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↑  "The First Vote" by William Waud Harpers Weekly Nov. 16, 1867
↑  Rodrigue, John C. (2001). Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana's Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880. Louisiana State University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-8071-5263-8.
↑  Lynn, Samara; Thorbecke, Catherine (September 27, 2020). "What America owes: How reparations would look and who would pay". ABC News. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 24, 2021.
↑  Guelzo, Allen C. (2018). Reconstruction A Concise History. Oxford University Press.p.11-12
↑  Foner, Eric (2019). The Second Founding How The Civil War And Reconstruction Remade The Constitution. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p.198
↑  Parfait, Claire (2009). "Reconstruction Reconsidered: A Historiography of Reconstruction, from the Late Nineteenth Century to the 1960s". Études anglaises. 62 (4): 440–454. doi:10.3917/etan.624.0440 – via Cairn Info.
↑  Stazak, Luke; Masur, Kate; Williams, Heather Andrea; Downs, Gregory P.; Glymph, Thavolia; Hahn, Steven; Foner, Eric (January 2015). "Eric Foner's 'Reconstruction' at Twenty-five". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 14 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1017/S1537781414000516. JSTOR 43903055. S2CID 162391933 – โดยทาง JSTOR. Reconstruction is almost literally a landmark. It defines the territory.
↑  Foner (1988), p. xxv.
1 2  Harlow, Luke E. (March 2017). "The Future of Reconstruction Studies". Journal of the Civil War Era. 7 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1353/cwe.2017.0001. JSTOR 26070478. S2CID 164628161.
1 2  Brundage, Fitzhugh (March 2017). "Reconstruction in the South". Journal of the Civil War Era. 7 (1). doi:10.1353/cwe.2017.0002. S2CID 159753820.
1 2 3 4  Foner, Eric (Winter 2009). "If Lincoln hadn't died ..." American Heritage Magazine. 58 (6). สืบค้นเมื่อ July 26, 2010.
↑  Blight, David W. (2001). Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory.
↑  Lemann, Nicholas. 2007. Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War. pp. 75–77.
↑  Alexander, Thomas B. (1961). "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860–1877". Journal of Southern History 27(3):305–29. JSTOR 2205211.
↑  Trelease, Allen W. 1976. "Republican Reconstruction in North Carolina: A Roll-call Analysis of the State House of Representatives, 1866–1870". Journal of Southern History 42(3):319–44. JSTOR 2207155.
1 2  Paskoff, Paul F. 2008. "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy". Civil War History 54(1):35–62. doi:10.1353/cwh.2008.0007.
1 2  McPherson (1992), p. 38.
↑  Hesseltine, William B. 1936. A History of the South, 1607–1936. pp. 573–74.
↑  Ezell, John Samuel. 1963. The South Since 1865. pp. 27–28.
↑  Lash, Jeffrey N. 1993. "Civil-War Irony-Confederate Commanders And The Destruction Of Southern Railways". Prologue-Quarterly of the National Archives 25(1):35–47.
↑  Goldin, Claudia D., and Frank D. Lewis. 1975. "The economic cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and implications". The Journal of Economic History 35(2):299–326. JSTOR 2119410.
1 2  Jones (2010), p. 72.
1 2 3  Hunter (1997), p. 21–73
↑  Downs, Jim. 2012. Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press.
↑  Ransom, Roger L. (February 1, 2010). "The Economics of the Civil War". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ December 13, 2011. สืบค้นเมื่อ March 7, 2010. ความเสียหายโดยตรงของสมาพันธรัฐขึ้นอยู่กับค่าเงินดอลลาร์ใน ค.ศ. 1860
↑  Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ch. 26.
↑  "The Second Inaugural Address" – โดยทาง The Atlantic.
1 2 3  Harris (1997).
↑  Simpson (2009). harv error: no target: CITEREFSimpson2009 (help)
↑  McPherson (1992), p. 6.
1 2  Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C. (2010). Encyclopedia of African American History. ABC-CLIO. p. 699. ISBN 978-1-85109-774-6.
↑  Donald, Baker & Holt (2001).
