รายชื่อสถานะออกซิเดชันของธาตุ
รายการอ้างอิง

↑  Be(I) ถูกพบใน เบริลเลียม มอโนไฮไดรต์ (BeH); see "Beryllium: Beryllium(I) Hydride compound data" (PDF). bernath.uwaterloo.ca. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2007-12-02. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-12-10.
↑  Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (December 2007). "Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds". Science. 318 (5857): 1754–1757. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1754G. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. PMID 17991827. S2CID 40657565.
↑  Al(II) has been observed in aluminium(II) oxide (AlO); see D. C. Tyte (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0., and in dialanes (R2Al—AlR2); see Uhl, Werner "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds" Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4
↑  Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
↑  Ti(I) has been observed in [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2); see Calderazzo, Fausto; Ferri, Isabella; Pampaloni, Guido; Englert, Ulli; Green, Malcolm L. H. (1997). "Synthesis of [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2), the First Titanium(I) Derivatives". Organometallics. 16 (14): 3100–3101. doi:10.1021/om970155o.
↑  Fe(VII) and Fe(VIII) have been reported; see Yurii D. Perfiliev; Virender K. Sharma (2008). "เลขออกซิเดชันที่สูงของเหล็กในสถานะของแข็ง: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)". Platinum Metals Review. 48 (4): 157. doi:10.1595/147106704X10801. However, their existence has been disputed.
↑  Zn(I) has been observed in Zn2Cl2; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Zink". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (ภาษาเยอรมัน) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1034–1041. ISBN 3-11-007511-3.
↑  Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in germanes; see Greenwood, Norman  N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8..
↑  As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
↑  Se(I) has been observed in selenium(I) chloride (Se2Cl2); see "Selenium : Selenium(I) chloride compound data". WebElements.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-12-10.
↑  Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.;  และคณะ (1996). "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158–171. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2012-03-08.
↑  Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see "Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2011-07-23. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-12-10.
↑  Y(II) has been observed in yttrium(II) hydride (YH2); see "Yttrium: yttrium(II) hydride compound data". WebElements.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-12-10.
↑  Nb(I) has been observed in niobium monochloride (NbCl); see Ram, R.S.; Rinskopf, N.; Liévin, J.; Bernatha, P.F. (2004). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy and ab initio calculations on NbCl" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 228 (2): 544–553. Bibcode:2004JMoSp.228..544R. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2004.02.001. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2014-02-28.
↑  Pd(I) has been observed; see Crabtree, R. H. (2002). "CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?". Science. 295 (5553): 288. doi:10.1126/science.1067921.
↑  Ag(IV) has been observed in potassium hexafluoroargentate (K2AgF6) and caesium hexafluoroargentate (Cs2AgF6); see Riedel, Sebastian; Kaupp, Martin (2009). "The highest oxidation states of the transition metal elements" (PDF). Coordination Chemistry Reviews. Elsevier. 253: 606–624.
↑  Cd(I) has been observed in cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Cadmium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (ภาษาเยอรมัน) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. ISBN 978-3-11-007511-3.
↑  I(IV) has been observed in iodine dioxide (IO2); see Pauling, Linus (1988). "Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements". General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 259. ISBN 0-486-65622-5.
↑  Xe(I) has been observed in xenon hexafluoroplatinate and xenon hexafluororhodate; see Pauling, Linus (1988). General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 250. ISBN 0-486-65622-5.
↑  Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see แม่แบบ:Holleman&Wiberg
↑  Pm(II) has been observed in dilute, solid solutions of promethium dihalides in alkaline earth dihalides; see แม่แบบ:Holleman&Wiberg
↑  Tb(II) has been observed in terbium dihydride (TbH2), terbium(II) selenide (TbSe), and terbium(II) telluride (TbTe); see Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds. McGraw-Hill. pp. 920–921. ISBN 0-07-049439-8. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-06-06.
↑  Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see แม่แบบ:Holleman&Wiberg
↑  Ho(II) has been observed in dilute, solid solutions of holmium dihalides in alkaline earth dihalides; see แม่แบบ:Holleman&Wiberg
↑  Er(II) has been observed in dilute, solid solutions of erbium dihalides in alkaline earth dihalides; see แม่แบบ:Holleman&Wiberg
↑  Tm(IV) has been observed; see Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds. McGraw-Hill. p. 934. ISBN 0-07-049439-8. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-06-06.
↑  Os(−1) has been observed in Na[Os(CO)
13]; see Krause, J.; Siriwardane, Upali; Salupo, Terese A.; Wermer, Joseph R.; Knoeppel, David W.; Shore, Sheldon G. (1993). "Preparation of [Os3(CO)11]2− and its reactions with Os3(CO)12; structures of [Et4N] [HOs3(CO)11] and H2OsS4(CO)". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 454 (1–2): 263–271. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y. and Carter, Willie J.; Kelland, John W.; Okrasinski, Stanley J.; Warner, Keith E.; Norton, Jack R. (1982). "Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives". Inorganic Chemistry. 21 (11): 3955–3960. doi:10.1021/ic00141a019.
