Cộng hòa
Tham khảo và chú thích

↑  “Republic | Definition of Republic by the Oxford English Dictionary”. Oxford English Dictionary (bằng tiếng Anh). Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 5 năm 2022. A state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy. Also: a government, or system of government, of such a state; a period of government of this type. The term is often (especially in the 18th and 19th centuries) taken to imply a state with a democratic or representative constitution and without a hereditary nobility, but more recently it has also been used of autocratic or dictatorial states not ruled by a monarch. It is now chiefly used to denote any non-monarchical state headed by an elected or appointed president.
↑  “Definition of Republic”. Merriam-Webster Dictionary (bằng tiếng Anh). Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 2 năm 2017. a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch
↑  This section draws from, among others, Geschiedenis der nieuwe tijden by J. Warichez and L. Brounts, 1946, Standaard Boekhandel (Antwerp/Brussels/Ghent/Louvain) and Cultuurgetijden (history books for secondary school in 6 volumes), Dr. J. A. Van Houtte et. al., several editions and reprints in 1960s through 1970s, Van In (Lier).
↑  However, the Catholic Church itself briefly adopted a republican institution when it was offered by the Conciliarist movement as a solution to the Great Schism (rival papacies) during the late 14th century. The ecumenical Council of Constance in 1415 deposed three of the rival popes, elected a fourth, and extracted a promise from him that future such councils would continue to be called by future popes at regular intervals. (The Pope's concession to conciliarism did not last very long, but the English Parliament would not extract anything like it from its kings until the Puritan Revolution of the 1640s.)
↑  At first the states remained free to establish religions, but they had all disestablished their churches by 1836, and any residual option was eliminated in the 20th century by federal courts applying the First Amendment.
↑  See for example Federalist No. 10 by James Madison - An original framer of the U.S. Constitution advocates a republic over a "democracy," or rather, an aristocratic republic over a democratic one. See Republicanism in the United States for the connotations of the terms "democracy" and "republic" in the 1787 context when this article was written. Further clarification of this "democracy" vs "republic" idea in the US can be found in Republicanism in the United States#A typical definition of democracy vs republic
↑  Some of the earliest warnings in this sense came from Socrates' pupils Plato và Xenophon around 400 BC: indeed their friend Socrates had been condemned to death in an entirely "democratic" system at Athens, hence they preferred the less democratic Spartan system of government. See also Trial of Socrates - Laws (dialogue).
↑  For example, what is known about the origins of the Roman Republic is based on works by Polybius, Livy, Plutarch, and others, all of which wrote at least some centuries after the emergence of that Republic — without exception all these authors have historical exactitude issues, including relative uncertainty over the year when the Roman Republic would have emerged.
↑  Martin Bernal, Black Athena Writes Back (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001), 359.
↑  See for instance Marxism, Paris Commune.
↑  For instance, Historia series of history books, chief editor prof. dr. M. Dierickx sj, published by De Nederlandse Boekhandel (Antwerpen/Amsterdam) in several editions from 1955 to the late 1970s studies these links between the presence of a wealthy middle class and the republics that emerged throughout history.
↑  "Republicanism" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 19 tháng 6 năm 2006
Biểu tượng nền Cộng hòa ở Paris
Giovan Battista Tiepolo, Neptune ban tặng sự giàu có của biển cả đến Venezia, 1748–50. Tác phẩm này là một biểu tượng quyền lực của Cộng hòa Venezia.
Các nền cộng hòa trên thế giới. Đỏ – Cộng hòa tổng thống.
 Xanh lá cây – tổng thống hành pháp liên quan đến Thể chế Đại nghị.
Ôliu – cộng hòa bán tổng thống.
Da cam – cộng hòa đại nghị.
Nâu – cộng hòa trong đó Hiến pháp quy định chỉ một đảng theo hệ phái xã hội chủ nghĩa được phép cầm quyền.
 Xám – quân chủ