小節 (言語学)
通言語間の差異 > 範疇制限 > 中国語

(標準) 中国語における小節は、屈折辞および動詞を欠くだけでなく、機能的要素も現れない。この理由は、中国語において述語として機能できる名詞は、名詞としての範疇素性だけでなく、動詞としての範疇素性も持ち合わせているためである。
以下 (a) の例は動詞の補部に小節が生起する例であるが、(b) のように、この小節が単体で主節として機能することはできない。一方で、 (c) のように動詞の範疇素性を持つ名詞が用いられる場合は、小節単体でも文を構成することができる。この事実から、中国語において、どのような統語単位が「小節」として機能できるかには厳しい制約があることが分かり、その判別法には議論の余地がまだ多く残っている。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

|   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ()   | a.  | 我  | 当  | 他  | 学生。  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Wǒ  | dāng  | tā  | xuéshēng  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | I  | consider  | him  | student  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  | 'I consider him a student.'  |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

|   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ()   | b.  | *他  | 学生。  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | tā  | xuéshēng  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | he  | student  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  | 'He is a student.'  |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

|   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ()   | c.  | 他  | 台湾-人。  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | tā  | taiwan-rén  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | He  | Taiwan-ese  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  | 'He is Taiwanese.'  |
また、補部に小節を持つ場合のみ、それを選択する動詞に特殊な意味合いが生じることがある。
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

|   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ()   |   | 张三  | 有  | 他  | 哥哥  | 高。  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Zhāngsān  | yŏu  | tā  | gēgē  | gāo  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Zhangsan  | have  | his  | older brother  | tall  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  | 'Zhangsan is (at least) as tall as his older brother.'  |
上記の用例では所有動詞「有」('have') が補部に小節を選択しており、主語と目的語の程度比較の意味機能をもつ。この例において「有」は身長の高さの程度を制限する機能を果たしているが、このような用法が確認できるのは補部に小節を選択する場合のみである。