stanford-oval/wikipedia huggingface dataset:
パレスチナ独立戦争
反応 > イギリスとユダヤ人の共同作戦 > ユダヤ人入植者軍

| Joint British-Yishuv | Independent Yishuv | Other Yishuv defence infrastructure   |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jewish Supernumerary Police  | Mobile units (mobile arm of the Haganah)   | Ta'as † (weapons manufacture)  |
| Jewish Settlement Police | Fosh (field companies) | Rekhesh † (arms procurement)  |
| Mobile Guards (mobile arm of the Settlement Police)   | Hish (field corps) | Ran (counter intelligence)  |
| Special Night Squads | Special Operations Squads | Community ransom (defence tax)  |
| Tegart forts and Tegart's wall | Guards | Tower and stockade settlement |
† Ta'as and Rekhesh were developed and expanded during the Arab Revolt but already existed before 1936 and of course the Haganah had been in operation from the earliest days of the Mandate.
反応 > イギリスとユダヤ人の共同作戦 > ハガナー諜報局

There was no single body within the Jewish settlement capable of co-ordinating intelligence gathering before 1939. Until then there were four separate organisations without any regular or formal liaison. These were an underground militia, forerunner of the first official information service, Sherut Yediot (Shai); the Arab Platoon of the Palmach, which was staffed by Jews who were Arab-speaking and Arab-looking; Rekhesh, the arms procurement service, which had its own intelligence gathering capabilities, and likewise the Mossad LeAliyah Bet, the illegal immigration service. In mid-1939 the effort to co-ordinate the activities of these groups was led by Shaul Avigur and Moshe Shertok.
反応 > シオン修正主義者の役割

In 1931, a Revisionist underground splinter group broke off from Haganah, calling itself the Irgun organisation (or Etzel). The organisation took its orders from Revisionist leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky who was at bitter loggerheads with the dominant Labour Zionist movement led by David Ben-Gurion. The rift between the two Zionist movements further deteriorated in 1933 when two Revisionists were blamed for the murder of Haim Arlosoroff, who had negotiated the Haavara Agreement between the Jewish Agency and Nazi Germany. The agreement brought 52,000 German Jews to Palestine between 1933 and 1939, and generated $30,000,000 for the then almost bankrupt Jewish Agency, but in addition to the difficulties with the Revisionists, who advocated a boycott of Germany, it caused the Yishuv to be isolated from the rest of world Jewry.Ultimately, however, the events of the Arab Revolt blurred the differences between the gradualist approach of Ben-Gurion and the Maximalist Iron Wall approach of Jabotinsky and turned militarist patriotism into a bipartisan philosophy. Indeed, Ben-Gurion's own Special Operations Squads conducted a punitive operation in the Arab village of Lubya firing weapons into a room through a window killing two men and one woman and injuring three people, including two children.From October 1937 the Irgun instituted a wave of bombings against Arab crowds and buses. For the first time in the conflict massive bombs were placed in crowded Arab public places, killing and maiming dozens. These attacks substantially increased Arab casualties and sowed terror among the population. The first attack was on 11 November 1937, killing two Arabs at the bus depot near Jaffa Street in Jerusalem and then on 14 November, a day later commemorated as the "Day of the Breaking of the Havlagah (restraint)," Arabs were killed in simultaneous attacks around Palestine. More deadly attacks followed: on 6 July 1938 21 Arabs were killed and 52 wounded by a bomb in a Haifa market; on 25 July a second market bomb in Haifa killed at least 39 Arabs and injured 70; a bomb in Jaffa's vegetable market on 26 August killed 24 Arabs and wounded 39. The attacks were condemned by the Jewish Agency.Ironically, the Arab leader Mohammad Amin al-Husayni and his associates also received funding from Fascist Italy during the revolt as the Italians were in dispute with the United Kingdom over Abyssinia and wished not only to disrupt the British rear but also to extend Italian influence in the region.
反応 > 平和団の役割

