Penindasan Diokletianus
Kutipan

↑  Gaddis, 29.
↑  Catholic Encyclopedia
↑  W. H. C. Frend (1984). The Rise of Christianity. Fortress Press, Philadelphia. hlm. 319. ISBN 978-0800619312.
↑  Charles Piétri, entry on "Persecutions," in The Papacy: An Encyclopedia, edited by Philippe Levillain (Routlege, 2002, originally published in French 1994), vol. 2, p. 1156.
1 2  Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 503.
1 2  Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 511; de Ste-Croix, "Persecuted?", 15–16.
↑  Dodds, 111.
↑  MacMullen, 35.
↑  Dodds, 110.
↑  Schott, Making of Religion, 2, citing Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelica 1.2.1.
↑  Schott, Making of Religion, 1.
↑  Dodds, 115–16, citing Justin, Apologia 2.2; Tertullian, Apologia 3.
↑  Castelli, 38; Gaddis, 30–31.
↑  de Ste-Croix, "Persecuted?", 16–17.
↑  Tacitus, Annales 15.44.6, cited in Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 504; Dodds, 110.
↑  Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 504, citing Suetonius, Nero 16.2.
↑  Dodds, 111–12, 112 n.1; de Ste-Croix, "Persecuted?", 20.
↑  Clarke, 616; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 510. See also: Barnes, "Legislation"; de Sainte-Croix, "Persecuted?"; Musurillo, lviii–lxii; and Sherwin-White, "Early Persecutions."
↑  Drake, Bishops, 87–93; Edwards, 579; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 506–8, citing Pliny, Epistaules 10.96.
↑  Martyrium Polycarpi (= Musurillo, 2–21) and Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 4.15; Frend, 509 (Smyrna); Martyrium Scillitanarum acta (= Musurillo, 86–89), cited in Frend, 510 (Scilli).
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 5.1 (= Musurillo, 62–85); Edwards, 587; Frend, 508.
↑  G. W. Clarke, "The origins and spread of Christianity," in Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 10, The Augustan Empire, ed. Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Linott (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 869–70.
↑  Clarke, 616; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 510; de Ste-Croix, "Persecuted?", 7.
1 2  Robin Lane Fox, The Classical World: An Epic History of Greece and Rome (Toronto: Penguin, 2006), 576.
↑  Castelli, 38.
↑  Drake, Bishops, 113–14; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 511.
↑  Origen, Contra Celsum 3.9, qtd. and tr. in Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 512.
↑  Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Septimius Severus, 17.1; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 511. Timothy Barnes, at Tertullian: A Historical and Literary Study (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), 151, calls this supposed rescript an "invention" of the author, reflecting his own religious prejudices instead of imperial policy under the Severans.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 6.28, cited in Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 513.
↑  Clarke, 621–25.
↑  Clarke, 625–27; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 513; Rives, 135.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 6.39.4; Clarke, 632, 634; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 514.
↑  E. Leigh Gibson, "Jewish Antagonism or Christian Polemic: The Case of the Martyrdom of Pionius," Journal of Early Christian Studies 9:3 (2001): 339–58.
↑  Dodds, 108, 108 n.2.
↑  Joseph Wilson Trigg, Origen (New York: Routledge, 1998), 61.
↑  Clarke, 635; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 514.
↑  Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 514, citing Cyprian, De lapsis 8.
↑  Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 514, citing Martyrium Pionii 15 (= Musurillo, 156–57).
↑  Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 514.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 7.10.3, qtd. and tr. in Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 515.
↑  Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 516.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 7.15; Digeser, Christian Empire, 52; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 517.
↑  Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 517.
↑  Williams, 161.
1 2  Williams, 161–62.
↑  Panegyrici Latini 11(3)6, qtd. and tr. Williams, 162.
↑  Frend, "Prelude", 3.
↑  Bowman, "Diocletian", 70–71; Corcoran, "Before Constantine", 40; Liebeschuetz, 235–52, 240–43; Odahl, 43–44; Williams, 58–59.
↑  Curran, 47; Williams, 58–59.
1 2  Frend, "Prelude", 4.
↑  Curran, 47.
↑  Potter, 296, citing Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 617, 641, 618; Frend, "Prelude", 3; Lane Fox, 593. See also Millar, 182, on Tetrarchic triumphalism in the Near East.
↑  Potter, 336.
↑  Potter, 333.
1 2  Curran, 48.
↑  Clarke, 627.
↑  Palestinian Talmud, Aboda Zara 5.4, qtd. and tr. in Curran, 48. See also: Dodd, 111.
