系統DNA検査
出典・脚注

↑   CMMG alum launches multi-million dollar genetic testing company - Alum notes. 17. Wayne State University, School of Medicine's alumni journal. (Spring 2006). p. 1. http://www.med.wayne.edu/news_media/scribe/PDF/Alum-06-SpringScribe%5B1%5D.pdf 24 Jan 2013閲覧。.
↑  “How Big Is the Genetic Genealogy Market?”.   The Genetic Genealogist. 19 Feb 2009閲覧。
↑  "Ancestry.com Launches new AncestryDNA Service: The Next Generation of DNA Science Poised to Enrich Family History Research" (Press release). 2013年5月26日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年7月1日閲覧。
↑  Belli, Anne (January 18, 2005). “Moneymakers: Bennett Greenspan”. Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/business/article/Moneymakers-Bennett-Greenspan-1657195.php June 14, 2013閲覧. "Years of researching his family tree through records and documents revealed roots in Argentina, but he ran out of leads looking for his maternal great-grandfather. After hearing about new genetic testing at the University of Arizona, he persuaded a scientist there to test DNA samples from a known cousin in California and a suspected distant cousin in Buenos Aires. It was a match. But the real find was the idea for Family Tree DNA, which the former film salesman launched in early 2000 to provide the same kind of service for others searching for their ancestors."
↑   National Genealogical Society Quarterly. 93. National Genealogical Society. (2005). p. 248. "Businessman Bennett Greenspan hoped that the approach used in the Jefferson and Cohen research would help family historians. After reaching a brick wall on his mother's surname, Nitz, he discovered and Argentine researching the same surname. Greenspan enlisted the help of a male Nitz cousin. A scientist involved in the original Cohen investigation tested the Argentine's and Greenspan's cousin's Y chromosomes. Their haplotypes matched perfectly."
↑  Lomax, John Nova (April 14, 2005). “Who's Your Daddy?”. Houston Press. http://www.houstonpress.com/2005-04-14/news/who-s-your-daddy/ June 14, 2013閲覧. "A real estate developer and entrepreneur, Greenspan has been interested in genealogy since his preteen days."
↑  Dardashti, Schelly Talalay (March 30, 2008). “When oral history meets genetics”. The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Features/In-Thespotlight/When-oral-history-meets-genetics June 14, 2013閲覧. "Greenspan, born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska, has been interested in genealogy from a very young age; he drew his first family tree at age 11."
↑  Bradford, Nicole (24 Feb 2008). “Riding the 'genetic revolution'”. Houston Business Journal. http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2008/02/25/smallb1.html?page=all 19 June 2013閲覧。
↑  Hamilton, Anita (October 29, 2008). “Best Inventions of 2008”. Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1852747_1854493,00.html April 5, 2012閲覧。
↑  “About Us”. 23andMe. June 10, 2018閲覧。
↑  “Autosomal DNA testing comparison chart”. International Society of Genetic Genealogy Wiki. June 10, 2018閲覧。
↑  Regalado, Antonio (2018年2月12日). “2017 was the year consumer DNA testing blew up” (英語). MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610233/2017-was-the-year-consumer-dna-testing-blew-up/ 2018年2月20日閲覧。
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 8)
1 2 3  “Understanding genetic ancestry testing”. Molecular and Cultural Evolution Lab.   University College London (2016年). 2016年11月24日閲覧。
↑  "Claims of connections, therefore, between specific uniparental lineages and historical figures or historical migrations of peoples are merely speculative." Royal, Charmaine D.; Novembre, John; Fullerton, Stephanie M.; Goldstein, David B.; Long, Jeffrey C.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Clark, Andrew G. (2010-05-14). “Inferring Genetic Ancestry: Opportunities, Challenges, and Implications”. The American Journal of Human Genetics 86 (5):  667. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.03.011. ISSN 0002-9297. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929710001552 2017年6月29日閲覧。.
1 2 3 4 5  Emery, Leslie S.; Magnaye, Kevin M.; Bigham, Abigail W.; Akey, Joshua M.; Bamshad, Michael J. (2015-02-05). “Estimates of Continental Ancestry Vary Widely among Individuals with the Same mtDNA Haplogroup”. The American Journal of Human Genetics 96 (2):  183–93. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.015. ISSN 0002-9297. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929714005217 2016年1月24日閲覧。.
