Rasisme
Catatan kaki

↑  Racism,Definition of racism from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press
↑  "racism - Definitions from Dictionary.com".
↑  "Document equating ethnocentrism with racism". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-09-19. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-21.
↑  "Document equating views against miscegenation with racism".
↑  "race (n2)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
↑  Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 1983. p. 969. ISBN 0-87779-508-8.
↑  Garner, Steve (2009). Racisms: An Introduction. Sage. Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
↑  "Racism". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2013. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
↑  "Framework decision on combating racism and xenophobia". Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008. European Union. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
↑  "International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination". UN Treaty Series. United Nations. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
↑  Rahman, M. T. (2011). Glosari Teori Sosial (PDF). Bandung: Ibnu Sina Press. hlm. 106. ISBN 978-602-99802-0-2.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  "How Love and Hate Influence Health and Racial Equity". RWJF (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2024-07-13.
↑  Fibbi, Rosita; Midtbøen, Arnfinn H.; Simon, Patrick (2021). "Migration and Discrimination". IMISCOE Research Series. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67281-2. ISSN 2364-4087. Adorno’s theory of the authoritarian personality (Adorno et al. 1950) is iconic for highlighting intrapsychic factors as causes of blatant discrimination. Echoing Freud’s psychoanalysis, this theory argues that individuals inclined to conservatism, nationalism, and fascism tend to develop a rigid personality, think in rigid categories, express conventional beliefs, and often identify with and submit themselves to authority figures. According to Adorno, individuals with authoritarian personalities develop aversion toward differences to their own values and norms and thus express an overt negative attitude toward minority groups.
↑  National aids trust (February 2003). "THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PREJUDICE" (PDF). NAT (Fact sheet 7): 1.
↑  Crandall, Christian S.; Eshleman, Amy (2003). "A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice". Psychological Bulletin. 129 (3): 414–46. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.414. PMID 12784937. S2CID 15659505.
↑  Stephan, Walter G.; Ybarra, Oscar; Morrison, Kimberly Rios (2009). "Intergroup Threat Theory". In Nelson, Todd D. (ed.). Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination. Psychology Press. Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 44. ISBN 9780805859522.
↑  Sidanius, Jim; Pratto, Felicia; Bobo, Lawrence (1996). "Racism, conservatism, Affirmative Action, and intellectual sophistication: A matter of principled conservatism or group dominance?". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 70 (3): 476–90. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.474.1114. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.476.
↑  Weir, K. (2023, May 18). Raising anti-racist children. Monitor on Psychology, 52(4)
↑  Roberts, Steven O.; Bareket-Shavit, Carmelle; Dollins, Forrest A.; Goldie, Peter D.; Mortenson, Elizabeth (2020-11). "Racial Inequality in Psychological Research: Trends of the Past and Recommendations for the Future". Perspectives on Psychological Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 15 (6): 1295–1309. doi:10.1177/1745691620927709. ISSN 1745-6916.  Periksa nilai tanggal di: |date= (bantuan)
↑  "Terror Management Theory | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2024-07-13.
↑  "The Psychology of Racism | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2024-07-13.
↑  "Terror Management Theory: Thinking about death can bring out the worst in us". www.jcu.edu.sg (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2022-05-17. Diakses tanggal 2024-07-13.
1 2  "The Neuroscience of Racism | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2024-07-14. The findings in the review article by Molenberghs (2013) make one thing clear: Racism is a highly complex problem, not only on the societal level but also in the brain. There is no single brain area involved in racism. Instead, a complex network of brain regions involved in social categorization, self-perception, empathy, pain, and face perception is involved in racism and other forms of in-group bias and out-group discrimination.
↑  Omi, Michael; Winant, Howard (1986). Racial Formation in the United States / From the 1960s to the 1980s. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7102-0970-2. We employ the term racialization to signify the extension of racial meaning to a previously racially unclassified relationship, social practice, or group.
↑  St Louis, Brett (2005). "Racialization in the "zone of ambiguity"". In Murji, Karim; Solomos, John (eds.). Racialization: Studies in Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press. pp. 29–50. ISBN 0199257035.
↑  Hoyt, Carlos (2016-01-19). The Arc of a Bad Idea: Understanding and Transcending Race. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-938627-7 – via Google Books.
↑  Gans, Herbert J. (2017). "Racialization and racialization research". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 40 (3): 341–352. doi:10.1080/01419870.2017.1238497. ISSN 1466-4356. S2CID 152204468.
↑  Popowich, Sam. "Research Guides: Race, Racialization and Racism: Key Concepts". libguides.uwinnipeg.ca (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2024-07-15. [...]Processes of racialization begin by attributing racial meaning to people's identity and, in particular,[...].
