発明の年表
脚注・出典

↑  Hadfield, Peter, Gimme Shelter
↑  Gibbons, Ann (June 15, 2007). “Food for Thought: Did the first cooked meals help fuel the dramatic evolutionary expansion of the human brain?”. Science 316 (5831):  1558–1560. doi:10.1126/science.316.5831.1558. PMID 17569838.
↑  Earliest evidence of art found
↑  Kouwenhoven, Arlette P., World's Oldest Spears
↑  Evolving in their graves: early burials hold clues to human origins
↑  Jennifer Viegas (31 March 2008). “Early Weapon Evidence Reveals Bloody Past”. Discovery News. http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/03/31/earliest-weapon-human.html
↑  Neanderthal Bone Flute?, Cognitive Cultural Studies, UCLA.  Accessed on line August 26, 2009.
↑  Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved March 10, 2010,
↑  Migration in world history, p. 33, Patrick Manning
↑  Balter M. (2009). Clothes Make the (Hu) Man. Science,325(5946):1329.doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a
↑  Kvavadze E, Bar-Yosef O, Belfer-Cohen A, Boaretto E,Jakeli N, Matskevich Z, Meshveliani T. (2009).30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers. Science, 325(5946):1359. doi:10.1126/science.1175404 Supporting Online Material
↑  'Oldest musical instrument' found, Pallab Ghosh, BBC News, June 25, 2009.  Accessed on line August 26, 2009.
↑  Small, Meredith F. (April 2002), “String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers dates back 28,000 years. (At The Museum).”, Natural History 111.3:  14(2)
↑  J.C. Turner and P. van de Griend (ed.), The History and Science of Knots (Singapore: World Scientific, 1996), 14.
↑  Stone age man used dentist drill. BBC News.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23  Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions, Encyclopædia Britannica
↑  Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India. Routledge. 22. ISBN 0415329205.
↑  Henderson, Mark (2007年12月24日). “Dashing Finns were first to get their skates on 5,000 years ago”. London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3090363.ece 2007年12月24日閲覧。
↑  Carter, Robert "Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC"Antiquity Volume 80 No.307 March 2006
↑  Thornton C, P, Lamberg-Karlovsky C, C, Liezers, M and Young, S. M. M.  2002.  On pins and needles: tracing the evolution of copper-based alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS analysis of Common-place items.  Journal of Archaeological Science, 29,1451–1460.
↑  Rodda & Ubertini (2004), The Basis of Civilization--water Science?, p. 161, International Association of Hydrological Science, ISBN 1901502570
1 2  Teresi, Dick; et al. (2002), Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science--from the Babylonians to the Maya, pp. 351–2, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-83718-8
↑  Kryss Katsiavriades and Talaat Qureshi, Inventions - 3000 BCE to 2000 BCE.
↑  Ghosh, Massey, and Banerjee, page 14
↑  Dales (1974)
↑  Rao, S. R. (1985), Lothal, pp. 27–8, Archaeological Survey of India
↑  Whitelaw, page 14
↑  "Games and Amusement: Dice". Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology edited by A. Ghosh (1990), 1: 178-179, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 9004092641
↑  Bhardwaj, H.C. & Jain, K.K., "Indian Dyes and Industry During 18th-19th Century", Indian Journal of History of Science, 17 (11): 70-81, New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.
↑  Keay, John (2001), India: A History, 13-14, Grove Press, ISBN 0802137970.
↑  Thrusfield, page 2
↑  Alter, page 88
↑  History of Ondol
↑  p. 291, §15.2, Understanding materials science: history, properties, applications, Rolf E. Hummel, 2nd ed., Springer, 2004, ISBN 0387209395.
↑  A World of Glass
↑  Needham (1986), volume 6 part 5 105-106
↑  Zaheer Baber (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, p. 23, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0791429199
↑  Koppel (2007), page 217
↑  Dimitrakoudis, P. Papaspyrou, V. Petoussis, X. Moussas: “Archaic artifacts resembling celestial spheres”
↑  Inventions 1000 BCE to 1 BCE
↑  Ancient Greek Inventions
↑  Finger (2001), page 66
↑  Chamberlin (2007), page 80
↑  Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", The American Historical Review 65 (3), p. 516.
↑  Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 319–323.
