Oliver Cromwell
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↑ genocidal or near-genocidal:
Breton Albert (ed). 1995, Nationalism and Rationality, Cambridge University Press, Chapter Regulating nations and ethnic communities by Brendam O'Leary and John McGarry p 248. "Oliver Cromwell offered the Irish Catholics a choice between genocide and forced mass population transfer. They could go 'To Hell or to Connaught!'"
Coogan Tim-Pat,. 2002. The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace. ISBN 978-0-312-29418-2. Page 6. "The massacres by Catholics of Protestants, which occurred in the religious wars of the 1640s, were magnified for propagandist purposes to justify Cromwell's subsequent genocide."
Ellis, Peter Berresford. 2002. Eyewitness to Irish History. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Page 108. ISBN 978-0471266334. "It was to be the justification for Cromwell's genocidal campaign and settlement."
Levene Mark, 2005, Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State, I.B.Tauris: London: "Considered overall, an Irish population collapse from 1.5 or possibly over 2 million inhabitants at the onset of the Irish wars in 1641, to no more than 850.000 eleven years later represents an absolutely devastating demographic catastrophe. Undoubted the largest proportion of this massive death toll did not arise from direct massacre but from hunger and then bubonic plagues, especially from the outbreak between 1649 and 1652. Even so, the relationship to the worst years of the fighting is all too apparent.
[The Act of Settlement of Ireland], and the parliamentary legislation which succeeded it the following year, is the nearest thing on paper in the English, and more broadly British, domestic record, to a programme of state-sanctioned and systematic ethnic cleansing of another people. The fact that it did not include 'total' genocide in its remit, or that it failed to put into practice the vast majority of its proposed expulsions, ultimately, however, says less about the lethal determination of its makers and more about the political, structural and financial weakness of the early modern English state. For instance, though the Act begins rather ominously by claiming that it was not its intention to extirpate the whole Irish nation, it then goes on to list five categories of people who, as participators in or alleged supporters of the 1641 rebellion and its aftermath, would automatically be forfeit of their lives. It has been suggested that as many as 100.000 people would have been liable under these headings. A further five categories - by implication an even larger body of 'passive' supporters of the rebellion - were to be spared their lives but not their property."
Levene, Mark. 2005. Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: Volume 2. Page 55, 56 & 57. A sample quote describes the Cromwellian campaign and settlement as "a conscious attempt to reduce a distinct ethnic population". ISBN 978-1845110574
Levene, Mark and Roberts Penny. 1999, The Massacre in History, Berghahn Books: Oxford: "Further evidence for a massacre-ridden civil war in Ireland appears to come from population figures. Though military and civilian deaths from civil war were not light in England or in Scotland, in neither country did war inflict a clear drop in population level. It was otherwise in Ireland. Up to 1641 the population had risen steadily: one million in 1500, 1.4 in 1600, 2.1 in 1641; but then there occurred a sharp fall so that numbers stood at 1.7 million by 1672. After this, renewed growth took the population to 2.2 million in 1687, and 2.8 in 1712. By far the greater part of this massive decline - some four hundred thousand people or 19 percent of the 1641 population - took place in the 1640s and 1650, and was the direct or indirect result of over a decade of warfare. Ireland's civil war death toll is comparable to the devastation suffered during the Second World War by countries such as the Soviet Union, Poland, or Yugoslavia, and suggests that the war-time massacres which so contributed to these horrific modern figures, also occurred in mid-seventeenth-century Ireland."
Lutz,James M and Lutz Brenda J, 2004. Global Terrorism, Routledge, London, p.193: "The draconian laws applied by Oliver Cromwell in Ireland were an early version of ethnic cleansing. The Catholic Irish were to be expelled to the northwestern areas of the island. Relocation rather than extermination was the goal."
