Pemotongan kelamin perempuan
Catatan kaki

1 2 3 4 5  WHO 2014.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 5.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  UNICEF 2016.
1 2  UNICEF 2013, 50.
1 2  Nussbaum 1999, 119.
↑  Untuk pemotong dan pisaunya: UNICEF 2013, 2, 44–46; untuk usia: 50.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  Abdulcadir et al. 2011.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 15; Toubia & Sharief 2003.
1 2 3  WHO 2018.
1 2  UN 2010; Askew et al. 2016.
↑  Shell-Duncan 2008, 225; Silverman 2004, 420, 427.
↑  Karanja 2009, 93, n. 631.
1 2 3  WHO 2008, 4, 22.
↑  Hayes 1975.
1 2  Hosken 1994.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 6–7.
1 2 3 4  UNICEF 2013, 48.
↑  Zabus 2008, 47.
↑  Zabus 2013, 40.
↑  Abusharaf 2007, 1.
↑  El Guindi 2007, 30.
1 2  Asmani & Abdi 2008, 3–5.
↑  Gruenbaum 2001, 2–3.
↑  Kouba & Muasher 1985, 96–97.
1 2  Abdalla 2007, 190.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 42–44 dan tabel 5, 181 (untuk pemotong), 46 (untuk rumah dan anestesi).
1 2  UNICEF 2005.
1 2 3  Kelly & Hillard 2005, 491.
↑  Wakabi 2007.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 43–45.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 46.
1 2  Yoder, Wang & Johansen 2013, 190.
↑  Jackson et al. 2003.
↑  Klouman, Manongi & Klepp 2005.
↑  Elmusharaf, Elhadi & Almroth 2006.
↑  Yoder, Wang & Johansen 2013, 189; UNICEF 2013, 47.
↑  WHO 2008, 4, 23–28; Abdulcadir et al. 2016.
↑  WHO 2016, Box 1.1 "Types of FGM" Diarsipkan 2017-09-08 di Wayback Machine..
↑  WHO 2008, 25. Lihat pula Toubia 1994 dan Horowitz, Jackson & Teklemariam 1995.
↑  WHO 2008, 4.
↑  WHO 1998.
1 2  Yoder & Khan 2008, 13–14.
↑  "Frequently Asked Questions on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting" Diarsipkan 2015-01-04 di Wayback Machine., United Nations Population Fund, April 2010.
↑  Ismail 2016, 12.
↑  El Guindi 2007, 43.
1 2  Ismail 2016, 14.
↑  Abdalla 2007, 190–191, 198.
↑  El Dareer 1982, 56–64.
↑  Lightfoot-Klein 1989, 380; lihat pula El Dareer 1982, 42–49.
↑  WHO 2008, 24.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 7.
1 2  WHO 2008, 27.
↑  WHO 2005, 31.
↑  Untuk negara-negara dengan temuan peregangan labia (Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambik, Namibia, Afrika Selatan, Tanzania, Uganda, dan Zimbabwe), lihat Nzegwu 2011, 262; untuk sisanya, Bagnol & Mariano 2011, 272–276 (272 untuk Uganda).
↑  Mandara 2000, 98, 100; untuk fistula, 102; lihat pula Mandara 2004
↑  Berg et al. 2014.
↑  Reisel & Creighton 2015, 49.
↑  Berg & Underland 2014, 2.
↑  Reisel & Creighton 2015, 49; Iavazzo, Sardi & Gkegkes 2013; Abdulcadir et al. 2011.
1 2 3  Reisel & Creighton 2015, 50.
1 2 3  Kelly & Hillard 2005, 491–492.
↑  Dave, Sethi & Morrone 2011.
1 2  Rushwan 2013, 132.
↑  El Dareer 1982, 37.
↑  Rashid & Rashid 2007, 99.
↑  Rashid & Rashid 2007, 97.
↑  Banks et al. 2006.