↑  Lane Fox, 430.
↑  Martin Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem (New York: Allen Lane, 2007), 499–505.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 19, 295 n.50; New Empire, 62 n.76.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 295 n.50.
↑  Mosiacarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio 6.4, qtd. and tr. in Clarke, 649; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 19–20.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 20. See also: Lane Fox, 594.
↑  Davies, 93.
↑  Hopkins, 191.
↑  Lane Fox, 590–92. See also: Rodney Stark, The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
1 2  Frend, "Prelude", 2.
↑  Keresztes, 379; Lane Fox, 587; Potter, 314.
↑  Keresztes, 379; Potter, 314.
↑  Keresztes, 379.
↑  Clarke, 615.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.6.2–4, 8.9.7, 8.11.2, cited in Keresztes, 379; Potter, 337, 661 n.16.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 15.2, cited in Keresztes, 379; Potter, 337, 661 n.16.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21; Clarke, 621–22.
↑  Clarke, 621–22.
↑  de Ste-Croix, "Persecuted?", 21.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21–22.
↑  Dodds, 109.
↑  Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones 5.2.12–13; Digeser, Christian Empire, 5.
↑  Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones 5.2.3; Frend, "Prelude", 13.
↑  Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones 5.2.3ff; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22.
↑  Aurelius Victor, Caes. 39.48, cited in Keresztes, 381.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.1, cited in Keresztes, 381.
↑  Augustine, De Citivae Dei 10.29, qtd. and tr. in Frend, "Prelude", 9.
↑  Frend, "Prelude", 10.
↑  Suda, π,2098, qtd. and tr. Frend, "Prelude", 10 n.64. See also: Barnes, "Porphyry's Against the Christians"; Croke; and Digeser, "Religious Toleration".
↑  Frend, "Prelude", 10–11.
↑  Porphyry frg. 58; Frend, "Prelude", 12.
↑  Porphyry frg. 49; Frend, "Prelude", 12.
↑  Porphyry frg. 60, 63; Frend, "Prelude", 12.
↑  Porphyry frg. 1, tr. Digeser, Christian Empire, 6; Frend, "Prelude", 13 n.89.
1 2  Davies, 92.
↑  Arnobius, Adversus Nationes, 1.24, qtd. in Davies, 79–80, from a translation by Bryce and Campbell.
↑  Walter, 111
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.1–5; Barnes, "Sossianus Hierocles", 245; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 18–19; Davies, 78–79; Helgeland, 159; Liebeschuetz, 246–8; Odahl, 65.
↑  Helgeland, 159.
↑  Barnes, "Sossianus Hierocles", 245.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 18–19.
↑  Woods, "Two Notes", 128–31.
↑  Keresztes, 380.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.4.2–3; Barnes, "Sossianus Hierocles", 246; Helgeland, 159.
1 2  Davies, 89–92.
↑  Woods, "'Veturius'", 588.
↑  Woods, "'Veturius'", 589.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.6, 31.1 and Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8, app. 1, 3; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 19, 294; Keresztes, 381.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 19, 294.
↑  Davies, 82–83.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 20; Corcoran, "Before Constantine", 51; Odahl, 54–56, 62.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 19–21.
↑  Davies, 66–94.
↑  Jones, 71; Liebeschuetz, 235–52, 246–48. Contra: Davies, 66–94.
↑  Odahl, 65.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 9.9–10; Odahl, 303 n.24.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 11.1–2; Odahl, 66.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 19.
↑  Corcoran, Empire, 261; Keresztes, 381.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 20; Clarke, 648, citing Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 660 and Mosiacarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio 25.36–8.
↑  H.M. Gwatkin, "Notes on Some Chronological Questions Connected with the Persecution of Diocletian," English Historical Review 13:51 (1898): 499.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 20.
1 2  Mosiacarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio 15.3.3f, qtd. and tr. in Clarke, 648.
↑  Clarke, 647–48.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 20–21.
↑  Lane Fox, 595.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.6–11; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21; Odahl, 67.
↑  Schott, "Porphyry on Christians", 278; Beatrice, 1–47; Digeser, Christian Empire, passim.
↑  Eusebius, Vita Constantini 2.50. Davies (80 n.75) believes that this should be re-written as "the profane on earth".
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21; Elliott, 35–36; Keresztes, 381; Lane Fox, 595; Liebeschuetz, 235–52, 246–48; Odahl, 67; Potter, 338.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22; Clarke, 650; Odahl, 67–69; Potter, 337.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 12.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21; Gaddis, 29; Keresztes, 381.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22; Clarke, 650; Potter, 337; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75; Williams, 176.