↑  "THE PROCESS OF "RACIALIZATION"". www.yorku.ca. Diakses tanggal 2024-07-15. THE PROCESS OF RACIALIZATION “LABELS” AND “STIGMATIZES” A MINORITY GROUP BY LINKING IT WITH RACE ====>STIGMATIZATION: REFERS TO A MARK OF DISGRACE IMPOSED ON AN INDIVIDUAL BY OTHER INDIVIDUALS OR A SOCIAL GROUP. IN POPULAR USAGE IT OFTEN REFERS TO ANY NEGATIVE SANCTION OR DISAPPROVAL FOR NONCONFORMITY. AN UNDESIRABLE DIFFERENTNESS OF AN INDIVIDUAL THAT DISQUALIFIES HIM OR HER FROM FULL SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE. SOCIOLOGISTS ORIGINALLY USED THE TERM TO SHOW HOW HUMANS NOT ONLY SEEK TO CONTROL THE PHYSICAL WORLD BUT THE SOCIAL WORLD. ====>[...]MARGINALIZATION: REFERS TO THE STATUS OF A GROUP WHO DOES NOT HAVE FULL AND EQUAL ACCESS TO THE SOCIAL ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIETY.
↑  Gans, Herbert J. (2017). "Racialization and racialization research". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 40 (3): 341–352. doi:10.1080/01419870.2017.1238497. ISSN 1466-4356. S2CID 152204468.
↑  Meer, Nasar (2013-03-01). "Racialization and religion: race, culture and difference in the study of antisemitism and Islamophobia". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 36 (3): 385–398. doi:10.1080/01419870.2013.734392. ISSN 0141-9870. S2CID 144942470.
↑  Joshi, Khyati Y. (2006-09-01). "The Racialization of Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism in the United States". Equity & Excellence in Education. 39 (3): 211–226. doi:10.1080/10665680600790327. ISSN 1066-5684. S2CID 145652861.
↑  Maldonado, Marta Maria (July 2009). "'It is their nature to do menial labour': The racialization of 'Latino/A workers' by agricultural employers". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 32 (6): 1026. doi:10.1080/01419870902802254. S2CID 143635150. 'It is their nature to do menial labour': the racialization of 'Latino/a workers' by agricultural employers
↑  Maldonado, Marta Maria (Winter 2006). "Racial Triangulation of Latino/a Workers by Agricultural Employers". Human Organization. 65 (4): 360. doi:10.17730/humo.65.4.a84b5xykr0dvp91l.
↑  Schill, Michael; Wachter, Susan (2001). "Principles to Guide Housing Policy at the Beginning of the Millennium". Cityscape: 5–19. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.536.5952.
↑  Blundell, Jonathan (2014). Cambridge IGCSE® sociology coursebook. Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-64513-4.
↑  "What Is Social Stratification?". Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
↑  "6.S: Social Stratification (Summary)". 13 December 2016. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
↑  "What Is Social Stratification, and Why Does It Matter?". Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
↑  Longerich, Peter. "The Nazi Racial State". BBC. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
↑  "Nation of Islam". Southern Poverty Law Centre. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
↑  "Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Retrieved 23 August 2020.
↑  "The End of Apartheid". US Department of State Archive. 7 January 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
↑  "xenophobia - European Commission". home-affairs.ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
↑  Kundnani, Arun (1 October 2002). "An Unholy Alliance? Racism, Religion and Communalism". Race & Class. 44 (2): 71–80. doi:10.1177/0306396802044002976. ISSN 0306-3968. S2CID 145013667.
↑  Lawrence, Keith; Keleher, Terry (2004). "Chronic Disparity: Strong and Pervasive Evidence of Racial Inequalities" (PDF). Poverty Outcomes: 24. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
↑  James, Carl E. (8 February 1996). Perspectives on Racism and the Human Services Sector: A Case for Change (2nd Revised ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 27.
↑  Yancey-Bragg, N'dea (15 June 2020). "What is systemic racism? Here's what it means and how you can help dismantle it". USA Today. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
↑  Mountz, Alison (2009). Key Concepts in Political Geography. Sage. p. 328.
↑  Said, Edward (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 357.
↑  Gregory, Derek (2004). The Colonial Present. Blackwell publishers. p. 4.
↑  Said, Edward (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 357.
↑  Said, Edward (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 357,260.
↑  Russel, Edward (2002). The Knights of Bushido. p. 238.; Bix, Herbert (2001). Hirohito and the making of modern Japan. pp. 313–314, 326, 359–360.; Wolferen, Karel van (1989). The Enigma of Japanese Power. pp. 263–272.