↑  "New study shows female genital mutilation exposes women and babies to significant risk at childbirth" Diarsipkan 2019-05-02 di Wayback Machine., Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO), 2 Juni 2006.
↑  Berg & Denison 2013; Reisel & Creighton 2015, 51; Sibiani & Rouzi 2008
↑  Yoder, Wang & Johansen 2013, 193.
↑  "DHS overview" Diarsipkan 2014-10-16 di Wayback Machine., Demographic and Health Surveys; "Questionnaires and Indicator List" Diarsipkan 2019-06-03 di Wayback Machine., Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, UNICEF.
↑  Yoder, Wang & Johansen 2013.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 134–135.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 47, tabel 5.2; Yoder, Wang & Johansen 2013, 189.
↑  Rasheed, Abd-Ellah & Yousef 2011.
↑  Okeke, Anyaehie & Ezenyeaku 2012, 70–73.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 47. Untuk profil tahun dan negara: Djibouti, UNICEF, Desember 2013; Eritrea, UNICEF, Juli 2013; Somalia, UNICEF, Desember 2013.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 114.
↑  Nigeria, UNICEF, Juli 2014.
↑  Mackie and LeJeune (UNICEF) 2008, 5.
1 2  UNICEF Indonesia, Februari 2016.
↑  UNICEF 2014, 89–90.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 2.
1 2  UNICEF 2013, 23.
↑  UNICEF 2016, footnote 2.
↑  Cole, Diana (8 Februari 2016). "UNICEF Estimate Of Female Genital Mutilation Up By 70 Million" Diarsipkan 2020-07-31 di Wayback Machine.. National Public Radio.
↑  Belluck, Pam (10 Juni 2017). "Michigan Case Adds U.S. Dimension to Debate on Genital Mutilation" Diarsipkan 2020-10-07 di Wayback Machine.. The New York Times.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 4.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 25, 100; Yoder, Wang & Johansen 2013, 196.
↑  UNICEF 2016, 1.
↑  Yoder, Wang & Johansen 2013, 194; UNICEF 2013, 25.
↑  UNICEF 2014, 2.
↑  Kandala et al. 2018; Ratcliffe, Rebecca (7 November 2018). "FGM rates in east Africa drop from 71% to 8% in 20 years, study shows". The Guardian. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-15. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-20.
↑  UNICEF 2014, 3.
↑  Untuk area pedesaan, UNICEF 2013, 28; untuk kekayaan, 40; untuk pendidikan, 41.
↑  Mackie 2000, 275.
1 2  UNICEF 2013, 47, 183.
↑  UNICEF 2005 Diarsipkan 2018-09-28 di Wayback Machine., 6.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 51.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 28–37.
↑  UNICEF 2013 Diarsipkan 2015-04-05 di Wayback Machine.. For eight percent in Iraq, 27, box 4.4, group 5; for the regions in Iraq, 31, map 4.6). Lihat pula Yasin et al. 2013.
↑  Yoder, Wang & Johansen 2013, 196, 198.
↑  "Guinea" (2012), UNICEF statistical profile, Juli 2014, 2/4.
↑  Chad: UNICEF 2013, 35–36; Nigeria: Okeke, Anyaehie & Ezenyeaku 2012, 70–73. FGM dipraktikkan di Nigeria oleh orang-orang Yoruba, Hausa, Ibo, Ijaw, dan Kanuri.
↑  "Stephanie Walsh. The 1996 Pulitzer Prize Winners: Feature Photography". The Pulitzer Prizes. 1996. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 Oktober 2015.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Abdalla 2007, 187.
↑  El Guindi 2007, 35, 42, 46.
↑  Mackie 1996, 1003.
↑  El Guindi 2007, 35.
↑  Shell-Duncan 2008, 228.
↑  Khazan 2015.
↑  Hayes 1975, 620, 624.
↑  Mackie 1996, 999–1000.
1 2  Ahmadu 2000, 284–285.
↑  Abusharaf 2007, 8; El Guindi 2007, 36–37.
↑  Boddy 2007, 112; lihat pula Boddy 1989, 52–61.
