外国為替スキャンダル
出所・参考文献

↑  Vaughan, Liam; Finch, Gavin; Choudhury, Ambereen (12 June 2013). “Traders Said to Rig Currency Rates to Profit Off Clients”. Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-11/traders-said-to-rig-currency-rates-to-profit-off-clients.html 21 January 2014閲覧。
↑  McCoy, Kevin (12 November 2014). “Forex traders plotted strategy in secret chats”. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/11/12/banks-forex-chat-room-excerpts/18901819/ 13 November 2014閲覧。
↑  “FCA Final Notice 2014: JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.”.   Financial Conduct Authority. 13 November 2014閲覧。
↑  Vaughan, Liam; Finch, Gavin; Ivry, Bob (19 December 2013). “Secret Currency Traders’ Club Devised Biggest Market’s Rates”. Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-19/how-secret-currency-traders-club-devised-biggest-market-s-rates.html 3 February 2014閲覧。
↑  Martin, Katie; Enrich, David (19 December 2013). “Forex Traders Said to Have Colluded in Effort to Profit”. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304866904579267901064067572 3 February 2014閲覧。
1 2  “Forex Chatrooms Show Traders Shared Order, Price Details: Report”. Reuters. NDTV Profit. (19 June 2014). http://profit.ndtv.com/news/forex/article-forex-chatrooms-show-traders-shared-order-price-details-report-539899 1 July 2014閲覧。
↑  Enrich, David; Martin, Katie (1 November 2013). “Currency Probe Widens as Major Banks Suspend Traders”. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303618904579171390414686878 3 February 2014閲覧。
1 2  Schäfer, Daniel; Ross, Alice; Strauss, Delphine (12 November 2013). “Foreign exchange: The big fix”. Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/7a9b85b4-4af8-11e3-8c4c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2sG2XPJec 3 February 2014閲覧。
↑  Sebag, Gaspard; White, Aoife (19 December 2013). “Banks Said to Snitch on FX Rivals in Race to Avoid Fines”. Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-20/banks-said-to-snitch-on-fx-competitors-in-race-to-avoid-eu-fines.html 21 January 2014閲覧。
↑  Ross, Alice; Schäfer, Daniel; Chon, Gina (15 January 2014). “Deutsche Bank suspends traders amid global forex probe”. Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/03659de2-7dc8-11e3-95dd-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2sA4TUFeI 3 February 2014閲覧。
↑  Comfort, Nicholas; Matussek, Karin (30 January 2014). “Deutsche Bank Said to Suspend Moraiz in Currency Probe”. Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-30/deutsche-bank-said-to-suspend-moraiz-in-currency-probe.html 3 February 2014閲覧。
↑  Schäfer, Daniel; Jenkins, Patrick; Mackenzie, Mike; Scannell, Kara; Barker, Alex; Hall, Camilla; Binham, Caroline; Strauss, Delphine (16 February 2014). “Forex in the spotlight”. Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a296da48-9579-11e3-8371-00144feab7de.html#axzz2tfdCIcDV 18 February 2014閲覧。
↑  Bases, Daniel (10 January 2014). “Citi's European spot forex head trader Ramchandani out amid probe”. Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/10/forex-citi-probe-idUKL2N0KK29920140110 3 February 2014閲覧。
↑  McGeever, Jamie (15 January 2014). “Deutsche Bank, Citi feel the heat of widening FX investigation”. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-banks-deutsche-idUSBREA0E0JH20140115 28 July 2016閲覧。
↑  “Former Citi trader wins unfair dismissal case”. Financial Times. (2020年8月10日)
↑  Mathiason, Nick (4 December 2014). “New banking scandal could cost savers billions”. London: The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2014/12/04/new-banking-scandal-could-cost-savers-billions/
↑  “Five Banks To Plead Guilty To Global Currency Manipulation”. 2015年6月8日閲覧。
↑  "CFTC Orders Five Banks to Pay over $1.4 Billion in Penalties for Attempted Manipulation of Foreign Exchange Benchmark Rates" (Press release). Commodity Futures Trading Commission. 12 November 2014. 2014年11月13日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2020年6月9日閲覧。
↑  “Five Major Banks Agree to Parent-Level Guilty Pleas”. 2017年4月5日閲覧。
1 2 3  "FCA fines five banks £1.1 billion for FX failings and announces industry-wide remediation programme" (Press release). Financial Conduct Authority. 12 November 2014.