The "peace bands" (fasa'il al-salam) or "Nashashibi units" were made up of disaffected Arab peasants recruited by the British administration and the Nashashibis in late 1938 to battle against Arab rebels during the revolt. Despite their peasant origins the bands were representative mainly of the interests of landlords and rural notables. Some peace bands also sprang up in the Nablus area, on Mount Carmel (a stronghold of the Druze who largely opposed the rebellion after 1937), and around Nazareth without connection to the Nashashibi-Husayni power struggle.From December 1937 the main opposition figures among the Arabs approached the Jewish Agency for funding and assistance, motivated by the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership. In October 1937, shortly after Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, the leader of the Arab Higher Committee, had fled from Palestine to escape British retribution, Raghib al-Nashashibi had written to Moshe Shertok stating his full willingness to co-operate with the Jewish Agency and to agree with whatever policy it proposed. From early in 1938 the Nashashibis received funding specifically to conduct anti-rebel operations, with Raghib al-Nashashibi himself receiving £5,000. The British also supplied funding to the peace bands and sometimes directed their operations.Fakhri Nashashibi was particularly successful in recruiting peace bands in the Hebron hills, on one occasion in December 1938 gathering 3,000 villagers for a rally in Yata, also attended by the British military commander of the Jerusalem District General Richard O'Connor.Just two months earlier, on 15 October 1938, rebels had seized the Old City and barricaded the gates. O'Connor had planned the operation by which men of the Coldstream Guards, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers and Black Watch recaptured the Old City, killing 19 rebels. He was later to win fame as the field commander for Operation Compass in World War II, in which his forces completely destroyed a much larger Italian army—a victory which nearly drove the Axis from Africa, and in turn, led Adolf Hitler to send the German Africa Corps under Erwin Rommel to try to reverse the situation.Towards the end of the revolt in May 1939 the authorities dissolved the peace bands and confiscated their arms. However, because members of the bands had become tainted in the eyes of the Palestinian Arabs, and some were under sentence of death, they had little choice but to continue the battle against the national movement's leadership, which they did with the continuing help of the Zionist movement.
反応 > 反乱指導者の役割

At least 282 rebel leaders took part in the Arab Revolt and of these only four were Christians. Some of the principal leaders among them, often known as "brigands" in the Jewish press and as "bandits", "terrorists", "rebels" or "insurgents", but never as "nationalists," to the British are described below. The Arabs themselves used the term Ursabi meaning gang and the leader of an armed band was a Qaid al Ursabi. The plural form Ursabat spawned the British soldiers' nickname for all rebels, which was Oozlebart.
反応 > 反乱指導者の役割 > ナザレ地区

Abdul Khallik was an effective peasant leader appointed by Fawzi al-Qawukji who caused great damage and loss of life in the Nazareth District and was thus a significant adversary of the Mandate and Jewish settlement authorities. He was trapped by British troops in a major engagement on 2 October 1938 and was killed whilst trying to lead his men to safety.
反応 > 反乱指導者の役割 > ナーブルス地区