↑  Gruenbaum 2005, 435–436.
↑  Gruenbaum 2005, 437; Gruenbaum 2001, 140.
↑  Bagnol & Mariano 2011, 277–281.
↑  WHO 2008, 27–28.
↑  Gruenbaum 2005, 437.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 67.
↑  El Dareer 1983, 140.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 178.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 52. Lihat pula gambar 6.1, 54, dan gambar 8.1A – 8.1D, 90–91.
↑  Gueye, Malick (4 Februari 2014). "Social Norm Change Theorists meet again in Keur Simbara, Senegal" Diarsipkan 2017-03-11 di Wayback Machine., Tostan.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 15.
↑  Gruenbaum 2005, 432–433.
↑  Mackie 2003, 147–148.
↑  Diop et al. (UNICEF) 2008.
↑  Mackie 2000, 256ff.
↑  "Female Genital Cutting". Tostan. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 Agustus 2019.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  "Female genital mutilation (FGM) frequently asked questions". UNFPA. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-07-06. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-21.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 69–71.
↑  Gruenbaum 2001, 50; Mackie and LeJeune (UNICEF) 2008, 8–9.
↑  Mackie 1996, 1008.
1 2  UNICEF 2013, 175.
1 2  Mackie 1996, 1004–1005.
↑  Roald 2003, 224; Asmani & Abdi 2008, 6–13
↑  Roald 2003, 243.
↑  UNICEF press release, 2 Juli 2007; UNICEF 2013, 70.
↑  Michael, Maggie (29 Juni 2007). "Egypt Officials Ban Female Circumcision" Diarsipkan 2017-09-20 di Wayback Machine., Associated Press, 2.
↑  Sholeh 2012, 37.
↑  Kunhiyop 2008, 297.
↑  Murray 1976.
↑  UNICEF 2013, hlm. 73, figure 6.13.
↑  UNICEF 2013, halaman sampul dan hlm. 175.
↑  Cohen 2005, 59; Berlin 2011, 173.
1 2 3  Knight 2001, 330.
↑  Mackie 2000, 264, 267.
↑  O'Rourke 2007, 166ff (hieroglif), 172 (wanita yang menstruasi).
↑  Knight 2001, 329–330; Kenyon 1893.
↑  Knight 2001, 331.
↑  Strabo, Geographica, c. 25 BCE, cited in Knight 2001, 318
↑  Strabo, Geographica, Book VII, chapter 2, 17.2.5. Cohen 2005, 59–61 argues that Strabo conflated the Jews with the Egyptians.
↑  Knight 2001, 326.
↑  Knight 2001, 333.
↑  Knight 2001, 336.
↑  Knight 2001, 327–328.
↑  Knight 2001, 328.
↑  Mackie 1996, 1003, 1009.
1 2 3  J. F. C. 1873, 155, dikutip dalam Allen 2000, 106.
↑  Rodriguez 2008.
↑  Thomas 1813, 585–586; Shorter 2008, 82.
↑  Elchalal et al. 1997; Shorter 2008, 82.
↑  Elchalal et al. 1997.
↑  McGregor 1998, 146.
↑  Sheehan 1981, 14; Black 1997, 405.
↑  Hoberman 2005, 63.
↑  Cutner 1985, cited in Nour 2008. Lihat pula Barker-Benfield 1999, 113.
1 2  Rodriguez 2014, 149–153.
↑  Wilkerson, Isabel (11 Desember 1988). "Charges Against Doctor Bring Ire and Questions". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-08-16. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-21. 
Donaldson James, Susan (13 Desember 2012). "Ohio Woman Still Scarred By 'Love' Doctor's Sex Surgery". ABC News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-21.
↑  "Doctor Loses Practice Over Genital Surgery". Associated Press. 26 Januari 1989. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-31. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-21.
↑  Mufuka 2003, 55.
