六脚類
出典および脚注

1 2  分子系統解析によるとオルドビス紀（およそ4億7900万年前）に起源とされる。後述参照。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23  Beutel, Rolf G; Yavorskaya, Margarita I; Mashimo, Yuta; Fukui, Makiko; Meusemann, Karen (2017-01). “The Phylogeny of Hexapoda (Arthropoda) and the Evolution of Megadiversity” (英語). Proceedings of the Arthropodan Embryological Society of Japan. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312072428.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10  Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2019-06-17). “The Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of Arthropods”. Current Biology 29 (12):  R592–R602. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.057. ISSN 0960-9822. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982219304865.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  “The Hexapods”. projects.ncsu.edu. 2019年8月22日閲覧。
1 2 3  “Checklist of the Collembola: Collembola”. www.collembola.org. 2019年8月22日閲覧。
1 2  大塚攻、田中隼人「顎脚類（甲殻類）の分類と系統に関する研究の最近の動向」『タクサ：日本動物分類学会誌』第48巻、日本動物分類学会、2020年、49–62頁、doi:10.19004/taxa.48.0_49。
↑  “Notum definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary”. 2022年3月31日閲覧。
1 2  Hughes, Cynthia L.; Kaufman, Thomas C. (2002-3). “Exploring the myriapod body plan: expression patterns of the ten Hox genes in a centipede”. Development (Cambridge, England) 129 (5):  1225–1238. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 11874918. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11874918.
↑  Smith, Frank W.; Goldstein, Bob (2017-05-01). “Segmentation in Tardigrada and diversification of segmental patterns in Panarthropoda”. Arthropod Structure & Development 46 (3):  328–340. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.005. ISSN 1467-8039. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803916301487.
1 2  Du, Xiaoliang; Yue, Chao; Hua, Baozhen (2009). “Embryonic development of the scorpionfly Panorpa emarginata Cheng with special reference to external morphology (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)” (英語). Journal of Morphology 270 (8):  984–995. doi:10.1002/jmor.10736. ISSN 1097-4687. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmor.10736.
↑  Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Janssen, Ralf; Budd, Graham E. (2017-05-01). “Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head – A palaeobiological and developmental perspective”. Arthropod Structure & Development 46 (3):  354–379. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.011. ISSN 1467-8039. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803916301669.
↑  Posnien, Nico; Bucher, Gregor (2010-02-01). “Formation of the insect head involves lateral contribution of the intercalary segment, which depends on Tc-labial function”. Developmental Biology 338 (1):  107–116. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.11.010. ISSN 0012-1606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.11.010.
↑  Kaufman, Thomas C.; Hughes, Cynthia L. (2002-03-01). “Exploring the myriapod body plan: expression patterns of the ten Hox genes in a centipede” (英語). Development 129 (5):  1225–1238. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 11874918. https://dev.biologists.org/content/129/5/1225.
↑  “maxillary palpの意味・使い方”. eow.alc.co.jp. 2019年8月22日閲覧。
↑  “maxillary palpの意味・使い方 - 英和辞典 WEBLIO辞書”. ejje.weblio.jp. 2019年8月22日閲覧。
↑  “labial palpの意味・使い方 - 英和辞典 WEBLIO辞書”. ejje.weblio.jp. 2019年8月22日閲覧。
1 2  “Archaeognatha - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics”. www.sciencedirect.com. 2019年8月23日閲覧。
↑  Coulcher, Joshua F.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2015-10-28). “Molecular developmental evidence for a subcoxal origin of pleurites in insects and identity of the subcoxa in the gnathal appendages” (英語). Scientific Reports 5 (1):  15757. doi:10.1038/srep15757. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4623811. PMID 26507752. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep15757.
↑  Kobayashi, Yukimasa (2018) (英語). The paracoxal suture in insect embryos: Its state and importance for understanding the basalmost podomeres. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.24495.64165. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325922821.
1 2  Bruce, Heather S.; Patel, Nipam H. (2020-12). “Knockout of crustacean leg patterning genes suggests that insect wings and body walls evolved from ancient leg segments” (英語). Nature Ecology & Evolution 4 (12):  1703–1712. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01349-0. ISSN 2397-334X. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346556938.
