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Buku dan bab buku
Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa (2007). "Introduction: The Custom in Question".  Dalam Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa. Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-01-10. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Abdalla, Raqiya D. (2007). "'My Grandmother Called it the Three Feminine Sorrows': The Struggle of Women Against Female Circumcision in Somalia".  Dalam Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa. Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Ahmadu, Fuambai (2000). "Rites and Wrongs: An Insider/Outsider Reflects on Power and Excision".  Dalam Shell-Duncan, Bettina; Hernlund, Ylva. Female "Circumcision" in Africa: Culture Controversy and Change. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Allen, Peter Lewis (2000). The Wages of Sin: Sex and Disease, Past and Present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Asmani, Ibrahim Lethome; Abdi, Maryam Sheikh (2008). De-linking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam (PDF). Washington: Frontiers in Reproductive Health, USAID. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2017-02-21. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Bagnol, Brigitte; Mariano, Esmeralda (2011). "Politics of Naming Sexual Practices". African Sexualities: A Reader. Cape Town: Fahamu/Pambazuka. ISBN 9780857490162.
Barker-Benfield, G. J. (1999). The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Routledge.
Berlin, Adele (2011). "Circumcision". The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. New York: Oxford University Press.
Boddy, Janice (2007). Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Boddy, Janice (1989). Wombs and Alien Spirits: Women, Men, and the Zar Cult in Northern Sudan. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Boyle, Elizabeth Heger (2002). Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2005). Why Aren't Jewish Women Circumcised? Gender and Covenant In Judaism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
El Guindi, Fadwa (2007). "Had This Been Your Face, Would You Leave It as Is?".  Dalam Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa. Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-01-10. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
El Dareer, Asma (1982). Woman, Why Do You Weep: Circumcision and its Consequences. London: Zed Books.
Fiedler, Klaus (1996). Christianity and African Culture. Leiden: Brill.
Gollaher, David (2000). Circumcision: A History of the World's Most Controversial Surgery. New York: Basic Books.
Gruenbaum, Ellen (2001). The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Hoberman, John Milton (2005). Testosterone Dreams: Rejuvenation, Aphrodisia, Doping. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hosken, Fran (1994) [1979]. The Hosken Report: Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females. Lexington: Women's International Network.
Hyam, Ronald (1990). Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Jacobs, Micah; Grady, Richard; Bolnick, David A. (2012). "Current Circumcision Trends and Guidelines".  Dalam Bolnick, David A.; Koyle, Martin; Yosha, Assaf. Surgical Guide to Circumcision. London: Springer. hlm. 3–8. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_1. ISBN 978-1-4471-2857-1.
Karanja, James (2009). The Missionary Movement in Colonial Kenya: The Foundation of Africa Inland Church. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag.
Kenyatta, Jomo (1962) [1938]. Facing Mount Kenya. New York: Vintage Books.
Kenyon, F. G. (1893). Greek Papyri in the British Museum. London: British Museum.
Kirby, Vicky (2005). "Out of Africa: 'Our Bodies Ourselves?'".  Dalam Nnaemeka, Obioma. Female Circumcision and the Politics of Knowledge: African Women in Imperialist Discourses. Westport, Conn and London: Praeger. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-01-10. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Korieh, Chima (2005). "'Other' Bodies: Western Feminism, Race and Representation in Female Circumcision Discourse".  Dalam Nnaemeka, Obioma. Female Circumcision and the Politics of Knowledge: African Women in Imperialist Discourses. Westport, Conn and London: Praeger. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-01-10. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Kunhiyop, Samuel Waje (2008). African Christian Ethics. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
Mackie, Gerry (2000). "Female Genital Cutting: The Beginning of the End" (PDF).  Dalam Shell-Duncan, Bettina; Hernlund, Ylva. Female "Circumcision" in Africa: Culture Controversy and Change. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 29 Oktober 2013.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Mandara, Mairo Usman (2000). "Female genital cutting in Nigeria: View of Nigerian Doctors on the Medicalization Debate".  Dalam Shell-Duncan, Bettina; Hernlund, Ylva. Female "Circumcision" in Africa: Culture Controversy and Change. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
McGregor, Deborah Kuhn (1998). From Midwives to Medicine: The Birth of American Gynecology. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Nnaemeka, Obioma (2005). "African Women, Colonial Discourses, and Imperialist Interventions: Female Circumcision as Impetus".  Dalam Nnaemeka, Obioma. Female Circumcision and the Politics of Knowledge: African Women in Imperialist Discourses. Westport, Conn and London: Praeger. hlm. 27–46. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-01-10. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Nussbaum, Martha (1999). Sex and Social Justice. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195355017. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-01-10. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Nzegwu, Nkiru (2011). "'Osunality' (or African eroticism)". African Sexualities: A Reader. Cape Town: Fahamu/Pambazuka. ISBN 9780857490162.