↑  Thomas 2000, 132. Untuk irua, Kenyatta 1962, 129; untuk irugu sebagai orang buangan, Kenyatta 1962, 127.Lihat pula Zabus 2008, 48.
↑  Kenyatta 1962, 127–130.
↑  Fiedler 1996, 75.
↑  Thomas 2000, 132; untuk "mutilasi seksual wanita", Karanja 2009, 93, n. 631. Lihat pula Strayer & Murray 1978, 139ff.
↑  Boddy 2007, 241–245; Hyam 1990, 196; Murray 1976, 92–104.
↑  Boddy 2007, 241, 244; Robert 1996, 230.
↑  wa Kihurani, Warigia wa Johanna & Murigo wa Meshak 2007, 118–120; Peterson 2012, 217.
↑  Thomas 2000, 129–131 (131 untuk para gadis sebagai "aktor utama"); juga dalam Thomas 1996 dan Thomas 2003, 89–91.
↑  Topping, Alexandra (24 Juli 2014). "Kenyan girls taken to remote regions to undergo FGM in secret". The Guardian. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-31. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-21.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 10.
↑  Boddy 2007, 202, 299.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 2, 9.
↑  Elduma 2018.
↑  Boyle 2002, 92, 103.
↑  Boyle 2002, 41.
1 2  Bagnol & Mariano 2011, 281.
↑  Gruenbaum 2001, 22; Khaleeli, Homa (15 April 2010). "Nawal El Saadawi: Egypt's radical feminist" Diarsipkan 2015-09-26 di Wayback Machine., The Guardian.
↑  El Saadawi 2007, 14.
↑  Hayes 1975, 21.
↑  Abdalla 2007, 201.
↑  Topping, Alexandra (23 Juni 2014). "Somaliland's leading lady for women's rights: 'It is time for men to step up'" Diarsipkan 2017-01-01 di Wayback Machine., The Guardian.
↑  Yoder & Khan 2008, 2.
↑  Mackie 2003, 139.
↑  Hosken 1994, 5.
↑  Boyle 2002, 47; Bagnol & Mariano 2011, 281.
↑  Abusharaf 2007, 176-180.
↑  Abusharaf 2007, 180.
↑  Rahman & Toubia 2000, 10-11; untuk Wina, lihat UNICEF 2013, 8
↑  Emma Bonino, "A brutal custom: Join forces to banish the mutilation of women" Diarsipkan 2015-05-31 di Wayback Machine., The New York Times, 15 September 2004; Maputo Protocol, 7–8.
1 2 3  UNICEF 2013, 8.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 8–9.
↑  UNFPA–UNICEF Annual Report 2012, 12.
↑  "48/104. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women" Diarsipkan 2006-02-02 di Wayback Machine., United Nations General Assembly, 20 Desember 1993.
↑  Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs, "Commemorating International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation" Diarsipkan 13 Februari 2010 di Wayback Machine., Population Reference Bureau, Februari 2009.
↑  UNICEF 2013, 15; UNICEF 2010.
↑  UNFPA 2013, "Executive Summary", 4.
↑  UNFPA 2013, Volume 1, viii.
↑  WHO 2008, 8.
↑  UN resolution, 20 Desember 2012; Emma Bonino, "Banning Female Genital Mutilation" Diarsipkan 2017-01-01 di Wayback Machine., The New York Times, 19 Desember 2012.
↑  Australia: "Review of Australia's Female Genital Mutilation Legal Framework" Diarsipkan 2016-03-05 di Wayback Machine., Attorney General's Department, Government of Australia.
Selandia Baru: "Section 204A – Female genital mutilation – Crimes Act 1961" Diarsipkan 2011-11-23 di Wayback Machine., New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office.
Eropa: "Eliminating female genital mutilation" Diarsipkan 2014-08-08 di Wayback Machine., European Commission.
Amerika Serikat: "18 U.S. Code § 116 – Female genital mutilation" Diarsipkan 2014-08-03 di Wayback Machine., Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School.
Kanada: Section 268 Diarsipkan 2019-05-02 di Wayback Machine., Criminal Code, Justice Laws website, Government of Canada.
