Omar Khayyám
Chú thích

1 2 3  “Omar Khayyam (Persian poet and astronomer)”. Britannica.com. Truy cập 30 tháng Năm năm 2012.
1 2  Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Mehdi Aminrazavi. An Anthology of Philosophy in Iran, Vol. 1: From Zoroaster to 'Umar Khayyam, I.B. Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2007.
↑  Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar. Dehkhoda Dictionary (bằng tiếng Ba Tư). Tehran.
↑  “Omar Khayyam | Persian poet and astronomer | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Truy cập 15 Tháng tư năm 2022.
1 2  Al-Khalili, Jim (30 tháng 9 năm 2010). Pathfinders: The Golden Age of Arabic Science. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-196501-7. Later, al-Karkhi, Ibn-Tahir and the great Ibn al-Haytham in the tenth/eleventh century took it further by considering cubic and quartic equations, followed by the Persian mathematician and poet Omar Khayyam in the eleventh century
↑  Levy, Reuben (2011). The Persian Language (RLE Iran B). Taylor & Francis Group. tr. 94. ISBN 9780415608558.
↑  O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., “Omar Khayyám”, Bộ lưu trữ lịch sử toán học MacTutor, Đại học St. Andrews
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10  Struik, D. (1958). "Omar Khayyam, mathematician". The Mathematics Teacher, 51(4), 280–285.
↑  With an error of one day accumulating over 5,000 years, it was more precise than the Gregorian calendar of 1582, which has an error of one day in 3,330 years in the Gregorian calendar (Aminrazavi 2007:200).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press (1975): Richard Nelson Frye
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24  Mehdi Aminrazavi, The Wine of Wisdom: The Life, Poetry and Philosophy of Omar Khayyam, Oneworld Publications (2007)
↑  Arberry 2008, tr. 16. "Omar composed his shafts of wit and shapes of beauty in his native Persian, which by the tenth century had recovered from the stunning blow dealt it by Arabic."
↑  Rosenfeld, B. A.; Fouchécour, Ch-H. De (24 tháng 4 năm 2012). “ʿUmar K̲h̲ayyam”. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.
↑  Peter Avery and John Heath-Stubbs, The Ruba'iyat of Omar Khayyam, (Penguin Group, 1981), 14; "These dates, 1048–1031, tell us that Khayyam lived when the Seljuq Turkish Sultans were extending and consolidating their power over Persia and when the effects of this power were particularly felt in Nishapur, Khayyam's birthplace."
↑  Frye (1975:658); e.g. in Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (Browne 1899:409f) or in Munis al-ahrar (Ross 1927:436).
1 2 3 4  Boyle, J. A., Omar Khayyam: astronomer, mathematician, and poet, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. 1969; 52(1):30–45.
↑  E. D. R., & H. A. R. G. (1929). The Earliest Account of 'Umar Khayyam. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 5(3), 467–473.
1 2  "The Tomb of Omar Khayyâm", George Sarton, Isis, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Jul. 1938), 15.
1 2  Edward FitzGerald, Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Ed. Christopher Decker, (University of Virginia Press, 1997), xv; "The Seljuq Turks had invaded the province of Khorasan in the 1030s, and the city of Nishapur surrendered to them voluntarily in 1038. Thus Omar Khayyam grew to maturity during the first of the several alien dynasties that would rule Iran until the twentieth century.".
↑  in e.g. Al-Qifti (Aminrazavi 2007:55) or Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi. (E. D. R., & H. A. R. G. (1929:436).
↑  “His own man”. The Spectator-US. 21 tháng 11 năm 2007. Truy cập 10 Tháng mười một năm 2019.
↑  Boris A. Rosenfeld «Umar al-Khayyam» in Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer-Verlag, 2008, p. 2175-2176
↑  “Omar Khayyam - Biography”. Maths History. Truy cập 13 Tháng mười một năm 2021.
↑  Aminrazavi, Mehdi (2010). “Review of Omar Khayyam: Poet, Rebel, Astronomer”. Iranian Studies. 43 (4): 569–571. doi:10.1080/00210862.2010.495592. ISSN 0021-0862. JSTOR 23033230. S2CID 162241136.
1 2 3  Great Muslim Mathematicians. Penerbit UTM (July 2000): Mohini Mohamed
↑  Khayyam, ʿUmar (1961).  Soạn tại Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative (ISMI), Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin.  Sabra, Abdelhamid (biên tập). Risāla fī sharḥ mā ashkal min muṣādarāt kitāb Uqlīdis. Al-Iskandariyya City.
↑  (Rozenfeld 1988, tr. 64–65)
↑  (Katz 1998, tr. 270). Excerpt: In some sense, his treatment was better than ibn al-Haytham's because he explicitly formulated a new postulate to replace Euclid's rather than have the latter hidden in a new definition.
↑  Rolwing, R. & Levine, M. (1969). "The Parallel Postulate". The Mathematics Teacher, 62(8), 665–669.
