stanford-oval/wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Manajemen siklus produk
Phases of product lifecycle and corresponding technologies > All phases: product lifecycle > Communicate, manage and collaborate

None of the above phases can be seen in isolation. In reality a project does not run sequentially or in isolation of other product development projects. Information is flowing between different people and systems.
A major part of PLM is the co-ordination and management of product definition data. This includes managing engineering changes and release status of components; configuration product variations; document management; planning project resources and timescale and risk assessment.
For these tasks graphical, text and metadata such as product bills of materials (BOMs) needs to be managed. At the engineering departments level this is the domain of PDM – (product data management) software, at the corporate level EDM (enterprise data management) software, these two definitions tend to blur however but it is typical to see two or more data management systems within an organization. These systems are also linked to other corporate systems such as SCM, CRM, and ERP. Associated with these system are project management Systems for project/program planning.
This central role is covered by numerous collaborative product development tools which run throughout the whole lifecycle and across organizations. This requires many technology tools in the areas of conferencing, data sharing and data translation. The field being product visualization which includes technologies such as DMU (digital mock-up), immersive virtual digital prototyping (virtual reality), and photo-realistic imaging.
Phases of product lifecycle and corresponding technologies > All phases: product lifecycle > User skills

The broad array of solutions that make up the tools used within a PLM solution-set (e.g., CAD, CAM, CAx...) were initially used by dedicated practitioners who invested time and effort to gain the required skills. Designers and engineers worked wonders with CAD systems, manufacturing engineers became highly skilled CAM users while analysts, administrators and managers fully mastered their support technologies. However, achieving the full advantages of PLM requires the participation of many people of various skills from throughout an extended enterprise, each requiring the ability to access and operate on the inputs and output of other participants.
Despite the increased ease of use of PLM tools, cross-training all personnel on the entire PLM tool-set has not proven to be practical. Now, however, advances are being made to address ease of use for all participants within the PLM arena. One such advance is the availability of "role" specific user interfaces. Through tailorable UIs, the commands that are presented to users are appropriate to their function and expertise.
These techniques include:-
Concurrent engineering workflow
Industrial design
Bottom–up design
Top–down design
Front-loading design workflow
Design in context
Modular design
NPD new product development
DFSS design for Six Sigma
DFMA design for manufacture / assembly
Digital simulation engineering
Requirement-driven design
Specification-managed validation
Configuration management
Phases of product lifecycle and corresponding technologies > Concurrent engineering workflow

Concurrent engineering (British English: simultaneous engineering) is a workflow that, instead of working sequentially through stages, carries out a number of tasks in parallel. For example: starting tool design as soon as the detailed design has started, and before the detailed designs of the product are finished; or starting on detail design solid models before the concept design surfaces models are complete. Although this does not necessarily reduce the amount of manpower required for a project, as more changes are required due to the incomplete and changing information, it does drastically reduce lead times and thus time to market.
Feature-based CAD systems have for many years allowed the simultaneous work on 3D solid model and the 2D drawing by means of two separate files, with the drawing looking at the data in the model; when the model changes the drawing will associatively update. Some CAD packages also allow associative copying of geometry between files. This allows, for example, the copying of a part design into the files used by the tooling designer. The manufacturing engineer can then start work on tools before the final design freeze; when a design changes size or shape the tool geometry will then update.
Concurrent engineering also has the added benefit of providing better and more immediate communication between departments, reducing the chance of costly, late design changes. It adopts a problem prevention method as compared to the problem solving and re-designing method of traditional sequential engineering.
Phases of product lifecycle and corresponding technologies > Bottom–up design

Bottom–up design (CAD-centric) occurs where the definition of 3D models of a product starts with the construction of individual components. These are then virtually brought together in sub-assemblies of more than one level until the full product is digitally defined. This is sometimes known as the review structure showing what the product will look like. The BOM contains all of the physical (solid) components; it may (but not also) contain other items required for the final product BOM such as paint, glue, oil and other materials commonly described as 'bulk items'. Bulk items typically have mass and quantities but are not usually modelled with geometry.
Bottom–up design tends to focus on the capabilities of available real-world physical technology, implementing those solutions which this technology is most suited to. When these bottom–up solutions have real-world value, bottom–up design can be much more efficient than top–down design. The risk of bottom–up design is that it very efficiently provides solutions to low-value problems. The focus of bottom–up design is "what can we most efficiently do with this technology?" rather than the focus of top–down which is "What is the most valuable thing to do?"
Phases of product lifecycle and corresponding technologies > Top–down design

