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↑  “List of Animals That Have Passed the Mirror Test”. 2015년 4월 15일. 2015년 11월 23일에 확인함.
↑  Turner, Rebecca. “10 Animals with Self Awareness”. 2015년 11월 23일에 확인함.
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↑  Carl Zimmer. The Descent of Man: The Concise Edition. excerpt available at http://carlzimmer.com/books/descentofman/excerpt.html 보관됨 29 2월 2008 - 웨이백 머신.
↑  Mitchell, R.W. (1995). “Evidence of dolphin self-recognition and the difficulties of interpretation”. 《Consciousness and Cognition》 4 (2): 229–234. doi:10.1006/ccog.1995.1029. PMID 8521261. S2CID 45507064.
1 2 3 4  Plotnik, J.M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Reiss, D. (2006). “Self-recognition in an Asian elephant”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》 103 (45): 17053–17057. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10317053P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103. PMC 1636577. PMID 17075063.
↑  Shaffer, David (2009). 《Social and Personality Development》. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth. 172쪽. ISBN 978-0-495-60038-1.
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↑  Coren, Stanley (2011년 7월 7일). “Does My Dog Recognize Himself in a Mirror?”. 《Psychology Today》.
↑  Horowitz, Alexandra (2016). 《Being a dog : following the dog into a world of smell》. New York: Scribner. ISBN 9781476795997. OCLC 955777362.
↑  Horowitz, Alexandra (2017). “Smelling themselves: Dogs investigate their own odors longer when modified in an "olfactory mirror" test”. 《Behavioural Processes》 143C: 17–24. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2017.08.001. PMID 28797909. S2CID 4929863.
↑  “Can Dogs Smell Their 'Reflections'?”. 《The Atlantic》. 2017년 8월 17일. 2018년 7월 4일에 확인함.
↑  Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto (2016). “Self-consciousness: beyond the looking-glass and what dogs found there”. 《Ethology Ecology & Evolution》 28 (2): 232–240. doi:10.1080/03949370.2015.1102777. S2CID 217507938.
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↑  Anderson, J.R. (1984). “Monkeys with mirrors: Some questions for primate psychology”. 《International Journal of Primatology》 5 (1): 81–98. doi:10.1007/bf02735149. S2CID 30888917.
↑  Koerth-Baker, Maggie (2010년 11월 29일). “Kids (and animals) who fail classic mirror tests may still have sense of self”. 《Scientific American》. 2013년 5월 30일에 확인함.
↑  Wilke, Carolyn (2019년 2월 21일). “The Mirror Test Peers into the Workings of Animal Minds”. 《The Scientist》.
↑  Povinelli, D.J.; Rulf, A.B.; Landau, K.R.; Bierschwale, D.T. (1993). “Self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): distribution, ontogeny, and patterns of emergence”. 《J. Comp. Psychol.》 107 (4): 347–372. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.107.4.347. PMID 8112048.
↑  Marten, Kenneth; Psarakos, Suchi (1994). 〈Evidence of self-awareness in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)〉. 《Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans》. 361–379쪽. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511565526.026. ISBN 978-0-521-02591-1.
↑  Reiss, Diana; Marino, Lori (2001년 5월 8일). “Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》 98 (10): 5937–5942. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.5937R. doi:10.1073/pnas.101086398. PMC 33317. PMID 11331768.
1 2  Delfour, F; Marten, K (April 2001). “Mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: killer whales (Orcinus orca), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)”. 《Behavioural Processes》 53 (3): 181–190. doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(01)00134-6. PMID 11334706. S2CID 31124804.
↑  Walraven, V.; van Elsacker, L.; Verheyen, R. (1995). “Reactions of a group of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) to their mirror images: evidence of self-recognition”. 《Primates》 36 (1): 145–150. doi:10.1007/bf02381922. S2CID 38985498.
↑  Greg C. Westergaard; C. W. Hyatt (1994). “The responses of bonobos (Pan paniscus) to their mirror images: Evidence of self-recognition”. 《Human Evolution》 9 (4): 273–279. doi:10.1007/BF02435514. S2CID 85077838.
1 2  Suarez, Susan D.; Gallup, Gordon G. (February 1981). “Self-recognition in chimpanzees and orangutans, but not gorillas”. 《Journal of Human Evolution》 10 (2): 175–188. doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(81)80016-4.
1 2  Robert, S. (1986). “Ontogeny of mirror behavior in two species of great apes”. 《American Journal of Primatology》 10 (2): 109–117. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350100202. PMID 31979488. S2CID 85330986.
↑  Miller, J. (2009). “Minding the animals: Ethology and the obsolescence of left humanism”. 《American Chronicle》. 2009년 6월 5일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2009년 5월 21일에 확인함.
