stanford-oval/wikipedia huggingface dataset:
愛德華·薩丕爾

| 愛德華·薩丕爾 Edward Sapir |
| --- | --- |

出生: (1884-01-26)1884年1月26日  普魯士王國倫堡（今屬波蘭）
逝世: 1939年2月4日(1939歲—02—04)（55歲）  美国康乃狄克州紐黑文市
民族: 猶太人
公民权:  美国
母校: 哥倫比亞大學
知名于: 美洲原住民語言的分類  薩丕爾-沃爾夫假說   人類語言學
科学生涯
研究领域: 語言學、人類學
机构: 芝加哥大學 加拿大文明博物馆 哥倫比亞大學 耶魯大學
论文: The Takelma language of southwestern Oregon（1909）
博士導師: 法蘭茲·鮑亞士
博士生: 瑪莉·哈斯（英语：） 李方桂   莫里斯·斯瓦迪士 哈利·霍耶（英语：）
 
愛德華·薩丕爾（德語：，/səˈpɪər/，1884年1月26日—1939年2月4日），又譯、，生於普魯士王國倫堡（今屬波蘭），美国人类学家和语言学家。
生平

萨丕尔在德国出生。他1904年从哥伦比亚大学毕业。毕业以后两年，他参与了Wishram和Takelma语言的實地研究。萨丕尔在哥伦比亚的时候认识了他的恩师法蘭茲·鮑亞士。
他专门研究美洲原住民语言。曽指納-德内語系與漢藏語系同源。
萨丕尔曾在芝加哥大学和耶鲁大学任教，於1931年直至去世，他擔任耶魯大學人类学系的主席。他是首先考虑语言学与人类学之间的关系的语言学家之一。他的学生包括本杰明·李·沃夫、瑪莉·哈斯（英语：）、查爾斯·F·霍克特（英语：）、哈利·霍耶（英语：）和李方桂。
他於1939年因心脏病而逝世，享年54歲。
薩丕爾部分著作 > 書籍

Sapir, Edward. . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1907. ASIN: B0006CWB2W.
Sapir, Edward. . Modi, Jivanji Jamshedji  (编). . Bombay: British India Press. 1908: 156–159.
Sapir, Edward; Curtin, Jeremiah. . E.J. Brill. 1909. ISBN 0-404-58152-8. ASIN: B000855RIW.
Sapir, Edward. . Berkeley University Press. 1910. ISBN 1-177-11286-8.
Sapir, Edward. . Ottawa: Government Printing Office. 1915.
Sapir, Edward. . Ottawa: Government Printing Office. 1915.
Sapir, Edward. . Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau. 1916.
Sapir, Edward. . Boston: The Gorham Press. 1917. ISBN 0-548-56941-X.
Sapir, Edward. . New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1921  [2016-10-10]. ISBN 4-87187-529-6. ASIN: B000NGWX8I. （原始内容存档于2009-09-24）.
Sapir, Edward; Swadesh, Morris. . Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America. 1939. ISBN 0-404-11893-3. ASIN: B000EB54JC.
Sapir, Edward. Mandelbaum, David , 编. . Berkeley: University of California Press. 1949. ISBN 0-520-01115-5. ASIN: B000PX25CS.
Sapir, Edward; Irvine, Judith. . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 2002. ISBN 978-3-11-017282-9.
薩丕爾部分著作 > 論文或文章

Sapir, Edward. . American Anthropologist. 1907, 9: 533–544. doi:10.1525/aa.1907.9.3.02a00100.
Sapir, Edward. . Science. 1910, 31 (31): 350–352. doi:10.1126/science.31.792.350.
Sapir, Edward. . American Anthropologist. 1911, 13: 15–28. doi:10.1525/aa.1911.13.1.02a00030.
Sapir, Edward. . American Anthropologist. 1911, 13: 250–282. doi:10.1525/aa.1911.13.2.02a00060.
Sapir, E. . Journal de la Société des Américanistes. 1913, 10 (2): 379–425. doi:10.3406/jsa.1913.2866.
Sapir, Edward. . American Anthropologist. 1915, 17: 765–773. doi:10.1525/aa.1915.17.3.02a00080.
Sapir, Edward. . American Anthropologist. 1917, 19: 441–447. doi:10.1525/aa.1917.19.3.02a00150.
Sapir, Edward. . The American Mercury. 1924, (1): 149–155.
Sapir, Edward. . The American Journal of Sociology. 1924, 29 (4): 401–429. doi:10.1086/213616.
Sapir, Edward. . The Romanic Review. 1925, (16): 244–256.
Sapir, Edward. . Language. 1925, (1): 37–51. doi:10.2307/409004.
Sapir, Edward. . Romanic Review. 1931, (11): 4–15. （原始内容存档于2009-10-28）.
Sapir, Edward. . American Anthropologist. 1936, 38: 224–235. doi:10.1525/aa.1936.38.2.02a00040.
Sapir, Edward. . Philosophy of Science. 1944, (11): 93–116. doi:10.1086/286828.
Sapir, Edward. . Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 1947, (1): 1–4.
薩丕爾部分著作 > 自傳型著作