Abdul Rahim al Hajj Mohammed from the Tulkarm area was a deeply religious, intellectual man and as a fervent anti-Zionist was deeply committed to the revolt. He was regarded second to Qawukji in terms of leadership ability and maintained his independence from the exiled rebel leadership in Damascus. He personally led small groups of fighters called fasa'il and carried out nighttime attacks against British targets in the revolt's early stage in 1936. When the revolt was renewed in April 1937, he established a more organised command hierarchy consisting of four main brigades who operated in the north-central highlands (Tulkarm-Nablus-Jenin). He competed for the position of General Commander of the Revolt with Aref Abdul Razzik, and the two served the post in rotation from September 1938 to February 1939, when al-Hajj Muhammad was confirmed as the sole General Commander. Notably, he refused to carry out political assassinations at the behest of political factions, including al-Husayni, once stating "I dont work for Husayniya ('Husanyni-ism'), but for wataniya ('nationalism')." He is still related by Palestinian Arabs as a hero and martyr and is regarded as a metonym "for a national movement that was popular, honourable, religious, and lofty in its aims and actions." He was shot dead in a firefight with British forces outside the village of Sanur on 27 March 1939, after Farid Irsheid's peace band informed the authorities of his location.Yusuf Said Abu Durra, a Qassamite leader in the Jenin area, was born in Silat al-Harithiya and before becoming a rebel worked as a Gazoz vendor. He was said to be a narrow-minded man who thrived on extortion and cruelty and thus became greatly feared. Yusuf Hamdan was Durra's more respected lieutenant and later a leader of his own unit; he was killed by an army patrol in 1939 and buried in Lajjun. Durra himself was apprehended by the Arab Legion in Transjordan on 25 July 1939 and subsequently hanged.Fakhri Abdul Hadi (Fakhri 'Abd al-Hadi) of the village of Arrabah worked closely with Fawzi al-Qawukji during 1936 but later defected to the British authorities. He bargained for a pardon by offering to collaborate with the British on countering rebel propaganda. Once on the payroll of the British consul in Damascus (Gilbert Mackereth) he carried out many attacks against the rebels in 1938–1939 as leader of his own "peace band".
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 「 | Aref had a little mare Its coat as white as snow And where that mare and Aref went We're jiggered if we know. – British Army verse. | 」 |

Aref Abdul Razzik (Arif 'Abd al-Raziq) of Tayibe village, who was responsible for the area south of Tulkarm, was known for seemingly being able to vanish into thin air whilst being pursued by the security forces. He signed his bulletins 'The Ghost of Sheikh Qassam'. Razzik assumed a place in British army folklore and the troops sang a song about him. Razzik was capable and daring and gained a reputation as one of the army's problem heroes.Mohammad Mahmoud Rana'an of Jaba' village was noted for his courage but lacked in intellect.
反応 > 反乱指導者の役割 > エルサレム地区

Issa Battat was a peasant leader in the southern hills below Jerusalem who caused enormous damage to security patrols in his area. He was killed by a patrol of armed police in a battle near Hebron in 1937.
結果 > 犠牲者

Despite the intervention of up to 50,000 British troops and 15,000 Haganah men, the uprising continued for over three years. By the time it concluded in September 1939, more than 5,000 Arabs, over 300 Jews, and 262 Britons had been killed and at least 15,000 Arabs were wounded.
結果 > ユダヤ人イシューブへの衝撃

In the overall context of the Jewish settlement's development in the 1930s the physical losses endured during the revolt were relatively insignificant. Although hundreds were killed and property was damaged no Jewish settlement was captured or destroyed and several dozen new ones were established. Over 50,000 new Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine. In 1936 Jews made up about one-third of the population.The hostilities contributed to further disengagement of the Jewish and Arab economies in Palestine, which were intertwined to some extent until that time. Development of the economy and infrastructure accelerated. For example, whereas the Jewish city of Tel Aviv relied on the nearby Arab seaport of Jaffa, hostilities dictated the construction of a separate Jewish-run seaport for Tel Aviv, inspiring the delighted Ben-Gurion to note in his diary "we ought to reward the Arabs for giving us the impetus for this great creation." Metal works were established to produce armoured sheeting for vehicles and a rudimentary arms industry was founded. The settlement's transportation capabilities were enhanced and Jewish unemployment was relieved owing to the employment of police officers, and replacement of striking Arab labourers, employees, craftsman and farmers by Jewish workers. Most of the important industries in Palestine were owned by Jews and in trade and the banking sector they were much better placed than the Arabs.As a result of collaboration with the British colonial authorities and security forces many thousands of young men had their first experience of military training, which Moshe Shertok and Haganah leader Eliyahu Golomb cited as one of the fruits of the Haganah's policy of havlagah (restraint).Although the Jewish settlement in Palestine was dismayed by the publication of the 1939 White Paper restricting Jewish immigration, David Ben-Gurion remained undeterred, believing that the policy would not be implemented, and in fact Neville Chamberlain had told him that the policy would last at the very most only for the duration of the war. In the event the White Paper quotas were exhausted only in December 1944, over five and a half years later, and in the same period the United Kingdom absorbed 50,000 Jewish refugees and the British Commonwealth (Australia, Canada and South Africa) took many thousands more. During the War over 30,000 Jews joined the British forces and even the Irgun ceased operations against the British.
結果 > パレスチナのアラブ人への衝撃