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 70)
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 68)
↑  “Autosomal DNA – ISOGG Wiki” (英語). isogg.org. 2017年2月3日閲覧。
↑  “Best Ancestry DNA Test 2018 - Which Testing Kit is Best & How to Choose” (10 January 2018). June 10, 2018閲覧。
↑  “Concepts – Imputation” (5 September 2017). June 10, 2018閲覧。
↑  “March - 2016 - DNAeXplained – Genetic Genealogy”. dna-explained.com. June 10, 2018閲覧。
↑  “The Danger of Distant Matches - The Genetic Genealogist” (6 January 2017). June 10, 2018閲覧。
↑  Combs-Bennett, Shannon (2015年12月3日). “How to Use AncestryDNA Shared Matches - Family Tree” (英語). Family Tree. https://www.familytreemagazine.com/premium/ancestry-dna-shared-matches-tutorial/ 2018年4月30日閲覧。
↑  Lassalle, Melody (2018年3月15日). “MyHeritage DNA Ups Its Game with Updated Chromosome Browser”. Genealogy Research Journal. 2018年4月30日閲覧。
↑  Southard, Diahan (2017年6月19日). “Triple Play: Triangulating Your DNA Matches - Family Tree” (英語). Family Tree. https://www.familytreemagazine.com/premium/triple-play-dna-matches-triangulation/ 2018年4月30日閲覧。
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 107)
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 114)
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 111)
↑  Norrgard, Karen (2008). “Forensics, DNA Fingerprinting, and CODIS”. Nature Education 1:1:  35. https://www.nature.com/scitable/nated/article?action=showContentInPopup&contentPK=736.
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 9)
↑  M. Pickford, "Paradise lost: Mitochondrial eve refuted". SpringerLink, July 2006
↑  e.g. “Maternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77 (11):  6715–19. (November 1980). Bibcode: 1980PNAS...77.6715G. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.11.6715. PMC 350359. PMID 6256757. http://www.pnas.org/content/77/11/6715.abstract.
↑  “mtDNA regions”. Phylotree.org. 27 July 2011時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年6月15日閲覧。
1 2  “Family Tree DNA Review” (英語). Top 10 DNA Tests (May 2018). 2018年5月19日閲覧。
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 50)
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 51)
↑  “DNA Tests prove that the body found under a parking lot belongs to King Richard III; but was he truly a "hunchback?"”.   DNA Diagnostics Center (7 February 2013). 3 November 2014時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。June 10, 2018閲覧。
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 30)
↑  “Matching Y-Chromosome DNA Results”. Molecular Genealogy.   Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. 3 May 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年6月15日閲覧。
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 35)
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 41)
↑  Bettinger (2016, p. 40)
↑  “Ethnicity Testing – A Conundrum” (10 February 2016). June 10, 2018閲覧。
↑  “mtDNA matches”. Smgf.org. 2011年6月15日閲覧。
1 2  Sykes, Bryan (2001). The Seven Daughters of Eve. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02018-5, pp. 291–92. Sykes discusses the difficulty in genealogically tracing a maternal lineage, due to the lack of matrilineal surnames (or matrinames).
↑  Rutherford, Adam (24 May 2015). “So you’re related to Charlemagne? You and every other living European…”. Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/commentisfree/2015/may/24/business-genetic-ancestry-charlemagne-adam-rutherford 8 February 2016閲覧。
↑  “Patriclan: Trace Your Paternal Ancestry”.   African Ancestry. 7 July 2011時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年6月15日閲覧。
↑  Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware, accessed 15 February 2008
↑  Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware, accessed 15 February 2008
↑  “Native American | Definition of Native American by Merriam-Webster”. www.merriam-webster.com. 2016年10月4日閲覧。
↑  “AncestryDNA FAQ”. www.ancestry.co.uk. June 10, 2018閲覧。
↑  “Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood”. Human Genetics 126 (5):  707–17. (November 2009). doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5. PMC 2771134. PMID 19669163. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2771134/.
↑  Mas, V. (2013). Y-DNA Haplogroup J1 phylogenetic tree. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.741212. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.741212.
↑  ftdna.com (kept uptodate). http://www.familytreedna.com/faq/answers/default.aspx?faqid=9#922 "FAQ: ...how should the genetic distance at 37 Y-chromosome STR markers be interpreted?" Retrieved 2012-01-13.
↑  ftdna.com (kept uptodate). http://www.familytreedna.com/faq/answers/default.aspx?faqid=9#925 "FAQ: ...how should the genetic distance at 111 Y-chromosome STR markers be interpreted?" Retrieved 2012-01-13.