1 2  "Current situation of female genital mutilation in Sweden" Diarsipkan 2017-03-19 di Wayback Machine., European Institute for Gender Equality, European Union.
↑  Boyle 2002, 97.
1 2 3  "Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in the United States: Updated Estimates of Women and Girls at Risk, 2012" Diarsipkan 2017-12-21 di Wayback Machine., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Reports, 131, Maret–April 2016.
↑  Julie Turkewitz, "Effects of Ancient Custom Present New Challenge to U.S. Doctors: Genital Cutting Cases Seen More as Immigration Rises" Diarsipkan 2018-01-31 di Wayback Machine., The New York Times, 6 Februari 2015.
↑  Jones et al. 1997, 372.
↑  Rudloff 1995, 877.
↑  Egan, Timothy (1994-03-04). "An Ancient Ritual and a Mother's Asylum Plea". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-09-03. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-28.
↑  Gregory, Sophfronia Scott (21 Maret 1994). "At Risk of Mutilation". Time. hlm. 45.
↑  Celia W. Dugger, "June 9–15; Asylum From Mutilation" Diarsipkan 2020-06-21 di Wayback Machine.,The New York Times, 16 Juni 1996.
"In re Fauziya KASINGA, file A73 476 695" Diarsipkan 2017-03-04 di Wayback Machine., U.S. Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review, decided 13 Juni 1996.
↑  "Man gets 10-year sentence for circumcision of 2-year-old daughter" Diarsipkan 2017-09-02 di Wayback Machine., Associated Press, 1 November 2006.
↑  Schmidt, Samantha (21 November 2018). "Judge rules that federal law banning female genital mutilation is unconstitutional" Diarsipkan 2020-08-20 di Wayback Machine.. The Washington Post.
↑  "Female Genital Mutilation". Pediatrics. 102 (1): 153–156. 1 Juli 1998. doi:10.1542/peds.102.1.153. PMID 9651425. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-02-18. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-22. 
Kebijakan yang sudah dicabut: American Academy of Pediatrics Board of Directors (1 Mei 2010). "Ritual Genital Cutting of Female Minors". Pediatrics. 125 (5): 1088–1093. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0187 . PMID 20421257. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-10-20. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-22. 
Pam Belluck, "Group Backs Ritual 'Nick' as Female Circumcision Option" Diarsipkan 2018-01-18 di Wayback Machine., The New York Times, 6 Mei 2010.
1 2  Clyde H. Farnsworth, "Canada Gives Somali Mother Refugee Status" Diarsipkan 2017-08-13 di Wayback Machine., The New York Times, 21 Juli 1994.
↑  Section 268 Diarsipkan 2019-05-02 di Wayback Machine., Criminal Code of Canada.
↑  Poisson, Jayme (14 Juli 2017). "Canadian girls are being taken abroad to undergo female genital mutilation, documents reveal". The Toronto Star. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 Agustus 2017.
↑  Yoder, Wang & Johansen 2013, 195.
1 2  Gallard 1995, 1592.
1 2 3  Megan Rowling "France reduces genital cutting with prevention, prosecutions – lawyer" Diarsipkan 2017-01-01 di Wayback Machine., Thomson Reuters Foundation, 27 September 2012.
↑  Jana Meredyth Talton, "Asylum for Genital-Mutilation Fugitives: Building a Precedent", Ms., Januari/Februari 1992, 17.
↑  "Current situation of female genital mutilation in France" Diarsipkan 2016-02-07 di Wayback Machine., European Institute for Gender Equality, European Union.
↑  Gollaher 2000, 189.
↑  Alison Macfarlane and Efua Dorkenoo, "Female Genital Mutilation in England and Wales" Diarsipkan 15 Agustus 2015 di Wayback Machine., City University of London and Equality Now, 21 Juli 2014, 3.