Koerner, E. F. K.; Koerner, Konrad. . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1985. ISBN 978-90-272-4518-2.
Cowan, William; Foster, Michael K.; Koerner, Konrad. . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1986. ISBN 90-272-4522-3.
Darnell, Regna. . Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-520-06678-6.
Sapir, Edward; Bright, William. . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 1992. ISBN 978-3-11-013543-5.
Sapir, Edward; Darnell, Regna; Irvine, Judith T.; Handler, Richard. . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 1999. ISBN 978-3-11-012639-6.
薩丕爾部分著作 > 通信著作

Sapir, Edward; Kroeber, Alfred L.; Golla (ed.), Victor.  (PDF). Reports from the Survey of California and other Indian languages. 1984, 6: 1–509  [2016-10-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-03）.
相關條目

薩丕爾-沃夫假說
逻辑语
参考资料

1 2 3  《世界人名翻譯大辭典》，2440頁，「Sapir, Edward」條。
1 2  國家教育研究院 雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網 （页面存档备份，存于），「沙皮爾－沃爾夫假設」
1 2  陳月娥. . 高普考試題. 千華數位文化. 2014: 392. ISBN 9789863741442.
1 2  賴盈銓. . 行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 (國立政治大學斯拉夫語文學系). 2010: 貳、研究內容與問題討論 理論基礎  [2015-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
1 2  許炳煌. . 中華民國教育部96年度人文社會學科學術強化創新計畫 (國立臺北教育大學兒童英語教育學系): 第7頁.   [2015-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
1 2  蘇詠昌. . 香港理工大學中文及雙語學系. 1998: 英漢對照表 Applied Linguistics 應用語言學 字母檢閱「S」  [2015-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-23）.
外部連結

National Academy of Sciences biography （页面存档备份，存于）
Robert Throop and Lloyd Gordon Ward: Mead Project 2.0 at spartan.ac.brocku.ca
Interlingua: Communication Sin Frontiera. Biographia, Edward Sapir （页面存档备份，存于）
Edward Sapir的作品  - 古騰堡計劃
互联网档案馆中愛德華·薩丕爾的作品或与之相关的作品
聖安德魯區 (格林納達)

| Saint Andrew Parish |
| --- | --- |
Parish

坐标：12°07′09″N 61°37′35″W﻿ / ﻿12.11917°N 61.62639°W﻿ / 12.11917; -61.62639
Country: Grenada
Capital City: Grenville
面积
 • 总计: 91 平方公里（35 平方英里）
人口
 • 總計: 24,749人
 • 密度: 249人/平方公里（640人/平方英里）
ISO 3166码: GD-01
聖安德魯區是格林納達的行政區，位於該國東部，面積91平方公里，北接聖帕特里克區，東臨加勒比海，南鄰聖戴維區，西毗聖喬治區、聖約翰區和聖馬克區，首府設於格倫維爾，面積91平方公里。
城市

Chutz
Clabony
格倫維爾
Mamma Cannes
馬奎斯
Morne Docteur
Soubise
Dunfermline
Union Village
Upper Capitol
Upper Conference
Upper Pearls
12°07′09″N 61°37′35″W﻿ / ﻿12.11917°N 61.62639°W﻿ / 12.11917; -61.62639
聖斯皮里東新教堂

Saint Spyridon the New Church
聖斯皮里東新教堂（羅馬尼亞語：）是一座羅馬尼亞正教會的教堂，位於羅馬尼亞首都布加勒斯特。這座教堂在1860年代修建時最初受到哥特式建築的影響。但後來建築外觀進行了大幅修改。
外部連結

