フルタミド
参考資料

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1 2 3 4  Jeffrey K. Aronson (19 April 2010). Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs in Cancer and Immunology. Elsevier. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-0-08-093288-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=OSj_yr7nU6MC&pg=PT318
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↑  Lutz Moser (1 January 2008). Controversies in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-3-8055-8524-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=4J4OCRyHWRYC&pg=PA41. "Latest studies suggest that [flutamide] also reduces adrenal and ovarian androgen synthesis [58,59]. [...] No alteration in the hormone levels has been observed in patients treated with flutamide for 6 or 12 months [61,62]. However in other studies flutamide decreased circulating concentrations of DHEAS as well as androstenedione, total testosterone and 3a-androstanediol glucuronide, in young women with PCOS [41,59]. These effects may be due to inhibition of adrenal 17-20 lyase [17,63]. Although there was no effect on gonadotropin response to GnRH, basal levels of FSH showed a rise associated with a small fall of LH [64]."
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↑  Scher, Howard I. (2005). "Hyperplastic and Malignant Diseases of the Prostate". In Dennis L. Kasper, Anthony S. Fauci, Dan L. Longo, Eugene Braunwald, Stephen L. Hauser, & J. Larry Jameson (Eds.), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (16th edition), pp. 548–9. New York: McGraw-Hill.
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↑  Wolfgang Hinkelbein; Kurt Miller; Thomas Wiegel (7 March 2013). Prostatakarzinom — urologische und strahlentherapeutische Aspekte: urologische und strahlentherapeutische Aspekte [Prostate carcinoma — urological and radiotherapeutic aspects: urological and radiotherapeutic aspects]. Springer-Verlag. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-3-642-60064-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=wdTLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99
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↑  Ulrike Blume-Peytavi; David A. Whiting; Ralph M. Trüeb (26 June 2008). Hair Growth and Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-3-540-46911-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=pHrX2-huQCoC&pg=PA181
1 2  Kenneth L. Becker (2001). Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1196, 1208. ISBN 978-0-7817-1750-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=FVfzRvaucq8C&pg=PA1196
1 2  Müderri̇s, İ. İ., & Öner, G. (2009). Flutamide and Bicalutamide Treatment in Hirsutism. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Endocrinology-Special Topics, 2(2), 110. http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/en-hirsutizm-tedavisinde-flutamid-ve-bikalutamid-kullanimi-55753.html
↑  “Update on idiopathic hirsutism: diagnosis and treatment”. Acta Clinica Belgica 68 (4):  268–74. (2013). doi:10.2143/ACB.3267. PMID 24455796.
↑  “New alternative treatment in hirsutism: bicalutamide 25 mg/day”. Gynecological Endocrinology 16 (1):  63–6. (Feb 2002). doi:10.1080/gye.16.1.63.66. PMID 11915584.
1 2 3  Kolvenbag, Geert J. C. M.; Furr, Barrington J. A. (2009). “Nonsteroidal Antiandrogens”. In V. Craig Jordan; Barrington J. A. Furr. Hormone Therapy in Breast and Prostate Cancer. Humana Press. pp. 347–368. doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-152-7_16. ISBN 978-1-60761-471-5
1 2  Dansette, Patrick; Snyder, Robert R.; Monks, Terrence J.; Jollow, David J.; Sipes, I. Glenn; Greim, Helmut; Gibson, G. Gordon; Delaforge, Marcel (6 December 2012). Biological Reactive Intermediates Vi: Chemical and Biological Mechanisms in Susceptibility to and Prevention of Environmental Diseases. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 37–. ISBN 978-1-4615-0667-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=xRflBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37
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1 2 3 4  Ricardo Azziz (8 November 2007). Androgen Excess Disorders in Women. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 384–. ISBN 978-1-59745-179-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ch-BsGAOtucC&pg=PA384
1 2 3  “Management of acne vulgaris with hormonal therapies in adult female patients”. Dermatol Ther 28 (3):  166–72. (2015). doi:10.1111/dth.12231. PMID 25845307.
