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↑  Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia of the National Academy of Sciences: Physical Cosmology; Irvine, California: March 27–28, 1992.
↑  "Island universe" is a reference to speculative ideas promoted by a variety of scholastic thinkers in the 18th and 19th centuries. The most famous early proponent of such ideas was philosopher Immanuel Kant who published a number of treatises on astronomy in addition to his more famous philosophical works. See Kant, I., 1755. Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels, Part I, J.F. Peterson, Königsberg and Leipzig.
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Lemaître, G. (1927). “Un univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques”. Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles A. 47: 49–56. Bibcode:1927ASSB...47...49L. Partially translated in Lemaître, G. (1931). “Expansion of the universe, A homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulae”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 91: 483–490. Bibcode:1931MNRAS..91..483L. doi:10.1093/mnras/91.5.483.
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van den Bergh, S. (2011). “The Curious Case of Lemaitre's Equation No. 24”. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 105 (4): 151. arXiv:1106.1195. Bibcode:2011JRASC.105..151V.
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Block, D. L. (2012). “Georges Lemaitre and Stiglers Law of Eponymy”.  Trong Holder, R. D.; Mitton, S. (biên tập). Georges Lemaître: Life, Science and Legacy. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. 395. tr. 89–96. arXiv:1106.3928. Bibcode:2012ASSL..395...89B. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32254-9_8. ISBN 978-3-642-32253-2.
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Reich, E. S. (ngày 27 tháng 6 năm 2011). “Edwin Hubble in translation trouble”. Nature News. doi:10.1038/news.2011.385.
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Livio, M. (2011). “Lost in translation: Mystery of the missing text solved”. Nature. 479 (7372): 171. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..171L. doi:10.1038/479171a. PMID 22071745.
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Livio, M.; Riess, A. (2013). “Measuring the Hubble constant”. Physics Today. 66 (10): 41. Bibcode:2013PhT....66j..41L. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2148.
↑  Hubble, E. (1929). “A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 15 (3): 168–73. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 30 tháng 6 năm 2008. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 12 năm 2018.
↑  This popular consideration is echoed in Time Magazine's listing for Edwin Hubble in their Time 100 list of most influential people of the 20th Century. Michael Lemonick recounts, "He discovered the cosmos, and in doing so founded the science of cosmology."  Lưu trữ 2009-04-21 tại Wayback Machine
↑  The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements, page 256
↑  Oxford English Dictionary (1989), s.v. "helium". Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 12 năm 2006, from Oxford English Dictionary Online. Also, from quotation there: Thomson, W. (1872). Rep. Brit. Assoc. xcix: "Frankland and Lockyer find the yellow prominences to give a very decided bright line not far from D, but hitherto not identified with any terrestrial flame. It seems to indicate a new substance, which they propose to call Helium."
↑  Gamow, G. (1948). “The Origin of Elements and the Separation of Galaxies”. Physical Review. 74: 505. Bibcode:1948PhRv...74..505G. doi:10.1103/physrev.74.505.2.Gamow, G. (1948). “The evolution of the universe”. Nature. 162: 680. Bibcode:1948Natur.162..680G. doi:10.1038/162680a0. Alpher, R. A.; Herman, R. “On the Relative Abundance of the Elements”. Physical Review. 74: 1577. Bibcode:1948PhRv...74.1577A. doi:10.1103/physrev.74.1577.
↑  A. A. Penzias. “The origin of elements” (PDF). Nobel lecture. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 10 năm 2006.
↑  R. H. Dicke, "The measurement of thermal radiation at microwave frequencies", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 17, 268 (1946). This basic design for a radiometer has been used in most subsequent cosmic microwave background experiments.
↑  A. A. Penzias and R. W. Wilson, "A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s," Astrophysical Journal 142 (1965), 419. R. H. Dicke, P. J. E. Peebles, P. G. Roll and D. T. Wilkinson, "Cosmic Black-Body Radiation," Astrophysical Journal 142 (1965), 414. The history is given in P. J. E. Peebles, Principles of physical cosmology (Princeton Univ. Pr., Princeton 1993).