↑  Randall, Caresa Alexander (2016年11月16日). “Adopted man finds biological family with help of AncestryDNA” (英語). Deseret News. https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865667270/Adopted-man-finds-biological-family-with-help-of-AncestryDNA.html 2018年4月30日閲覧。
↑  “"Buckskin Girl" case: DNA breakthrough leads to ID of 1981 murder victim” (英語). CBS News. (2018年3月12日). https://www.cbsnews.com/news/buckskin-girl-case-groundbreaking-dna-tech-leads-to-id-of-1981-murder-victim/ 2018年4月30日閲覧。
↑  Augenstein, Seth (2018年5月9日). “DNA Doe Project IDs 2001 Motel Suicide, Using Genealogy” (英語). Forensic Magazine. https://www.forensicmag.com/news/2018/05/dna-doe-project-ids-2001-motel-suicide-using-genealogy 2018年5月19日閲覧。
↑  Zhang, Sarah (2018年3月27日). “How a Genealogy Website Led to the Alleged Golden State Killer” (英語). The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/04/golden-state-killer-east-area-rapist-dna-genealogy/559070/ 2018年4月30日閲覧。
↑  Green, Sara Jean (2018年5月18日). “Investigators use DNA, genealogy database to ID suspect in 1987 double homicide” (英語). The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/crime/investigators-use-dna-genealogy-database-to-id-suspect-in-1987-double-homicide/ 2018年5月19日閲覧。
↑  Regalado, Antonio. “Investigators searched a million people’s DNA to find Golden State serial killer”. June 10, 2018閲覧。
↑  Lillis, Ryan; Kasler, Dale; Chabria, Anita (April 27, 2018). “'Open-source' genealogy site provided missing DNA link to East Area Rapist, investigator says”. The Sacramento Bee. http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/crime/article209987599.html April 27, 2018閲覧。
↑  Zhang, Sarah (2018年5月19日). “The Coming Wave of Murders Solved by Genealogy” (英語). The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/05/the-coming-wave-of-murders-solved-by-genealogy/560750/ 2018年5月19日閲覧。
↑  Vergano, Dan (2013年6月13日). “DNA detectives seek origins of you”.   USA Today. 2016年7月5日閲覧。
↑  Estes, Roberta (2015年12月30日). “23andMe, Ancestry and Selling Your DNA Information”. DNAeXplained – Genetic Genealogy. 2016年7月5日閲覧。
↑  Seife, Charles (2013年11月27日). “23andMe Is Terrifying, but Not for the Reasons the FDA Thinks; The genetic-testing company's real goal is to hoard your personal data”.   Scientific American. 2016年7月5日閲覧。
↑  “Family tree and ancestry inference: is there a need for a 'generational' consent?”. BMC Medical Ethics 16 (1):  87. (December 2015). doi:10.1186/s12910-015-0080-2. PMC 4673846. PMID 26645273. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-015-0080-2.
↑  “Understanding genetic ancestry testing”. www.ucl.ac.uk. 2018年6月13日閲覧。
↑  Collins, Nick (2013年3月17日). “DNA ancestry tests branded 'meaningless'”.   The Telegraph. 2016年7月5日閲覧。
↑  Thomas, Mark (2013年2月25日). “To claim someone has 'Viking ancestors' is no better than astrology”. The Guardian. 2016年7月5日閲覧。
↑  Reference (2016年11月22日). “What is genetic ancestry testing?”. Genetics Home Reference.   U.S National Library of Medicine. 2016年11月24日閲覧。
↑  “DNA doesn't lie!” (1 October 2017). 2018年6月13日閲覧。
↑  Harmon, Katherine (2010年5月14日). “Genetic ancestry testing is an inexact science, task force says”.   Scientific American. 2016年7月5日閲覧。
↑  Concepts – Calculating Ethnicity Percentages, DNA Explained
↑  “Genetics. The illusive gold standard in genetic ancestry testing” (英語). Science 325 (5936):  38–39. (July 2009). doi:10.1126/science.1173038. PMID 19574373. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5936/38.
↑  O'Rourke, Ciara (AUG 16, 2017). “Solving a Murder Mystery With Ancestry Websites”. 2018年4月28日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
↑  Robbins, Rebecca (2018年4月28日). “The Golden State Killer Case Was Cracked with a Genealogy Web Site” (英語). Scientific American / STAT. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-golden-state-killer-case-was-cracked-with-a-genealogy-web-site1/ 2018年4月30日閲覧。
↑  “Mitochondrial DNA inherited variants are associated with successful aging and longevity in humans”. FASEB Journal 13 (12):  1532–36. (September 1999). doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.12.1532. PMID 10463944.
↑  “European Journal of Human Genetics (2001) 9, pp 701±707”. 2018年6月13日閲覧。
↑  “The Pros and Cons of the Main Autosomal DNA Testing Companies” (英語). The DNA Geek. (2016年11月14日). http://thednageek.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-the-main-autosomal-dna-testing-companies/ 2018年5月19日閲覧。
↑  Bettinger, Blaine (2013年9月22日). “What Else Can I Do With My DNA Test Results?” (英語). The Genetic Genealogist. https://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2013/09/22/what-else-can-i-do-with-my-dna-test-results/ 2018年5月19日閲覧。
↑  “Mitomap”.   Mitomap. 2011年6月15日閲覧。
↑  “Genetic And Rare Disease Information Center (GARD)”. Genome.gov (22 March 2011). 2011年6月15日閲覧。
↑  Bettinger, Blaine (2013年9月22日). “What Else Can I Do With My DNA Test Results?”. The Genetic Genealogist. 2016年11月24日閲覧。
衛生兵が綿棒を使って、イオー・ジマ (LHD-7)に搭乗する兵士からDNAサンプルを採取する。
異なる親族の共有するDNA
ミトコンドリアDNAからわかるアフリカからの人類の移住地図。数字は今から何千年前化を表す。青色の線は最後の氷河期で氷やツンドラに覆われた地域を表す。北極が中心。移住の出発点のアフリカは左上、南アメリカは右端。
DNA鎖1は鎖2と比較して1塩基対の配置が異なる。(C → T 多型).
Dominant Y-chromosome haplogroups in pre-colonial world populations, with possible migrations routes according to the Coastal Migration Model.
European genetic structure (based on Autosomal SNPs) by PCA