1 2  “Is hormonal treatment still an option in acne today?”. Br. J. Dermatol. 172 Suppl 1:  37–46. (2015). doi:10.1111/bjd.13681. PMID 25627824.
↑  “Retrospective, observational study on the effects and tolerability of flutamide in a large population of patients with acne and seborrhea over a 15-year period”. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 27 (10):  823–9. (2011). doi:10.3109/09513590.2010.526664. PMID 21117864.
↑  “A Review of hormone-based therapies to treat adult acne vulgaris in women”. Int J Womens Dermatol 3 (1):  44–52. (2017). doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.02.018. PMC 5419026. PMID 28492054. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5419026/.
1 2  Walter Brown Shelley; E. Dorinda Shelley (2001). Advanced Dermatologic Therapy II. W. B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-8258-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=vuJsAAAAMAAJ
1 2  Adam Balen; Stephen Franks; Roy Homburg; Sean Kehoe (October 2010). Current Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-1-906985-41-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=0rtUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132
↑  “Endocrine disorders and hormonal therapy for adolescent acne”. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 29 (4):  455–465. (2017). doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000515. PMID 28562419.
1 2  “Evidence-based approach to cutaneous hyperandrogenism in women”. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 73 (4):  672–90. (2015). doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.05.026. PMID 26138647.
↑  “Long-term efficacy and tolerability of flutamide combined with oral contraception in moderate to severe hirsutism: a 12-month, double-blind, parallel clinical trial”. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 (9):  3446–52. (September 2007). doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2798. PMID 17566093.
↑  Yasa, Cenk; Dural, Özlem; Bastu, Ercan; Uğurlucan, Funda Güngör (2016). “Hirsutism, Acne, and Hair Loss: Management of Hyperandrogenic Cutaneous Manifestations of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome”. Gynecology Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine 23 (2):  110–119. doi:10.21613/GORM.2016.613. ISSN 1300-4751.
↑  “Androgenetic Alopecia: An Update of Treatment Options”. Drugs 76 (14):  1349–64. (September 2016). doi:10.1007/s40265-016-0629-5. PMID 27554257.
↑  “Hormonal therapy in female pattern hair loss”. Int J Womens Dermatol 3 (1):  53–57. (March 2017). doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.01.001. PMC 5419033. PMID 28492055. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5419033/.
↑  “Evidence-based treatments for female pattern hair loss: a summary of a Cochrane systematic review”. Br. J. Dermatol. 167 (5):  995–1010. (November 2012). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11166.x. PMID 23039053.
1 2 3  “Female pattern alopecia: current perspectives”. Int J Women's Health 5:  541–56. (2013). doi:10.2147/IJWH.S49337. PMC 3769411. PMID 24039457. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3769411/.
↑  “Prospective cohort study on the effects and tolerability of flutamide in patients with female pattern hair loss”. Ann Pharmacother 45 (4):  469–75. (2011). doi:10.1345/aph.1P600. PMID 21487083.
↑  “Current aspects of antiandrogen therapy in women”. Current Pharmaceutical Design 5 (9):  707–23. (September 1999). PMID 10495361. https://books.google.com/books?id=9rfNZL6oEO0C&pg=PA717. "Several trials demonstrated complete clearing of acne with flutamide [62,77]. Flutamide used in combination with an [oral contraceptive], at a dose of 500mg/d, flutamide caused a dramatic decrease (80%) in total acne, seborrhea and hair loss score after only 3 months of therapy [53]. When used as a monotherapy in lean and obese PCOS, it significantly improves the signs of hyperandrogenism, hirsutism and particularly acne [48]. [...] flutamide 500mg/d combined with an [oral contraceptive] caused an increase in cosmetically acceptable hair density, in sex of seven women suffering from diffuse androgenetic alopecia [53]."
↑  “Treatment of hyperandrogenic alopecia in women”. Fertil. Steril. 79 (1):  91–5. (2003). doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(02)04551-x. PMID 12524069.