Top–down design is focused on high-level functional requirements, with relatively less focus on existing implementation technology. A top level spec is decomposed into lower and lower level structures and specifications, until the physical implementation layer is reached. The risk of a top–down design is that it will not take advantage of the most efficient applications of current physical technology, especially with respect to hardware implementation. Top–down design sometimes results in excessive layers of lower-level abstraction and inefficient performance when the Top–down model has followed an abstraction path which does not efficiently fit available physical-level technology. The positive value of top–down design is that it preserves a focus on the optimum solution requirements.
A part-centric top–down design may eliminate some of the risks of top–down design. This starts with a layout model, often a simple 2D sketch defining basic sizes and some major defining parameters. Industrial design brings creative ideas to product development. Geometry from this is associatively copied down to the next level, which represents different subsystems of the product. The geometry in the sub-systems is then used to define more detail in levels below. Depending on the complexity of the product, a number of levels of this assembly are created until the basic definition of components can be identified, such as position and principal dimensions. This information is then associatively copied to component files. In these files the components are detailed; this is where the classic bottom–up assembly starts.
The top–down assembly is sometime known as a control structure. If a single file is used to define the layout and parameters for the review structure it is often known as a skeleton file.
Defense engineering traditionally develops the product structure from the top down. The system engineering process prescribes a functional decomposition of requirements and then physical allocation of product structure to the functions. This top down approach would normally have lower levels of the product structure developed from CAD data as a bottom–up structure or design.
Phases of product lifecycle and corresponding technologies > Both-ends-against-the-middle design

Both-ends-against-the-middle (BEATM) design is a design process that endeavors to combine the best features of top–down design, and bottom–up design into one process. A BEATM design process flow may begin with an emergent technology which suggests solutions which may have value, or it may begin with a top–down view of an important problem which needs a solution. In either case the key attribute of BEATM design methodology is to immediately focus at both ends of the design process flow: a top–down view of the solution requirements, and a bottom–up view of the available technology which may offer promise of an efficient solution. The BEATM design process proceeds from both ends in search of an optimum merging somewhere between the top–down requirements, and bottom–up efficient implementation. In this fashion, BEATM has been shown to genuinely offer the best of both methodologies. Indeed some of the best success stories from either top–down or bottom–up have been successful because of an intuitive, yet unconscious use of the BEATM methodology. When employed consciously, BEATM offers even more powerful advantages.
Phases of product lifecycle and corresponding technologies > Front loading design and workflow

Front loading is taking top–down design to the next stage. The complete control structure and review structure, as well as downstream data such as drawings, tooling development and CAM models, are constructed before the product has been defined or a project kick-off has been authorized. These assemblies of files constitute a template from which a family of products can be constructed. When the decision has been made to go with a new product, the parameters of the product are entered into the template model and all the associated data is updated. Obviously predefined associative models will not be able to predict all possibilities and will require additional work. The main principle is that a lot of the experimental/investigative work has already been completed. A lot of knowledge is built into these templates to be reused on new products. This does require additional resources "up front" but can drastically reduce the time between project kick-off and launch. Such methods do however require organizational changes, as considerable engineering efforts are moved into "offline" development departments. It can be seen as an analogy to creating a concept car to test new technology for future products, but in this case the work is directly used for the next product generation.
Phases of product lifecycle and corresponding technologies > Design in context

Individual components cannot be constructed in isolation. CAD and CaiD models of components are designed within the context of part or all of the product being developed. This is achieved using assembly modelling techniques. Other components’ geometry can be seen and referenced within the CAD tool being used. The other components within the sub-assembly may or may not have been constructed in the same system, their geometry being translated from other collaborative product development (CPD) formats. Some assembly checking such as DMU is also carried out using product visualization software.
Product and process lifecycle management (PPLM)

Product and process lifecycle management (PPLM) is an alternate genre of PLM in which the process by which the product is made is just as important as the product itself. Typically, this is the life sciences and advanced specialty chemicals markets. The process behind the manufacture of a given compound is a key element of the regulatory filing for a new drug application. As such, PPLM seeks to manage information around the development of the process in a similar fashion that baseline PLM talks about managing information around development of the product.
One variant of PPLM implementations are Process Development Execution Systems (PDES). They typically implement the whole development cycle of high-tech manufacturing technology developments, from initial conception, through development and into manufacture. PDES integrate people with different backgrounds from potentially different legal entities, data, information and knowledge and business processes.
Market size