1 2 3  Trefousse (1989).
↑  Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ch. 26–27.
↑  Forrest Conklin, "'Wiping Out' Andy" Johnson's Moccasin Tracks: The Canvass of Northern States By Southern Radicals, 1866." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 52.2 (1993): 122–133.
↑  Valelly, Richard M. (2004). The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement. University of Chicago Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-226-84530-2.
↑  Trefouse, Hans (1975). The Radical Republicans.
↑  Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ch. 28–29.
↑  Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ch. 29.
↑  Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ch. 30.
↑  Hyman, Harold (1959) To Try Men's Souls: Loyalty Tests in American History, p. 93.
↑  Foner (1988), pp. 273–276.
↑  Severance, Ben H., Tennessee's Radical Army: The State Guard and Its Role in Reconstruction, p. 59.
↑  Foner, p. 223. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFoner (help)
↑  William Gienapp, Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America (2002), p. 155.
↑  Patton, p. 126. harv error: no target: CITEREFPatton (help)
↑  จอห์นสันถึงผู้ว่าการรัฐวิลเลียม เอล. ชาร์คีย์, สิงหาคม ค.ศ. 1865; อ้างใน Franklin (1961), p. 42
↑  David Donald (2009), Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 201.
↑   Ayers, Edward L. (1992). The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction., Oxford:Oxford University Press, p. 418.
↑  Anderson (1988), pp. 244–245.
↑  Randall & Donald, p. 581. harv error: no target: CITEREFRandallDonald (help)
↑  Foner, Eric (1993). Freedom's lawmakers: a directory of Black officeholders during Reconstruction.
↑  Ellen DuBois, Feminism and suffrage: The emergence of an independent women's movement in America (1978).
↑  Glenn Feldman, The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama (2004), p. 136.
↑  25 U.S.C. Sec. 72.
↑  "Act of Congress, R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528". US House of Representatives. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ March 17, 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 7, 2012 – โดยทาง USCode.House.gov.
↑  Perry, Dan W. (March 1936). "Oklahoma, A Foreordained Commonwealth". Chronicles of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Historical Society. 14 (1): 30. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ February 14, 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 8, 2012.
↑  Cimbala, Miller, and Syrette (2002), An uncommon time: the Civil War and the northern home front, pp. 285, 305.
↑  Wagner, Gallagher & McPherson (2002), pp. 735–736.
1 2 3 4  Williams (2006), "Doing Less" and "Doing More", pp. 54–59.
↑  Guelzo (1999), pp. 290–291.
↑  Trefousse, Hans L. (1991), Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction, Greenwood, p. viiii.
↑  "Abraham Lincoln". BlueAndGrayTrail.com. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2010-07-19. สืบค้นเมื่อ July 21, 2010.
1 2  Guelzo (1999), pp. 333–335.
1 2  Catton (1963), Terrible Swift Sword, pp. 365–367, 461–468.
↑  Guelzo (1999), p. 390.
↑  Hall, Clifton R. (1916). Andrew Johnson: military governor of Tennessee. Princeton University Press. p. 19. สืบค้นเมื่อ July 24, 2010.
↑  Guelzo (2004), p. 1.
↑  Downs, Jim. 2012. Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press.
↑  Stauffer (2008), p. 279. harv error: no target: CITEREFStauffer2008 (help)
1 2  Peterson (1995) Lincoln in American Memory, pp. 38–41.
↑  McCarthy (1901), Lincoln's plan of Reconstruction, p. 76.
↑  Stauffer (2008), p. 280. harv error: no target: CITEREFStauffer2008 (help)
↑  Harris, J. William (2006). The Making of the American South: A Short History 1500–1977. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 240.
↑  Edwards, Laura F. (1997). Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-252-02297-5.
↑  Hunter (1997), p. 34.
↑  Mikkelson, David (27 May 2011). "'Black Tax' Credit". Snopes.
↑  Zebley, Kathleen (October 8, 2017). "Freedmen's Bureau". Tennessee Encyclopedia. สืบค้นเมื่อ April 29, 2010.
