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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14  Balbo N, Billari FC, Mills M (February 2013). “Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research: La fécondité dans les sociétés avancées: un examen des recherches”. 《European Journal of Population》 29 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y. PMC 3576563. PMID 23440941.
↑  Hayford SR, Morgan SP (2008). “Religiosity and Fertility in the United States: The Role of Fertility Intentions”. 《Social Forces; A Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation》 86 (3): 1163–1188. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0000. PMC 2723861. PMID 19672317.
↑  Martinez G, Daniels K, Chandra A (April 2012). “Fertility of men and women aged 15-44 years in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2006-2010” (primary research report). 《National Health Statistics Reports》 (Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics) (51): 1–28. PMID 22803225.
↑  Fent, Thomas; Diaz, Belinda Aparicio; Prskawetz, Alexia (2013). “Family policies in the context of low fertility and social structure”. 《Demographic Research》 29 (37): 963–998. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.37.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Schaffnit SB, Sear R (2014). “Wealth modifies relationships between kin and women's fertility in high-income countries”. 《Behavioral Ecology》 25 (4): 834–842. doi:10.1093/beheco/aru059. ISSN 1045-2249.
↑  Shatz, Steven M. (March 2008). “IQ and fertility: A cross-national study”. 《Intelligence》 36 (2): 109–111. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.03.002.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  “Human population numbers as a function of food supply” (PDF). 《Russel Hopfenburg, David Pimentel, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA》.
1 2  The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2010). “Europe the continent with the lowest fertility”. 《Human Reproduction Update》 (review)|format=은 |url=을 필요로 함 (도움말) 16 (6): 590–602. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq023. PMID 20603286.
↑  Pradhan, Elina (2015년 11월 24일). “Female Education and Childbearing: A Closer Look at the Data”. 《Investing in Health》 (영어). 2019년 3월 10일에 확인함.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Bloom, David; Canning, David; Fink, Günther; Finlay, Jocelyn (2009). “Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend”. 《Journal of Economic Growth》 14 (2): 79–101. doi:10.1007/s10887-009-9039-9.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
1 2  Feng, Wang; Yong, Cai; Gu, Baochang (2012). “Population, Policy, and Politics: How Will History Judge China's One-Child Policy?” (PDF). 《Population and Development Review》 38: 115–29. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00555.x. 2019년 6월 6일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 9월 29일에 확인함.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
1 2  te Velde ER, Pearson PL (2002). “The variability of female reproductive ageing”. 《Human Reproduction Update》 8 (2): 141–54. doi:10.1093/humupd/8.2.141. PMID 12099629.
↑  “ART fact sheet (July 2014)”. 《European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology》. 2016년 3월 4일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.
↑  “Exposure to air pollution seems to negatively affect women's fertility”.
↑  Dağ ZÖ, Dilbaz B (2015년 6월 1일). “Impact of obesity on infertility in women”. 《Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association》 16 (2): 111–7. doi:10.5152/jtgga.2015.15232. PMC 4456969. PMID 26097395.
↑  Dommermuth, Lars; Klobas, Jane; Lappegård, Trude (2014). “Differences in childbearing by time frame of fertility intention. A study using survey and register data from Norway”.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말) Part of the research project Family Dynamics, Fertility Choices and Family Policy (FAMDYN)
↑  Cavalli, Laura; Klobas, Jane (2013). “How expected life and partner satisfaction affect women's fertility outcomes: the role of uncertainty in intentions”. 《Population Review》 52 (2).  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Spéder, Zsolt; Kapitány, Balázs (2014). “Failure to Realize Fertility Intentions: A Key Aspect of the Post-communist Fertility Transition”. 《Population Research and Policy Review》 33 (3): 393–418. doi:10.1007/s11113-013-9313-6. S2CID 154279339.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Axinn WG, Clarkberg ME, Thornton A (February 1994). “Family influences on family size preferences”. 《Demography》 31 (1): 65–79. doi:10.2307/2061908. JSTOR 2061908. PMID 8005343.
↑  Page 118 in: Zhang, Li (2010). 《Male Fertility Patterns and Determinants. Volume 27 of The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis》. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789048189397.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Schenker JG, Rabenou V (June 1993). “Family planning: cultural and religious perspectives”. 《Human Reproduction》 8 (6): 969–76. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138176. PMID 8345093.
↑  Schnabel, Landon. 2016. "Secularism and Fertility Worldwide". SocArXiv. July 19. doi:10.31235/osf.io/pvwpy.
↑  Murphy M (2013). “Cross-national patterns of intergenerational continuities in childbearing in developed countries”. 《Biodemography and Social Biology》 59 (2): 101–26. doi:10.1080/19485565.2013.833779. PMC 4160295. PMID 24215254.
↑  Potârcă G, Mills M, Lesnard L (2013). “Family Formation Trajectories in Romania, the Russian Federation and France: Towards the Second Demographic Transition?”. 《European Journal of Population》 29: 69–101. doi:10.1007/s10680-012-9279-9. S2CID 3270388.
