stanford-oval/wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pháo đài Rohtas
Những công trình chính > Cổng pháo đài > Kabuli

The Kabuli gate derives its name from the fact that it opens towards the northwest in the general direction of Kabul. The gate now houses a visitors' information center, and a museum set up by the Himalayan Wildlife Foundation.
The gate may have been built in two stages. It consists of an inner and outer gate which encloses a step-well. Its opening is 3,15 mét (10,3 foot) wide, and is flanked by two bastions on either side of the opening. The gate has 5 battlements on top, and has stairs leading up to it from the outside. On the southern side of the gate is the Shahi (Royal) Mosque because of which many people also call it Shahi (Royal) Darwaza (Gate or Door).
Những công trình chính > Cổng pháo đài > Shishi

The gate derives its name from the beautiful glazed tiles used to decorate its outer arch. These tiles are the earliest examples of this technique which was later refined in Lahore. These tiles are blue in color.
An inscription on the left side of the gate gives the date of construction of the fort. The inscription is in Persian and is translated as
In the Hijri Year 948 [1541 CE] came the exalted

At that time constructed the great fort 

The emperor is Sher, with long life 

There is no match to his good fortune

It was completed by Shahu Sultan
Những công trình chính > Cổng pháo đài > Langar Khani

Langar Khan is a double gate which is 15,25 mét (50,0 foot) high, 3,5 mét (11 foot) wide with a central arched opening. The oouter arch has a small window like the Sohail Gate. The outer opening leads to a Langar Khana (Mess or Canteen).
There are two bastions on either side of the gate which have kitchen, stores and a well for water. The opening of this gate is L shaped. As soon as one enters from the outer gate one has to turn right.
Những công trình chính > Cổng pháo đài > Talaqi

This gate is 15.25 meter high and 13.8 meter wide with two bastions on either side. This gates name derives from "Talaq" (divorce). According to a legend, Prince Sabir Suri entered the gate and had an attack of fever which proved fatal. This was regarded as a bad omen and the name became "Talaqi".
Những công trình chính > Cổng pháo đài > Mori or Kashmiri

The gate opens to the north and faces towards Kashmir. This gate opens into one chamber which opens into another.
Những công trình chính > Cổng pháo đài > Khwas Khani

This gate is named after one of Sher Shah Suri’s greatest general, Khwas Khan. This was the original entrance to the Qila (Fort) because outside the gate lies the old GT Road.
It is a double gate. The outer gate is 12,8 mét (42 foot) wide and 8 mét (26 foot) deep. It is accessible by only one gate and also had a very fine Baoli which suggests that it was meant for the Chief and his family.This gate has a bastion and a defensive wall on each side. On the bastions cannons could be deployed. The inner and outer gates are almost mirror images of each other. The top of the gate has five battlements. All of these have loopholes as well as machicolation. Unlike other gates of this Qila, the inner side of the gate has five battlements.
The inner and outer arches have sunflower motifs like the Sohail Gate. The gate also has a room which has windows opening to the inside and the outside.
It is pertinent to mention here that when the Gakhars refused their allegiance to Sher Shah Suri, he launched an expedition to punish them. This resulted in the capture of the Gakhar chief Sarang Khan and his daughter. Sarang Khan was then killed. His daughter was then married to Sher Shah’s favourite general Khwas Khan.
Những công trình chính > Cổng pháo đài > Gatali

Đây là một cổng đơn, cao 9,15 mét và bề dày 6,1 mét. Cổng này trông ra the village Gatali Ford (ravine) which is called also Patan Gatiali or Gatiyalian, the important point to cross the River Jhelum for the Kashmir Vally, thus the name.
other then this village aima afghana's comandar habib khan lodhi wellcomed kashmirian pathan brothers who visit Rohtas fort. comandar habib khan lodhi was right hand to king sher shah suri.
Những công trình chính > Cổng pháo đài > Tulla Mori

This is an entrance rather than a gate. It is on the eastern side of the fort. It is about 2 meters wide. There is a bastion next to this entrance.
Những công trình chính > Cổng pháo đài > Pippli

