Phạm Thiên
Chú thích

↑  Bonten Nichiren Buddhism Library, Soka Gakkai
1 2  Yuvraj Krishan (1996). The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. tr. 120. ISBN 978-81-215-0565-9.
1 2 3 4  Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. tr. 141–142. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
↑  Peter Harvey (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. tr. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4.
↑  “Ayacana Sutta: The Request”. www.accesstoinsight.org (bằng tiếng Anh). Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 1 năm 2018.
↑  Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. tr. 142, Article on brahmaloka. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
↑  KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. tr. 24 with footnote 2. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1., Quote: "What evidence is there for the existence of Indra unless someone has seen him? One stanza in a hymn says, 'One and another say, there is no Indra. Who hath beheld him? Whom then shall we honor?' - Rigveda 8.100.3, in Griffith: 8.89.3"
↑  KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. tr. 21, 24. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1.
↑  James Thrower (1980). The Alternative Tradition: Religion and the Rejection of Religion in the Ancient World. Walter de Gruyter. tr. 40, 43–44. ISBN 978-90-279-7997-1.
↑  KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. tr. 24, 27–28. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1. Quote: "Here for the first time there is an expression of doubt about the possibility of knowing certain things and a dim awareness that some sort of evidence was necessary before we can afford to make factual assertions. What evidence is there for the existence of Indra unless someone has seen him? (...)"
↑  KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. tr. 21, 24, 27–28. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1.
↑  Antonio T. de Nicolás (2003). Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man. iUniverse. tr. 68–70. ISBN 978-0-595-26925-9.
↑  James Thrower (1980). The Alternative Tradition: Religion and the Rejection of Religion in the Ancient World. Walter de Gruyter. tr. 35–46. ISBN 978-90-279-7997-1.
↑  The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, 1921
↑  KN Jayatilleke (1998). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Motilal Banarsidass. tr. 68, 374. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1., Quote: "We may conclude from the above that the rise of Buddhism is not far removed in time from, though it is prior to, the Maitri Upanishad".
↑  Jan Gonda (1968), The Hindu Trinity, Anthropos, Vol. 63, pages 215-219
↑  Bruce Sullivan (1999), Seer of the Fifth Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120816763, pages 82-83
1 2  Gananath Obeyesekere (2006). Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study. Motilal Banarsidass. tr. 177–179. ISBN 978-81-208-2609-0.
↑  Rupert Gethin (1998). The Foundations of Buddhism. Oxford University Press. tr. 114–115, 125–126. ISBN 978-0-19-160671-7.
↑  Peter Harvey (2001). Buddhism. Bloomsbury Academic. tr. 261, 263–264. ISBN 978-1-4411-4726-4.
Phạm Thiên (Phra Phrom) tại Wat Yannawa ở Bangkok, Thái Lan