↑  Hoem, Jan M.; Mureşan, Cornelia; Hărăguş, Mihaela (2013). “Recent Features of Cohabitational and Marital Fertility in Romania” (PDF). 《Population English Edition》.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Hoem, Jan M.; Muresan, Cornelia (2011). “The Role of Consensual Unions in Romanian Total Fertility”. 《Stockholm Research Reports in Demography》. 2016년 3월 3일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 2월 20일에 확인함.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Perelli-Harris B (2014). “How Similar are Cohabiting and Married Parents? Second Conception Risks by Union Type in the United States and Across Europe”. 《European Journal of Population》 30 (4): 437–464. doi:10.1007/s10680-014-9320-2. PMC 4221046. PMID 25395696.
↑  《Global Monitoring Report 2015/2016: Development Goals in an Era of Demographic Change》. World Bank Publications. 2015. ISBN 9781464806704.  Page 148
↑  Caldwell JC (March 1977). “The economic rationality of high fertility: An investigation illustrated with Nigerian survey data”. 《Population Studies》 31 (1): 5–27. doi:10.1080/00324728.1977.10412744. PMID 22070234.
↑  Sato, Yasuhiro (2006년 7월 30일), “Economic geography, fertility and migration” (PDF), 《Journal of Urban Economics》, 2016년 2월 6일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서, 2008년 3월 31일에 확인함  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Rotella, Amanda, Michael EW Varnum, Oliver Sng, and Igor Grossmann. "Increasing population densities predict decreasing fertility rates over time: A 174-nation investigation." (2020).
↑  Balbo 2013 (see top of list), citing: Kalwij A (May 2010). “The impact of family policy expenditure on fertility in western Europe”. 《Demography》 47 (2): 503–19. doi:10.1353/dem.0.0104. PMC 3000017. PMID 20608108.
↑  “Birth Rates Rising in Some Low Birth-Rate Countries”. 《www.prb.org》. 2017년 3월 30일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2017년 3월 29일에 확인함.
↑  “Field Listing: Total Fertility Rate”. 《The World Factbook》. 2007년 6월 13일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 4월 24일에 확인함.
↑  “Country Comparison: GDP - Per Capita (PPP)”. 《The World Factbook》. 2015년 4월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 4월 24일에 확인함.
↑  Rai PK, Pareek S, Joshi H (2013). “Regression Analysis of Collinear Data using r-k Class Estimator: Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors Affecting the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in India” (PDF). 《Journal of Data Science》 11 (2): 323–342. doi:10.6339/JDS.2013.11(2).1030. S2CID 59042059. 2019년 11월 25일에 원본 문서 (primary research article)에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 4월 12일에 확인함.
↑  “The best of all possible worlds? A link between wealth and breeding”. 《The Economist》. 2009년 8월 6일.
↑  Myrskylä M, Kohler HP, Billari FC (August 2009). “Advances in development reverse fertility declines”. 《Nature》 460 (7256): 741–3. Bibcode:2009Natur.460..741M. doi:10.1038/nature08230. PMID 19661915. S2CID 4381880.
↑  Rindfuss RR, Kravdal O (2008). “Changing Relationships between Education and Fertility: A Study of Women and Men Born 1940 to 1964” (PDF). 《American Sociological Review》 73 (5): 854–873. doi:10.1177/000312240807300508. hdl:10419/63098. ISSN 0003-1224. S2CID 56286073.
↑  Kebede E, Goujon A, Lutz W (February 2019). “Stalls in Africa's fertility decline partly result from disruptions in female education”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》 116 (8): 2891–2896. doi:10.1073/pnas.1717288116. PMC 6386713. PMID 30718411.
↑  Pradhan, Elina (2015년 11월 24일). “Female Education and Childbearing: A Closer Look at the Data”. 《Investing in Health》 (영어). 2019년 3월 10일에 확인함.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Akmam, Wardatul (2002). “Women's Education and Fertility Rates in Developing Countries, With Special Reference to Bangladesh”. 《Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics》 12: 138–143.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Ahmad, Aqueil (2013). 〈Global Population and Demographic Trends〉. 《New Age Globalization》. 33–60쪽. doi:10.1057/9781137319494_3. ISBN 978-1-349-45115-9.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Zhu WX (June 2003). “The one child family policy”. 《Archives of Disease in Childhood》 88 (6): 463–4. doi:10.1136/adc.88.6.463. PMC 1763112. PMID 12765905.
↑  Hesketh T, Zhou X, Wang Y (2015). “The End of the One-Child Policy: Lasting Implications for China”. 《JAMA》 314 (24): 2619–20. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.16279. PMID 26545258.
↑  Gilbert, Geoffrey (2005). 《World Population: A Reference Handbook (Contemporary world issues)》. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851099276.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말) Page 25
↑  “China to end one-child policy and allow two”. 《BBC News》. 2015년 10월 29일.
