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Stream ciphers
A5/1, A5/2 (cyphers specified for the GSM cellular telephone standard)
BMGL
Chameleon
FISH (by Siemens AG)
WWII 'Fish' cyphers
Geheimfernschreiber (WWII mechanical onetime pad by Siemens AG, called STURGEON by Bletchley Park)
Schlusselzusatz (WWII mechanical onetime pad by Lorenz, called tunny by Bletchley Park)
HELIX
ISAAC (intended as a PRNG)
Leviathan (cipher)
LILI-128
MUG1 (CRYPTREC recommendation)
MULTI-S01 (CRYPTREC recommendation)
One-time pad (Vernam and Mauborgne, patented mid-'20s; an extreme stream cypher)
Panama
Pike (improvement on FISH by Ross Anderson)
RC4 (ARCFOUR) (one of a series by Prof Ron Rivest of MIT; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited to 128-bit key))
CipherSaber (RC4 variant with 10 byte random IV, easy to implement)
SEAL
SNOW
SOBER
SOBER-t16
SOBER-t32
WAKE
Block ciphers
Block cipher modes of operation
Product cipher
Feistel cipher (block cypher design pattern by Horst Feistel)
Advanced Encryption Standard (128 bit block; NIST selection for the AES, FIPS 197, 2001—by Joan Daemen và Vincent Rijmen; NESSIE selection; CRYPTREC recommendation)
Anubis (128-bit block)
BEAR (block cypher built from stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson)
Blowfish (128 bit block; by Bruce Schneier, et al)
Camellia (128 bit block; NESSIE selection (NTT & Mitsubishi Electric); CRYPTREC recommendation)
CAST-128 (CAST5) (64 bit block; one of a series of algorithms by Carlisle Adams và Stafford Tavares, who are insistent (indeed, adamant) that the name is not due to their initials)
CAST-256 (CAST6) (128-bit block; the successor to CAST-128 and a candidate for the AES competition)
CIPHERUNICORN-A (128 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation)
CIPHERUNICORN-E (64 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
CMEA — cipher used in US cellphones, found to have weaknesses.
CS-Cipher (64 bit block)
Data Encryption Standard (DES) (64 bit block; FIPS 46-3, 1976)
DEAL — an AES candidate derived from DES
DES-X A variant of DES to increase the key size.
FEAL
GDES — a DES variant designed to speed up encryption.
Grand Cru (128 bit block)
Hierocrypt-3 (128 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation))
Hierocrypt-L1 (64 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) (64 bit block -- James Massey & X Lai of ETH Zurich)
Iraqi Block Cipher (IBC)
KASUMI (64-bit block; based on MISTY1, adopted for next generation W-CDMA cellular phone security)
KHAZAD (64-bit block designed by Barretto and Rijmen)
Khufu and Khafre (64-bit block ciphers)
LION (block cypher built from stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson)
LOKI89/91 (64-bit block ciphers)
LOKI97 (128-bit block cipher, AES candidate)
Lucifer (by Tuchman et al of IBM, early 1970s; modified by NSA/NBS and released as DES)
MAGENTA (AES candidate)
Mars (AES finalist, by Don Coppersmith et al)
MISTY1 (NESSIE selection 64-bit block; Mitsubishi Electric (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
MISTY2 (128 bit block: Mitsubishi Electric (Japan))
Nimbus (64 bit block)
Noekeon (128 bit block)
NUSH (variable block length (64 - 256 bits))
Q (128 bit block)
RC2 64-bit block, variable key length.
RC6 (variable block length; AES finalist, by Ron Rivest et al)
RC5 (by Ron Rivest)
SAFER (variable block length)
SC2000 (128 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation)
Serpent (128 bit block; AES finalist by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, Lars Knudsen)
SHACAL-1 (256-bit block)
SHACAL-2 (256-bit block cypher; NESSIE selection Gemplus (France))
Shark (grandfather of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen)
Square (father of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen)
3-Way (96 bit block by Joan Daemen)
TEA (by David Wheeler & Roger Needham)
Triple DES (by Walter Tuchman, leader of the Lucifer design team—not all triple uses of DES increase security, Tuchman's does; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited), only when used as in FIPS Pub 46-3)
Twofish (128 bit block; AES finalist by Bruce Schneier, et al)
XTEA (by David Wheeler & Roger Needham)
Polyalphabetic substitution machine cyphers
Enigma (WWII German rotor cypher machine—many variants, many user networks for most of the variants)
Purple (highest security WWII Japanese Foreign Office cypher machine; by Japanese Navy Captain)
SIGABA (WWII US cypher machine by William Friedman, Frank Rowlett, et al)
TypeX (WWII UK cypher machine)
Hybrid code/cypher combinations
JN-25 (WWII Japanese Navy superencyphered code; many variants)
Naval Cypher 3 (superencrypted code used by the Royal Navy in the 30s and into WWII)
Visual cryptography