Đây là cổng nhỏ như cổng Tulla Mori, có chiều rộng 2,13 mét.
Những công trình chính > Cổng pháo đài > Sar

Đây là một cổng vào nhỏ dường như được tạo ra do người dân địa phương phá vỡ bức tường chính (tường bao bên ngoài) ở giai đoạn sau này như một lối tắt đến một khu rừng lân cận. Có một tháp canh pháo đài bên cạnh cổng này. Ngoài ra còn có một ao bị phá hủy nằm ở phía trước cổng này trong phạm vi pháo đài, vì việc xây dựng pháo đài gây nên. Vì lý do này, cổng có tên là "Cổng Sar" với "Sar" có nghĩa là ao nước.
Những công trình chính > Royal mosque

This small mosque known as Shahi masjid is near the Kabuli gate. It has a prayer chamber and a small courtyard. It is the most decorated of the original buildings of the fort. To be ever ready in case of attack, stairs lead directly from the courtyard of this mosque to the top of Kabuli Gate.
The prayer chamber is 19.2 meter long and 7.3 meter deep. It is divided into 3 equal chambers. There are domes from the inside but from the outside no domes can be seen. There is a small room at the end of these three chambers. This room was for the Pesh Imam (Prayer Leader). This room has a small domed roof from the inside but no outer dome. There is no place for ablution (cleaning up before prayers) in the mosque. This mosque is built into the fortification wall i.e. soldiers walked over the mosque's roof. The outer wall of the mosque is the fortification wall itself.
On the outer wall of the mosque are beautiful round designs in which Islamic verses are written in Naqsh script. These verses are surrounded by a Lilly going around the Naqsh script. The Lilly design was later used by Mughals in Tomb of Jahangir, Tomb of Nur Jehan and the Shah Burj Gate in Lahore Fort. The design seems to have been copied from the coins used in that time.
Những công trình chính > Stepwells

Có tất cả ba baoli tại pháo đài. These were made by cutting deep into the lime rock. They are
Những công trình chính > Stepwells > Baoli trung tâm

It is in the middle of the Fort for soldiers, elephants, horses etc. This Baoli has 148 steps. Each step is 20 cm (8 in) wide. The upper portion has been cut in stone. It has three arches that span the length of the baoli.
Những công trình chính > Stepwells > Baoli hoàng gia

It is near the Kabuli Gate for the Royal family. It has 60 steps and has small chambers that were used as baths by the Royal family.
Những công trình chính > Stepwells > Baoli cổng Sar

A small Baoli near the Sar Gate, most likely used by soldiers.
Những công trình chính > Rani Mahal

The Rani Mahal (Queens palace) is near Haveli Man Singh. It is a one-storey structure. It originally had four rooms but only room remains standing today. The foundation of the four rooms can still be seen today.
It is not an original part of the fort and is an example of Hindu architecture and built around the same time as the Haveli Man Singh.
The room still standing today is about 20 foot (6,1 m) high and beautifully decorated on the inside and outside. The roof of the dome like room is like a flower. The inside of the roof is decorated with flowers, geometrical patterns and fake windows. The room is about 8 nhân 8 foot (2,4 nhân 2,4 m).
Decorative features

This fort is an example of purely "Masculine" architecture. It places function over form. This can be gauged from the fact that the fort originally had no permanent building for living.
Decorative features > Stone carvings

These carvings are found on the gate and in the mosque. Most of these are engravings in Arabic and sunflowers.
One of these carvings is inside the Shahi Mosque outside the Pesh Imam's (Prayer leaders) room. The carving is of the word "Allah" (God) in Arabic. The same carving is also done on merlons on top of Shahi Mosque.
The sunflower motif is on each sides of the arches of Shahi Mosque. It is also present in the guard post in between each gate.
Decorative features > Calligraphy

