约翰内斯·开普勒
引用和注释

↑  Barker and Goldstein. "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy", pp.  112–13.
↑  Kepler. New Astronomy, title page, tr. Donohue, pp.  26–7
↑  Kepler. New Astronomy, p. 48
↑  Epitome of Copernican Astronomy in Great Books of the Western World, Vol 15, p. 845
↑  Stephenson. Kepler's Physical Astronomy, pp.  1–2; Dear, Revolutionizing the Sciences, pp.  74–78
↑  Caspar. Kepler, pp.  29–36; Connor. Kepler's Witch, pp.  23–46.
1 2  Koestler. The Sleepwalkers, p. 234（translated from Kepler's family horoscope）.
↑  Caspar. Kepler, pp.  36–38; Connor. Kepler's Witch, pp.  25–27.
↑  Connor, James A. Kepler's Witch（2004）, p. 58.
↑  Barker, Peter; Goldstein, Bernard R. "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy", Osiris, 2nd Series, Vol. 16, Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions（2001）, p. 96.
↑  Westman, Robert S. "Kepler's Early Physico-Astrological Problematic," Journal for the History of Astronomy（英语：）, 32（2001）: 227–36.
↑  Caspar. Kepler, pp.  38–52; Connor. Kepler's Witch, pp.  49–69.
↑  Caspar. Kepler, pp. 60–65; see also: Barker and Goldstein, "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy."
↑  Barker and Goldstein. "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy," pp. 99–103, 112–113.
↑  Caspar. Kepler, pp. 65–71.
↑  Field. Kepler's Geometrical Cosmology, Chapter IV, p 73ff.
↑  Dreyer, J.L.E. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, Dover Publications, 1953, pp. 331, 377–379.
↑  Caspar, Kepler. pp. 71–75.
↑  Connor. Kepler's Witch, pp. 89–100, 114–116; Caspar. Kepler, pp. 75–77
↑  Caspar. Kepler, pp. 85–86.
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 86–89
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 89–100
↑  Using Tycho's data, see 'Two views of a system'  的存檔，存档日期2011-07-21.
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 100–08.
↑  Caspar, Kepler, p. 110.
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 108–11.
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 111–22.
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 149–53
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 146–148, 159–177
↑  Finger, "Origins of Neuroscience," p 74. Oxford University Press, 2001.
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 142–146
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 153–157
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 123–128
↑  On motive species, see: Lindberg, "The Genesis of Kepler's Theory of Light," pp. 38–40
↑  "Kepler's decision to base his causal explanation of planetary motion on a distance-velocity law, rather than on uniform circular motions of compounded spheres, marks a major shift from ancient to modern conceptions of science.... [Kepler] had begun with physical principles and had then derived a trajectory from it, rather than simply constructing new models. In other words, even before discovering the area law, Kepler had abandoned uniform circular motion as a physical principle." Peter Barker and Bernard R. Goldstein, "Distance and Velocity in Kepler's Astronomy", Annals of Science, 51 (1994): 59–73, at p. 60.
↑  Koyré, The Astronomical Revolution, pp. 199–202
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 129–132
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 131–140; Koyré, The Astronomical Revolution, pp. 277–279
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 178–81
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 181–85. The full title is Tertius Interveniens, das ist Warnung an etliche Theologos, Medicos vnd Philosophos, sonderlich D. Philippum Feselium, dass sie bey billicher Verwerffung der Sternguckerischen Aberglauben nict das Kindt mit dem Badt aussschütten vnd hiermit jhrer Profession vnwissendt zuwider handlen, translated by C. Doris Hellman as "Tertius Interveniens, that is warning to some theologians, medics and philosophers, especially D. Philip Feselius, that they in cheap condemnation of the star-gazer's superstition do not throw out the child with the bath and hereby unknowingly act contrary to their profession."
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 192–197
↑  Koestler, The Sleepwalkers p. 384
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 198–202
↑  Lear, Kepler's Dream, pp. 1–78
↑  Schneer, "Kepler's New Year's Gift of a Snowflake," pp. 531–45
↑  Kepler, Johannes. Hardie, Colin , 编.  [The Six-sided Snowflake]. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1966 [1611]. OCLC 974730.
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 202–204
↑  Connor, Kepler's Witch, pp. 222–226; Caspar, Kepler, pp. 204–07
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 208–11
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 209–20, 227–240
↑  Ferguson, Thomas S., , Statistical Science, 1989, 4 (3): 282–289  [2014-10-30], doi:10.1214/ss/1177012493, （原始内容存档于2021-04-18）, When the celebrated German astronomer, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), lost his first wife to cholera in 1611, he set about finding a new wife using the same methodical thoroughness and careful consideration of the data that he used in finding the orbit of Mars to be an ellipse... The process consumed much of his attention and energy for nearly 2 years...
