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↑  Powell, James Lawrence (ngày 1 tháng 10 năm 2015). “Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True”. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society (bằng tiếng Anh). 35 (5–6): 121–124. doi:10.1177/0270467616634958. ISSN 0270-4676.
1 2  National Center for Science Education 2010: "The first pillar of climate change denial—that climate change is bad science—attacks various aspects of the scientific consensus about climate change … there are climate change deniers:
1 2  “Why Is It Called Denial?”. National Center for Science Education. Truy cập ngày 21 tháng 1 năm 2016.
1 2  Powell 2012, tr. 170–173: "Anatomy of Denial—Global warming deniers…. throw up a succession of claims, and fall back from one line of defense to the next as scientists refute each one in turn.
1 2 3  Dunlap 2013, tr. 691–698: "There is debate over which term is most appropriate… Those involved in challenging climate science label themselves "skeptics"… Yet skepticism is…a common characteristic of scientists, making it inappropriate to allow those who deny AGW to don the mantle of skeptics…It seems best to think of skepticism-denial as a continuum, with some individuals (and interest groups) holding a skeptical view of AGW…and others in complete denial"
1 2  Timmer 2014
1 2  National Center for Science Education 2012: "Climate change denial is most conspicuous when it is explicit, as it is in controversies over climate education.
↑  Vaidyanathan 2014.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFVaidyanathan2014 (trợ giúp)
1 2  Dunlap 2013, tr. 691–698: "From the outset, there has been an organized "disinformation" campaign… to "manufacture uncertainty" over AGW … especially by attacking climate science and scientists … waged by a loose coalition of industrial (especially fossil fuels) interests and conservative foundations and think tanks … often assisted by a small number of 'contrarian scientists. … greatly aided by conservative media and politicians … and more recently by a bevy of skeptical bloggers. This 'denial machine' has played a crucial role in generating skepticism toward AGW among laypeople and policy makers "
↑  Begley 2007: "ICE and the Global Climate Coalition lobbied hard against a global treaty to curb greenhouse gases, and were joined by a central cog in the denial machine: the George C. Marshall Institute, a conservative think tank..... the denial machine—think tanks linking up with like-minded, contrarian researchers"
1 2  Nerlich 2010, tr. 419, 437: "Climate scepticism in the sense of climate denialism or contrarianism is not a new phenomenon, but it has recently been very much in the media spotlight.
↑  Oreskes, Naomi (2007). “The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We're Not Wrong?”.  Trong DiMento, Joseph F. C.; Doughman, Pamela M. (biên tập). Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren. The MIT Press. tr. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-262-54193-0.
↑  “CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers” (PDF). IPCC. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 27 tháng 2 năm 2015. Truy cập ngày 7 tháng 3 năm 2015. The evidence for human influence on the climate system has grown since the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together
↑  Dunlap 2013: "Even though climate science has now firmly established that global warming is occurring, that human activities contribute to this warming… a significant portion of the American public remains ambivalent or unconcerned, and many policymakers (especially in the United States) deny the necessity of taking steps to reduce carbon emissions…From the outset, there has been an organized "disinformation" campaign… to generate skepticism and denial concerning AGW."
1 2 3  Jacques, Dunlap & Freeman 2008, tr. 351: "Conservative think tanks…and their backers launched a full-scale counter-movement… We suggest that this counter-movement has been central to the reversal of US support for environmental protection, both domestically and internationally.
1 2  Painter & Ashe 2012: "Despite a high degree of consensus amongst publishing climate researchers that global warming is occurring, and that it is anthropogenic, this discourse, promoted largely by non-scientists, has had a significant impact on public perceptions of the issue, fostering the impression that elite opinion is divided as to the nature and extent of the threat."
↑  Hoofnagle, Mark (ngày 30 tháng 4 năm 2007). “Hello Science blogs (Welcome to Denialism blog)”.
1 2  Diethelm & McKee 2009
↑  Republicans' leading climate denier tells the pope to butt out of climate debate, The Guardian
↑  Klein, Naomi (ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2011). “Capitalism vs. the Climate”. The Nation. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 1 năm 2012.
