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1 2  Reed, Barney & Maggy Jennings (2011), hlm. 10."Danio rerio (formerly Brachydanio rerio) is one of approximately 45 Danio species worldwide
They are part of the Cyprinidae family that includes carp and minnows."
1 2  "Zebrafish | Understanding Animal Research". Understanding Animal Research (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-28. Diakses tanggal 05 April 2020.  Periksa nilai tanggal di: |access-date= (bantuan)
1 2  EZRC, KIT, & Heidelberg University (2017), hlm. 33."Adult zebrafish are about 3-5 cm in length and show a characteristic pattern of blueblack horizontal stripes that run along the body and the anal and tail fins. These black stripes are formed by melanin-containing melanophore cells. The stripes are separated from each other by xanthophores, which contain pteridin and carotenoid pigments that confer an orange-yellowish colour. A third type of pigment cells, the iridophores, contains guanine-rich platelets that provide an iridescent appearance. Zebrafish exhibit sexual dimorphism, with the female characterized by a larger belly and the male by its comparative slimness and a more yellowish hue.

As a ray-finned fish, zebrafish possess the basic body plan of this vertebrate group, which is distinguished by some characteristic features such as fins supported by bony rays emerging from the base of the fin, gills on both sides of the body in a cavity covered by an operculum, and a swim bladder regulating buoyancy. (...).
1 2  EZRC, KIT, & Heidelberg University (2017), hlm. 36."Zebrafish are found all across India in a variety of habitats. Common typical characteristics of their habitats are low water flow, ground covered with sand, silt or pebbles, and overhanging vegetation. Such habitats are frequently found in secondary or tertiary channels connected with the main channel of a river, or adjacent to wetlands and paddy fields. (...). In research facilities, zebrafish are generally kept in aquaria devoid of additional structures, in order to facilitate monitoring and cleaning. Experiments involving additional tank structures attempting to mimic more “natural” environments have yielded mixed results regarding welfare benefits. for food, including other Cyprinids like Puntius barbs, other Danio species and especially Esomus danricus, which has a similar size and gape and which occupies similar positions in the water column"
1 2  U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2018), hlm. 1."From Froese and Pauly: “Asia: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar. Reported from Bhutan. ”From Nico et al: “Tropical Asia. Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Also reported from Myanmar and Bhutan.”
1 2  Department of Research (2018), hlm. 3."The zebrafish life cycle is defined as follow: o Embryos : 0-72 hours post-fertilization o Early larvae: 72 hours to 13 days post-fertilization o Mid larvae : 14 days to 29 days post-fertilization o Juveniles : 30 days to 3 or 4 months o Adults : When sexually mature"
1 2 3  Simonetti, Rajla Bressan; Marques, Lis Santos; Jr, Danilo Pedro Streit; Oberst, Eneder Rosana (2015-07-27). "ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio): THE FUTURE OF ANIMAL MODEL IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH". Journal of FisheriesSciences.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). 9 (3). ISSN 1307-234X.
1 2 3  "Zebrafish FAQs". www.uoneuro.uoregon.edu. Diakses tanggal 21 Februari 2020.
1 2  Spence et al. (2008), hlm. 16."The most common predatory tax a captured with zebrafish were snakeheads, Channa spp., and the freshwater garfish, Xenentodon cancila (...). Mastacembelids, which also co-occur with zebrafish, are oophagous and may be predators of zebrafish eggs and embryos, while odonate larvae may be predators of larval and juvenile zebrafish (...). Adult zebrafish are also predators of zebrafish eggs and larvae. Avian predators such as the Indian pond heron, Ardeola grayii (Sykes) and the common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis L., are also ubiquitous in the floodplains of the Indian subcontinent and may feed on D. rerio."
1 2  Sanders et al. (2012), hlm. 107."Pseudoloma neurophilia is the most commonly observed microsporidian parasite of zebrafish; (...). It generally causes chronic infections in zebrafish, with clinical signs ranging from emaciation and obvious spinal deformities (lordosis, scoliosis) to subclinical infections exhibiting no outward signs of disease (...). (...), experiments using zebrafish with these infections may be subject to nonexperimental variation, potentially confounding results, (...). Furthermore, infected fish without overt clinical disease have been shown to have reduced fecundity and size."
