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Rujukan

↑  "What Are Benthos?". Baybenthos.versar.com. 2006-01-23. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-24.
↑  Angelo Mark P. Walag; Mae Oljae P. Canencia (2016). "Physico-chemical Parameters and Macrobenthic Invertebrates of the Intertidal Zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines". Advances in Environmental Sciences - International Journal of the Bioflux Society. 8 (1): 71–82. Diakses tanggal 2015-12-08.
↑  Ananthakrishnan, T. N.; Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. (2016-07-01). Animal Biodiversity: Patterns and Process (dalam bahasa Inggris). Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-93-87307-47-6.
↑  Proposed Sediment Quality Criteria for the Protection of Benthic Organisms.
↑  Bright, Michael (2000). The private life of sharks: the truth behind the myth. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2875-7.
↑  "Epifaunal - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-24.
↑  "Infauna - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-24.
↑  "Benthic Zone - Characteristics & Nutrient Flow". BYJUS (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2023-05-02.
↑  Alldredge, Alice; Silver, Mary W. (1988). "Characteristics, dynamics and significance of marine snow". Progress in Oceanography. 20: 41–82. doi:10.1016/0079-6611(88)90053-5.
↑  Shanks, Alan; Trent, Jonathan D. (1980). "Marine snow: sinking rates and potential role in vertical flux". Deep-Sea Research. 27A (2): 137–143. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(80)90092-8.
↑  "Foraminifera". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-02-14. Diakses tanggal 7 December 2014.
↑  "foraminifera". Diakses tanggal 7 December 2014.
↑  Harris, P. T.; Baker, E. K. 2012.
↑  Harris, P. T.; Baker, E. K.; 2012.
↑  Harris, P. T., 2012.
↑  Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, news item March 2005 Diarsipkan September 28, 2011, di Wayback Machine.
↑  Minshall, Wayne; Shafii, Bahman; Price, William J.; Holderman, Charlie; Anders, Paul J.; Lester, Gary; Barrett, Pat. "Effects of nutrient replacement on benthic macroinvertebrates in an ultraoligotrophic reach of the Kootenai River, 2003–2010". Freshwater Science. doi:10.1086/677900. JSTOR 10.1086/677900.
↑  Duffy, J. Emmett; Hay, Mark E. (2000-05-01). "Strong impacts of grazing amphipods on the organization of a benthic community". Ecological Monographs. 70 (2): 237–263. doi:10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0237:SIOGAO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0012-9615. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
↑  Rolls, Robert; Leigh, Catherine; Sheldon, Fran (2012). "Mechanistic effects of low-flow hydrology on riverine ecosystems: ecological principles and consequences of alteration". Freshwater Science. 31 (4): 1163–1186. doi:10.1899/12-002.1. JSTOR 10.1899/12-002.1.
↑  Bennion, Helen; Kelly, Martyn G.; Juggins, Steve; Yallop, Marian L.; Burgess, Amy; Jamieson, Jane; Krokowski, Jan (2014). "Assessment of Ecological Status in UK lakes using benthic diatoms". Freshwater Science. 33 (2): 639–654. doi:10.1086/675447. JSTOR 10.1086/675447.
↑  Lowe, Michael; Peterson, Mark S. (2014). "Effects of Coastal Urbanization on Salt-Marsh Faunal Assemblages in the Northern Gulf of Mexico". Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science. 6: 89–107. doi:10.1080/19425120.2014.893467.
↑  Wellnitz, Todd; Rader, Russell B. (2003). "Mechanisms influencing community composition and succession in mountain stream periphyton: interactions between scouring history, grazing, and irradiance". Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 22 (4): 528–541. doi:10.2307/1468350. JSTOR 1468350.
↑  Althouse, Bryan; Higgins, Scott; Vander Zanden, Jake M. (2014). "Benthic and Planktonic primary production along a nutrient gradient in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, USA". Freshwater Science. 33 (2): 487–498. doi:10.1086/676314. JSTOR 10.1086/676314.