↑  Dunlap 2013: "The campaign has been waged by a loose coalition of industrial (especially fossil fuels) interests and conservative foundations and think tanks… These actors are greatly aided by conservative media and politicians, and more recently by a bevy of skeptical bloggers."
↑  David Michaels (2008) Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health.
↑  Hoggan, James; Littlemore, Richard (2009). Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming. Vancouver: Greystone Books. ISBN 978-1-55365-485-8. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 3 năm 2010.
↑  Jordi Xifra, Climate Change Deniers and Advocacy: A Situational Theory of Publics Approach.
↑  Robert Brulle: Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of U.S. climate change counter-movement organizations.
↑  Goldenberg, Suzanne (ngày 14 tháng 2 năm 2013). “Secret funding helped build vast network of climate denial thinktanks”. The Guardian. London. Truy cập ngày 1 tháng 3 năm 2013.
↑  Pilkington, Ed (ngày 14 tháng 11 năm 2013). “Facebook and Microsoft help fund rightwing lobby network, report finds”. The Guardian. Truy cập ngày 17 tháng 11 năm 2013.
1 2  Egan, Timothy (ngày 5 tháng 11 năm 2015). “Exxon Mobil and the G.O.P.: Fossil Fools”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2015.
1 2  Goldenberg, Suzanne (ngày 8 tháng 7 năm 2015). “Exxon knew of climate change in 1981, email says – but it funded deniers for 27 more years”. The Guardian. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2015.
↑  Painter & Ashe 2012: "'Climate scepticism' and 'climate denial' are readily used concepts, referring to a discourse that has become important in public debate since climate change was first put firmly on the policy agenda in 1988.
1 2  National Center for Science Education 2012: "There is debate…about how to refer to the positions that reject, and to the people who doubt or deny, the scientific community's consensus on…climate change.
↑  Rennie 2009: "Within the community of scientists and others concerned about anthropogenic climate change, those whom Inhofe calls skeptics are more commonly termed contrarians, naysayers and denialists."
↑  Brown 1996, tr. 9, 11Lỗi harv: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFBrown1996 (trợ giúp) "Indeed, the 'skeptic' scientists14 were perceived to be all the more credible precisely because their views were contrary to the consensus of peer-reviewed science.
14. All scientists are skeptics because the scientific process demands continuing questioning. In this report, however, the scientists we refer to as 'skeptics' are those who have taken a highly visible public role in criticizing the scientific consensus on ozone depletion and climate change through publications and statements addressed more to the media and the public than to the scientific community."
↑  Gelbspan 1998, tr. 69–70, 246 At ngày 16 tháng 11 năm 1995 United States House Science Subcommittee on Energy hearing, Pat Michaels testified of "a small minority" opposing the IPCC assessment, and said "that the so-called skeptics were right".
↑  Antilla 2005, tr. footnote 5
↑  Gelbspan 1995
↑  Painter & Ashe 2012: "The term 'climate scepticism' emerged in around 1995, the year journalist Ross Gelbspan authored perhaps the first book focusing directly on what would retrospectively be understood as climate scepticism."
↑  Gelbspan 1998 p. 3 "But some individuals do not want the public to know about the immediacy and extent of the climate threat. They have been waging a persistent campaign of denial and suppression that has been lamentably effective."
pp. 33–34 "The campaign to keep the climate change off the public agenda involves more than the undisclosed funding of these 'greenhouse skeptics.' In their efforts to challenge the consensus scientific view….."
p. 35 "If the climate skeptics have succeeded in confusing the general public, their influence on decision makers has been, if anything, even more effective
 p. 173 "pervasive denial of global warming"
↑  CBC News: the fifth estate 2007: "The Denial Machine investigates the roots of the campaign to negate the science and the threat of global warming. It tracks the activities of a group of scientists, some of whom previously consulted for Big Tobacco, and who are now receiving donations from major coal and oil companies. … The documentary shows how fossil fuel corporations have kept the global warming debate alive long after most scientists believed that global warming was real and had potentially catastrophic consequences. … The Denial Machine also explores how the arguments supported by oil companies were adopted by policy makers in both Canada and the U.S. and helped form government policy."