1 2 3  Burke, Elizabeth (2016-08-08). "Why Use Zebrafish to Study Human Diseases?". NIH Intramural Research Program (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 20 Maret 2020.
1 2  Siomava, Natalia; Shkil, Fedor; Voronezhskaya, Elena; Diogo, Rui (2018-09-21). "Development of zebrafish paired and median fin musculature: basis for comparative, developmental, and macroevolutionary studies". Scientific Reports (dalam bahasa Inggris). 8 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32567-z. ISSN 2045-2322.
1 2  EZRC, KIT, & Heidelberg University (2017), hlm. 33-34."Zebrafish have also served to study more fish-specific aspects of physiology related to its aquatic habitat, such as osmoregulation by ionocytes in the gills (...). Mechanosensory systems of the zebrafish are the lateral line organ and the ear. The lateral line is composed of a series of mechanosensory receptors (hair cells) on the head and along the body axis, which detect e.g. vibrations in the water (...). The ear is composed of an inner ear only. The hair cell containing macula organs of this ear serve both as balance organs, as they do in mammals, and additionally for hearing. As the zebrafish forms part of the Otophysi group of fish, its inner ear is linked to the swim bladder by small bones (the Weberian ossicles). This enhances hearing and makes the zebrafish one of the “hearing specialists” among the fishes (...). Zebrafish are capable of colour vision, and in addition to cone types receptive to wavelengths of the three colours perceived also by humans (red, green, blue), they possess cones sensitive to UV light (...). Also olfaction plays an important sensory role, as zebrafish smell nutrients (amino acids), kinship cues, ovulation-inducing pheromones (steroid glucuronides), and a “Schreckstoff” (alarm substance), the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin, which is released upon injury and elicits vivid escape
responses (...)."
1 2  EZRC, KIT, & Heidelberg University (2017), hlm. 38."In the wild, a certain seasonality in reproduction seems to exist, with the mating season linked with the monsoon period. However, the presence of mature eggs in females captured in the wild all year round suggests that the observed seasonality may rather be linked to food availability and not reflect endogenous seasonal behavior. In line with this, zebrafish in captivity breed all year around under different photoperiods (12-14 hours of light). While it is still poorly understood which cues determine the choice of mating partners, a typical suite of behaviors during mating has been described76. Thus, male and female “undulate” through the water column, and the male “chases” the female, often touching her with his snout. He then “escorts” her to a spawning site, where they “circle” each other oriented head to tail. The male then “quivers”, i.e. he oscillates his body at high frequency and low amplitude close to the female over the spawning site."
1 2 3  EZRC, KIT, & Heidelberg University (2017), hlm. 37-38."Interestingly, a recent study found that dominant-subordinate relationships seem to be relieved with increasing numbers of fish (males) kept in a tank. Thus, the number of attacks dropped when densities were increased from 2 to 6 males/liter and no attacks were observed when 10 individuals were kept per liter. Also whole body cortisol levels were lowest at a relatively high density (5 fish/l) in this experiment, indicating reduced stress levels. Consistent with these results, another recent cross-laboratory study examined the effect of stocking densities on reproductive performance, which equally can be influenced by stress levels."
1 2  Spence et al. (2008), hlm. 16-17."The most common predatory tax a captured with zebrafish were snakeheads, Channa spp., and the freshwater garfish, Xenentodon cancila (...). Mastacembelids, which also co-occur with zebrafish, are oophagous and may be predators of zebrafish eggs and embryos, while odonate larvae may be predators of larval and juvenile zebrafish (...). Adult zebrafish are also predators of zebrafish eggs and larvae. Avian predators such as the Indian pond heron, Ardeola grayii (Sykes) and the common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis L., are also ubiquitous in the floodplains of the Indian subcontinent and may feed on D. rerio.
Laboratory studies have shown that zebrafish display fright reactions in response to both visual and olfactory cues associated with predators. (...). No decline in response was detected when zebrafish were retested after a 10-day break. (...).
