Tế bào sắc tố
Chú thích

↑  “chromatophore”.
↑  “Chromatophore”.
↑  “chromatophore”.
↑  Scott M. Boback & Lynn M. Siefferman (2010). "Variation in Color and Color Change in Island and Mainland Boas (Boa constrictor)". Journal of Herpetology 44 (4): 506–515. doi:10.1670/09-026.1
↑  Aristotle. Historia Animalium. IX, 622a: 2-10. About 400 BC. Cited in Luciana Borrelli, Francesca Gherardi, Graziano Fiorito. A catalogue of body patterning in Cephalopoda. Firenze University Press, 2006  Lưu trữ 2018-02-06 tại Wayback Machine
↑  Sangiovanni G. Descrizione di un particolare sistema di organi cromoforo espansivo-dermoideo e dei fenomeni che esso produce, scoperto nei molluschi cefaloso. G. Enciclopedico Napoli. 1819; 9:1–13.
↑  (1860). Journal Of Researches Into The Natural History And Geology Of The Countries Visited During The Voyage Round The World Of H.M.S. 'Beagle' Under The Command Of Captain Fitz Roy, R.N. John Murray, London. p. 7.
1 2  Bagnara, JT (1966). “Cytology and cytophysiology of non-melanophore pigment cells”. International Review of Cytology. 20: 173–205. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60801-3. ISBN 978-0-12-364320-9. PMID 5337298.
↑  Fox, DL. Animal Biochromes and Structural Colors: Physical, Chemical, Distributional & Physiological Features of Colored Bodies in the Animal World. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1976. ISBN 0-520-02347-1
↑  Matsumoto, J (1965). “Studies on fine structure and cytochemical properties of erythrophores in swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri, with special reference to their pigment granules (pterinosomes)”. J Cell Biol. 27 (3): 493–504. doi:10.1083/jcb.27.3.493. PMC 2106771. PMID 5885426.
↑  Bagnara JT. Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Pigment Cells in Nonmammalian Tissues. In: The Pigmentary System: Physiology and Pathophysiology, Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-509861-7
↑  Taylor, JD. (1969). “The effects of intermedin on the ultrastructure of amphibian iridophores”. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 12 (3): 405–16. doi:10.1016/0016-6480(69)90157-9. PMID 5769930.
↑  Morrison, RL. (1995). “A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) method for determining structural colors reflected by lizard iridophores”. Pigment Cell Res. 8 (1): 28–36. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1995.tb00771.x. PMID 7792252.
1 2 3 4  Fujii, R. (2000). “The regulation of motile activity in fish chromatophores”. Pigment Cell Res. 13 (5): 300–19. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130502.x. PMID 11041206.
↑  Ito, S; Wakamatsu, K. (2003). “Quantitative analysis of eumelanin and pheomelanin in humans, mice, and other animals: a comparative review”. Pigment Cell Res. 16 (5): 523–31. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00072.x. PMID 12950732.
↑  Bagnara, J.T.; Taylor, JD; Prota, G (1973). “Color changes, unusual melanosomes, and a new pigment from leaf frogs”. Science. 182 (4116): 1034–5. doi:10.1126/science.182.4116.1034. PMID 4748673.
↑  Bagnara, J.T. (2003). “Enigmas of Pterorhodin, a Red Melanosomal Pigment of Tree Frogs”. Pigment Cell Research. 16 (5): 510–516. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00075.x. PMID 12950730.
↑  Schwalm, PA; Starrett, PH; McDiarmid, RW (1977). “Infrared reflectance in leaf-sitting neotropical frogs”. Science. 196 (4295): 1225–7. doi:10.1126/science.860137. PMID 860137.
↑  Goda M, Ohata M, Ikoma H, Fujiyoshi Y, Sugimoto M, Fujii R (2011). “Integumental reddish-violet coloration owing to novel dichromatic chromatophores in the teleost fish, Pseudochromis diadema”. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 24 (4): 614–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2011.00861.x. PMID 21501419.Quản lý CS1: nhiều tên: danh sách tác giả (liên kết)
↑  Bagnara, JT; Taylor, JD; Hadley, ME (1968). “The dermal chromatophore unit”. J Cell Biol. 38 (1): 67–79. doi:10.1083/jcb.38.1.67. PMC 2107474. PMID 5691979.