↑  Povinelli, D.; de Veer, M.; Gallup Jr., G.; Theall, L.; van den Bos, R. (2003). “An 8-year longitudinal study of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)”. 《Neuropsychologia》 41 (2): 229–334. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00153-7. PMID 12459221. S2CID 9400080.
↑  Calhoun, Suzanne; Thompson, Robert L. (1988). “Long-term retention of self-recognition by chimpanzees”. 《American Journal of Primatology》 15 (4): 361–365. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350150409. PMID 31968884. S2CID 84381806.
↑  Shillito, D.J.; Gallup, G.G.; Beck, B.B. (1999). “Factors affecting mirror behavior in western lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla”. 《Animal Behaviour》 57 (5): 999–1004. doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.1062. PMID 10328785. S2CID 23093090.
↑  Ledbetter, David H.; Basen, Jeffry A. (1982). “Failure to demonstrate self-recognition in gorillas”. 《American Journal of Primatology》 2 (3): 307–310. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350020309. PMID 32192240. S2CID 84369215.
↑  Nicholson, India S.; Gould, Jay E. (October 1995). “Mirror mediated object discrimination and self-directed behavior in a female gorilla”. 《Primates》 36 (4): 515–521. doi:10.1007/bf02382873. S2CID 21450768.
1 2  Patterson, F.; Gordon, W. (1993). 〈The case for personhood of gorillas〉.   Cavalieri, P.; Singer, P. 《The Great Ape Project》. St. Martin's Griffin. 58–77쪽.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
1 2  Kind, Amy (2015년 10월 2일). 《Persons and Personal Identity》 (영어). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781509500246.
↑  Allen, Melinda R. (2007). 《Mirror self-recognition in a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)》 (학위논문). Florida International University. doi:10.25148/etd.fi13101588.
↑  Posada, Sandra; Colell, Montserrat (May 2007). “Another gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) recognizes himself in a mirror”. 《American Journal of Primatology》 69 (5): 576–583. doi:10.1002/ajp.20355. PMID 17154375. S2CID 44854009.
↑  Povinelli, Daniel J. (1989). “Failure to find self-recognition in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in contrast to their use of mirror cues to discover hidden food.”. 《Journal of Comparative Psychology》 103 (2): 122–131. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.103.2.122.
↑  “Elephants' Jumbo Mirror Ability”. BBC News. 2006년 10월 31일. 2007년 10월 31일에 확인함.
↑  Prior, H.; Schwarz, A.; Güntürkün, O. (2008). “Mirror-induced behavior in the magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of self-recognition”. 《PLOS Biology》 6 (8): e202. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202. PMC 2517622. PMID 18715117.
↑  Solar, M.; Colmenero, J.; Pérez-Contreras, T.; Peralta-Sánchez, J. (2020). “Replication of the mirror mark test experiment in the magpie (Pica pica) does not provide evidence of self-recognition”. 《J Comp Psychol》 134 (4): 363–371. doi:10.1037/com0000223. PMID 32406720. S2CID 218636079.
↑  Uchino, Emiko; Watanabe, Shigeru (2014년 11월 1일). “Self-recognition in pigeons revisited”. 《Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior》 (영어) 102 (3): 327–334. doi:10.1002/jeab.112. PMID 25307108. S2CID 31499014.
↑  Epstein, L.; Skinner, R.P.; Skinner, B.F. (1981). “"Self-awareness" in the pigeon”. 《Science》 212 (4495): 695–696. Bibcode:1981Sci...212..695E. doi:10.1126/science.212.4495.695. PMID 17739404.
↑  This is video of one such test
↑  de Waal, Frans B. M (2008년 8월 19일). “The Thief in the Mirror”. 《PLOS Biology》 6 (8): e201. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060201. PMC 2517621. PMID 18715116.
↑  Yirka, Bob; Phys.org. “Bluestreak cleaner wrasse found to recognize self in photograph after passing mirror test”. 《phys.org》 (영어). 2023년 2월 7일에 확인함.
↑  Yirka, Bob; Phys.org. “Small fish passes classic self-awareness test”. 《phys.org》 (영어). 2023년 2월 7일에 확인함.
↑  “This tiny fish can recognize itself in a mirror. Is it self-aware?”. 《Animals》 (영어). 2019년 2월 7일. 2020년 5월 11일에 확인함.
↑  Ye, Yvaine. “A species of fish has passed the mirror test for the first time”. 《New Scientist》 (미국 영어). 2020년 5월 11일에 확인함.