In common with other ostariophysian fishes, zebrafish show alarm behaviours in response to a pheromone that is released as a result of injury to the epidermal cells (...). Alarm behaviours include an increase in shoal cohesion and either agitated swimming or freezing on the substrate, a decrease in feeding rate and increase in aggression. These behaviours have been interpreted as having an anti-predator function. Rehnberg & Smith (1988) demonstrated that isolated zebrafish showed an alarm response to water containing alarm substance, so the response is independent of the presence of conspecifics."
1 2  T. S. Coe et al. (2008), hlm. 145."Genetic variation at all microsatellite loci was evaluated in terms of the number of observed alleles, allelic richness and expected and observed heterozygosity. Allelic richness was calculated using FSTAT 1.2 and expected and observed heterozygosity and Polymorphic Identification Content (PIC) were calculated using GENEPOP. The results are summarised for each zebrafish strain in Table 1. In addition, the genetic distance between individual fish, based on a pair-wise measure of allele sharing, was calculated with MICROSAT 1.5 and the neighbour-joining method was used to reconstruct a tree from the resulting distance matrix using the PHYLIP 3.6 software package. The results show that the wild fish are far more variable than the commonly used laboratory strains, for all the calculated measures of genetic variability. In particular, the strains AB (from Harvard), AB(S), TE and TL had particularly low levels of genetic variability, relative to the wild fish; allelic richness for all four strains was less than 20% of that found in the wild fish. The results also demonstrate that the same strain of fish from different sources may differ in their levels of genetic variation, as is the case for the AB strain."
1 2  McCluskey, Braedan M.; Postlethwait, John H. (2015-3). "Phylogeny of Zebrafish, a "Model Species," within Danio, a "Model Genus"". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (3): 635–652. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu325. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 4327152 . PMID 25415969.  Periksa nilai tanggal di: |date= (bantuan)
1 2  Teame, Tsegay; Zhang, Zhen; Ran, Chao; Zhang, Hongling; Yang, Yalin; Ding, Qianwen; Xie, Minxu; Gao, Chenchen; Ye, Yongan (2019-06-25). "The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as biomedical models". Animal Frontiers (dalam bahasa Inggris). 9 (3): 68–77. doi:10.1093/af/vfz020. ISSN 2160-6056.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Khan, Farmanur Rahman; Alhewairini, Saleh Sulaiman (2018-11-27). "Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model Organism". Current Trends in Cancer Management (dalam bahasa Inggris). doi:10.5772/intechopen.81517.
1 2  "Danio Rerio, (Hamilton, 1822)". itis.gov. Diakses tanggal 20 Februari 2020.  Parameter |first1= tanpa |last1= di Authors list (bantuan)
1 2 3 4 5 6  Parichy, David M (2015-03-25). "Advancing biology through a deeper understanding of zebrafish ecology and evolution". eLife. 4: e05635. doi:10.7554/eLife.05635. ISSN 2050-084X.
↑  EZRC, KIT, & Heidelberg University (2017), hlm. 34." Originally named Danio rerio by its discoverer Hamilton in 182248, the zebrafish was referred to as Brachydanio rerio in the scientific literature for many years, before it was reassigned to the Danio genus by more recent phylogenetic analyses including DNA sequence data. Today, about 45 species are included in the genus Danio. The name Danio derives from the Bengali “dhani”, which refers to green rice fields."
↑  "Brachydanio rerio – Zebra 'Danio' (Brachydanio frankei, Danio rerio)". Seriously Fish. Diakses tanggal 19 Maret 2020.
↑  Sfakianakis, Dimitris G.; Leris, Ioannis; Kentouri, Maroudio (2011-04-01). "Effect of developmental temperature on swimming performance of zebrafish (Danio rerio) juveniles". Environmental Biology of Fishes (dalam bahasa Inggris). 90 (4): 421–427. doi:10.1007/s10641-010-9751-5. ISSN 1573-5133.