↑  Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)33−; see Greenwood, Norman  N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1117. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
↑  Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO4); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733.
↑  Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the barium platinides Ba2Pt, BaPt, and Ba3Pt2 respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). "An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides". Chemical Communications (8): 838–840. doi:10.1039/b514631c. PMID 16479284.
↑  Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see Kauffman, George B.; Thurner, Joseph J.; Zatko, David A. (1967). "Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV)". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. 9: 182–185. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch51. ISBN 978-0-470-13240-1.
↑  Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF4); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. PMID 17899620. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see Is mercury a transition metal? เก็บถาวร 2016-10-12 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
↑  Tl(−1) has been observed in caesium thallide (CsTl); see Bashilova NI & Khomutova, TV 1984, ‘Thallates of alkali metals and monovalent thallium formed in aqueous solutions of their hydroxides’, Russian Chemical Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 8, August, pp. 1543–47.
↑  Bi(I) has been observed in bismuth monobromide (BiBr) and bismuth monoiodide (BiI); see Godfrey, S. M.; McAuliffe, C. A.; Mackie, A. G.; Pritchard, R. G. (1998).  Nicholas C. Norman (บ.ก.). Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Springer. pp. 67–84. ISBN 0-7514-0389-X.
↑  Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (PoO+
2); see Thayer, John S. (2010). Chemistry of heavier main group elements. p. 78. doi:10.1007/9781402099755_2.
↑  Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF2); see Stein, L. (1970). "Ionic Radon Solution". Science. 168 (3929): 362–4. Bibcode:1970Sci...168..362S. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. PMID 17809133. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). "Fluorides of radon and element 118". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., (18): 760b–761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: extra punctuation (ลิงก์)
↑  Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Sykes, A. G. (1998). "Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 46. Academic Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0120236466. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 November 2012.
↑  Rn(VI) is known in radon trioxide (RnO3); see Sykes, A. G. (1998). "Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 46. Academic Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0120236466. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 November 2012.
↑  Ac(II) is known in actinium dihydride (AcH2); see Farr, J (1961). "The crystal structure of actinium metal and actinium hydride". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 18: 42. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80369-2.
↑  Pa(II) is known in protactinium(II) oxide (PaO); see Sellers, Philip A.; Fried, Sherman; Elson, Robert E.; Zachariasen, W. H. (1954). "The Preparation of Some Protactinium Compounds and the Metal". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (23): 5935. doi:10.1021/ja01652a011.
↑  U(II) has been observed in uranium monoxide (UO), uranium monosulfide (US), uranium acetylide (UC2), and uranium sesquicarbide (U2C3); see A.L. Bowman, G.P. Arnold, W.G. Witteman, T.C. Wallace and N.G. Nereson, Acta Crystallographica, 1966, 21, 670–671.
↑  Unstable Pu(VIII) complexes can form in alkaline solutions; see Kiselev, Yu. M.; Nikonov, M. V.; Tananaev, I. G.; Myasoedov, B. F. (2009). "On the Existence of Plutonium Tetroxide". Doklady Akademii Nauk. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. 425 (5): 634–637. doi:10.1134/S0012501609040022. ISSN 0012-5016. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 25, 2012.[ลิงก์เสีย]
↑  Am(VII) has been observed in AmO5−
6; see Americium, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Greenwood, Norman  N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1265. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
↑  Cm(II) has been observed in curium(II) oxide (CmO2); see Holleman, Arnold F. and Wiberg, Nils Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, p.1972, 102 Edition, de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1.
↑  Bk(II) has been observed in berkelium(II) oxide (BkO); see Peterson J. R. and Hobart D. E. "The Chemistry of Berkelium" in Harry Julius Emeléus (Ed.) Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry, Volume 28, Academic Press, 1984 ISBN 0-12-023628-1, p. 51, doi:10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4
↑  Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF4); see Kleinschmidt, P (1994). "Thermochemistry of the actinides". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 213–214: 169. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2.
↑  Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl5); see H. W. Gäggeler (2007). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. pp. 26–28. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2012-02-20. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-11-02.
↑  Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO2(OH)2); see Huebener, S.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.;  และคณะ (2001). "Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide" (PDF). Radiochim. Acta. 89 (11–12_2001): 737–741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. S2CID 98583998. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2014-10-25.
↑  Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO3Cl); see "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)" เก็บถาวร 2008-02-28 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน, Eichler et al., GSI Annual Report 2000. Retrieved on 2008-02-29
↑  Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO4); see "Chemistry of Hassium" (PDF). Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH. 2002. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2012-01-14. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-01-31.
↑  Langmuir, Irving (1919). "The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 41 (6): 868–934. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002.