↑  デジタル大辞泉. “有翅昆虫(ユウシコンチュウ)とは”. コトバンク. 2019年8月24日閲覧。
↑  Clark-Hachtel, Courtney M; Tomoyasu, Yoshinori (2016-02-01). “Exploring the origin of insect wings from an evo-devo perspective” (英語). Current Opinion in Insect Science 13:  77–85. doi:10.1016/j.cois.2015.12.005. ISSN 2214-5745. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288932529.
↑  Elias-Neto, Moysés; Belles, Xavier (2016-08-01). “Tergal and pleural structures contribute to the formation of ectopic prothoracic wings in cockroaches”. Royal Society Open Science 3 (8):  160347. doi:10.1098/rsos.160347. PMC 5108966. PMID 27853616. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.160347.
↑  Prokop, Jakub; Pecharová, Martina; Nel, André; Hörnschemeyer, Thomas; Krzemińska, Ewa; Krzemiński, Wiesław; Engel, Michael S. (2017-01-23). “Paleozoic Nymphal Wing Pads Support Dual Model of Insect Wing Origins” (English). Current Biology 27 (2):  263–269. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.021. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28089512. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(16)31346-X.
↑  Linz, David M.; Tomoyasu, Yoshinori (2018-01-23). “Dual evolutionary origin of insect wings supported by an investigation of the abdominal wing serial homologs in Tribolium” (英語). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (4). doi:10.1073/pnas.1711128115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5789912. PMID 29317537. https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1711128115.
↑  Ohde, Takahiro; Mito, Taro; Niimi, Teruyuki (2022-02-21). “A hemimetabolous wing development suggests the wing origin from lateral tergum of a wingless ancestor” (英語). Nature Communications 13 (1):  979. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28624-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8861169. PMID 35190538. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358755468.
1 2 3 4  Olesen, Jørgen; Pisani, Davide; Iliffe, Thomas M.; Legg, David A.; Palero, Ferran; Glenner, Henrik; Thomsen, Philip Francis; Vinther, Jakob et al. (2019-08-01). “Pancrustacean Evolution Illuminated by Taxon-Rich Genomic-Scale Data Sets with an Expanded Remipede Sampling” (英語). Genome Biology and Evolution 11 (8):  2055–2070. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz097. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz097.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Snodgrass, R. E. (2018-05-31) (英語). Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501717918. https://books.google.co.jp/books?hl=ja&lr=lang_ja
↑  Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S. (2005-05-16) (英語). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107268777. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Evolution+of+the+Insects&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ3ZbQvKPoAhWbBIgKHfccCqIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Evolution%20of%20the%20Insects&f=false
↑  “Diplura (Insects)”. what-when-how.com. 2019年8月23日閲覧。
1 2  Boudinot, Brendon E. (2018-11-01). “A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota”. Arthropod Structure & Development 47 (6):  563–613. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.001. ISSN 1467-8039. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803918301397.
↑  “Terminalia / The Insects”. www.entomologa.ru. 2019年8月21日閲覧。
↑  
冨田秀一郎; 畠山正統 (2017). 研究成果報告書 昆虫腹脚の多様性と進化の分子機構. 科学研究費助成事業. https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-25440220/ 2021年1月6日閲覧。.
↑  Suzuki, Y.; Palopoli, M. (2001). “Evolution of insect abdominal appendages: Are prolegs homologous or convergent traits?”. Development Genes and Evolution 211 (10):  486–492. doi:10.1007/s00427-001-0182-3. PMID 11702198. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11702198/.
↑  Jacques Bitsch (2012). “The controversial origin of the abdominal appendage-like processes in immature insects: are they true segmental appendages or secondary outgrowths? (Arthropoda Hexapoda)”. Journal of Morphology 273 (8):  919-931. doi:10.1002/jmor.20031. PMID 22549894. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22549894/.