↑  Belz (1998), Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era, pp. 138, 141, 145.
↑  Rawley (2003), Abraham Lincoln and a nation worth fighting for. p. 205.
↑  McFeely (2002), pp. 198–207. harv error: no target: CITEREFMcFeely2002 (help)
↑  Smith, John David (2013). A Just and Lasting Peace: A Documentary History of Reconstruction. Penguin. p. 17. ISBN 9781101617465.
↑  McKitrick, Eric L. (1988). Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. p. 172. ISBN 9780195057072.
↑  Billington, Ray Allen; Ridge, Martin (1981). American History After 1865. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3. ISBN 9780822600275.
↑  Lincove, David A. (2000). Reconstruction in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood. p. 80. ISBN 9780313291999.
↑  McFeely (1974), p. 125.
↑  Barney (1987), p. 245.
↑  Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ch. 31.
↑  Oberholtzer (1917), pp. 128–129.
↑  Donald (2001), p. 527. harv error: no target: CITEREFDonald2001 (help)
↑  Hunter (1997), p. 67.
↑  Barney (1987), pp. 251, 284–286.
1 2  Schurz, Carl (December 1865). Report on the Condition of the South (Report). U.S. Senate Exec. Doc. No. 2, 39th Congress, 1st session. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ October 14, 2007.
↑  Blackmon, Douglas A. (2009). Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. New York: Anchor Books. p. 16.
↑  Edwards, Laura F. (1997). Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-252-02297-5.
↑  Farmer-Kaiser, Mary (2010). Freedwomen and the Freedmen's Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 160.
↑  Jones (2010), p. 70.
1 2 3  Schouler, James (1913). History of the United States of America under the Constitution, Vol. 7: The Reconstruction Period. Kraus Reprints. pp. 43–57. สืบค้นเมื่อ July 3, 2010.
↑  "The Freedman's Bureau, 1866". America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War. Digital History Project, University of Houston. image 11 of 40. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ September 24, 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 11, 2006.
↑  Rhodes (1920), v. 6: p. 68.
↑  Badeau (1887) Grant in Peace, pp. 46, 57.
↑  Teed, Paul E.; Ladd Teed, Melissa (2015). Reconstruction: A Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. pp. 51, 174 ff. ISBN 978-1-61069-533-6.. Foner (1988) entitles his sixth chapter "The Making of Radical Reconstruction". Benedict argues the Radical Republicans were conservative on many other issues, in: Benedict, Michael Les (1974). "Preserving the Constitution: The Conservative Basis of Radical Reconstruction". Journal of American History. 61 (1): 65–90. doi:10.2307/1918254. JSTOR 1918254.
↑  Kolchin, Peter (1967). "The Business Press and Reconstruction, 1865–1868". Journal of Southern History. 33 (2): 183–196. doi:10.2307/2204965. JSTOR 2204965.
↑  "1875". A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 21, 2020.
↑  28 ประมวลกฎหมายสหรัฐ § 2254.
↑  Foner (1988), ch. 6.
↑  Journal of the Senate of the State of West Virginia for the Sixth Session, Commencing January 21, 1868, John Frew, Wheeling, 1868, p. 10
↑  Phillips, Christopher, The Rivers Ran Backward: The Civil War and the Remaking of the American Middle Border, Oxford Univ. Press, 2016, p. 296, ISBN 9780199720170
↑  Chin, Gabriel Jackson (September 14, 2004). "Gabriel J. Chin, "The 'Voting Rights Act of 1867': The Constitutionality of Federal Regulation of Suffrage During Reconstruction", 82 North Carolina Law Review 1581 (2004)". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 589301. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal ต้องการ |journal= (help)
↑  Foner (1988), ch. 6–7.
↑  Foner (1988), pp. 274–275.
↑  Randolph Campbell (2003), Gone to Texas, p. 276.
1 2  Rhodes (1920), v. 6: p. 199.
↑  Foner (1988), pp. 316–333.
↑  Hume, Richard L.; Gough, Jerry B. (2008). Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: the Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction. LSU Press.
