テラプレータ
引用

1 2  Schmidt, Morgan J.; Goldberg, Samuel L.; Heckenberger, Michael; Fausto, Carlos; Franchetto, Bruna; Watling, Jennifer; Lima, Helena; Moraes, Bruno et al. (2023-09-22). “Intentional creation of carbon-rich dark earth soils in the Amazon” (英語). Science Advances 9 (38). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh8499. ISSN 2375-2548. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adh8499.
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↑  Dufour, Darna L. (October 1990). “Use of Tropical Rainforests by Native Amazonians” (英語). BioScience 40 (9):  652–659. doi:10.2307/1311432. ISSN 0006-3568. JSTOR 1311432. "Much of what has been considered natural forest in Amazonia is probably the result of hundreds of years of human use and management."  
Rival, Laura (1993). “The Growth of Family Trees: Understanding Huaorani Perceptions of the Forest”. Man 28 (4):  635–652. doi:10.2307/2803990. JSTOR 2803990.
1 2 3
↑  Kleiner, Kurt (2009). The bright prospect of biochar : article : Nature Reports Climate Change. 1. pp. 72–74. doi:10.1038/climate.2009.48.
↑  Cornell University (1 March 2006). “Amazonian Terra Preta Can Transform Poor Soil into Fertile”. Science Daily (Rockville, MD). https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/03/060301090431.htm
↑  Neves, E.G.; Bartone, R.N.; Petersen, J.B.; Heckenberger, M.J. (2001). The timing of Terra Preta formation in the central Amazon: new data from three sites in the central Amazon. p. 10
1 2  “Historical Ecology and Future Explorations”. p. 484. 2024年1月3日閲覧。 in Lehmann et al. 2007
1 2 3 4  Day, Danny (2004年). “Carbon negative energy to reverse global warming”.   Eprida. 13 September 2021時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。8 December 2007閲覧。
1 2 3  Glaser, Bruno. “Terra Preta Web Site”. 25 October 2005時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2024年1月3日閲覧。
↑  Glaser, Bruno (2007-02-28). “Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century” (英語). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362 (1478):  187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. ISSN 0962-8436. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2006.1978.
↑  Watkins and Griffiths, J. (2000). Forest Destruction and Sustainable Agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon: a Literature Review (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Reading, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 15–17
↑  Williams, M. (2006). Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis (Abridged ed.). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-89947-3
↑  Kawa, Nicholas C. (2016-05-10) (英語). Amazonia in the Anthropocene: People, Soils, Plants, Forests. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477308448. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=2_K4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59
↑  Silva, Lucas C. R.; Corrêa, Rodrigo Studart; Wright, Jamie L.; Bomfim, Barbara; Hendricks, Lauren; Gavin, Daniel G.; Muniz, Aleksander Westphal; Martins, Gilvan Coimbra et al. (2021-01-04). “A new hypothesis for the origin of Amazonian Dark Earths” (英語). Nature Communications 12 (1):  127. Bibcode: 2021NatCo..12..127S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20184-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7782733. PMID 33397930. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7782733/.
↑  Mann 2005, p. 296.
↑  Mann 2005.
↑  Romero, Simon (14 January 2012). “Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/world/americas/land-carvings-attest-to-amazons-lost-world.html?_r=1
1 2  “Unnatural Histories - Amazon”.   BBC Four. 2024年1月3日閲覧。
↑  Wilkinson, David (1 April 2016). “Amazonian Civilization?”. Comparative Civilizations Review 74:  1–15. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1986&context=ccr.
↑  “Classification of Amazonian Dark Earths and other Ancient Anthropic Soils”. pp. 77–102. 2024年1月3日閲覧。 in Lehmann et al. 2007
↑  Mann 2002 extract quoted here Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine..
↑  McMichael, C. H.; Palace, M. W; Bush, M. B.; Braswell, B.; Hagen, S.; Neves, E.G.; Silman, M. R.; Tamanaha, E. K. et al. (2014). “Predicting pre-Columbian anthropogenic soils in Amazonia”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281 (20132475):  1–9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2475. PMC 3896013. PMID 24403329. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3896013/.
1 2 3 4 5  Lehmann, J.; Pereira da Silva Jr., J.; Steiner, C.; Nehls, T.; Zech, W.; Glaser, Bruno (2003). “Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments”. Plant and Soil 249 (2):  343–357. doi:10.1023/A:1022833116184. http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/lehmann/publ/PlantSoil%20249,%20343-357,%202003%20Lehmann.pdf.
↑  Bechtold, G.. “Terra Preta Sites”. www.gerhardbechtold.com. 2018年8月4日閲覧。
↑  Mann, Charles C. (4 February 2000). “Earthmovers of the Amazon”. Science 287 (5893):  1148–1152. doi:10.1126/science.321.5893.1148. PMID 18755950. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cerickso/baures/Mann2.html.  Archaeological research in the Beni area, directly linked with the recent renewal of interest on terra preta, as well as photographs of experimental reconstructions of that mode of agriculture.