↑  U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2018), hlm. 4."“Although details of the distribution are unclear, D. rerio may be widely distributed in shallow, slow-flowing waters on the Indian subcontinent.”
↑  Arunachalam et al. (2013), hlm. 1."In our study of the species, we collected individuals from twenty-one wild populations from within the species’ natural distribution, ranging from streams/rivers of the Western Ghats of Peninsular India to those of the Western and North-Eastern Himalayas."
↑  U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2018), hlm. 2."California  and Florida records probably resulted from release or escape from local fish farms. Source of New Mexico population is not known; possible aquarium release as was record from Connecticut.”
↑  U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2018), hlm. 6."Points in Spain, Australia, and Mexico were excluded because they could not be verified as established populations."
1 2  Avdesh, Avdesh; Chen, Mengqi; Martin-Iverson, Mathew T.; Mondal, Alinda; Ong, Daniel; Rainey-Smith, Stephanie; Taddei, Kevin; Lardelli, Michael; Groth, David M. (2012-11-18). "Regular Care and Maintenance of a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Laboratory: An Introduction". Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE (69). doi:10.3791/4196. ISSN 1940-087X. PMC 3916945 . PMID 23183629.
↑  Yıldırım, M.; Ünver, B. (2011-09-19). "Metazoan parasites of Alburnus chalcoides in Tödürge Lake (Zara/Sivas, Turkey)". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 28 (2): 245–248. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01878.x. ISSN 0175-8659.
↑  Sanders et al. (2012), hlm. 108."The muscle-infecting microsporidium Pleistophora hyphessobryconis has also been observed and described in laboratory populations of zebrafish (...). (...). Similar to P. neurophilia, P. hyphessobryconis can also be harbored by otherwise healthy-appearing fish, which may show clinical signs of the infection or mortality after experiencing experimental or incidental immunosuppression."
↑  Menke et al. (2011), hlm. 759."In contrast to mammals, the bones of the zebrafish have no medullary cavity. Hematopoietic tissue is located in the stroma of the spleen and the interstitium of the kidney. In the adult zebrafish, hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the interstitium of the anterior and posterior kidneys. The hematopoietic stem cells are situated within a stroma of reticuloendothelial tissue, similar to that of the bone marrow in mammals. Endothelial cells line numerous sinuses, through which blood from the renal portal vein is passed for filtration of effete cells, and for the addition of new blood cells to the circulation."
↑  Menke et al. (2011), hlm. 759-760."Erythrocytes are the main vehicle of oxygen transport and to a lesser extent, of carbon dioxide. In contrast to the mammalian erythrocyte, the teleost erythrocyte is oval and nucleated and uses aerobic metabolism instead of anaerobic metabolism to generate adenosine triphosphate. Thrombocytes play an important role in blood clotting. In contrast to the mammalian thrombocyte, the zebrafish thrombocyte is nucleated. As in mammals, leukocytes in the zebrafish play an important role in the defense against both infectious diseases and foreign materials. Two types of granulocytes have been identified, neutrophilic (heterophilic) granulocytes and eosinophilic granulocytes. The neutrophilic granulocyte is the most abundant and is characterised by a pale cytoplasm and a multilobed, segmented nucleus. This cell has a morphology that is similar to the mammalian neutrophil. The eosinophilic granulocyte is characterized by an eosinophilic cytoplasm and a small, nonsegmented, peripherally located nucleus. Their appearance differs considerably from that of mammalian eosinophils, and it remains to be elucidated whether the zebrafish eosinophil has a function that is similar to the mammalian eosinophil. It has been postulated that this cell may represent a combined eosinophil/mast cell.  Monocytes form about 5–15 % of the circulating leukocyte population in the zebrafish. (...). Lymphocytes form about 71–92% of the circulating leukocyte population in the zebrafish."
↑  Menke et al. (2011), hlm. 760-761."Like other teleosts, the zebrafish lacks lymph nodes. Together with the kidney, the spleen forms the major filtering organ for the removal of foreign agents and defective blood cells. Macroscopically, the spleen is a dark red organ, located in the peritoneal cavity, adjacent to one of the liver lobes."
