Otoriteryanizm
Dipnotlar

↑  Kalu, Kalu N. (2019). A Functional Theory of Government, Law, and Institutions. Rowman & Littlefield. ss. 161-. ISBN 978-1498587037. OCLC 1105988740. 26 Mart 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Mart 2023.
1 2  Cerutti, Furio (2017). Conceptualizing Politics: An Introduction to Political Philosophy. Routledge. s. 17. Political scientists have outlined elaborated typologies of authoritarianism, from which it is not easy to draw a generally accepted definition; it seems that its main features are the non-acceptance of conflict and plurality as normal elements of politics, the will to preserve the status quo and prevent change by keeping all political dynamics under close control by a strong central power, and lastly, the erosion of the rule of law, the division of powers, and democratic voting procedures.
1 2  Ezrow, Natasha M.; Frantz, Erica (2011). Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders. Continuum. s. 17.
1 2 3  Lai, Brian; Slater, Dan (2006). "Institutions of the Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950–1992". American Journal of Political Science. 50 (1): 113-126. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00173.x. JSTOR 3694260.
↑  Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010). Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Problems of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511781353. ISBN 978-0521882521. 18 Ekim 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Mart 2023.
↑  Diamond, Larry (2002). "Elections Without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes". Journal of Democracy. 13 (2): 21-35. doi:10.1353/jod.2002.0025. ISSN 1086-3214. 7 Ekim 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Mart 2023.
↑  Gunitsky, Seva (2015). "Lost in the Gray Zone: Competing Measures of Democracy in the Former Soviet Republics". Ranking the World: Grading States as a Tool of Global Governance (İngilizce). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316161555.006. SSRN 2506195 $2.
↑  Richard Shorten, Modernism and Totalitarianism: Rethinking the Intellectual Sources of Nazism and Stalinism, 1945 to the Present 9 Ocak 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 256 (note 67): "For a long time the authoritative definition of authoritarianism was that of Juan J. Linz."
↑  Juan J. Linz, "An Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Spain," in Erik Allardt and Yrjö Littunen, eds., Cleavages, Ideologies, and Party Systems: Contributions to Comparative Political Sociology (Helsinki: Transactions of the Westermarck Society), pp. 291–342. Reprinted in Erik Allardt & Stine Rokkan, eds., Mas Politics: Studies in Political Sociology (New York: Free Press, 1970), pp. 251–283, 374–381.[ISBN eksik]
↑  Gretchen Casper, Fragile Democracies: The Legacies of Authoritarian Rule 9 Ocak 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995), pp. 40–50 (citing Linz 1964).[ISBN eksik]
↑  Svolik, Milan W. (2012). The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge University Press. ss. 22-23. 21 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2019. I follow Przeworski et al. (2000), Boix (2003), and Cheibub et al. (2010) in defining a dictatorship as an independent country that fails to satisfy at least one of the following two criteria for democracy: (1) free and competitive legislative elections and (2) an executive that is elected either directly in free and competitive presidential elections or indirectly by a legislature in parliamentary systems. Throughout this book, I use the terms dictatorship and authoritarian regime interchangeably and refer to the heads of these regimes' governments as simply dictators or authoritarian leaders, regardless of their formal title.
1 2  Geddes, Barbara; Wright, Joseph; Frantz, Erica (2014). "Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set". Perspectives on Politics (İngilizce). 12 (2): 313-331. doi:10.1017/S1537592714000851. ISSN 1537-5927. 27 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Mart 2023.
↑  Gehlbach, Scott; Sonin, Konstantin; Svolik, Milan W. (2016). "Formal Models of Nondemocratic Politics". Annual Review of Political Science (İngilizce). 19 (1): 565-584. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-042114-014927. ISSN 1094-2939. 11 Ekim 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2023.
↑  Cheibub, José Antonio; Gandhi, Jennifer; Vreeland, James Raymond (2010). "Democracy and dictatorship revisited". Public Choice. 143 (1/2): 67-101. doi:10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2. ISSN 0048-5829. JSTOR 40661005. 14 Şubat 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2023.
↑  Svolik, Milan W. (2012). The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge University Press. s. 20. 21 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2019. More demanding criteria may require that governments respect certain civil liberties – such as the freedom of religion (Schmitter and Karl 1991; Zakaria 1997) – or that the incumbent government and the opposition alternate in power at least once after the first seemingly free election (Huntington 1993; Przeworski et al. 2000; Cheibib et al. 2010).
↑  Svolik, Milan W. (2012). The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge University Press. ss. 8, 12, 22, 25, 88, 117. 21 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2019.