↑  Paulino, Edward (December 2006). "Anti-Haitianism, Historical Memory, and the Potential for Genocidal Violence in the Dominican Republic". Genocide Studies International. 1 (3): 265–288. doi:10.3138/7864-3362-3R24-6231. eISSN 2291-1855. ISSN 2291-1847.
↑  Hechter, Michael (2000). Containing Nationalism. Oxford University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0198297420.
↑  Gellner, Ernest (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Cornell University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0801475009.
↑  Brubaker, Rogers (1996). Nationalism reframed: Nationhood and the national question in the New Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-521-57649-9.
↑  Smith, Anthony. Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. Polity, 2010. pp. 9, 25–30; James, Paul (1996). Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: Sage Publications. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
↑  Finlayson, Alan (2014). "5. Nationalism". In Geoghegan, Vincent; Wilford, Rick (eds.). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Routledge. pp. 100–102. ISBN 978-1317804338.
↑  Smith, Anthony. Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. Polity, 2010. pp. 9, 25–30;
↑  Yack, Bernard. Nationalism and the Moral Psychology of Community. University of Chicago Press, 2012. p. 142
↑  Triandafyllidou, Anna (1998). "National Identity and the Other". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 21 (4): 593–612. doi:10.1080/014198798329784.
↑  Smith, A.D. (1981). The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World. Cambridge University Press.
↑  Smith, Anthony. Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. Polity, 2010. pp. 9, 25–30;
↑  Mylonas, Harris; Tudor, Maya (2023). "Varieties of Nationalism: Communities, Narratives, Identities". Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108973298. ISBN 9781108973298. S2CID 259646325. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023. a broad scholarly consensus that the nation is a recent and imagined identity dominates political science
↑  Turda, Marius; Weindling, Paul J., eds. (2007). Blood and Homeland: Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 9789637326813.
↑  Leoussi, Athena, ed. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412822558.
↑  Smith, Anthony D. (1987) [1986]. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford and New York: Blackwell. ISBN 9780631152057.p. 134-138, 144–149.
↑  Smith, Anthony D. (2009). Ethno-symbolism and Nationalism: A Cultural Approach. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781135999483.p. 61-80.
↑  Smith, Anthony D. (1981). The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521232678.p. 18
↑  Roshwald, Aviel (2001). Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914–1923. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781134682539.
↑  Muller, Jerry Z. (2008). "Us and Them: The Enduring Power of Ethnic Nationalism". Foreign Affairs. 87 (2): 18–35. JSTOR 20032578.
↑  Rangelov, Iavor (2013). Nationalism and the Rule of Law: Lessons from the Balkans and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–44. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511997938. ISBN 9780511997938.
↑  Yilmaz, Muzaffer Ercan (2018). "The Rise of Ethnic Nationalism, Intra-State Conflicts and Conflict Resolution". Journal of TESAM Akademy. 5 (1): 11–33. doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.393051.
↑  "Ethnic cleansing". United Nations. United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
↑  Walling, Carrie Booth (2000). "The history and politics of ethnic cleansing". The International Journal of Human Rights. 4 (3–4): 47–66. doi:10.1080/13642980008406892. S2CID 144001685. Most frequently, however, the aim of ethnic cleansing is to expel the despised ethnic group through either indirect coercion or direct force, and to ensure that return is impossible. Terror is the fundamental method used to achieve this end.
Methods of indirect coercion can include: introducing repressive laws and discriminatory measures designed to make minority life difficult; the deliberate failure to prevent mob violence against ethnic minorities; using surrogates to inflict violence; the destruction of the physical infrastructure upon which minority life depends; the imprisonment of male members of the ethnic group; threats to rape female members, and threats to kill. If ineffective, these indirect methods are often escalated to coerced emigration, where the removal of the ethnic group from the territory is pressured by physical force. This typically includes physical harassment and the expropriation of property. Deportation is an escalated form of direct coercion in that the forcible removal of 'undesirables' from the state's territory is organised, directed and carried out by state agents. The most serious of the direct methods, excluding genocide, is murderous cleansing, which entails the brutal and often public murder of some few in order to compel flight of the remaining group members.13 Unlike during genocide, when murder is intended to be total and an end in itself, murderous cleansing is used as a tool towards the larger aim of expelling survivors from the territory. The process can be made complete by revoking the citizenship of those who emigrate or flee.