↑  The Old Latin pre-Vulgate version is given here, from Corcoran, Empire, 179–80.
↑  Corcoran, Empire, 180.
↑  Corcoran, Empire, 179.
1 2 3 4  Curran, 49.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.10.8; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22; De Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75; Liebeschuetz, 249–50.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2.4; De Martyribus Palestinae praef. 1; and Optatus, Appendix 2; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22; Clarke, 650; Liebeschuetz, 249–50; Potter, 337; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75.
↑  de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75.
↑  de Ste Croix, "Christian Persecution", 47.
↑  Greenslade, 476–477.
↑  Ferguson, Everett (2014). The Early Church at Work and Worship. 1. Casemate Publishers. hlm. 276. ISBN 0-227-90374-9.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 23; Klingshirn, 169.
1 2  Clarke, 650–51; Potter, 337; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75–76.
↑  Clarke, 650; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75–76.
↑  Clarke, 650–51; Potter, 337.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 11.8, qtd. in Clarke, 651; Keresztes, 381.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 11.8, cited in Keresztes, 381.
1 2 3 4  Clarke, 651.
↑  Keresztes, 381.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 13.2 and Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.5.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22; Corcoran, Empire, 179; Williams, 176. The quotation is from Lactantius, and the translation by Williams.
↑  Gaddis, 30 n.4.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2.4; De Martyribus Palestinae praef.; and Acta Felicis (= Musurillo, 266–71); Corcoran, Empire, 180; Clarke, 651; Keresztes, 382; Potter, 337.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 1.1–2, cited in Corcoran, Empire, 180.
↑  Optatus, Appendix 1; Corcoran, Empire, 180.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 23; Corcoran, Empire, 181–82.
↑  de Ste Croix, "Christian Persecution", 55.
↑  Corcoran, Empire, 181.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2.5; 8.6.8–9 and De Martyribus Palestinae praef. 2; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24; Corcoran, Empire, 181; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 76.
↑  Rees, 63.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.6.8–9; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 76.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.6.10; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24; Corcoran, Empire, 181–82; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 76–77.
↑  Rees, 64.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24, citing Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae (S), praef. 2; (S) 1.3–4; (L) 1.5b; and Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2.5, 6.10; Corcoran, Empire, 181–82; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 76–77; Keresztes, 383.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 3.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24; Liebeschuetz, 249–50; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 77.
↑  Baynes, "Two Notes", 189; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 77.
↑  de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 77.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24, citing Martyrion ton hagion Agapes, Eirenes kai Chiones.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 3.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24.
↑  Liebeschuetz, 250–51.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 26–27; Odahl, 72–74; Southern, 152–53.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 18; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 25–26; Odahl, 71.
↑  Keresztes, 384.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.3.1, qtd. in Clarke, 655.
↑  Clarke, 655.
↑  Eusebius De Martyribus Palestinae 4.8, 9.2; Keresztes, 384.
↑  Clarke, 655, citing Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.14.9ff.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.9 and Divinae Institutiones 1.1.13; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 30, 38.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 30–31.
↑  Clarke, 656; Corcoran, Empire, 186.
↑  Clarke, 656.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 33.11–35 and Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.17.1–11; Corcoran, Empire, 186.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.1.1; Corcoran, Empire, 186, 186 n.68.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 34.1–5, qtd. and tr. in Potter, 355–56. See Clarke, 656–57, for a translation from J.L. Creed.
↑  Potter, 356.
↑  Clarke, 657.
1 2  Knipfing, 705, cited in Keresztes, 390.
↑  Knipfing, 705; K. Bihlmeyer, "Das Toleranzedikt des Galerius von 311", Theol. Quartalschr. 94 (1912) 412; and J. Vogt, "Christenverflolgung", RAC 1199, cited in Keresztes, 390.
↑  Keresztes, 390.
↑  Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont, Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique des six premiers siècles (Paris, 1693), 5.44, qtd. and tr. in Keresztes, 390.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 39.
↑  Clarke, 657; Potter, 356.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.2.1; Clarke, 659.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 149.
1 2  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 45.1, 48.2, qtd. and tr. in Clarke, 662–63.
1 2 3  Corcoran, Empire, 158–59.
↑  Corcoran, Empire, 2.
↑  Davies, 68 n.6.
↑  Davies, 68 n.7.
↑  Davies, 69 n.8.