↑  Kohda, Masanori; Hotta, Takashi; Takeyama, Tomohiro; Awata, Satoshi; Tanaka, Hirokazu; Asai, Jun-ya; Jordan, Alex L. (2019). “If a fish can pass the mark test, what are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals?”. 《PLOS Biology》 17 (2): e3000021. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000021. PMC 6366756. PMID 30730878.
↑  De Waal, Frans B. M. (2019). “Fish, mirrors, and a gradualist perspective on self-awareness”. 《PLOS Biology》 17 (2): e3000112. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000112. PMC 6366752. PMID 30730875.
↑  Ferreira, Becky. “Fish Might Really Be Self-Aware, New Study Finds”. 《Vice》. 2022년 2월 18일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2022년 2월 19일에 확인함.
↑  Kohda, Masanori; Sogawa, Shumpei; Jordan, Alex L.; Kubo, Naoki; Awata, Satoshi; Satoh, Shun; Kobayashi, Taiga; Fujita, Akane; Bshary, Redouan (2022년 2월 17일). “Further evidence for the capacity of mirror self-recognition in cleaner fish and the significance of ecologically relevant marks”. 《PLOS Biology》 (영어) 20 (2): e3001529. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001529. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 8853551. PMID 35176032.
1 2  Hill, H.M.; Webber, K.; Kemery, A.; Garcia, M.; Kuczaj, S.A. (2015). “Can sea lions' (Zalophus californianus) use mirrors to locate an object?”. 《International Journal of Comparative Psychology》 28. doi:10.46867/ijcp.2015.28.00.08.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Ma, X.; Jin, Y.; Luo, B.; Zhang, G.; Wei, R.; Liu, D. (2015). “Giant pandas failed to show mirror self-recognition”. 《Animal Cognition》 18 (3): 713–721. doi:10.1007/s10071-015-0838-4. PMID 25609263. S2CID 17801599.
↑  “Does my Dog Recognize Himself in a mirror?”. 《Psychology Today》 (영어). 2022년 1월 15일에 확인함.
↑  Rajala, A.Z.; Reininger, K.R.; Lancaster, K.M.; Populin, L.C. (2010). “Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) do recognize themselves in the mirror: Implications for the evolution of self-recognition”. 《PLOS ONE》 5 (9): e12865. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512865R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012865. PMC 2947497. PMID 20927365.
↑  Brandon, K. (2010년 9월 29일). “Monkeys see selves in mirror, open a barrel of questions”. 《Wired》. 2010년 10월 1일에 확인함.
↑  Shaffer, Victoria A.; Renner, Michael J. (2000년 12월 31일). “Black-and-White Colobus Monkeys (Colobus guereza) do not Show Mirror Self-Recognition”. 《International Journal of Comparative Psychology》 13 (3). doi:10.46867/C4H01J. S2CID 54843214.
↑  Roma, P.; Silberberg, A.; Huntsberry, M.; Christensen, C.; Ruggiero, A; Suomi, S. (2007). “Mark tests for mirror self-recognition in Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) trained to touch marks”. 《American Journal of Primatology》 69 (9): 989–1000. doi:10.1002/ajp.20404. PMID 17253635. S2CID 41302656.
↑  Hauser, M.; Miller, C.; Liu, K.; Gupta, R. (2001). “Cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) fail to show mirror‐guided self‐exploration”. 《American Journal of Primatology》 137 (December 2000): 131–137. doi:10.1002/1098-2345(200103)53:3<131::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-X. PMID 11253848. S2CID 17250348.
↑  Davies, E. (2011년 9월 20일). “Crows use mirrors to find food”. BBC Nature. 2011년 9월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 5월 19일에 확인함.
↑  Soler, M.; Pérez-Contreras, T.; Peralta-Sánchez, J.M. (2014). “Mirror-mark tests performed on jackdaws reveal potential methodological problems in the use of stickers in avian mark-test studies”. 《PLOS ONE》 9 (1): e86193. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986193S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086193. PMC 3903501. PMID 24475085.
↑  Kraft, F.L.; Forštová, T.; Utku Urhan, A.; Exnerová, A.; Brodin, A. (2017). “No evidence for self-recognition in a small passerine, the great tit (Parus major) judged from the mark/mirror test”. 《Animal Cognition》 20 (6): 1049–1057. doi:10.1007/s10071-017-1121-7. PMC 5640729. PMID 28762195.
↑  Hotta T, Komiyama S, Kohda M (2018). “A social cichlid fish failed to pass the mark test”. 《Animal Cognition》 21 (1): 127–136. doi:10.1007/s10071-017-1146-y. PMID 29150813. S2CID 3950089.
