小節 (言語学)
通言語間の差異 > 範疇制限 > リトアニア語

リトアニア語の小節は、[NP NP] または [NP AP] の形式をとる。なお、この言語において、PPは根本的に述語として使用できない。
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| ()   | a.  | Wilsonas  | paskelbė  | [Kaganą  | bajoru].   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Wilson.NOM  | proclaimed  | Cagan  | nobleman  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  | 'Wilson proclaimed Cagan a nobleman.'  |
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| ()   | b.  | Aukščiausias  | teismas  | pripažino  | [kad  | protestas  | pagrįstas].   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Supreme  | Court.NOM  | proclaimed  | that  | protest.NOM  | wellformed  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  | 'The Supreme Court declared that the protest (was) well-founded.'  |
また、英語とは異なり、リトアニア語では話題化により小節を文頭に移動することができる。これは、小節が構成素を成していることを示唆するだけでなく、英語において同種の移動ができない事実は、必ずしも構成素分析の反証にならないことを示している。
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| ()   |   | [Ją  | nesubrendusia  | mergiote]  | jis  | laiko.   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Her.ACC  | immature  | brat  | he.NOM  | considers  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  | lit. '[Her an immature brat] he considers.'  |
なお、小節の主語のみを文頭に移動することはできない。この事実も、リトアニア語における小節は構成素を成していることを示唆している。
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| ()   |   | *Ją  | jis  | laiko  | nesubrendusia  | mergiote.   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Her.ACC  | he.NOM  | considers  | immature  | brat  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  | lit. 'Her he considers an immature brat.'  |