1 2  Orlóci 2008, tr. 86, 97: "The ideological justification for this came from the sceptics (e.g., Lomborg 2001a,b) and from the industrial 'denial machine'. … CBC Television Fifth Estate, ngày 15 tháng 11 năm 2006, The Climate Denial Machine, Canada.
1 2  Begley 2007: "If you think those who have long challenged the mainstream scientific findings about global warming recognize that the game is over, think again. … outside Hollywood, Manhattan and other habitats of the chattering classes, the denial machine is running at full throttle—and continuing to shape both government policy and public opinion. Since the late 1980s, this well-coordinated, well-funded campaign by contrarian scientists, free-market think tanks and industry has created a paralyzing fog of doubt around climate change. Through advertisements, op-eds, lobbying and media attention, greenhouse doubters (they hate being called deniers) argued first that the world is not warming; measurements indicating otherwise are flawed, they said. Then they claimed that any warming is natural, not caused by human activities. Now they contend that the looming warming will be minuscule and harmless. 'They patterned what they did after the tobacco industry,' says former senator Tim Wirth"
↑  Norgaard, Kari (2011). Living in Denial: Climate Change, Emotions, and Everyday Life. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. tr. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-262-01544-8.
↑  Washington 2013, tr. 2: "Many climate change deniers call themselves climate 'skeptics'…However, refusing to accept the overwhelming 'preponderance of evidence' is not skepticism, it is denial and should be called by its true name… The use of the term 'climate skeptic' is a distortion of reality…Skepticism is healthy in both science and society; denial is not."
1 2  O’Neill, Saffron J.; sjoneill@unimelb.edu.au; Boykoff, Max (28 tháng 9 năm 2010). “Climate denier, skeptic, or contrarian?”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (39): E151–E151. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107E.151O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010507107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 20807754. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 6 năm 2015. Using the language of denialism brings a moralistic tone into the climate change debate that we would do well to avoid. Further, labeling views as denialist has the potential to inappropriately link such views with Holocaust denial… However, skepticism forms an integral part of the scientific method, and, thus, the term is frequently misapplied in such phrases as "climate change skeptic."
↑  Mann, Michael E. (2013). The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-52638-5. Skepticism plays an essential role in the progress of science… Yet…in the context of the climate change denial movement… the term skeptic has often been co-opted to describe those who simply deny, rather than appraise critically.
↑  Jenkins 2015, tr. 229: "many who deny the consensus on climate change are not really skeptics but rather contrarians who practice "a kind of one-sided skepticism that entails simply rejecting evidence that challenges one's preconceptions" (Mann 2012:26)"
↑  National Center for Science Education 2012: "Recognizing that no terminological choice is entirely unproblematic, NCSE — in common with a number of scholarly and journalistic observers of the social controversies surrounding climate change — opts to use the terms "climate changer deniers" and "climate change denial""
↑  Weart 2015Lỗi harv: nhiều mục tiêu (2×): CITEREFWeart2015 (trợ giúp) footnote 136a Lưu trữ 2010-05-04 tại Wayback Machine: "I do not mean to use the term "denier" pejoratively—it has been accepted by some of the group as a self-description—but simply to designate those who deny any likelihood of future danger from anthropogenic global warming."
↑  Anderegg, William R. L.; anderegg@stanford.edu; Prall, James W.; Harold, Jacob (19 tháng 7 năm 2010). “Reply to O'Neill and Boykoff: Objective classification of climate experts”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (39): E152–E152. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107E.152A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010824107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2947900. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 6 năm 2015.
1 2 3  Gillis, Justin (ngày 12 tháng 2 năm 2015). “Verbal Warming: Labels in the Climate Debate”. The New York Times. Truy cập ngày 30 tháng 6 năm 2015.
↑  Timmer 2014: "some of the people who deserve that label are offended by it, thinking it somehow lumps them in with holocaust deniers.