↑  “Federal Reserve announces fines totaling more than $1.8 billion against six major banking organizations for their unsafe and unsound practices in the foreign exchange (FX) markets”. 2017年4月5日閲覧。
↑  swissinfo.ch. “UBS bears brunt of forex rigging fines - SWI swissinfo.ch”. 2015年6月8日閲覧。
↑  “OCC Fines Three Banks $950 Million for FX Trading Improprieties”. www.occ.gov (12 November 2014). 14 April 2018閲覧。
↑  "NYDFS Announces Barclays To Pay $2.4 Billion, Terminate Employees For Conspiring To Manipulate Spot FX Trading Market" (Press release). New York State Department of Financial Services. 20 May 2015. 2015年5月24日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2020年6月9日閲覧。
↑  “FCA fines Barclays £284,432,000 for forex failings” (20 May 2015). 2017年4月5日閲覧。
1 2  "NYDFS Announces Barclays to Pay Additional $150 Million Penalty" (Press release). New York State Department of Financial Services. 18 November 2015. 2016年3月18日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2020年6月9日閲覧。
1 2  “CFTC Orders Five Banks to Pay over $1.4 Billion in Penalties for Attempted Manipulation of Foreign Exchange Benchmark Rates”.   Commodities Futures trading Commission (12 November 2014). 13 November 2014閲覧。
↑  Freifeld (20 May 2015). “Major banks admit guilt in forex probe, fined $6 billion”.   Reuters. 20 May 2015閲覧。
↑  “Record fines for currency market fix”.  BBC (20 May 2015). 20 May 2015閲覧。
↑  https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/dec/19/foreign-exchange-market-rigging-first-arrest
↑  Economist (4 August 2015). “Sentenced to 14 years’ hard LIBOR”.   The Economist. 26 December 2015閲覧。
↑  “British Cartel Traders Acquitted of Rigging Currency Market”. Bloomberg. (2018年10月26日)
↑  “What Headlines Missed About ‘Cartel’ Traders’ Trial 1 Year Ago”.   White & Case. 2020年11月3日閲覧。
↑  Howes, Gary (14 November 2014). “Exchange Rate Rigging Allowed to Thrive in 'Dark Data' Blindspots”. Pound Sterling Live. http://www.poundsterlinglive.com/gbp-live-today/1740-forex-scandal-dark-data-453454 22 December 2014閲覧。
↑  “FINMA sanctions foreign exchange manipulation at UBS”.   Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (11 December 2014). 15 November 2014時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。22 November 2014閲覧。
“Consent Order for Civil Money Penalty”. In the Matter of: Bank of America N.A..   United States Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (11 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。
“Order to Cease and Desist”. In the Matter of: Bank of America Corporation.   United States Federal Reserve (20 May 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。
“Order Instituting Proceedings”. In the Matter of: Barclays Bank Plc.   United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (20 November 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。
“Consent Order”. In the Matter of: Barclays Bank Plc.  New York State Department of Financial Services (20 May 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。
“FCA Final Notice 2015: Barclays Bank Plc”.   United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (20 May 2015). 2015年5月25日閲覧。
“Plea agreement”. United States of America v. Barclay Plc.  United States Department of Justice (20 May 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。
“Order to Cease and Desist”. In the Matter of: Barclays Bank Plc.   United States Federal Reserve (20 May 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。
“Order Instituting Proceedings”. In the Matter of: Citibank N.A..   United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (11 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。
“Consent Order for Civil Money Penalty”. In the Matter of: Citibank N.A..   United States Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (11 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。
“FCA Final Notice 2014: Citibank N.A.”.   United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (12 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。
“Plea agreement”. United States of America v. Citicorp.   United States Department of Justice (20 May 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。
“Order to Cease and Desist”. In the Matter of: Citigroup Inc..   United States Federal Reserve (20 May 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。
“Order Instituting Proceedings”. In the Matter of: HSBC Bank Plc.   United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (11 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。
“FCA Final Notice 2014: HSBC Bank Plc”.   United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (12 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。
“Order Instituting Proceedings”. In the Matter of: JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A..   United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (11 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。
“Consent Order for Civil Money Penalty”. In the Matter of: JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A..   United States Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (11 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。
“FCA Final Notice 2014: JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.”.   United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (12 November 2014). 2015年5月25日閲覧。
“Plea agreement”. United States of America v. JPMorgan Chase & Co.   United States Department of Justice (20 May 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。
“Order to Cease and Desist”. In the Matter of: JPMorgan Chase & Co.   United States Federal Reserve (20 May 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。.
“Order Instituting Proceedings”. In the matter of: Royal Bank of Scotland Plc.   United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (11 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。
“FCA Final Notice 2014: The Royal Bank of Scotland Plc”.   United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (12 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。
“Plea agreement”. United States of America v. Royal Bank of Scotland Plc.   United States Department of Justice (20 May 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。
“Order to Cease and Desist”. In the Matter of: The Royal Bank of Scotland Plc.   United States Federal Reserve (20 May 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。
“Order Instituting Proceedings”. In the Matter of: UBS AG.   United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (11 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。.
“FCA Final Notice 2014: UBS AG”.   United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (12 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。
“FINMA Summary Report UBS Foreign Exchange”.  Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (12 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。
“Plea agreement”. United States of America v. UBS AG.   United States Department of Justice (20 May 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。
“Order to Cease and Desist”. In the Matter of: UBS AG.   United States Federal Reserve (20 May 2015). 2015年5月21日閲覧。
“Bank of England Foreign Exchange Market Investigation”.  Bank of England (12 November 2014). 2014年11月14日閲覧。.