Most of these inscriptions are on the Shahi Mosque. On the outer wall of the mosque the "Kalima" is written in beautiful calligraphy on both sides of each arch of the Shahi Mosque. The Naskh script is used.
There is an inscription in Persian on the Shishi gate which gives the date of start of construction. The same inscription is also found over the Talaqi gate.
There are other inscriptions on the Khwas Khani, Langar Khani and Gatali gate.
Decorative features > Tilework

These tiles are found on Shishi gate. This type of tile became extremely popular with the Mughals who further refined them. The tiles on Shishi gate are the earliest example of the usage of these tiles. These tiles were made in Lahore.
Decorative features > Plasterwork

Plaster has been used in the Shahi Mosque.
Decorative features > Machicolations

Machicolations are small drains that lead from the inside to the walls outside. They are built into the walls and are used by the soldiers on the inside to pour molten lead or other hot liquids on soldiers trying to scale the walls. The Rohtas Fort has hundreds of them and each one is beautifully decorated with geometric patterns. The pictures is of a machicolation near the Langar Khana (Mess Hall).
Architecture

This fort was built in a style that draws from Turkish, Middle Eastern, and South Asian artistic traditions. The fort's Haveli of Man Singh was built by one of Akbar's generals, and displays elements of Hindu architectural styles.
Before the construction of this fort, the combination of these styles had not been harmonious. Qila Rohtas is the earliest example of the successful mixing of these two styles with the Afghan style being more prominent.
The elements of Hindu architecture are
Balconies on Sohail Gate.
Decorations on Shahi Mosque derived from Hindu architecture.
Haveli Man Singh (Pure Hindu architecture)
The elements of Afghan architecture are
Utilitarian construction.
Use of stone instead of bricks in building wall.
No living quarters.
Comparatively less decoration
Use

The fort was never popular with the Mughals because of its military character. Emperor Akbar stayed here for a single night. Emperor Jahangir rested here for a single night while going to Kashmir for a rest. He said the following about its location"
This fort was founded in a cleft and the strength of it cannot be imagined
Emperor Jahangir again stayed here when he was being forced to go to Kabul by Mahabat Khan. Nur Jahan, his beautiful and resourceful wife obtained troops from Lahore and ordered Mahabat Khan to release her husband. Emperor Jahangir then proceeded to Rohtas and held his court here for a while. Then he went on to Kashmir and back to Lahore to die.
The later Mughals seem to have made no use of the fort. The reason is that they were allies of the Gakhars and consequently needed no troops to maintain their hold over this area.
Timur Shah Durrani secured Multan from the Sikhs in 1780, his forces then defeated the Sikhs at Rohtas, he then secured Bhawalpur và Kashmir. By 1788 he even attempted unsuccessfully to ford the plains of Punjab to rescue his brother-in-law the emperor Shah Alam II who was blinded by a eunuch Ghulam Qadir, unable to succeed he wrote a letter to Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, requesting that the British protect the Mughal dynasty.
After the takeover of the Punjab by the Ranjit Singh, Sardar General Gurmukh Singh Lamba captured the Rothas Fort from Ghakhar chief Nur Khan, father of Fazil Dad Khan in 1825. due to enmity of Main brothers Raja Gulab and Dahain Singh (Dogra Rajajas) having influence over Maharaja, the fort was given to Mohar Singh. But when Mohor Singh retired to Banaras against the wishes of Maharaja, the fort and the contingent of seven hundred horses were placed under Sardar Gurmukh Singh Lamba. Thus making his command long (Lammbi), he was popularly addressed by the Maharaja as Lammba Sardar. It is also said that the sardar had a medium stature where the Mohar Singh was extra ordinary tall personality, Sardar Gurmukh Singh, got surname of Lamba due to Mohar Singh height.

The Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave the fort to Sardar Mohar Singh who was succeeded by Gurmukh Singh Lamba. It was subsequently leased to different people and the last people to manage Rohtas was Raja Fazal Din Khan who joined Sher Singh in rebellion.
Legacy

Rohtas Fort is an outstanding example of early Muslim military architecture in the South Asia which incorporates features from elsewhere in the Islamic world. It also had a profound influence on the development of architectural styles in the Mughal Empire (and hence on the European colonial architecture that made abundant use of that tradition).