↑  "Overview of the Circulatory System | Boundless Biology". courses.lumenlearning.com. Diakses tanggal 21 Maret 2020.
↑  Menke et al. (2011), hlm. 761."In the zebrafish, the heart is situated anterior of the main body cavity and ventral to the esophagus. Deoxygenated venous blood enters the sinus venosus. The wall of the sinus venosus is thin and is mainly composed of collagenous connective tissue. The blood subsequently passes through the sino-atrial valve into the atrium. The atrium has a thin, muscular wall, and thin trabeculae form a loose meshwork in the lumen. Contraction of the atrium and dilation of the ventricle forces the blood into the ventricle via the atrioventricular valve.The ventricle has a much thicker wall than the atrium. There is a compact outer layer of muscle and a spongy inner layer with numerous trabeculae. Contraction of the ventricle generates a relatively high pressure, and the blood is pumped into the onion-shaped bulbus arteriosus via the ventricular-bulbar valve. (...). (...). From the heart, the ventral aorta distributes blood to the gills via the afferent branchial arteries."
↑  "» Circulatory system" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 24 Maret 2020.
↑  Outtandy, Priya; Russell, Claire; Kleta, Robert; Bockenhauer, Detlef (2019-05-01). "Zebrafish as a model for kidney function and disease". Pediatric Nephrology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 34 (5): 751–762. doi:10.1007/s00467-018-3921-7. ISSN 1432-198X. PMID 29502161.
↑  Ichimura, Koichiro; Bubenshchikova, Ekaterina; Powell, Rebecca; Fukuyo, Yayoi; Nakamura, Tomomi; Tran, Uyen; Oda, Shoji; Tanaka, Minoru; Wessely, Oliver (2012-09-18). "A Comparative Analysis of Glomerulus Development in the Pronephros of Medaka and Zebrafish". PLoS ONE. 7 (9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045286. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3445478 . PMID 23028906.
↑  Menke et al. (2011), hlm. 763."The mouth and buccal cavity are divided by breathing and digestive system (...). That digestive function is limited to selection, seizures, and food orientation to be transferred to the intestine. In zebra fish, the mouth and perioral area have many flavors shoots. The buccal cavity layer consists of mucoid epithelium in thick basement membranes with many goblet cells. In the zebrafish, the buccal cavity leads into the esophagus, which encompasses blind diverticula (esophageal sacs), a pharyngeal pad, and teeth (...) where food can be ground (...). The teeth consist of an enamel coating, a dentine layer, and a pulp core."
↑  Macirella, Rachele; Brunelli, Elvira (2017-04-13). "Morphofunctional Alterations in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Gills after Exposure to Mercury Chloride". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (4). doi:10.3390/ijms18040824. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 5412408 . PMID 28406445.
↑  Menke et al. (2011), hlm. 771."The zebrafish eye is similar to the eye of all other vertebrates. It consists of three layers: (1) the tunica fibrosa, which encompasses the cornea and the sclera; (2) the tunica vasculosa, which encompasses the choroid, the choroid rete, and the iris; and (3) the retina. (...). Several layers can be distinguished in the retina: (1) the retinal pigment epithelium, in which photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) embed their outer segments; (2) the external nuclear layer, which contains the nuclei of the rods and cones; and (3) the bipolar cells that connect the rods and cones to (4) the ganglion cells, (...)."
↑  Menke et al. (2011), hlm. 774."The main vertebral column develops from the notochordinto a series of connected vertebrae. The vertebrae of the main body have ribs on the transverse processes. Throughout the spine, arches above the main vertebral bodies accommodate the spinal cord. The skeletal muscles bind to ribs and skin, thereby directing the energy of muscular contraction into a propulsive force. Unlike mammals, the entire surface of the fish is a mucous membrane except for a little keratinized epithelium on the jaw and fins."