↑  Boslough 2014
↑  Face the Facts petition
↑  “NY Times Public Editor: We're "Moving In A Good Direction" On Properly Describing Climate Deniers”. Media Matters for America. ngày 22 tháng 6 năm 2015. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 7 năm 2015.
1 2  Conway & Oreskes 2010, tr. 170: "The doubts and confusion of the American people are particularly peculiar when put into historical perspective"
1 2  Powell 2012, tr. 36–39
↑  Weart 2015aLỗi harv: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFWeart2015a (trợ giúp): "From the late 1940s into the 1960s, many of the papers cited in these essays carried a thought-provoking footnote: "This work was supported by the 'Office of Naval Research.'
↑  Weart 2007
↑  Weart 2015aLỗi harv: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFWeart2015a (trợ giúp): Charney Report Lưu trữ 2015-08-20 tại Wayback Machine quote p. viii in the Foreword by Climate Research Board chair Verner E. Suomi.
↑  Weart 2015aLỗi harv: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFWeart2015a (trợ giúp): Global Warming Becomes a Political Issue (1980–1983) Lưu trữ 2016-06-29 tại Wayback Machine; "In 1981, Ronald Reagan took the presidency with an administration that openly scorned their concerns. He brought with him a backlash that had been building against the environmental movement. Many conservatives denied nearly every environmental worry, global warming included. They lumped all such concerns together as the rants of business-hating liberals, a Trojan Horse for government regulation." For details, see Money for Keeling: Monitoring CO2 Lưu trữ 2016-06-29 tại Wayback Machine
↑  Weart, Spencer R. (ngày 30 tháng 6 năm 2009). The Discovery of Global Warming. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04497-5.
↑  Weart 2015Lỗi harv: nhiều mục tiêu (2×): CITEREFWeart2015 (trợ giúp): Breaking into Politics (1980–1988) Lưu trữ 2016-06-29 tại Wayback Machine, "Sherwood Idso, who published arguments that greenhouse gas emissions would not warm the Earth or bring any other harm to climate. Better still, by fertilizing crops, the increase of CO2 would bring tremendous benefits."
↑  Hansen, James (1988). “Statement of Dr. James Hansen, director, NASA Goddard Institute for space studies” (PDF). Climate Change ProCon.org. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 22 tháng 8 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 30 tháng 11 năm 2015.
↑  Weart 2015Lỗi harv: nhiều mục tiêu (2×): CITEREFWeart2015 (trợ giúp) The Summer of 1988 Lưu trữ 2016-06-29 tại Wayback Machine: "A new breed of interdisciplinary studies was showing that even a few degrees of warming might have harsh consequences, both for fragile natural ecosystems and for certain agricultural systems and other human endeavours…. The timing was right, and the media leaped on the story. Hansen's statements, especially that severe warming was likely within the next 50 years, got on the front pages of newspapers and were featured in television news and radio talk shows….. The story grew as the summer of 1988 wore on. Reporters descended unexpectedly upon an international conference of scientists held in Toronto at the end of June. Their stories prominently reported how the world's leading climate scientists declared that atmospheric changes were already causing harm, and might cause much more; the scientists called for vigorous government action to restrict greenhouse gases.
↑  Weart 2015Lỗi harv: nhiều mục tiêu (2×): CITEREFWeart2015 (trợ giúp): "Environmentalist organizations continued… lobbying and advertising efforts to argue for restrictions on emissions. The environmentalists were opposed, and greatly outspent, by industries that produced or relied on fossil fuels. Industry groups not only mounted a sustained and professional public relations effort, but also channeled considerable sums of money to individual scientists and small conservative organizations and publications that denied any need to act against global warming."
1 2 3 4  Begley 2007: "Through advertisements, op-eds, lobbying and media attention, greenhouse doubters (they hate being called deniers) argued first that the world is not warming… Then they claimed that any warming is natural… Now they contend that the looming warming will be minuscule and harmless.