O'Leary, Brendan, Callaghy Thomas M., Ian S. Lustick, 2001, Right-Sizing the State: The Politics of Moving Borders, Oxford University Press: "Ethnic expulsion is a right-peopling strategy, the intended, direct or indirect, forcible movement by state officials, or sanctioned paramilitaries, of the whole or part of a community from its current homeland, usually beyond the sovereign borders of the state. A population can also be forcibly 'repatriated', or pushed back towards its alleged 'homeland', as happened to blacks during the high tide of apartheid in South Africa. We may distinguish two paradigm forms: creating 'Serbian exiles', that is coerced transfers within a state or empire, and 'creating refugees', that is, the expulsion of populations beyond the sovereign border. Examples of the former include the treatment of indigenous peoples throughout the world; the Irish Catholics moved by Oliver Cromwell to Connaught during 1649-50 and after; and national minorities within the Soviet Union."
Stewart, Frances. War and Underdevelopment: Economic and Social Consequences of Conflict v. 1, (Queen Elizabeth House Series in Development Studies), Oxford University Press. 2000. "Faced with the prospect of an Irish alliance with Charles II, Cromwell carried out a series of massacres to subdue the Irish. Then, once Cromwell had returned to England, the English Commissary, General Henry Ireton, adopted a deliberate policy of crop burning and starvation, which was responsible for the majority of an estimated 600.000 deaths out of a total Irish population of 1.400.000."
Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland, International Institute of Social History Website (Based in the Netherlands), "Roman Catholic Irish were subdued to ethnic cleansing policy by Oliver Cromwell. After his suppression of a rebellion against the English in 1649 he ordered that the Irish were allowed to live west of the Shannon river only. During guerrilla warfare that followed thousands of Irish died or were sold as slaves to America. Cromwell had promised Irish land to the business investors and soldiers who had helped him perform his expeditions. The 'Act for the Attainder of the Rebels in Ireland' of ngày 17 tháng 9 năm 1656 is part of this programme. The land of rebels is attained and 'rebels' are defined in such a way that all Catholics match. By the end of 1656 four fifths of the Irish land was in Protestant hands."
↑  "Of all these doings in Cromwell's Irish Chapter, each of us may say what he will. Yet to everyone it will at least be intelligible how his name came to be hated in the tenacious heart of Ireland". John Morley, Biography of Oliver Cromwell. Page 298. 1900 and 2001. ISBN 978-1421267074.; "Cromwell is still a hate figure in Ireland today because of the brutal effectiveness of his campaigns in Ireland. Of course, his victories in Ireland made him a hero in Protestant England."  Lưu trữ 2007-09-28 tại Wayback Machine British National Archives web site. Truy cập March 2007;  Lưu trữ 2004-12-11 tại Wayback MachineFrom a history site dedicated to the English Civil War. "... making Cromwell's name into one of the most hated in Irish history". Truy cập March 2007. Site currently offline. WayBack Machine holds archive here
↑  From the Channel 4 History site
 "Cromwell's name has always been execrated by Irish Catholics for the massacre at Drogheda. He is also hated for the transplanting of Protestant settlers to Ireland, a policy established in the reign of Elizabeth I." Accessed March 2007.
↑  “Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658”. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 14 tháng 11 năm 2019. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 9 năm 2008.
↑  Cromwell
↑  Gaunt, p.31.
↑  Speech to the First Protectorate Parliament, ngày 4 tháng 9 năm 1654, quoted in Roots, Ivan (1989). Speeches of Oliver Cromwell (Everyman classics), ISBN 0-460-01254-1, p.42.
↑  British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Proctectorate 1638-1660
↑  Morrill, John (1990). "The Making of Oliver Cromwell", in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman), ISBN 0-582-01675-4, p.24.
↑  British Civil Wars, Commonwealthand Proctectorate 1638-1660
↑  Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901). Oliver Cromwell, ISBN 1-4179-4961-9, p.4; Gaunt, Peter (1996). Oliver Cromwell (Blackwell), ISBN 0-631-18356-6, p.23.
↑  Morrill, p.34.
↑  Morrill, pp.24–33.
↑  Gaunt, p.34.
↑  Morrill, pp.25-26.
↑  Adamson, John (1990). "Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament", in Morrill, p.57.
↑  Adamson, p.53.
