Karl Martell
Referensi dan catatan

↑  This sculpture was located in the Palace of Versailles as of this publication date. By Debaye, pere, sculpted marble, 1839, first displayed at the Salon in 1839. Height 2.09m. Soulié (1855), op. cit.
1 2 3  Eudore Soulié (1855) Notice des peintures et sculptures composant le musée impérial de Versailles, Versailles, FRA: Montalant-Bougleux, see , accessed 2 August 2015.
1 2  Joch, Waltraud (1999). Legitimität und Integration:  Untersuchungen zu den Anfängen Karl Martells. Husum, Germany: Matthiesen Verlag.
1 2  Gerberding, Richard A. (October 2002). "Review of Legitimität und Integration:  Untersuchungen zu den Anfängen Karl Martells by Waltraud Joch". Speculum. 77 (4). hlm. 1322–1323.
↑  Mark Grossman (2007). World military leaders: a biographical dictionary. Facts on File. hlm. 63. ISBN 978-0-8160-4732-1. Diakses tanggal 2 June 2011.
1 2 3  Kurth, Godefroid (1908). "Charles Martel," In The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, New York, NY, USA: Robert Appleton, see , accessed August 2, 2015.[dated info]
1 2 3  Strauss, Gustave Louis M. (1854) Moslem and Frank; or, Charles Martel and the rescue of Europe, Oxford, GBR:Oxford University Press, see , accessed 2 August 2015.[halaman dibutuhkan]
1 2 3 4  Costambeys, Marios; Matthew Innes & MacLean, Simon (2011) The Carolingian World, p. 43, Cambridge, GBR: Cambridge University Press, see , accessed 2 August 2015.
↑  Davis, P. K. (1999). "Tours (Poitiers)". 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. hlm. 104. ISBN 978-0-19-514366-9. OCLC 442348155.
↑  Edward Shepherd Creasy (1862) The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World: From Marathon to Waterloo, Ch. 7, p. 138-148, New York, NY, USA: Harper and Brothers, see  or  or , all versions accessed 2 August 2015.[dated info]
1 2 3 4 5  Riche, Pierre (1993) The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe, [Michael Idomir Allen, transl.], Philadelphia, PA, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-1342-4, see , accessed 2 August 2015.
1 2  Santosuosso, A. (2004). Barbarians, marauders, and infidels: The ways of medieval warfare. New York, NY, USA: Perseus-Westview. ISBN 9780813391533. OCLC 433381450. [halaman dibutuhkan]
↑  This painting was located in the Palace of Versailles as of this publication date. Height 4.65m, width 5.42m. First displayed at the Salon of 1838. Soulié (1855), op. cit.
1 2 3  Matthew Bennett (2005) Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World.[perlu rujukan lengkap]
↑  Michael Grant (1978) History of Rome.[perlu rujukan lengkap]
↑  Wakefield, Dexter B. (2006) "An Islamic Europe?," in Tomorrow's World, (online), 8(3), May–June, see , accessed 2 August 2015.
↑  Watson, William, E. (1993) "The Battle of Tours-Poitiers Revisited,"" in Providence: Studies in Western Civilization vol. 2 no. 1, see  Diarsipkan 2008-09-21 di Wayback Machine., see 2 August 2015.
↑  Barbero (2004), p. 10.
↑  Mastnak (2002), pp. 99–100.
1 2 3  Hanson, Victor Davis (2001).
↑  Lewis, Archibald R. (1965). The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. Austin, TX, USA: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292729414. [halaman dibutuhkan]
↑  See Santosuosso (1993), op. cit. Historian and professor emeritus Antonio Santosuosso, University of Western Ontario—an expert historian in the era in dispute}—puts forth an opinion on Charles, Tours, and the subsequent campaigns against Rahman's son in 736–737. He presents the case that these later defeats of invading Muslim armies were at least as important as Tours in their defence of Western Christendom and the preservation of Western monasticism, the monasteries of which were the centers of learning which ultimately led Europe out of her Middle Ages. He also makes the argument—referred to as "compelling"—that these later incursions were clearly armies of invasion, sent by the Caliph not just to avenge Tours, for the conquest of Christian Europe, with the aim to bring it into the Caliphate.[sintesa tidak tepat?]
↑  Oman, Charles, The Dark Ages, p. 297.
↑  Gibbon, Edward (1875). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Volume V. Philadelphia: Lippincott. hlm. 289. Diakses tanggal 27 September 2016.
↑  R.E. Giesey (1960) The royal funeral ceremony in Renaissance France, p. 31, no. 13.
↑  E.A.R. Brown (1988) The Oxford collection of the drawings of Roger de Gaignières and the royal tombs of Saint-Denis, p. 11, no. 15.
↑  Thatcher, Oliver J. & Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds. (1905) "Pope Gregory to His Most Excellent Son, Karl, Sub-King" ["Pope Gregory II – Appeal to Charles Martel, 739"], A Source Book for Medieval History, p. 102, New York, NY, USA: Scribners, 1905), see , accessed 2 August 2015.
↑  Wells, H.G. (1922) "The Development of Latin Christendom" (Ch. 45)," in A Short History of the World, [Location:Publisher], see , accessed 2 August 2015.
↑  J.M. Roberts (1993) History of the World, p. 315.