1 2  Weart 2015Lỗi harv: nhiều mục tiêu (2×): CITEREFWeart2015 (trợ giúp): "The technical criticism most widely noted in the press came in several brief "reports" — not scientific papers in the usual sense — published between 1989 and 1992 by the conservative George C. Marshall Institute. The anonymously authored pamphlets… [claimed] that proposed government regulation would be "extraordinarily costly to the U.S. economy," they insisted it would be unwise to act on the basis of the existing global warming theories… In 1989 some of the biggest corporations in the petroleum, automotive, and other industries created a Global Climate Coalition, whose mission was to disparage every call for action against global warming."
1 2  Conway & Oreskes 2010: "Millions of pages of documents released during tobacco litigation…show the crucial role that scientists played in sowing doubt about the links between smoking and health risks. These documents…also show that the same strategy was applied not only to global warming, but to a laundry list of environmental and health concerns, including asbestos, secondhand smoke, acid rain, and the ozone hole."
↑  Weart 2015Lỗi harv: nhiều mục tiêu (2×): CITEREFWeart2015 (trợ giúp): "Scientists noticed something that the public largely overlooked: the most outspoken scientific critiques of global warming predictions did not appear in the standard peer-reviewed scientific publications. The critiques tended to appear in venues funded by industrial groups, or in conservative media like the Wall Street Journal."
↑  Weart 2011, tr. 46: "At some point they were no longer skeptics — people who would try to see every side of a case — but deniers, that is, people whose only interest was in casting doubt upon what other scientists agreed was true."
↑  Weart 2011, tr. 47: "As the deniers found ever less scientific ground to stand on, they turned to political arguments. Some of these policy arguments were straightforward, raising serious questions about the efficacy and expense of proposed carbon taxes and emission-regulation schemes. But leading deniers also resorted toad hominem tactics… On each side, some people were coming to believe that they faced a dishonest conspiracy, driven by ideological bias and naked self-interest"
↑  Jacques, Dunlap & Freeman 2008, tr. 349–385: "Environmental scepticism encompasses several themes, but denial of the authenticity of environmental problems, particularly problems such as biodiversity loss or climate change that threaten ecological sustainability, is its defining feature"
1 2  (Hamilton 2011, tr. 104–106): "the tactics, personnel and organisations mobilised to serve the interests of the tobacco lobby in the 1980s were seamlessly transferred to serve the interests of the fossil-fuel lobby in the 1990s. Frederick Seitz… the task of the climate sceptics in the think tanks and PR companies hired by fossil fuel companies was to engage in 'consciousness lowering activities', to 'de-problematise' global warming by describing it as a form of politically driven panicmongering." For the tobacco company memo, see “Original "Doubt is our product…" memo”. University of California, San Francisco. ngày 21 tháng 8 năm 1969. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 3 năm 2010.
↑  Conway & Oreskes 2010
↑  Conway & Oreskes 2010, tr. 105: "As recently as 2007, the George Marshall Institute continued to insist that the damages associated with acid rain were always "largely hypothetical," and that "further scientific investigation revealed that most of them were not in fact occurring." The Institute cited no studies to support this extraordinary claim."
↑  Weart 2015Lỗi harv: nhiều mục tiêu (2×): CITEREFWeart2015 (trợ giúp): "Public support for environmental concerns in general seems to have waned after 1988."
↑  Weart 2015Lỗi harv: nhiều mục tiêu (2×): CITEREFWeart2015 (trợ giúp): "A study of American media found that in 1987 most items that mentioned the greenhouse effect had been feature stories about the science, whereas in 1988 the majority of the stories addressed the politics of the controversy. It was not that the number of science stories declined, but rather that as media coverage doubled and redoubled, the additional stories moved into social and political areas…Before 1988, the journalists had drawn chiefly on scientists for their information, but afterward they relied chiefly on sources who were identified with political positions or special interest groups."
↑  Wald, Matthew L. (ngày 8 tháng 7 năm 1991). “Pro-Coal Ad Campaign Disputes Warming Idea”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 1 tháng 3 năm 2013.
↑  Begley 2007: "Individual companies and industry associations—representing petroleum, steel, autos and utilities, for instance—formed lobbying groups…[the Information Council on the Environment's] game plan called for enlisting greenhouse doubters to "reposition global warming as theory rather than fact," and to sow doubt about climate research just as cigarette makers had about smoking research.... The coal industry's Western Fuels Association paid Michaels to produce a newsletter called World Climate Report, which has regularly trashed mainstream climate science."