↑  “The Hexapods”. projects.ncsu.edu. 2019年8月24日閲覧。
↑  “proturans - Protura”. entomology.ifas.ufl.edu. 2019年8月24日閲覧。
↑  “Gordon's Protura Page”. www.earthlife.net. 2019年8月24日閲覧。
↑  Morris, Simon Conway (2007/11). “D. Grimaldi & M. S. Engel 2005. Evolution of the Insects. xv + 755 pp. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Price £45.00, US $75.00 (hard covers). ISBN 0 521 82149 5.” (英語). Geological Magazine 144 (6):  1035–1036. doi:10.1017/S001675680700372X. ISSN 1469-5081. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/d-grimaldi-m-s-engel-2005-evolution-of-the-insects-xv-755-pp-cambridge-new-york-melbourne-cambridge-university-press-price-4500-us-7500-hard-covers-isbn-0-521-82149-5/0924BA2F312CD35C3E5E9BB7E00FB8BC.
↑  Cheng, Lanna (2009-01-01). Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T.. eds. Encyclopedia of Insects (Second Edition). San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 600–604. ISBN 9780123741448. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123741448001673
↑  “外洋に生きるウミアメンボ | 公益財団法人 藤原ナチュラルヒストリー振興財団”. fujiwara-nh.or.jp. 2019年8月24日閲覧。
↑  Rédei, Dávid; Štys, Pavel (2016-7). “Larva, nymph and naiad - for accuracy's sake: Larva, nymph and naiad - for accuracy's sake” (英語). Systematic Entomology 41 (3):  505–510. doi:10.1111/syen.12177. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/syen.12177.
↑  デジタル大辞泉,日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ). “亜成虫(アセイチュウ)とは”. コトバンク. 2019年8月24日閲覧。
↑  “1 Kiteプロジェクト”. www.sugadaira.tsukuba.ac.jp. 2019年8月23日閲覧。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14  Misof, B.; Liu, S.; Meusemann, K.; Peters, R. S.; Donath, A.; Mayer, C.; Frandsen, P. B.; Ware, J. et al. (2014-11-07). “Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution” (英語). Science 346 (6210):  763–767. doi:10.1126/science.1257570. ISSN 0036-8075. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267916365_Phylogenomics_resolves_the_timing_and_pattern_of_insect_evolution.
1 2 3 4 5  Wang, Yan-hui; Engel, Michael S.; Rafael, José A.; Wu, Hao-yang; Rédei, Dávid; Xie, Qiang; Wang, Gang; Liu, Xiao-guang et al. (2016-12-13). “Fossil record of stem groups employed in evaluating the chronogram of insects (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)”. Scientific Reports 6. doi:10.1038/srep38939. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5154178. PMID 27958352. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5154178/.
↑  Botting, Joseph P.; Muir, Lucy A.; Pates, Stephen; McCobb, Lucy M. E.; Wallet, Elise; Willman, Sebastian; Zhang, Yuandong; Ma, Junye (2023-05-01). “A Middle Ordovician Burgess Shale-type fauna from Castle Bank, Wales (UK)”. Nature Ecology & Evolution 7 (5):  666–674. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02038-4. ISSN 2397-334X. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02038-4.
1 2 3  Haug, Joachim T.; Haug, Carolin (2017-05-30). “The presumed oldest flying insect: more likely a myriapod?” (英語). PeerJ 5:  e3402. doi:10.7717/peerj.3402. ISSN 2167-8359. https://peerj.com/articles/3402.
↑  E. A. Jarzembowski; Whalley, Paul (1981-05). “A new assessment of Rhyniella , the earliest known insect, from the Devonian of Rhynie, Scotland” (英語). Nature 291 (5813):  317–317. doi:10.1038/291317a0. ISSN 1476-4687. https://www.nature.com/articles/291317a0.
↑  Tillyard, R. J. (1928). “Some Remarks on the Devonian Fossil Insects from the Rhynie Chert Beds, Old Red Sandstone” (英語). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 76 (1):  65–71. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1928.tb01188.x. ISSN 1365-2311. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1928.tb01188.x.
↑  David A. Grimaldi; Engel, Michael S. (2004-02). “New light shed on the oldest insect” (英語). Nature 427 (6975):  627–630. doi:10.1038/nature02291. ISSN 1476-4687. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02291.
↑  Klein, Carel von Vaupel; Charmantier-Daures, Mireille (2013-10-24) (英語). Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea, Volume 4 part A. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-4045-1. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=0aLWAQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA319&dq=stomatopod&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=stomatopod&f=false
↑  Schram, Frederick R. (1980). “Miscellaneous Late Paleozoic Malacostraca of the Soviet Union”. Journal of Paleontology 54 (3):  542–547. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1304195.