Harta Monumentelor Istorice din București - Official site （页面存档备份，存于）
肖恩·奧海爾

| 肖恩·奧海爾 |
| --- | --- |

出生: 1982年7月11日  （42歲） 拉伯克 
母校: All Saints Episcopal School of Lubbock 布罗菲大学预科高校 
职业: 高爾夫球運動員 
肖恩·奧海爾（英語：；1982年7月11日—）是一位美國高爾夫球運動員，他現在參加PGA巡迴賽的賽事。奧海爾迄今已經獲得四次PGA巡迴賽賽事的冠軍。
參考資料

↑  Elling, Steve. . Golf World. January 21, 2005  [June 15, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2009-12-15）.
嗜氢菌科

| 嗜氢菌科 |
| --- | --- |

科学分类 
域：: 细菌域 Bacteria
门：: 假單胞菌門 Pseudomonadota
纲：: 嗜氫菌纲 Hydrogenophilia
目：: 嗜氫菌目 Hydrogenophilales Garrity et al. 2006
科：: 嗜氢菌科 Hydrogenophilaceae Garrity et al., 2006

模式属
嗜氢菌属 Hydrogenophilus Hayashi et al., 1999
嗜氢菌科（学名：）為β-变形菌纲嗜氢菌目的惟一一科细菌。此科的模式属为嗜氢菌属(Hydrogenophilus)。
下属物种

本属包括以下物种：
嗜氢菌属 Hydrogenophilus Hayashi et al. 1999
Petrobacter Bonilla Salinas et al. 2004，为Tepidiphilus Manaia et al. 2003的异名
Petrobacter succinatimandens Bonilla Salinas et al. 2004
Tepidiphilus Manaia et al. 2003
Tepidiphilus baoligensis Zhang et al. 2020
Tepidiphilus margaritifer Manaia et al. 2003
Tepidiphilus olei Wang et al. 2020
Tepidiphilus succinatimandens (Bonilla Salinas et al. 2004) Poddar et al. 2014
Tepidiphilus thermophilus Poddar et al. 2014
參考文獻

↑  Salinas MB, Fardeau ML, Cayol JL, Casalot L, Patel BK, Thomas P, Garcia JL, Ollivier B. Petrobacter succinatimandens gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic, nitrate-reducing bacterium isolated from an Australian oil well. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54:645-649.
LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
烯反应

Ene反应，也被叫做Alder-ene反应或烯反应，是一个带有烯丙基氢的烯烃和一个亲烯体之间发生的反应。 这是一个官能团转化反应，包含有双键以及[1,5]氢迁移，产物是一个双键移动至原烯丙基位置的取代烯烃。反应通式如下：
ene反应
这类反应通常需要有高活性的反应物或高温，此外，热和路易斯酸可以促进此反应。Ene反应的产物通常能够在其他化学反应的副产物中找到。
将反应物称为烯和亲烯体常常为造成误解，因为亲烯体本身也经常是一个烯。对常见的ene反应来说，烯是富电子的而亲烯体是缺电子的。（这一点与狄尔斯-阿尔德反应不同，仅有很少一部分比较奇怪的ene反应会发生电子需求的反转，即缺电子的烯和富电子的亲烯体）
马来酸酐能够参与很多的ene反应，这是因为两个吸电子的羰基的综合作用使其严重缺电子。
烯丙基苯与马来酸酐的ene反应
烯组分

已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與。
Enes are π-bonded molecules that contain at least one active hydrogen atom at the allylic, propargylic, or α-position. Possible ene components include olefinic, acetylenic, allenic, aromatic, cyclopropyl, and carbon-hetero bonds. Usually, the allylic hydrogen of allenic components participates in ene reactions, but in the case of allenyl silanes, the allenic hydrogen atom α to the silicon substituent is the one transferred, affording a silylalkyne. Phenol can act as an ene component, for example in the reaction with dihydropyran, but high temperatures are required (150–170 °C). Nonetheless, strained enes and fused small ring systems undergo ene reactions at much lower temperatures. In addition, ene components containing C=O, C=N and C=S bonds have been reported, but such cases are rare.
亲烯体

已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與。
Enophiles are π-bonded molecules which have electron-withdrawing substituents that lower significantly the LUMO of the π-bond. Possible enophiles contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds (olefins, acetylenes, benzynes), carbon-hetero multiple bonds (C=O in the case of carbonyl-ene reactions, C=N, C=S, C≡P), hetero-hetero multiple bonds (N=N, O=O, Si=Si, N=O, S=O), cumulene systems (N=S=O, N=S=N, C=C=O, C=C=S, SO2) and charged π systems (C=N+, C=S+, C≡O+, C≡N+).
反应机理

