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Angelo, Joseph A. (2014). 《Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy.》. New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-14381-1-018-9.
Ben-Menaḥem, Ari (2009). 《Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences》. 1: Prescience-1583 CE. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68832-7. ISBN 978-35406-8-832-7.
de Blois, F.C. (2012). 〈Ṣābiʾ〉.   Bearman, P.; Bianquis, T.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. 《Encyclopaedia of Islam》 2판. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0952. 2023년 1월 22일에 확인함.
Van Brummelen, Glen (2013). “Seeking the Divine on Earth: The Direction of Prayer in Islam”. 《Math Horizons》 21 (1): 15–17. doi:10.4169/mathhorizons.21.1.15. ISSN 1072-4117. JSTOR 10.4169/mathhorizons.21.1.15. S2CID 218543141.
Cook, Alan H. (1998). 《Edmond Halley: Charting the Heavens and the Seas》. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850031-5.
Van Dalen, Benno (2007). 〈Wābkanawī: Shams al-Munajjim [Shams al-Dīn] Muḥammad ibn ҁAlī Khwāja al-Wābkanawī [Wābkanawī]〉.   Hockey, Thomas;  외. 《The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers》. Springer. 101–103쪽. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1433. ISBN 978-1-4419-9918-4.  (PDF version)
Dalmau, W. (1997). “Critical Remarks on the use of Medieval Eclipse Records for the Determination of Long-Term Changes in the Earth's Rotation”. 《Surveys in Geophysics》 18 (2/3): 213–223. Bibcode:1997SGeo...18..213D. doi:10.1023/A:1006588010109. ISSN 1573-0956. S2CID 128191632. 2012년 10월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.
Freely, John (2010). 《Light from the East: How the Science of Medieval Islam Helped to Shape the Western World》. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-17845-3-138-6.
Griffin, Rosarii, 편집. (2006). 《Education in the Muslim World: Different Perspectives》. Oxford: Symposium Books Ltd. ISBN 978-18739-2-755-7.
Hoskin, Michael (1999). 《The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy》. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-05215-7-600-0.
Kennedy, Edward Stewart (1956). “A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables”. 《Transactions of the American Philosophical Society》. New Series (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society) 46 (2): 10–11, 32–34. doi:10.2307/1005726. hdl:2027/mdp.39076006359272. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005726.
Kennedy, Edward Stewart;  외. (2010). “Al Battani's Astrological History of the Prophet and the Early Caliphate” (PDF). 《Suhayl》 (Barcelona: University of Barcelona) 9. ISSN 1576-9372.
Khallikān (ibn), Aḥmad i. M (1868).  Mac Guckin de Slane, William, 편집. 《Wafayāt al-A'yān wa Anbā' (Ibn Khallian's Biographical Dictionary)》 III. Paris & London: W.H. Allen. 317쪽.
Kunitzsch, Paul (1974). 《Der Almagest: die Syntaxis mathematica des Claudius Ptolemäus in arab. -latein. Überlieferung》 (독일어). Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-34470-1-517-2.
McLeod, Alexus (2016). 《Astronomy in the Ancient World: Early and Modern Views on Celestial Events》. Berlin: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-33192-3-600-1.
Moussa, Ali (2011). “Mathematical Methods in Abū al-Wafāʾ's Almagest and the Qibla Determinations”. 《Arabic Sciences and Philosophy》 (Cambridge: University of Cambridge) 21 (1): 1–56. doi:10.1017/S095742391000007X. ISSN 0957-4239. S2CID 171015175.
Ibn al-Nadim (1970).  Dodge, Bayard, 편집. 《The Fihrist of al-Nadim; a tenth-century survey of Muslim culture》 (영어). New York & London: Columbia University Press.
Nallino, C. A. (1987). 〈al-Battānī〉.   Houtsma, M. T.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. 《Encyclopaedia of Islam》 2 1판. Brill. doi:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_1392. ISBN 9004082654.
Qifṭī (al-), Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Yūsuf (1903).  Lippert, Julius, 편집. 《Ta'rīkh al-Ḥukamā'》 (아랍어). Leipzig: Theodor Weicher. 280쪽.
Schlager, Neil; Lauer, Josh, 편집. (2001). 《Science and Its Times: 700–1449》 2. New York: Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-7876-3934-1.
North, John (1994). 《The Norton History of Astronomy and Cosmology》. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31193-8.
Ronan, Colin A. (1983). 《The Cambridge Illustrated History of the World's Science》. New York; Feltham, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-05212-5-844-9.
Singer, Charles Joseph (1997). 《A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century》. Mineola, New York: Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-29887-0.
Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). 《Mapping and Naming the Moon: A History of Lunar Cartography and Nomenclature》. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-05215-4-414-6.
Wurm, Stefan (2020). 《The Human Condition: Our Place in the Cosmos and in Life》. ATICE LLC. ISBN 978-19518-9-400-9.
Zamani, Maryann (2014). 《Battānī, al》. 《Oxford Reference》 (Oxford: Oxford University Press). ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8. 2023년 1월 22일에 확인함 – subscription, which may be required, or content may be available in libraries that are in the UK 경유.
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