↑  Dresden, Jennifer; Baird, Aaron; Raderstorf, Ben (2022). The Authoritarian Playbook (PDF). United States: Protect Democracy. 11 Mayıs 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2023.
↑  Svolik, Milan W. (2012). The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge University Press. s. 25. 21 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2019.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Theodore M. Vesta, Ethiopia: A Post-Cold War African State. Greenwood, 1999, p. 17.
↑  Przeworski, Adam (1991). Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge University Press. s. 58. ISBN 978-0521423359.
↑  Bell, Daniel A.; Wang, Pei (4 Ağustos 2021). "Just Hierarchy". American Purpose. 4 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Aralık 2021.
↑  Michael Albertus & Victor Menaldo, "The Political Economy of Autocratic Constitutions", in Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes (eds. Tom Ginsburg & Alberto Simpser: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 80.
↑  Tom Ginsburg & Alberto Simpser, Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes (Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 3–10.
↑  Michael Albertus & Victor Menaldo, Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes (eds. Tom Ginsburg & Alberto Simpser: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 54.
↑  Davis S. Law & Mila Versteeg, "Constitutional Variation Among Strains of Authoritarianism" in Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes (eds. Tom Ginsburg & Alberto Simpser: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 173.
↑  Michael Albertus & Victor Menaldo, Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes (eds. Tom Ginsburg & Alberto Simpser: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 54, 80.
↑  "Constitution of 1918". Encyclopedia.com. 5 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2022.
1 2 3  Tushnet, Mark (January 2015). "Authoritarian Constitutionalism" 17 Ocak 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Cornell Law Review. Cambridge University Press. 100 (2): 36–50. DOI:10.1017/CBO9781107252523.004.
↑  Przeworski, Adam; Limongi, Fernando (1997). "Modernization: Theories and Facts". World Politics. 49 (2): 155-183. doi:10.1353/wp.1997.0004. ISSN 0043-8871. JSTOR 25053996.
↑  Lipset, Seymour Martin (1959). "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy". The American Political Science Review. 53 (1): 69-105. doi:10.2307/1951731. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1951731.
↑  Boix, Carles; Stokes, Susan C. (July 2003). "Endogenous Democratization". World Politics (İngilizce). 55 (4): 517-549. doi:10.1353/wp.2003.0019. ISSN 0043-8871.
↑  Capitalist Development and Democracy. University Of Chicago Press. 1992.
↑  Bellin, Eva (January 2000). "Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries". World Politics (İngilizce). 52 (2): 175-205. doi:10.1017/S0043887100002598. ISSN 1086-3338.
↑  Magaloni, Beatriz (2006). Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge Core (İngilizce). doi:10.1017/CBO9780511510274. ISBN 978-0511510274. 5 Nisan 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2019.
↑  Albertus, Michael (2021). Property without Rights: Origins and Consequences of the Property Rights Gap. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108891950. ISBN 978-1108835237. 4 Nisan 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2023.
1 2 3 4 5  Frantz, Erica (4 Eylül 2018). Authoritarianism: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/wentk/9780190880194.003.0005. ISBN 9780190880194. Erişim tarihi: 3 Mart 2023.
↑  Pei, Minxin. "Economic Institutions, Democracy, and Development". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2 Kasım 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Mart 2023.
↑  Bonvecchi, Alejandro; Simison, Emilia (1 Temmuz 2017). "Legislative Institutions and Performance in Authoritarian Regimes". Comparative Politics. 49 (4): 521-544. doi:10.5129/001041517821273099. Erişim tarihi: 3 Mart 2023.
1 2  Golosov, Grigorii V. (1 Ocak 2013). "Authoritarian Party Systems: Patterns of Emergence, Sustainability and Survival". Comparative Sociology. 12 (5): 617-644. doi:10.1163/15691330-12341274. Erişim tarihi: 3 Mart 2023.
↑  Kirkpatrick, Jeane J. (1984). "Democratic Elections and Government". World Affairs. 147 (2): 61-69. JSTOR 20672013. 11 Mart 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Mart 2023.
↑  Magaloni, Beatriz (21 Haziran 2010). "The Game of Electoral Fraud and the Ousting of Authoritarian Rule". American Journal of Political Science. 54 (3): 751-765. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00458.x. Erişim tarihi: 3 Mart 2023.
↑  Herre, Bastian; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban (15 Mart 2013). "Democracy". Our World in Data. 11 Mart 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Mart 2023.
