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↑  Spooner, Brian (2012). "Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki".  Schiffman, Harold (Ed.). Language policy and language conflict in Afghanistan and its neighbors: the changing politics of language choice. Leiden: Brill. s. 94.
↑  Spooner, Brian (1994). "Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki".  Marashi, Mehdi (Ed.). Persian Studies in North America: Studies in Honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery. Leiden: Brill. ss. 177-178.
↑  Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth, (Ed.) (2013). https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1339 |bölümurl= eksik başlık (yardım). Compendium of the World's Languages (3.3bölüm=Persian bas.). Routledge. s. 1339.
↑  Arthur John Arberry, The Legacy of Persia, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953, 0-19-821905-9, p. 200.
↑  Moḥammad el Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Moʾmen, “EGYPT ix. Iran’s cultural influence in the Islamic period,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, VIII/3, pp. 263-266.
1 2  Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold; Daily, Jay E. (1 Ocak 1975). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 13 - Inventories of Books to Korea: Libraries in the Republic of. CRC Press. ISBN 9780824720131. 13 Kasım 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Kasım 2022 – Google Books vasıtasıyla.
1 2  Sachau, C. Edward (2004). The Chronology of Ancient Nations. Kessinger Publishing. s. 484. ISBN 978-0-7661-8908-9.  p. 127
1 2  Anonimo (1974). Al-Beruni and Persepolis. Acta Iranica. 1. Leiden: Peeters Publishers. ss. 137-150. ISBN 978-90-04-03900-1.
1 2  Thompson, R. Campbell. "The Rock of Behistun". Wonders of the Past. Edited by Sir J. A. Hammerton. Vol. II. New York: Wise and Co., 1937.
1 2  Louis H. Gray, Notes on the Old Persian Inscriptions of Behistun, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 23, pp. 56–64, 1902
↑  C. A. (Charles Ambrose) Storey and Franço de Blois (2004), "Persian Literature - A Biobibliographical Survey: Volume V Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period", RoutledgeCurzon; 2nd revised edition (June 21, 2004). p. 363: "Nizami Ganja’i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet of the Persians after Firdausi. His nisbah designates him as a native of Ganja (Elizavetpol, Kirovabad) in Azerbaijan, then still a country with an Iranian population, and he spent the whole of his life in Transcaucasia; the verse in some of his poetic works which makes him a native of the hinterland of Qom is a spurious interpolation."
↑  Franklin Lewis, Rumi Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2000. How is it that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of the Greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in Central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere, in which is now Turkey, some 1500 miles to the west? (p. 9)
↑  Grant, Edward (2006). Science and Religion, 400 B.C. to A.D. 1550 From Aristotle to Copernicus. Johns Hopkins University Press. s. 232.
↑  Naidis, Mark (1972). The Western Tradition A Survey of Western Civilization. Dryden Press. s. 96.
1 2  Gutas, Dimitri. "Farabi i. Biography". Encyclopædia Iranica. 8 Aralık 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 4 Nisan 2010.
↑  Ebn Abi Osaybea, Oyun al-anba fi tabaqat at-atebba, ed. A. Müller, Cairo, 1299/1882. وكان ابوه قائد جيش وهو فارسي المنتسب
↑  Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Mehdi Aminrazavi. "An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Vol. 1: From Zoroaster to Umar Khayyam", I.B. Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2007. Pg 134: "Ibn Nadim in his al-Fihrist, which is the first work to mention Farabi considers him to be of Persian origin, as does Muhammad Shahrazuri in his Tarikh al-hukama and Ibn Abi Usaybi'a in his Tabaqat al-atibba. In contrast, Ibn Khallikan in his '"Wafayat al-'ayan considers him to be of Turkish descent. In any case, he was born in Farab in Khurasan of that day around 257/870 in a climate of Persianate culture"
↑  Rahman Habib, A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE, Mansell Publishing, p. 167:

"A Persian by birth, Biruni produced his writings in Arabic, though he knew, besides Persian, no less than four other languages."
↑  David C. Lindberg, Science in the Middle Ages, University of Chicago Press, p. 18:

"A Persian by birth, a rationalist in disposition, this contemporary of Avicenna and Alhazen not only studied history, philosophy, and geography in depth, but wrote one of the most comprehensive of Muslim astronomical treatises, the Qanun Al-Masu'di."
