ยุคหินกลาง (แอฟริกา)
เชิงอรรถและอ้างอิง

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14  McBrearty, Sally; Brooks, Alison A. (2000). "The revolution that wasn't: A new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour". Journal of Human Evolution. 39: 453–563. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435. PMID 11102266.
1 2 3 4  Herries, A.I.R. (2011). "A chronological perspective on the Acheulian and its transition to the Middle Stone Age in southern Africa: the question of the Fauresmith". International Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2011: 1–25. doi:10.4061/2011/961401.
↑  D'Errico, Francesco; Banks, William E. (2013). "Identifying Mechanisms behind Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age Cultural Trajectories". Current Anthropology. 54 (8): 371–387. doi:10.1086/673388.
↑  "Mesolithic period", ศัพท์บัญญัติอังกฤษ-ไทย, ไทย-อังกฤษ ฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน (คอมพิวเตอร์) รุ่น ๑.๑ ฉบับ ๒๕๔๕, (ภูมิศาสตร์) ยุคหินกลาง
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Lombard, Marlize (2012). "Thinking through the Middle Stone Age of sub-Saharan Africa". Quaternary International. 270: 140–155. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.033.
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Marean, Curtis W; Assefa, Zelalem (2004). The Middle and Upper Pleistocene African Record for the Biological and Behavioral Origins of Modern Humans. African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 93–129. {{cite book}}: ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |editors= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|editor=) (help)CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
1 2  Ambrose, Stanley H (2001). "Paleolithic Technology and Human Evolution". Science. 291: 1748–1753. doi:10.1126/science.1059487. PMID 11249821.
1 2 3 4 5  Tryon, Christopher A.; Faith, Tyler (2013). "Variability in the Middle Stone Age of Eastern Africa". Current Anthropology. 54 (8): 234–254. doi:10.1086/673752.
↑  Brooks, A. S. (2006). Recent perspectives on the Middle Stone Age of Africa. African Genesis Symposium on Hominid Evolution in Africa. Johannesburg.{{cite conference}}:  CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
↑  Barham, Lawrence (2002). "Backed tools in Middle Pleistocene central Africa and their evolutionary significance". Journal of Human Evolution. 43: 585–603. doi:10.1006/jhev.2002.0597.
↑  Deino, Alan L.; McBrearty, Sally (2002). "40Ar/(39)Ar dating of the Kapthurin Formation, Baringo, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 42 (1–2): 185–210. doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0517. PMID 11795974.
↑  Shea, John (2011). "Homo sapiens is as Homo sapiens was". Current Anthropology. 52: 1–35. doi:10.1086/658067.
↑  Porat, Naomi; Chazan, Michael; Grün, Rainer; Aubert, Maxime; Eisenman, Vera; Kolska Horwitz, Liora (2010). "New radiometric ages for the Fauresmith industry from Kathu Pan, southern Africa: Implications for the Earlier to Middle Stone Age transition". Journal of Archaeological Science. 37: 269–283. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.09.038.
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Rigaud, Jean-Phillipe; Texier, Pierre-Jean; Parkington, John; Poggenpoel, Cedric (2006). "Le mobilier Stillbay et Howiesons Poort de l'abri Diepkloof: La chronologie du Middle Stone Age sud-africain et ses implications". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 5 (6): 839–849. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2006.02.003.
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Brown, Kyle S.; Marean, Curtis W.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Schoville, Benjamin J.; Oestmo, Simen; Fisher, Erich C.; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Matthews, Thalassa (2012). "An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa". Nature. 491: 590–593. doi:10.1038/nature11660. PMID 23135405.
↑  D'Errico, Francesco; Vanhaeren, Marian; Wadley, Lyn (2008). "Possible shell beads from the Middle Stone Age layers of Sibudu Cave, South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (10): 2675–2685. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.04.023.
1 2 3  Backwell, L; d'Errico, F; Wadley, L (2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35: 1566–1580. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006.
1 2 3  Wadley, L; Hodgskiss, T; Grant, M (2009). "Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106: 9590–9594. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900957106. PMC 2700998. PMID 19433786.
