Nootropika
referensi

1 2  Frati P, Kyriakou C, Del Rio A, Marinelli E, Vergallo GM, Zaami S, Busardò FP (January 2015). "Smart drugs and synthetic androgens for cognitive and physical enhancement: revolving doors of cosmetic neurology". Curr Neuropharmacol. 13 (1): 5–11. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210221750. PMC 4462043 . PMID 26074739.
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↑  Albertson TE, Chenoweth JA, Colby DK, Sutter ME (2016). "The Changing Drug Culture: Use and Misuse of Cognition-Enhancing Drugs". FP Essent. 441: 25–9. PMID 26881770.
↑  Greely H, Sahakian B, Harris J, Kessler RC, Gazzaniga M, Campbell P, Farah MJ (2008). "Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy". Nature. 456 (7223): 702–5. doi:10.1038/456702a. PMID 19060880.
↑  Chinthapalli K (September 2015). "The billion dollar business of being smart". BMJ. 351: h4829. doi:10.1136/bmj.h4829. PMID 26370589. International sales of non-prescription supplements for cognition also exceed $1bn (£650 000; €880 000) a year and are rapidly growing. Ginkgo biloba, vitamins, and even caffeine are common ingredients. Some add piracetam (related to the epilepsy drug levetiracetam), jellyfish proteins, or even “edible pure 23.5 carat gold flakes.”
↑  Gazzaniga, Michael S. (2006). The Ethical Brain: The Science of Our Moral Dilemmas (P.S.). New York, N.Y: Harper Perennial. hlm. 184. ISBN 0-06-088473-8.
↑  Giurgea C (1972). "[Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain. Attempt at nootropic concept in psychopharmacology] ("Vers une pharmacologie de l'active integrative du cerveau: Tentative du concept nootrope en psychopharmacologie")". Actual Pharmacol (Paris) (dalam bahasa French). 25: 115–56. PMID 4541214. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
↑  "nootropicTranslation". Diakses tanggal October 6, 2014.
1 2  Sahakian B; Morein-Zamir S (December 2007). "Professor's little helper". Nature. 450 (7173): 1157–9. Bibcode:2007Natur.450.1157S. doi:10.1038/4501157a. PMID 18097378.
↑  Greely, Henry; Sahakian, Barbara; Harris, John; Kessler, Ronald C.; Gazzaniga, Michael; Campbell, Philip; Farah, Martha J. (December 10, 2008). "Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy". Nature. Nature Publishing Group. 456 (7223): 702–705. Bibcode:2008Natur.456..702G. doi:10.1038/456702a. ISSN 1476-4687. OCLC 01586310. PMID 19060880. Diakses tanggal March 25, 2014. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)).
↑  McCabe, Sean Esteban; Knight, John R.; Teter, Christian J.; Wechsler, Henry (January 1, 2005). "Non-medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students: prevalence and correlates from a national survey". Addiction. 100 (1): 96–106. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00944.x. PMID 15598197.
↑  Sattler, S.; Sauer, C.; Mehlkop, G.; Graeff, P. (2013). "The Rationale for Consuming Cognitive Enhancement Drugs in University Students and Teachers". PLoS ONE. 8 (7): e68821. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068821. PMC 3714277 . PMID 23874778.
↑  Sattler, Sebastian; Wiegel, Constantin (February 25, 2013). "Cognitive Test Anxiety and Cognitive Enhancement: The Influence of Students' Worries on Their Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs". Substance Use & Misuse. Informa Healthcare New York. 48 (3): 220–232. doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.751426. Diakses tanggal April 5, 2014.
↑  Bossaer, John. "The Use and Misuse of Prescription Stimulants as "Cognitive Enhancers" by Students at One Academic Health Sciences Center". Academic Medicine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 10, 2015. Diakses tanggal October 6, 2014. Overall, 11.3% of responders admitted to misusing prescription stimulants. There was more misuse by respiratory therapy students, although this was not statistically significant (10.9% medicine, 9.7% pharmacy, 26.3% respiratory therapy; P = .087). Reasons for prescription stimulant misuse included to enhance alertness/energy (65.9%), to improve academic performance (56.7%), to experiment (18.2%), and to use recreationally/get high (4.5%).