↑  Quotation from Connor, Kepler's Witch, p 252, translated from an October 23, 1613 letter from Kepler to an anonymous nobleman
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 220–223; Connor, Kepler's Witch, pp. 251–54.
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 239–240, 293–300
1 2  Gingerich, "Kepler, Johannes" from Dictionary of Scientific Biography, pp. 302–04
↑  By 1621 or earlier, Kepler recognized that Jupiter's moons obey his third law.

Kepler contended that rotating massive bodies communicate their rotation to their satellites, so that the satellites are swept around the central body; thus the rotation of the Sun drives the revolutions of the planets and the rotation of the Earth drives the revolution of the Moon. In Kepler's era, no one had any evidence of Jupiter's rotation. However, Kepler argued that the force by which a central body causes its satellites to revolve around it, weakens with distance; consequently, satellites that are farther from the central body revolve slower. Kepler noted that Jupiter's moons obeyed this pattern and he inferred that a similar force was responsible. He also noted that the orbital periods and semi-major axes of Jupiter's satellites were roughly related by a 3/2 power law, as are the orbits of the six (then known) planets. However, this relation was approximate: the periods of Jupiter's moons were known within a few percent of their modern values, but the moons’ semi-major axes were determined less accurately.



Kepler discussed Jupiter's moons in his Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae [Summary of Copernican Astronomy]（Linz ("Lentiis ad Danubium"），（Austria）: Johann Planck, 1622), book 4, part 2, page 554 （页面存档备份，存于）.（For a more modern and legible edition, see: Christian Frisch, ed., Joannis Kepleri Astronomi Opera Omnia, vol. 6 (Frankfurt-am-Main, (Germany): Heyder & Zimmer, 1866), page 361 （页面存档备份，存于）.)

Original : 4) Confirmatur vero fides hujus rei comparatione quatuor Jovialium et Jovis cum sex planetis et Sole. Etsi enim de corpore Jovis, an et ipsum circa suum axem convertatur, non ea documenta habemus, quae nobis suppetunt in corporibus Terrae et praecipue Solis, quippe a sensu ipso: at illud sensus testatur, plane ut est cum sex planetis circa Solem, sic etiam se rem habere cum quatuor Jovialibus, ut circa corpus Jovis quilibet, quo longius ab illo potest excurrere, hoc tardius redeat, et id quidem proportione non eadem, sed majore, hoc est sescupla proportionis intervallorum cujusque a Jove: quae plane ipsissima est, qua utebantur supra sex planetae. Intervalla enim quatuor Jovialium a Jove prodit Marius in suo Mundo Joviali ista: 3, 5, 8, 13 (vel 14 Galilaeo)…Periodica vero tempora prodit idem Marius ista: dies 1. h. 18 1/2, dies 3 h. 13 1/3, dies 7 h. 3, dies 16 h. 18: ubique proportio est major quam dupla, major igitur quam intervallorum 3, 5, 8, 13 vel 14, minor tamen quam quadratorum, qui duplicant proportiones intervallorum, sc. 9, 25, 64, 169 vel 196, sicut etiam sescupla sunt majora simplis, minora vero duplis.
Translation :（4）However, the credibility of this [argument] is proved by the comparison of the four [moons] of Jupiter and Jupiter with the six planets and the Sun. Because, regarding the body of Jupiter, whether it turns around its axis, we don't have proofs for what suffices for us [regarding the rotation of ] the body of the Earth and especially of the Sun, certainly [as reason proves to us]: but reason attests that, just as it is clearly [true] among the six planets around the Sun, so also it is among the four [moons] of Jupiter, because around the body of Jupiter any [satellite] that can go farther from it orbits slower, and even that [orbit's period] is not in the same proportion, but greater [than the distance from Jupiter]; that is, 3/2（sescupla）of the proportion of each of the distances from Jupiter, which is clearly the very [proportion] as [is used for] the six planets above. In his [book] The World of Jupiter [Mundus Jovialis, 1614], [Simon] Mayr [1573-1624] presents these distances, from Jupiter, of the four [moons] of Jupiter: 3, 5, 8, 13（or 14 [according to] Galileo）… Mayr presents their time periods: 1 day 18 1/2 hours, 3 days 13 1/3 hours, 7 days 3 hours, 16 days 18 hours: for all [of these data] the proportion is greater than double, thus greater than [the proportion] of the distances 3, 5, 8, 13 or 14, although less than [the proportion] of the squares, which double the proportions of the distances, namely 9, 25, 64, 169 or 196, just as [a power of] 3/2 is also greater than 1 but less than 2.
