Tadmur
Daftar pustaka

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Ben-Yehoshua, Shimshon; Borowitz, Carole; Hanus, Lumír Ondøej (2012). "Spices: Frankincense, Myrrh, and Balm of Gilead: Ancient Spices of Southern Arabia and Judea".  Dalam Janick, Jules. Horticultural Reviews. Horticultural Reviews. 39. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-10058-5.
Benzel, Kim; Graff, Sarah B.; Rakic, Yelena; Watts, Edith W. (2010). Art of the Ancient Near East: A Resource for Educators. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-358-6.
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Butcher, Kevin (2003). Roman Syria and the Near East. The British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-2235-9.
Byliński, Janusz (1995).  Gawlikowski, Michał; Daszewski, Wiktor A., ed. "Palmyra: Arab Castle". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. Warsaw University Press. 7. ISSN 1234-5415.
Byliński, Janusz (1999). "Qal'at Shirkuh at Palmyra: A Medieval Fortress Reinterpreted". Bulletin d'Études Orientales. l'Institut français d'archéologie du Proche-Orient. 51. ISBN 978-2-901315-56-8. ISSN 2077-4079.
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Carter, Terry; Dunston, Lara; Thomas, Amelia (2008). Syria & Lebanon. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-609-0.
Casule, Francesca (2008). Art and History: Syria. Diterjemahkan oleh Boomsliter, Paula Elise; Dunbar, Richard. Casa Editrice Bonechi. ISBN 978-88-476-0119-2.
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Chamberlain, Michael (2005). "Military Patronage States and the Political economy of the Frontier, 1000–1250".  Dalam Choueiri, Youssef M. A Companion to the History of the Middle East. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5204-4.
Chapot, Victor (2014) [1928].  Ogden, Charles Kay, ed. The Roman World. The History of Civilization. Diterjemahkan oleh Parker, Edward Adams. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-73140-4.
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Cobb, Paul M. (2001). White Banners: Contention in 'Abbasid Syria, 750–880. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4880-9.
Colledge, Malcolm Andrew Richard (1976). The Art of Palmyra. Studies in Ancient Art and Archaeology. 4. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-89158-617-3.
Colledge, Malcolm Andrew Richard (1986).  van Baaren, Theodoor Pieter; van den Bosch, Lourens Peter; Kippenberg, Hans Gerhard; Leertouwer, Lammert; Leemhuis, Fred; te Velde, Henk; Witte, Hans Antonius; Buning, H., ed. The Parthian Period. Iconography of Religions. Section XIV: Iran (Institute of Religious Iconography, State University Groningen). 3. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07115-5. ISSN 0169-9873.
Colledge, Malcolm Andrew Richard; Wiesehöfer, Josef (2014) [1998]. "Palmyra".  Dalam Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther. The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization (edisi ke-2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870677-9.
Cooke, George Albert (1903). A Text-Book of North-Semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish. The Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-5-87188-785-1.
Cotterman, William W. (2013). Improbable Women: Five who Explored the Middle East. Contemporary Issues in the Middle East. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-5231-1.
Crawford, J. Stephens (1990). The Byzantine Shops at Sardis. Monograph / Archaeological Exploration of Sardis. 9. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08968-6. ISSN 0066-5975.
Curry, Andrew (20 July 2012). "Mystery of Lost Roman City Solved: Ancients Greened the Desert?". National Geographic News. Diakses tanggal 11 Desember 2016.
Dąbrowa, Edward (1979). "Les Troupes Auxiliaires de L'armée Romaine en Syrie au Ier Siècle de Notre ère". Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne. Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon (Volume 239). les Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. 5. doi:10.3406/dha.1979.1387. ISBN 978-2-251-60239-4. ISSN 0755-7256.
Dąbrowa, Edward (1993). Legio X Fretensis. A Prosopographical Study of its Officers (I–III c. AD). Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. Historia Einzelschriften. 66. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-05809-4.
Darke, Diana (2006). Syria. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-162-3.
Darke, Diana (2010) [2006]. Syria (edisi ke-2). Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-314-6.
Dearden, Lizzie (2 March 2017). "Isis driven out of ancient Syrian city of Palmyra for second time". The Independent. Diakses tanggal 4 Maret 2017.
De Blois, Lukas (1976). The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus. Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society: Studies of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society. 7. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-04508-8.
De Laborde, Leon (1837). "Journey Through Arabia Petraea, To Mount Sinai, And The Excavated City Of Petra, The Edom Of The Prophecies 1836". The Quarterly Christian Spectator. New Haven : A. H. Maltby. 9. OCLC 176276638.
Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (2007) [2001]. Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84925-8.
Dirven, Lucinda (1998). "The Palmyrene diaspora in East and West : a Syrian community in the diaspora in the Roman period".  Dalam ter Haar, Gerrie. Strangers and sojourners: religious communities in the diaspora. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-0663-1.
Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World. 138. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. ISSN 0927-7633.
Dixon, Karen R.; Southern, Patricia (2005) [1992]. The Roman Cavalry. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-11407-7.
Downey, Susan (1977). ""Temples a Escaliers": The Dura Evidence".  Dalam Stroud, Ronald S.; Levine, Philip. California Studies in Classical Antiquity. 9. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-09565-6.
Downey, Susan (1996). "Funerary sculptures of Palmyra; Review of A. Sadurska and A. Bounni, Les sculptures funéraires de Palmyre". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 9. ISSN 1047-7594.
Drijvers, Hendrik Jan Willem (1976).  van Baaren, Theodoor Pieter; Leertouwer, Lammert; Leemhuis, Fred; Buning, H., ed. The Religion of Palmyra. Iconography of Religions. Section XV Mesopotamia and the Near East (Institute of Religious Iconography, State University Groningen). Brill. ISBN 978-0-585-36013-3. ISSN 0169-8036. OCLC 714982019.
Drijvers, Hendrik Jan Willem (1980). Cults and Beliefs at Edessa. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. 82. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-06050-0.
Drijvers, Hendrik Jan Willem (1990). "The Syrian Cult Relief".  Dalam Kippenberg, Hans G.; van den Bosch, Lourens P.; Leertouwer, Lammert; Witte, Hans Antonius. Genres in Visual Representations: Proceedings of a Conference Held in 1986 by Invitation of the Werner-Reimers-Stiftung in Bad Homburg (Federal Republic of Germany). Visible Religion. Annual for Religious Iconography (Institute of Religious Iconography, State University Groningen). 7. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09094-1.
Drinkwater, John (2005). "Maximinus to Diocletian and the 'crisis'".  Dalam Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil. The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337. The Cambridge Ancient History. 12. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30199-2.
Dubnov, Simon (1968) [1916]. History of the Jews From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period. 2. Diterjemahkan oleh Spiegel, Moshe. Thomas Yoseloff. OCLC 900833618.
Dupont-Sommer, André (1970). "Une Nouvelle Inscription Araméenne d'Asoka Trouvée Dans la Vallée du Laghman (Afghanistan)". Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 114 (1). ISSN 0151-0509.
Edwell, Peter (2008). Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-09573-5.
Ehrenkreutz, Andrew S. (1972). Saladin. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-095-4.
Élisséeff, Nikita (2007). "Homs".  Dalam Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. Historic Cities of the Islamic World. EI Reference Guides. 1. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15388-2.
Elton, Hugh (1996). Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33111-3.
Evans, Jean M.; Kevorkian, Hagop (2000). "Palmyra".  Dalam Milleker, Elizabeth J. The Year One: Art of the Ancient World East and West. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87099-961-1.
Fellmann, Rudolf (1987). "Der Palast der Königin Zenobia".  Dalam al-Asaad, Khaled; Ruprechtsberger, Erwin Maria. Palmyra, Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur der Syrischen Oasenstadt: Einführende Beiträge und Katalog zur Ausstellung. Linzer Archäologische Forschungen (dalam bahasa Jerman). 16. Gutenberg. ISBN 978-3-900-40115-3.
Fields, Nic (2008). The Walls of Rome. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-198-4.
Fowden, Elizabeth Key (1999). The Barbarian Plain: Saint Sergius between Rome and Iran. Transformation of the Classical Heritage. 28. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92220-4.
Fowden, Garth (2004). Qusayr 'Amra: Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria. Transformation of the Classical Heritage Series. 36. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92960-9.
Gambino, Lauren (28 March 2016). "Damages to Palmyra ruins in Syrian recapture less than feared, experts say". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 12 Desember 2016.
Gates, Charles (2003). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-67662-0.
Gawlikowski, Michal (2005). "The City of the Dead".  Dalam Cussini, Eleonora. A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9.
Gawlikowski, Michał (2011).  Zych, Iwona; Szymczak, Agnieszka, ed. "Palmyra: reexcavating the site of the Tariff (fieldwork in 2010 and 2011)". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. Warsaw University Press. 23 (1). ISSN 1234-5415.
Gawlikowski, Michał (2013). "Preface". Studia Palmyreńskie. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. 12: Fifty Years of Polish Excavations in Palmyra 1959–2009, International Conference,Warsaw, 6–8 Desember 2010. ISSN 0081-6787.
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Graf, David F. (1989). "Zenobia and the Arabs".  Dalam French, David H.; Lightfoot, Chris S. The Eastern frontier of the Roman Empire: proceedings of a colloquium held at Ankara in September 1988 (Volume 1). British Archaeological Reports. 553. BAR Publishing. ISBN 978-0-86054-700-6.
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Greene, Joseph A. (2001). "Aram".  Dalam Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael David. The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517610-0.
