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Andreeva, Elena (2007). “Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and Orientalism”. 《Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern History》 (Psychology Press) 8: 162–63. ISBN 978-0415771535.
Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (2002). 《Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power》. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09422-1.
Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018). 《Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire》. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-63662-9.
Cortese, Delia (2013). 〈Concubinage〉.   Natana J. DeLong-Bas. 《The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women》. Oxford University Press.
Hagemann, Karen; Rose, Sonya O.; Dudink, Stefan (2020). 《The Oxford Handbook of Gender, War, and the Western World since 1600》. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948710.001.0001. ISBN 9780199948710.
Hassig, Ross (2016). 《Polygamy and the Rise and Demise of the Aztec Empire》. University of New Mexico Press.
İlkkaracan, Pınar (2008). 《Deconstructing sexuality in the Middle East: challenges and discourses》. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7235-7. 2015년 10월 30일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.
Jenco, Leigh K.; Idris, Murad; Thomas, Megan C. (2019). 《The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Political Theory》. Oxford University Press. 291–292쪽. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190253752.001.0001. ISBN 9780190253752.
Klein, Martin A. (2014). 〈Concubines and Concubinage〉. 《Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition》. Rowman & Littlefield. 122쪽.
Matthew S. Gordon and Kathryn A. Hain, 편집. (2017). 《Concubines and Courtesans: Women and slavery in Islamic history》. Oxford University Press.
Lerner, Gerda (2008). “Women and slavery”. 《Slavery & Abolition》 4 (3): 173–198. doi:10.1080/01440398308574858.
Lieb, Michael (1994). 《Milton and the culture of violence》. Cornell University Press.
Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). 《The Imperial Harem Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire》. Oxford University Press.
Nina, Kushner (2008). 〈Concubinage〉.   Smith, Bonnie G. 《The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History》. OUP. 467–72쪽. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001. ISBN 9780195337860. 2020년 9월 15일에 확인함.
Rawson, Beryl (1974). “Roman Concubinage and Other De Facto Marriages”. 《Transactions of the American Philological Association》 (JHUP) 104: 279–305. doi:10.2307/2936094. JSTOR 2936094.
Rodriguez, Junius P., 편집. (2011). 〈Concubines〉. 《Slavery in the Modern World: A History of Political, Social, and Economic Oppression》. ABC-CLIO. 203쪽.
Sikainga, Ahmad A. (1996). 《Slaves into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan》. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77694-2.
Stocquart, Emile (March 1907).  Sherman, Charles Phineas, 편집. 번역 Bierkan, Andrew T.. “Marriage in Roman law”. 《Yale Law Journal》 16 (5): 303–27. doi:10.2307/785389. JSTOR 785389. 2020년 9월 15일에 확인함.
Tran, Lisa (2018). 〈Concubinage〉.   Callan, Hillary. 《The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology》. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea1331. S2CID 240237467.
Tierny, Helen, 편집. (1999). 〈Concubinage〉. 《Women's Studies Encyclopedia》. Greenwood Press. 290–91쪽. ISBN 9780313296208.
Treggiari, Susan (1981). “Contubernales”. 《Phoenix》 (CAC) 35 (1): 42–69. doi:10.2307/1087137. JSTOR 1087137.
Walthall, Annue (2008). 《Servants of the Dynasty Palace Women in World History》. University of California Press.
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