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↑  The Biology of Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium barbadense L. (cotton). ogtr.gov.au
↑  "Natural fibres: Cotton" , International Year of Natural Fibres
↑  National Cotton Council of America, "U.S. Cotton Bale Dimensions " (accessed ngày 5 tháng 10 năm 2013).
↑  Singh, Phundan. “Cotton Varieties and Hybrids” (PDF). Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 9 tháng 10 năm 2022.
↑  , ISBN 978-0-674-01999-7 |title= trống hay bị thiếu (trợ giúp) Quote: "One of the funerary chambers, dating to around 5500 BC, had contained an adult male lying on his side with legs flexed backward and a young child, approximately one or two years old, at his feet. Next to the adult's left wrist were eight copper beads which had once formed a bracelet. As such metal beads were only found in one other Neolithic burial at Mehrgarh, he must have been an extraordinarily wealthy and important person. Microscopic analysis showed that each bead had been made by beating and heating copper ore into a thin sheet which had then been rolled around a narrow rod. Substantial corrosion prevented a detailed technological study of the beads; yet this turned out to be a blessing as the corrosion had led to the preservation of something quite remarkable inside one of the beads — a piece of cotton.... After further microscopic study, the fibres were unquestionably identified as cotton; it was, in fact, a bundle of both unripe and ripe fibres that had been wound together to make a thread, these being differentiated by the thickness of their cell walls. As such, this copper bead contained the earliest known use of cotton in the world by at least a thousand years. The next earliest was also found at Mehrgarh: a collection of cotton seeds discovered amidst charred wheat and barley grains outside one of its mud-brick rooms."
↑  Moulherat, C.; Tengberg, M.; Haquet, J. R. M. F.; Mille, B. ̂T. (2002). “First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead”. Journal of Archaeological Science. 29 (12): 1393–1401. doi:10.1006/jasc.2001.0779. Quote: "The metallurgical analysis of a copper bead from a Neolithic burial (6th millennium bc) at Mehrgarh, Pakistan, allowed the recovery of several threads, preserved by mineralization. They were characterized according to new procedure, combining the use of a reflected-light microscope and a scanning electron microscope, and identified as cotton (Gossypium sp.). The Mehrgarh fibres constitute the earliest known example of cotton in the Old World and put the date of the first use of this textile plant back by more than a millennium. Even though it is not possible to ascertain that the fibres came from an already domesticated species, the evidence suggests an early origin, possibly in the Kachi Plain, of one of the Old World cottons.
↑  JIA, Yinhua; PAN, Zhaoe; HE, Shoupu; GONG, Wenfang; GENG, Xiaoli; PANG, Baoyin; WANG, Liru; DU, Xiongming (2018). “Genetic diversity and population structure of Gossypium arboreum L. collected in China”. Journal of Cotton Research. 1 (1). doi:10.1186/s42397-018-0011-0. ISSN 2523-3254. Quote: "Gossypium arboreum is a diploid species cultivated in the Old World. It was first domesticated near the Indus Valley before 6000 BC (Moulherat et al. 2002)."
↑  Jonathan D. Sauer, Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster, Routledge (2017), p. 115
↑  Huckell, Lisa W. (1993). “Plant Remains from the Pinaleño Cotton Cache, Arizona”. Kiva, the Journal of Southwest Anthropology and History. 59 (2): 147–203. JSTOR 30246122.
↑  Rajpal, Vijay Rani (2016). Gene Pool Diversity and Crop Improvement, Volume 1. Springer. tr. 117. ISBN 978-3-319-27096-8. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 4 năm 2016.
↑  "cotton" in The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–07.
↑  Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation. بنیاد دائره المعارف اسلامی , Retrieved on ngày 28 tháng 2 năm 2009.
↑  Maxwell, Robyn J. (2003). Textiles of Southeast Asia: tradition, trade and transformation . Tuttle Publishing. tr. 410. ISBN 978-0-7946-0104-1.
↑  Roche, Julian (1994). The International Cotton Trade. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Ltd. tr. 5.
1 2  Lakwete, Angela (2003). Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. tr. 1–6. ISBN 9780801873942. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 29 tháng 5 năm 2016.
↑  Baber, Zaheer (1996). The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-7914-2919-9.
↑  Pacey, Arnold (1991) [1990]. Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History . Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
↑  Pacey, Arnold (1991) [1990]. Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History . Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. tr. 23–24.
↑  Backer, Patricia. “Technology in the Middle Ages”. History of Technology. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 8 tháng 5 năm 2013. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 6 năm 2011.
↑  “cotton”. The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Society. 1999.
↑  John F. Richards (1995), The Mughal Empire, page 190 , Cambridge University Press
↑  Karl J. Schmidt (2015), An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History, page 100 , Routledge
↑  Angus Maddison (1995), Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992, OECD, p. 30
↑  Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850, 2011, ISBN 978-1-139-49889-0
↑  Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760, page 202 , University of California Press
↑  Irfan Habib (2011), Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500, page 53, Pearson Education
↑  Irfan Habib (2011), Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500, pages 53-54, Pearson Education
↑  Irfan Habib (2011), Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500, page 54, Pearson Education
↑  Karl Marx (1867). Chapter 16: "Machinery and Large-Scale Industry." Das Kapital.
↑  Jean Batou (1991). Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870. Librairie Droz. tr. 181. ISBN 9782600042932.
1 2  Jean Batou (1991). Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870. Librairie Droz. tr. 193–196. ISBN 9782600042932.
↑  Gupta, Bishnupriya. “COTTON TEXTILES AND THE GREAT DIVERGENCE: LANCASHIRE, INDIA AND SHIFTING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE, 1600-1850” (PDF). International Institute of Social History. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 10 tháng 9 năm 2016. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 12 năm 2016.
1 2 3 4  Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya. “Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage, 1600-1850” (PDF). International Institute of Social History. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 10 tháng 9 năm 2016. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 12 năm 2016.
↑  Junie T. Tong (2016), Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets, page 151, CRC Press
↑  John L. Esposito (2004), The Islamic World: Past and Present 3-Volume Set, page 190 , Oxford University Press
↑  James Cypher (2014). The Process of Economic Development. Routledge. ISBN 9781136168284.
↑  Paul Bairoch (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. tr. 89. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 12 tháng 10 năm 2017.
↑  Henry Yule, A. C. Burnell (2013). Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India. Oxford University Press. tr. 20. ISBN 9781317252931.
1 2  Hughs, S. E.; Valco, T. D.; Williford, J. R. (2008). “100 Years of Cotton Production, Harvesting, and Ginning Systems”. Transactions of the ASABE. 51 (4): 1187–98. doi:10.13031/2013.25234. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 25 tháng 4 năm 2015. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 8 năm 2015.
↑  (Fisher 1932 pp 154–156)
↑  Frank Lawrence Owsley, "The Confederacy and King Cotton: A Study in Economic Coercion," North Carolina Historical Review 6#4 (1929), pp. 371–397 in JSTOR
↑  Rupert B. Vance, Human factors in cotton culture; a study in the social geography of the American South (U of North Carolina Press, 1929) online free
↑  D. Clayton Brown, King Cotton in Modern America: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945 (2013).
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