Ethanol
Chú thích

↑  Roach, J. (ngày 18 tháng 7 năm 2005). “9,000-Year-Old Beer Re-Created From Chinese Recipe”. National Geographic News. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 9 năm 2007.
↑  Lowitz, T. (1796) "Anzeige eines, zur volkommen Entwasserung des Weingeistes nothwendig zu beobachtenden, Handgriffs" (Report of a task that must be done for the complete dehydration of wine spirits [i.e., alcohol-water azeotrope]), (Crell's) Chemische Annalen …, vol. 1, pp. 195–204.  See pp. 197–198: Lowitz dehydrated the azeotrope by mixing it with a 2:1 excess of anhydrous alkali and then distilling the mixture over low heat.
↑  “Alcohol”. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. LoveToKnow. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 21 tháng 8 năm 2006. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 10 năm 2013.Quản lý CS1: bot: trạng thái URL ban đầu không rõ (liên kết)
↑  de Saussure, Théodore  (1807) "Mémoire sur la composition de l'alcohol et de l'éther sulfurique," Journal de physique, de chimie, d'histoire naturelle et des arts, vol. 64, pp. 316–354.  In his 1807 paper, Saussure determined ethanol's composition only roughly; a more accurate analysis of ethanol appears on page 300 of his 1814 paper: de Saussure, Théodore (1814) "Nouvelles observations sur la composition de l'alcool et de l'éther sulfurique," Annales de Chimie, 89: 273–305.
↑  Couper AS (1858). “On a new chemical theory” (online reprint). Philosophical magazine. 16 (104–16). Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 9 năm 2007.
↑  Faraday, M. (1825) "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Societhy of London 115: 440–466.  In a footnote on page 448, Faraday notes the action of sulfuric acid on coal gas and coal-gas distillate; specifically, "The [sulfuric] acid combines directly with carbon and hydrogen; and I find when [the resulting compound is] united with bases [it] forms a peculiar class of salts, somewhat resembling the sulphovinates [i.e., ethyl sulfates], but still different from them."
↑  Hennell, H. (1826) "On the mutual action of sulphuric acid and alcohol, with observations on the composition and properties of the resulting compound," Philsophical Transactions of the Royal Societhy, vol. 116, pages 240–249. On page 248, Hennell mentions that Faraday gave him some sulfuric acid in which coal gas had dissolved and that he (Hennell) found that it contained "sulphovinic acid" (ethyl hydrogen sulfate).
↑  Hennell, H. (1828). “On the mutual action of sulfuric acid and alcohol, and on the nature of the process by which ether is formed”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Societhy of London. 118: 365–371. doi:10.1098/rstl.1828.0021. ISSN 0261-0523.  On page 368, Hennell produces ethanol from "sulfovinic acid" (ethyl hydrogen sulfat).
↑  Sérullas, Georges-Simon (1828) "De l'action de l'acide sulfurique sur l'alcool, et des produits qui en résultent" (On the action of sulfuric acid on alcohol, and products that result from it), Annales de Chimie et de Physique, vol 39, pages 152–186.  On page 158, Sérullas mentions the production of alcohol from "sulfate acid d'hydrogène carboné" (hydrocarbon acid sulfate).
↑  In 1855, the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot confirmed Faraday's discovery by preparing ethanol from pure ethylene. Marcellin Berthelot (1855) "Sur la formation de l'alcool au moyen du bicarbure d'hydrogène"  (On the formation of alcohol by means of ethylene), Annales de chimie et de physique, series 3, vol. 43, pp. 385–405.  (Note:  The chemical formulas in Berthelot's paper are wrong because chemists at that time used the wrong atomic masses for the elements; e.g., carbon (6 instead of 12), oxygen (8 instead of 16), etc.)
↑  Siegel, Robert (ngày 15 tháng 2 năm 2007). “Ethanol, Once Bypassed, Now Surging Ahead”. NPR. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 9 năm 2007.
↑  DiPardo, Joseph. “Outlook for Biomass Ethanol Production and Demand” (PDF). United States Department of Energy. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 9 năm 2007.
↑  Myers, Richard L.; Myers, Rusty L. (2007). The 100 most important chemical compounds: a reference guide. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. tr. 122. ISBN 0-313-33758-6.Quản lý CS1: nhiều tên: danh sách tác giả (liên kết)
1 2 3  Lide, D. R. biên tập (2000). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition. CRC press. ISBN 0-8493-0481-4.
↑  webanswers.com What is the triple point of alcohol? Lưu trữ 2013-05-14 tại Wayback Machine, answered ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 2010
1 2 3 4  Windholz, Martha (1976). The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals and drugs (ấn bản thứ 9). Rahway, N.J., U.S.A: Merck. ISBN 0-911910-26-3.
↑  Morrison, Robert Thornton; Boyd, Robert Neilson (1972). Organic Chemistry (ấn bản thứ 2). Allyn and Bacon, inc. ISBN 0-205-08452-4.Quản lý CS1: nhiều tên: danh sách tác giả (liên kết)
↑  Dahlmann U, Schneider GM (1989). “(Liquid + liquid) phase equilibria and critical curves of (ethanol + dodecane or tetradecane or hexadecane or 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane) from 0.1 MPa to 120.0 MPa”. J Chem Thermodyn. 21 (9): 997. doi:10.1016/0021-9614(89)90160-2.
↑  “Ethanol”. Encyclopedia of chemical technology. 9. 1991. tr. 813.
↑  Costigan MJ, Hodges LJ, Marsh KN, Stokes RH, Tuxford CW (1980). “The Isothermal Displacement Calorimeter: Design Modifications for Measuring Exothermic Enthalpies of Mixing”. Aust. J. Chem. 33 (10): 2103. doi:10.1071/CH9802103.Quản lý CS1: nhiều tên: danh sách tác giả (liên kết)
↑  Lei Z, Wang H, Zhou R, Duan Z (2002). “Influence of salt added to solvent on extractive distillation”. Chem Eng J. 87 (2): 149. doi:10.1016/S1385-8947(01)00211-X.Quản lý CS1: nhiều tên: danh sách tác giả (liên kết)
↑  Pemberton RC, Mash CJ (1978). “Thermodynamic properties of aqueous non-electrolyte mixtures II. Vapour pressures and excess Gibbs energies for water + ethanol at 303.15 to 363.15 K determined by an accurate static method”. J Chem Thermodyn. 10 (9): 867. doi:10.1016/0021-9614(78)90160-X.
↑  Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, 9th ed.; monographs 6575 through 6669