온라인 혐오 발언
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↑  Johnson, N. F.; Leahy, R.; Johnson Restrepo, N.; Velasquez, N.; Zheng, M.; Manrique, P.; Devkota, P.; Wuchty, S. (2019년 8월 21일). “Hidden resilience and adaptive dynamics of the global online hate ecology”. 《Nature》 (Nature Research) 573 (7773): 261–265. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..261J. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1494-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31435010. S2CID 201118236.
1 2  Powell, Anastasia; Scott, Adrian J.; Henry, Nicola (March 2020).  Treiber, Kyle, 편집. “Digital harassment and abuse: Experiences of sexuality and gender minority adults”. 《European Journal of Criminology》 (Los Angeles and London: SAGE Publications on behalf of the European Society of Criminology) 17 (2): 199–223. doi:10.1177/1477370818788006. ISSN 1741-2609. S2CID 149537486. A key feature of contemporary digital society is the integration of communications and other digital technologies into everyday life, such that many of us are ‘constantly connected’. Yet the entangling of the social and the digital has particular implications for interpersonal relationships. Digital harassment and abuse refers to a range of harmful interpersonal behaviours experienced via the internet, as well as via mobile phone and other electronic communication devices. These online behaviours include: offensive comments and name-calling, targeted harassment, verbal abuse and threats, as well as sexual, sexuality and gender based harassment and abuse. Sexual, sexuality and gender-based harassment and abuse refers to harmful and unwanted behaviours either of a sexual nature, or directed at a person on the basis of their sexuality or gender identity.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Gagliardone, Iginio; Gal, Danit; Alves, Thiago; Martinez, Gabriela (2015). 《Countering Online Hate Speech》 (PDF). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 7–15쪽. ISBN 978-92-3-100105-5. 2022년 3월 13일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2022년 3월 13일에 확인함.
↑  Waldron, Jeremy (2012). 《The Harm in Hate Speech》. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06589-5. JSTOR j.ctt2jbrjd.
↑  Izsak, Rita (2015). 《Report of the Special Rapporteur on minority issues, Rita Izsák》. Human Rights Council.
↑  See Council of Europe, "Mapping study on projects against hate speech online", 15 April 2012. See also interviews: Christine Chen, Senior Manager for Public Policy, Google, 2 March 2015; Monika Bickert, Head of Global Policy Management, Facebook, 14 January 2015
↑  See HateBase, Hate speech statistics, http://www.hatebase.org/popular 보관됨 2018-03-11 - 웨이백 머신
↑  Interview: Andre Oboler, CEO, Online Hate Prevention Institute, 31 October 2014.
↑  Mathew, Binny; Dutt, Ritam; Goyal, Pawan; Mukherjee, Animesh. 《Spread of hate speech in online social media》. ACM WebSci 2019. Boston, MA, USA: ACM. arXiv:1812.01693.
↑  Citron, Danielle Keats; Norton, Helen L. (2011). “Intermediaries and Hate Speech: Fostering Digital Citizenship for Our Information Age”. 《Boston University Law Review》 (Rochester, NY) 91. SSRN 1764004.
↑  Interview: Drew Boyd, Director of Operations, The Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, 24 October 2014.
↑  Phillips, Whitney (2015). 《This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture》. MIT Press.
↑  Marwick, Alice; Lewis, Rebecca (2017). 《Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online.》. Data & Society Research Institute.
↑  “Hateful posts on Facebook and Instagram soar”. 《Fortune》 (영어). 2020년 11월 21일에 확인함.
↑  Gray, Mary; Suri, Siddharth (2019). 《GHOST WORK: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass》. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
↑  Washington, District of Columbia 1800 I. Street NW; Dc 20006. “PolitiFact - People are using coded language to avoid social media moderation. Is it working?”. 《@politifact》 (미국 영어). 2022년 7월 5일에 확인함.