↑  Mather, Jennifer A.; Kuba, Michael J. (June 2013). “The cephalopod specialties: complex nervous system, learning, and cognition”. 《Canadian Journal of Zoology》 91 (6): 431–449. doi:10.1139/cjz-2013-0009.
↑  Hyatt, C.W. (1998). “Responses of gibbons (Hylobates lar) to their mirror images”. 《American Journal of Primatology》 45 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3<307::AID-AJP7>3.0.CO;2-#. PMID 9651653. S2CID 196596255.
↑  Ujhelyi, M.; Merker, B.; Buk, P.; Geissmann, T. (2000). “Observations on the behavior of gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys, H. gabriellae, and H. lar) in the presence of mirrors”. 《Journal of Comparative Psychology》 114 (3): 253–262. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.114.3.253. PMID 10994841. S2CID 7350911.
↑  Heschl, Adolf; Fuchsbichler, Conny (2009). “Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) Recognize their Mirror Image”. 《International Journal of Comparative Psychology》 22: 221–233.
↑  Broom, D. M.; Sena, H.; Moynihan, K. L. (2009). “Pigs learn what a mirror image represents and use it to obtain information”. 《Animal Behaviour》 78 (5): 1037–1041. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.027. S2CID 53175225.
↑  “Smart Pigs vs Kids | Extraordinary Animals | BBC Earth” – youtube.com 경유.
↑  “Are Pigs Self-Aware?| The Private Life of Pigs | Real Wild” – youtube.com 경유.
↑  Ari, C.; D'Agostino, D.P. (2016). “Contingency checking and self-directed behaviors in giant manta rays: Do elasmobranchs have self-awareness?”. 《Journal of Ethology》 34 (2): 167–174. doi:10.1007/s10164-016-0462-z. S2CID 18628472.
↑  Amanda Pachniewska (2016). “List of Animals That Have Passed the Mirror Test”. 《Animalcognition.org》.
↑  Newport, Cait; Wallis, Guy; Reshitnyk, Yarema; Siebeck, Ulrike E. (2016). “Discrimination of human faces by archerfish (Toxotes chatareus)”. 《Scientific Reports》 6: 27523. Bibcode:2016NatSR...627523N. doi:10.1038/srep27523. PMC 4895153. PMID 27272551.
↑  Bittel, Jason (2018년 10월 18일). “Water-spitting fish can identify and remember human faces”. 《National Geographic》.
1 2 3  Beulah Amsterdam (1972). “Mirror self-image reactions before age two”. 《Developmental Psychobiology》 5 (4): 297–305. doi:10.1002/dev.420050403. PMID 4679817.
1 2  Lewis, M.; Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979). 《Social cognition and the acquisition of self》. New York: Plenum Press. 296쪽. ISBN 978-0-306-40232-6.
1 2  Priel, Beatrice; de Schonen, Scania (1986). “Self-Recognition: A Study of a Population without Mirrors”. 《Journal of Experimental Child Psychology》 41 (2): 237–250. doi:10.1016/0022-0965(86)90038-X. PMID 3701250.
1 2  Sedikides, C. & Spencer, S.J. (Eds.) (2007). The Self. New York: Psychology Press
↑  Heidi Keller; Relindis Yovsi; Joern Borke; Joscha Kärtner; Henning Jensen; Zaira Papaligoura (2004). “Developmental Consequences of Early Parenting Experiences: Self-Recognition and Self-Regulation in Three Cultural Communities”. 《Child Development》 75 (6): 1745–1760. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00814.x. PMID 15566377. S2CID 601275.
↑  Bertenthal, Bennett I.; Fischer, Kurt W. (1978). “Development of Self-Recognition in the Infant”. 《Developmental Psychology》 14: 44–50. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.550.1903. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.14.1.44.
↑  Amsterdam B (1972). “Mirror self-image reactions before age two”. 《Dev Psychobiol》 5 (4): 297–305. doi:10.1002/dev.420050403. PMID 4679817.
↑  Brown, Jonathon (2014년 6월 3일). 《Self-awareness in the first few weeks of life》. ISBN 9781136872006. 2017년 11월 4일에 확인함.
↑  Social Psychology, 6th Edition p. 68-69
↑  “Consciousness and the Symbolic Universe”. 《ulm.edu》.
↑  Lacan, J., Some reflections on the Ego in Écrits, org. published 1949.
↑  “Robot learns to recognize itself”. BBC News. 2012년 8월 23일.
유라시아까치는 거울 자기인식을 보였다.
MSR 검사에서 유라시아까치의 반응 영상: 까치는 자국을 제거하려고 반복적으로 시도한다.
자기 반응을 탐구하는 인간 아이