ระบบรางวัล
เชิงอรรถและอ้างอิง

1 2  "Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction". drugabuse.gov.
↑  "แนวคิดเรื่องการเกิดพฤติกรรม". Writer. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-07-26. ระบบการให้รางวัล (Reward System)
↑  "Dopamine Involved In Aggression". Medical News Today. 2008-01-15. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2010-09-23. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-11-14.
↑  Harlow, H. F. (1958). "The nature of love". American Psychologist. 13: 679–685. doi:10.1037/h0047884.
↑  "Smacking children 'does not work'". BBC News. 1999-01-11. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-05-22.
↑  "Drug Dictionary". Behavioral Health. Reward System. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2016-07-25.
↑  
Malenka RC; Nestler EJ; Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders".  ใน Sydor A; Brown RY (บ.ก.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 376. ISBN 9780071481274. A macrostructure postulated to integrate many of the functions of this circuit is described by some investigators as the extended amygdala. The extended amygdala is said to comprise several basal forebrain structures that share similar morphology, imrnunocytochemical features, and connectivity and that are well suited to mediating aspects of reward function; these include the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the central medial amygdala, the shell of the NAc, and the sublenticular substantia innominata.
↑  
Grall-Bronnec M; Sauvaget A (2014). "The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for modulating craving and addictive behaviours: a critical literature review of efficacy, technical and methodological considerations". Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 47: 592–613. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.013. PMID 25454360. Studies have shown that cravings are underpinned by activation of the reward and motivation circuits (McBride et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2007, Wing et al., 2012, Goldman et al., 2013, Jansen et al., 2013 and Volkow et al., 2013). According to these authors, the main neural structures involved are: the nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), amygdala, hippocampus and insula.
1 2  
Malenka RC; Nestler EJ; Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disordersedition = 2nd".  ใน Sydor A; Brown RY (บ.ก.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 365–366, 376. ISBN 9780071481274. The neural substrates that underlie the perception of reward and the phenomenon of positive reinforcement are a set of interconnected forebrain structures called brain reward pathways; these include the nucleus accumbens (NAc; the major component of the ventral striatum), the basal forebrain (components of which have been termed the extended amygdala, as discussed later in this chapter), hippocampus, hypothalamus, and frontal regions of cerebral cortex. These structures receive rich dopaminergic innervation from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. Addictive drugs are rewarding and reinforcing because they act in brain reward pathways to enhance either dopamine release or the effects of dopamine in the NAc or related structures, or because they produce effects similar to dopamine. ... A macrostructure postulated to integrate many of the functions of this circuit is described by some investigators as the extended amygdala. The extended amygdala is said to comprise several basal forebrain structures that share similar morphology, immunocytochemical features, and connectivity and that are well suited to mediating aspects of reward function; these include the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the central medial amygdala, the shell of the NAc, and the sublenticular substantia innominata.
↑  Trantham-Davidson H; Neely LC; Lavin A; Seamans JK (2004). "Mechanisms underlying differential D1 versus D2 dopamine receptor regulation of inhibition in prefrontal cortex". The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (47): 10652–10659. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3179-04.2004.
1 2 3  doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1099-6
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↑  Bear, Mark (2006). Neuroscience. Library of Congress Cataloging. pp. 522–525. ISBN 0-7817-6003-8.
↑  
"human nervous system".
↑  "Positive Reinforcement Produced by Electrical Stimulation of Septal Area and Other Regions of Rat Brain". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2017-07-02. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-08-16.
↑  "The Functional Neuroanatomy of Pleasure and Happiness".
↑  Pavlov Ivan Petrovich; Anrep GV (2003). "Lecture I". Conditioned Reflexes. Mineola, New York: Dover Corporation.
1 2  Fridlund Alan; Kalat James (2014). Mind and Brain, the Science of Psychology. California: Cengage Learning.
↑  "The role of the brain reward system in depression". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 25: 781–823. doi:10.1016/S0278-5846(01)00156-7.
↑  Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 596. ISBN 0-443-07145-4.