↑  Kühl, Gabriele; Rust, Jes (2009-08-25). “Devonohexapodus bocksbergensis is a synonym of Wingertshellicus backesi (Euarthropoda) – no evidence for marine hexapods living in the Devonian Hunsrück Sea”. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 9 (3):  215–231. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2009.03.002. ISSN 1439-6092. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1439609209000191.
↑  Anderson, Lyall I.; Trewin, Nigel H. (2003). “An Early Devonian arthropod fauna from the Windyfield cherts, Aberdeenshire, Scotland” (英語). Palaeontology 46 (3):  467–509. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00308. ISSN 1475-4983. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-4983.00308.
↑  Fayers, Stephen R.; Trewin, Nigel H. (2005). “A Hexapod from the Early Devonian Windyfield Chert, Rhynie, Scotland” (英語). Palaeontology 48 (5):  1117–1130. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00501.x. ISSN 1475-4983. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00501.x.
1 2  Nel, André; Prestianni, Cyrille; Olive, Sébastien; Lafaite, Patrick; Gueriau, Pierre; Denayer, Julien; Lagebro, Linda; D’Haese, Cyrille et al. (2012-08). “A complete insect from the Late Devonian period” (英語). Nature 488 (7409):  82–85. doi:10.1038/nature11281. ISSN 1476-4687. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230615765_A_complete_insect_from_the_Late_Devonian.
↑  Willmann, Rainer; Bradler, Sven; Wedmann, Sonja; Rust, Jes; Koch, Markus; Hegna, Thomas A.; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Beutel, Rolf G. et al. (2013-02). “Is Strudiella a Devonian insect?” (英語). Nature 494 (7437):  E3–E4. doi:10.1038/nature11887. ISSN 1476-4687. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11887.
1 2  Fayers, S. R.; Trewin, N. H.; Morrissey, L. (2010-05). “A large arthropod from the Lower Old Red Sandstone (Early Devonian) of Tredomen Quarry, south Wales: ARTHROPOD FROM THE LOWER ORS” (英語). Palaeontology 53 (3):  627–643. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00951.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00951.x.
↑  Hueber, Francis M.; Beall, Bret S.; Labandeira, Conrad C. (1988-11-11). “Early Insect Diversification: Evidence from a Lower Devonian Bristletail from Québec” (英語). Science 242 (4880):  913–916. doi:10.1126/science.242.4880.913. ISSN 0036-8075. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/242/4880/913.
↑  Norton, Roy A.; Smith, Edward Laidlaw; Rolfe, W. D. Ian; Grierson, James D.; Bonamo, Patricia M.; Shear, William A. (1984-05-04). “Early Land Animals in North America: Evidence from Devonian Age Arthropods from Gilboa, New York” (英語). Science 224 (4648):  492–494. doi:10.1126/science.224.4648.492. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17753774. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/224/4648/492.
↑  Hurrell, Stephen (英語). Ancient Life's Gravity and its Implications for the Expanding Earth. https://www.academia.edu/30074302.
↑  Minelli, Alessandro (2011-03-21) (英語). Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda. BRILL. ISBN 9789004156111. https://books.google.com.my/books?id=IrWcS9fut1oC
↑  Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2018年). “2 The Arthropoda : A PhylogeneticFramework” (英語). www.semanticscholar.org. 2019年8月22日閲覧。
↑  Kraus, O. (1998). Fortey, R. A.; Thomas, R. H.. eds (英語). Arthropod Relationships. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 295–303. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4904-4_22. ISBN 9789401149044. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4904-4_22
↑  Shultz J. W.; Regier J. C. (2000-05-22). “Phylogenetic analysis of arthropods using two nuclear protein–encoding genes supports a crustacean + hexapod clade”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 267 (1447):  1011–1019. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1104. PMC 1690640. PMID 10874751. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2000.1104.
↑  Giribet, Gonzalo; Ribera, Carles (2000). “A Review of Arthropod Phylogeny: New Data Based on Ribosomal DNA Sequences and Direct Character Optimization” (英語). Cladistics 16 (2):  204–231. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00353.x. ISSN 1096-0031. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00353.x.