Total spending on PLM software and services was estimated in 2006 to be above $30 billion a year.
Market growth estimates are in the area of 10%.
Lihat pula

System lifecycle
Application lifecycle management
Building lifecycle management
Cradle to Cradle Design
ISO 10303 – Standard for the Exchange of Product model data
Mass production
Product management
User-centered design
Product data record
Muhammad Syafiuddin II

Muhammad Syafiuddin II
Muhammad Syafiuddin II (18 November 1841 – 12 September 1924
) adalah seorang sultan Sambas. Pada 1891, ia dianugerahi Bahaderi Singa Nederland (Rider in de orde van den Nederlansche Indie Leeuw) oleh Raja William III dari Belanda. Pada 1916, ia dianugerahi bintang Kommander in Orde Oranye Nassau oleh Ratu Wilhelmina.
Pemrograman berorientasi objek

Pemrograman berorientasi objek (Inggris: object-oriented programming disingkat OOP) merupakan paradigma pemrograman berdasarkan konsep "objek", yang dapat berisi data, dalam bentuk field atau dikenal juga sebagai atribut; serta kode, dalam bentuk fungsi/prosedur atau dikenal juga sebagai method. Semua data dan fungsi di dalam paradigma ini dibungkus dalam kelas-kelas atau objek-objek. Bandingkan dengan logika pemrograman terstruktur. Setiap objek dapat menerima pesan, memproses data, dan mengirim pesan ke objek lainnya,
Model data berorientasi objek dikatakan dapat memberi fleksibilitas yang lebih, kemudahan mengubah program, dan digunakan luas dalam teknik peranti lunak skala besar. Lebih jauh lagi, pendukung OOP mengklaim bahwa OOP lebih mudah dipelajari bagi pemula dibanding dengan pendekatan sebelumnya, dan pendekatan OOP lebih mudah dikembangkan dan dirawat.
Bahasa pemrograman

Berikut ini adalah Bahasa pemrograman yang mendukung OOP antara lain seperti:
Visual Foxpro
Java
C++
Pascal (bahasa pemrograman)
SIMULA
Smalltalk
Ruby
Python
PHP
TypeScript
C#
Delphi
Eiffel
Perl
Adobe Flash AS 3.0
| Pengawasan otoritas  |
| --- | --- |
Umum:  Integrated Authority File (Jerman) 
Perpustakaan nasional:  Spanyol  Prancis (data)  Amerika Serikat  Jepang  Republik Ceko 
Lain-lain:  Faceted Application of Subject Terminology  Microsoft Academic
Half Japanese

| --- | --- |
  


 
 
Kegiatan
Periode aktif: 1975  –
Genre: Art rock dan rok alternatif 
Label rekaman: Joyful Noise Recordings (en)   Drag City (en)   Alternative Tentacles  50 Skidillion Watts (en)   

         
Half Japanese adalah kelompok punk rock yang didirikan oleh Jad dan David Fair di Uniontown, Maryland pada 1975. Seperti The Shaggs, mereka adalah musikus otodidak dan teks lagu mereka banyak berhubungan dengan film horror dan fiksi ilmiah.
Beberapa penggemar Half Japanese adalah Penn Jillette, yang membantu mereka menerbitkan beberapa rekaman melalui perusahaan rekamannya 50 Skidillion Watts, dan Kurt Cobain, yang merekrut mereka sebagai band pembuka Nirvana pada 1993.
Diskografi

Half Alive (1977)
Calling All Girls 7" (1977)
Mono/No No 7" (1978)
Half Gentlemen/Not Beasts (1980)
Loud (1981)
Spy/I know how it Feels...Bad/My Knowledge Was Wrong 7" (1981)
Horrible (1982)
50 Skidillion Watts Live (1984)
Our Solar System (1985)
Sing No Evil (1985)
U.S. Teens Are Spoiled Bums 7" (1988)
Charmed Life (1988)
Real Cool Time/What Can I Do/Monopoly EP (1989)
the Band That Would Be King (1989)
We Are They Who Ache with Amorous Love (1990)
T For Texas/Go Go Go Go 7" (1990)
Everybody Knows, Twang 1 EP (1991)
4 Four Kids EP (1991)
Eye of the Hurricane/Said and Done/U.S. Teens are Spoiled Bums/Daytona Beach EP (1991)
Fire In the Sky (1993)
Postcard EP (1991)
Best Of Half Japanese (1993)
Boo: Live in Europe 1 (1994)
Hot (1995)
Greatest Hits (1995)
Best Of Half Japanese Vol. 2 (1995)
Bone Head (1997)
Heaven Sent (1997)
Hello (2001)
Pranala luar