↑  Teter CJ, McCabe SE, LaGrange K, Cranford JA, Boyd CJ (October 2006). "Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: prevalence, motives, and routes of administration". Pharmacotherapy. 26 (10): 1501–1510. doi:10.1592/phco.26.10.1501. PMC 1794223 . PMID 16999660.
↑  Weyandt LL, Oster DR, Marraccini ME, Gudmundsdottir BG, Munro BA, Zavras BM, Kuhar B (September 2014). "Pharmacological interventions for adolescents and adults with ADHD: stimulant and nonstimulant medications and misuse of prescription stimulants". Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 7: 223–249. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S47013. PMC 4164338 . PMID 25228824. misuse of prescription stimulants has become a serious problem on college campuses across the US and has been recently documented in other countries as well. ... Indeed, large numbers of students claim to have engaged in the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, which is reflected in lifetime prevalence rates of prescription stimulant misuse ranging from 5% to nearly 34% of students.
↑  Clemow DB, Walker DJ (September 2014). "The potential for misuse and abuse of medications in ADHD: a review". Postgrad. Med. 126 (5): 64–81. doi:10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2801. PMID 25295651. Overall, the data suggest that ADHD medication misuse and diversion are common health care problems for stimulant medications, with the prevalence believed to be approximately 5% to 10% of high school students and 5% to 35% of college students, depending on the study.
1 2 3 4  Spencer RC, Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW (June 2015). "The cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve direct action in the prefrontal cortex". Biological Psychiatry. 77 (11): 940–950. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013. PMC 4377121 . PMID 25499957.
1 2 3 4  Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ (June 2015). "Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 27 (6): 1069–1089. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00776. PMID 25591060.  Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
1 2 3 4 5  Bagot KS, Kaminer Y (April 2014). "Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review". Addiction. 109 (4): 547–557. doi:10.1111/add.12460. PMC 4471173 . PMID 24749160.
1 2 3 4  Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG (January 2014). "Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation". Pharmacological Reviews. 66 (1): 193–221. doi:10.1124/pr.112.007054. PMC 3880463 . PMID 24344115.
1 2 3 4 5  Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM (2015). "14: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (edisi ke-3). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 9780071827706.
↑  Camfield DA, Stough C, Farrimond J, Scholey AB (August 2014). "Acute effects of tea constituents L-theanine, caffeine, and epigallocatechin gallate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Nutrition Reviews. 72 (8): 507–522. doi:10.1111/nure.12120 . PMID 24946991.
↑  Battleday RM, Brem AK (November 2015). "Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: A systematic review". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 25 (11): 1865–1881. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028. PMID 26381811.  Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Mohamed AD (2017). "Does modafinil improve cognitive functioning in healthy individuals?".  Dalam ter Meulen R, Hall W, Mohammed AD. Rethinking Cognitive Enhancement. Oxford University Press. hlm. 116. ISBN 9780198727392.
↑  Urban KR, Gao WJ (2014). "Performance enhancement at the cost of potential brain plasticity: neural ramifications of nootropic drugs in the healthy developing brain". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 8: 38. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00038 . PMC 4026746 . PMID 24860437.
↑  Heishman SJ, Kleykamp BA, Singleton EG (July 2010). "Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance". Psychopharmacology. 210 (4): 453–469. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1. PMC 3151730 . PMID 20414766.
↑  Pasetes, Sarah V.; Ling, Pamela M.; Apollonio, Dorie E. (January 2020). "Cognitive performance effects of nicotine and industry affiliation: a systematic review". Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment (dalam bahasa Inggris). 14: 117822182092654. doi:10.1177/1178221820926545. ISSN 1178-2218. PMC 7271274 . PMID 32547048.
↑  Cohen PA, Avula B, Wang YH, Zakharevich I, Khan I (June 2021). "Five Unapproved Drugs Found in Cognitive Enhancement Supplements". Neurology. Clinical Practice. 11 (3): e303–e307. doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000960. PMC 8382366  Periksa nilai |pmc= (bantuan). PMID 34484905 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan).