↑  Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "Linguistics"
↑  Stone-Hurling Catapult, Greece, 400 BCE
1 2  Joseph Needham (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2, p. 361. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
↑  Srinivasan & Ranganathan
↑  Ancient Roman Inventions
↑  Juleff 1996
↑  MSN Encarta (2007), Diamond
↑  Lewis, Michael (2000), “Theoretical Hydraulics, Automata, and Water Clocks”, in Wikander, Örjan, Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, 2, Leiden, pp. 343–369 (356f.), ISBN 90-04-11123-9
↑  Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "cashmere"
↑  Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "Pagoda"
↑  Roman Inventions
↑  Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 263–267.
↑  Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 70–71.
↑  Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome
↑  Roman period surgery set on show, BBC
↑  Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", The American Historical Review 65 (3), p. 521.
↑  Kriger, Colleen E. & Connah, Graham (2006), Cloth in West African History, p. 120, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0759104220
↑  Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "jute"
↑  Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 649–650.
↑  Casson 1995, pp. 243–245
↑  Casson 1954
↑  White 1978, p. 255
↑  Campbell 1995, pp. 8–11
↑  Basch 2001, p. 63-64
↑  Makris 2002, p. 96
↑  Friedman & Zoroglu 2006, pp. 113–114
↑  Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, pp. 153–161
↑  Castro et al. 2008, pp. 1–2
↑  Whitewright 2009
↑  Zaheer Baber (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, p. 57, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0791429199
↑  Paper - one of the most important inventions of the last two millennia
↑  Livingston, Morna & Beach, Milo (2002), Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India, p. 19, Princeton Architectural Press, ISBN 1568983247
↑  Hoepfner, Wolfram (1970), “Ein Kombinationsschloss aus dem Kerameikos”, Archäologischer Anzeiger 85 (2):  210–213
↑  R. Balasubramaniam (2000), On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar, Corrosion Science 42: 2103-29
↑  Zaheer Baber (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, pp. 56–7, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0791429199
↑  Ronald Watkins. Unknown Seas, p. 15.
↑  Ancient Indian use of Kamal
↑  Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", The American Historical Review 65 (3), p. 519.
↑  John M. Hobson (2004), The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, p. 141, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521547245.
↑  Encyclopedia Britannica (2002), "Chess: Ancient precursors and related games"
↑  MSN Encarta (2008). Pachisi.
↑  Schafer (1963), pages 160–161
↑  Bedini (1994), pages 69–80
↑  Gaudiosi, Monica M. (April 1988), “The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England: The Case of Merton College”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 136 (4):  1231–1261, doi:10.2307/3312162
↑  Hudson, A. (2003), Equity and Trusts (3rd ed.), London: Cavendish Publishing, ISBN 1-85941-729-9
↑  Dick, Michael S. (1998). The Ancient Ayurvedic Writings.  Retrieved May 19, 2005.
↑  Robert Briffault (1938), The Making of Humanity, p. 195
↑  Ahmad Y Hassan, Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources.
1 2 3  Hassan, Ahmad Y. “Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries”.   Ahmad Y Hassan. 2008年5月26日閲覧。
↑  Derewenda, Zygmunt S. (2007), “On wine, chirality and crystallography”, Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography 64:  246–258 [247], doi:10.1107/S0108767307054293
↑  Khairallah, Amin A. Outline of Arabic Contributions to Medicine, chapter 10. Beirut, 1946.
↑  Olga Pikovskaya, Repaying the West's Debt to Islam, BusinessWeek, March 29, 2005.
↑  S. Hadzovic (1997). "Pharmacy and the great contribution of Arab-Islamic science to its development", Medicinski Arhiv 51 (1-2), p. 47-50.
1 2 3 4 5  Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992). Miracle of Islamic Science, Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0911119434.
↑  Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the Islamic Medical Association, 2002 (2): 2-9 [7-8]
↑  George Rafael, A is for Arabs, Salon.com, January 8, 2002.
↑  Deborah Rowe, "How Islam has kept us out of the 'Dark Ages'", Science and Society, Channel 4, May 2004.
↑  C. Wayne Smith, Joe Tom Cothren (1999), Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production, p. viii, John Wiley and Sons. Technology & Industrial Arts, ISBN 0471180459
↑  David A. King, "Islamic Astronomy", in Christopher Walker (1999), ed., Astronomy before the telescope, p. 167-168. British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-2733-7.