The revolt weakened the military strength of Palestinian Arabs in advance of their ultimate confrontation with the Jewish settlement in the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and was thus counterproductive. During the uprising, British authorities attempted to confiscate all weapons from the Arab population. This, and the destruction of the main Arab political leadership in the revolt, greatly hindered their military efforts in the 1948 Palestine war, where imbalances between the Jewish and Arab economic performance, social cohesion, political organisation and military capability became apparent.The Mufti, Hajj Amin al-Husseini and his supporters directed a Jihad against any person who did not obey the Mufti. Their national struggle was a religious holy war, and the incarnation of both the Palestinian Arab nation and Islam was Hajj Amin al-Husseini. Anyone who rejected his leadership was a heretic and his life was forfeit. After the Peel report publication, the murders of Arabs leaders who opposed the Mufti were accelerated. Pressed by the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership, the opposition had a security cooperation with the Jews. The flight of wealthy Arabs, which occurred during the revolt, was also replicated in 1947–49.
Thousands of Palestinian houses were destroyed, and massive financial costs were incurred because of the general strike and the devastation of fields, crops and orchards. The economic boycott further damaged the fragile Palestinian Arab economy through loss of sales and goods and increased unemployment.Clearly, the revolt did not achieve its goals, although it is "credited with signifying the birth of the Arab Palestinian identity." It is generally credited with forcing the issuance of the White Paper of 1939 in which Britain retreated from the partition arrangements proposed by the Peel Commission in favour of the creation of a binational state within ten years, although The League of Nations commission held that the White Paper was in conflict with the terms of the Mandate as put forth in the past. The White Paper of 1939 was regarded by many as incompatible with the commitment to a Jewish National Home in Palestine, as proclaimed in the 1917 Balfour Declaration. Al-Husseini rejected the new policy, although it seems that the ordinary Palestinian Arab accepted the White Paper of 1939. His biographer, Philip Mattar wrote that in that case, the Mufti preferred his personal interests and the ideology rather than the practical considerations.
結果 > 大英帝国への衝撃

As the inevitable war with Germany approached, British policy makers concluded that although they could rely on the support of the Jewish population in Palestine, who had no alternative but to support Britain, the support of Arab governments and populations in an area of great strategic importance for the British Empire was not assured. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain concluded "if we must offend one side, let us offend the Jews rather than the Arabs."In February 1939 Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs Malcolm MacDonald called together a conference of Arab and Zionist leaders on the future of Palestine at St. James's Palace in London but the discussions ended without agreement on 27 March. The government's new policy as published in White Paper of 17 May had been determined already and despite Jewish protests and Irgun attacks the British remained resolute.There was a growing feeling among British officials that there was nothing left for them to do in Palestine.
Perhaps the ultimate achievement of the Arab Revolt was to make the British sick of Palestine. Major-General Bernard "Monty" Montgomery concluded, "the Jew murders the Arab and the Arab murders the Jew. This is what is going on in Palestine now. And it will go on for the next 50 years in all probability."
歴史編集