↑  Smith, David (1935). "Euclid, Omar Khayyam and Saccheri," Scripta Mathematica.
1 2  Cooper, G. (2003). Journal of the American Oriental Society, 123(1), 248–249.
↑  “Khayyam biography”. www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk. Truy cập 13 tháng Bảy năm 2018. However, Khayyam himself seems to have been the first to conceive a general theory of cubic equations.
↑  Howard Eves (1958). "Omar Khayyam's Solution of Cubic Equations", The Mathematics Teacher (1958), pp. 302–303.
↑  "Omar Al Hay of Chorassan, about 1079 AD did most to elevate to a method the solution of the algebraic equations by intersecting conics." Guilbeau, Lucye (1930), “The History of the Solution of the Cubic Equation”, Mathematics News Letter, 5 (4): 8–12, doi:10.2307/3027812, JSTOR 3027812, S2CID 125245433
↑  Bijan Vahabzadeh, "Khayyam, Omar xv. As Mathematician", Encyclopædia Iranica.
↑  Netz, R. (1999). "Archimedes Transformed: The Case of a Result Stating a Maximum for a Cubic Equation". Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 54(1), 1–47.
1 2 3  Deborah A. Kent, & David J. Muraki (2016). "A Geometric Solution of a Cubic by Omar Khayyam … in Which Colored Diagrams Are Used Instead of Letters for the Greater Ease of Learners". The American Mathematical Monthly, 123(2), 149–160.
1 2 3 4  Kennedy, E. (1958). "Omar Khayyam". The Mathematics Teacher, Vol. 59, No. 2 (1966), pp. 140–142.
↑  A. R. Amir-Moez, "A Paper of Omar Khayyám", Scripta Mathematica 26 (1963), pp. 323–437
↑  The Mathematics Teacher, 25(4), 238–241. (1932).
↑  A. R. Amir-Moez, Khayyam's Solution of Cubic Equations, Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 35, No. 5 (November 1962), pp. 269–271. This paper contains an extension by the late Mohsen Hashtroodi of Khayyam's method to degree four equations.
↑  Waerden, Bartel L. van der (2013). A History of Algebra: From al-Khwārizmī to Emmy Noether. Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 29. ISBN 978-3-642-51599-6.
↑  Sidoli, Nathan; Brummelen, Glen Van (30 tháng 10 năm 2013). From Alexandria, Through Baghdad: Surveys and Studies in the Ancient Greek and Medieval Islamic Mathematical Sciences in Honor of J.L. Berggren. Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 110. ISBN 978-3-642-36736-6.
↑  Mathematical Masterpieces: Further Chronicles by the Explorers, p. 92
1 2 3  E. H. Whinfield, The Quatrains of Omar Khayyam, Psychology Press (2000)
↑  “Lấy các căn thức theo phương pháp Hồi giáo”. Mactutor History of Mathematics.
↑  J. L. Coolidge, The Story of the Binomial Theorem, Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Mar. 1949), pp. 147–157
↑  Susan Nichols, Al-Karaji: Tenth-Century Mathematician and Engineer, 2017. Rosen Publishing. p. 60
↑  Akrami, Musa (2011). "The development of Iranian calendar: historical and astronomical foundations".  arΧiv:1111.4926 [physics.hist-ph].
↑  Panaino, A; Abdollahy, R; Balland, D. “Calendars (In the Islamic period)”. Encyclopædia Iranica. Truy cập 21 Tháng mười một năm 2017.
↑  Farrell, Charlotte (1996), “The ninth-century renaissance in astronomy”, The Physics Teacher, 34 (5): 268–272, Bibcode:1996PhTea..34..268F, doi:10.1119/1.2344432.
↑  Heydari-Malayeri, M (2004). "concise review of the Iranian calendar".  arΧiv:astro-ph/0409620.
↑  Saliba, G. (2002). Iranian Studies, 35(1/3), 220–225.
1 2 3  Ali Dashti (translated by L. P. Elwell-Sutton), In Search of Omar Khayyam, Routledge Library Editions: Iran (2012)
1 2  Edward Denison Ross, Omar Khayyam, Bulletin of the School Of Oriental Studies London Institution (1927)
↑  Francois De Blois, Persian Literature – A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (2004), p. 307.
↑  François De Blois, Persian Literature – A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (2004), p. 305.
↑  Ambrose George Potter, A Bibliography of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1929).
↑  François De Blois, Persian Literature – A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (2004), p. 312.
1 2  Nasr, S. H., & Aminrazavi, M. (2007). Anthology of philosophy in Persia: from Zoroaster to Omar Khayyam.[thiếu ISBN]
↑  Moss, Joyce (2004). Middle Eastern Literature and Their times. tr. 431. ISBN 9780787637316.
↑  Boscaglia, F. (2015). Pessoa, Borges and Khayyam. Variaciones Borges
1 2 3 4 5 6  Ross, E. (1898). Al-Musaffariyé: Containing a Recent Contribution to the Study of 'Omar Khayyām. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 349–366.