It is also outstanding by virtue of the refinement and high artistic value of its decorative elements, notably its high- and low-relief carvings, its calligraphic inscriptions in marble and sandstone, its plaster decoration, and its glazed tiles.
And
There are no surviving examples of military architecture of this period on the same scale in the South Asia which survive to the same degree of completeness and conservation. Fatehpur Sikri (India) which is already on the World Heritage List represents the full Mughal realization of a form and style that owes everything to its precursor, Rohtas Fort.
The recommendation by ICOMOS (the organization that makes the World Heritage list) made the following recommendation
Rohtas Fort is an exceptional example of the Muslim military architecture of central and South Asia, which blends architectural and artistic traditions from Turkey and the South Asia to create the model for Mughal architecture and its subsequent refinements and adaptations.
Conservation

Most of the fort is in a very good state of preservation. In the portions that have fallen away (Haveli Man Singh) one can still see some part of the original construction.
The central archway of the Chandwali Gate has been rebuilt recently so that is the only "fake" part of the fort.
In early 2005, seepage, heavy rains, and general neglect caused the left inner face of the Talaqi Gate to collapse, and the right flank and foundation to become detached from the original structure.
The Gatali Gate forms one of the original entrances to Rohtas. Over time, its right bastion and supporting wall have collapsed as a result of permeated rainwater and the erosion of its foundations.
Conservation > World Heritage Status

Rohtas Fort was designated a World Heritage Site in 1997, having met the following inclusion criteria:
Criterion (ii): "Rohtas Fort blends architectural and artistic traditions from Turkey and the Indian subcontinent to create the model for Mughal architecture and its subsequent refinements and adaptations."

Criterion (iv): "Rohtas Fort is an exceptional example of the Muslim military architecture of central and south Asia during the 16th century."
The fort was also noted for its high-level of integrity, and authenticity.
Conservation > Himalayan Wildlife Foundation

The Rohtas Fort Conservation Programme was conceived by the Himalayan Wildlife Foundation in 2000 to help protect the sixteenth-century Rohtas Fort near Jhelum, and develop it as a heritage site conforming to international standards of conservation and tourism. It is undertaking the following projects in conjunction with the Royal Norwegian Embassy.
Conservation > Government Eviction Notice

In 1992 the government ordered the locals of Rohtas to leave the inside area of fort and state that the government would construct houses for them outside the fort. Zafar Chughtai the chairman of Rohtas opposed the stay order from government declaring that no government will take the properties of Rohtas locals. The stay order is still effective but no subsequent government has pursued its execution and has allowed the fort residents to reside there.[cần dẫn nguồn]
Complete restoration of Shah Chandwali Gate
Conservation of Haveli Man Singh
Conservation of Talaqi Gate and Gatali Gate
Establishment of Sher Shah Suri Museum in upper storey of Sohail Gate
Improvement of quality of life in Rohtas Fort village
Nearby places of historical significance

Outside the Langar Khani Gate is the tomb of a lady called Khair Un Nisa. She was the daughter of the food minister named Qadir Bukhsh. She died here and was buried in this tomb but she was later moved to Sasaram.
Until the construction of the new Grand Trunk Road, Rohtas was a halting place on the main Peshawar-Lahore road. This road had serais about a mile apart. One of these is about one mile (1.6 km) north of the Rohtas Fort. It is in a fair state of preservation.
Truy cập > Từ Islamabad

The dual-carriage Grand Trunk Road takes you past Gujar Khan and Sohawa, to the small town of Dina 130 km away. Just past Dina you will drive over a railway overpass, stay to the right of the road and take the first U-turn to drive back towards Dina. After about 100 meters to your left you will find a signpost, which indicates the way towards the road leading to Rohtas Fort which is 8 km away, past the small holy village of Muftian home to the Mufti Tribe. Drive on the road to enter into the fort and keep driving till you reach the parking area.
Truy cập > Từ Lahore