1 2  Geddes, Barbara; Wright, Joseph; Frantz, Erica (2018). How Dictatorships Work. Cambridge University Press. ss. 137-140. doi:10.1017/9781316336182. ISBN 978-1316336182.
1 2  Svolik, Milan W. (2012). The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge University Press. ss. 2, 15, 23. 21 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2019.
↑  Albertus, Michael; Fenner, Sofia; Slater, Dan (2018). Coercive Distribution by Michael Albertus. Elements in the Politics of Development (İngilizce). doi:10.1017/9781108644334. ISBN 978-1108644334. 25 Nisan 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 5 Kasım 2019.
↑  Frye, Timothy (2021). Weak Strongman: The Limits of Power in Putin's Russia (İngilizce). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691216980.
↑  Mesquita, Bruce Bueno de; Smith, Alastair; Morrow, James D.; Siverson, Randolph M. (2005). The Logic of Political Survival (İngilizce). MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262524407.
↑  Guriev, Sergei; Treisman, Daniel (2019). "Informational Autocrats". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 33 (4): 100-127. doi:10.1257/jep.33.4.100 . ISSN 0895-3309.
1 2  Andrew J. Nathan, "Authoritarian Resilience" 5 Ekim 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., Journal of Democracy, 14.1 (2003), pp. 6–17.
↑  Quinlivan, James T. (1999). "Coup-Proofing: Its Practice and Consequences in the Middle East". International Security. 42 (2): 131-165. doi:10.1162/016228899560202. 21 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2019.
↑  Chin, John; Song, Wonjun; Wright, Joseph (2022). "Personalization of Power and Mass Uprisings in Dictatorships". British Journal of Political Science (İngilizce). 53: 25-44. doi:10.1017/S0007123422000114 . ISSN 0007-1234.
↑  Powell, Jonathan (1 Aralık 2012). "Determinants of the Attempting and Outcome of Coups d'état". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 56 (6): 1017-1040. doi:10.1177/0022002712445732. ISSN 0022-0027.
↑  Braithwaite, Jessica Maves; Sudduth, Jun Koga (1 Ocak 2016). "Military purges and the recurrence of civil conflict". Research & Politics. 3 (1): 2053168016630730. doi:10.1177/2053168016630730 . ISSN 2053-1680.
↑  Leon, Gabriel (1 Nisan 2014). "Soldiers or politicians? Institutions, conflict, and the military's role in politics". Oxford Economic Papers. 66 (2): 533-556. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1000.7058 $2. doi:10.1093/oep/gpt024. ISSN 0030-7653.
1 2  Frantz, Erica; Stein, Elizabeth A. (4 Temmuz 2016). "Countering Coups Leadership Succession Rules in Dictatorships". Comparative Political Studies. 50 (7): 935-962. doi:10.1177/0010414016655538. ISSN 0010-4140.
↑  Talmadge, Caitlin (2015). The Dictator's Army: Battlefield Effectiveness in Authoritarian Regimes (İngilizce). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1501701757. 3 Ağustos 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2023.
↑  Narang, Vipin; Talmadge, Caitlin (31 Ocak 2017). "Civil-military Pathologies and Defeat in War". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 62 (7): 1379-1405. doi:10.1177/0022002716684627.
↑  Brown, Cameron S.; Fariss, Christopher J.; McMahon, R. Blake (1 Ocak 2016). "Recouping after Coup-Proofing: Compromised Military Effectiveness and Strategic Substitution". International Interactions. 42 (1): 1-30. doi:10.1080/03050629.2015.1046598. ISSN 0305-0629. (abonelik gereklidir)
↑  Bausch, Andrew W. (2018). "Coup-proofing and Military Inefficiencies: An Experiment". International Interactions. 44 (ja): 1-32. doi:10.1080/03050629.2017.1289938. ISSN 0305-0629.
↑  Bell, Curtis; Powell, Jonathan (30 Temmuz 2016). "Will Turkey's coup attempt prompt others nearby?". Washington Post. 21 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2019.
↑  Böhmelt, Tobias; Ruggeri, Andrea; Pilster, Ulrich (1 Nisan 2017). "Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer Group Effects*" (PDF). Political Science Research and Methods. 5 (2): 221-239. doi:10.1017/psrm.2015.55. ISSN 2049-8470. 22 Eylül 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2019.
↑  Easton, Malcolm R.; Siverson, Randolph M. (2018). "Leader survival and purges after a failed coup d'état". Journal of Peace Research. 55 (5): 596-608. doi:10.1177/0022343318763713.