Peterson, Derek R. (2012). Ethnic Patriotism and the East African Revival: A History of Dissent, c. 1935–1972. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rahman, Anika; Toubia, Nahid (2000). Female Genital Mutilation: A Guide to Laws and Policies Worldwide. New York: Zed Books.
Roald, Ann-Sofie (2003). Women in Islam: The Western Experience. London: Routledge.
Robert, Dana Lee (1996). American Women in Mission: A Social History of Their Thought and Practice. Macon: Mercer University Press.
Rodriguez, Sarah B. (2014). Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of a Medical Treatment. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
El Saadawi, Nawal (2007) [1980]. The Hidden Face of Eve. London: Zed Books.
Shorter, Edward (2008). From Paralysis to Fatigue: A History of Psychosomatic Illness in the Modern Era. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Strayer, Robert; Murray, Jocelyn (1978). "The CMS and Female Circumcision".  Dalam Strayer, Robert. The Making of Missionary Communities in East Africa. New York: State University of New York Press.
Tamale, Sylvia (2011). "Researching and theorising sexualities in Africa".  Dalam Tamale, Sylvia. African Sexualities: A Reader. Pambazuka Press/Fahamu. hlm. 11–36.
Thomas, Lynn M. (2000). "Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)': Lessons from Colonial Campaigns to Ban Excision in Meru, Kenya".  Dalam Shell-Duncan, Bettina; Hernlund, Ylva. Female "Circumcision" in Africa: Culture Controversy and Change. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Thomas, Lynn (2003). Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Thomas, Robert (1813). The Modern Practice of Physick. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
wa Kihurani, Nyambura; Warigia wa Johanna, Raheli; Murigo wa Meshak, Alice (2007). "Letter Opposing Female Circumcision".  Dalam Lihamba, Amandina; Moyo, Fulata L.; Mulokozi, Mugaybuso M.; Shitemi, Naomi L.; Yahya-Othman, Saida. Women Writing Africa: The Eastern Region. New York: The Feminist Press at the City University of New York. hlm. 118–120. ISBN 978-1558615342.
Walley, Christine J. (2002). ""Searching for 'Voices': Feminism, Anthropology, and the Global Over Female Genital Operations"".  Dalam James, Stanlie M.; Robertson, Claire C. Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. hlm. 54–86.
Wildenthal, Lora (2012). The Language of Human Rights in West Germany. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Zabus, Chantal (2008). "The Excised Body in African Texts and Contexts".  Dalam Borch, Merete Falck. Bodies and Voices: The Force-field of Representation and Discourse in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies. New York: Rodopi.
Zabus, Chantal (2013). "'Writing with an Accent': From Early Decolonization to Contemporary Gender Issues in the African Novel in French, English, and Arabic".  Dalam Bertacco, Simon. Language and Translation in Postcolonial Literatures. New York: Routledge.
Artikel jurnal
Abdulcadir, Jasmine; Margairaz, Christiane; Boulvain, Michel; Irion, Olivier (6 Januari 2011). "Care of women with female genital mutilation/cutting". Swiss Medical Weekly. 140: w13137. doi:10.4414/smw.2011.13137 . ISSN 1424-3997. PMID 21213149.
Abdulcadir, Jasmine; Catania, Lucrezia; Hindin, Michelle Jane; Say, Lale; Petignat, Patrick; Abdulcadir, Omar (November 2016). "Female Genital Mutilation: A Visual Reference and Learning Tool for Health Care Professionals". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 128 (5): 958–963. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001686. ISSN 1873-233X. PMID 27741194.
Sibiani, Sharifa A.; Rouzi, Abdulrahim A. (September 2008). "Sexual function in women with female genital mutilation". Fertility and Sterility. 93 (3): 722–724. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.035. ISSN 1556-5653. PMID 19028385. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-08-28. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Bioethics (Juli 1998). "Female genital mutilation". Pediatrics. 102 (1 Pt 1): 153–156. doi:10.1542/peds.102.1.153 . ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 9651425.