↑  Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994), The Legacy of Muslim Spain, p. 117, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004095993
↑  Lebling Jr., Robert W. (July-August 2003), “Flight of the Blackbird”, Saudi Aramco World:  24–33, http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200407/flight.of.the.blackbird-.compilation..htm 2008年6月28日閲覧。
↑  Teun Koetsier (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators", Mechanism and Machine theory 36, p. 590-591.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, p. 64-69. (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical Engineering)
↑  Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), “The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments”, Music Educators Journal 54 (2):  45–49, doi:10.2307/3391092
↑  Muslin, Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (2008)
↑  Ahmad, S. (July-September 2005), “Rise and Decline of the Economy of Bengal”, Asian Affairs 27 (3):  5–26
↑  Mason, Robert B. (1995). “New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World”. Muqarnas: Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture (Brill Academic Publishers) XII:  5. ISBN 9004103147.
↑  David A. King, "Islamic Astronomy", pp. 168–169
↑  King, David A. (2005), In Synchrony with the Heavens, Studies in Astronomical Timekeeping and Instrumentation in Medieval Islamic Civilization: Instruments of Mass Calculation, Brill Publishers, ISBN 900414188X
↑  King, David A. (December 2003), “14th-Century England or 9th-Century Baghdad? New Insights on the Elusive Astronomical Instrument Called Navicula de Venetiis”, Centaurus 45 (1-4):  204–226, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.2003.450117.x
1 2  Ahmad Y Hassan, Donald Routledge Hill (1986). Islamic Technology: An illustrated history, p. 54. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42239-6.
↑  Alatas, Syed Farid (2006), “From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue”, Current Sociology 54 (1):  112–132 [123–4], doi:10.1177/0011392106058837
↑  Adam Lucas (2006), Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology, p. 65. BRILL, ISBN 9004146490.
↑  F. L. Lewis (1992), Applied Optimal Control and Estimation, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
↑  Richard W. Bulliet (1987), "Medieval Arabic Tarsh: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing", Journal of the American Oriental Society 107 (3), p. 427-438.
↑  Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", Technology and Culture 2 (2): 97-111 [100]
↑  Hassan, Ahmad Y. “Assessment of Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna”. History of Science and Technology in Islam. 2008年3月29日閲覧。
1 2  Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", Technology and Culture 2 (2), p. 97-111 [100-101].
↑  Ismail b. Ali Ebu'l Feda history, Weltgeschichte, hrsg. von Fleischer and Reiske 1789-94, 1831.
↑  A. Al Dayela and N. al-Zuhair (2006), "Single drug therapy in the treatment of male sexual/erectile dysfunction in Islamic medicine", Urology 68 (1): 253-4
↑  Alatas, Syed Farid (2006), “From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue”, Current Sociology 54 (1):  112–32, doi:10.1177/0011392106058837
↑  The Guinness Book Of Records, 1998, p. 242, ISBN 0-5535-7895-2
↑  First Flights, Saudi Aramco World, January-February 1964, p. 8-9.
↑  Zayn Bilkadi (University of California, Berkeley), "The Oil Weapons", Saudi Aramco World, January-February 1995, p. 20-27.
↑  The Valuable Contribution of al-Razi (Rhazes) to the History of Pharmacy, FSTC
↑  Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 783, in Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 1 & 3, Routledge, pp. 751–95, ISBN 0415124107
↑  David J Roxburgh (2000), Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, p. 21, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004116699.
↑  Josef W. Meri (2006), Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, p. 75, Taylor and Francis, ISBN 0415966914.
↑  David A. King (1999), World-maps for Finding the Direction and Distance to Mecca: Innovation and Tradition in Islamic Science, p. 17, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004113673.
↑  Paul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World, The Independent, 11 Mar 2006.
↑  Bosworth, C. E. (Autumn 1981), “A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?”, Journal of Semitic Studies XXVl (i)
↑  “"Origins of the Fountain Pen "”.   Muslimheritage.com. September 18, 2007閲覧。
↑  Lindsay, James E. (2005), Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 131, ISBN 0313322708
↑  O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., “Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn al-Khidr Al-Khujandi”, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khujandi/ .
↑  “Islam, Knowledge, and Science”.   University of Southern California. 2008年1月22日閲覧。
↑  Elly Dekker (1995), "An unrecorded medieval astrolabe quadrant from c. 1300", Annals of Science 52 (1), p. 1-47 [6].