The Half Japanese Fan Site Diarsipkan 2006-05-28 di Wayback Machine.
Half Japanese entry at the Trouser Press website Diarsipkan 2012-04-26 di Wayback Machine.
Half Japanese band page at Alternative Tentacles label website Diarsipkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine.
Epitonic.com: Half Japanese Diarsipkan 2005-11-25 di Wayback Machine. featuring tracks from "Hello"
Myspace Page Diarsipkan 2022-11-23 di Wayback Machine. featuring tracks from various albums
| Pengawasan otoritas  |
| --- | --- |
Umum:  ISNI 1  VIAF 1  WorldCat (via VIAF) 
Perpustakaan nasional:  Prancis (data)  Amerika Serikat 
Lain-lain:  MusicBrainz artist
Heinsberg (distrik)

| Lambang | Peta |
| --- | --- |

Data dasar
Bundesland:: Nordrhein-Westfalen
Regierungsbezirk:: Köln
Ibu kota:: Heinsberg
Luas wilayah:: 627,995 km²
Penduduk:: 256.956 (31 Mei  2005)
Kepadatan penduduk:: 409 jiwa per km²
Pelat kendaraan bermotor:: HS
Pembagian administratif:: 10 Gemeinden
Alamat Kreisverwaltung:: Valkenburger Straße 45 52525 Heinsberg
Situs web resmi:: www.kreis-heinsberg.de Diarsipkan 2020-03-19 di Wayback Machine.
Alamat e-mail:: info@kreis-heinsberg.de
Politik
Bupati:: Stephan Pusch (CDU)
Peta

Heinsberg adalah sebuah distrik (Landkreis) di Nordrhein-Westfalen, Jerman.
| l b Nordrhein-Westfalen |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Landkreise  (Distrik) | Aachen • Borken • Coesfeld • Düren • Ennepe-Ruhr • Rhein-Erft-Kreis • Euskirchen • Gütersloh • Heinsberg • Herford • Hochsauerlandkreis • Höxter • Kleve • Lippe • Märkischer Kreis • Mettmann • Minden-Lübbecke • Rhein-Kreis Neuss • Oberbergischer Kreis • Olpe • Paderborn • Recklinghausen • Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis • Rhein-Sieg • Siegen-Wittgenstein • Soest • Steinfurt • Unna • Viersen • Warendorf • Wesel |  |
| Kreisfreie Städte (Kota otonom) | Aachen • Bielefeld • Bochum • Bonn • Bottrop • Köln • Dortmund • Duisburg • Düsseldorf • Essen • Gelsenkirchen • Hagen • Hamm • Herne • Krefeld • Leverkusen • Mönchengladbach • Mülheim an der Ruhr • Münster • Oberhausen • Remscheid • Solingen • Wuppertal |  |
Herschel Space Observatory

Herschel Space Observatory adalah sebuah observatorium ruang angkasa yang dibangun dan dioperasikan oleh European Space Agency (ESA). Itu aktif 2009-2013, dan merupakan teleskop inframerah terbesar yang pernah diluncurkan, Membawa cermin 3,5 meter tunggal (11,5 ft) dan instrumen sensitif terhadap inframerah jauh dan wavebands submillimetre (55-672 mm). Herschel adalah misi landasan keempat dalam program sains ESA, bersama dengan Rosetta, Planck, dan Gaia. Amerika Serikat, melalui NASA, berpartisipasi dalam program ini.
Sara, Kaimana, Kaimana