↑  Hamilton et al. (2016), hlm. 2."For example, Williams et al. (2006) used a modified T-maze alternation task designed for rodents to assess zebrafish learning and memory abilities. They found that zebrafish could learn to alternate from one side of a tank to the other following an auditory cue, in order to obtain a food reward. Additional research has shown that zebrafish can learn to discriminate between artificial and naturally occurring scents in a classical conditioning task (...) and between visual stimuli when trained in a T-maze (...). (...). Cleaner wrasses, for example, can recognize each ‘‘client’’ fish that they clean (...) which can consist of upwards of 100 different species (...). Thus, they are constantly faced with foraging choices that require remembering which clients they have already cleaned (...)."
↑  Hutter et al. (2010), hlm. 644."Zebrafish were obtained from a river in the Assam region of India (branch of Brahmaputra; latitude ca. 26◦N and longitude ca. 90◦E). In Vienna, Austria, they were first housed together in four 422 l stock-tanks (130×65×50 cm), each containing ca. 100 fish, in a room with controlled environmental conditions, adapted to the Assam region (13:11 h light/dark cycle, 26–28◦C water temperature). They were fed three times per day (5 days/week) with live Artemia or commercial salmon pellets (Aquamix). The mean ± SD standard length and body mass of haphazardly chosen males (N = 25) was 2.8 ± 0.2 cm and 0.48 ± 0.5 g, and of randomly chosen females (N = 41) 3.1 ± 0.3 cm and 0.6 ± 0.2 g. Females were significantly larger than males, and other studies have similarly found sexual size dimorphisms, for both domesticated and wild populations of zebrafish. Behavioural observations were conducted in four separate 1100-l tank sections (135 × 100 × 81 cm) of a 17 600-l ring tank under the same light and temperature conditions as above. To simulate a natural environment the tank bottom was covered with a mix of sand and small gravel, two bunches of artificial plants were placed in both halves of each section and more artificial
plants on the two sides of the section. Each replicate consisted of eight fish (four females and four males, 28 replicates), and in each shoal a single marked focal fish was observed (see below). Fish were never reused."
↑  Hutter et al. (2010), hlm. 649."Both males and females defended an area around a plant and prevented access to other fish. For example, females showed territoriality by aggressively chasing away other males and females, most often from an area they were grazing, suggesting that these females might defend their feeding sites. Intra-sexual interactions were often agonistic. For example, two females or two males would swim around each other (more than one body length apart from each other) with fins flared while rising in the water column or chasing each other. Reproductive behaviour occurred only during the first observation period just after daybreak (‘early’). Spawning lasted for ca. 30 min and all behaviours were very rapid during this time, whereas activity declined toward the end of the first observation period. The fish were less active during the rest of the day and did not swim as quickly, and reproductive behaviour was never observed later in the day."
↑  Hutter et al. (2010), hlm. 649-650"Zebrafish formed many small groups during spawning, and otherwise they shoaled in a few, larger groups. The number of individuals per group (group size) was significantly smaller early (1.9 ± 0.6) compared to the rest of the day (3.8 ± 2.2) (Wilcoxon, N = 19, p < 0.0001) and, thus, there were more groups early (4.9 ± 1.0) compared to the rest of the day (3.4 ± 1.7) (Wilcoxon, N = 19, p < 0.0001). Groups swam more often in ‘tight’ than ‘loose’ shoaling formations during both periods of the day (early:Wilcoxon, N = 28, p < 0.0001; rest of the day: Wilcoxon, N = 28, p < 0.0001), but there was no difference in group cohesion between the two time periods (Wilcoxon, N = 28, p = 0.68). The fish tended to stay in the lower water column in the early period during spawning, but not during the rest of the day (Wilcoxon, N = 28, p = 0.069). The number of groups and mean group size associating with plants was significantly different early (number of groups: 2.3 ± 0.7, group size: 1.9 ± 0.7) compared to the rest of the day (number of groups: 1.2 ± 0.8, group size: 3.4 ± 2.2) (number of groups, Wilcoxon, N = 28, p < 0.0001, groups size, Wilcoxon, N = 28, p < 0.0001). Also, the average frequency of individuals associating with plants was significantly higher early (0.5 ± 0.1) than during the rest of the day (0.36 ± 0.2) (paired t -test: N = 28, p = 0.0003)."