↑  Escribà-Folch, Abel; Böhmelt, Tobias; Pilster, Ulrich (9 Nisan 2019). "Authoritarian regimes and civil–military relations: Explaining counterbalancing in autocracies". Conflict Management and Peace Science (İngilizce). 37 (5): 559-579. doi:10.1177/0738894219836285. hdl:10230/46774 . ISSN 0738-8942.
↑  Frantz, Erica; Kendall-Taylor, Andrea; Wright, Joseph; Xu, Xu (2020). "Personalization of Power and Repression in Dictatorships". The Journal of Politics. 82: 372-377. doi:10.1086/706049. ISSN 0022-3816.
1 2  Juan José Linz (2000). Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Lynne Rienner Publisher. s. 143. ISBN 978-1555878900. OCLC 1172052725. 22 Nisan 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2023.
↑  Michie, Jonathan, (Ed.) (2014). Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences. Routledge. s. 95. ISBN 978-1135932268. 22 Nisan 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2023.
↑  "Definition of authoritarian". Merriam Webster. 5 Mart 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 11 Nisan 2022.
1 2  Todd Landman, Studying Human Rights (Routledge, 2003), p. 71 (citing Linz 1964 and others).
1 2 3  Sondrol, P. C. (2009). "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner". Journal of Latin American Studies. 23 (3): 599. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00015868.
↑  "Definition of totalitarian". Merriam Webster. 24 Nisan 2009 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 11 Nisan 2022.
1 2 3  (according to Hannah Arendt)
↑  "Definition of fascism". Merriam Webster. 13 Kasım 2007 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 11 Nisan 2022.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13  Mark J. Gasiorowski, The Political Regimes Project, in On Measuring Democracy: Its Consequences and Concomitants (ed. Alex Inketes), 2006, pp. 110–111.
↑  Heinrich, Andreas; Pleines, Heiko (2018). "The Meaning of 'Limited Pluralism' in Media Reporting under Authoritarian Rule". Politics and Governance. 6 (2): 103. doi:10.17645/pag.v6i2.1238 .
↑  O'Brien, Maire (1998). "Dissent and the emergence of civil society in post‐totalitarian China". Journal of Contemporary China. 7 (17): 153-166. doi:10.1080/10670569808724310.
↑  H. H. Lai (2006). "Religious policies in post-totalitarian China: Maintaining political monopoly over a reviving society". Journal of Chinese Political Science. 11: 55-77. doi:10.1007/BF02877033 .
↑  Mozur, Paul; Krolik, Aaron (17 Aralık 2019). "A Surveillance Net Blankets China's Cities, Giving Police Vast Powers". New York Times. 3 Mart 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 27 Şubat 2020.
↑  Qiang, Xiao (21 Şubat 2018). "The rise of China as a digital totalitarian state". Washington Post. 28 Mart 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 27 Şubat 2020.
↑  Clarke, Michael (10 Mart 2018). "In Xinjiang, China's 'Neo-Totalitarian' Turn Is Already a Reality". The Diplomat. 27 Şubat 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 27 Şubat 2020.
↑  Juan de Onis, "After Chavez, Authoritarianism Still Threatens Latin America"[Usurped], World Affairs (May 15, 2013): "the followers of the late President Hugo Chávez continue to apply the playbook of authoritarian populism throughout Latin America in their pursuit of more power...one of the Mercosur partners are challenging the basic political practices of authoritarian populism implanted in Venezuela."
↑  Kurt Weyland, "Latin America's Authoritarian Drift: The Threat from the Populist Left" 25 Kasım 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., Journal of Democracy, Vol. 23, Issue 3 (July 2013), pp. 18–32.
↑  Duckitt, J. (1989). "Authoritarianism and Group Identification: A New View of an Old Construct". Political Psychology. 10 (1): 63-84. doi:10.2307/3791588. JSTOR 3791588.
↑  Kemmelmeier, M.; Burnstein, E.; Krumov, K.; Genkova, P.; Kanagawa, C.; Hirshberg, M. S.; Erb, H. P.; Wieczorkowska, G.; Noels, K. A. (2003). "Individualism, Collectivism, and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 34 (3): 304. doi:10.1177/0022022103034003005.
↑  Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan (2022). Revolution and Dictatorship: The Violent Origins of Durable Authoritarianism (İngilizce). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691169521.
↑  "EIU Democracy Index 2020 – World Democracy Report". Economist Intelligence Unit. 3 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 7 Mart 2021.
↑  Frantz, Erica (2018). "Authoritarian Politics: Trends and Debates". Politics and Governance. 6 (2): 87-89. doi:10.17645/pag.v6i2.1498 .