↑  Robert Hannah (1997). "The Mapping of the Heavens by Peter Whitfield", Imago Mundi 49, pp. 161–162.
1 2  King, David A., “Astronomy and Islamic society”, pp. 163–8 , in Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 1 & 3, Routledge, pp. 128–184, ISBN 0415124107
↑  Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 766-9, in Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Routledge, pp. 751–795, ISBN 0415124107
↑  Fielding H. Garrison, History of Medicine:
"The Saracens themselves were the originators not only of algebra, chemistry, and geology, but of many of the so-called improvements or refinements of civilization, such as street lamps, window-panes, firework, stringed instruments, cultivated fruits, perfumes, spices, etc..."
↑  The World's First Soft Drink. 1001 Inventions, 2006.
↑  Juliette Rossant (2005), The World's First Soft Drink, Saudi Aramco World, September/October 2005, pp. 36–9
↑  Peter Barrett (2004), Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding, p. 18, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 056708969X.
↑  Micheau, Francoise, “The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East”, pp. 988–991  in Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 3, Routledge, ISBN 0415124107
↑  Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2 (2002): 2-9 [7].
↑  Finger, Stanley (1994), Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function, Oxford University Press, p. 70, ISBN 0195146948
↑  Zafarul-Islam Khan, At The Threshold (sic) Of A New Millennium – II, The Milli Gazette.
1 2  Khaled al-Hadidi (1978), "The Role of Muslem Scholars in Oto-rhino-Laryngology", The Egyptian Journal of O.R.L. 4 (1), p. 1-15. (cf. Ear, Nose and Throat Medical Practice in Muslim Heritage, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization.)
↑  Abdul Nasser Kaadan PhD, "Albucasis and Extraction of Bladder Stone", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2004 (3): 28-33.
↑  Sigrid Hunke (1969), Allah Sonne Uber Abendland, Unser Arabische Erbe, Second Edition, p. 279-280: "The science of medicine has gained a great and extremely important discovery and that is the use of general anaesthetics for surgical operations, and how unique, efficient, and merciful for those who tried it the Muslim anaesthetic was. It was quite different from the drinks the Indians, Romans and Greeks were forcing their patients to have for relief of pain. There had been some allegations to credit this discovery to an Italian or to an Alexandrian, but the truth is and history proves that, the art of using the anaesthetic sponge is a pure Muslim technique, which was not known before. The sponge used to be dipped and left in a mixture prepared from cannabis, opium, hyoscyamus and a plant called Zoan." 
 (cf. Prof. Dr. M. Taha Jasser, Anaesthesia in Islamic medicine and its influence on Western civilization, Conference on Islamic Medicine)
1 2  Patricia Skinner (2001), Unani-tibbi, Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine
↑  Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1993), An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines, pp. 135–6, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0791415163
↑  Marlene Ericksen (2000). Healing with Aromatherapy, p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0658003828.
↑  Khwarizm, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.
↑  Will Durant (1950). The Story of Civilization IV: The Age of Faith, p. 239-45.
↑  Robert E. Hall (1973). "Al-Khazini", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. VII, p. 346.
↑  Marshall Clagett (1961). The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages, p. 64. University of Wisconsin Press.
↑  Donald Routledge Hill (1985). "Al-Biruni's mechanical calendar", Annals of Science 42, p. 139-163.
↑  Islam, Knowledge, and Science. University of Southern California.
↑  Kriss, Timothy C.; Kriss, Vesna Martich (April 1998), “History of the Operating Microscope: From Magnifying Glass to Microneurosurgery”, Neurosurgery 42 (4):  899–907, doi:10.1097/00006123-199804000-00116, PMID 9574655
↑  Nicholas J. Wade, Stanley Finger (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective", Perception 30 (10), p. 1157–1177.
↑  Tyler, Royall (2003), The Tale of Genji, Penguin Classics, pp. i-ii & xii, ISBN 014243714X
↑  Prof. Nil Sari (Istanbul University, Cerrahpasha Medical School) (6 June 2007). “Hindiba: A Drug for Cancer Treatment in Muslim Heritage”.   FSTC Limited. 2010年6月22日閲覧。
↑  Yalcin Tekol (2007), "The medieval physician Avicenna used an herbal calcium channel blocker, Taxus baccata L.", Phytotherapy Research 21 (7): 701-2.
