Karl Wittfogel
Kaynakça & notlar

↑  "Arşivlenmiş kopya". 11 Şubat 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2014.
↑  http://rzv039.rz.tu-bs.de/isw/sandra/lexikon/cmsimpleplus/?U-Z:Wittfogel%2C_Karl_A 3 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi..
↑  http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "Wittfogel was freed in November 1933, and emigrated to England."
↑  http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. 1939'da vatandaşlık aldı. "In 1934, he went on to the United States where he became a naturalized citizen in 1939"
↑  http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. " published his first analysis of ancient Chinese society in 1926"
↑  http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "...and gained his PhD in 1928"
↑  http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "In 1931, the Institut published Wittfogel's Economy and Society in China, after which he abandoned scholarly work to devote himself to political work against the Nazis"
↑  http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "He was a playwright in his youth and wrote several essays and novels with a Communist theme."
↑  http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "In 1920-1921, he was a high school teacher in Tinz"
↑  http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "Wittfogel's first wife, Rose Schlesinger whom he married in 1921"
↑  http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "His second wife, Olga Lang (originally Olga Joffe, herself later an expert on Chinese affairs, whom he married in 1933)"
↑  http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "In 1931, the Institut published Wittfogel's "Economy and Society in China", after which he abandoned scholarly work to devote himself to political work against the Nazis"
↑  http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "...in 1917 he was drafted into the German Army Signal Corps."
↑  Erişim: http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/wittfogel/ 11 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. Worsher, Donald. 1985. Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and Growth of the American West, Pantheon Books, New York.
↑  Yazın: Walter Laqueur, Young Germany, 1962.
↑  Yazın: Mathias Greffrath, Ein ernster Mensch, Die Zeit, 10. 6. 1988 (online arşiv). Later Wittfogel wrote under the pseudonym "Jungmann" am account of youth movements in Max Horkheimer's compilation "Studies in Authority and the Family." Unfortunately, although Horkheimer's and Herbert Marcuse's contributions have been translated, Wittfogel's have not been.
Wittfogel who had been a leader of the German Socialist Student Movement after the war beside Klaus Reichenbach liked Rudi Dutschke when they met in Düsseldorf in 1979.
↑  At the Meißnertag 1923, a large Youth Movement gathering, Wittfogel asked the members of the Freideutsche Jugend: "In Wahrheit steht jedes Zeitalter unter einer großen Idee. Habt ihr diese große Idee. Seid ihr bereit dafür zu sterben?" Wittfogel asked them if they knew the need of the age, its big idea and if they had what it takes to die for their convictions. 
Yazın: Karl-Otto Schüddekopf, Linke Leute von rechts, Stuttgart, 1960.
After expelling a strong radical group in the autumn of 1919 the KPD was basically a sect, until a majority of USPD delegates decided to join it at their party convention in October 1920. A third of USPD members (ca. 300.000) joined the 70.000-strong KPD.
Yazın: Ossip K. Flechtheim, Die KPD in der Weimarer Republik (1st edition 1948), Frankfurt, 1969 edition, pp. 35f., 156f.
↑  M. Buckmiller says not only because W. taught at the Volkshochschule Schloss Tinz, but also because of Korsch's wife Dr. Hedda Korsch, who was active in the school reform movement.
↑  Felix Weil financed and Richard Sorge organized this Erste Marxistische Arbeitswoche (1st marxist workweek) with Karl Korsch and Hedda Korsch, Georgy Lukacs, Béla Fogarasi, his later wife Margarete Lissauer, Felix José and Käthe Weil (they were married 1921-1929), Richard and Christiane Sorge, Friedrich Pollock, Julian Gumperz and his later wife Hede Massing, from 1919 to 1923 married to Gerhart Eisler, Konstantin Zetkin, Fukomoto, Eduard Ludwig Alexander and Gertrud Alexander, their kid, and others. Rose Wittfogel, born Schlesinger, also took part. They were married from 1921 (other sources say 1920) to 1929. She was a sculptor, later a librarian at the Frankfurt Institute. She emigrated to the Soviet Union and worked there (among other things?) as a translator at the VAGAAR, an Organisation for foreign workers.