Drive on G.T. road past Gujranwala, Wazirabad and the city of Jhelum. About 10 minutes drive beyond the Jhelum bridge just short of the city of Dina, you will find a signpost to the left directing you to Rohtas Fort.
Gallery

Gurudwara Chowa Sahib is located just outside the fort, near the Talaqi gate.
Panoramic view of the Rohtas Fort
Panoramic view of Haveli of Man Singh
Pháo đài Rohtas được xây trên một ngọn đồi nhìn xuống Cao nguyên Potohar.
Gurudwara Chowa Sahib nằm gần cổng Talaqi và commemorates the site where Guru Nanak is said to have created a water-spring with the strike of his cane.
Bố cục của pháo đài.
Rohtas Fort is protected by thick defensive walls.
Cổng Sohail
Cổng Shah Chandwali
Kabuli Gate
Langar Khani Gate Plan
Cổng Gatali
Remains of the former mosque.
The central stepwell.
Raja Man Singh haveli
Stonework displaying the name of God.
The fort's defenses were bolstered by large bastions.
Grădiștea, Brăila

| Grădiștea |
| --- | --- |
—  Xã  —
 
 

GrădișteaVị trí ở România
Quốc gia:  România
Hạt: Brăila
Thủ phủ: Grădiștea 
Dân số (2002)
 • Tổng cộng: 2.665 người
Múi giờ: EET (UTC+2)
 • Mùa hè (DST): EEST (UTC+3)
Mã bưu chính: 817065 
Grădiștea là một xã thuộc hạt Brăila, România. Dân số thời điểm năm 2002 là 2665 người.
Chú thích

↑  “Communes of Romania” (bằng tiếng Anh). statoids.com. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 6 năm 2012.
Grondona

Grondona (Grondonn-a in Ligurian) là một đô thị ở tỉnh Alessandria trong vùng Piedmont của Italia, có vị trí cách khoảng 110 km về phía đông nam của Torino và khoảng 35 km về phía đông nam của Alessandria. Tại thời điểm ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 2004, đô thị này có dân số 548 người và diện tích là 25,7 km².
Đô thị Grondona có các frazione (subdivision) Variana.
Grondona giáp các đô thị: Arquata Scrivia, Borghetto di Borbera, Isola del Cantone, Roccaforte Ligure, và Vignole Borbera.
Pohlia orthocarpula

| Pohlia orthocarpula> Phân loại khoa học |
| --- | --- |
Giới (regnum): Plantae
Ngành (divisio): Bryophyta
Lớp (class): Bryopsida
Phân lớp (subclass): Bryidae
Bộ (ordo): Bryales
Họ (familia): Bryaceae
Chi (genus): Pohlia
Loài (species): P. orthocarpula
Danh pháp hai phần
Pohlia orthocarpula (Müll. Hal.) Broth., 1903 
Pohlia orthocarpula là một loài Rêu trong họ Bryaceae. Loài này được (Müll. Hal.) Broth. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1903.
Chú thích

↑  The Plant List (2010). “Pohlia orthocarpula”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 8 năm 2013.
Plougoulm

| --- | --- |
 Plougoulm

Hành chính
Quốc gia:  Pháp
Vùng: Bretagne
Tỉnh: Finistère
Quận: Morlaix
Tổng: Saint-Pol-de-Léon
Liên xã: Pays Léonard
Xã (thị) trưởng: Jean Berrou (2001-2008)
Thống kê
Độ cao: 0–61 m (0–200 ft)
Diện tích đất1: 18,37 km2 (7,09 dặm vuông Anh)
Nhân khẩu1: 1.621  
 - Mật độ: 88/km2 (230/sq mi)
INSEE/Mã bưu chính: 29192/ 29250

2 Dân số không tính hai lần: cư dân của nhiều xã (ví dụ, các sinh viên và quân nhân) chỉ tính một lần.
Plougoulm (tiếng Breton: Plougouloum) là một xã của tỉnh Finistère, thuộc vùng Bretagne, miền tây bắc Pháp.
Dân số