The 1936–1939 Arab Revolt has been and still is marginalized in both Western and Israeli historiography on Palestine, and even progressive Western scholars have little to say about the anti-colonial struggle of the Palestinian Arab rebels against the British Empire. According to Swedenberg's analysis, for instance, the Zionist version of Israeli history acknowledges only one authentic national movement: the struggle for Jewish self-determination that resulted in the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948. Swedenberg writes that the Zionist narrative has no room for an anticolonial and anti-British Palestinian national revolt.  Zionists often describe the revolt as a series of "events" (Hebrew מאורעות תרצ"ו-תרצ"ט) "riots", or "happenings".The appropriate description was debated by Jewish Agency officials, who were keen not to give a negative impression of Palestine to prospective immigrants. In private, however, David Ben-Gurion was unequivocal: the Arabs, he said, were "fighting dispossession ... The fear is not of losing land, but of losing the homeland of the Arab people, which others want to turn into the homeland of the Jewish people."
古今亭菊春

| --- | --- |
古今亭 菊春 Kokontei Kikuharu
 古今亭菊春定紋「裏梅」
本名: 外谷 英治
生年月日:  (1954-07-25) 1954年7月25日（70歳）
出身地:  日本・長野県
師匠: 二代目古今亭圓菊
名跡: 1. 古今亭菊松 （1975年 - 1992年） 2. 古今亭菊春 （1992年 - ）
出囃子: 元禄花見踊前弾き
活動期間: 1975年 -
所属: 落語協会
公式サイト: 古今亭菊春
受賞歴
国立花形若手演芸コンクール銀賞（1990年）
表示
古今亭 菊春（ここんてい きくはる、1954年7月25日 - ）は、落語協会所属の落語家。長野県信濃町出身。紋は「裏梅」。本名∶外谷 英治。
経歴

長野商業高校卒業。高校卒業後、池袋の寿司屋に勤めながら池袋演芸場に通っているうちに落語家になろうと志す。
1975年10月、二代目古今亭圓菊に入門する。前座名は「菊松」。
1980年6月、古今亭志ん八、古今亭菊之助、金原亭駒平と共に二ツ目に昇進。1990年1月に国立花形若手演芸コンクール銀賞受賞。
1992年3月に金原亭世之介、林家のん平と共に真打昇進し「菊春」と改名する。
芸歴

1975年10月 - 二代目古今亭圓菊に入門、前座名「菊松」。
1980年6月 - 二ツ目昇進。
1992年3月 - 真打昇進、「菊春」と改名。
人物

師匠圓菊、贔屓客らと麻雀をしていたとき、大敗した圓菊から八つ当たりされて怒られた。
五代目円楽一門会の両国寄席にも出演している。
浅草演芸ホール8月中席で毎年行われる住吉踊り連に所属している。
演目

明るく、陽気な芸風。
幾代餅
親子酒
鷺とり
三方一両損
粗忽の釘
錦の袈裟
抜け雀
野晒し
宿屋の富
出演

二つ目物語（2022年、林家しん平監督） - 森本亭豆八 役
クラクフ

クラクフ（Kraków [ˈkrakuf] ( 音声ファイル), 独: Krakau クラーカウ, 仏: Cracovie クラコヴィー）は、ポーランド南部にある都市で、マウォポルスカ県の県都。
ポーランドで最も歴史ある都市の一つであり、17世紀初頭にワルシャワに遷都するまではクラクフがポーランド王国の首都であった。ポーランドの工業、文化の主要な中心地でもある。ヴィスワ川の上流に位置し、市街地はヴァヴェル城を中心として川の両岸に広がっている。
1038年から1569年まではポーランド王国、1569年から1596年までポーランド・リトアニア共和国であった。 1794年からオーストリア帝国領となり、1846年から1918年までオーストリアのクラクフ大公国であった。
人口は774,839人で、これはワルシャワ、ウッチに続く第3の規模。
歴史