↑  Wolf, A History of Science, Technology and Philosophy, pp. 140–41; Pannekoek, A History of Astronomy, p 252
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 239, 300–01, 307–08
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 240–264; Connor, Kepler's Witch, chapters I, XI-XIII; Lear, Kepler's Dream, pp. 21–39
↑  Quotation from Caspar, Kepler, pp. 265–266, translated from Harmonices Mundi
↑  The opening of the movie Mars et Avril（英语：） by Martin Villeneuve（英语：） is based on German astronomer Johannes Kepler’s cosmological model from the 17th century, Harmonices Mundi, in which the harmony of the universe is determined by the motion of celestial bodies. Benoît Charest（英语：） also composed the score according to this theory.
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 264–66, 290–93
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 266–90
↑  Arthur I. Miller（英语：）. . W. W. Norton & Company. March 24, 2009: 80  [March 7, 2011]. ISBN 978-0-393-06532-9. （原始内容存档于2015-05-04）.
↑  Westfall, Never at Rest, pp. 143, 152, 402–03; Toulmin and Goodfield, The Fabric of the Heavens, p 248; De Gandt, 'Force and Geometry in Newton's Principia', chapter 2; Wolf, History of Science, Technology and Philosophy, p. 150; Westfall, The Construction of Modern Science, chapters 7 and 8
↑  Koyré, The Astronomical Revolution, p. 502
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 308–328
↑  Caspar, Kepler, pp. 332–351, 355–61
↑  Koestler, The Sleepwalkers, p. 427.
↑  Applebaum, Wilbur. . History of Science. 1996-12-01, 34  [2022-10-05]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-05）.
↑  Koyré, The Astronomical Revolution, pp. 362–364
↑  North, History of Astronomy and Cosmology, pp.  355–60
↑  Albert van Helden, "The Importance of the Transit of Mercury of 1631," （页面存档备份，存于） Journal for the History of Astronomy, 7 (1976): 1–10.
↑  HM Nautical Almanac Office. . June 10, 2004  [August 28, 2006]. （原始内容存档于2006年10月1日）.
↑  Chapman, A. . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1990-09-01, 31  [2022-10-05]. ISSN 0035-8738. （原始内容存档于2022-10-05）.
↑  North, History of Astronomy and Cosmology, pp.  348–349
↑  Applebaum, W.; Hatch, R. A. . Journal for the History of Astronomy. 1983-01-01, 14  [2022-10-05]. ISSN 0021-8286. doi:10.1177/002182868301400302. （原始内容存档于2022-10-05）.
↑  Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, pp. 238, 246–252
↑  Jardine, "Koyré’s Kepler/Kepler's Koyré," pp. 363–367
↑  Gingerich, introduction to Caspar's Kepler, pp. 3–4
↑  Jardine, "Koyré’s Kepler/Kepler's Koyré," pp. 367–372; Shapin, The Scientific Revolution, pp. 1–2
↑  Stephen Toulmin, Review of The Sleepwalkers in The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 59, no. 18 (1962), pp. 500–503
↑  Pauli, "The Influence of Archetypical Ideas"
↑  William Donahue, "A Novelist's Kepler," Journal for the History of Astronomy, Vol. 13 (1982), pp. 135–136; "Dancing the grave dance: Science, art and religion in John Banville's Kepler," English Studies, Vol. 86, no. 5 (October 2005), pp. 424–438
↑  Marcelo Gleiser（英语：）, "Kepler in the Dock", review of Gilder and Gilder's Heavenly Intrigue, Journal for the History of Astronomy, Vol. 35, pt. 4 (2004), pp. 487–489
↑  Quote from Carl Sagan, Cosmos: A Personal Voyage（英语：）, episode III: "The Harmony of the Worlds". Kepler was hardly the first to combine physics and astronomy; however, according to the traditional (though disputed) interpretation of the Scientific Revolution, he would be the first astrophysicist in the era of modern science.
↑  . Austrian Mint.   [September 9, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2011年5月31日）.
↑  Ng, Jansen. . DailyTech. July 3, 2009  [July 3, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009年3月10日）.
↑  . Charles Wohlers.   [October 17, 2014]. （原始内容存档于2000-08-23）.
↑  "...in 1614, Johannes Kepler published his book "De vero anno quo aeternus dei filius humanum naturam in utero benedictae Virginis Mariae assumpsit", on the chronology related to the Star of Bethlehem.", The Star of Bethlehem, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute（英语：）
The most complete biography of Kepler is Max Caspar's Kepler. Though there are a number of more recent biographies, most are based on Caspar's work with minimal original research; much of the information cited from Caspar can also be found in the books by Arthur Koestler, Kitty Ferguson, and James A. Connor. Owen Gingerich's The Eye of Heaven builds on Caspar's work to place Kepler in the broader intellectual context of early-modern astronomy. Many later studies have focused on particular elements of his life and work. Kepler's mathematics, cosmological, philosophical and historical views have been extensively analyzed in books and journal articles, though his astrological work—and its relationship to his astronomy—remains understudied.