伝統文法
統語

詳細は「統語」を参照
伝統文法における統語（英: syntax）とは、語の組み合わせにより句、節、文を構成するための規則である。統語はそれ自体が文法（英: grammar）と呼ばれることもあり、語文法（英: word grammar）という用語も同義的に用いられる。
伝統文法において、文は主語（英: subject）と述部（英: predicate）から成ると分析され、主語は文において話題となる事物を指し、述語は主語以外の文要素を指す。英語などをはじめとする多くの言語において主語は文頭に生起するが、そうでない言語も一定数存在する。
一般的に、文主語は名詞または代名詞、もしくはこれらを含む句により構成される。能動態の場合は、主語は動作主体として解釈され、受動態の場合、主語は動作の影響を受ける対象として解釈される（命令法の場合、主語は具現しない）。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| ()   | a.   | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. | Zoltan ate the cake. |
 : 


|  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| ()   | b.   | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. | The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. |
 : 


|  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| ()   | c.   | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. | Bake another cake. |
 : 


|  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
述語（または述部）は複数の要素から成ることもあるが、どのような場合においても定形の動詞が必ず必要である。なお、述部は動詞のほかに目的語、主格補語（英: subject complement）、目的格補語（英: object complement）、接置詞句（英: adpositional phrase）、副詞句（英: advervial phrase）などを含むことがある。
また、他動詞と呼ばれる動詞は直接目的語（英: direct object）をとり、さらに間接目的語（英: indirect object）を取る場合もある。直接目的語は述語の示す事象から直接的な影響を受ける個体を表し、間接目的語は非直接的に影響を受ける個体を表す。なお、直接目的語と間接目的語が共起する場合、一般傾向として後者が前者の前に現れる。
以下の文では、直接目的語の the book は、動詞 give の表す動作から直接的な影響を受ける個体である。一方、間接目的語の Nikolai は、直接目的語が give された結果として、間接的に当該動作の影響を受ける個体である。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| ()   |    | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. | Yuri gave Nikolai the book. |
 : 


|  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
なお、間接目的語の代わりに、 to や for を伴う前置詞句が（直接目的語の後に）現れる場合もある。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| ()   |    | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. | Yuri gave the book to Nikolai. |
 : 


|  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
主格補語とは、連結動詞（英語版）と共に述部内に現れ主語の意味補完をする、主に名詞や形容詞から成る句で構成される述語要素である。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| ()   | a.   | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. | Elizabeth is a doctor. |
 : 


|  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| ()   | b.   | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. | Salim is clever. |
 : 


|  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| ()   | c.   | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. | Kerli is from Estonia. |
 : 


|  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
一方、目的格補語は、典型的に直接目的語、間接目的語、または接置詞の目的語名詞を修飾し、その意味内容を補填する。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| ()   |    | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". | Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin". |
 : 


|  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
接置詞句および副詞句は、述部に属するものと見做されることもあるが、多くの文法学者が付加部（英: adjunct）と呼ぶ。付加部は統語上随意的な要素であり、文内のどの位置にも非選択的に現れることができる、主語としても補部としても見做されない要素である。
接置詞句は、名詞、動詞、形容詞を修飾しその意味を補完する機能を有し、「接置詞（英: adposition）」とは前置詞（英: preposition）、後置詞（英: postposition）、両置詞（英: circumposition）の総称である。それぞれの違いは、（接置詞の）目的語との相対語順であり、前置詞は目的語の前に、後置詞は目的語の後ろに、両置詞は目的語を挟む形で二か所に現れる。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ()  |   | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） | フランス語（前置詞） |
|   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|   |  | sur  | la  | table  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | on  | the  | table  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ()  |   | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） | 中国語（後置詞） |
|   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|   |  | zhuōzi  | shàng  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | the.table  | on  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  | 'on the table'  |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ()  |   | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） | クルド語（両置詞） |
|   |   | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â | la Kurdistân' â |
 : 


|  |  | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   | 'in Kurdistan'   |
なお、接置詞句は副詞の一種として扱われる場合もあるが、基本的には異なるものとして扱われる。
副詞は時間、場所、様態などを修飾し、否定なども副詞または副詞相当語句（英: adverbial）により表されることが多い（例: not）。