Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah
Catatan kaki

↑  Josef Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, (I.B. Tauris Ltd, 2007), 119.
↑  Harald Kittel, Juliane House, Brigitte Schultze (2007). Traduction: encyclopédie internationale de la recherche sur la traduction. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 1194–5. ISBN 978-3-11-017145-7. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography by Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, page 119
1 2 3 4 5 6  David Sacks, Oswyn Murray, Lisa R. Brody (2005). Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world. Infobase Publishing. hlm. 256 (at the right portion of the page). ISBN 978-0-8160-5722-1. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Aedeen Cremin (2007). Archaeologica: The World's Most Significant Sites and Cultural Treasures. Global Book Publishing Pty Ltd. hlm. 224. ISBN 978-0-7112-2822-1. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
↑  Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty)
↑  Pierre Briant (2006). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. hlm. 1–3. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7.
↑  Ulrich Wilcken (1967). Alexander the Great. W. W. Norton & Company. hlm. 146. ISBN 978-0-393-00381-9.
↑  Margaret Christina Miller (2004). Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century B.C.: A Study in Cultural Receptivity. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 243. ISBN 978-0-521-60758-2.
↑  Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri VII, 11
↑  Plutarch, Alexander, 45
↑  Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, Sarah Stewart (2005). Birth of the Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. hlm. 7. ISBN 978-1-84511-062-8.
↑  p. 4 of Mays, L. (30 August 2010). Ancient Water Technologies. Springer. ISBN 978-90-481-8631-0.
↑  Yarshater (1996, p. 47)
↑  While estimates for the Achaemenid Empire range from 10-80+ million, most prefer 50 million. Prevas (2009, p. 14) estimates 10 million. Strauss (2004, p. 37) estimates about 20 million. Ward (2009, p. 16) estimates at 20 million. Scheidel (2009, p. 99) estimates 35 million. Daniel (2001, p. 41) estimates at 50 million. Meyer and Andreades (2004, p. 58[pranala nonaktif permanen]) estimates to 50 million. Jones (2004, p. 8[pranala nonaktif permanen]) estimates over 50 million. Richard (2008, p. 34) estimates nearly 70 million. Hanson (2001, p. 32) estimates almost 75 million. Cowley (1999 and 2001, p. 17) estimates possibly 80 million.
↑  See http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/worldhis.php
1 2  Jamie Stokes (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1. Infobase Publishing. hlm. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6.
↑  Herodotos, Historia 1.101 & 125
↑  Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson.
↑  Willis Mason West (1904). The ancient world from the earliest times to 800 A.D. Allyn and Bacon. hlm. 137.  Parameter |note= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Hoschander, Jacob. "The Book of Esther in the Light of History: Chapter IV", The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Jul., 1919), pp. 87–88
↑  Chr. Walker, "Achaemenid Chronology and the Babylonian Sources," in: John Curtis (ed.), Mesopotamia and Iran in the Persian Period: Conquest and Imperialism, 539-331 B.C. (London 1997), page 22.
↑  Dandamaev & Lukonin, 1989:361–362
1 2  Fisher, William Bayne; Gershevitch, I. (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 412. ISBN 978-0-521-20091-2.
↑  "Book of Ezra | King James Bible". Kingjamesbibletrust.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 10 May 2011. Diakses tanggal 21 March 2011.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  A. V. Williams Jackson (2003). Zoroastrian Studies: The Iranian Religion and Various Monographs (1928). Kessinger Publishing. hlm. 224. ISBN 978-0-7661-6655-4. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
↑  Virginia Schomp (2009). The Ancient Persians. Marshall Cavendish. hlm. 24. ISBN 978-0-7614-4218-9.
1 2  Herodotos, I.131
↑  Berosus, III.65
1 2  Herodotos, I.132
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13  Maria Brosius, “WOMEN i. In Pre-Islamic Persia”, Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2021, available at WOMEN i. In Pre-Islamic Persia (accessed on 26 January 2021). Originally Published: January 1, 2000. Last Updated: March 15, 2010. Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, New York, 1996- https://iranicaonline.org/articles/women-i
↑  (Ctesias, frg. 16 (56) in Jacoby, Fragmente III/C, hlm. 471)
↑  "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
↑  (Brosius, Maria, Women in ancient Persia (559-331 BC), Oxford, 1996. hlm. 125-182)
↑  (Brosius, Maria, Women in ancient Persia (559-331 BC), Oxford, 1996. hlm. 83-93)
↑  (Heracleides of Cyme apud Athenaeus, 514b)
↑  (Brosius, Maria, Women in ancient Persia (559-331 BC), Oxford, 1996. hlm. 94-977)
↑  (Plutarch, Moralia, 140B)
| l b Sejarah imperium-imperium dunia |
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| --- | --- |
Pengawasan otoritas: Perpustakaan nasional :  Amerika Serikat 
Pertempuran Salamis (1868), karya 
Wilhelm von Kaulbach. Pertempuran Salamis merupakan titik balik dalam invasi kedua Persia ke Yunani.