原理とパラメータのアプローチ
歴史 > 下接の条件とパラメータ

1967年、ノーム・チョムスキーは、ジョン・R・ロスが提案した様々な島の制約を説明する高次の原理として、下接の条件を提案した。下接の条件とは、「移動は、二つ以上の境界節点 (bounding node) を越えることができない」という原理である。チョムスキーは、英語のデータから、SとNPが境界節点であると考えた。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| (1a)   |    | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? | *What did you wonder where Bill put? |
 : 


|  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| (1b)   |    | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] | whati [S you wonder wherej [S Bill put ti tj ] ] |
 : 


|  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
下接の条件に従うと、たとえば (1a) の非文法性は、(1b) のように what が2つのS節点を越えて移動しているからであると説明できる。
これに対して、1982年、ルイージ・リッツィは、イタリア語では(1a)と同様の構造を持つ(2)のような文が文法的になることを指摘した。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (2a)  |   | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 | イタリア語 |
|   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|   |  | Tuo  | fratello,  | a  | cui  | mi  | domando  | che  | storie  | abbiano  | raccontato,  | era  | molto  | preoccupato.  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | your  | brother  | to  | whom  | myself  | ask  | which  | stories  | they.have  | told  | was  | very  | troubled  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  | ‘Your brother, to whom I wonder which stories they told, was very troubled.’  |
リッツィは、境界節点がパラメータになっていると考えることでこの問題を解決しようとした。つまり、英語ではSが境界節点だが、イタリア語ではそうではなく、S'が境界節点であると考えたのである。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| (2b)   |    | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] | tuo fratello [S' a cuii [S mi domando [S' che storiej [S abbiano raccontato  ti tj ] ] ] ] |
 : 


|  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
このように考えると、(2a) の a cui は、(2b) に示したようにSは2つ越えているが、S'は1つしか越えていない。そのために文法的になると説明できる。
リッツィによるこの提案は、パラメータを初めて用いた画期的なものであり、その後の研究動向に大きな影響を与えた。