↑  Walker, John H. (2011), "Amazonian Dark Earth and Ring Ditches in the Central Llanos de Mojos, Bolivia," Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, Vol 33, No 1, pp 2.
1 2  Bechtold, Gerhard. “Gerhard Bechtold: Terra Preta”. www.gerhardbechtold.com. 2018年8月5日閲覧。
↑  Harder, Ben (2006-03-04). “Smoldered-Earth Policy” (英語). Science News 169 (9):  133. doi:10.2307/3982299. ISSN 0036-8423. JSTOR 3982299.
↑  Woods, William I.; McCann, Joseph M. (1999). “The Anthropogenic Origin and Persistence of Amazonian Dark Earths”. Yearbook. Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers 25:  7–14. ISSN 1054-3074. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765871.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Glaser, Bruno; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (January 2001). “The 'Terra Preta' phenomenon: a model for sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics” (英語). Naturwissenschaften 88 (1):  37–41. Bibcode: 2001NW.....88...37G. doi:10.1007/s001140000193. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 11302125.  Cited in MAJOR, JULIE; STEINER, CHRISTOPH; DITOMMASO, ANTONIO; FALCAO, NEWTON P.S.; LEHMANN, JOHANNES (June 2005). “Weed composition and cover after three years of soil fertility management in the central Brazilian Amazon: Compost, fertilizer, manure and charcoal applications” (英語). Weed Biology and Management 5 (2):  69–76. doi:10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00159.x. ISSN 1444-6162.
1 2 3 4  Glaser 2007.
1 2  Hedges, J.I; Eglinton, G; Hatcher, P.G; Kirchman, D.L; Arnosti, C; Derenne, S; Evershed, R.P; Kögel-Knabner, I et al. (October 2000). “The molecularly-uncharacterized component of nonliving organic matter in natural environments”. Organic Geochemistry 31 (10):  945–958. Bibcode: 2000OrGeo..31..945H. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00096-6. ISSN 0146-6380.
↑  Cited in Glaser 2007.
↑  Stoffyn-Egli, P.; Potter, T.M.; Leonard, J.D.; Pocklington, R. (May 1997). “The identification of black carbon particles with the analytical scanning electron microscope: methods and initial results”. Science of the Total Environment 198 (3):  211–223. Bibcode: 1997ScTEn.198..211S. doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(97)05464-8. ISSN 0048-9697.  Cited in Glaser 2007.
↑  Kim, Sunghwan; Kaplan, Louis A.; Benner, Ronald; Hatcher, Patrick G. (December 2004). “Hydrogen-deficient molecules in natural riverine water samples—evidence for the existence of black carbon in DOM”. Marine Chemistry 92 (1–4):  225–234. Bibcode: 2004MarCh..92..225K. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.042. ISSN 0304-4203.  Cited in Glaser 2007.
↑  “芳香族カルボン酸”. pigboat-don-guri131.ssl-lolipop.jp. 2024年1月5日閲覧。
1 2  Glaser, B; Haumaier, L; Guggenberger, G; Zech, W (January 1998). “Black carbon in soils: the use of benzenecarboxylic acids as specific markers”. Organic Geochemistry 29 (4):  811–819. Bibcode: 1998OrGeo..29..811G. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(98)00194-6. ISSN 0146-6380.  Cited in Glaser 2007
↑  Woods, William I.; McCann, Joseph M. (1999). “The Anthropogenic Origin and Persistence of Amazonian Dark Earths”. Yearbook. Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers 25:  7–14. JSTOR 25765871.  Cited in Marris 2006
↑  Lehmann, Johannes; Liang, Biqing; Solomon, Dawit; Lerotic, Mirna; Luizão, Flavio; Kinyangi, James; Schäfer, Thorsten; Wirick, Sue et al. (2005-02-16). “Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy for mapping nano-scale distribution of organic carbon forms in soil: Application to black carbon particles” (英語). Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19 (1):  GB1013. Bibcode: 2005GBioC..19.1013L. doi:10.1029/2004gb002435. ISSN 0886-6236.
↑  
“Organic chemistry studies on Amazonian Dark Earths”. 2024年1月3日閲覧。 in Lehmann et al. 2007
↑  Brodowski, S.; Rodionov, A.; Haumaier, L.; Glaser, B.; Amelung, W. (September 2005). “Revised black carbon assessment using benzene polycarboxylic acids”. Organic Geochemistry 36 (9):  1299–1310. Bibcode: 2005OrGeo..36.1299B. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.03.011. ISSN 0146-6380.
1 2 3  Glaser, Bruno; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (2018-08-04). Stability of soil organic matter in Terra Preta soils Stabilité de la matière organique dans les sols de Terra Preta. Institut de Sciences des Sols, University of Bayreuth. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255614178.
1 2  Zech, W.; Haumaier, L.; Hempfling, R. (1990). “Ecological aspects of soil organic matter in tropical land use”. In MacCarthy, Patrick (英語). Humic substances in soil and crop sciences: selected readings : proceedings of a symposium cosponsored by the International Humic Substances Society ... Chicago, Illinois, 2 December 1985. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. pp. 187–202. ISBN 9780891181040. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=6fbwAAAAMAAJ  Cited in Glaser 2007.