↑  Citizens and the State in Authoritarian Regimes: Comparing China and Russia. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 2020. ISBN 978-0190093495. 27 Şubat 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 27 Şubat 2020.
↑  "In South Carolina, Democrats debated when a dictator is really a dictator. So what's the answer?". The Washington Post. 2020. 27 Şubat 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 27 Şubat 2020.
↑  Truex, Rory (2016). Making Autocracy Work: Representation and Responsiveness in Modern China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781316771785. ISBN 978-1107172432. 27 Mart 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2023.
↑  Lueders, Hans (2022). "Electoral Responsiveness in Closed Autocracies: Evidence from Petitions in the former German Democratic Republic". American Political Science Review (İngilizce). 116 (3): 827-842. doi:10.1017/S0003055421001386. ISSN 0003-0554. 4 Nisan 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2023.
↑  Thomas H. Henriksen, American Power after the Berlin Wall (Palgrave Macmillan: 2007), p. 199: "experts emphasize that elections alone, without the full democratic panoply of an independent judiciary, free press, and viable political parties, constitute, in reality, illiberal democracies, which still menace their neighbors and destabilize their regions."
↑  David P. Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations (Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 231: "Illiberal democracies may have reasonably free and fair national elections based on broad suffrage, but they do not counteract the tyranny of the majority with effective protections for ethnic and religious minorities or various types of dissenters."
↑  Rod Hague & Martin Harrop, Political Science: A Comparative Introduction (7th ed.: Palgrave Macmillan: 2007), p. 259: "The gradual implementation of the rule of law and due process is an accomplishment of liberal politics, provide a basis for distinguishing liberal from illiberal democracies, and both from authoritarian regimes."
↑  Vladimir Popov, "Circumstances versus Policy Choices: Why Has the Economic Performance of the Soviet Successor States Been So Poor" in After the Collapse of Communism: Comparative Lessons of Transition (eds. Michael McFaul & Kathryn Stoner-Weiss: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 20: "The least efficient institutions are in illiberal democracies combining poor rule of law with democracy ... Less democratic regimes with weak rule of law ... appear to do better than illiberal democracies in maintaining institutional capacity."
↑  Hegre, Håvard; Ellington, Tanja; Gates, Scott; Nils Petter Gleditsch (2001). "Towards A Democratic Civil Peace? Opportunity, Grievance and Civil War 1816–1992". American Political Science Review. 95: 33-48. doi:10.1017/S0003055401000119. 6 Nisan 2004 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi.
↑  Ray, James Lee (2013).  Elman, Colin; Miriam Fendius Elman (Ed.). A Lakatosian View of the Democratic Peace Research Program From Progress in International Relations Theory (PDF). MIT Press. 25 Haziran 2006 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi.
↑  R. J. Rummel (1997). Power kills: democracy as a method of nonviolence. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1560002970.
↑  Daniel Lederman, Norman Loayza, & Rodrigo Res Soares, "Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter" 19 Ocak 2021 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2708 (November 2001).
↑  Abadie, Alberto (May 2006). "Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism". American Economic Review. 96 (2): 50-56. doi:10.1257/000282806777211847. 24 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Ekim 2019.
1 2 3  Magen, Amichai (January 2018). "Fighting Terrorism: The Democracy Advantage". Journal of Democracy. 29 (1): 111-125. doi:10.1353/jod.2018.0009. 24 Mart 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Mart 2020.
↑  Gibson, Edward L. (2013). Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521192231. 26 Mart 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2023.
1 2 3  Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010). Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. ss. 5-7. ISBN 978-1139491488. 12 Haziran 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Temmuz 2019.
↑  Mufti, Mariam (2018). "What Do We Know about Hybrid Regimes after Two Decades of Scholarship?". Politics and Governance. 6 (5): 112-119. doi:10.17645/pag.v6i2.1400 .
↑  Tomasky, Michael (1 Temmuz 2019). "Do the Republicans Even Believe in Democracy Anymore?". New York Times. 2 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Temmuz 2019.
↑  Levitsky & Way (2010), pp. 7–12.
↑  Weber, Eugen (1964). Varieties of fascism : doctrines of revolution in the twentieth century (reprint bas.). New York: Van Nostrand. ISBN 978-0898744446.
↑  Laclau, Ernesto (1977). Politics and ideology in Marxist theory : capitalism, fascism, populism (English-language bas.). Londra: Verso. ISBN 978-1844677887.
↑  Fritzsche, Peter (1990). Rehearsals for fascism : populism and political mobilization in Weimar Germany (1st printing bas.). New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0195057805.
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