Người dân ở Plougoulm được gọi là Plougoulmois.
Pitcairnia biflora

| Pitcairnia biflora> Phân loại khoa học |
| --- | --- |
Giới (regnum): Plantae
(không phân hạng): Angiospermae
(không phân hạng): Monocots
(không phân hạng): Commelinids
Bộ (ordo): Poales
Họ (familia): Bromeliaceae
Chi (genus): Pitcairnia
Loài (species): P. biflora
Danh pháp hai phần
Pitcairnia biflora L.B.Sm. 
Pitcairnia biflora là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Bromeliaceae. Loài này được L.B.Sm. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1939.
Chú thích

↑  The Plant List (2010). “Pitcairnia biflora”. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2013.
Pogonatum liebmannianum

| Pogonatum liebmannianum> Phân loại khoa học |
| --- | --- |
Giới (regnum): Plantae
Ngành (divisio): Bryophyta
Lớp (class): Polytrichopsida Doweld
Bộ (ordo): Polytrichales M. Fleisch.
Họ (familia): Polytrichaceae
Chi (genus): Pogonatum
Loài (species): P. liebmannianum
Danh pháp hai phần
Pogonatum liebmannianum (Müll. Hal.) Mitt., 1869 
Pogonatum liebmannianum là một loài Rêu trong họ Polytrichaceae. Loài này được (Müll. Hal.) Mitt. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1869.
Chú thích

↑  The Plant List (2010). “Pogonatum liebmannianum”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 8 năm 2013.
Polycyrtus nigriceps

| Polycyrtus nigriceps> Phân loại khoa học |
| --- | --- |
Giới (regnum): Animalia
Ngành (phylum): Arthropoda
Lớp (class): Insecta
Bộ (ordo): Hymenoptera
Họ (familia): Ichneumonidae
Chi (genus): Polycyrtus
Loài (species): P. nigriceps
Danh pháp hai phần
Polycyrtus nigriceps (Brulle, 1846) 
Polycyrtus nigriceps là một loài tò vò trong họ Ichneumonidae.
Chú thích

↑  Bisby, F.A.; Roskov, Y.R.; Orrell, T.M.; Nicolson, D.; Paglinawan, L.E.; Bailly, N.; Kirk, P.M.; Bourgoin, T.; Baillargeon, G.; Ouvrard, D. (2011). “Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 6 năm 2014.
Polycyrtus paranensis

| Polycyrtus paranensis> Phân loại khoa học |
| --- | --- |
Giới (regnum): Animalia
Ngành (phylum): Arthropoda
Lớp (class): Insecta
Bộ (ordo): Hymenoptera
Họ (familia): Ichneumonidae
Chi (genus): Polycyrtus
Loài (species): P. paranensis
Danh pháp hai phần
Polycyrtus paranensis Cushman, 1931 
Polycyrtus paranensis là một loài tò vò trong họ Ichneumonidae.
Chú thích

↑  Bisby, F.A.; Roskov, Y.R.; Orrell, T.M.; Nicolson, D.; Paglinawan, L.E.; Bailly, N.; Kirk, P.M.; Bourgoin, T.; Baillargeon, G.; Ouvrard, D. (2011). “Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 6 năm 2014.
Pohlia pallens

| Pohlia pallens> Phân loại khoa học |
| --- | --- |
Giới (regnum): Plantae
Ngành (divisio): Bryophyta
Lớp (class): Bryopsida
Bộ (ordo): Bryales
Họ (familia): Bryaceae
Chi (genus): Pohlia
Loài (species): P. pallens
Danh pháp hai phần
Pohlia pallens Sw. Brid., 1803 
Pohlia pallens là một loài rêu trong họ Bryaceae. Loài này được Sw. Brid. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1803.
Chú thích

↑  The Plant List (2010). “Pohlia pallens”. Truy cập ngày 30 tháng 5 năm 2014.