ช่วงเวลาในมักกะฮ์
บรรณานุกรม

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Abraham Rees (1819), "Mecca", The Cyclopædia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, hdl:2027/mdp.39015054498178
Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Mecca", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
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Josiah Conder (1830), "Mekka", Arabia, The Modern Traveller, vol. 4, London: J.Duncan
Richard Francis Burton (1855). Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah. 2. Vol. 1. Tylston and Edwards., v.2
"Mecca". American Cyclopedia. D. Appleton & Company. 1879. hdl:2027/hvd.hn585p.
Edward Balfour (1885), "Mecca", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch
Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (1888). Mekka (ภาษาเยอรมัน). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
"Mecca", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901, hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t3bz6g65j
Smith, William Robertson (1911). "Mecca" . สารานุกรมบริตานิกา ค.ศ. 1911. Vol. 17 (11 ed.). pp. 950–955.
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"Mecca". Encyclopædia of Islam. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1934. pp. 438+. ISBN 9004097910.
Gerald de Gaury (1954). Rulers of Mecca. New York: Roy Publishers. (fulltext)
Philip Khuri Hitti (1973). "Mecca". Capital Cities of Arab Islam. University of Minnesota Press. p. 3+. ISBN 978-0-8166-0663-4.
Francis Edward Peters (1986). Jerusalem and Mecca: The Typology of the Holy City in the Near East. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6598-2.
Patricia Crone (1987). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Princeton University Press.
Francis Edward Peters. Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-03267-X (1994)
Pam Hollister (1996). "Mecca".  ใน Noelle Watson (บ.ก.). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. UK: Routledge. pp. 483–486. ISBN 1884964036.
Stefano Bianca (2000), "Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change", Urban Form in the Arab World, Zurich: ETH Zurich, ISBN 3728119725, 0500282056
Marina A. Tolmacheva (2000). "Mecca".  ใน John Block Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg (บ.ก.). Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: an Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 387+. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9.
Josef W. Meri, บ.ก. (2006). "Mecca". Medieval Islamic Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
C. Edmund Bosworth, บ.ก. (2007). "Mecca". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 354+. ISBN 978-9004153882.
Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, บ.ก. (2008), "Makkah", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009). "Mecca". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
Ziauddin Sardar (2014). "Chronology". Mecca: The Sacred City. Bloomsbury. p. 365+. ISBN 978-1-62040-266-5.