↑  Fishman, Sarah L.; Paliou, Maria; Poretsky, Leonid; Hembree, Wylie C. (2019年). “Endocrine Care of Transgender Adults”. Contemporary Endocrinology:  pp. 143–163. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05683-4_8. ISSN 2523-3785. "Non-steroidal selective androgen receptor antagonists, developed as a treatment for androgen-sensitive prostate cancer, are occasionally used in transgender females who do not achieve their desired results or do not tolerate alternative drugs [52]. There are isolated reports of successful outcomes with flutamide (Eulexin), though reportedly not as effective as cyproterone acetate in reducing testosterone levels [12]. Both flutamide and bicalutamide (Casodex), in conjunction with oral contraceptive pills, have shown significant improvements in hirsutism in natal females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) [53, 54, 55, 56, 57]. The use of these agents as antiandrogens in transgender patients has been limited by concerns of hepatotoxicity. However, at low doses, these agents have shown to be both well tolerated and effective when used for the treatment of hirsutism [57]. [...] Table 8.2: Antiandrogens: [...] Androgen receptor blocker: [...] Type: Flutamide. Route: Oral. Dose: 250–500 mg/day."
↑  Baudewijntje P.C. Kreukels; Thomas D. Steensma; Annelou L.C. de Vries (1 July 2013). Gender Dysphoria and Disorders of Sex Development: Progress in Care and Knowledge. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 280–. ISBN 978-1-4614-7441-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ5GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA280
1 2 3  “Endocrine Therapy for Transgender Adults in British Columbia: Suggested Guidelines”.  Vancouver Coastal Health (2015年). 15 August 2018閲覧。
↑  Dahl, Marshall; Feldman, Jamie L.; Goldberg, Joshua M.; Jaberi, Afshin (2006). “Physical Aspects of Transgender Endocrine Therapy”. International Journal of Transgenderism 9 (3–4):  111–134. doi:10.1300/J485v09n03_06. ISSN 1553-2739. "Flutamide use (750 mg po qd) has been reported by some clinicians (Israel & Tarver, 1997; Levy et al., 2003). Hepatotoxicity has been reported in men receiving comparable doses of flutamide for treatment of prostate cancer (Wysowski, Freiman, Tourtelot,& Horton, 1993), and for this reason we do not recommend flutamide as part of MTF feminization."
1 2 3  “オダイン錠125mg 添付文書”. www.info.pmda.go.jp. 2021年9月14日閲覧。
1 2  Farida, Chentli; Faiza, Belhimer (2013). “Severe gynecomastia due to anti androgens intake: A case report and literature review”. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 17 (4):  730–2. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.113770. ISSN 2230-8210. PMC 3743379. PMID 23961495. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3743379/.
↑  Jay Roberts; David L. Snyder; Eitan Friedman (14 August 1996). Handbook of Pharmacology on Aging. CRC Press. pp. 334–. ISBN 978-0-8493-8306-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=xVIJOFh5mfMC&pg=PA334
1 2 3  William B. Pratt (1994). The Anticancer Drugs. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–220. ISBN 978-0-19-506739-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=nPR1L4K5HuEC&pg=PA220
↑  “Management of gynaecomastia in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review”. Lancet Oncol. 6 (12):  972–9. (December 2005). doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70464-2. PMID 16321765.
↑  Gillatt, David (2006). “Antiandrogen treatments in locally advanced prostate cancer: are they all the same?”. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 132 (S1):  17–26. doi:10.1007/s00432-006-0133-5. ISSN 0171-5216. PMID 16845534. "Unlike CPA, non-steroidal antiandrogens appear to be better tolerated than castration, allowing patients to maintain sexual activity, physical ability, and bone mineral density, but these agents have a higher incidence of gynecomastia and breast pain (mild to moderate in > 90% of cases)."