American Academy of Pediatrics Board of Directors (Juli 2010). "Ritual genital cutting of female minors [withdrawn]". Pediatrics. 126 (1): 191. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1568 . ISSN 1098-4275. PMID 20530070.
Askew, Ian; Chaiban, Ted; Kalasa, Benoit; Sen, Purna (1 September 2016). "A repeat call for complete abandonment of FGM". Journal of Medical Ethics (dalam bahasa Inggris). 42 (9): 619–620. doi:10.1136/medethics-2016-103553. ISSN 0306-6800. PMC 5013096 . PMID 27059789. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Banks, Emily; Meirik, Olav; Farley, Tim; Akande, Oluwole; Bathija, Heli; Ali, Mohamed; WHO study group on female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome (3 Juni 2006). "Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries". Lancet. 367 (9525): 1835–1841. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68805-3. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 16753486.
Berer, Marge (30 Juni 2007). "Cosmetic genitoplasty: It's female genital mutilation and should be prosecuted". BMJ. 334 (7608): 1335.2–1335. doi:10.1136/bmj.39252.646042.3A. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 1906631 . PMID 17599983. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-11-13. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Berg, Rigmor C.; Underland, Vigdis; Odgaard-Jensen, Jan; Fretheim, Atle; Vist, Gunn E. (21 November 2014). "Effects of female genital cutting on physical health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ Open. 4 (11): e006316. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006316. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 4244458 . PMID 25416059.
Berg, Rigmor C.; Denison, Eva (Oktober 2013). "A tradition in transition: factors perpetuating and hindering the continuance of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) summarized in a systematic review". Health Care for Women International. 34 (10): 837–859. doi:10.1080/07399332.2012.721417. ISSN 1096-4665. PMC 3783896 . PMID 23489149.
Berg, Rigmor C.; Underland, Vigdis (27 Maret 2014). Immediate health consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) (PDF). Rapport Fra Kunnskapssenteret. Oslo: Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services (Kunnskapssenteret). hlm. 837–859. ISBN 978-82-8121-856-7. ISSN 1890-1298. PMID 29320014. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2021-08-28. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Black, J. A.; Debelle, G. D. (17 Juni 1995). "Female genital mutilation in Britain". BMJ. 310 (6994): 1590–1592. doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6994.1590. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2549951 . PMID 7787654. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-11-13. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Black, John (Juli 1997). "Female genital mutilation: a contemporary issue, and a Victorian obsession". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 90 (7): 402–405. doi:10.1177/014107689709000712. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 1296388 . PMID 9290425.
J. F. C. (8 Februari 1873). "Isaac Baker Brown, F.R.C.S." Medical Times and Gazette. 1 (1180). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-01-10. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Conroy, Ronán M (15 Juli 2006). "Female genital mutilation: whose problem, whose solution?". BMJ. 333 (7559): 106–107. doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7559.106. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1502236 . PMID 16840444.
Cutner, Lawrence P. (Juli 1985). "Female genital mutilation". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 40 (7): 437–443. doi:10.1097/00006254-198507000-00004. ISSN 0029-7828. PMID 4022475.
Dave, Amish J.; Sethi, Aisha; Morrone, Aldo (Januari 2011). "Female genital mutilation: what every American dermatologist needs to know". Dermatologic Clinics. 29 (1): 103–109. doi:10.1016/j.det.2010.09.002. ISSN 1558-0520. PMID 21095534.
Elchalal, Uriel; Ben-Ami, B.; Gillis, R.; Brzezinski, A. (Oktober 1997). "Ritualistic female genital mutilation: current status and future outlook". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 52 (10): 643–651. doi:10.1097/00006254-199710000-00022. ISSN 0029-7828. PMID 9326757.
Essén, Birgitta; Johnsdotter, Sara (Juli 2004). "Female genital mutilation in the West: traditional circumcision versus genital cosmetic surgery" (PDF). Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 83 (7): 611–613. doi:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00590.x. ISSN 0001-6349. PMID 15225183. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 14 April 2013.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
El Dareer, A. (Juni 1983). "Attitudes of Sudanese people to the practice of female circumcision". International Journal of Epidemiology. 12 (2): 138–144. doi:10.1093/ije/12.2.138. ISSN 0300-5771. PMID 6874206.
Elduma, Adel Hussein (15 Februari 2018). "Female Genital Mutilation in Sudan". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 6 (2): 430–434. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2018.099. PMC 5839462 . PMID 29531618.