Michael Buckmiller, Die "Marxistische Arbeitswoche" 1923 und die Gründung des "Instituts für Sozialforschung",in Willem van Reijen, Gunzelin Schmid Noerr (eds.), Grand Hotel Abgrund, p. 141-182. For Rose Schlesinger p. 148, citing D. Pike, Deutsche Schriftsteller im sowjetischen Exil, 1934-1945, Frankfurt am Main, 1981, S. 311.
↑  If he seems not to really belong to the famous Frankfurt School, it may be because of his Marxism, his activism or even because he was not Jewish.
↑  His supervisors were Wilhelm Gerloff, Richard Wilhelm and Franz Oppenheimer. His thesis was On the Economical Importance  of the Agrarian and Industrial Productive Forces in China,
Die ökonomische Bedeutung der agrikolen und industriellen Produktivkräfte Chinas, W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart. 1930.
This was the first chapter of Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas, 1931.
↑  In his Mass Psychology of Fascism, Wilhelm Reich mentions a bizarre debate with Otto Strasser on religion, in a Berlin mass meeting, in January, 1933.
In a short 1974 notice to a reprint of his 1929 essay on Political Geography, Wittfogel says he came out much stronger against the Nazis than the KPD and Komintern line wanted.
Lit.: Politische Geography, Josef Matznetter, ed., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1977, p. 230.
Communist students at Jena invited him and Alfred Bäumler for a debate on the importance of Hegel for the Germany of today. Bäumler was a specialist on Kant, Nietzsche and Bachofen. He soon became a leading Nazi philosopher.
↑  Borgermoor Moorlager Esterwegen im Emsland, a peat bog-camp in the Emsland and in Lichtenburg near Torgau.
Lit.: A novel Staatliches Konzentrationslager VII, Eine "Erziehungsanstalt" im Dritten Reich was first published in London, 1936 under the pen name Klaus Hinrichs. German edition: Edition Temmen, Bremen, 1991.
↑  His second wife Olga Joffe worked tirelessly for his release and, with the help of nationalbolshevist revolutionary Friedrich Hielscher and the also radical right-wing geographer Karl Haushofer and the LSE historian R. H. Tawney, managed to get Wittfogel free (Mathias Greffrath, Martin Jay).
↑  "Register of Karl Wittfogel Papers Hoover Institution" (PDF). 3 Şubat 2014 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2014.
↑  Gloria Levitas, Esther Schiff Goldfrank, p. 120- 126, in Women Anthropologists, Ute Gacs, editor, new ed., University of Illinois Press, Chicago, 1989.
↑  Piscator himself played the Cripple at the opening. John Heartfield managed a half-hour late delivery of the backdrop, Erwin Piscator, Das politische Theater [new edition], Hamburg, 1963, S. 48f., note 1. Reprinted in Literatur im Klassenkampf, Zur proletarisch-revolutionären Literaturtheorie 1919-1923, Eine Dokumentation von Walter Fähnders und Martin Rector, Fischer, Frankfurt am Main, 1974, p. 242f.. The Proletarian Theatre bill (I. Programm-Ausgabe) for this evening on pages 206ff..The KPD newspaper Die Rote Fahne published a harsh review of the plays, G. G. L. (Gertrud Alexander), Proletarisches Theater, Die Rote Fahne, Vol. 3, 1920, No. 210, Oct. 17. This and Proletarisches Theater und der Gegner, Julian Gumperz's answer with another short notice by Gertrud Alexander (Die Rote Fahne, 3, 1920, no. 213, Oct. 21), Literatur im Klassenkampf, pages 208 to 213.
↑  Who Is the Biggest Fool? was produced (the text adapted) by Gustav von Wangenheim's Truppe 1931 (troop 1931) early in 1933.
↑  ""Karl A. Wittfogel and His Provocative Theory of Oriental Despotism"". 3 Mart 2009 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Şubat 2014.