↑  Aminrazavi, Mehdi. “Umar Khayyam”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Truy cập 22 Tháng mười một năm 2017.
1 2 3 4  J. C. E. Bowen. (1973). The Rubāՙiyyāt of Omar Khayyam: A Critical Assessment of Robert Graves' and Omar Ali Shah's Translation. Iran, 11, 63–73.
↑  Davis, Dick. “FitzGerald, Edward”. Encyclopædia Iranica. Truy cập 15 Tháng Một năm 2017.
↑  FitzGerald, E. (2010). Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (p. 12). Champaign, Ill.: Project Gutenberg
↑  Schenker, D. (1981). Fugitive Articulation: An Introduction to "The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyam". Victorian Poetry, 19(1), 49–64.
↑  Hedayat's "Blind Owl" as a Western Novel. Princeton Legacy Library: Michael Beard
↑  Katouzian, H. (1991). Sadeq Hedayat: The life and literature of an Iranian writer (p. 138). London: I.B. Tauris
↑  Hitchens, C. (2007). The portable atheist: Essential readings for the nonbeliever (p. 7). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo.
1 2 3  Omar, Khayyam (18 tháng 5 năm 2017). The World in Pictures. Omar Khayyam. Rubáyát. Aegitas Publishing. ISBN 9781773132372.
↑  Robertson, John Mackinnon (2016). A Short History of Freethough: Ancient and Modern Volume I. tr. 263.
↑  Les chants d'Omar Khayam. tr. 13.
↑  Csillik, B. (1960). "The Real 'Omar Khayyām'". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 10(1), 59–77. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23682646
↑  Albano, G. (2008). The Benefits of Reading the "Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám" as Pastoral. Victorian Poetry, 46(1), 55–67.
↑  C. H. A. Bjerregaard, Sufism: Omar Khayyam and E. Fitzgerald, The Sufi Publishing Society (1915), p. 3
↑  Idries Shah, The Sufis, Octagon Press (1999), pp. 165–166
↑  "Every line of the Rubaiyat has more meaning than almost anything you could read in Sufi literature" Abdullah Dougan Who is the Potter? Gnostic Press 1991 ISBN 0-473-01064-X
↑  S. H. Nasr, 2006, Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present, Chapter 9., pp. 165–183
↑  Meyerhof, M. (1948). 'Alī al-Bayhaqī's Tatimmat Siwān al-Hikma: A Biographical Work on Learned Men of the Islam. Osiris, 8, 122–217.
↑  e.g. by the author of Firdaws al-tawārikh (Ross 1898:356), author of Tārikh alfī (Ross 1898:358), and al-Isfahani (Aminrazavi 2007:49).
↑  Beveridge, H. (1905). XVIII. Omar Khayyam. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 37(3), 521–526.
↑  J. D. Yohannan, Persian Poetry in England and America, 1977. p. 202.
↑  The Great Umar Khayyam: A Global Reception of the Rubaiyat (AUP – Leiden University Press) by A. A. Seyed-Gohrab, 2012.
↑  Simidchieva, M. (2011). FitzGerald's Rubáiyát and Agnosticism. In A. Poole, C. Van Ruymbeke, & W. Martin (Eds.), FitzGerald's Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám: Popularity and Neglect (pp. 55–72). Anthem Press.
↑  UNIS. “Monument to Be Inaugurated at the Vienna International Centre, 'Scholars Pavilion' donated to International Organizations in Vienna by Iran”.
↑  “Khayyam statue finally set up at University of Oklahoma”. Tehran Times. Bản gốc lưu trữ 5 Tháng tư năm 2016. Truy cập 4 Tháng tư năm 2016.
↑  Jeffrey D. Lavoie, The Private Life of General Omar N. Bradley (2015), p. 13.
1 2 3 4  “The Moving Finger: Glimpses into the Life of a Persian Quatrain”. www.leidenmedievalistsblog.nl. 13 tháng 4 năm 2018. Truy cập 14 tháng Năm năm 2022.
↑  FitzGerald, Stanza LXXI, 4th ed.
↑  “17. MLK Beyond Vietnam.pdf (hawaii.edu)” (PDF). Lưu trữ (PDF) bản gốc 10 tháng Mười năm 2022.
↑  “Quatrain 36”. exploring khayyaam -US. 21 tháng 12 năm 2006. Truy cập 14 tháng Năm năm 2022.
↑  Omar Khayyam's Table II Retrieved 8 August 2021.
↑  Omar Khayyam's Table III Retrieved 8 August 2021.
↑  Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. 1979. tr. 255. Truy cập 8 tháng Chín năm 2012 – qua Google Books.
↑  “How Omar Khayyam changed the way people measure time”. The Independent. 17 tháng 5 năm 2019. Lưu trữ bản gốc 24 tháng Năm năm 2022. Truy cập 18 tháng Năm năm 2019.