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↑  “Symphony”, Oxford English Dictionary
1 2  Brown, Howard Mayer (2001), “Symphonia”,  trong Stanley Sadie; John Tyrrell (biên tập), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , London: Macmillan Publishers
↑  Marcuse, Sybil (1975). Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary . New York: W. W. Norton. tr. 501. ISBN 0-393-00758-8.
↑  Bowman, Carl Byron (1971). The Ecclesiastiche Sinfonie (Opus 16) of Adriano Banchieri (1568–1634) . New York: New York University. tr. 7. OCLC 605998103.
1 2  LaRue, Jan; Bonds, Mark Evan; Walsh, Stephen; Wilson, Charles (2001), “Symphony”,  trong Stanley Sadie; John Tyrrell (biên tập), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , London: Macmillan Publishers
↑  Rosen, Charles (1997). The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, tr. 43-54
1 2  LaRue và đồng nghiệp (2001), §I.2.
↑  LaRue và đồng nghiệp (2001), §I.10.
↑  Carpani, Giuseppe (1823). Le Haydine, ovvero Lettere su la vita e le opere del celebre maestro Giuseppe Haydn . tr. 66.
1 2  LaRue và đồng nghiệp (2001), §I.4.
↑  Hepokoski, James; Darcy, Warren (2006). Elements of Sonata Theory: Norms, Types, and Deformations in the Late-Eighteenth-Century Sonata. Oxford University Press. tr. 320. ISBN 0198033451.
↑  Count taken from Graham Parkes, "The symphonic structure of Also sprach Zarathustra: a preliminary outline," in Luchte, James (2011). Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra: Before Sunrise. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 1441118454.. Excerpts on line at .
↑  The conjecture about the child Mozart's three-movement preference is made by Gärtner, who notes that Mozart's father Leopold and other older composers already preferred four. See Gärtner, Heinz (1994). John Christian Bach: Mozart's Friend and Mentor. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0931340799. Excepts on line at .
↑  Jackson, Timothy L. (1999). “Tchaikovsky, Symphony no. 6 (Pathétique)”. Cambridge Music Handbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. tr. 26. ISBN 0-521-64111-X.
↑  Stein, Leon (1979). Structure & Style: The Study and Analysis of Musical Forms . Princeton, N.J.: Summy-Birchard Music. tr. 106. ISBN 0-87487-164-6.
↑  Prout, Ebenezer (1895). Applied Forms: A Sequel to 'Musical Form' (ấn bản thứ 3). New York: AMS Press, 1971. tr. 249. ISBN 0-404-05138-3.
↑  “Mannheim School”, Encyclopædia Britannica
↑  Webster, James; Feder, Georg (2001), “Haydn, (Franz) Joseph”,  trong Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (biên tập), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , London: Macmillan Publishers
↑  Eisen, Cliff; Sadie, Stanley (2001), “Mozart (3): (Johann Chrysostum) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart”,  trong Stanley Sadie và John Tyrrell (biên tập), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , London: Macmillan Publishers
1 2  Dahlhaus, Carl (1989). Nineteenth-Century Music. Robinson, J. Bradford biên dịch. Berkeley: University of California Press. tr. 265. ISBN 978-0-520-07644-0. OCLC 17951591.
↑  Libbey, Theodore (1999). The NPR Guide to Building a Classical CD Collection . New York: Workman Publishing. tr. 40. ISBN 978-0761104872.
↑  Beethoven's Ninth is not the first choral symphony, though it is surely the most celebrated one. Beethoven was anticipated by Peter von Winter’s Schlacht-Sinfonie ("Battle Symphony"), which includes a concluding chorus and was written in 1814, ten years before Beethoven's Ninth. Source: Jan LaRue et al. (n.d.) "Symphony," in the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (online edition).
↑  Rosen, Charles (1997). The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven . London: Faber and Faber. tr. 521. ISBN 9780571192878. OCLC 38185106.
↑  Macdonald, Hugh (2001), “Berlioz, Hector”,  trong Stanley Sadie; John Tyrrell (biên tập), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , London: Macmillan Publishers, tr. §3: 1831–42
1 2 3 4  LaRue và đồng nghiệp (2001), II.1.
↑  Tawa, Nicholas E. (2001). From Psalm to Symphony: A History of Music in New England. Boston: Northeastern University Press. tr. 352. ISBN 978-1-55553-491-2.
↑  Vande Moortele, Steven (2013), “Two-dimensional' Symphonic Forms: Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony, Before and After”,  trong Julian Horton (biên tập), The Cambridge Companion to the Symphony, Cambridge Companions to Music, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, tr. 269, 284n9, ISBN 9781107469709
↑  Temperley, Nicholas (2001), “Sinfonietta”,  trong Stanley Sadie và John Tyrrell (biên tập), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , London: Macmillan Publishers
↑  Grimley, Daniel M (2013), “Symphony/Antiphony: Formal Strategies in the Twentieth-Century Symphony”,  trong Julian Horton (biên tập), The Cambridge Companion to the Symphony, Cambridge Companions to Music., Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, tr. 287, ISBN 0521884985, OCLC 795504217
↑  Lần đầu đi lưu diễn ở châu Âu
↑  Theo Giáo dục và Thời đại số 41 năm 1998
Heinrich Schütz, một nhà soạn nhạc quan trọng của Đức, tác giả của Symphoniae sacrae
Joseph Haydn, người được mệnh danh là "cha đẻ của Giao hưởng"