和狄尔斯-阿尔德反应很相似，路易斯酸（例如三氟化硼或三氯化铝）能够参与金属催化的ene反应。这些反应仍然是周环反应，因为所产生的反应中间体仍然采取了协同电环化反应机理。
已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與。
反应机理 > Concerted pathway and transition states

The main frontier-orbital interaction occurring in an ene reaction is between the HOMO of the ene and the LUMO of the enophile (Figure 2). The HOMO of the ene results from the combination of the pi-bonding orbital in the vinyl moiety and the C-H bonding orbital for the allylic H. Concerted, all-carbon-ene reactions have, in general, a high activation barrier, which was approximated at 33 kcal/mol in the case of propene and ethene, as computed at the M06-2X/def2-TZVPP level of theory. However, if the enophile becomes more polar (going from ethane to formaldehyde), its LUMO has a larger amplitude on C, yielding a better C–C overlap and a worse H–O one, determining the reaction to proceed in an asynchronous fashion. This translates into a lowering of the activation barrier until 14.7 kcal/mol (M06-2X/def2-TZVPP), if S replaces O on the enophile. By computationally examining both the activation barriers and the activation strains of several different ene reactions involving propene as the ene component, Fernandez and co-workers  have found that the barrier decreases along the enophiles in the order H2C=CH2 > H2C=NH > H2C=CH(COOCH3) > H2C=O > H2C=PH > H2C=S, as the reaction becomes more and more asynchronous and/or the activation strain decreases.
The concerted nature of the ene process has been supported experimentally, and the reaction can be designated as [σ2s + π2s + π2s] in the Woodward-Hoffmann notation. The early transition state proposed for the thermal ene reaction of propene with formaldehyde has an envelope conformation, with a C–O–H angle of 155°, as calculated at the 3-21G level of theory.
Schnabel and co-workers have studied an uncatalyzed intramolecular carbonyl-ene reaction, which was used to prepare the cyclopentane fragment of natural and non-natural jatropha-5,12-dienes, members of a family of P-glycoprotein modulators. Their DFT calculations, at the B1B95/6-31G* level of theory for the reaction presented in Figure 3, propose that the reaction can proceed through one of two competing concerted and envelope-like transition states. The development of 1,3-transannular interactions in the disfavored transition state provides a good explanation for the selectivity of this process.
The study of Lewis acid promoted carbonyl-ene reactions, such as aluminum-catalyzed glyoxylate-ene processes (Figure 4), prompted researchers to consider a chair-like conformation for the transition state of ene reactions which proceed with relatively late transition states. The advantage of such a model is the fact that steric parameters such as 1,3-diaxial and 1,2-diequatorial repulsions are easy to visualize, which allows for accurate predictions regarding the diastereoselectivity of many reactions.
反应机理 > Radical mechanism

When a concerted mechanism is geometrically unfavorable, a thermal ene reaction can occur through a stepwise biradical pathway. Another possibility is a free-radical process, if radical initiators are present in the reaction mixture. For example, the ene reaction of cyclopentene and cyclohexene with diethyl azodicarboxylate can be catalyzed by free-radical initiators. As seen in Figure 5, the stepwise nature of the process is favored by the stability of the cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl radicals, as well as the difficulty of cyclopentene and cyclohexene in achieving the optimum geometry for a concerted process.[需要解释]
区域选择性(Regioselection)

已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與。
Just as in the case of any cycloaddition, the success of an ene reaction is largely determined by the steric accessibility of the ene allylic hydrogen. In general, methyl and methylene H atoms are abstracted much more easily than methine hydrogens. In thermal ene reactions, the order of reactivity for the abstracted H atom is primary> secondary> tertiary, irrespective of the thermodynamic stability of the internal olefin product. In Lewis-acid promoted reactions, the pair enophile/Lewis acid employed determines largely the relative ease of abstraction of methyl vs. methylene hydrogens.
The orientation of ene addition can be predicted from the relative stabilization of the developing partial charges in an unsymmetrical transition state with early formation of the σ bond. The major regioisomer will come from the transition state in which transient charges are best stabilized by the orientation of the ene and enophile.
Internal asymmetric induction

In terms of the diastereoselection with respect to the newly created chiral centers, an endo preference has been qualitatively observed, but steric effects can easily modify this preference (Figure 6).
Intramolecular ene reactions