↑  Philip K. Hitti (cf. Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992), Miracle of Islamic Science, Appendix B, Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0911119434).
↑  Dr. Z. Idrisi, PhD (2005). The Muslim Agricultural Revolution and its influence on Europe. The Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization, UK.
↑  Sivin (1995), III, 22.
↑  Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 162.
↑  Ahmad Y Hassan, Flywheel Effect for a Saqiya.
↑  Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005), Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, p. 30, ISBN 0415969301
↑  Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). calico
↑  Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering, History of Science and Technology in Islam.
↑  Lorch, R. P. (1976), “The Astronomical Instruments of Jabir ibn Aflah and the Torquetum”, Centaurus 20 (1):  11–34, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1976.tb00214.x
↑  A. I. Makki. "Needles & Pins", AlShindagah 68, January-February 2006.
↑  Harding, David (1990). Weapons: An International Encyclopedia from 5000 B.C. to 2000 A.D.. Diane Publishing Company. p. 111. ISBN 0756784360. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=LeYSxhK62wUC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y&hl=ja#PPA111,M1
↑  Linear astrolabe, Encyclopædia Britannica.
↑  First Birds' Inn: About the Sport of Racing Pigeons
↑  Scott Farrell, Weaponry: The Trebuchet
↑  Philip Daileader, On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions
↑  Jim Bradbury, Medieval Siege
↑  101 gadgets that changed the world
↑  Roberto Moreno, Koenraad Van Cleempoel, David King (2002). "A Recently Discovered Sixteenth-Century Spanish Astrolabe", Annals of Science 59 (4), p. 331-362 [333].
↑  David A. King (1984). "Architecture and Astronomy: The Ventilators of Medieval Cairo and Their Secrets", Journal of the American Oriental Society 104 (1), p. 97-133.
↑  Adam Lucas (2006), Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology, p. 62. BRILL, ISBN 9004146490.
↑  Hugh N. Kennedy, Hugh (1985), “From Polis To Madina: Urban Change In Late Antique And Early Islamic Syria”, Past & Present (Oxford University Press) 106 (1):  3–27 [10–1], doi:10.1093/past/106.1.3
↑  ANTIQUES; To Reflect On Or Simply To Admire
↑  Georges Ifrah (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quatum Computer, p. 171, Trans. E.F. Harding, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (See )
↑  Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (cf. The Automata of Al-Jazari, Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul.)
↑  Ahmad Y Hassan. The Origin of the Suction Pump - Al-Jazari  1206 A.D.
↑  A 13th Century Programmable Robot. シェフィールド大学.
↑   Ancient Discoveries, Episode 11: Ancient Robots, History Channel
↑  Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction, p. 181, University of Texas Press, ISBN 0292781490.
1 2  Donald Routledge Hill, "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, p. 751-795 [776]. Routledge, London and New York.
↑  Ahmad Y Hassan, Al-Jazari and the History of the Water Clock
↑  Silvio A. Bedini, Francis R. Maddison (1966). "Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 56 (5), p. 1-69.
↑  Kennedy, Edward S. (1962), “Review: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili”, Isis 53 (2):  237–239, doi:10.1086/349558
1 2 3  Hassan, Ahmad Y. “Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries”.   Ahmad Y Hassan. 2008年6月8日閲覧。
↑  Emilie Savage-Smith (1988), "Gleanings from an Arabist's Workshop: Current Trends in the Study of Medieval Islamic Science and Medicine", Isis 79 (2): 246-266 [263].
↑  Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521547245.
↑  Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 771, in Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Routledge, pp. 751–95, ISBN 0415124107
↑  Augustyn, pages 27–28
↑  G. R. Tibbetts (1973), "Comparisons between Arab and Chinese Navigational Techniques", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 36 (1): 97-108 [105-6]
↑  E. S. Kennedy (1947), "Al-Kashi's Plate of Conjunctions", Isis 38 (1-2), p. 56-59 [56].
↑  E. S. Kennedy (1950), "A Fifteenth-Century Planetary Computer: al-Kashi's Tabaq al-Manateq I. Motion of the Sun and Moon in Longitude", Isis 41 (2), p. 180-183.
