小節 (言語学)
通言語間の差異 > 感嘆小節

英語には、感嘆小節 (英: expressive small clause; ESC) と呼ばれる、話者の感情を伝達するために用いられる小節がある。ESCは基本的に単独でのみ使用され、動詞の補部を含む項位置に生起することができない。
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| ()   | a.   | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  | Oh, you fool!  |
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| ()   | b.   | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  | You idiot!  |
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| ()   | c.   | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  | You nincompoop/dumbass/screwball!  |
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| ()   | a.   | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  | *[You fool] should read more carefully.  |
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| ()   | b.   | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  | *I consider [you fool/nincompoop/screwball].  |
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英語のみならず、日本語にも感嘆小節が存在する。ただし、英語の場合とは異なり二人称代名詞が用いられると容認度が低下するのに加え、項位置への生起も許容される。
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| ()   | a.  | こ  | の  | 馬鹿!   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | this  | GEN  | fool  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  | 'This (=you) fool!'  |
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| ()   | b.  | ??あなた/お前/貴様/テメエ  | の  | 馬鹿!   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | you  | GEN  | fool  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  | 'You fool!'  |
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| ()   |   | おい  | 山田、  | [田中  | の  | 馬鹿]  | が  | また  | 失敗-した  | よ。  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Hey  | Yamada  | Tanaka  | GEN  | fool  | NOM  | again  | mistake-did  | PART  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  | lit. 'Hey Yamada, Tanaka fool (=that fool Tanaka) made a mistake again.'  |
Citko (2011a:752)
Citko (2011a)
Citko (2011a)