↑  Jenkins, Jeffery A.; Heersink, Boris (June 4, 2016). Republican Party Politics and the American South: From Reconstruction to Redemption, 1865–1880 (PDF). 2016 Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico. p. 18. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2016-04-18.
↑  Foner (1988), pp. 323–325.
1 2  Summers (2014a).
1 2  Tyack, David; Lowe, Robert (1986). "The constitutional moment: Reconstruction and Black education in the South". American Journal of Education. 94 (2): 236–256. doi:10.1086/443844. JSTOR 1084950. S2CID 143849662.
↑  Cooper, William J. Jr.; Terrill, Thomas E. (2009). The American South: A History. p. 436. ISBN 978-0-7425-6450-3.
↑  Zuczek (2006), Vol. 2 p. 635.
↑  Foner (1988), p. 324.
↑  Perman (1985), pp. 36–37.
↑  Gillette (1982), Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869–1879, p. 99.
↑  Zuczek (2006), Vol. 1 p. 323; Vol. 2 pp. 645, 698.
↑  Summers (2014), pp. 160–161.
↑  Smith (2001), pp. 455–457.
↑  Calhoun (2017), pp. 41–42.
↑  Simpson, Brooks D. (1999). "Ulysses S. Grant and the Freedmen's Bureau".  ใน Paul A. Cimbala & Randall M. Miller (บ.ก.). The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations. New York: Fordham University Press.
↑  Smith (2001), pp. 437–453, 458–460.
↑  Montgomery, David (1967). Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–1872. New York: Alfred Knopf. pp. 130–133. ISBN 9780252008696. สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 October 2020.
↑  Gleeson, David (2016) Failing to 'unite with the abolitionists': the Irish Nationalist Press and U.S. emancipation. Slavery & Abolition, 37 (3). pp. 622–637. ISSN 0144-039X
↑  Knight, Matthew (2017). "The Irish Republic: Reconstructing Liberty, Right Principles, and the Fenian Brotherhood". Éire-Ireland (Irish-American Cultural Institute). 52 (3 & 4): 252–271. doi:10.1353/eir.2017.0029. S2CID 159525524. สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 October 2020.
↑  Yanoso, Nicole Anderson (2017). The Irish and the American Presidency. New York: Routledge. pp. 75–80. ISBN 9781351480635.
1 2  Simon (2002), p. 245.
↑  Peters & Woolley (2018b).
1 2  Smith (2001), p. 461.
↑  Calhoun (2017), p. 55.
↑  Foner (2014), pp. 243–244.
↑  McFeely (1981), p. 284.
↑  White (2016), p. 471.
1 2 3  Kahan (2018), p. 61.
↑  H.W. Brands, The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace (2013) pp. 463-479.
1 2  Simon, John Y. (1967). Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Vol. 19. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. xiii. ISBN 9780809319640.
↑  Osborne & Bombaro (2015), pp. 6, 12, 54. harv error: no target: CITEREFOsborneBombaro2015 (help)
↑  Chernow (2017), p. 629.
↑  Chernow (2017), p. 628.
↑  Simon (2002).
↑  Brands (2012), pp. 435, 465; Chernow (2017), pp. 686–687; Simon (2002), p. 247.
↑  Brands (2012), p. 465.
↑  Simon (2002), p. 246.
↑  Simon (2002), pp. 247–248.
↑  Smith (2001), pp. 543–545.
↑  Brands (2012), p. 474.
↑  Kaczorowski (1995).
1 2  Kahan (2018), pp. 64–65; Calhoun (2017), pp. 317–319.
↑  Smith (2001), pp. 545–546; White (2016), p. 521.
1 2  Simon (2002), p. 248.
1 2  Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States February 19, 1872. January 31, 1872. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ June 4, 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-01-13.
↑  Kahan (2018), p. 66.
1 2 3  Smith (2001), p. 547.
↑  Calhoun (2017), p. 324.
↑  Smith (2001), pp. 547–548.
↑  Foner (2019), pp. 120–122.
↑  Kahan (2018), p. 122.
↑  Wang (1997), p. 102; Kaczorowski (1995), p. 182.