Intramolecular ene reactions benefit from less negative entropies of activation than their intermolecular counterparts, so are usually more facile, occurring even in the case of simple enophiles, such as unactivated alkenes and alkynes. The high regio- and stereoselectivities that can be obtained in these reactions can offer considerable control in the synthesis of intricate ring systems.
Considering the position of attachment of the tether connecting the ene and enophile, Oppolzer  has classified both thermal and Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular ene reactions as types I, II and III, and Snider  has added a type IV reaction (Figure 7). In these reactions, the orbital overlap between the ene and enophile is largely controlled by the geometry of the approach of components.
路易斯酸 – 催化烯反应

已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與。
路易斯酸 – 催化烯反应 > Advantages and rationale

Thermal ene reactions have several drawbacks, such as the need for very high temperatures and the possibility of side reactions, like proton-catalyzed olefin polymerization or isomerization reactions. Since enophiles are electron-deficient, it was reasoned that their complexation with Lewis acids should accelerate the ene reaction, as it occurred for the reaction shown in Figure 8.
Alkylaluminum halides are well known as proton scavengers, and their use as Lewis acid catalysts in ene reactions has greatly expanded the scope of these reactions and has allowed their study and development under significantly milder conditions.
Since a Lewis acid can directly complex to a carbonyl oxygen, numerous trialkylaluminum catalysts have been developed for enophiles that contain a C=O bond. In particular, it was found that Me2AlCl is a very useful catalyst for the ene reactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, as well as of other aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. The reason behind the success of this catalyst is the fact that the ene-adduct- Me2AlCl complex can further react to afford methane and aluminum alkoxide, which can prevent proton-catalyzed rearrangements and solvolysis (Figure 9).
In the case of directed carbonyl-ene reactions, high levels of regio- and stereo-selectivity have been observed upon addition of a Lewis Acid, which can be explained through chair-like transition states. Notably, some of these reactions (Figure 10) can run at very low temperatures and still afford very good yields of a single regioisomer.
路易斯酸 – 催化烯反应 > Reaction conditions

As long as the nucleophilicity of the alkyl group does not lead to side reactions, catalytic amounts of Lewis acid are sufficient for many ene reactions with reactive enophiles. Nonetheless, the amount of Lewis acid can widely vary, as it largely depends on the relative basicity of the enophile and the ene adduct. In terms of solvent choice for the reactions, the highest rates are usually achieved using halocarbons as solvents; polar solvents such as ethers are not suitable, as they would complex to the Lewis acid, rendering the catalyst inactive.
路易斯酸 – 催化烯反应 > Reactivity of enes

While steric effects are still important in determining the outcome of a Lewis acid catalyzed ene reaction, electronic effects are also significant, since in such a reaction, there will be a considerable positive charge developed at the central carbon of the ene. As a result, alkenes with at least one disubstituted vinylic carbon are much more reactive than mono or 1,2 disubstituted ones.
路易斯酸 – 催化烯反应 > 机理

As seen in Figure 11, Lewis acid-catalyzed ene reactions can proceed either through a concerted mechanism that has a polar transition state, or through a stepwise mechanism with a zwitterionic intermediate. The ene, enophile and choice of catalyst can all influence which pathway is the lower energy process. In general, the more reactive the ene or enophile-Lewis acid complex is, the more likely the reaction is to be stepwise.
Chiral Lewis acids for the asymmetric catalysis of carbonyl-ene reactions > Chiral dialkoxytitanium complexes and the synthesis of laulimalide