↑  “Flutamide: An Antiandrogen for Advanced Prostate Cancer”. Ann Pharmacother 24 (6):  616–623. (1990). doi:10.1177/106002809002400612. PMID 2193461. "[...] They [in patients treated with flutamide] observed mild gynecomastia in 30 patients (57 percent), moderate gynecomastia in 19 (36 percent), and massive gynecomastia in 4 patients (8 percent). Complaints of nipple and areolar tenderness were noted in 50/53 patients (94 per- cent)." Airhart et al. reported that 42 percent of patients receiving flutamide 750 mg/d or 1500 mg/d developed gynecomastia within 12 weeks of starting treatment with an apparent direct correlation between the dose of flutamide administered and the severity of gynecomastia.25 In another study, two of five evaluable patients developed moderate gynecomastia with mild tenderness at four and eight weeks after starting flutamide 750 mg/d. Patients with preexisting gynecomastia as a result of previous endocrine therapy with estrogens sustained no worsening of their gynecomastia and may have improved symptomatically." Keating et al.""
1 2 3  Neil Kaplowitz (16 October 2002). Drug-Induced Liver Disease. CRC Press. pp. 618–619. ISBN 978-0-203-90912-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=d8cgCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA618
↑  Thole, Zebron; Manso, Gloria; Salgueiro, Esther; Revuelta, Pilar; Hidalgo, Agustin (2004). “Hepatotoxicity Induced by Antiandrogens: A Review of the Literature”. Urologia Internationalis 73 (4):  289–295. doi:10.1159/000081585. ISSN 0042-1138. PMID 15604569.
1 2 3  “Acute and fulminant hepatitis induced by flutamide: case series report and review of the literature”. Ann Hepatol 10 (1):  93–8. (2011). doi:10.1016/S1665-2681(19)31595-9. PMID 21301018.
↑  “Flutamide-induced hepatotoxicity: report of a case series”. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 93 (7):  423–32. (2001). PMID 11685939.
↑  Đajić, Vlado; Bokan, Goran; Malešević, Nikola (2020). “Flutamide Induced Liver Injury in Female Patients”. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2 (5). doi:10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.5.476. ISSN 2593-8339.
↑  “Flutamide hepatotoxicity”. J. Urol. 155 (1):  209–12. (January 1996). doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66596-0. PMID 7490837.
↑  “The effects of flutamide on cell-cell junctions in the testis, epididymis, and prostate”. Reprod. Toxicol. 81:  1–16. (June 2018). doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.014. PMID 29958919. "Despite its efficacy, some patients develop severe hepatotoxicity (cholestatic hepatitis) in the first 3–4 months of therapy (reported incidence of less than 1% to about 10%) [60,61]"
↑  Chitturi, Shivakumar; Farrell, Geoffrey C (2013年). “Adverse Effects of Hormones and Hormone Antagonists on the Liver”. pp. 605–619. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-387817-5.00033-9. ". The frequency of liver injury with flutamide ranges from 0.18% to 5% of persons exposed, [...]"
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↑  “Frequency of flutamide induced hepatotoxicity in patients with prostate carcinoma”. Hum Exp Toxicol 18 (3):  137–40. (March 1999). doi:10.1177/096032719901800301. PMID 10215102.
↑  Jafri, Syed-Mohammed R. (2014). “Bicalutamide-induced hepatotoxicity: A rare adverse effect”. American Journal of Case Reports 15:  266–270. doi:10.12659/AJCR.890679. ISSN 1941-5923. PMC 4068966. PMID 24967002. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4068966/.
↑   LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2012). https://livertox.nih.gov/Flutamide.htm
↑  Bruni, Vincenzina; Peruzzi, Elena; Dei, Metella; Nannini, Sara; Seravalli, Viola; Sisti, Giovanni; Fambrini, Massimiliano (2012). “Hepatotoxicity with low- and ultralow-dose flutamide: a surveillance study on 203 hyperandrogenic young females”. Fertility and Sterility 98 (4):  1047–1052. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.018. ISSN 0015-0282. PMID 22795685.
↑  Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis; John E. Nestler; Dimitrios Panidis; Renato Pasquali (21 December 2009). Insulin Resistance and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Pathogenesis, Evaluation, and Treatment. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-1-59745-310-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=7ej6ZgqiFEsC&pg=PA75
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