↑  McFeely (1981), pp. 369–370, 373.
1 2  Chernow (2017), p. 746.
↑  Kahan (2018), pp. 67–68; Chernow (2017), pp. 746.
1 2  Chernow (2017), p. 795.
↑  Calhoun (2017), p. 479.
↑  Quigley, David (January 2008). "Constitutional Revision and the City: The Enforcement Acts and Urban America, 1870–1894". Journal of Policy History. 20 (1): 64–75. doi:10.1353/jph.0.0001. S2CID 153347617.
↑  Blair (2005), p. 400.
↑  McPherson (1992), p. 19.
↑  Willis, John C. "America's Civil War: Date of Secession Compared to 1860 Black Population". Sewanee: The University of the South. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ August 16, 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ April 9, 2014.
↑  Foner (1988), ch. 7.
↑  Foner (1993), introduction.
↑  Hahn, Steven (2005). A Nation under Our Feet. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017658.
↑  "Table I. Population of the United States (by States and Territories) in the Aggregate and as White, Colored, Free Colored, Slave, Chinese, and Indian, at Each Census" (PDF). Population by States and Territories – 1790–1870. United States Census Bureau. 1872. เก็บ (PDF)จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ July 21, 2011. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 20, 2007. The complete 1870 census documents are available from Census.gov เก็บถาวร ตุลาคม 19, 2020 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน.
↑  Foner, Eric (January 31, 2018). "South Carolina's Forgotten Black Political Revolution". Slate. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ November 4, 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 3, 2020.
↑  Foner (1988), pp. 354–355.
↑  Stowell (1998), pp. 83–84.
↑  Walker, Clarence Earl (1982). A Rock in a Weary Land: The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780807108833.
↑  Sweet (1914), p. 157. harv error: no target: CITEREFSweet1914 (help)
↑  Grant, Donald Lee (1993). The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia. University of Georgia Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-8203-2329-9.
↑  Foner (1988), p. 93.
↑  Morrow (1954), p. 202.
↑  Morrow, Ralph Ernest (1956). Northern Methodism and Reconstruction. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. OCLC 301551.
↑  Stowell (1998), pp. 30–31.
↑  Clark, Robert D. (1956). The Life of Matthew Simpson. New York: Macmillan. pp. 245–267. OCLC 852504.
↑  Norwood, Fredrick A., บ.ก. (1982). Sourcebook of American Methodism. Nashville: Abingdon. p. 323. ISBN 9780687391400 – โดยทาง Archive.org.
↑  Sweet (1914), p. 161. harv error: no target: CITEREFSweet1914 (help)
↑  Howard, Victor B. (1990). Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860–1870. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 212–213. ISBN 9780813117027. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ July 9, 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 1, 2024 – โดยทาง University of Kentucky.
↑  Morrow (1954), p. 205.
1 2  Fallin, Wilson Jr. (2007). Uplifting the People: Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama. Religion and American culture. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780817380304 – โดยทาง Archive.org.
↑  Anderson (1988), p. 4.
↑  Anderson (1988), pp. 6–15.
↑  Vaughn, William Preston (2015). Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865–1877. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813155326.
↑  Foner (1988), pp. 365–368.
↑  Franklin (1961), p. 139.
↑  Lynch (1913), p. [ต้องการเลขหน้า].
↑  Mayberry, B. D. (1992). A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University, 1890–1990. New York: Vantage Press. ISBN 9780533095100.
↑  Logan, Trevon D. (2020). "Do Black Politicians Matter? Evidence from Reconstruction". The Journal of Economic History. 80 (1): 1–37. doi:10.1017/S0022050719000755. ISSN 0022-0507.
↑  Foner (1988), p. 387.
↑  Franklin (1961), pp. 141–148.
↑  Stover (1955). harv error: no target: CITEREFStover1955 (help)
↑  Franklin (1961), pp. 147–148.
↑  Foner (1988), p. 375.
↑  Foner (1988), p. 376.
↑  Lynch (1913).