↑  “1643: Civil War in Lincolnshire”. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 11 tháng 12 năm 2008. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 10 năm 2008.
↑  Letter to Sir William Spring, September 1643, quoted in Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) (1904 edition). Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations, vol I, p.154; also quoted in Young and Holmes (2000). The English Civil War, (Wordsworth), ISBN 1-84022-222-0, p.107.
↑  “Sermons of Rev Martin Camoux: Oliver Cromwell”. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 16 tháng 5 năm 2009. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 10 năm 2008.
↑  Kenyon, John & Ohlmeyer, Jane (eds.) (2000). The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638-1660 (Oxford University Press), ISBN 0-19-280278-X, p.141
↑  Woolrych, Austin (1990). Cromwell as a soldier, in Morrill, pp.117–118.
↑  Coward, pp.188-95.
↑  Tuy nhiên, hiện vẫn còn tranh cãi về việc có phải Cromwell và Ireton là tác giả của Heads of Proposals không, hay họ chỉ đại diện cho Saye và Sele: Adamson, John (1987). "The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647", Historical Journal, 30, 3; Kishlansky, Mark (1990). "Saye What?", Historical Journal 33, 4.
↑  Woolrych, Austin (1987). Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates (Clarendon Press), ISBN 0-19-822752-3, ch.2–5.
↑  Gardiner, pp.144–47; Gaunt (1997) 94-97.
↑  David Plant (ngày 14 tháng 12 năm 2005). “The Levellers”. British-civil-wars.co.uk. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 13 tháng 5 năm 2008. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 6 năm 2012.
↑  Quoted in Lenihan, Padraig (2000). Confederate Catholics at War (Cork University Press), ISBN 1-85918-244-5, p.115.
↑  Fraser, pp.326–328.
1 2  Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.98.
↑  Cromwell, Oliver (1846).  Thomas Carlyle (biên tập). "Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations". William H. Colyer. tr. 128. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 1 năm 2010.
1 2  Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.100.
↑  Fraser, pp.321–322; Lenihan, p.113.
↑  Fraser, p.355.
↑  Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.314.
↑  Christopher Hill, 1972, God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution, Penguin Books: London, p.108: "The brutality of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland is not one of the pleasanter aspects of our hero's career..."
↑  Barry Coward, 1991, Oliver Cromwell, Pearson Education: Rugby, p.74: "Revenge was not Cromwell's only motive for the brutality he condoned at Wexford and Drogheda, but it was the dominant one..."
↑  Philip McKeiver, 2007, A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign
↑  Micheal O'Siochru, 2008, God's Executioner, Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland, p. 83, 90
↑  O'Callaghan, Sean (2000). To Hell or Barbados. Brandon. tr. 86. ISBN 0-86322-287-0.
↑  Lenihan, p.1O22; "After Cromwell returned to England in 1650, the conflict degenerated into a grindingly slow counter-insurgency campaign punctuated by some quite protracted sieges...the famine of 1651 onwards was a man-made response to stubborn guerrilla warfare. Collective reprisals against the civilian population included forcing them out of designated 'no man's lands' and the systematic destruction of foodstuffs".
↑  Woolrych, Austin (1990). Cromwell as soldier, in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman), ISBN 0-582-01675-4, p. 112: "viewed in the context of the German wars that had just ended after thirty years of fighting, the massacres at Drogheda and Wexford shrink to typical casualties of seventeenth-century warfare".
↑  The Thirty Years War (1618–48) 7 500 000: "R.J. Rummel: 11.5M total deaths in the war (half democides)"
↑  Gardiner (1886), Vol. II, p. 345
↑  J.C. Davis, Oliver Cromwell, pp. 108–10.
↑  Abbott, Writings and Speeches, vol II, p.124.
↑  Woolrych, Austin (1990). Cromwell as soldier, p. 111; Gaunt, p. 117.
↑  Lenihan, p.168.
↑  Gaunt, p.116.
↑  Stevenson, Cromwell, Scotland and Ireland, in Morrill, p.151.