↑  Schabas, William A. (2003). "'Ethnic Cleansing' and Genocide: Similarities and Distinctions". European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 3 (1): 109–128. doi:10.1163/221161104X00075. The Commission considered techniques of ethnic cleansing to include murder, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, extrajudicial executions, sexual assault, confinement of civilian populations in ghetto areas, forcible removal, displacement and deportation of civilian populations, deliberate military attacks or threats of attacks on civilians and civilian areas, and wanton destruction of property.
↑  The danger of overstretching the term can be avoided...The goal of ethnic cleansing is to permanently remove a group from the area it inhabits...There is a popular dimension to ethnic cleansing because there are people needed to threaten with violence, to evict homes, organize mass transports, and to prevent the return of the unwanted...The main goal of ethnic cleansing was the removal of a group from a certain territory The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History. (2012). United Kingdom: OUP Oxford.
↑  Joireman, Sandra Fullerton. Peace, preference, and property : return migration after violent conflict. University of Michigan. p. 49. Violent conflict changes communities. "Returnees painfully discover that in their period of absence the homeland communities and their identities have undergone transformation, and these ruptures and changes have serious implications for their ability to reclaim a sense of home upon homecoming." The first issue in terms of returning home is usually the restoration of property, specifically the return or rebuilding of homes. People want their property restored, often before they return. But home means more than property, it also refers to the nature of the community. Anthropological literature emphasizes that time and the experience of violence changes people's sense of home and desire to return, and the nature of their communities of origin. To sum up, previous research has identified factors that influence decisions to return: time, trauma, family characteristics and economic opportunities.
↑  Bulutgil, H. Zeynep (2018). "The state of the field and debates on ethnic cleansing". Nationalities Papers. 46 (6): 1136–1145. doi:10.1080/00905992.2018.1457018. S2CID 158519257.p.1136
↑  Garrity, Meghan M (September 27, 2023). "'Ethnic Cleansing': An Analysis of Conceptual and Empirical Ambiguity". Political Science Quarterly. 138 (4): 469–489. doi:10.1093/psquar/qqad082.
↑  Kirby-McLemore, Jennifer (2021–2022). "Settling the Genocide v. Ethnic Cleansing Debate: Ending Misuse of the Euphemism Ethnic Cleansing". Denver Journal of International Law and Policy. 50: 115.
↑  United Nations (2019). "Genocide Background". United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
↑  Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide (2014). "Legal definition of genocide" (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
↑  Voice of America (15 March 2016). "What Is Genocide?". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
↑  "art. 2", Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, U.N.T.S., vol. 78, 9 December 1948, p. 277
↑  Harmon, Amy; Mandavilli, Apoorva; Maheshwari, Sapna; Kantor, Jodi (13 June 2020). "From Cosmetics to NASCAR, Calls for Racial Justice Are Spreading". The New York Times.
1 2  BULLARD, ROBERT D. (2003). "Confronting Environmental Racism in the 21st Century". Race, Poverty & the Environment. 10 (1): 49–52. ISSN 1532-2874. JSTOR 41554377.
↑  Bullard, Robert D (2001). "Environmental Justice in the 21st Century: Race Still Matters". Phylon. 49 (3–4): 151–171. doi:10.2307/3132626. JSTOR 3132626.
↑  Dinc, Pinar (28 March 2022). "Environmental Racism and Resistance in Kurdistan". The Commentaries. 2 (1): 39–48. doi:10.33182/tc.v2i1.2189. ISSN 2754-8805.
↑  Smith, Anthony D; Hou, Xiaoshuo; Stone, John; Dennis, Rutledge; Rizova, Polly, ed. (2015-12-07). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-1). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118663202.wberen398. ISBN 978-1-4051-8978-1.
↑  Coates, Rodney (2007). Coates, Rodney (ed.). Covert Racism. Lieden, The Netherlands: Brill.
↑  Kanter JW, Williams MT, Kuczynski AM, Manbeck KE, Debreaux M, Rosen DC (December 1, 2017). "A Preliminary Report on the Relationship Between Microaggressions Against Black People and Racism Among White College Students". Race and Social Problems. 9 (4): 291–299. doi:10.1007/s12552-017-9214-0. ISSN 1867-1748. S2CID 4792728.
↑  RSJI (Racial & Social Justice Initiative) (Agustus 2021). "4 TYPES OF RACISM" (PDF). RSJI City of Seattle Office for Civil Rights.
↑  Rodriguez, Junius (2011). Slavery in the Modern World: A History of Political, Social, and Economic Oppression. ABC-CLIO. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-85109-783-8.
↑  Khurshutov, Asan (2007). Екзамен за второй день четверть (in Russian). Simferopol: VGMI Tavriya. p. 116. ISBN 9789664351437. OCLC 261297982.
