Bahasa Ugarit
Fonologi

Bahasa Ugarit memiliki 28 fonem konsonan (termasuk dua semivokal) dan delapan fonem vokal (tiga vokal pendek dan lima vokal panjang): a ā i ī u ū ē ō. Fonem ē dan ō hanya muncul sebagai vokal panjang dan merupakan hasil monoftongisasi diftong ey dan aw, berturut-turut.
|  |  | Labial | Interdental | Dental/Alveolar> biasa | Dental/Alveolar> tegas | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Faringal | Glotal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nasal | Nasal | m |  | n |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Letup | non-suara | p |  | t | tˤ |  | k | q |  | ʔ |
| Letup | bersuara | b |  | d |  |  | ɡ |  |  |  |
| Frikatif | non-suara |  | θ | s | sˤ | ʃ | x | x | ħ | h |
| Frikatif | bersuara |  | ð | z | ðˤ | (ʒ) | ɣ | ɣ | ʕ |  |
| Aproksiman | Aproksiman |  |  | l |  | j | w |  |  |  |
| Getar | Getar |  |  | r |  |  |  |  |  |  |
↑  Konsonan frikatif palatal bersuara [ʒ] muncul sebagai ragam akhir dari frikatif interdental bersuara /ð/.
↑  Konsonan frikatif velar bersuara /ɣ/, meskipun merupakan fonem independen pada semua titik, juga muncul sebagai ragam akhir dari interdental bersuara emfatis /ðˤ/.
Tabel berikut menunjukkan fonem bahasa Proto-Semit dan perbandingan antara bahasa Ugarit, Arab Klasik, Ibrani Tiberias, dan Aram Kekaisaran:
| Proto-Semit | Ugarit | Ugarit | Arab Klasik | Arab Klasik | Ibrani Tiberias | Ibrani Tiberias | Aram Kekaisaran | Aram Kekaisaran |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| b [b] | 𐎁 | b | ب | b [b] | ב | b/ḇ [b/v] | ב | b/ḇ [b/v] |
| p [p] | 𐎔 | p | ف | f [f] | פ | p/p̄ [p/f] | פ | p/p̄ [p/f] |
| ḏ [ð] | 𐎏 | d; terkadang ḏ [ð] | ذ | ḏ [ð] | ז | z [z] | ד (kuno ז) | d/ḏ [d/ð] |
| ṯ [θ] | 𐎘 | ṯ [θ] | ث | ṯ [θ] | שׁ | š [ʃ] | ת | t/ṯ [t/θ] |
| ṱ [θʼ] | 𐎑 | ẓ [ðˤ]; secara jarang ġ [ɣ] | ظ | ẓ [ðˤ] | צ | ṣ [sˤ] | ט | ṭ [tˤ] |
| d [d] | 𐎄 | d | د | d [d] | ד | d/ḏ [d/ð] | ד | d/ḏ [d/ð] |
| t [t] | 𐎚 | t | ت | t [t] | ת | t/ṯ [t/θ] | ת | t/ṯ [t/θ] |
| ṭ [tʼ] | 𐎉 | ṭ [tˤ] | ط | ṭ [tˤ] | ט | ṭ [tˤ] | ט | ṭ [tˤ] |
| š [s] | 𐎌 | š [ʃ] | س | s [s] | שׁ | š [ʃ] | שׁ | š [ʃ] |
| z [dz] | 𐎇 | z | ز | z [z] | ז | z [z] | ז | z [z] |
| s [ts] | 𐎒 | s | س | s [s] | ס | s [s] | ס | s [s] |
| ṣ [tsʼ] | 𐎕 | ṣ [sˤ] | ص | ṣ [sˤ] | צ | ṣ [sˤ] | צ | ṣ [sˤ] |
| l [l] | 𐎍 | l | ل | l [l] | ל | l [l] | ל | l [l] |
| ś [ɬ] | 𐎌 | š | ش | š [ʃ] | שׂ | ś [ɬ]→[s] | שׂ/ס | s/ś [s] |
| ṣ́ [(t)ɬʼ] | 𐎕 | ṣ [sˤ] | ض | ḍ [ɮˤ]→[dˤ] | צ | ṣ [sˤ] | ע (kuno ק) | ʿ [ʕ] |
| g [ɡ] | 𐎂 | g | ج | ǧ [ɡʲ]→[dʒ] | ג | g/ḡ [ɡ/ɣ] | ג | g/ḡ [ɡ/ɣ] |
| k [k] | 𐎋 | k | ك | k [k] | כ | k/ḵ [k/x] | כ | k/ḵ [k/x] |
| q [kʼ] | 𐎖 | q | ق | q [q] | ק | q [q] | ק | q [q] |
| ġ [ɣ] | 𐎙 | ġ [ɣ] | غ | ġ [ɣ] | ע | ʿ [ʕ] | ע | ʿ [ʕ] |
| ḫ [x] | 𐎃 | ḫ [x] | خ | ḫ [x] | ח | ḥ [ħ] | ח | ḥ [ħ] |
| ʿ [ʕ] | 𐎓 | ʿ [ʕ] | ع | ʿ [ʕ] | ע | ʿ [ʕ] | ע | ʿ [ʕ] |
| ḥ [ħ] | 𐎈 | ḥ [ħ] | ح | ḥ [ħ] | ח | ḥ [ħ] | ח | ḥ [ħ] |
| ʾ [ʔ] | 𐎛 | ʾ [ʔ] | ء | ʾ [ʔ] | א | ʾ [ʔ] | א/∅ | ʾ/∅ [ʔ/∅] |
| h [h] | 𐎅 | h | ه | h [h] | ה | h [h] | ה | h [h] |
| m [m] | 𐎎 | m | م | m [m] | מ | m [m] | מ | m [m] |
| n [n] | 𐎐 | n | ن | n [n] | נ | n [n]; terasimilasi penuh sebelum konsonan | נ | n [n] |
| r [r] | 𐎗 | r | ر | r [r] | ר | r [r] | ר | r [r] |
| w [w] | 𐎆 | w | و | w [w] | ו | w [w]; y [j] pada mulanya | ו | w [w] |
| y [j] | 𐎊 | y [j] | ي | y [j] | י | y [j] | י | y [j] |
| Proto-Semit | Ugarit | Ugarit | Arab Klasik | Arab Klasik | Ibrani Tiberias | Ibrani Tiberias | Aram Kekaisaran | Aram Kekaisaran |