↑  Davies, 69 n.9.
↑  Davies, 69 n.10.
↑  Davies, 69 n.11.
1 2  Davies, 68.
↑  Clarke, 651; Keresztes, 384–85.
↑  Corcoran, "Before Constantine", 45–46; Williams, 67.
↑  Lane Fox, 596; Williams, 180.
↑  Davies, 68–69.
↑  Corcoran, Empire, 261 n.58.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 15.7; Clarke, 651.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.13.13; Vita Constantini 1.13; and De Martyribus Palestinae 13.12; Clarke, 651, 651 n.149.
↑  Optatus, 1.22; Clarke, 651 n.149.
↑  Corcoran, Empire, 180, citing Charles Thomas, Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 (London: Batsford, 1981), 48–50.
↑  Corcoran, Empire, 181–82.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.9; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28; Clarke, 652.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 23; Clarke, 651.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 23.
↑  Williams, 177.
↑  Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 510.
↑  Martyrium Perpetuae et Felicitatis 13.1 (= Musurillo, 106–31), cited in Tilley, "North Africa", 391.
↑  Edwards, 585; Tilley, "North Africa", 387, 395; Williams, 179.
1 2  Williams, 179.
↑  Acta Maximiliani (= Musurillo, 244–49); Tilley, The Bible, 45–46.
↑  Acta Marcelli (= Musurillo, 250–59); Tilley, The Bible, 46.
↑  Optatus, Appendix 1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 23.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 23.
↑  Tilley, Martyr Stories, 25–49; Clarke, 652 n.153.
↑  Clarke, 652 n.153.
↑  Clarke, 652 n.153.
↑  Acts of the Abitinian Martyrs 20 (= Tilley, Martyr Stories, 44–46); Tilley, Martyr Stories, xi; The Bible, 9, 57–66.
↑  Tilley, The Bible, 10.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 56.
↑  Tilley, Martyr Stories, xi.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38; Curran, 49.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38, 303 n.100; Curran, 49.
↑  'Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38, 303 n.103.
1 2 3  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38, 304 n.106.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38, 303–4 n.105.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 23.5; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 30.
↑  Optatus, 1.18; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38.
↑  Optatus, Appendix 1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38, 304 n.107.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38–39.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 10.5.15–17; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 39.
↑  Clarke, 651, 651 n.151.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 13.12, qtd. in Clarke, 652.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 40–41; Odahl, 96–101
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42–44; Odahl, 111. Cf. also Curran, 72–75.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 48. Cf. contra: MacMullen, 45.
↑  Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.42.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 48.
↑  Curran, 93–96, citing Krautheimer, Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romanorum, 5.90.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 48–49.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24; Lane Fox, 596; Williams, 178. See also: Keresztes, 382.
↑  Williams, 178.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24; Southern, 168; Williams, 177.
↑  Odahl, 68.
↑  Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones 7; Williams, 178.
↑  Trompf, 120.
↑  Williams, 181.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 148–50.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 154–55.
1 2  Keresztes, 389.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.6.10, qtd. and tr. in Keresztes, 389.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 150.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae (L) 1.1ff; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 150–51.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae (L) 1.5; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 151.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 3.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 151, 356 n.27.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 151.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 19.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 151.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 4.8; Keresztes, 384.
↑  de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 97, 113; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 23.1ff; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 151–52.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 4.8; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 152; Keresztes, 384; Mitchell, 112.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 7.1–4; Keresztes, 388. On Christian condemnation to the mines in general, see J.G. Davies, "Condemnation to the Mines: A Neglected Chapter in the History of the Persecutions," University of Birmingham Historical Journal 6 (1958), 99–107. The same punishment was later used on Christian heretics, on which see Mark Gustafson, "Condemnation to the Mines in the Later Roman Empire," Harvard Theological Review 87:4 (1994), 421–33.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 8.1–4; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153; Keresztes, 388.
↑  Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves 7 (1939–44), 410ff.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 357 n.39.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 8.13; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153; Keresztes, 388.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 7.1f, cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 152.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.13.5; De Martyribus Palestinae 7.3ff; 13; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 152–53; Keresztes, 388.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 7.7; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae (L) 8.1; (S) 11.31; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 9.1, cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153, 357 n.42.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 9.2; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153; Keresztes, 384; Mitchell, 112.
↑  Lane Fox, 596.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 9.2; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153; Keresztes, 384; Lane Fox, 596; Mitchell, 112.
