Pertempuran Jamal
Bibliografi

Abbas, Hassan (2021). The Prophet's heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300229455.
Aslan, Reza (2011). No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. Random House. ISBN 9780812982442.
Bodley, R.V.C. (1946). The Messenger; the Life of Mohammed. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
Bosworth, C.E. (1991). "Marwān I b. al-Ḥakam".  Dalam Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Pellat, Ch. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid (edisi ke-2). Leiden: E. J. Brill. hlm. 621–623. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.  Parameter |name-list-style= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Crone, Patricia (1980). Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52940-9.
Crone, Patricia (2003). Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521529402.
Gibb, H. A. R. (1960). "ʿAbd Allāh Ibnu Zubair".  Dalam Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume I: A–B (edisi ke-2). Leiden: E. J. Brill. hlm. 54–55. OCLC 495469456.  Parameter |name-list-style= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Gleave, R.M. (2008). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib".  Dalam Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Rowson, E. Encyclopaedia of Islam (edisi ke-Tiga). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324. ISBN 9789004171374. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-12-29. Diakses tanggal 2023-02-28.
Hazleton, Lesley (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385532099.
Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman.
Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521646963.
Madelung, Wilferd (2003). "ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB". Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 November 2013.
Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780853982005.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Afsaruddin, Asma (2021). "Ali". Encyclopedia Britannica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-10-18. Diakses tanggal 2023-02-28.
Rogerson, Barnaby (2006). The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism. Abacus. ISBN 9780748124701.
Shaban, Muḥammad 'Abd al-Ḥayy (1971). Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29131-6.
Tabatabai, Muhammad Husayn (1977). Shi'ite Islam. Diterjemahkan oleh Nasr, Hossein. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780873952729.
Cappucci, John (2014). "'A'ISHA (614-678)".  Dalam Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani. Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. 1. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 18–20. ISBN 9781610691789.
Spellberg, Denise A. (2006). "'A'ISHA BINT ABI BAKR".  Dalam Meri, Josef W. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. 1. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415966900.
Afsaruddin, Asma (2013). The First Muslims: History And Memory. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780744483.
Adamec, Ludwig W. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Islam. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442277243.
Veccia Vaglieri, Laura (1970). "THE PATRIARCHAL AND UMAYYAD CALIPHATES".  Dalam Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. The Cambridge History of Islam. 1. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 57–103.
Hinds, Martin (1972). "The Murder of the Caliph'Uthman". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 3 (4): 450–69. doi:10.1017/S0020743800025216.  Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Daftary, Farhad (2013). A History of Shi'i Islam. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9780755608669.
Anthony, Sean W. (2013). "'Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599-661)".  Dalam Bowering, Gerhard. The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought. Princeton University Press. hlm. 30–2. ISBN 9780691134840.
Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003). "Shi'ism". The new encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. hlm. 422–8. ISBN 9780759101890.
Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674064140.
Kennedy, Hugh (2015). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century. Routledge.
McHugo, John (2018). A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 9781626165885.
Shaban, M.A. (1970). Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600-750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291316.
Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2015). "Imam Ali".  Dalam Daftary, Farhad; Sajoo, Amyn; Jiwa, Shainool. The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857727633.
Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
Dakake, Maria Massi (2012). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791480342.
Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404.
MacLean, Derryl N (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08551-3.
Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2022). Imam 'Ali: Concise History, Timeless Mystery. I.B. Tauris.
Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746.
Levi Della Vida, G.; Khoury, R.G. (2012). "ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān".  Dalam Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. Encyclopaedia of Islam (edisi ke-Second). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1315. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-12-29. Diakses tanggal 2023-02-28.
Wellhausen, Julius (1927). The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. Diterjemahkan oleh Weir, Margaret G. University of Calcutta.
Petersen, Erling L. (2008). Ali and Mu'awiya in Early Arabic Tradition: Studies on the Genesis and Growth of Islamic Historical Writing Until the End of the Ninth Century. Diterjemahkan oleh Christensen, P. Lampe. Acls History E Book Project. ISBN 9781597404716.  Parameter |orig-date= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Esposito, John L. (1992). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195074727.
Poonawala, I.K. (1982). "ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB I. Life". Encyclopaedia Iranica (edisi ke-Online). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-29. Diakses tanggal 2023-02-28.
Bahramian, Ali (2015). "ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib 3. Caliphate".  Dalam Daftary, Farhad. Encyclopaedia Islamica. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-12-29. Diakses tanggal 2023-02-28.
Gleave, Robert M. (2008). "ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib".  Dalam Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett. Encyclopaedia of Islam (edisi ke-Third). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-12-29. Diakses tanggal 2023-02-28.
Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521514309.
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012a). "ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib".  Dalam Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. Encyclopaedia of Islam (edisi ke-Second). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0046. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-12-29. Diakses tanggal 2023-02-28.
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012b). "al-D̲j̲amal".  Dalam Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. Encyclopaedia of Islam (edisi ke-Second). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1962. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-12-29. Diakses tanggal 2023-02-28.
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012c). "al-As̲h̲ʿarī, Abū Mūsā".  Dalam Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; vanDonzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. Encyclopaedia of Islam (edisi ke-Second). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0781. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-12-29. Diakses tanggal 2023-02-28.
Kelsay, John (1993). Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664253028.
Keaney, Heather N. (2021). 'Uthman ibn 'Affan: Legend or Liability?. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781786076984.