Guntern, Gottlieb (2010). The Spirit of Creativity: Basic Mechanisms of Creative Achievements. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-5053-3.
Hachlili, Rachel (1998). Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Diaspora. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 the near and Middle East Series. 35. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10878-3.
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Hanne, Eric J. (2007). Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority, and the Late Abbasid Caliphate. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-4113-2.
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Hartmann, Udo (2016). "What was it Like to be a Palmyrene in the Age of Crisis? Changing Palmyrene Identities in the Third Century AD".  Dalam Kropp, Andreas; Raja, Rubina. The World of Palmyra. Palmyrenske Studier. 1. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters- Specialtrykkeriet Viborg a-s. ISBN 978-8-773-04397-4. ISSN 1904-5506.
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Healey, John F. (1990). The Early Alphabet. Reading the Past. 9. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07309-8. ISSN 1754-7989.
Healey, John F. (2009). Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period. Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions. 4. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925256-5.
Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome. University Library Groningen. ISBN 978-9-036-73931-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-03-06. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-12.
Hillenbrand, Robert (1999). "'Anjar and Early Islamic Urbanism".  Dalam Brogiolo, Gian Pietro; Perkins, Bryan Ward. The Idea and Ideal of the Town Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. The Transformation of the Roman World. 4. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10901-8. ISSN 1386-4165.
Hoffmann-Salz, Julia (2015). "The Local Economy of Palmyra: Organizing Agriculture in an Oasis Environment".  Dalam Erdkamp, Paul; Verboven, Koenraad; Zuiderhoek, Arjan. Ownership and Exploitation of Land and Natural Resources in the Roman World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872892-4.
Holmes, Oliver (3 April 2013). "Syria's ancient oasis city of Palmyra threatened in fighting". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 12 Desember 2016.
Holt, Peter Malcolm (2013) [1986]. The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-87152-1.
Holt, Peter Malcolm (1995). Early Mamluk Diplomacy, 1260–1290: Treaties of Baybars and Qalāwūn with Christian Rulers. Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts. 12. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10246-0.
Hourani, George Fadlo (1995) [1951].  Carswell, John, ed. Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Khayats Oriental Reprints. 3 (edisi ke-expanded). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00032-9.
Howard, Michael C. (2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9033-2.
Hoyland, Robert G. (2001). Arabia and the Arabs. From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-19535-5.
Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-263-7.
Ibn al-ʻAdīm, Kamāl al-Dīn ʻUmar ibn Aḥmad (1988) [1262].  Zakkār, Suhayl, ed. Bughyat al-ṭalab fī tārīkh Ḥalab (dalam bahasa Arab). 7. Dār al-Fikr (دار الفكر). OCLC 30968859.
Ibn al-Qalanisi, Abū Yaʻlā Ḥamzah ibn Asad ibn ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Tamīmī (1983) [1160].  Zakkār, Suhayl, ed. Tārīkh Dimashq (dalam bahasa Arab). Dār Ḥassān. OCLC 23834177.
Ibn Arabshah, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1986) [1437].  Ḥimṣī, Fāyiz, ed. ʻAjāʼib al-maqdūr fī nawāʼib Tīmūr (dalam bahasa Arab). Muʼassasat al-Risālah. OCLC 19942469.
Ibn 'Asakir, Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Hibat Allah ibn 'Abd Allah, Thiqat al-Din, Abu al-Qasim (1995) [1174].  ʻAmrawī, ʻUmar ibn Gharāmah, ed. Tarikh Madinat Dimashiq (تاريخ مدينة دمشق) (dalam bahasa Arab). 57. Dār al-Fikr (دار الفكر). OCLC 4770667638.
Ibn Battuta, Muhammad (1997) [1355].  Tāzī, ʻAbd al-Hādī, ed. Riḥlat Ibn Baṭūṭah al-musammāh Tuḥfat al-nuẓẓār fī gharāʼib al-amṣār wa-ʻajāʼib al-asfār. Silsilat al-turāth (dalam bahasa Arab). 1. Akādīmīyat al-Mamlakah al-Maghribīyah. OCLC 37241892.
Ibn Khaldūn, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān (1988) [1375].  Zakkār, Suhayl; Šaḥāda, Ḫalīl, ed. Muqaddima (al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʼ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih) (dalam bahasa Arab). 5 (edisi ke-2). Dār al-Fikr (دار الفكر). OCLC 912572900.
Ibn Šaddād, Bahā' ad-Dīn Yūsuf Ibn-Rāfiʿ (1732) [1228]. Vita et res gestae sultani Almalichi Alnasiri Saladini (dalam bahasa Latin). Diterjemahkan oleh Schultens, Albert. Samuel Luchtmans. OCLC 716049041.
Intagliata, Emanuele E. (2018). Palmyra after Zenobia AD 273–750: An Archaeological and Historical Reappraisal. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-785-70945-6.
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