↑  Die Linkskurve (Solak) Almanya Komünist Partisi’yle ilişkili federal Proleter-Devrimci Yazarlar’ın dergisiydi. Dergi, Johannes R. Becher, Kurt Klaber, Andor Gábor, Hans Marchwitza, Ludwig Renn ve Erich Weinert tarafından düzenleniyordu. Kaynak:http://www.dkp-online.de/uz/3948/s1301.htm 20 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (Almanca)
↑  Bediiyat: Estetik bilimi, güzel sanatlar. Kaynak: TDK http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.52eed3c3dcce66.01370589 19 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
↑  His conservative aesthetics put Wittfogel on Lukacs' side -- not what might have been expected from his plays. With the earlier Dada and Proletkult debates, the Mehring-, documentary- and proletarian-literature feud, from 1928 on became part of the long and bitter debate on literary modernism and communism, which culminated in the 1930s onslaught on Expressionism in the Moscow journal Das Wort. The whole sorry mess was rekindled in the 1960s as the  Brecht-Lukacs debate. At the time, Brecht had not really been able to publish his views.
Helga Gallas, Marxistische Literaturtheorie, Luchterhand, Neuwied, 1971, on the 1928-1933 Bund Proletarisch Revolutionärer Schriftsteller.
The Maoist Jan Myrdal in 1974 accused Wittfogel, Kurt Sauerland and George Lukacs, who were in favour of "culture" and an "elitist" aesthetics in the so-called "Mehring debate", to have turned Marxism into a theology and thus brought Hitler to power. "Wittfogel, Sauerland, Lukács tragen eine schwere historische Verantwortung" (p. 95, "are to blame for the course of history").
Jan Myrdal who has written about China for nearly fifty years without knowing the language, also called Wittfogel non-intellectual, uncouth ("ungeschlacht") and a pretend professor.
Lit.: Lars Gustafsson and Jan Myrdal, Die unnötige Gegenwart, Hanser, München, 1975, pp. 85- 95. First published as Den onödiga Samtiden, Stockholm, 1974.
Jan Myrdal also called Wittfogel "parteikonformer...Ideologe", "spineless follower of the party line", but while Wittfogel believed in the party at least until 1933 and still sometimes fiercely defended it until at least around 1939 (he broke with Paul Massing over the Ruth Fischer revelations), even in the 1920s Wittfogel had ideas of his own, e.g. on nature, which to him could never simply be a  part of human history and pure object of thinking, an idea Lukacs did not like at all. With very few others he took Marx's idea of a genuine "asiatic" way of pre-capitalist development seriously. At a Leningrad conference in 1931, all those ideas of an "asiatic" "mode of production" were shot down and buried by the Stalinist majority. They resurfaced around 1960, but by then Wittfogel was of course a non-person in communist eyes.
↑  Alternative in Eastern Europe
↑  Der Krüppel was performed on October 14, 1920 at Piscator's Proletarischem Theater - Bühnen der revolutionären Arbeiter Groß- Berlins, together with two other short plays under the heading Gegen den weißen Schrecken - für Sowjetrußland, see: Der Gegner. Mit dem satirischen Teil Die Pleite, vol. 2, no. 4, Malik, Berlin, 1920, p. 94- 107. Erwin Piscator's essay Über Grundlagen und Aufgaben des Proletarischen Theaters in the same number on pages 90 to 93.                        Der Gegner was then edited by Julian Gumperz and Wieland Herzfelde. Rote Soldaten had been scheduled for a second season of the theatre.
Wittfogel also published a theoretical essay on proletarian theatre: Grenzen und Aufgaben der revolutionären Bühnenkunst, Der Gegner, vol. 3, no. 2, Berlin, 1922, p. 39-44.
On the Weimar Proletarian Theatre: Richard Weber, Proletarisches Theater und Revolutionäre Arbeiterbewegung, 2nd. ed., Prometh, Köln, 1978, P. 85, 96.
One of the final communist Weimar theatre events was Berthold Brecht's "didactic play" on communism, murder and morality, set in China, Die Maßnahme. Wittfogel's review was published in Die Welt am Abend, on Dec. 22, 1930.
↑  Rare with little known John Heartfield cover. The first part is all there is. The Verlag Junge Garde, Berlin C 2 (on Stralauerstrasse 12 in Schöneberg) was the publishers of the Communist Youth International, Kommunistische Jugendinternationale.
↑  In Brussels, February, 1927 the Komintern Liga gegen Imperialismus was founded at a Internationale Kongress gegen Unterdrückung und Kolonialismus. This Congress had been organised by Willi Münzenberg). Wittfogel took part, as did Agnes Smedley. (Source: Sinologie Heidelberg Alumni Netzwerk
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