↑  Bagalova, Zuleykhan; Dolinova, G.; Samodurov, Yuri (1999). Чечня: право на культуру. Moscow: Polinform. pp. 44–46. ISBN 5935160013. OCLC 51079021.
↑  Pohl, J. Otto (15 January 2012). "Soviet Apartheid: Stalin's Ethnic Deportations, Special Settlement Restrictions, and the Labor Army: The Case of the Ethnic Germans in the USSR". Human Rights Review: 205–224.
1 2  Mayne, Alan (1999). From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0.
↑  Leander (15 June 2015). "Despite the 1994 political victory against apartheid, its economic legacy persists by Haydn Cornish-Jenkins". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
↑  Moeti, Thato (27 April 2018). "Apartheid legacy haunts SA economy". www.sabcnews.com. SABC News. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
↑  Hirsch, Alan (6 April 2018). "Ramaphosa's tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy". The Conversation Africa. AllAfrica.
↑  Msimang, Sisonke (12 December 2017). "All Is Not Forgiven: South Africa and the Scars of Apartheid". Foreign Affairs. No. January/February 2018. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
↑  "Selasa 060499, NASIONAL - Kerusuhan Meletus Lagi di Sambas: 56 Orang Ditahan". zkarnain.tripod.com. Diakses tanggal 2024-07-19.
↑  Rush, James R. (2020-05-28). Adicerita Hamka. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. ISBN 978-602-06-4406-6.
↑  Mulder, Niels (2005). Chapter 3. Javanization, Inside Indonesian Society: Cultural Change in Java. Kanisius. hlm. 53. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-03. Diakses tanggal 2020-07-02.
↑  Levit, Nancy (2012-05-01). "Changing Workforce Demographics and the Future of The Protected Class Approach". Lewis & Clark Law Review. Rochester, NY. SSRN 2033792.
↑  Readler, Chad A. (1997–1998). "Local Government Anti-Discrimination Laws: Do They Make a Difference". University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. 31: 777. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
↑  Comparative Perspectives on the Enforcement and Effectiveness of Antidiscrimination Law – Challenges and Innovative Tools | Marie Mercat-Bruns | Springer. Ius Comparatum – Global Studies in Comparative Law. Springer. 2018. ISBN 9783319900674.
↑  Williams, Ph.D., ABPP, Monnica (December 27, 2011). "Colorblind Ideology Is a Form of Racism". Psychology Today. Diakses tanggal 21 Juli 2024. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Ansell, Amy E. (March 2006). "Casting a Blind Eye: The Ironic Consequences of Color-Blindness in South Africa and the United States". Critical Sociology. 32 (2–3): 333–356. doi:10.1163/156916306777835349. ISSN 0896-9205. S2CID 143485250.
↑  "Hate speech". Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. Cambridge University Press.
↑  Brontsema, Robin (2004-06-01). "A Queer Revolution: Reconceptualizing the Debate Over Linguistic Reclamation". Colorado Research in Linguistics. 17 (1). doi:10.25810/dky3-zq57. ISSN 1937-7029. Archived from the original on 2021-07-18. Linguistic reclamation, also known as linguistic resignification or reappropriation, refers to the appropriation of a pejorative epithet by its target(s).
↑  Hazard, William R.; Stent, Madelon (1973). "Cultural Pluralism and Schooling: Some Preliminary Observations". Cultural Pluralism in Education: A Mandate for Change. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. p. 13.
↑  Reynolds, Cecil R.; Fletcher-Janzen, Elaine, eds. (2008). "Pluralism, Cultural". Encyclopedia of Special Education. pp. 1591–1592. doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1627. ISBN 978-0-470-37369-9.
↑  Alba, Richard; Nee, Victor (1997). "Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration". International Migration Review. 31, 4 (4): 826–874. doi:10.1177/019791839703100403. PMID 12293207. S2CID 41839076.
↑  A clarification of this and related terms appears in Gene Sharp, Sharp's Dictionary of Power and Struggle: Language of Civil Resistance in Conflicts, Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
↑  What is Anti-Bias Education? Archived 2004-12-12 at the Wayback Machine Anti-Defamation League Quotation: "Anti-bias education takes an active, problem solving approach that is integrated into all aspects of an existing curriculum and a school's environment."
Sociological model of ethnic and racial conflict
Dhammayietra, an annual peace march in Lampatao, Cambodia at Thailand border against communal violence.
The Sámi people have been victim to forced assimilation tactics by the governments of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia during the 19th and first half of the 20th century. Today, their culture and languages are instead promoted, legally protected, and taught in schools.