Gajah
Catatan kaki

↑  (Indonesia) Arti kata liman dalam situs web Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia oleh Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia.
↑  (Indonesia) Arti kata biram dalam situs web Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia oleh Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia.
↑  Hardiyanto dan Afendy Widayat, Sumbangan Kosakata Bahasa Sanskerta terhadap Perkembangan Bahasa Indonesia dan Jawa Baru Diarsipkan 2022-04-24 di Wayback Machine., dimuat di jurnal diksi 1 Januari 2006, hlm. 12
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1 2  Cranbrook, E.; Payne, J.; Leh, C. M. U. (2008). "Origin of the elephants Elephas maximus L. of Borneo" (PDF). Sarawak Museum Journal. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2012-09-27. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Fernando, P.; Vidya, T. N. C.; Payne, J.; Stuewe, M.; Davison, G.; Alfred, R. J.; Andau, P.; Bosi, E.; Kilbourn, A.; Melnick, D. J. (2003). "DNA analysis indicates that Asian Elephants are native to Borneo and are therefore a high priority for conservation". PLoS Biol. 1 (1): e6. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006. PMC 176546 . PMID 12929206. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
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1 2 3  Shoshani, J. (2005). "Order Proboscidea".  Dalam Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1 (edisi ke-3rd). Johns Hopkins University Press. hlm. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-13. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list (link)
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 46.
↑  Barnes, R. F. W.; Blom, A.; Alers M. P. T. (1995). "A review of the status of forest elephants Loxodonta africana in Central Africa". Biological Conservation. 71 (2): 125–32. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)00014-H. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2 3 4 5  Shoshani, hlm. 42–51.
↑  Grubb, P.; Groves, C. P.; Dudley J. P.; Shoshani, J. (2000). "Living African elephants belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900)" (PDF). Elephant. 2 (4): 1–4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-04-19. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2  Rohland, N.; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Pollack, Joshua L.; Slatkin, Montgomery; Matheus, Paul; Hofreiter, Michael (2007). "Proboscidean mitogenomics: chronology and mode of elephant evolution using mastodon as outgroup". PLoS Biology. 5 (8): e207. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207. PMC 1925134 . PMID 17676977.
↑  Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa". Science. 293 (5534): 1473–77. doi:10.1126/science.1059936. PMID 11520983. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Eggert, L. S.; Rasner, C. A.; Woodruff, D. S. (2002). "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1504): 1993–2006. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2070. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2  Debruyne, R. (2005). "A case study of apparent conflict between molecular phylogenies: the interrelationships of African elephants". Cladistics. 21 (1): 31–50. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00044.x.
1 2  Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L.; Hofreiter, M. (2010).  Penny, David, ed. "Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants". PLoS Biology. 8 (12): e1000564. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564. PMC 3006346 . PMID 21203580. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2  Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O.; Roca, A. L. (2011).  Murphy, William J, ed. "Reconciling apparent conflicts between mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies in African elephants". PLoS ONE. 6 (6): e20642. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642. PMC 3110795 . PMID 21701575. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2 3 4 5 6  Blanc, J. (2008). "Loxodonta africana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-04.
↑  "Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900)". UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Diakses tanggal 12 December 2012. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
↑  Eggert, L. S. Eggert, J. A. Woodruff, D. S. (2003). "Estimating population sizes for elusive animals: the forest elephants of Kakum National Park, Ghana" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 12 (6): 1389–1402. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01822.x. PMID 12755869. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Debruyne, R.; Van Holt, A.; Barriel, V.; Tassy, P.; (2003). "Status of the so-called African pygmy elephant (Loxodonta pumilio (NOACK 1906)): phylogeny of cytochrome b and mitochondrial control region sequences" (PDF). Comptes Rendus de Biologie. 326 (7): 687–97. doi:10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00158-6. PMID 14556388. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-12-03. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Gheerbrant, E. (2009). "Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). 106 (26): 10717–10721. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900251106. PMC 2705600 . PMID 19549873. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-05. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 13–16.
1 2 3  Shoshani, J.; Walter, R. C.; Abraha, M.; Berhe, S.; Tassy, P.; Sanders, W. J.; Marchant, G. H.; Libsekal, Y.; Ghirmai, T.; Zinner, D. (2006). "A proboscidean from the late Oligocene of Eritrea, a "missing link" between early Elephantiformes and Elephantimorpha, and biogeographic implications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (46): 17296–301. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603689103. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2 3 4  Sukumar, hlm. 16–19.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 22.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 24–27.
1 2  Sukumar, hlm. 28–31.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 44.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 36–37.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  Shoshani, J. (1998). "Understanding proboscidean evolution: a formidable task". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 (12): 480–87. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01491-8.