↑  “Eugene Coyle. Review of Cromwell—An Honourable Enemy. History Ireland”. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 21 tháng 2 năm 2001. Truy cập ngày 7 tháng 2 năm 2015.
↑  Micheal O'Siochru, 2008, God's Executioner, Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland, p. 83-93
↑  Schama, Simon, "A History of Britain," 2000.
↑  Frances Stewart Lưu trữ 2008-12-16 tại Wayback Machine (2000). War and Underdevelopment: Economic and Social Consequences of Conflict v. 1 (Queen Elizabeth House Series in Development Studies), Oxford University Press. 2000.
↑  Winston S. Churchill, 1957, A History of the English Speaking Peoples: The Age of Revolution, Dodd, Mead and Company: New York (p. 9): "We have seen the many ties which at one time or another have joined the inhabitants of the Western islands, and even in Ireland itself offered a tolerable way of life to Protestants and Catholics alike. Upon all of these Cromwell's record was a lasting bane. By an uncompleted process of terror, by an iniquitous land settlement, by the virtual proscription of the Catholic religion, by the bloody deeds already described, he cut new gulfs between the nations and the creeds. "Hell or Connaught" were the terms he thrust upon the native inhabitants, and they for their part, across three hundred years, have used as their keenest expression of hatred "The Curse of Cromwell on you." The consequences of Cromwell's rule in Ireland have distressed and at times distracted English politics down even to the present day. To heal them baffled the skill and loyalties of successive generations. They became for a time a potent obstacle to the harmony of the English-speaking people throughout the world. Upon all of us there still lies 'the curse of Cromwell'.
↑  Abbott, W.C. (1929). Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, Harvard University Press, pp.196–205.
1 2  Abbott, p.202.
↑  Abbott, p.205.
↑  Cunningham, John. “Conquest and Land in Ireland”. Royal Historical Society, Boydell Press. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 12 năm 2012.
↑  Lenihan, p.115.
↑  Gardiner (1901), p.184.
↑  Stevenson, David (1990). Cromwell, Scotland and Ireland, in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman), ISBN 0-582-01675-4, p.155.
1 2  Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.66.
↑  Cromwell: Our Chief of Men, by Antonia Fraser, London 1973, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-76556-6, pp. 385–389.
↑  Williams, Mark; Forrest, Stephen Paul (2010). Constructing the Past: Writing Irish History, 1600-1800. Boydell & Brewer. tr. 160. ISBN 9781843835738.
↑  Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.306.
↑  Parker, Geoffrey (2003). Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe, p.281.
↑  Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.320.
↑  Worden, Blair (1977). The Rump Parliament (Cambridge University Press), ISBN 0-521-29213-1, ch.16–17.
↑  Abbott, p.643
↑  Abbott, p.642-643.
↑  Woolrych, Austin (1982). Commonwealth to Protectorate (Clarendon Press), ISBN 0-19-822659-4, ch.5–10.
↑  Gaunt, p.155.
↑  Gaunt, p.156.
↑  A History of Britain – The Stuarts. Ladybird. 1991. ISBN 0-7214-3370-7.
↑  Hirst, Derek (1990). "The Lord Protector, 1653–8", in Morrill, p.172.
↑  “Cromwell, At the Opening of Parliament Under the Protectorate (1654)”. Strecorsoc.org. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 26 tháng 9 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 27 tháng 11 năm 2008.
↑  Roots 1989, pp.41–56.
↑  Hirst, p.173.
↑  Durston, Christopher (1998). The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals in English Historical Review 1998 113(450): pp.18–37, ISSN 0013-8266.
↑  Hirst, p.137.
↑  Roots 1989, p.128.
↑  Gaunt, p.204.
↑  “Cambridge County Council website”. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 11 tháng 3 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 2 năm 2015.
↑  Staff. "Roundhead on the Pike Lưu trữ 2011-10-31 tại Wayback Machine", Time magazine, ngày 6 tháng 5 năm 1957
↑  Terri Schlichenmeyer (ngày 21 tháng 8 năm 2007). “Missing body parts of famous people”. CNN. Truy cập ngày 27 tháng 11 năm 2008.