1 2  Schell, Herbert S. (1930). "Hugh McCulloch and the Treasury Department, 1865–1869". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 17 (3): 404–421. doi:10.2307/1893078. JSTOR 1893078.
↑  For an econometric approach, see: Ohanian, Lee E. (2018). The Macroeconomic Effects of War Finance in the United States: Taxes, Inflation, and Deficit Finance. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780815349662.
↑  Myers, Margaret G. (1970). A financial history of the United States. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 174–196. ISBN 9780231024426 – โดยทาง Archive.org.
↑  Studenski, Paul; Kroos, Herman E. (1963). Financial History of the United States (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 492589832 – โดยทาง Archive.org.
↑  Unger, Irwin (1964). The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance 1865–1879. Princeton University Press. OCLC 859833035 – โดยทาง Archive.org.
↑  Sharkey, Robert P. (1967). Money, Class, and Party: An Economic Study of Civil War and Reconstruction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. OCLC 1458620 – โดยทาง Archive.org.
↑  Franklin (1961), pp. 168–173.
↑  Steedman, Marek D. (Spring 2009). "Resistance, Rebirth, and Redemption: The Rhetoric of White Supremacy in Post-Civil War Louisiana". Historical Reflections. 35 (1): 97–113. doi:10.3167/hrrh2009.350106.
↑  Fleming, Walter L. (1919). The Sequel of Appomattox: A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States. Chronicles of America series. Vol. 32. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780554271941 – โดยทาง Archive.org.
↑  Perman (1985), p. 6.
1 2  Williams (1946).
↑  Fleming (1906–1907), Vol. II, p. 328.
↑  Fleming (1906–1907), Vol. II, pp. 328–329.
↑  Oberholtzer (1917), p. 485.
↑  McFeely (2002), pp. 420–422. harv error: no target: CITEREFMcFeely2002 (help)
↑  Schuckers, J. W. (1874). The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase. New York, D. Appleton and Company. p. 585 – โดยทาง Archive.org.; letter of May 30, 1868 to August Belmont.
↑  McPherson (1875).
↑  Vaughn, Stephen L., บ.ก. (2007). Encyclopedia of American Journalism. London: Routledge. p. 441. ISBN 9780415969505.
↑  Abbott, Richard H. (2004). For Free Press and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820325279.
↑  Woodward, Earl F. (1971). "The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas, 1872–1874". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 30 (4): 315–336. doi:10.2307/40038083. JSTOR 40038083.
↑  Foner (1988), p. 537–541.
↑  Foner (1988), pp. 374–375.
↑  Lynch (1913), pp. 107–108.
↑  Lynch (1913), pp. 108–109.
↑  Perman (1985), ch. 3.
↑  Foner (1988), pp. 374–376.
↑  Foner (1988), pp. 440–441.
↑  Foner 1988, p. 443.
↑  Foner (1988), pp. 545–547.
↑  Lemann (2007), pp. 15–21. harv error: no target: CITEREFLemann2007 (help)
↑  US Senate Journal, January 13, 1875, pp. 106–107.
↑  Alexander, Danielle (January–February 2004). "Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction". Humanities. 25 (1). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ September 16, 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ April 14, 2008.
↑  Foner, pp. 555–556, Which source?. harv error: no target: CITEREFFoner (help)
↑  Rable, George C. (1984). But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780820307107.
↑  Foner (1988), p. 606.
↑  Lemann (2007), p. 174. harv error: no target: CITEREFLemann2007 (help)
↑  Chacón, Mario L.; Jensen, Jeffrey L. (2020). "Democratization, De Facto Power, and Taxation: Evidence from Military Occupation during Reconstruction". World Politics. 72: 1–46. doi:10.1017/S0043887119000157. ISSN 0043-8871. S2CID 211320983.
↑  Foner (1988), p. 604.
↑  "Hayes vs. Tilden: The Electoral College Controversy of 1876–1877". HarpWeek. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ January 24, 2001. สืบค้นเมื่อ May 14, 2021.
↑  Woodward (1966), pp. 3–15.
