Perbudakan di Amerika Serikat
Referensi dan catatan kaki

↑  David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. Oxford University Press. 2006. p. 124.
1 2  Stephen Behrendt (1999). "Transatlantic Slave Trade". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
↑  Introduction – Social Aspects of the Civil War Diarsipkan 2007-07-14 di Wayback Machine., National Park Service.
1 2  Richard Hofstadter, "White Servitude" Diarsipkan 2014-10-09 di Wayback Machine., n.d., Montgomery College. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
1 2  Donoghue, John (2010). Out of the Land of Bondage": The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition. The American Historical Review.
↑  Higginbotham, A. Leon (1975). In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period. Greenwood Press.
↑  Tom Costa (2011). "Runaway Slaves and Servants in Colonial Virginia". Encyclopedia Virginia.
↑  Source: Miller and Smith (eds), Dictionary of American Slavery (1988), p. 678.
↑  Termasuk 10.000 yang dibawa ke Louisiana sebelum 1803.
↑  William J. Wood. "The Illegal Beginning of American Negro Slavery," American Bar Association Journal, January 1970.
↑  Taunya Lovell Banks, "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia", Digital Commons Law, University of Maryland Law School. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
↑  Tony Seybert (4 Aug 2004). "Slavery and Native Americans in British North America and the United States: 1600 to 1865". Slavery in America. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2004-08-04. Diakses tanggal 14 June 2011.
↑  The Middle Passage adalah proses transportasi budak dari Afrika ke Amerika
↑  "By breaking up existing families and forcing slaves to relocate far from everyone and everything they knew," this migration "replicated (if on a reduced level) many of [the] horrors" of the Atlantic slave trade.
↑  The internal slave trade became the largest enterprise in the South outside the plantation itself, and probably the most advanced in its employment of modern transportation, finance, and publicity. The slave trade industry developed its own unique language, with terms such as "prime hands, bucks, breeding wenches, and "fancy girls" coming into common use.
↑  In all, the slave trade, with its hubs and regional centers, its spurs and circuits, reached into every cranny of southern society. Few southerners, black or white, were untouched.
↑  Hai tuan-tuan, berlakulah adil dan jujur terhadap hambamu; ingatlah, kamu juga mempunyai tuan di sorga.
1 2 3  Foner, Eric (2009). Give Me Liberty. London: Seagull Edition. hlm. 406–407.
↑  Basu, B.D.  Chatterjee, R., ed. History of Education in India under the rule of the East India Company. Calcutta: Modern Review Office. hlm. 3–4. Diakses tanggal March 9, 2009. 
[E]very assemblage of negroes for the purpose of instruction in reading or writing, or in the night time for any purpose, shall be an unlawful assembly. Any justice may issue his warrant to any office or other person, requiring him to enter any place where such assemblage may be, and seize any negro therein; and he, or any other justice, may order such negro to be punished with stripes.



If a white person assemble with negroes for the purpose of instructing them to read or write, or if he associate with them in an unlawful assembly, he shall be confined in jail not exceeding six months and fined not exceeding one hundred dollars; and any justice may require him to enter into a recognizance, with sufficient security, to appear before the circuit, county or corporation court, of the county or corporation where the offence was committed, at its next term, to answer therefor [sic], and in the mean time to keep the peace and be of good behaviour.
From "The Code of Virginia". Richmond: William F. Ritchie. 1849: 747–48.
↑  "annihilation of individual property rights without parallel...in the history of the Western world".
↑  Page 124, Donald J. Berthrong, The Cheyenne and Arapaho Ordeal: Reservation and Agency Life in the Indian Territory, 1875 to 1907, University of Oklahoma (1976), hardcover, ISBN 0-8061-1277-8
↑  "Distribution of Slaves in US History". Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2010.
↑  "Populasi Total Budak di AS, 1790–1860, menurut negara bagian". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-08-22. Diakses tanggal 28 Desember 2007.
↑  Large Slaveholders of 1860 and African American Surname Matches from 1870, by Tom Blake, 2001–2005.
↑  1860 Census Diarsipkan 2004-06-04 di Wayback Machine. Civil War Home Page.
↑  "Glatthaar, Joseph. ''General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse''. New York: Free Press, 2009, pp. 20, 474". Amazon.com. Diakses tanggal 27 Mei 2014.
1 2  The Sixteen Largest American Slaveholders from 1860 Slave Census Schedules, Transcribed by Tom Blake, April to July 2001, (updated October 2001 and December 2004 – now includes 19 holders)
1 2 3  Damian Alan Pargas, "Boundaries and Opportunities: Comparing Slave Family Formation in the Antebellum South"[pranala nonaktif permanen], Journal of Family History 2008; 33; 316, DOI:10.1177/0363199008318919
1 2  Kolchin p. 134.
↑  Kolchin pp. 137–43. Horton and Horton p. 9.