Userkaf
Chú thích, tham khảo, nguồn > Chú thích

↑  Proposed dates for Userkaf's reign: 2560—2553 BC, 2513—2506 BC, 2504—2496 BC, 2498—2491 BC, 2494—2487 BC 2479—2471 BC, 2466—2458 BC 2465—2458 BC, 2454—2447 BC, 2454—2446 BC, 2435—2429 BC, 2392—2385 BC
↑  The historians Rosalie and Anthony David concur, stating that Userkaf belonged to a side branch of Khafra's family.
↑  This papyrus, now recognised as non-historical, records a story according to which Userkaf is a son of the god Ra with a woman named Rededjet. In the story, two of Userkaf's brothers are said to rise to the throne after him, displacing Khufu's family from the throne.
↑  This queen is referred to as Neferhetepes Q in modern Egyptology to distinguish her from preceding women of the same name.
↑  The attribution of the pyramid to a queen named Neferhetepes is not certain and relies on indirect evidence in the form of an inscription mentioning the queen in the nearby tomb of Persen, a priest of her funerary cult.
↑  Ludwig Borchardt expanded on the theory according to which Khentkaus I was Userkaf's spouse by positing that Userkaf managed to take the throne at the unexpected death of Shepseskaf and before the legitimate heirs Sahure and Neferirkare were old enough to rule. This hypothesis has been conclusively invalidated by recent research which shows that there were two queens named Khentkaus, the second one being the mother of Nyuserre Ini, and that Sahure is Userkaf's son, while Neferirkare is Sahure's.
↑  Older analyses of the document by Breasted and Daressy had already established that Userkaf reigned 12 to 14 years or 12 to 13 years respectively.
↑  Four mentions of the "year of the fifth cattle count" were also discovered on stone tablets from Userkaf's sun temple, which could indicate that Userkaf reigned for 10 years. However, these inscriptions are incomplete. In particular the name of the kings to whose reign they belong is lost, and they might thus instead refer to Sahure's rule or to Neferirkare's rather than that of Userkaf. The attribution of these inscriptions to either Sahure or Neferirkare is paramount in determining who completed Userkaf's sun temple, which was unfinished at his death. The tablets detail the division of labour during works on the Nekhenre.
↑  The seal was in the British Museum at the end of the 19th century.
↑  Egyptologists including Jürgen von Beckerath rather see Nyuserre's reign as the peak of the solar cult, but for Grimal this is exaggerated.
↑  The surviving fragments of the annal likely date to the much later 25th Dynasty (fl. 760–656 BCE), but were certainly copied or compiled from Old Kingdom sources.
↑  More precisely to the "Bas of Heliopolis".
↑  That is, if cattle counts were indeed biennial. The annals state only that the donations happened in the years of the first and third cattle counts.
↑  With catalog number JE 90220.
↑  The head measures 17,2 cm (6,8 in) in height with a width of 6,5 cm (2,6 in) and a depth of 7,2 cm (2,8 in). Its catalog number is 1979.2.
↑  Verner and Zemina report that some Egyptologists, whom they do not name, have proposed that Abusir was chosen as the southernmost point from which one may have been able to glimpse the sun above the obelisk of the religious center of Ra in Heliopolis. This observation is contested by Goedicke for whom "the supposed proximity to Heliopolis for
the choice of the site hardly played a role". Grimal instead conjectures that Abusir was chosen for its proximity to Sakhebu, a locality some 10 km (6,2 mi) north of Abu Rawash, which is mentioned in various sources such as the Westcar Papyrus as a cult center of Ra and which may have been the home town of Userkaf's father, in the hypothesis that he was a grandson of Djedefre.
↑  Verner and Zemina are convinced that the presence of Userkaf's sun temple in Abusir explains the subsequent development of the necropolis, but Goedicke sees this only as a "vague association" leaving the choice of Abusir as royal necropolis "inexplicable".
↑  Goedicke also notes that the line passing through Userkaf's pyramid and sun temple also passes through the apex of Khufu's pyramid in Giza, an alignment which he believes must be intentional, yet cannot explain.
Đồ hình của Userkaf trong bản Danh sách Vua Abydos.
Chân dung của Khentkaus I từ ngôi mộ của bà
Cuộn giấy cói Westcar, hiện trưng bày tại bảo tàng Ägyptisches, có niên đại thuộc về Vương triều thứ Mười Bảy nhưng câu chuyện của nó có thể được viết dưới thời vương triều thứ 12.
Con dấu trụ lăn của Userkaf đọc là "Userkaf người được yêu quý của các vị thần, người được yêu quý của Hathor"
Bình đá từ Kythira mang tên ngôi đền mặt trời của Userkaf
Mảnh vỡ từ bức tượng bằng đá thạch cao tuyết hoa của Userkaf được tìm thấy tại ngôi đền mặt trời của ông ở Abu Gurob, ngày nay nằm tại bảo tàng Ägyptisches ở Berlin (ÄM 19774).
Ngôi đền mặt trời của Userkaf, 1 = obelisk, 2 = obelisk pedestal, 3 = statue shrines, 4 = court open to the sun, 5 = altar, 6 = outbuilding, 7 = causeway, 8 = valley temple
Kim tự tháp đổ nát của Userkaf tại Saqqara.
Phù điêu từ ngôi đền tang lễ của Userkaf, ban đầu được sơn màu
Căn phòng chôn cất trong kim tự tháp của hoàng hậu bị lộ ra do những kẻ trộm đá
Phù điêu từ một ngôi mộ Saqqara có niên đại thuộc về thời đại Ramesses, từ trái qua phải: Djoser, Teti và Userkaf