小節 (言語学)
派生分析 > 非構成素分析 > 移動に基づく証拠

上述の通り、Williams式の分析では、小節は構成素を成さない。これを証明するための手段として、移動現象を用いた構成素判別テストがしばしば引用される。
はじめに、自然言語の一般性質として、構成素を成している文法単位 (より厳密には最大投射) は移動が可能であるが、構成素を成していない文法単位 (より厳密には中間投射) は移動できない。
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| ()   | a.   | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. | John praised [NP his [N' wife]]. |
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| ()   | b.   | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? | [NP Whose wife]i did John praise ti? |
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| ()   | c.   | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? | *[? Whose]i did John praise [NP ti [N' wife]]? |
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よって、非構成素分析が正しければ、小節自体は移動ができないが、その内部要素の移動は可能であることが予測され、実際に英語の小節はこの性質を示す。
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| ()   | a.   | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? | Whati does John consider Bill ti? |
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| ()   | b.   | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? | Howi do you want your eggs ti? |
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| ()   | .   | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. | She proved [him guilty]. |
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| ()   | .   | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 | *[Him guilty] she proved. // 話題化 |
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| ()   | .   | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 | *It is [him guilty] that she proved. // it分裂文 |
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| ()   | .   | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 | *What she proved was [him guilty]. // 擬似分裂文 |
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| ()   | .   | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー | *What did she prove? - ??[Him guilty]. // フラグメントアンサー |
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一方、通言語的な観点から考察を行うと、小節そのものの移動が可能な言語や小節のみで主節を構成できる言語を見つけることができる。よって、これらのデータは非構成素分析後押しする絶対的な証拠ではないことに注意が必要である。(詳細は#通言語間の差異を参照のこと。)