↑  Steiner, Christoph. Plant nitrogen uptake doubled in charcoal amended soils. Energy with Agricultural Carbon Utilization Symposium, 2004.
↑  Lehmann, Johannes; Silva Junior, José; Rondon, Marco; Manoel Da Silva, Cravo; Greenwood, Jaqueline; Nehls, Thomas; Steiner, Christoph; Glaser, Bruno (2002-01-01). Slash and Char: a feasible alternative for soil fertility management in the Central Amazon?. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200736459.
↑  Günther, Folke. “Folke Günther on ecological design,thermodynamics of living systems,ecological engineering, nutrient recycling and oil depletion”. www.holon.se. 2018年8月5日閲覧。
↑  Wilson, Kelpie (2020-02-01). The Biochar Cookbook: Practical Guidelines and Recipes for Making and Using Biochar – Volume I. p. 14—19
↑  Pietikainen, Janna; Kiikkila, Oili; Fritze, Hannu (May 2000). “Charcoal as a habitat for microbes and its effect on the microbial community of the underlying humus” (英語). Oikos 89 (2):  231–242. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890203.x. ISSN 0030-1299.  Cited in Glaser 2007.
↑  Kopytko, M.; Chalela, G.; Zauscher, F. (2002). “Biodegradation of two commercial herbicides (Gramoxone and Matancha) by the bacteria Pseudomonas putida”. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 5 (2):  182–195. doi:10.2225/vol5-issue2-fulltext-1. http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/index.php/ejbiotechnology/article/view/v5n2-1.  Cited in Glaser 2007.
↑  Sombroek 1966, p. 283 Cited in Glaser 2007.
↑  Lehmann, Johannes.som 
"Site Terra Preta de Índio - Soil Biogeochemistry", Cornell University.
↑  
Jean-François Ponge; Stéphanie Topoliantz; Sylvain Ballof; Jean-Pierre Rossi; Patrick Lavelle; Jean-Marie Betsch; Philippe Gaucher (2006). “Ingestion of charcoal by the Amazonian earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus: a potential for tropical soil fertility” (PDF). Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38 (7):  2008–2009. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.12.024. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44735820.
↑  Bidstrup, Scott (2009年). “Soil Carbonization and Its Implications” (英語). scholar.lib.vt.edu. 2024年1月5日閲覧。
↑  Reddy, N. Sai Bhaskar. “Terra Preta Roof-Top Experiments”. 2024年1月3日閲覧。
1 2  Chia, C., Munroe, P., Joseph, S. and Lin, Y. 2010. Microscopic characterisation of synthetic Terra Preta. Soil Research, 48 (7), pp. 593—605
↑  Lehmann, Johannes. “Terra Preta de Indio”. www.css.cornell.edu. 7 August 2018閲覧。
↑  Adams, M. (2013), Securing soil through carbon., Sydney: University of Sydney
↑  Rahman, M. Mizanur (2013-05-15). “Nutrient-Use and Carbon-Sequestration Efficiencies in Soils from Different Organic Wastes in Rice and Tomato Cultivation” (英語). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 44 (9):  1457–1471. doi:10.1080/00103624.2012.760575. ISSN 0010-3624.
↑  Cunha, Tony Jarbas Ferreira; Madari, Beata Emoke; Canellas, Luciano Pasqualoto; Ribeiro, Lucedino Paixão; Benites, Vinicius de Melo; Santos, Gabriel de Araújo (February 2009). “Soil organic matter and fertility of anthropogenic dark earths (Terra Preta de Índio) in the Brazilian Amazon basin”. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 33 (1):  85–93. doi:10.1590/S0100-06832009000100009. ISSN 0100-0683.
↑  Mann, Charles C. (September 2008). “Our Good Earth”. National Geographic Magazine. 2008年8月19日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2024年1月3日閲覧。
↑  “Lucerne Tree Information” (英語). Lucerne Tree Farm (2012年1月28日). 2024年1月5日閲覧。
↑  “Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental - Portal Embrapa”. www.cpaa.embrapa.br. 14 February 2018閲覧。
↑  “Sachamama Center – for Biocultural Regeneration” (英語). 2024年1月5日閲覧。
↑  “Sachamama”. 25 January 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。20 January 2016閲覧。
↑  “Verfahren zur herstellung von humus- und nährstoffreichen sowie wasserspeichernden böden oder bodensubstraten für nachhaltige landnutzungs- und siedlungssysteme”. 2024年1月3日閲覧。
↑  Otterpohl, R.; Reckin, J.; Pieplow, H.; Buzie, C.; Bettendorf, T.; Factura, H. (2010). “Terra Preta sanitation: re-discovered from an ancient Amazonian civilisation – integrating sanitation, bio-waste management and agriculture”. Water Science and Technology 61 (10):  2673–2679. doi:10.2166/wst.2010.201. PMID 20453341. http://www.sswm.info/library/696.