Elmusharaf, Susan; Elhadi, Nagla; Almroth, Lars (15 Juli 2006). "Reliability of self reported form of female genital mutilation and WHO classification: cross sectional study". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 333 (7559): 124. doi:10.1136/bmj.38873.649074.55. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 1502195 . PMID 16803943.
Gallard, Colette (17 Juni 1995). "Female genital mutilation in France". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 310 (6994): 1592–1593. doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6994.1592. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2549952 . PMID 7787655.
Gruenbaum, Ellen (September–Oktober 2005). "Socio-Cultural Dynamics of Female Genital Cutting: Research Findings, Gaps, and Directions". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 7 (5): 429–441. doi:10.1080/13691050500262953. JSTOR 4005473. PMID 16864214.
Hayes, Rose Oldfield (17 Juni 1975). "Female Genital Mutilation, Fertility Control, Women's Roles, and the Patrilineage in Modern Sudan: A Functional Analysis". American Ethnologist. 2 (4): 617–633. doi:10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030. JSTOR 643328.
Horowitz, Carol R.; Jackson, J. Carey; Teklemariam, Mamae (19 Januari 1995). "Female Circumcision". New England Journal of Medicine. 332 (3): 188–190. doi:10.1056/nejm199501193320313. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 7695718.
Iavazzo, Christos; Sardi, Thalia A.; Gkegkes, Ioannis D. (Juni 2013). "Female genital mutilation and infections: a systematic review of the clinical evidence". Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 287 (6): 1137–1149. doi:10.1007/s00404-012-2708-5. ISSN 1432-0711. PMID 23315098.
Ismail, Edna Adan (2016). "Female genital mutilation survey in Somaliland" (PDF). Edna Adan University Hospital. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2017-09-11. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Jackson, Elizabeth F.; Akweongo, Patricia; Sakeah, Evelyn; Hodgson, Abraham; Asuru, Rofina; Phillips, James F. (September 2003). "Inconsistent reporting of female genital cutting status in northern Ghana: explanatory factors and analytical consequences". Studies in Family Planning. 34 (3): 200–210. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.233.6248 . doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2003.00200.x. ISSN 0039-3665. PMID 14558322.
Johnsdotter, Sara; Essén, Birgitta (Mei 2010). "Genitals and ethnicity: the politics of genital modifications" (PDF). Reproductive Health Matters. 18 (35): 29–37. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(10)35495-4. ISSN 1460-9576. PMID 20541081. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 21 September 2013.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Jones, Wanda K.; Smith, J.; Kieke, B.; Wilcox, L. (September 1997). "Female genital mutilation/Female circumcision. Who is at risk in the U.S.?". Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1974). 112 (5): 368–377. ISSN 0033-3549. PMC 1381943 . PMID 9323387.
Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin; Ezejimofor, Martinsixtus C.; Uthman, Olalekan A.; Komba, Paul (2018). "Secular trends in the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting among girls: a systematic analysis" (PDF). BMJ Global Health. 3 (5): e000549. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000549. PMC 6231106 . PMID 30483404. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2021-03-10. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Kelly, Elizabeth; Hillard, Paula J. Adams (Oktober 2005). "Female genital mutilation". Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 17 (5): 490–494. doi:10.1097/01.gco.0000183528.18728.57. ISSN 1040-872X. PMID 16141763.
Khazan, Olga (8 April 2015). "Why Some Women Choose to Get Circumcised". The Atlantic. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-08-28. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Lightfoot-Klein, Hanny (1989). "The Sexual Experience and Marital Adjustment of Genitally Circumcised and Infibulated Females in The Sudan". The Journal of Sex Research. 26 (3): (375–392), 380. doi:10.1080/00224498909551521. JSTOR 3812643.
Klouman, Elise; Manongi, Rachel; Klepp, Knut-Inge (Januari 2005). "Self-reported and observed female genital cutting in rural Tanzania: associated demographic factors, HIV and sexually transmitted infections". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 10 (1): 105–115. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01350.x. ISSN 1360-2276. PMID 15655020.
Knight, Mary (Juni 2001). "Curing cut or ritual mutilation? Some remarks on the practice of female and male circumcision in Graeco-Roman Egypt". Isis. 92 (2): 317–338. doi:10.1086/385184. ISSN 0021-1753. JSTOR 3080631. PMID 11590895.
