [15 March 2024].
↑  . United Nations. 28 June 2022  [23 April 2023].
↑  . United Nations. 28 June 2022. （原始内容存档于28 June 2022）. Over the past ten years, civilians have borne the brunt of the conflict, with an estimated 306,887 direct civilian deaths occurring.
↑  . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
↑  Rania Abouzeid. . Time. 1 August 2011  [15 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于11 April 2017）. A giant Syrian flag is held by the crowd during a protest against President Bashar Assad in the city center of Hama on July 29, 2011
↑  Anthony Shadid. . The New York Times. 30 June 2011  [25 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于10 October 2017）.
↑  88% of whom were killed by government or Russian forces