語形融合
語形融合の基準

ドイツ語の動詞の現在時制のパラダイムでは、一人称複数形と三人称複数形が同音である。たとえば、表 1 の spielen ‘play’ の例では、これらの語形は両方とも spielen となる。しかしそれだけではなく、多くの場合、三人称単数形と二人称複数形も同音（表 1 では spielt）となる。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 単 | (ich) | spiele | ‘I play’ |
| 2 単 | (du) | spielst | ‘you play’ |
| 3 単 | (er/sie) | spielt | ‘he/she plays’ |
| 1 複 | (wir) | spielen | ‘we play’ |
| 2 複 | (ihr) | spielt | ‘you play’ |
| 3 複 | (sie) | spielen | ‘they play’ |
ただし、この場合、一人称複数形・三人称複数形が同音 (spielen) であることと、三人称単数形・二人称複数形が同音 (spielt) であることの間には、次のような違いがある。そのため、前者は語形融合の例であるが、後者は単なる偶然の一致と考えられる。
まず、前者の組み合わせは、あらゆる動詞のパラダイムで同音になるが、後者の組み合わせは、一部の動詞のパラダイムでは同音にならない。たとえば、geben ‘give’ のように、二人称単数形と三人称単数形で語幹が母音交替する動詞では、三人称単数形は gibt、二人称複数形は gebt となり、同音にならない。
また、これに関する違いは文法的にも認められる。例文 (1) のように、「A または B」という意味の名詞句が主語の場合、動詞は A と B の両方に人称・数が一致しなければならない。(1) では、A も B も三人称単数なので、動詞の形は三人称単数形 spielt となる。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

|   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (1)   |   | Entweder  | Ballack  | oder  | Klose  | spielt  | gegen  | Bulgarien.  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | either  | Ballack  | or  | Klose  | plays  | against  | Bulgaria  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Ballack or Klose will play in the Bulgaria match.’  |
一方、例文 (2) では、一人称単数と二人称単数の組み合わせなので、どちらにも同時に一致するということはできない。そのため、一人称単数形 spiele も、二人称単数形 spielst も使えない。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

|   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (2)   | *  | Entweder  | ich  | oder  | du  | spiele/spielst  | gegen  | Bulgarien.  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | either  | I  | or  | you  | play  | against  | Bulgaria  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either I or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  |
ところが、例文 (3) のように、一人称複数と三人称複数の組み合わせの場合、動詞は一人称複数形＝三人称複数形の spielen になる。このことは、これらの語形が融合していることを示している。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

|   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (3)   |   | Entweder  | wir  | oder  | sie  | spielen  | gegen  | Bulgarien.  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | either  | we  | or  | they  | play  | against  | Bulgaria  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either we or they will play in the Bulgaria match.’  |
逆に、三人称単数と二人称複数の場合、語形が同音でも spielt を使うことはできない。これは、これらが偶然同音なだけで、異なる語形であることを示している。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

|   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (4)   | *  | Entweder  | Bierhoff  | oder  | ihr  | spielt  | gegen  | Bulgarien.  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | either  | Bierhoff  | or  | you  | play  | against  | Bulgaria  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  | ‘Either Bierhoff or you will play in the Bulgaria match.’  |