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Anton, Susan C.; Potts, Richard; Aeillo, Leslie C. (2014). "Evolution of early Homo: An integrated biological perspective". Science. 345: 45–59. doi:10.1126/science.1236828.
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Mellers, Paul (2006). "A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia". Nature. 439: 931–935. doi:10.1038/nature04521. PMID 16495989.
1 2  Manica, Andrea; Amos, William; Balloux, Francois; Hanihara, Tsunehiko (2007). "The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation". Nature. 448: 346–348. doi:10.1038/nature05951. PMC 1978547. PMID 17637668.
1 2 3 4  Henshilwood, Christopher S.; d'Errico, Francesco; Marean, Curtis W.; Milo, Richard G.; Yates, Royden (2001). "An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa: implications for the origins of modern human behaviour, symbolism and language". Journal of Human Evolution. 41: 631–678. doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0515. PMID 11782112.
↑  Klein, R. G. (2000). "Archaeology and the evolution of human behavior". Evolutionary Anthropology. 9: 17–36. doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(2000)9:1<17::aid-evan3>3.0.co;2-a.
↑ ในงานปี 2560 การหาอายุของเครื่องมือหินในชั้นตะกอนเดียวกับซากดึกดำบรรพ์มนุษย์ Homo sapiens ที่เก่าแก่ที่สุด ณ โบราณสถาน Jebel Irhoud ประเทศโมร็อกโก ได้ใช้เทคนิค thermoluminescence ซึ่งสามารถหาเวลาที่ผ่านไปหลังจากเผาแร่ผลึกในเครื่องมือหินเป็นครั้งสุดท้าย โดยได้อายุต่าง ๆ 14 รายการ(ดู "World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco". Science Magazine . 2017-06-07. )ซึ่งมีค่าเฉลี่ยถ่วงน้ำหนักที่ 315,000 ± 34,000 ปี(ดู doi: 10.1038/nature22335This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or Abstract Daniel Richter et al. (08 June 2017) "The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age". Nature 546. pp. 293&#x2D;296 )เทียบกับอายุราว 195,000 ปีของซาก Omo remains โดยเพิ่มอายุเก่าแก่ที่สุดของซากมนุษย์ที่เคยขุดพบราว 100,000 ปี จาก 200,000 ปี เป็น 300,000 ปี ดู
"Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history". Nature News. 2017-06-07.
"Oldest Fossils of Homo Sapiens Found in Morocco, Altering History of Our Species". เดอะนิวยอร์กไทมส์. 2017-06-07.
"Earliest known human fossils found in Morocco". Nature Middle East. 2017-06-07.
"New fossil finds from Morocco do more than push back the origins of our species by 100,000 years". Science Daily. 2017-06-07.
"Oldest Homo sapiens fossils discovered in Morocco". Washington Post. 2017-06-07.
↑  Hogsberg, Anders; Larsson, Lars (2011). "Lithic technology and behavioural modernity: New results from the Still Bay site, Hollow Rock Shelter, Western Cape Province, South Africa". Journal of Human Evolution. 61: 133–155. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.006. PMID 21470660.
↑  Lombard, Marlize (2012). "Thinking through the Middle Stone Age of sub-Saharan Africa". Quaternary International. 270: 140–155. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.033.
↑  Marean, Curtis W.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Fisher, Erich; Goldberg, Paul; Herries, Andy I. R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Jerardino, Antonieta; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Minichillo, Tom; Nilssen, Peter J.; Thompson, Erin; Watts, Ian; Williams, Hope M. (2007). "Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene". Nature. 449: 905–908. doi:10.1038/nature06204. PMID 17943129.
↑  Milo, R. G. (1998). "Evidence for hominid predation at Klasies River Mouth, South Africa, and its implications for the behavior of early modern humans". Journal of Archaeological Science. 25: 99–133. doi:10.1006/jasc.1997.0233.