↑  Cox, Robert (2009). Environmental Communication and the Public Sphere. Sage. tr. 311–312. to recruit a cadre of scientists who share the industry's views of climate science and to train them in public relations so they can help convince journalists, politicians and the public that the risk of global warming is too uncertain to justify controls on greenhouse gases
↑  Cushman, John, "Industrial Group Plans to Battle Climate Treaty", The New York Times, ngày 25 tháng 4 năm 1998. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 3 năm 2010.
↑  Gelbspan 1998, tr. 3, 35, 46, 197.
↑  Michael A. Milburn; Sheree D. Conrad (tháng 1 năm 1998). The Politics of Denial. MIT Press. tr. 216–. ISBN 978-0-262-63184-6. Here again, as in the case of ozone depletion, economic and psychological forces are operating to produce a level of denial that threatens future generations.
↑  Painter & Ashe 2012: "Academics took note of the discourse when they began to analyse media representations of climate change knowledge and its effect on public perceptions and policy-making, but in the 1990s, they did not yet focus on it as a coherent and defined phenomenon. This changed in the 2000s, when McCright and Dunlap played an important role in deepening the concept of climate scepticism."
↑  Painter & Ashe 2012: "McCright and Dunlap played an important role in deepening the concept of climate scepticism. Examining what they termed a 'conservative countermovement' to undermine climate change policy…McCright and Dunlap went beyond the study of media representations of climate change knowledge to give a coherent picture of the movement behind climate scepticism in the US."
↑  Gelbspan, Ross (ngày 22 tháng 7 năm 2004). “An excerpt from Boiling Point by Ross Gelbspan”. Grist. Truy cập ngày 1 tháng 6 năm 2015.
↑  Wayne A. White (ngày 18 tháng 10 năm 2012). Biosequestration and Ecological Diversity: Mitigating and Adapting to Climate Change and Environmental Degradation. CRC Press. tr. 206. ISBN 978-1-4398-5363-4. Climate change denial and discrediting climate science have become pivotal to the antiregulatory cause of neoliberals.
↑  Antilla 2005: "At the centre of this climate backlash is a group of dissident scientists. The number of these climate sceptics is greater in the US than in any other country. Although the peer-reviewed scientific literature agrees with the IPCC, within the media—wherefrom the majority of adults in the US are informed about science—claims that are dismissive of anthropogenic climate change are prominently featured."
↑  Jenkins 2015, tr. 243: "the community of climate change contrarians also includes a host of amateurs, from talk radio hosts to newspaper columnists to bloggers. In particular, the tremendous growth of the Internet has given sustenance to the contrarian movement"
↑  “The Paris agreement signals that deniers have lost the climate wars”. The Guardian. 2015.
↑  Davenport, Coral (ngày 12 tháng 12 năm 2015). “Nations Approve Landmark Climate Accord in Paris”. The New York Times.
↑  “The Pentagon & Climate Change: How Deniers Put National Security at Risk”. Rolling Stone. 2015.
↑  BloombergBusiness (2015). “Unearthing America's Deep Network of Climate Change Deniers”.
↑  Justin Farrell (2015). “Network structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement”. Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038/nclimate2875.
↑  Global Warming ‘Hiatus’ Challenged by NOAA Research, New York Times, JUN 4, 2015.
1 2  Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.
↑  Rennie 2009: " According to the U.S. Geological Survey, anthropogenic CO2 amounts to about 30 billion tons annually—more than 130 times as much as volcanoes produce."
↑  Rennie 2009: "from Arrhenius on, climatologists have incorporated water vapor into their models.
↑  Rennie 2009: "Claim 3: Global warming stopped a decade ago; Earth has been cooling since then."
↑  Rennie 2009: "Claim 4: The sun or cosmic rays are much more likely to be the real causes of global warming.
↑  Rennie 2009: "But in defiance of the naysayers who want to chalk the recent warming up to natural cycles, there is insufficient evidence that enough extra solar energy is reaching our planet to account for the observed rise in global temperatures."