↑  Gaunt, p.4.
↑  Cromwell's head Lưu trữ 2010-03-11 tại Wayback Machine, the Cromwell Museum, Cambridgeshire County Council
1 2  Larson, Frances (tháng 8 năm 2014). “Severance Package”. Readings. Harper's Magazine. Harper's Magazine Foundation. 329 (1971): 22–5.
↑  Gaunt, Peter (1996). Oliver Cromwell. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc. tr. 4. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 11 năm 2011.
↑  Morrill, John (1990). "Cromwell and his contemporaries", in Morrill, pp.263–4.
↑  Morrill, pp.271–2.
↑  Morrill, pp. 279–81.
1 2  Gaunt, p.9.
↑  Worden, Blair (2001). Roundhead Reputations: The English Civil Wars and the Passions of Posterity (Penguin), ISBN 0-14-100694-3, pp. 53–59
↑  "The Life and Eccentricities of the late Dr. Monsey, F.R.S, physician to the Royal Hospital at Chelsea", printed by J.D. Dewick, Aldergate street, 1804, p.108
↑  Gardiner (1901), p.315.
↑  Worden, pp.256–260.
↑  Gardiner (1901), p.318.
↑  Morrill, John (1990). "Textualising and Contextualising Cromwell", in Historical Journal, 33, 3, pp. 629–39.
↑  Woolrych, Austin (1990). "The Cromwellian Protectorate: a Military Dictatorship?" in History 1990 75(244): 207–31, ISSN 0018-2648.
↑  Morrill (2004). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press) Oxforddnb.com; Worden, Blair (1985). "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan". In Beales, D. and Best, G., History, Society and the Churches; Davis, J.C. (1990). "Cromwell’s religion", in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman).
↑  Hahn, Harold H. Ships of the American Revolution and their Models. Pp. 74–101. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis Maryland, 2000.
↑  “Death of Sir Richard Tangye”. New York Times. ngày 15 tháng 10 năm 1906. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 6 năm 2010.
↑  “War websites”. Channel4. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 6 năm 2010.
↑  “Greater Manchester Photographic Memories”. Francis Frith. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 11 tháng 1 năm 2012. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 7 năm 2011.
↑  “Oliver Cromwell”. Public Monument and Sculpture Association. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 9 tháng 2 năm 2012. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 1 năm 2012.
↑  Moss, John. “Manchester during the Reformation, Oliver Cromwell & the English Civil Wars”. Manchester2002-uk.com. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 23 tháng 5 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 7 năm 2011.
↑  “STATUE OF OLIVER CROMWELL”. Hansard.millbanksystems.com. ngày 25 tháng 4 năm 1899. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 20 tháng 9 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 7 năm 2011.
↑  “The Cromwell Statue at Westminster – Icons of England”. Icons.org.uk. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 7 năm 2011.
↑  Kenneth Rose, King George V, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984, p. 160-1. The King also vetoed the name HMS "Pitt" as sailors might give the ship a nickname based on its rhyming with a "vulgar and ill-conditioned word".
↑  Comerford, Patrick (ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2009). “Is Cromwell's head buried in Sidney Sussex Chapel?”. Patrick Comerford: my thoughts on Anglicanism, theology, spirituality, history, architecture, travel, poetry and beach walks. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2014.
Nhà của Oliver Cromwell ở Ely
Oliver Cromwell.
Quốc huy của Khối Liên hiệp Anh
Nhà Moray House, nơi Cromwell sống tại Edinburgh khi ông tới Scotland khẩn nài Hội đồng Kirk ngừng ủng hộ Charles II
Mặt nạ thi thể Oliver Cromwell ở lâu đài Warwick
Xử tử thi thể của Cromwell, Bradshaw và Ireton, hình vẽ
Một bức biếm họa đương thời mô tả Cromwell là kẻ lật đổ nền quân chủ
Tượng Oliver Cromwell ở bên ngoài Cung điện Westminster, London được dựng lên năm 1899, tác giả là nhà điêu khắc Hamo Thornycroft