1 2  Cohen PA, Zakharevich I, Gerona R (March 2020). "Presence of Piracetam in Cognitive Enhancement Dietary Supplements". JAMA Internal Medicine. 180 (3): 458–459. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5507. PMC 6902196 . PMID 31764936.
↑  Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009).  Sydor A, Brown RY, ed. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (edisi ke-2). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. hlm. 454. ISBN 9780071481274.
↑  Gualtieri F, Manetti D, Romanelli MN, Ghelardini C (2002). "Design and study of piracetam-like nootropics, controversial members of the problematic class of cognition-enhancing drugs". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 8 (2): 125–138. doi:10.2174/1381612023396582. PMID 11812254.
↑  John Gridley (30 August 2010). "FDA Warning Letter: Unlimited Nutrition". Office of Compliance, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 January 2017. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2016.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Parker AG, Byars A, Purpura M, Jäger R (September 21, 2015). "The effects of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, caffeine or placebo on markers of mood, cognitive function, power, speed, and agility". Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 12 (Suppl 1): P41. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-12-S1-P41 . ISSN 1550-2783. PMC 4595381 .
↑  Lippelt DP, van der Kint S, van Herk K, Naber M (June 24, 2016). "No Acute Effects of Choline Bitartrate Food Supplements on Memory in Healthy, Young, Human Adults". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0157714. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157714L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157714 . PMC 4920398 . PMID 27341028.
↑  Fioravanti M, Buckley AE (September 2006). "Citicoline (Cognizin) in the treatment of cognitive impairment". Clinical Interventions in Aging. 1 (3): 247–251. doi:10.2147/ciia.2006.1.3.247 . PMC 2695184 . PMID 18046877.
↑  Franco-Maside A, Caamaño J, Gómez MJ, Cacabelos R (October 1994). "Brain mapping activity and mental performance after chronic treatment with CDP-choline in Alzheimer's disease". Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 16 (8): 597–607. PMID 7760585.
↑  Puttarak P, Dilokthornsakul P, Saokaew S, Dhippayom T, Kongkaew C, Sruamsiri R, Chuthaputti A, Chaiyakunapruk N (September 2017). "Effects of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. on cognitive function and mood related outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 10646. Bibcode:2017NatSR...710646P. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09823-9. PMC 5587720 . PMID 28878245.
↑  "Gotu kola". Drugs.com. 23 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 21 September 2023.
↑  Laws KR, Sweetnam H, Kondel TK (November 2012). "Is Ginkgo biloba a cognitive enhancer in healthy individuals? A meta-analysis". Human Psychopharmacology. 27 (6): 527–533. doi:10.1002/hup.2259. PMID 23001963.  Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  "Ginkgo". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. September 2016. Diakses tanggal July 9, 2018.
↑  Geng J, Dong J, Ni H, Lee MS, Wu T, Jiang K, Wang G, Zhou AL, Malouf R (December 2010). "Ginseng for cognition". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD007769. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007769.pub2. PMID 21154383.
1 2 3 4 5  Forbes SC, Holroyd-Leduc JM, Poulin MJ, Hogan DB (December 2015). "Effect of Nutrients, Dietary Supplements and Vitamins on Cognition: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Canadian Geriatrics Journal. 18 (4): 231–245. doi:10.5770/cgj.18.189. PMC 4696451 . PMID 26740832.
↑  Gillies D, Leach MJ, Perez Algorta G (April 2023). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (4): CD007986. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007986.pub3. PMC 10103546  Periksa nilai |pmc= (bantuan). PMID 37058600 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan).
↑  Tan ML, Ho JJ, Teh KH (December 2012).  Tan ML, ed. "Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12: CD009398. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009398.pub2. PMID 23235675.
↑  Cooper RE, Tye C, Kuntsi J, Vassos E, Asherson P (July 2015). "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation and cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 29 (7): 753–763. doi:10.1177/0269881115587958. PMID 26040902.  Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)