↑  Carpenter, K. (2006).  Foster, J.R. and Lucas, S.G. (eds.), ed. "Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 36. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science: 131–138. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list (link)
1 2 3 4  West, J. B. (2002). "Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?". Physiology. 17 (2): 47–50. PMID 11909991. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-01-27. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-26.
↑  Debruyne, R.; Barriel, V.; Tassy, P. (2003). "Mitochondrial cytochrome b of the Lyakhov mammoth (Proboscidea, Mammalia): new data and phylogenetic analyses of Elephantidae" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 26 (3): 421–34. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00292-0. PMID 12644401. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-11-13. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Noro, M.; Masuda, R.; Dubrovo, I. A.; Yoshida, M. C.; Kato, M. (1998). "Molecular phylogenetic inference of the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius, based on complete sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S ribosomal RNA genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 46 (3): 314–26. doi:10.1007/PL00006308. PMID 9493356. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Gross, L. (2006). "Reading the evolutionary history of the Woolly Mammoth in its mitochondrial genome". PLoS Biology. 4 (3): e74. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040074. PMC 1360100 . PMID 20076539.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 46–47.
↑  Choi, C. (2011). "Woolly Mammoths Could Be Cloned Someday, Scientist Says". Live Science. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-10-01. Diakses tanggal 18 September 2012.
1 2 3  Sukumar, hlm. 31–33.
↑  Vartanyan, S. L., Garutt, V. E., Sher, A. V. (1993). "Holocene dwarf mammoths from Wrangel Island in the Siberian Arctic". Nature. 362 (6418): 337–40. doi:10.1038/362337a0. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Tikhonov, A.; Agenbroad, L.; Vartanyan, S. (2003). "Comparative analysis of the mammoth populations on Wrangel Island and the Channel Islands". Deinsea. 9: 415–20. ISSN 0923-9308. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2  Shoshani, hal. 68–70.
↑  Somgrid, C. "Elephant Anatomy and Biology: Skeletal system". Elephant Research and Education Center, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-06-13. Diakses tanggal 21 September 2012.
↑  Kingdon, hal. 11.
↑  Somgrid, C. "Elephant Anatomy and Biology: Special sense organs". Elephant Research and Education Center, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-07-29. Diakses tanggal 21 September 2012.
↑  Yokoyama, S.; Takenaka, N.; Agnew, D. W.; Shoshani, J. (2005). "Elephants and human color-blind deuteranopes have identical sets of visual pigments". Genetics. 170 (1): 335–44. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.039511. PMC 1449733 . PMID 15781694. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2  Byrne, R. W.; Bates, L.; Moss C. J. (2009). "Elephant cognition in primate perspective" (PDF). Comparative Cognition & Behavior Review. 4: 65–79. doi:10.3819/ccbr.2009.40009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-05-20. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-30. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2 3 4 5 6  Shoshani, hlm. 78–79.
↑  Narasimhan, A. (2008). "Why do elephants have big ear flaps?" (PDF). Indian Academy of Sciences. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2013-04-30. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.
↑  Reuter, T.; Nummela, S.; Hemilä, S. (1998). "Elephant hearing" (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 104 (2): 1122–23. doi:10.1121/1.423341. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-12-07. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2 3 4  Shoshani, hlm. 74–77.
1 2  Martin, F.; Niemitz C. (2003). ""Right-trunkers" and "left-trunkers": side preferences of trunk movements in wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 117 (4): 371–79. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.117.4.371. PMID 14717638. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2  Sukumar, hlm. 149.
1 2 3  Kingdon, hlm. 9.
↑  Cole, M. (14 November 1992). "Lead in lake blamed for floppy trunks". NewScientist. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-12-03. Diakses tanggal 25 June 2009.
1 2  Shoshani, hlm. 70–71.
1 2 3  Shoshani, hlm. 71–74.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 120
↑  Clutton-Brock, J. (1986). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. British Museum (Natural History). hlm. 208. ISBN 0-521-34697-5.
↑  "Elephants Evolve Smaller Tusks Due to Poaching". Environmental News Network. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-11-21. Diakses tanggal 25 September 2012.
↑  Zhuoqiong, W. (16 July 2005). "Tuskless elephants evolving thanks to poachers". China Daily. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-28. Diakses tanggal 27 January 2013.
↑  Gray, R. (20 January 2008). "Why elephants are not so long in the tusk". The Daily Telegraph. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-02-07. Diakses tanggal 27 January 2013.
1 2  Shoshani, hlm. 66–67.
1 2 3 4  Shoshani, hlm. 69–70.
1 2 3  Weissengruber, G. E.; Egger, G. F.; Hutchinson, J. R.; Groenewald, H. B.; Elsässer, L.; Famini, D.; Forstenpointner, G. (2006). "The structure of the cushions in the feet of African elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Journal of Anatomy. 209 (6): 781–92. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00648.x. PMC 2048995 . PMID 17118065. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Shoshani, hal. 74.