↑  Lane Fox, 596. On the Acts of Pilate, see also: Johannes Quasten, Patrology, volume I: The Beginnings of Patristic Literature (Westminster, MD: Newman, 1950), 116.
↑  Lane Fox, 596–97.
↑  Mitchell, 112.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 154.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 10.1ff, cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 154.
↑  Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 11.1ff; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 154.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 154, 357 n.49.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 357 n.49.
1 2  Mitchell, 113.
↑  Clarke, 660; Mitchell, 113.
↑  Barnes, New Empire, 22–23; Michell, 113 n.21.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.1.1; Mitchell, 113.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.1.2, 9.1.3–6; Mitchell, 113.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.2.1; Clarke, 660; Mitchell, 114.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.2 and Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 36.3; Mitchell, 114.
1 2  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.6.2; Clarke, 660.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.6.3; Clarke, 660.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 36.7, qtd. and tr. in Clarke, 660.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.7.3–14, cited in Mitchell, 114.
↑  Mitchell, 114.
↑  Mitchell, 117.
↑  Lane Fox, 598.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9a.4–9; Mitchell, 114.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9a.2–3; Mitchell, 114.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9a.4; Mitchell, 114.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9a.5–6; Mitchell, 114.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9a.7–9; Mitchell, 114–15.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.10.1–2 and Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 37.3–42; Mitchell, 115.
↑  Barnes, New Empire, 68; Mitchell, 115.
↑  Mitchell, 115.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.10.8–9; Mitchell, 115.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.10.10–11; Mitchell, 115.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 46.8–9; Mitchell, 115.
↑  Mitchell, 116.
↑  Keresztes, 389. On the Egyptian response to the persecutions, see also: Annemarie Luijendijk, "Papyri from the Great Persecution: Roman and Christian Perspectives," Journal of Early Christian Studies 16:3 (2008): 341–369.
↑  Timothy Barnes, Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 10.
1 2 3  Leadbetter, 259.
↑  Epiphanius, Panarion 68.3.3, qtd. and tr. in MacMullen, 92–93.
↑  MacMullen, 160 n.17.
↑  Lane Fox, 590.
↑  Clarke, 651; Lane Fox, 597–98.
↑  Lane Fox, 597–98.
↑  Oxyrhynchus Papyri 2601, tr. J.R. Rhea, quoted in Barnes, "Constantine and the Bishops", 382; Lane Fox, 598.
↑  Eusebius, Vita Constantini 11.2, qtd. and tr. Nicholson, 50.
↑  Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones 4.18.1–2, qtd. and tr. Nicholson, 49.
↑  qtd. in Nicholson, 51.
↑  Nicholson, 50–51.
↑  Drake, 149–53; Lane Fox, 598–601.
↑  Constantine, Oratio ad Sanctum Coetum 22, qtd. and tr. in Drake, 150.
↑  Drake, 98–103.
↑  Lane Fox, 441; MacMullen, 29–30
↑  Lane Fox, 441.
↑  Dodds, 135.
↑  Tertullian, Apologeticus 50; Dodds, 133; MacMullen, 29–30.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 48–49, 208–13.
↑  Liebeschuetz, 252.
↑  Iole Fargnoli, "Many Faiths and One Emperor: Remarks about the Religious Legislation of Theodosius the Great," Revue Internationale des Droits de l'Antiquité 53 (2006): 146.
↑  Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), 122. See also: MacMullen, vii, and passim.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 56; Tilley, Martyr Stories, xi.
↑  Chadwick, 179.
↑  Richard Gerberding, "The later Roman Empire," in The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 1, c.500–c.700, ed. Paul Fouracre (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 21.
1 2  Curran, 50.
↑  Liber Pontificalis 1.162; Curran, 50.
1 2  Barnes, New Empire, 177–80; Curran, 50.
↑  de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 103–4.
↑  David Womersley, The Transformation of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 128, 128 n.109.
1 2  Womersley, Transformation, 128.
↑  Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ed. David Womersley (London: Allen Lane, 1994), 1:578.
↑  J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, vol. 5, Religion: The First Triumph (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), ix–xi, 34; Patricia B. Craddock, Edward Gibbon: Luminous Historian, 1772–1794 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 60–61, 122.
↑  Porson, Letters to Mr. Archdeacon Travis (1790), xxviii, qtd. in Womersley, Gibbon and the 'Watchmen of the Holy City': The Historian and his Reputation 1776–1815 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 184–85 n.39.
↑  "Weekly Worker obituary, retrieved Sept. 26, 2010". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-08. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-24.