สมัยไพลสโตซีน
เชิงอรรถและอ้างอิง

↑  Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (January 2020). "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 February 2020.
↑  Mike Walker;  และคณะ (December 2018). "Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period)" (PDF). Episodes. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS). 41 (4): 213–223. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 November 2019.
↑  Gibbard, Philip; Head, Martin (September 2010). "The newly-ratified definition of the Quaternary System/Period and redefinition of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, and comparison of proposals advanced prior to formal ratification" (PDF). Episodes. 33: 152–158. สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 December 2020.
↑  Walker, Mike; Johnse, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune; Steffensen, Jørgen-Peder; Popp, Trevor; Gibbard, Phillip; Hoek, Wilm; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Björck, Svante; Cwynar, Les; Hughen, Konrad; Kershaw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwande, Jakob (June 2008). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) in the NGRIP ice core". Episodes. 31 (2): 264–267. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 December 2020.
↑  "Pleistocene Epoch", ศัพท์บัญญัติอังกฤษ-ไทย, ไทย-อังกฤษ ฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน (คอมพิวเตอร์) รุ่น ๑.๑ ฉบับ ๒๕๔๕, สมัยไพลสโตซีน
↑  Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917],  Peter Roach; James Hartman; Jane Setter (บ.ก.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2
↑  "Geologic Age Symbol Font (StratagemAge)" (PDF). USGS. 99-430. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2011-06-22.
↑  "Pleistocene". Online Etymology Dictionary.
1 2  For the top of the series, see: Lourens, L.; Hilgen, F.; Shackleton, N. J.; Laskar, J.; Wilson, D. (2004). "The Neogene Period".  ใน Gradstein, F.; Ogg, J.; Smith, A. G. (บ.ก.). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78142-6.
↑  Riccardi, Alberto C (2009-06-30). "IUGS ratified ICS Recommendation on redefinition of Pleistocene and formal definition of base of Quaternary" (PDF). International Union of Geological Sciences.
↑  Svensson, A.; Nielsen, S. W.; Kipfstuhl, S.; Johnsen, S. J.; Steffensen, J. P.; Bigler, M.; Ruth, U.; Röthlisberger, R. (2005). "Visual stratigraphy of the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NorthGRIP) ice core during the last glacial period". Journal of Geophysical Research. 110: D02108. Bibcode:2005JGRD..110.2108S. doi:10.1029/2004jd005134.
↑  Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G. and Smith, A. Gilbert (eds.) (2005) A Geologic Time Scale 2004 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 28, ISBN 0-521-78142-6
↑  Rio, D.; Sprovieri, R.; Castradori, D.; Di Stefano, E. (1998). "The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): a new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (2): 82–87. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/002.
↑  National Geographic Channel, Six Degrees Could Change The World, Mark Lynas interview. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
↑  Yusuke Suganuma, Hideki Miura, Albert Zondervan, Jun'ichi Okuno (August 2014). "East Antarctic deglaciation and the link to global cooling during the Quaternary: evidence from glacial geomorphology and 10Be surface exposure dating of the Sør Rondane Mountains, Dronning Maud Land". Quaternary Science Reviews. 97: 102–120. Bibcode:2014QSRv...97..102S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.05.007.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
1 2  Richmond, G.M.; Fullerton, D.S. (1986). "Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America". Quaternary Science Reviews. 5: 183–196. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8.
↑  Roy, M., P.U. Clark, R.W. Barendregt, J.R., Glasmann, and R.J. Enkin (2004). "Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States" (PDF). Geological Society of America Bulletin. 116 (1–2): 30–41. doi:10.1130/B25325.1. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2018-09-28. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-05-24.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
↑  contains a summary of how and why the Nebraskan, Aftonian, Kansan, and Yarmouthian stages were abandoned by modern stratigraphers
Aber, J.S. (1991). "Glaciations of Kansas". Boreas. 20 (4): 297–314.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์)
↑  Rogers, A.R.; Jorde, L.B. (1995). "Genetic evidence on modern human origins". Human Biology. 67 (1): 1–36. JSTOR 41465052. PMID 7721272.
↑  Wall, J.D.; Przeworski, M. (2000). "When did the human population start increasing?". Genetics. 155 (4): 1865–1874. doi:10.1093/genetics/155.4.1865. PMC 1461207. PMID 10924481.
↑  Cann, R.L.; Stoneking, M.; Wilson, A.C. (1 January 1987). "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution". Nature. 325 (6099): 31–36. Bibcode:1987Natur.325...31C. doi:10.1038/325031a0. PMID 3025745. S2CID 4285418.
↑  
Stringer, C.B. (1992).  Jones, Steve; Martin, R; Pilbeam, David R (บ.ก.). Evolution of early modern humans. The Cambridge encyclopedia of human evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 241–251. ISBN 0-521-32370-3.
↑  Templeton, A. R. (7 March 2002). "Out of Africa again and again" (PDF). Nature. 416 (6876): 45–51. Bibcode:2002Natur.416...45T. doi:10.1038/416045a. PMID 11882887. S2CID 4397398. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 12 April 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ 17 November 2017.
↑  Eswarana, Vinayak; Harpendingb, Henry; Rogers, Alan R (2005). "Genomics refutes an exclusively African origin of humans". Journal of Human Evolution. 49 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.02.006. PMID 15878780.