小節 (言語学)
通言語間の差異 > 範疇制限 > フランス語

フランス語において、小節の述部には様々な範疇が生起できる。
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| ()   | a.  | Louis  | considère  | [NP Marie]  | [AP drôle].   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Louis  | considers  | Marie  | funny  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  | 'Louis considers Marie funny.'  |
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| ()   | b.  | Marie  | voulait  | [NP Louis]  | [PP dans son bureau].   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Marie  | want.PAST  | Louis  | in her office  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  | 'Marie wanted Louis in her office.'  |
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| ()   | c.  | Louis  | voyait  | [NP Marie]  | [VP jouer de la cornemuse].   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Louis  | see.PAST  | Marie  | play.INF the bagpipe  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  | 'Louis saw Marie play the bagpipe.'  |
ただし、[NP VP] の構造に関しては制約が存在し、動詞が原形不定詞であっても、コピュラは生起できない。
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| ()   |   | *Je  | crois  | Jean  | être  | malade.  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | I  | believe  | Jean  | be.INF  | sick  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  | lit. 'I believe Jean be sick.'  |
なお、小節の構造分析における重要な論点の一つとして、構成素を成しているか否かが挙げられることを見たが、一部の研究において構成素分析の証拠として用いられる等位接続に関するデータは、フランス語でも絶対的証拠として用いることはできない。
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| ()   | a.  | Louis  | considère  | [Marie  | drôle]  | et  | [Bill  | stupide].   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Louis  | considers  | Marie  | funny  | and  | Bill  | stupid  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  | 'Louis considers [Mary funny] and [Bill stupid].'  |
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| ()   | b.  | Louis  | a  | donné  | [un  | livre  | à  | Marie  | hier]  | et  | [une  | peinture  | à  | Barbara  | le  | jour  | d'  | avant].   |  |  |  |
|  |  | Louis  | has  | give.PAST  | a  | book  | to  | Marie  | yesterday  | and  | a  | painting  | to  | Barbara  | the  | day  | of  | yesterday  |  |  |  |

|  |  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  | 'Louis gave [a book to Mary yesterday] and [a painting to Barbara the day before].'  |
(b) では、明確な非構成素が等位項となっているため、このデータは等位接続は構成素の判別テストに用いることはできないこと、ならびにどのような統語環境で等位接続が可能であるのかの再考が必要であることを示唆している。