Kouba, Leonard J.; Muasher, Judith (Maret 1985). "Female Circumcision in Africa: An Overview". African Studies Review. 28 (1): 95–1100. doi:10.2307/524569. JSTOR 524569.
Mandara, Mairo Usman (Maret 2004). "Female genital mutilation in Nigeria". International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 84 (3): 291–298. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2003.06.001. PMID 15001386.
Mackie, Gerry (Desember 1996). "Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account" (PDF). American Sociological Review. 61 (6): 999–1017. doi:10.2307/2096305. JSTOR 2096305. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-07-20. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Mackie, Gerry (Juni 2003). "Female Genital Cutting: A Harmless Practice?" (PDF). Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 17 (2): 135–158. doi:10.1525/maq.2003.17.2.135. JSTOR 3655332. PMID 12846114. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-08-08. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Mufuka, Kenneth (2003). "Scottish Missionaries and the Circumcision Controversy in Kenya, 1900–1960". International Review of Scottish Studies. 28: 47–87. Archived from the original on 2011-11-23. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-21. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
Murray, Jocelyn (1976). "The Church Missionary Society and the 'Female Circumcision' Issue in Kenya 1929–1932". Journal of Religion in Africa. 8 (2): 92–104. doi:10.1163/157006676X00075. JSTOR 1594780.
Nour, Nawal M. (2008). "Female Genital Cutting: A Persisting Practice". Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1 (3): 135–139. PMC 2582648 . PMID 19015765.
Obermeyer, Carla (1999). "Female Genital Surgeries: The Known, the Unknown and the Unknowable". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 31: 79–106. doi:10.1525/maq.1999.13.1.79.
Okeke, T. C.; Anyaehie, Usb; Ezenyeaku, C. C. K. (Januari 2012). "An overview of female genital mutilation in Nigeria". Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research. 2 (1): 70–73. doi:10.4103/2141-9248.96942. ISSN 2141-9248. PMC 3507121 . PMID 23209995.
O'Rourke, Paul F. (1 Februari 2007). "The 'm't-Woman". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (dalam bahasa Inggris). 134 (2). doi:10.1524/zaes.2007.134.2.166. ISSN 2196-713X. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-05-02. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-17.
Rasheed, Salah M.; Abd-Ellah, Ahmed H.; Yousef, Fouad M. (Juli 2011). "Female genital mutilation in Upper Egypt in the new millennium". International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 114 (1): 47–50. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.02.003. ISSN 1879-3479. PMID 21513937.
Rashid, Mumtaz; Rashid, Mohammed H (April 2007). "Obstetric management of women with female genital mutilation". The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist (dalam bahasa Inggris). 9 (2): 95–101. doi:10.1576/toag.9.2.095.27310.
Reisel, Dan; Creighton, Sarah M. (Januari 2015). "Long term health consequences of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)". Maturitas. 80 (1): 48–51. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.10.009. ISSN 1873-4111. PMID 25466303.
Rodriguez, Sarah (Juli 2008). "Rethinking the history of female circumcision and clitoridectomy: American medicine and female sexuality in the late nineteenth century". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 63 (3): 323–347. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrm044. ISSN 1468-4373. PMID 18065832.
Rudloff, Patricia Dysart (1995). "In Re: Oluloro: Risk of female genital mutilation as 'extreme hardship' in immigration proceedings". Saint Mary's Law Journal. 26: 877–903. Archived from the original on 2001-02-20. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-22. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
Rushwan, Hamid (September 2013). "Female genital mutilation: A tragedy for women's reproductive health". African Journal of Urology. 19 (3): 130–133. doi:10.1016/j.afju.2013.03.002 .
Sheehan, E. (Agustus 1981). "Victorian clitoridectomy: Isaac Baker Brown and his harmless operative procedure". Medical Anthropology Newsletter. 12 (4): 9–15. doi:10.1525/maq.1981.12.4.02a00120. ISSN 0543-2499. JSTOR 647794. PMID 12263443.
Shell-Duncan, Bettina (Juni 2008). "From Health to Human Rights: Female Genital Cutting and the Politics of Intervention". American Anthropologist. 110 (2): 225–236. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2008.00028.x. JSTOR 27563985.
Sholeh, M. Asrorun Ni'am (2012). "Fatwa MUI tentang Khitan Perempuan" (PDF). Ahkam. XII (2): 35–46. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2020-06-26. Diakses tanggal 2020-06-24.
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