↑  Ramu GN (2006), 《Brothers and sisters in India: a study of urban adult siblings》, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-9077-5
↑  “CIA, The World Fact Book, India, 7/24/2017”. 2022년 8월 10일.
↑  Murthy, N.R.Narayana (2010). 《Better India, A Better World》. Penguin Books India. 98쪽. ISBN 9780143068570.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Lim, Lin Lean. “Female Labour-Force Participation” (PDF). United Nations.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말), part of 《Completing the Fertility Transition》. United Nations Publications. 2009. ISBN 9789211513707.
↑  Ahn, Namkee; Mira, Pedro (2002). “A Note on the Changing Relationship between Fertility and Female Employment Rates in Developed Countries” (PDF). 《Journal of Population Economics》 15 (4): 667–682. doi:10.1007/s001480100078. hdl:10902/25166. JSTOR 20007839. S2CID 17755082.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003). “Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart”. 《Pediatrics》 111 (4 Pt 1): 844–50. doi:10.1542/peds.111.4.844. PMID 12671122.
↑  Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (November 2010). “Age at menarche in Canada: results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth”. 《BMC Public Health》 10: 736. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-736. PMC 3001737. PMID 21110899.
↑  Hamilton-Fairley, Diana (2004). “Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Lecture Notes” (PDF) 2판. Blackwell Publishing. 2013년 12월 9일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 8월 26일에 확인함.
↑  Kidd SA, Eskenazi B, Wyrobek AJ (February 2001). “Effects of male age on semen quality and fertility: a review of the literature”. 《Fertility and Sterility》 75 (2): 237–48. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01679-4. PMID 11172821.
↑  Das KC, Gautam V, Das K, Tripathy PK (2011). “Influence of age gap between couples on contraception and fertility” (PDF). 《Journal of Family Welfare》 57 (2). 2019년 8월 19일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2023년 9월 29일에 확인함.
↑  “Causes of infertility”. 《National Health Service》. 2017년 10월 23일. 2018년 11월 17일에 확인함.
↑  Cooper TG, Noonan E, von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HW, Behre HM,  외. (2009). “World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics”. 《Human Reproduction Update》 16 (3): 231–45. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp048. PMID 19934213.
↑  Rijken, Arieke J.; Liefbroer, Aart C. (2008). “The Influence of Partner Relationship Quality on Fertility [L'influence de la qualité de la relation avec le partenaire sur la fécondité]”. 《European Journal of Population / Revue Européenne de Démographie》 25 (1): 27–44. doi:10.1007/s10680-008-9156-8. ISSN 0168-6577.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Currie J, Schwandt H (October 2014). “Short- and long-term effects of unemployment on fertility”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》 111 (41): 14734–9. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11114734C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1408975111. PMC 4205620. PMID 25267622.
↑  Mathews TJ (August 2009). “Delayed Childbearing: More Women Are Having Their First Child Later in Life” (PDF). 《NCHS Data Brief》. No 21: 1.
↑  Freja, Tomas (July 2008). “Fertility in Europe: Diverse, delayed and below replacement” (PDF). 《Demographic Research》. 19, Article 3: 20.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Graff, Harvey (Mar 1979). “Literacy, Education, and Fertility, Past and Present: A Critical Review”. 《Population and Development Review》 5 (1): 105–140. doi:10.2307/1972320. JSTOR 1972320.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
↑  Gauthier A, Hatzius J (1997). “Family benefits and fertility: An econometric analysis”. 《Population Studies》 51 (3): 295–306. doi:10.1080/0032472031000150066. JSTOR 2952473.
↑  https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/labor/1127686.html
↑  Beaujouan E (2011). “Second-Union Fertility in France: Partners' Age and Other Factors”. 《Population English Edition》 66 (2): 239. doi:10.3917/pope.1102.0239. S2CID 145016461.
↑  “Healthy Mothers and Healthy Newborns: The Vital Link”. 《www.prb.org》. 2017년 3월 30일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2017년 3월 29일에 확인함.
↑  Kearney MS, Levine PB (2012년 1월 1일). “Why is the teen birth rate in the United States so high and why does it matter?”. 《The Journal of Economic Perspectives》 26 (2): 141–66. doi:10.1257/jep.26.2.141. JSTOR 41495308. PMID 22792555.
↑  Kahr, Maike K (January 2016). “American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology”. 《Birth Rates Among Hispanics and Non-Hispanics and Their Representation in Clinical Trials in Obstetrics and Gynecology》 214: S296–S297. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.10.595.  지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
1900년에 노르웨이에서 촬영된 한 가족의 사진, 부부와 다섯 자녀가 찍혀있다.
아프리카의 농촌 지역에 거주하는 가족.
2015년 국가별 합계출산율과 GDP를 비교한 그래프.
여성의 생식력 감소, 난임, 생리불순, 폐경을 겪는 평균 연령과 비율을 나타낸 누적그래프.