"Country Report: United Kingdom" Diarsipkan 2017-03-19 di Wayback Machine., Study to map the current situation and trends of FGM: Country reports, European Institute for Gender Equality, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013, 487–532.
Untuk artikel yang lebih lama mengenai FGM di Britania Raya, lihat Black & Debelle 1995
↑  Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985 Diarsipkan 2017-01-01 di Wayback Machine., legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives.
↑  Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 Diarsipkan 2017-07-14 di Wayback Machine. and "Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation (Scotland) Act 2005" Diarsipkan 2017-07-14 di Wayback Machine., legislation.gov.uk.
↑  "Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003" Diarsipkan 2017-07-14 di Wayback Machine., legislation.gov.uk, and "Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003" Diarsipkan 2013-09-08 di Wayback Machine. (legal guidance), Crown Prosecution Service: "The Act refers to 'girls', though it also applies to women."
↑  CEDAW, Juli 2013, 6, paragraf 36, 37.
↑  Sandra Laville, "Doctor found not guilty of FGM on patient at London hospital" Diarsipkan 2018-02-06 di Wayback Machine., The Guardian, 4 Februari 2015.
↑  Nnaemeka 2005, 34.
↑  Silverman 2004, 420.
↑  Kirby 2005, 83.
↑  Nnaemeka 2005, 33.
↑  Tamale 2011, 19–20.
↑  Nnaemeka 2005, 30–33.
↑  Korieh 2005, 121–122; for the photographs, see "Stephanie Walsh. The 1996 Pulitzer Prize Winners: Feature Photography". The Pulitzer Prizes. 1996. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 Oktober 2015.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Walley 2002, 18, 34, 43, 60.
↑  Nnaemeka 2005, 38–39.
↑  Johnsdotter & Essén 2010, 32; Berer 2007, 1335.
↑  Conroy 2006.
↑  El Guindi 2007, 33.
↑  Wildenthal 2012, 148.
↑  Obermeyer 1999, 94.
↑  Sara Abdel Rahim, "From Midwives to Doctors: Searching for “Safer” Circumcisions in Egypt?" Diarsipkan 2017-07-30 di Wayback Machine., The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy, 25 September 2014.
↑  WHO 2008, 28.
↑  Johnsdotter & Essén 2010, 33; Essén & Johnsdotter 2004, 32.
↑  Nussbaum 1999, 123–124.
↑  Lihat pula Yael Tamir, "Hands Off Clitoridectomy" Diarsipkan 8 Agustus 2014 di Wayback Machine., Boston Review, Summer 1996; Martha Nussbaum, "Double Moral Standards?" Diarsipkan 8 Agustus 2014 di Wayback Machine., Boston Review, Oktober/November 1996.
↑  Nancy Ehrenreich, Mark Barr, "Intersex Surgery, Female Genital Cutting, and the Selective Condemnation of 'Cultural Practices'" Diarsipkan 2017-05-17 di Wayback Machine., Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 40(1), 2005 (71–140), 74–75.
Gregorio, I. W. (26 April 2017). "Should Surgeons Perform Irreversible Genital Surgery on Children?". Newsweek. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-22.
↑  "Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability" (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2007. hlm. 7. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2015-12-22. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-22.
1 2  American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision (September 2012). "Male Circumcision". Pediatrics. 130 (3): e756–85. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1990 . PMID 22926175. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-22. 
Freedman, Andrew L. (Mei 2016). "The Circumcision Debate: Beyond Benefits and Risks". Pediatrics. 137 (5): e20160594. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0594 . PMID 27244839. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-22.
↑  Frisch, Morten; Aigrain, Yves; Barauskas, Vidmantas;  et al. (April 2013). "Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision". Pediatrics. 131 (4): 796–800. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2896 . PMID 23509170. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-22. 
American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision (April 2013). "Cultural Bias and Circumcision: The AAP Task Force on Circumcision Responds". Pediatrics. 131 (4): 801–4. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-0081 . PMID 23509171. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2020-05-22.
↑  Jacobs, Grady & Bolnick 2012, 4–7.