先天性障碍
參考文獻

↑  Ruth A. Hannon.  1st Canadian. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010: 128  [2018-05-07]. ISBN 978-1-60547-781-7. （原始内容存档于2017-08-20）.
1 2 3  . Dec 15, 2015  [17 Jan 2016]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-18）.
1 2 3 4  . www.nichd.nih.gov.   [8 December 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-22）.
1 2 3 4  . www.nichd.nih.gov.   [8 December 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-22）.
1 2  . www.nichd.nih.gov.   [8 December 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-17）.
1 2  . www.nichd.nih.gov.   [8 December 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-17）.
1 2 3  . www.nichd.nih.gov.   [8 December 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-20）.
1 2 3  GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. . Lancet. 8 October 2016, 388 (10053): 1459–1544. PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1.
↑  .   [2024-02-06]. （原始内容存档于2024-02-06）.
↑  https://terms.naer.edu.tw/search/?csrfmiddlewaretoken=t4rEKuzQntvvh1eIIgmA2g6tIrjQQjVesPR5DNVQNslfXUzTkqh9sK2DiJ8ZNW4T&match_type=phrase&query_op=&query_field=title&query_term=congenital+defect
↑  Ruth A. Hannon.  1st Canadian ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010: 128  [2015-07-04]. ISBN 9781605477817. （原始内容存档于2015-07-03）.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
1 2 3  . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7 September 2017  [8 December 2017]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-15） （美国英语）.
1 2  . www.nichd.nih.gov.   [8 December 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-22）.
↑  Gregory W. Rutecki. . ConsultantLive.com. 2010  [25 September 2010]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-09）.
↑  Abel, E. L. . Addiction Biology. 2004, 9 (2): 127–133. PMID 15223537. doi:10.1080/13556210410001716980.
↑  De Santis, Marco; Cesari, Elena; Cavaliere, Annafranca; Ligato, Maria Serena; Nobili, Elena; Visconti, Daniela; Caruso, Alessandro. . Reproductive Toxicology. September 2008, 26 (1): 42–46. PMID 18598753. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.06.003.
↑  Sartorius, G. A.; Nieschlag, E. . Human Reproduction Update. 20 August 2009, 16 (1): 65–79. PMID 19696093. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp027.
↑  Anderson, Diana; Schmid, ThomasE; Baumgartner, Adolf. . Asian Journal of Andrology. 2014, 16 (1): 81. PMID 24369136. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.122342.
↑  GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. . Lancet. 8 October 2016, 388 (10053): 1545–1602. PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6.
1 2 3  GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. . Lancet. 17 December 2014, 385 (9963): 117–71. PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.
↑  Jones K, Smith D (1975). "The fetal alcohol syndrome". Teratology 12 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/tera.1420120102. PMID 1162620.
↑  Clarren S, Alvord E, Sumi S, Streissguth A, Smith D (1978). "Brain malformations related to prenatal exposure to ethanol". J Pediatr 92 (1): 64–7. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80072-9. PMID 619080.
↑  Lancet. 1986 Nov 22;2(8517):1222. PMID 2877359
↑  Strömland K, Pinazo-Durán M (2002). "Ophthalmic involvement in the fetal alcohol syndrome: clinical and animal model studies". Alcohol Alcohol 37 (1): 2–8. doi:10.1093/alcalc/37.1.2. PMID 11825849.
↑  May, PA.; Gossage, JP. (2001). "Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome. A summary.". Alcohol Res Health 25 (3): 159–67. PMID 11810953.
↑  . World Health Organization. 2009  [Nov 11, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-11）.