↑  Palazzo, RE; Lynch, TJ; Lo, SJ; Taylor, JD; Tchen, TT (1989). “Rearrangements of pterinosomes and cytoskeleton accompanying pigment dispersion in goldfish xanthophores”. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 13 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1002/cm.970130103. PMID 2543509.
↑  Porras, MG; De Loof, A; Breuer, M; Aréchiga, H (2003). “Procambarus clarkii”. Peptides. 24 (10): 1581–9. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2003.08.016. PMID 14706537.
↑  Deacon, SW; Serpinskaya, AS; Vaughan, PS; Lopez Fanarraga, M; Vernos, I; Vaughan, KT; Gelfand, VI (2003). “Dynactin is required for bidirectional organelle transport”. The Journal of Cell Biology. 160 (3): 297–301. doi:10.1083/jcb.200210066. PMC 2172679. PMID 12551954.
↑  Aspengren, S; Sköld, HN; Quiroga, G; Mårtensson, L; Wallin, M (2003). “Noradrenaline- and melatonin-mediated regulation of pigment aggregation in fish melanophores”. Pigment Cell Res. 16 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00003.x. PMID 12519126.
↑  Logan, DW; Bryson-Richardson, RJ; Taylor, MS; Currie, P; Jackson, IJ (2003). “Sequence characterization of teleost fish melanocortin receptors”. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 994: 319–30. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03196.x. PMID 12851332.
↑  Sugden, D; Davidson, K; Hough, KA; Teh, MT (2004). “Melatonin, melatonin receptors and melanophores: a moving story”. Pigment Cell Res. 17 (5): 454–60. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00185.x. PMID 15357831.
1 2  Logan, DW; Bryson-Richardson, RJ; Pagán, KE; Taylor, MS; Currie, PD; Jackson, IJ (2003). “The structure and evolution of the melanocortin and MCH receptors in fish and mammals”. Genomics. 81 (2): 184–91. doi:10.1016/S0888-7543(02)00037-X. PMID 12620396.
↑  Valverde, P; Healy, E; Jackson, I; Rees, JL; Thody, AJ (1995). “Variants of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans”. Nat Genet. 11 (3): 328–30. doi:10.1038/ng1195-328. PMID 7581459.
↑  Richardson, J; Lundegaard, PR; Reynolds, NL; Dorin, JR; Porteous, DJ; Jackson, IJ; Patton, EE (2008). “mc1r Pathway regulation of zebrafish melanosome dispersion”. Zebrafish. 5 (4): 289–95. doi:10.1089/zeb.2008.0541. PMID 19133827.
↑  Snider, J; Lin, F; Zahedi, N; Rodionov, V; Yu, CC; Gross, SP (2004). “Intracellular actin-based transport: How far you go depends on how often you switch”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (36): 13204–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403092101. PMC 516548. PMID 15331778.
↑  Rodionov, VI; Hope, AJ; Svitkina, TM; Borisy, GG (1998). “Functional coordination of microtubule-based and actin-based motility in melanophores”. Current biology: CB. 8 (3): 165–8. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70064-8. PMID 9443917.
↑  Kashina, AS; Semenova, IV; Ivanov, PA; Potekhina, ES; Zaliapin, I; Rodionov, VI (2004). “Protein kinase A, which regulates intracellular transport, forms complexes with molecular motors on organelles”. Current biology: CB. 14 (20): 1877–81. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.003. PMID 15498498.
1 2  Neuhauss, SC. (2003). “Behavioral genetic approaches to visual system development and function in zebrafish” (PDF). J Neurobiol. 54 (1): 148–60. doi:10.1002/neu.10165. PMID 12486702.[liên kết hỏng]
↑  Logan, D. W.; Burn, S. F.; Jackson, I. J. (2006). “Regulation of pigmentation in zebrafish melanophores”. Pigment Cell Research. 19 (3): 206–213. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00307.x. PMID 16704454.