↑  Pennisi, E. (22 December 2011). "Elephants Have a Sixth 'Toe'". ScienceMag.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-06-09. Diakses tanggal 23 December 2011.
↑  Hutchinson, J. R.; Schwerda, D.; Famini, D. J.; Dale, R. H.; Fischer, M. S. Kram, R. (2006). "The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (19): 3812–27. doi:10.1242/jeb.02443. PMID 16985198. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Genin, J. J. Willems, P. A.; Cavagna, G. A.; Lair, R.; Heglund, N. C. (2010). "Biomechanics of locomotion in Asian elephants". Journal of Experimental Biology. 213 (5): 694–706. doi:10.1242/jeb.035436. PMID 20154184. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Hutchinson, J. R.; Famini, D.; Lair, R.; Kram, R. (2003). "Biomechanics: Are fast-moving elephants really running?". Nature. 422 (6931): 493–94. doi:10.1038/422493a. PMID 12673241. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Shoshani, hlm. 60.
↑  Benedict, F. G.; Lee, R. C. (1936). "The heart rate of the elephant". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 76 (3): 335–41. JSTOR 984548. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  "How elephants 'snorkel'". BBC News. 31 August 2002. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-05. Diakses tanggal 3 November 2012.
↑  Shoshani, hlm. 80.
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1 2 3  Eltringham, hlm. 124–27.
↑  Siegel, J.M. (2005). "Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep". Nature. 437 (7063): 1264–71. doi:10.1038/nature04285. PMID 16251951. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-01-20. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-27.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 159.
↑  Hoare, B. (2009). Animal Migration: Remarkable Journeys in the Wild. University of California Press. hlm. 58–59. ISBN 0-520-25823-1.
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↑  Campos-Arceiz, A.; Blake, S. (2011). "Mega-gardeners of the forest–the role of elephants in seed dispersal" (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–53. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2013-06-18. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-27. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Campos-Arceiz, A.; Traeholt, C.; Jaffar, R.; Santamaria, L.; Corlett, R. T. (2012). "Asian tapirs are no elephants when it comes to seed dispersal". Biotropica. 44 (2): 220–27. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00784.x. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  "Elephants kill endangered rhino". BBC News. 14 February 2000. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-05-18. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2012.
↑  Power, R. J.; Shem Compion, R. X. (2009). "Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana". African Zoology. 44 (1): 36–44. doi:10.3377/004.044.0104. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 121.
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1 2  Kingdon, hlm. 53.
↑  Harris, M.; Sherwin, C.; Harris, S. (2008). "Defra final report on elephant welfare" (PDF). University of Bristol. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2014-11-24. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-27. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  McComb, K.; Shannon, G.; Durant, S. M.; Sayialel, K.; Slotow, R.; Poole, J.; Moss, C. (2011). "Leadership in elephants: the adaptive value of age" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1722): 3270–76. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0168. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2013-04-29. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-27. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2 3 4 5  Sukumar, hlm. 179–83.
1 2  Highfield, R. (17 February 2006). "Elephant rage: they never forgive, either". The Sydney Morning Herald. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-09-20. Diakses tanggal 16 June 2007.
1 2  Sukumar, hlm. 100–08.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 89.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 262.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 98–99.
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↑  Sukumar, hlm. 113.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 117.
1 2 3 4  Moss, hlm. 106–13.
↑  Kingdon, hlm. 69.
↑  Murray E. Fowler; Susan K. Mikota (2006). Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 353. ISBN 978-0-8138-0676-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-28. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-27.
↑  Estes, R. (1991). The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates. University of California Press. hlm. 266. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Bagemihl, B. (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. St. Martin's Press. hlm. 427–30. ISBN 1-4668-0927-2.
↑  Sukumar, hlm. 259–62.
1 2  Lueders, I.; Niemuller, C.; Rich, P.; Gray, C.; Hermes, R.; Goeritz, F.; Hildebrandt, T. B. (2012). "Gestating for 22 months: luteal development and pregnancy maintenance in elephants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1743): 3687–96. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1038. PMC 3415912 . PMID 22719030. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
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↑  Kingdon, hlm. 64.
↑  "War veteran elephant dies". BBC News. 26 February 2003. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-12. Diakses tanggal 8 January 2013.
↑  Payne and Langbauer, hlm. 116.
↑  Payne and Langbauer, hlm. 119–20.
1 2  Payne and Langbauer, hlm. 120–21.
↑  Kingdon, hlm. 63.
1 2  Sukumar, hlm. 142–45.
1 2  Payne, K.B.; Langbauer, W.R.; Thomas, E.M. (1986). "Infrasonic calls of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 18 (4): 297–301. doi:10.1007/BF00300007. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Larom, D.; Garstang, M.; Payne, K.; Raspet, R.; Lindeque, M. (1997). "The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (Pt 3): 421–31. PMID 9057305. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
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