↑ Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". Boyle, J.A. (Ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Vol (İngilizce). Cambridge University Press. s. 7. 16 Haziran 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2020 . The Iranian scholar al-Biruni says that the Khwarazmian era began when the region was first settled and cultivated, this date being placed in the early 13th-century BC)
Frye, Richard Nelson (February 2000). The Golden Age of Persia (İngilizce). Phoenix Publishing, Incorporated. ISBN 9780753809440. 22 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2020. The contribution of Iranians to Islamic mathematics is overwhelming. ..The name of Abu Raihan Al-Biruni, from Khwarazm, must be mentioned since he was one of the greatest scientists in World History
Khan, M. A. Saleem (2001). Al-Biruni's Discovery of India: An Interpretative Study (İngilizce). iAcademicBooks. s. 11. ISBN 9781588681393. 16 Haziran 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2020. It is generally accepted that he was Persian by origin, and spoke the Khwarizmian dialect
Rahman, H. U. (1995), A Chronology of Islamic History : 570 – 1000 CE, Londra: Mansell Publishing, s. 167, ISBN 1-897940-32-7, A Persian by birth, Biruni produced his writings in Arabic, though he knew, besides Persian, no less than four other languages.
↑
"Al-Bīrūnī | Persian scholar and scientist". Encyclopedia Britannica (İngilizce). 25 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Temmuz 2018.
Lindberg, David C. (15 Mart 1980). Science in the Middle Ages (İngilizce). University of Chicago Press. s. 18. ISBN 9780226482330. 16 Haziran 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2020. A Persian by birth, a rationalist in disposition, this contemporary of Avicenna and Alhazen not only studied history, philosophy, and geography in depth, but wrote one of the most comprehensive Muslim astronomical treatises, the Qanun Al-Masu'di.
Massignon, L. (1951). "Al-Biruni et la valuer internationale de la science arabe"". Al-Bīrūnī Commemoration Volume A.H.362-A.H.1362 (İngilizce). Iran Society. ss. 217-219. 16 Haziran 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2020. In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs, Biruni says, "And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my native Khwarezmian, science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing Kaaba.
Strohmaier 2006, s. 112
MacKenzie 2011
Samian, A.L. (31 Temmuz 1997). "Al-Biruni".  Selin, Helaine (Ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures (İngilizce). Springer Science & Business Media. s. 157. ISBN 9780792340669. his native language was the Khwarizmian dialect
↑  Boilot, D.J., Al-Biruni (Beruni), Abu'l Rayhan Muhammad b. Ahmad New Ed., 1, ss. 1236-1238, He was born of an Iranian family in 362/973 (according to al-Ghadanfar, on 3 Dhu'l-Hididja/ 4 September – see E. Sachau, Chronology, xivxvi), in the suburb (birun) of Kath, capital of Khwarizm....was one of the greatest scholars of mediaeval Islam, and certainly the most original and profound. He was equally well versed in the mathematical, astronomic, physical and natural sciences and also distinguished himself as a geographer and historian, chronologist and linguist and as an impartial observer of customs and creeds. He is known as al-Ustdadh, 'the Master'.  in Bearman, Bianquis & Bosworth 2007
↑  Berggren, J. L.; Borwein, Jonathan; Borwein, Peter (2014). Pi: A Source Book (İngilizce). Springer. s. 680. ISBN 978-1-4757-4217-6. 25 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2020. The Persian polymath, al-Birüni, a younger contemporary of Abu'l-Wafa', calculated the perimeters of inscribed and ...
↑ Multiple sources:
Bennison, Amira K. (2009). The great caliphs : the golden age of the 'Abbasid Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press. s. 204. ISBN 978-0-300-15227-2. Hulegu killed the last ‘Abbasid caliph but also patronized the foundation of a new observatory at Maragha in Azerbayjan at the instigation of the Persian Shi‘i polymath Nasir al-Din Tusi.