↑  Rennie 2009: "Claim 5: Climatologists conspire to hide the truth about global warming by locking away their data.
↑  White, Rob (2012). Climate Change from a Criminological Perspective. Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 49. ISBN 1-4614-3640-0. many Americans, including many American politicians and decision-makers, are increasingly viewing climate change as a "left-wing plot"–part of the "one-world socialist agenda" or a "conspiracy to impose world government and a sweeping redistribution of wealth." Just as Republican Senator James Inhofe of Oklahoma proclaimed on the Senate floor that "[g]lobal warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people", many Americans believe that climate change is "a cynical hoax perpetrated by climate scientists… greedy for grants."
↑  Rennie 2009: "If there were a massive conspiracy to defraud the world on climate (and to what end?), surely the thousands of e-mails and other files stolen from the University of East Anglia’s Climatic Research Unit and distributed by hackers on November 20 would bear proof of it.
↑  Eight major investigations on the leaked emails include: House of Commons Science and Technology Committee (UK); Independent Climate Change Review (UK); International Science Assessment Panel Lưu trữ 2013-05-09 tại Wayback Machine (UK); Pennsylvania State University first panel Lưu trữ 2010-09-25 tại Wayback Machine and second panel Lưu trữ 2012-01-30 tại Wayback Machine (US); United States Environmental Protection Agency (US); Department of Commerce (US); National Science Foundation (US)
↑  Anderegg, William R L; Prall, James W.; Harold, Jacob; Schneider, Stephen H. (2010). “Expert credibility in climate change” (PDF). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (27): 12107–9. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10712107A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003187107. PMC 2901439. PMID 20566872. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 22 tháng 10 năm 2018. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 12 năm 2016. (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.
↑  Rennie 2009: "Climatologists are frequently frustrated by accusations that they are hiding their data or the details of their models because, as Gavin Schmidt points out, much of the relevant information is in public databases or otherwise accessible—a fact that contrarians conveniently ignore when insisting that scientists stonewall their requests."
↑  Lewandowsky, Stephan; Oberauer, Klaus (2013). “NASA Faked the Moon Landing—Therefore, (Climate) Science Is a Hoax”. Psychological Science. Sage Publications. 24 (5): 622–633. doi:10.1177/0956797612457686.
↑  Rennie 2009: "Claim 7: Technological fixes, such as inventing energy sources that don't produce CO2 or geoengineering the climate, would be more affordable, prudent ways to address climate change than reducing our carbon footprint."
↑  Rahmstorf, S., 2004, The climate sceptics: Weather Catastrophes and Climate Change—Is There Still Hope For Us? (Munich: PG Verlag) pp 76–83
↑  Painter & Ashe 2012: "We focused on the marked differences in what climate sceptics are sceptical about … (1) trend sceptics (who deny the global warming trend), (2) attribution sceptics (who accept the trend, but either question the anthropogenic contribution saying it is overstated, negligent or non-existent compared to other factors like natural variation, or say it is not known with sufficient certainty what the main causes are) and (3) impact sceptics (who accept human causation, but claim impacts may be benign or beneficial, or that the models are not robust enough) and/or question the need for strong regulatory policies or interventions.
↑  Dunlap & Jacques 2013, tr. 702: "These books reject evidence that global warming is occurring, that human actions are the predominant cause of global warming, and/or that global warming will have negative impacts on human and natural systems.
1 2  Michael E. Mann (ngày 13 tháng 8 năm 2013). The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines. Columbia University Press. tr. 23. ISBN 978-0-231-52638-8.
1 2 3 4  Monbiot, George (ngày 19 tháng 9 năm 2006). “The denial industry”. London: Guardian Unlimited.
1 2  Ellen Goodman (ngày 9 tháng 2 năm 2007). “No change in political climate”. The Boston Globe. Truy cập ngày 30 tháng 8 năm 2008.
↑  George Monbiot (ngày 27 tháng 2 năm 2009). “Climate change: The semantics of denial”. The Guardian. Truy cập ngày 27 tháng 5 năm 2015.