↑  E. S. Kennedy (1952), "A Fifteenth-Century Planetary Computer: al-Kashi's Tabaq al-Maneteq II: Longitudes, Distances, and Equations of the Planets", Isis 43 (1), p. 42-50.
↑  E. S. Kennedy (1951), "An Islamic Computer for Planetary Latitudes", Journal of the American Oriental Society 71 (1), p. 13-21.
↑  Ahmad Y Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, p. 34-35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.
↑  Routledge Hill, Donald. Roshdi Rashed. ed. “Engineering”. Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science (London and New York: Routledge) 2:  751–795.
↑  pencil, Encyclopædia Britannica
↑  Irfan Habib (1992), "Akbar and Technology", Social Scientist 20 (9-10), pp. 3–15 [3-4].
↑  Rousselet, Louis (2005) [1875]. “XXVII - The Ruins of Futtehpore” (English - UK). India and Its Native Princes: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal (Reprint - Asian Educational Services 2005 ed.). London: Chapman and Hall. p. 290. ISBN 8-1206-1887-4
↑  Sivaramakrishnan, V. M. (2001). Tobacco and Areca Nut. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan. pp. 4–5. ISBN 8125020136
↑  Blechynden, Kathleen (1905). Calcutta, Past and Present. Los Angeles: University of California. p. 215
↑  Savage-Smith, Emilie (1985), Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their history, Construction, and Use, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
↑  American Physical Society - This Month in Physics - History Lens Crafters Circa 1590: Invention of the Microscope
↑  Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). chintz
↑  Helfritz, Hans (April 1937), “Land without shade”, Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 24 (2):  201–16
↑  Old Walled City of Shibam, UNESCO World Heritage Centre
↑  galileo.rice.edu The Galileo Project > Science > The Telescope by Al Van Helden "The Hague discussed the patent applications first of Hans Lipperhey of Middelburg, and then of Jacob Metius of Alkmaar... another citizen of Middelburg, Sacharias Janssen had a telescope at about the same time but was at the Frankfurt Fair where he tried to sell it"
↑  pp. 55–65, The Origins of Feedback Control, Otto Mayr, MIT Press, 1970, ISBN 026213067X.
↑  “1679–1681 – R P Verbiest's Steam Chariot”. History of the Automobile: origin to 1900.   Hergé. 2009年5月8日閲覧。
↑  Setright, L. J. K. (2004). Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207-698-7
↑  Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). interior design
↑  Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). crewel work
↑  Roddam Narasimha (1985), Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D., National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science
↑  James Burke (science historian) Connections - Episode 4 - "Faith in Numbers"
↑  p. 159, Concepts of Chemical Dependency, Harold E. Doweiko, 7th ed., Cengage Learning, 2008, ISBN 0495505803.
↑  Johann G. F. Bohnenberger  (1817) "Beschreibung einer Maschine zur Erläuterung der Gesetze der Umdrehung der Erde um ihre Axe, und der Veränderung der Lage der letzteren" (Description of a machine for the explanation of the laws of rotation of the Earth around its axis, and of the change of the orientation of the latter), Tübinger Blätter für Naturwissenschaften und Arzneikunde, vol. 3, pages 72–83.
↑  The French mathematician Poisson mentions Bohnenberger's machine as early as 1813: Simeon-Denis Poisson (1813) "Mémoire sur un cas particulier du mouvement de rotation des corps pesans" [Memoir on a special case of rotational movement of massive bodies], Journal de l'École Polytechnique, vol. 9, pages 247–262.  Available on-line at:  http://www.ion.org/museum/files/File_2.pdf .
1 2  Acott, Chris (1999). “JS Haldane, JBS Haldane, L Hill, and A Siebe: A brief resume of their lives.”. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 29 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6016 2009年4月21日閲覧。.
↑  Connors; Dupuis & Morgan (1992) "Badminton" from The Olympics Factbook. Page 195
↑  Guillain, Jean-Yves (2004-09-02). Badminton: An Illustrated History. Publibook. p. 47. ISBN 2748305728
↑  p. 456, "Heroin", Maria Theresa Wessel, Jeanne Martino-McAllister, and Elizabeth C. Gallon, in Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery, Gary L. Fisher and Nancy A. Roget, SAGE, 2008, ISBN 1412950848.
↑  Quick, D. (1970). “A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus”. Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. RANSUM-1-70. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4960 2009年3月16日閲覧。.