小節 (言語学)
派生分析 > 構成素分析 > 複合分析

Basilico (2003)は、これら3つの分析を組み合わせると、動詞を含む小節と形容詞を含む小節の主語が統語上異なった振る舞いをみせることを説明できると議論している。
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| ()   | a.   | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears to be intelligent. |
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| ()   | b.   | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. | The prisoner seems/appears intelligent. |
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| ()   | c.   | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. | The prisoner seems/appears to leave every day at noon. |
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| ()   | d.   | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. | *The prisoner seems/appears leave every day at noon. |
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上記 (a) と (b) の例は、(コピュラの有無を度外視すると) 形容詞句を述部とする小節の例であるが、小節の主語が主節の主語位置へ繰り上がることができる。一方、小節の述語要素が動詞である場合、(c) と (d) の対比に見られるように、to を欠く構造は非文となる。この事実から、幾人かの研究者は、形容詞を述部とする小節と動詞を述部とする小節の主語は、統語上異なる位置を占めると主張している。叙述には、種に固有の恒久的な性質を表すcategorical predicationと、一過的なイベントに関わる事象を表すthetic predicationがあり、形容詞を含む小節は前者を、動詞を含む小節は後者のタイプの叙述である。Basilico (2003)は、この違いに着目した上で、小節はTopicPという範疇であると分析している。この分析のもとでは、個体レベル述語（英語版）を含む形容詞小節は「個体トピック (英: individual topic)」から成り、ステージレベル述語（英語版）を含む動詞小節は「ステージトピック (英: stage topic)」から成る。この違いをもって、Basilicoはなぜ動詞小節の主語が繰り上げ派生を持てないのかを説明している。