↑  Kelsh, RN; Schmid, B; Eisen, JS (2000). “Genetic analysis of melanophore development in zebrafish embryos”. Dev Biol. 225 (2): 277–93. doi:10.1006/dbio.2000.9840. PMID 10985850.
↑  Kelsh, RN (2004). “Genetics and evolution of pigment patterns in fish”. Pigment cell research / sponsored by the European Society for Pigment Cell Research and the International Pigment Cell Society. 17 (4): 326–36. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00174.x. PMID 15250934.
↑  Lamason, RL; Mohideen, MA; Mest, JR; Wong, AC; Norton, HL; Aros, MC; Jurynec, MJ; Mao, X; Humphreville, VR (2005). “SLC24A5, a putative cation exchanger, affects pigmentation in zebrafish and humans”. Science. 310 (5755): 1782–6. doi:10.1126/science.1116238. PMID 16357253.
↑  Jayawickreme, CK; Sauls, H; Bolio, N; Ruan, J; Moyer, M; Burkhart, W; Marron, B; Rimele, T; Shaffer, J (1999). “Use of a cell-based, lawn format assay to rapidly screen a 442,368 bead-based peptide library”. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 42 (4): 189–97. doi:10.1016/S1056-8719(00)00083-6. PMID 11033434.
↑  Andersson, TP; Filippini, D; Suska, A; Johansson, TL; Svensson, SP; Lundström, I (2005). “Frog melanophores cultured on fluorescent microbeads: biomimic-based biosensing”. Biosens Bioelectron. 21 (1): 111–20. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2004.08.043. PMID 15967358.
↑  Karlsson, JO; Andersson, RG; Askelöf, P; Elwing, H; Granström, M; Grundström, N; Lundström, I; Ohman, L (1991). “The melanophore aggregating response of isolated fish scales: a very rapid and sensitive diagnosis of whooping cough”. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 66 (2): 169–75. PMID 1936946.
↑  Hansford, Dave (ngày 6 tháng 8 năm 2008). “Cuttlefish Change Color, Shape-Shift to Elude Predators”. National Geographic News. Wellington, New Zealand. [...] cuttlefish have instead relied on invisibility, a talent that may have applications for human technology. Norman said the military has shown interest in cuttlefish camouflage with a view to one day incorporating similar mechanisms in soldiers' uniforms.
↑  Lee I. Nanotubes for noisy signal processing PhD Thesis. 2005; University of Southern California.
↑  Cloney, RA; Florey, E (1968). “Ultrastructure of cephalopod chromatophore organs”. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie (Vienna, Austria: 1948). 89 (2): 250–80. doi:10.1007/BF00347297. PMID 5700268.
↑  Demski, LS (1992). “Chromatophore systems in teleosts and cephalopods: a levels oriented analysis of convergent systems”. Brain, behavior and evolution. 40 (2–3): 141–56. doi:10.1159/000113909. PMID 1422807.
↑  Salton, MR (1987). “Bacterial membrane proteins”. Microbiological sciences. 4 (4): 100–5. PMID 3153178.
↑  Frigaard, NU; Bryant, DA (2004). “Seeing green bacteria in a new light: genomics-enabled studies of the photosynthetic apparatus in green sulfur bacteria and filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria”. Archives of Microbiology. 182 (4): 265–76. doi:10.1007/s00203-004-0718-9. PMID 15340781.
Một con tắc kè hoa đeo mạng. Các màu xanh lam và xanh lục theo cấu trúc được tạo thành bằng cách xếp chồng các lớp tế bào sắc tố để phản xạ ánh sáng đã được lọc..
Ở dưới là ấu trùng cá ngựa vằn bị đột biến, không thể tổng hợp melanin, ở trên là ấu trùng bình thường.
Cá Pictichromis diadema tạo ra dải màu tím trên lưng với một tế bào sắc tố bất thường.
Tế bào melanophore ở ếch và cá, thể hiện sự phân tán và tập trung sắc tố.
Tiết diện ngang của thân động vật có xương sống đang phát triển, cho thấy sự di chuyển của chromatoblast theo bên lưng (màu đỏ) và giữa bụng (màu xanh)
Một con mực nang con đang sử dụng khả năng thích nghi với bối cảnh môi trường xung quanh.