해금정책
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↑  [네이버 지식백과] 해금 정책 [海禁政策] (Basic 고교생을 위한 세계사 용어사전, 2002. 9. 25., 강상원).....명 · 청 두 왕조가 시행한 해상 교통 · 무역 · 어업 등에 대한 제한 정책이다. 명나라에서는 1371년 홍무제가 왜구에 대한 방어책으로서 외국과의 교역 및 해외 도항을 금한 데에서 시작되었다. 그 뒤 밀무역이 성행하고 단속을 강화하면 오히려 왜구가 더 극성을 부리곤 하여 1567년에 금령을 완화하였다.
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1 2  Von Glahn (1996), 116쪽. sfnp error: 대상 없음: CITEREFVon_Glahn1996 (help)
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↑  Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (1988). 《The Cambridge History of China Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644》. Cambridge University Press. 270쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
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↑  Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (1988). 《The Cambridge History of China Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644》. Cambridge University Press. 169쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
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↑  Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (1988). 《The Cambridge History of China Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644》. Cambridge University Press. 168–169, 302, 396, 490–495, 509쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
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1 2 3 4 5  Shi (2006), 8쪽. sfnp error: 대상 없음: CITEREFShi2006 (help)
↑  Von Glahn (1996), 119쪽. sfnp error: 대상 없음: CITEREFVon_Glahn1996 (help)
↑  Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (1988). 《The Cambridge History of China Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644》. Cambridge University Press. 504–505쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
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↑  Waley-Cohen, Joanna (2000). 《The Sextants of Beijing: Global Currents in Chinese History》. New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company. 52–54쪽. ISBN 039324251X.
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1 2  Flynn, Dennis O.; Giraldez, Arturo (1996). “Silk for Silver: Manila-Macao Trade in the 17th Century”. 《Philippine Studies》 44 (1): 52–68. JSTOR 42634185.
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1 2  Hayes (1974), 119쪽. sfnp error: 대상 없음: CITEREFHayes1974 (help)
1 2 3 4 5  Shi (2006), 9쪽. sfnp error: 대상 없음: CITEREFShi2006 (help)
1 2  Shi (2006), 10쪽. sfnp error: 대상 없음: CITEREFShi2006 (help)
↑  Waley-Cohen, Joanna (2000). 《The Sextants of Beijing: Global Currents in Chinese History》. New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company. 99쪽. ISBN 039324251X.
↑  Von Glahn (1996), 216쪽. sfnp error: 대상 없음: CITEREFVon_Glahn1996 (help)
↑  Hayes (1974), 127–8쪽. sfnp error: 대상 없음: CITEREFHayes1974 (help)
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↑  Conrad Schirokauer; Miranda Brown (2012). 《A Brief History of Chinese Civilization》 4, illurat판. Cengage Learning. 221쪽. ISBN 978-0495913238.
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↑  Peer Vries (2015). 《State, Economy and the Great Divergence: Great Britain and China, 1680s-1850s》. Bloomsbury Publishing. 353–354쪽. ISBN 978-1472526403.