クラクフの歴史は、ポーランド王国成立以前は西スラブ民族のVistulans部族が定住し、その後、モラヴィア王国となる。モラヴィア王国はハンガリー人に倒された。クラクフはボヘミア王国となる。
歴史書に初めて記載されたのは、966年にアンダルス（イベリア半島の後ウマイヤ朝イスラム帝国）のユダヤ人記録家イブン・ヤクブ（英語版）（英: Ibrâhîm ibn Ya`qûb）によると、クラクフはボヘミアの交易都市であると記述されている。1038年、クラクフはポーランド（ピアスト朝）となる。
13世紀にモンゴルの襲撃でいったん破壊された。14世紀よりクラクフは最盛期を迎え、1364年、カジミェシュ3世によってヤギェウォ大学（クラクフ大学 - コペルニクスが大学生として通った大学として知られる。ポーランド最古の大学）が創設され、それからも織物取引所、聖マリア教会などが建てられていった。モンゴルの襲撃による街の破壊と人口減少後、14世紀のカジミェシュ大王は積極的にユダヤ人を招き入れ、当時はヴィスワ川の中州だった、河川を利用した運送に適した広い土地を彼らの自治都市として提供した。後にユダヤ人たちが豊かになるにつれて自治区は対岸にも広がっていった。
16世紀後半、ヤギェウォ朝が断絶すると、貴族（シュラフタ）運営の身分制議会（セイム）勢力が強まり、王権の弱体化が進んだ。16世紀より徐々に王国の中心はワルシャワへと移行していき、17世紀初頭には正式に都がクラクフからワルシャワへと遷された。そうした中、17世紀前半の三十年戦争、18世紀前半の大北方戦争で国土は荒廃した。18世紀後半には3度のポーランド分割によって国家自体が消滅し、クラクフはハプスブルク君主国のオーストリア領ガリツィアとなった。
1815年、ウィーン議定書によりロシア、プロイセン、オーストリアの保護国であるクラクフ共和国となる。1846年2月、クラクフ市民が反オーストリア蜂起（クラクフ蜂起（英語版、ポーランド語版））を起こしたが失敗に終わる。オーストリアに併合されてクラクフ大公国となり自治特権は失われた。この蜂起は2年後に起こる1848年ヨーロッパ革命の先駆的運動とも評価される。19世紀後半から20世紀初頭にかけて、ポーランド文化振興の中心地として重要な役割を果たした。第一次世界大戦を経て、1918年にポーランドが独立を果たしポーランド第二共和国となった。第二次世界大戦に際してドイツ軍の占領を受けた。ポーランド総督に任命されたハンス・フランクはクラクフのヴァヴェル城からポーランド総督府の統治にあたった。1945年、ソ連軍の支配下となった。
第二次世界大戦中は占領者のナチス・ドイツにより、カジミェシュ地区から見てヴィスワ川対岸にあるポドグジェ地区にクラクフ・ゲットーが創設された。オスカー・シンドラーが経営していた工場は、クラクフ・ゲットーのユダヤ人を労働者として雇っていた。工場のユダヤ人労働者が強制収容所に連行される時、彼らを連れ戻しモラヴィア地方のツヴィッタウ（独: Zwittau、現スヴィタヴィ（英語版））-ブリュンリッツ（独: Brünnlitz、現ブルニェネツ（英語版））にある自分の工場へと送った。
クラクフの歴史上、ポーランド国内でも多くのユダヤ人が在住した街であった。ホロコーストや反ユダヤ主義から逃れるため、ユダヤ人はアメリカやイスラエルなどへ移住した。現代のカジミェシュ地区では毎年7月初旬、ユダヤ人による「シャローム」祭が開催され、ポーランドからアメリカやイスラエルなどに移住していったユダヤ人が訪れる。
地理

クラクフはポーランドの南部にあり、カルパティア山脈のタトラ山脈（南）とクラカウ・チェンストホヴァ・ジュラ紀高地（北）の間を東に向けて流れるヴィスワ川に沿っていて、標高は219メートルである。
近隣の都市としては、約70キロ西にカトヴィツェ、100キロ北東にキエルツェ、75キロ東にタルヌフ、85キロ南にザコパネが位置している。
地理 > 気候