Goldschmidt, Arthur; Boum, Aomar (2015). A Concise History of the Middle East. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8133-4963-3. 20 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2024. Hulegu, contrite at the damage he had wrought, patronized the great Persian scholar, Nasiruddin Tusi (died 1274), who saved the lives of many other scientists and artists, accumulated a library of 400000 volumes, and built an astronomical ...
Bar Hebraeus; Joosse, Nanne Pieter George (2004). A Syriac Encyclopaedia of Aristotelian Philosophy: Barhebraeus (13th C.), Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Ethics, Economy, and Politics : a Critical Edition, with Introduction, Translation, Commentary, and Glossaries. Brill. s. 11. ISBN 978-90-04-14133-9. 20 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2024. the Persian scholar Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī
Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2006). Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. State University of New York Press. s. 167. ISBN 978-0-7914-6800-5. 20 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2024. In fact it was common among Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems of Khayyam singing about the impermanence of the world and its transience and similar themes. One needs to only recall the names of Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, Nasir al-Din Tusi and Mulla Sadra, who wrote poems along with extensive prose works.
Rodney Collomb, "The rise and fall of the Arab Empire and the founding of Western pre-eminence", Published by Spellmount, 2006. pg 127: "Khawaja Nasr ed-Din Tusi, the Persian, Khorasani, former chief scholar and scientist of"
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy, SUNY Press, 2006, 0-7914-6799-6. page 199
Seyyed H. Badakhchani. Contemplation and Action: The Spiritual Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar: Nasir al-Din Tusi (In Association With the Institute of Ismaili Studies. I. B. Tauris (December 3, 1999). 1-86064-523-2. page.1: ""Nasir al-Din Abu Ja`far Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Hasan Tusi:, the renowned Persian astronomer, philosopher and theologian"
Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7. 20 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2024. drawn by the Persian cosmographer al-Tusi.
Laet, Sigfried J. de (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. s. 908. ISBN 978-92-3-102813-7. 20 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2024. the Persian astronomer and philosopher Nasir al-Din Tusi.
Mirchandani, Vinnie (2010). The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations. John Wiley & Sons. s. 300. ISBN 978-0-470-76845-7. 20 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2024. Nasir. al-Din. al-Tusi: Stay. Humble. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the Persian polymath, talked about humility: “Anyone who does not know and does not know that he does not know is stuck forever in double ...
Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad; Badakchani, S. J. (2005), Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought, Ismaili Texts and Translations, 5, Londra: I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies, ss. 2-3, ISBN 1-86064-436-8
Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1986). The Cambridge History of Islam Volume 2B, Islamic Society and Civilisation. 1st. Cambridge University Press. s. 585. ISBN 978-0-521-21949-5. secondly, some very great Shi'i thinkers who were ethnically Persian, such as the Isma'ilis, Abu Hatim Razi and Sijistani in the fourth/tenth century, or the Imamis, Nasir al-DIn Tusi (seventh/thirteenth century) and 'Allama Hilli (seventh-eighth/thirteenth-fourteenth centuries) and many others, were to continue to write in Arabic.
↑  Sir Patrick Moore, The Data Book of Astronomy, CRC Press, 2000, BG 48ref Henry Corbin, The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy, North Atlantic Books, 1998, pg 44
↑  Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards. Edited by Chase F. Robinson, Brill Academic Publishers, BG 25.
↑  Varvoglis, Harry (29 Ocak 2014). History and Evolution of Concepts in Physics page 24. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-04292-3. 20 Haziran 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Mart 2023.
↑  "Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, Volume 34 page 59". 6 Ocak 1876. 26 Mart 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Mart 2023.
↑  Hendrix, John Shannon; Carman, Charles H. (5 Aralık 2016). Renaissance Theories of Vision edited by John Shannon Hendrix, Charles page 77. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-06640-8. 20 Haziran 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Mart 2023.
↑  Suhail Zubairy, M. (6 Ocak 2024). Quantum Mechanics for Beginners: With Applications to Quantum Communication By M. Suhail Zubairy page 81. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-885422-7. 20 Haziran 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Mart 2023.
↑  Child, Shuter & Taylor 1992, s. 70, Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, s. 164, Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70. "Alhazen, a Persian scientist, showed that the eye saw light from other objects. This started optics, the science of light. The Arabs also studied astronomy, the study of the stars. "
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