↑  Painter, Nell Irvin (1976). Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction. New York: Norton. ISBN 9780393009514.
↑  Moore, James T. (May 1975). "Black Militancy in Readjuster Virginia, 1879–1883". Journal of Southern History. 41 (2): 167–186. doi:10.2307/2206012. JSTOR 2206012.
↑  "Reconstruction". History.com. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ January 21, 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ January 24, 2021.
↑  Green, Fletcher M. (November 1936). "Walter Lynwood Fleming: Historian of Reconstruction". Journal of Southern History. 2 (4): 497–521. doi:10.2307/2192035. JSTOR 2192035.
↑  Williams (1946), p. 473.
↑  Beale, Howard K. (1958). The Critical Year; A study of Andrew Johnson and reconstruction. New York: F. Ungar. p. 147. OCLC 458675179 – โดยทาง Archive.org.
↑  Tulloch, Hugh (1999). The Debate on the American Civil War Era. Manchester University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-7190-4938-5.
↑  Charles, Allan D. (1983). "Howard K Beale".  ใน Wilson, Clyde N. (บ.ก.). Twentieth-century American Historians. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 32–38. ISBN 9780810311442.
1 2  Stampp & Litwack (1969), pp. 85–106.
1 2  Montgomery (1967), pp. vii–ix.
↑  Beard, Charles A. & Beard, Mary R. (1927). The Rise of American Civilization. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan. p. 54 – โดยทาง Archive.org.
↑  Hofstadter, Richard (2012) [1968]. Progressive Historians. Knopf Doubleday. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-307-80960-5.
↑  Hesseltine, William B. (1935). "Economic Factors in the Abandonment of Reconstruction". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 22 (2): 191–210. doi:10.2307/1898466. JSTOR 1898466.
↑  Hesseltine, William B. (1936). A History Of The South 1607 1936. pp. 578, 640.
↑  Coben, Stanley (1959). "Northeastern Business and Radical Reconstruction: A Re-examination". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 46 (1): 67–90. doi:10.2307/1892388. JSTOR 1892388.
↑  Pressly, Thomas J. (1961). "Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (review)". Civil War History. 7: 91–92. doi:10.1353/cwh.1961.0063. S2CID 144355361.
↑  Montgomery, David (1961). "Radical Republicanism in Pennsylvania, 1866–1873". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 85 (4): 439–457. JSTOR 20089450.
↑  Foner (1982). harv error: no target: CITEREFFoner1982 (help)
↑  Du Bois, W. E. B. (1935). Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company – โดยทาง Archive.org.
↑  Jones, Martha S. (January 7, 2022). "Nine decades later, W.E.B. Du Bois's work faces familiar criticisms". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 2, 2024.
↑  Williams (1946), p. 469.
↑  Foner (1988), p. xxii.
↑  Feldman, Glenn (2004). The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama. Athens: University of Georgia Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 9780820326153.
↑  Pildes, Richard H. (2000). "Democracy, Anti-democracy, and the Canon". Constitutional Commentary. 17: 27. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ November 21, 2018. สืบค้นเมื่อ March 15, 2008.
↑  McPherson, James M. (1978). "The Dimensions of Change: The First and Second Reconstructions". The Wilson Quarterly. 2 (2): 135–144.
↑  Codrington III, Wilfred (2020-07-20). "The United States Needs a Third Reconstruction". The Atlantic (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-03-03.
↑  Foner (1990), p. 255. harv error: no target: CITEREFFoner1990 (help)
↑  Foner 1990, p. 256 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFoner1990 (help): โฟเนอร์ กล่าวเสริมว่า สิ่งที่ยังคงแน่นอนคือสมัยการบูรณะนั้นล้มเหลว และสำหรับคนผิวดำแล้วสมัยการบูรณะถือเป็นภัยพิบัติร้ายแรง ซึ่งแม้แต่ความสำเร็จที่เกิดขึ้นก็ไม่อาจบดบังความร้ายแรงมหาศาลของมันได้
↑  McFeely (2002), pp. 372–373, 424, 425. harv error: no target: CITEREFMcFeely2002 (help)