| クラクフの気候> 月 | クラクフの気候> 1月 | クラクフの気候> 2月 | クラクフの気候> 3月 | クラクフの気候> 4月 | クラクフの気候> 5月 | クラクフの気候> 6月 | クラクフの気候> 7月 | クラクフの気候> 8月 | クラクフの気候> 9月 | クラクフの気候> 10月 | クラクフの気候> 11月 | クラクフの気候> 12月 | クラクフの気候> 年 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 最高気温記録 °C （°F） | 15.7  (60.3) | 21.0  (69.8) | 25.2  (77.4) | 29.6  (85.3) | 33.3  (91.9) | 35.5  (95.9) | 36.1  (97) | 36.7  (98.1) | 33.1  (91.6) | 27.7  (81.9) | 21.2  (70.2) | 18.9  (66) | 36.7  (98.1) |
| 平均最高気温 °C （°F） | 1.1  (34) | 1.5  (34.7) | 7.9  (46.2) | 13.7  (56.7) | 19.8  (67.6) | 22.1  (71.8) | 24.2  (75.6) | 23.9  (75) | 19.2  (66.6) | 13.6  (56.5) | 5.0  (41) | 2.9  (37.2) | 12.9  (55.2) |
| 日平均気温 °C （°F） | −2.1  (28.2) | −1.8  (28.8) | 3.8  (38.8) | 9.6  (49.3) | 14.1  (57.4) | 18.0  (64.4) | 19.6  (67.3) | 19.3  (66.7) | 14.7  (58.5) | 9.2  (48.6) | 2.6  (36.7) | 0.0  (32) | 8.9  (48) |
| 平均最低気温 °C （°F） | −5.3  (22.5) | −5.1  (22.8) | −0.5  (31.1) | 5.5  (41.9) | 9.0  (48.2) | 13.8  (56.8) | 15.0  (59) | 14.7  (58.5) | 10.2  (50.4) | 4.8  (40.6) | 0.2  (32.4) | −2.9  (26.8) | 5.0  (41) |
| 最低気温記録 °C （°F） | −29.9  (−21.8) | −29.4  (−20.9) | −22.9  (−9.2) | −9.4  (15.1) | −2.7  (27.1) | 0.6  (33.1) | 4.3  (39.7) | 2.0  (35.6) | −4.1  (24.6) | −7.9  (17.8) | −17.7  (0.1) | −25.5  (−13.9) | −29.9  (−21.8) |
| 降水量 mm （inch） | 34  (1.34) | 34  (1.34) | 35  (1.38) | 42  (1.65) | 56  (2.2) | 84  (3.31) | 90  (3.54) | 82  (3.23) | 55  (2.17) | 44  (1.73) | 41  (1.61) | 34  (1.34) | 631  (24.84) |
| 平均降水日数 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 12 | 147 |
|  % 湿度 | 82 | 82 | 77 | 68 | 63 | 69 | 71 | 74 | 75 | 79 | 83 | 86 | 76 |
| 平均月間日照時間 | 43 | 54 | 102 | 144 | 189 | 204 | 208 | 183 | 153 | 105 | 51 | 33 | 1,469 |
出典：Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
地理 > 環境

ポーランドは一般に冬は石炭を炊いて暖房にするため、特に山に囲まれたクラクフとその近辺は、やはり同国南部のカトヴィツェなどと共に、ヨーロッパでも有数のスモッグの町として知られている。
文化

クラクフはポーランド文化の中心地であるといわれる。第二次世界大戦であまり被害を受けなかったこともあり、世界遺産に登録されている旧市街には、歴史的な建造物が多く残っている。なかでも旧王宮であるヴァヴェル城や聖マリア教会、織物会館などがある。
クラクフには国立美術館、各種博物館や美術館など文化施設が存在する。レオナルド・ダ・ヴィンチの「白貂を抱く貴婦人」があるチャルトリスキ美術館や、日本美術品収集家フェリクス・"マンガ"・ヤシェンスキ（ポーランド語版）の日本美術コレクションが展示されている「日本美術技術博物館“マンガ”館」（館名の「マンガ」の直接の由来はヤシェスキが美術評論をする際のペンネームであるが、そのヤシェンスキは葛飾北斎の北斎漫画にちなんだ。建物の設計は磯崎新。）、ポーランド人画家ヤン・マテイコらの作品がある国立美術館である。