↑  Frati, Francesco; Dallai, Romano; Carapelli, Antonio; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Nardi, Francesco (2003-03-21). “Hexapod Origins: Monophyletic or Paraphyletic?” (英語). Science 299 (5614):  1887–1889. doi:10.1126/science.1078607. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12649480. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/299/5614/1887.
↑  Regier, Jerome C.; Shultz, Jeffrey W.; Kambic, Robert E. (2005-02-22). “Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272 (1561):  395–401. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2917. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1634985. PMID 15734694. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1634985/.
↑  Cunningham, Clifford W.; Martin, Joel W.; Wetzer, Regina; Bernard Ball; Hussey, April; Zwick, Andreas; Shultz, Jeffrey W.; Regier, Jerome C. (2010-02). “Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences” (英語). Nature 463 (7284):  1079–1083. doi:10.1038/nature08742. ISSN 1476-4687. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08742.
↑  Zaharoff, Alexander K.; Lindgren, Annie R.; Wolfe, Joanna M.; Oakley, Todd H. (2013-01-01). “Phylotranscriptomics to Bring the Understudied into the Fold: Monophyletic Ostracoda, Fossil Placement, and Pancrustacean Phylogeny” (英語). Molecular Biology and Evolution 30 (1):  215–233. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss216. ISSN 0737-4038. https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/30/1/215/1021983.
1 2  Schwentner, Martin; Combosch, David J.; Pakes Nelson, Joey; Giribet, Gonzalo (2017-6). “A Phylogenomic Solution to the Origin of Insects by Resolving Crustacean-Hexapod Relationships” (英語). Current Biology 27 (12):  1818–1824.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.040. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317420173.
↑  Richter, Stefan (2002-01-01). “The Tetraconata concept: hexapod-crustacean relationships and the phylogeny of Crustacea”. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2 (3):  217–237. doi:10.1078/1439-6092-00048. ISSN 1439-6092. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1439609204700392.
↑  Wolff, Gabriella Hannah; Thoen, Hanne Halkinrud; Marshall, Justin; Sayre, Marcel E; Strausfeld, Nicholas James (2017-09-26). Scott, Kristin. ed. “An insect-like mushroom body in a crustacean brain”. eLife 6:  e29889. doi:10.7554/eLife.29889. ISSN 2050-084X. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.29889.
1 2 3  “原始的昆虫系統群の口器の進化－比較発生学的アプローチ－”. KAKEN. 2019年8月23日閲覧。
D: 頭部、X: 胸部、N: 腹部
頭部が触角を欠くカマアシムシ
6本の脚は胸部の3節（X - Z）に、昆虫の翅は中胸（Y）と後胸（Y）にある。
昆虫の脚。Coxa 基節・Trochanter 転節・Femur 腿節・Tibia 脛節・Tarsus 跗節からなり、跗節は更に複数の跗小節に細分される。
イシノミの1種。腹部の下には一連の腹刺が並んでいる。
飛翔するオオカバマダラの群れ
様々なウミアメンボ
ヒグラシのオスの鳴き声
脱皮直後のトビムシ
バッタの若虫（上の5匹）と成虫（下端の1匹）
卵・幼虫・蛹・成虫からなるヒョウモンドクチョウの生活環
古生代の化石昆虫の復元図。
上：ムカシアミバネムシのステノディクティア Stenodictya lobata
オオトンボ目の1種メガネウラ　Meganeura monyi の化石。68cmほどの翼幅をもつ。
カマアシムシの1種（カマアシムシ目）
イボトビムシの1種 Monobella grassei（トビムシ目）
ナガコムシの1種（コムシ目）
オナガシミ Ctenolepisma longicaudata（シミ目）
オニヤンマ Anotogaster sieboldii（トンボ目）
トノサマバッタ Locusta migratoria（直翅目）
アブラゼミ Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata（半翅目）
セイヨウミツバチ Apis mellifera（膜翅目）
ナナホシテントウ Coccinella septempunctata（甲虫目）
ヨナグニサン Attacus atlas（鱗翅目）
ホソヒラタアブ Episyrphus balteatus（双翅目）