モーメント・マグニチュード
参考文献・資料

Aki, Keiiti (1966b), “4. Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress-strain drop from G wave spectrum”, Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute 44:  73–88, http://www.iris.edu/seismo/quakes/1964niigata/Aki1966b.pdf .
Aki, Keiiti (April 1972), “Earthquake Mechanism”, Tectonophysics 13 (1–4):  423–446, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(72)90032-7 .
Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), “Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters”, in Bormann, New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:108170:12/component/escidoc:364681/Chapter_3.pdf .
Boyle, Alan (May 12, 2008), Quakes by the numbers, MSNBC, http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/05/12/1012798.aspx 2008年5月12日閲覧, "That original scale has been tweaked through the decades, and nowadays calling it the "Richter scale" is an anachronism. The most common measure is known simply as the moment magnitude scale." .
Choy, George L.; Boatwright, John L. (10 September 1995), “Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress”, Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (B9):  18205–28, Bibcode: 1995JGR...10018205C, doi:10.1029/95JB01969, http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1995/95JB01969.shtml .
Dahlen, F. A. (February 1977), “The balance of energy in earthquake faulting”, Geophysical Journal International 48 (2):  239–261, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1977.tb01298.x .
Dziewonski, Adam M.; Gilbert, Freeman (1976), “The effect of small aspherical perturbations on travel times and a re-examination of the corrections for ellipticity”, Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 44 (1):  7–17, Bibcode: 1976GeoJI..44....7D, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00271.x, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adam_Dziewonski/publication/227916485_The_Effect_of_Small_Aspherical_Perturbations_on_Travel_Times_and_a_Re-examination_of_the_Corrections_for_Ellipticity/links/5655e38b08aeafc2aabeb7b9.pdf .
Hanks, Thomas C.; Kanamori, Hiroo (May 10, 1979), “A Moment magnitude scale”, Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (B5):  2348–50, Bibcode: 1979JGR....84.2348H, doi:10.1029/JB084iB05p02348,  オリジナルのAugust 21, 2010時点におけるアーカイブ。, https://web.archive.org/web/20100821063413/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/kanamori/HKjgr79d.pdf .
Kanamori, Hiroo (July 10, 1977), “The energy release in great earthquakes”, Journal of Geophysical Research 82 (20):  2981–2987, Bibcode: 1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/jb082i020p02981, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JB082i020p02981 .
Kanamori, Hiroo (February 2, 1978), “Quantification of Earthquakes”, Nature 271:  411–414, doi:10.1038/271411a0, http://gps-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu.s3.amazonaws.com/people_personal_assets/kanamori/HKnat78.pdf .
Kostrov, B. V. (1974), “Seismic moment and energy of earthquakes, and seismic flow of rock [in Russian]”, Izvestiya, Akademi Nauk, USSR, Physics of the solid earth [Earth Physics] 1:  23–44 (English Trans. 12–21) .
Thatcher, Wayne; Hanks, Thomas C. (December 10, 1973), “Source parameters of southern California earthquakes”, Journal of Geophysical Research 78 (35):  8547–8576, Bibcode: 1973JGR....78.8547T, doi:10.1029/JB078i035p08547 .
Tsuboi, S.; Abe, K.; Takano, K.; Yamanaka, Y. (April 1995), “Rapid Determination of Mw from Broadband P Waveforms”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 85 (2):  606–613
Utsu, T. (2002), Lee, W.H.K.; Kanamori, H.; Jennings, P.C. et al., eds., “Relationships between magnitude scales”, International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, International Geophysics (Academic Press) A (81):  pp. 733–46 .
Venkataraman, Anupama; Kanamori, H. (11 May 2004), “Observational constraints on the fracture energy of subduction zone earthquakes”, Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (B05302), Bibcode: 2004JGRB..109.5302V, doi:10.1029/2003JB002549, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1029/2003JB002549/asset/jgrb13848.pdf?v=1&t=j61xh1a7&s=74860b9e8876bceb84c519db9ed4f76787d5c43a .
纐纈一起『地震動の物理学』近代科学社、2018年。ISBN 978-4-7649-0544-3。
地震のエネルギー量増加において、モーメント・マグニチュードは増加を継続するが、ローカル・マグニチュードなどは収束する傾向がある。
ローカル・マグニチュード（中央）とモーメント・マグニチュード（右）のマグニチュード計測範囲