| Sara |
| --- | --- |
Kampung
Negara:  Indonesia
Provinsi: Papua Barat
Kabupaten: Kaimana
Distrik: Kaimana
Kodepos: 98113
Kode Kemendagri: 92.08.01.2017 
Luas: 319,73 km²
Jumlah penduduk: 197 (2020)
Kepadatan: 1 jiwa/km²
Sara atau Faranyau adalah sebuah kampung yang berada di distrik Kaimana, kabupaten Kaimana, provinsi Papua Barat, Indonesia.  Berdasarkan data Kementerian Dalam Negeri (Kemendagri) tahun 2020, penduduk di daerah ini berjumlah 197 jiwa, dimana laki-laki sebanyak 104 jiwa, dan perempuan sebanyak 93 jiwa. Luas wilayah 319,73 km², dengan kepadatan penduduk sebanyak 1 jiwa/km².
Suku asli yang tinggal di kabupaten Kaimana adalah suku Kuripasai, Miere, Mairasi, Irarutu, Kowiai, Suku Oburau, Madewana dan Kuri. Penduduk Kaimana memiliki keberagaman agama yang dianut. Persentasi penduduk menurut agama di daerah ini yakni Kristen Protestan 100%.
Ommatius vivus

| Ommatius vivus |
| --- | --- |

Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:: Animalia
Filum:: Arthropoda
Kelas:: Insecta
Ordo:: Diptera
Famili:: Asilidae
Genus:: Ommatius
Spesies:: Ommatius vivus

Ommatius vivus adalah spesies lalat yang tergolong famili Asilidae. Lalat ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Ommatius, ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Lalat ini mempunyai insting predator yang agresif dan makanannya utamanya adalah serangga lain.
Copris confucius

| Copris confucius |
| --- | --- |

Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:: Animalia
Filum:: Arthropoda
Kelas:: Insecta
Ordo:: Coleoptera
Famili:: Scarabaeidae
Genus:: Copris
Spesies:: Copris confucius

Copris confucius adalah spesies kumbang yang berasal dari genus Copris dan famili Scarabaeidae. Kumbang ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Kumbang ini memiliki antena yang terdiri dari plat yang disebut lamela.
Ommatius villosus

| Ommatius villosus |
| --- | --- |

Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:: Animalia
Filum:: Arthropoda
Kelas:: Insecta
Ordo:: Diptera
Famili:: Asilidae
Genus:: Ommatius
Spesies:: Ommatius villosus

Ommatius villosus adalah spesies lalat yang tergolong famili Asilidae. Lalat ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Ommatius, ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Lalat ini mempunyai insting predator yang agresif dan makanannya utamanya adalah serangga lain.
Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower

| Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower |
| --- | --- |
モード学園コクーンタワー

id (in English: Content-based image retrieval)
Informasi umum
Lokasi: 1-7-3 Nishi-Shinjuku Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
Koordinat: 35°41′30″N 139°41′49″E﻿ / ﻿35.69167°N 139.69694°E﻿ / 35.69167; 139.69694
Mulai dibangun: 2006
Rampung: 2008
Pembukaan: Oktober 2008
Tinggi
Atap: 204 meter (669 ft)
Data teknis
Jumlah lantai: 50 lantai atas tanah 3 lantai bawahtanah
Desain dan konstruksi
Arsitek: Tange Associates
Teknisi struktur: Arup
Kontraktor utama: Shimizu Corporation
 Penghargaan(2009) Good Design Award (en)  (2008) Emporis Skyscraper Award (first place) (en)   
Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower (モード学園コクーンタワー, Mōdo gakuen kokūn tawā) merupakan bangunan pendidikan dengan 50 lantai dan tinggi 204 meter.
Bangunan ini terletak di distrik Nishi-shinjuku di Shinjuku, Tokyo, Jepang.
Desain

Sebelum memilih desain untuk lokasi Tokyo yang baru, Mode Gakuen mengadakan kompetisi yang meminta arsitek untuk mengirimkan proposal desain bangunan. Satu-satunya syarat adalah bahwa bangunan itu tidak bisa persegi panjang. Mode Gakuen menerima lebih dari 150 proposal dari sekitar 50 arsitek.
Lihat pula

30 St Mary Axe
Pranala luar

(Jepang) Situs web resmi
Senecio epiphyticus

| Senecio epiphyticus |
| --- | --- |

Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:: Plantae
Klad:: Tracheophyta
Klad:: Angiospermae
Klad:: Eudikotil
Klad:: Asterid
Ordo:: Asterales
Famili:: Asteraceae
Genus:: Senecio
Spesies:: Senecio epiphyticus
Nama binomial
Senecio epiphyticus Kuntze

Senecio epiphyticus adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Asteraceae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Asterales. Spesies Senecio epiphyticus sendiri merupakan bagian dari genus Senecio. Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan oleh Kuntze.