↑  Hutter et al. (2010), hlm. 650-651."Reproductive behaviours were not evenly distributed among the males, and some achieved more mating success than others. Early in the day, 8 of 12 focal males were reproductively active (Figure 1a), and only 4 of 12 males spawned with visible egg release despite all the males actively following females. Focal males spent most of the time following females (Table 3). After calculating the occurrence (in %) of all group compositions during each behaviour, we found that following behaviour was usually performed in pairs with just one male and one female (60%). A second male was sometimes involved (26%) and all other group compositions were rare (0–5%).Focal males also participated in other reproductive and courtship behaviours, including spawning, back-and-forth, and circle behaviour In contrast to the early morning, males spent little time following either females or males and exhibited almost no reproductive behaviours."
↑  Hutter et al. (2010), hlm. 654."Neither focal male SL nor body mass correlated with the occurrence of any reproductive behaviour."
↑  Orger, Michael B., & Gonzalo G. de Polavieja (2017), hlm. 135."Zebrafish form shoals and the more polarized groups, known as schools, because of attraction to each other and not owing to attraction toward shared environmental features (...). The many possible advantages of being in a shoal include better detection of predators, food, andmates (...).Groups of zebrafish are dynamic:Distance among animals increases with time after they are placed in a novel tank and decreases in the presence of a predator (...). (...). Zebrafish choose to shoal with conspecifics over an empty compartment and show a preference for larger shoal sizes (...) and fish of similar appearance (...), with activity level and sex composition also playing a role (...). Detection of conspecifics requires binding of motion and form, with the head rather than the tail providing the relevant cues (...)."
↑  "ZFIN: Wild-Type Lines: Summary Listing". zfin.org. Diakses tanggal 20 Maret 2020.
↑  Wakchaure et al. (2015), hlm. 1." Transgenic technology through DNA microinjection into zebra fish embryos has made great gain in the last decade. It is shown that the DNA injected into the cytoplasm of fertilized zebra fish eggs could integrate into the fish genome and be inherited in the germ line. The frequency of germline transmission of a microinjected DNA could be as a high as 20% in zebra fish."
↑  Darmawan, Boby Dani (2013), hlm. 17-18."Rekayasa genetika tidak hanya dapat dilakukan melalui metode transfer gen. Metode mutagenesis adalah salah satunya. Pada metode ini gen pada organisme transgenik dimodifikasi dengan mengganti sekuen basa
nitrogen pada DNA yang ada untuk diganti dengan basa nitrogen lain sehingga terjadi perubahan sifat
pada organisme tersebut."
↑  Xiaowen Chen et al. (2016), hlm. 107."A good example is the use of transgenic zebrafish animals marking endothelial cells with a genetically encoded marker [ 3 ]. To this purpose in last decade, a considerable number of zebrafish transgenic lines have been generated to better characterize different components of vascular system such us arteries, veins, and lymphatic tissues. These lines express a fl uorescent protein under control of a selected promoter, offering the chance to in vivo identify single cells as well as the anatomical structure they take part. Thus, transgenic (Tg) tissue-specific zebrafish lines are commonly applied in in vivo studies to characterize molecular and genetics pathways responsible for vascular system development and morphogenesis. Most importantly, such Tg zebrafi sh lines have been generated to study vascular-associated pathological conditions such as tumor angiogenesis."
↑  Iribarne, Maria (2019-08-20). "Zebrafish Photoreceptor Degeneration and Regeneration Research to Understand Hereditary Human Blindness". Visual Impairment and Blindness (dalam bahasa Inggris). doi:10.5772/intechopen.88758.
↑  Read "Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment" at NAP.edu (dalam bahasa Inggris).
1 2 3  "Advantages of using Zebrafish as a Model Organism - Andor Learning Centre". Oxford Instruments (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 16 Maret 2020.
↑  yourgenome. "Why use the zebrafish in research". yourgenome.org. Diakses tanggal 26 Maret 2020. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
↑  "Tiny fish, big splash: the story of the zebrafish". yourgenome (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 26 Maret 2020.