A current direction in the study of Lewis acid-catalyzed ene reactions is the development of asymmetric catalysts for C–C bond formation. Mikami  has reported the use of a chiral titanium complex (Figure 12) in asymmetric ene reactions involving prochiral glyoxylat esters. The catalyst is prepared in situ from (i-PrO)2TiX2 and optically pure binaphthol, the alkoxy-ligand exchange being facilitated by the use of molecular sieves. The method affords α-hydroxy esters of high enantiomeric purities, compounds that represent a class of biological and synthetic importance (Figure 12).
Since both (R)- and (S)-BINOL are commercially available in optically pure form, this asymmetric process allows the synthesis of both enantiomers of α-hydroxy esters and their derivatives. However, this method is only applicable to 1,1-disubstituted olefins, due to the modest Lewis acidity of the titanium-BINOL complex.
As shown in Figure 13, Corey and co-workers  propose an early transition state for this reaction, with the goal of explaining the high enantioselectivity observed (assuming that the reaction is exothermic as calculated from standard bond energies). Even if the structure of the active catalyst is not known, Corey’s model proposes the following: the aldehyde is activated by complexation with the chiral catalyst (R)-BINOL-TiX2 via the formyl lone electron pair syn to the formyl hydrogen to form a pentacoordinate Ti structure. CH—O hydrogen bonding occurs to the stereoelectronically most favorable oxygen lone pair of the BINOL ligand. In such a structure, the top (re) face of the formyl group is much more accessible to a nucleophile attack, as the bottom (si) face is shielded by the neighboring naphtol moiety, thus affording the observed configuration of the product.
The formal total synthesis of laulimalide  (Figure 14) illustrates the robustness of the reaction developed by Mikami. Laulimalide is a marine natural product, a metabolite of various sponges that could find a potential use as an anti-tumor agent, due to its ability to stabilize microtubuli. One of the key steps in the strategy used for the synthesis of the C3-C16 fragment was a chirally catalyzed ene reaction that installed the C15 stereocenter. Treatment of the terminal allyl group of compound 1 with ethyl glyoxylate in the presence of catalytic (S)-BINOL-TiBr2 provided the required alcohol in 74% yield and >95% ds. This method eliminated the need for a protecting group or any other functionality at the end of the molecule. In addition, by carrying out this reaction, Pitts et al. managed to avoid the harsh conditions and low yields associated with installing exo-methylene units late in the synthesis.
Chiral Lewis acids for the asymmetric catalysis of carbonyl-ene reactions > Chiral C2-symmetric Cu(II) complexes and the synthesis of (+)-azaspiracid-1

Evans and co-workers  have devised a new type of enantioselective C2-symmetric Cu(II) catalysts to which substrates can chelate through two carbonyl groups. The catalysts were found to afford high levels of asymmetric induction in several processes, including the ene reaction of ethyl glyoxylate with different unactivated olefins. Figure 15 reveals the three catalysts they found to be the most effective in affording gamma-delta-unsaturated alpha-hydroxy esters in high yields and excellent enantio-selectivities. What is special about compound 2 is that it is bench-stable and can be stored indefinitely, making it convenient to use. The reaction has a wide scope, as shown in Figure 16, owing to the high Lewis acidity of the catalysts, which can activate even weakly nucleophilic olefins, such as 1-hexene and cyclohexene.
In the case of catalysts 1 and 2, it has been proposed that asymmetric induction by the catalysts results from the formation of a square-planar catalyst-glyoxylate complex (Figure 17), in which the Re face of the aldehyde is blocked by the tert-butyl substituents, thus allowing incoming olefins to attack only the Si face. This model does not account however for the induction observed when catalyst 3 was employed. The current view is that the geometry of the metal center becomes tetrahedral, such that the sterically shielded face of the aldehyde moiety is the Re face.
Initially, the value of the method developed by Evans and coworkers was proved by successfully converting the resulting alpha-hydroxy ester into the corresponding methyl ester, free acid, Weinreb amide and alpha-azido ester, without any racemization, as shown in Figure 18. It is worth noting that the azide displacement of the alcohol that results from the carbonyl ene reaction provides a facile route towards the synthesis of orthogonally protected amino acids.
The synthetic utility of the chiral C2-Symmetric Cu(II) catalysts was truly revealed in the formation of the C17 stereocenter of the CD ring fragment of (+)-azaspiracid-1, a very potent toxin (cytotoxic to mammalian cells) produced in minute quantities by multiple shellfish species including mussels, oysters, scallops, clams, and cockles. As shown in Figure 19, the reaction that establishes the C17 stereocenter is catalyzed by 1 mol % Cu(II) complex 2 (Figure 15), and the authors note that it can be conducted on a 20 g scale and still give very good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Furthermore, the product can be easily converted into the corresponding Weinreb amide, without any loss of selectivity, allowing for the facile introduction of the C14 methyl group. Thus, this novel catalytic enantioselective process developed by Evans and coworkers can be easily integrated into complex synthesis projects, particularly early on in the synthesis, when high yields and enantioselectivites are of utmost importance.
变化 > 羰基ene反应

当亲烯体为羰基的时候，这类反应通常被叫做羰基ene反应。
例如，香茅醛在路易斯酸（五氯化铌）的催化下发生分子内关环反应。
变化 > 单线态氧ene反应

在单线态氧ene反应中，单线态氧与烯丙基过氧化物反应。 此反应最早是由Schenck在1945年发现，所以有时也被叫做Schenck ene反应。