↑  Deacon, H. J. (2001). Modern human emergence: an African archaeological perspective. Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia: Colloquia in Human Biology and Palaeoanthropology. Florence: Florence University Press. pp. 217–226. {{cite book}}: ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |editors= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|editor=) (help)CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
↑  Wynn, Thomas (2009). "Hafted spears and the archaeology of mind". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (24): 9544–9545. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904369106. PMC 2701010. PMID 19506246.
↑  Watts, I (2002). "Ochre in the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa: ritualized display or hide preservative?". South African Archaeological Bulletin. 57: 64–74.
↑  Barham, L. S. (2002). "Systematic pigment use in the Middle Pleistocene of south central Africa". Current Anthropology. 43 (1): 181–190. doi:10.1086/338292.
1 2  Henshilwood, C. S.; d'Errico, F.; Marean, C.; Milo, R.; Yates, R. (2001). "An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa: implications for the origins of modern human behaviour, symbolism and language". Journal of Human Evolution. 41: 631–678. doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0515. PMID 11782112.
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Yellen, J.E.; Brooks, A.S.; Cornelissen, E.; Mehlman, M.J.; Stewart, K. (1995). "A Middle Stone Age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire". Science. 268: 553–556. doi:10.1126/science.7725100. PMID 7725100.
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Brooks, A.S.; Helgren, D.M.; Cramer, J.S.; Franklin, A.; Hornyak, W.; Keating, J.M.; Klein, R.G.; Rink, W.J.; Schwarcz, H.; Smith, J.N.L.; Stewart, K.; Todd, N.E.; Verniers, J.; Yellen, J.E. (1995). "Dating and Context of Three Middle Stone Age Sites with Bone Points in the Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire". Science. 268: 548–553. doi:10.1126/science.7725099.
1 2  Marwick, Ben (2003). "Pleistocene Exchange Networks as Evidence for the Evolution of Language". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 13 (1): 67–81. doi:10.1017/s0959774303000040.
↑  Barham, Lawrence (2001). Central Africa and the emergence of regional identity in the Middle Pleistocene. Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene. Bristol: Western Academic and Specialist Press. pp. 65–80. {{cite book}}: ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |editors= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|editor=) (help)CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
↑  Richerson, P.; Boyd, R. (1998). The Pleistocene and the origins of human culture: built for speed. 5th Biannual Symposium on the Science of Behaviour: Behaviour, Evolution and Culture. University of Guadalajara, Mexico.{{cite conference}}:  CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
↑  Rappaport, R. A. (1999). Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
↑  Bickerton, D (2003). Symbol and structure: A comprehensive framework for language evolution. Language Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 77–93. {{cite book}}: ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |editors= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|editor=) (help)CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
↑  Holloway, R.L. (1996). Evolution of the human brain. Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 74–116. {{cite book}}: ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |editors= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|editor=) (help)CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
↑  Gabora, L (2001). Cognitive mechanisms underlying the origin and evolution of culture (PHD). Brussels, Belgium: Center Leo Apostel For interdisciplinary Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussels.{{cite thesis}}:  CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
↑  Skoyles, JR; Sagan, D (2002). Up from Dragons: The evolution of intelligence. McGraw-Hill.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
↑  "Moroccan fossil find rearranges Homo sapiens family tree". phys.org. 2017-06-08.
↑  Henshilwood, Christopher S.; Dubreuil, Benoit (2011). "The Still Bay and Howiesons Poort, 77-59 ka: Symbolic Material Culture and the Evolution of the Mind during the African Middle Stone Age". Current Anthropology. 52: 361–400. doi:10.1086/660022.
หุบเขาอะวอช (Awash)
โบราณสถาน Diepkloof Rock Shelter ปี 2552 ในแอฟริกาใต้
กะโหลกของมนุษย์ Homo erectus ณ พิพิทธภัณฑสถานธรรมชาติวิทยาในรัฐมิชิแกน
เครื่องมือหินวัฒนธรรมอะทีเรียน (Aterian)
ภาพสัญลักษณ์สัตว์บนแผ่นหินจาก MSA (27,000 ปีก่อน) ของโบราณสถาน Apollo 11 Cave นามิเบีย
โบราณสถานแหลมพินนะเคิล แอฟริกาใต้