木卫二
參考文獻

↑  Blue, Jennifer. . USGS. 9 November 2009  [2015-12-03]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-25）.
↑  . Solar System Dynamics. NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.   [2007年8月10日]. （原始内容存档于2012年10月7日）.
1 2 3 4 5  . NASA.   [2007年12月27日]. （原始内容存档于2014年3月26日）.
1 2 3 4 5  Yeomans, Donald K. . JPL Solar System Dynamics. 13 July 2006  [2007年11月5日]. （原始内容存档于2010年1月18日）.
↑  Geissler, P. E.; Greenberg, R.; Hoppa, G.; Helfenstein, P.; McEwen, A.; Pappalardo, R.; Tufts, R.; Ockert-Bell, M.; Sullivan, R.; Greeley, R.; Belton, M. J. S.; Denk, T.; Clark, B. E.; Burns, J.; Veverka, J.; Hoppa, G.; Helfenstein, P.; McEwen, A.; Pappalardo, R.; Tufts, R.; Ockert-Bell, M.; Sullivan, R.; Greeley, R.; Belton, M. J. S.; Denk, T.; Clark, B. E.; Burns, J.; Veverka, J. . Nature. 1998, 391 (6665): 368–70. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..368G. PMID 9450751. doi:10.1038/34869.
↑  Bills, Bruce G. . Icarus. 2005, 175 (1): 233–247. Bibcode:2005Icar..175..233B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.028.
↑  McFadden, Lucy-Ann; Weissman, Paul; and Johnson, Torrence. . Elsevier. 2007: 432. ISBN 0-12-226805-9.
↑  McGrath. . Pappalardo, Robert T.; McKinnon, William B.; and Khurana, Krishan K.  (编). . University of Arizona Press. 2009. ISBN 0-8165-2844-6.
↑  Chang, Kenneth. . New York Times. 12 March 2015  [13 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-11）.
↑  .   [2015-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2015-06-26）.
↑  Marazzini C.（2005）木星彗星的名稱：從伽利略到馬里烏斯（The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius）Lettere Italiana 57（3）: 391-407
↑  "Overview of Europa Facts" （页面存档备份，存于） NASA webpage. URL accessed 15 April 2006
↑  "Tidal Heating" 的存檔，存档日期2006-03-29.
1 2  Kivelson, M. G. et al, "Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa" （页面存档备份，存于） Science 25 August 2000: Vol. 289. no. 5483, pp. 1340 - 1343. URL accessed 15 April 2006.
1 2  Schenk, P. M., Chapman, C. R., Zahnle, K., Moore, J. M. "Chapter 18: Ages and Interiors: the Cratering Record of the Galilean Satellites"（伽利略衛星的撞擊坑記錄）In Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press, 2004
↑  Greeley, R. et al. "Chapter 15: Geology of Europa" In Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press, 2004
↑  Billings S. E., Kattenhorn S. A. . Icarus. 2005, 177 (2): 397–412. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.03.013.
↑  英語原文作Sulfuric acid hydrate，不知何物
↑  Hall, D. T. et al, "Detection of an oxygen atmosphere on Jupiter's moon Europa" （页面存档备份，存于）（Abstract only）Nature 373, 677 - 679, 23 February 1995. URL accessed 15 April 2006.
↑  Drake, Nadia. . 國家地理雜誌. No. 263 (大石國際文化): 110-111. ISSN 1608-2621.
↑  Hand, Kevin P.; Carlson, Robert W.; Chyba, Christopher F. . Astrobiology. December 2007, 7 (6): 1006–1022. Bibcode:2007AsBio...7.1006H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.606.9956 . PMID 18163875. doi:10.1089/ast.2007.0156.
↑  Schulze‐Makuch, Dirk; Irwin, Louis N. . Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 2001, 82 (13): 150  [11 January 2020]. Bibcode:2001EOSTr..82..150S. doi:10.1029/EO082i013p00150 (不活跃 31 October 2021). （原始内容存档于11 January 2020）.
↑  Chandler, David L. . New Scientist. 20 October 2002  [27 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于14 May 2008）.
↑  Jones, Nicola. . New Scientist. 11 December 2001  [26 September 2016]. （原始内容存档于27 February 2015）.
↑  , Jpl.nasa.gov,   [18 May 2016], （原始内容存档于18 May 2016）
↑  Dyches, Preston; Brown, Dwayne. . NASA. 12 May 2015  [12 May 2015]. （原始内容存档于15 May 2015）.
↑  Wall, Mike. . Space.com. 9 June 2015  [10 June 2015]. （原始内容存档于11 June 2015）.
↑  Phillips, Cynthia (28 September 2006) Time for Europa 的存檔，存档日期25 November 2006., Space.com.
↑  Wilson, Colin P. . Northeastern Section - 42nd Annual Meeting. March 2007  [21 December 2007]. （原始内容存档于5 September 2008）.
1 2  Marion, Giles M.; Fritsen, Christian H.; Eicken, Hajo; Payne, Meredith C. . Astrobiology. 2003, 3 (4): 785–811. Bibcode:2003AsBio...3..785M. PMID 14987483. S2CID 23880085. doi:10.1089/153110703322736105.
↑  Richard Greenberg. . Astrobiology. May 2010, 10 (3): 275–283. Bibcode:2010AsBio..10..275G. PMID 20446868. doi:10.1089/ast.2009.0386.
↑  Schmidt, Britney; Blankenship, Don; Patterson, Wes; Schenk, Paul. . Nature. 24 November 2011, 479 (7374): 502–505. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..502S. PMID 22089135. S2CID 4405195. doi:10.1038/nature10608.
↑  Airhart, Marc. . Jackson School of Geosciences. 2011  [16 November 2011]. （原始内容存档于18 December 2013）.
↑  NASA – Mapping the Chemistry Needed for Life at Europa. 的存檔，存档日期8 April 2013.. Nasa.gov (4 April 2013). Retrieved on 23 July 2013.
1 2  Cook, Jia-Rui C. . NASA. 11 December 2013  [11 December 2013]. （原始内容存档于30 January 2020）.
↑  Choi, Charles Q. . Astrobiology Magazine (Astrobiology Web). 8 December 2013  [12 December 2013]. （原始内容存档于12 December 2013）.
↑  "NASA 2006 Budget Presented: Hubble, Nuclear Initiative Suffer" （页面存档备份，存于） 7 February 2005 Space.com article. URL accessed 15 April 2006.
↑  Tony Reichhardt. . Nature. 2005, 437: 8. doi:10.1038/437008a.
↑  McKay C. P. . Advances in Space Research. 2002, 30 (6): 1601–1605.
↑  英文作Forward-contamination，指將地球上微生物攜帶至地外天體使當地的「生態環境」受到污染
↑  Powell J., Powell J., Maise G., Paniagua, J. . Acta Astronautica. 2005, 57: 579–593. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.04.003.
↑  P. Weiss, K.L. Yung, T.C. Ng, N. Komle, G. Kargl, E. Kaufmann. . Planetary and Space Science. 2008, 56: 1280–1292.
↑  " 科学家拟用破冰机器人深入外星冰封海洋" （页面存档备份，存于） 2008年08月30日xinhuanet.com.
↑  P. Weiss, K.L. Yung, N. Koemle, S.M. Ko, E. Kaufmann, G. Kargl ; Thermal drill sampling system onboard high-velocity impactors for exploring the subsurface of Europa[], Advances in Space Research (18 January 2010)
↑  Hsu, J. . Astrobiology Magazine.   [2020-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-24）.
↑   (PDF). Universities Space Research Association. September 2006  [2006-09-29]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-12-31）.