Teori bencana Toba
Kutipan dan catatan

↑  John Savino; Marie D. Jones (2007). Supervolcano: The Catastrophic Event That Changed the Course of Human History: Could Yellowstone Be Next. Career Press. hlm. 140. ISBN 978-1-56414-953-4. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
↑   Chesner & others 1991, p. 200; Jones 2007, p. 174; Oppenheimer 2002, pp. 1593–1594; Ninkovich & others 1978
↑  "The Toba Supervolcano And Human Evolution". Toba.arch.ox.ac.uk. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-12-12. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-05.
↑  http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/VBigIdeas/Supereruptions_files/Super-eruptionsGeolSocLon.pdf
↑  Ninkovich & others 1978.
↑  Chesner & others 1991.
↑  Chesner & others 1991, p. 200; Jones 2007, p. 174; Oppenheimer 2002, pp. 1593–1594; Ninkovich & others 1978
↑  Rose & Chesner 1987, p. 913; Zielinski & Mayewski 1996.
↑  Oppenheimer 2002, p. 1593.
↑  Jones 2007, p. 174; Rose & Chesner 1987, p. 913.
↑  Petraglia & others 2007, p. 114; Zielinski & others 1996, p. 837.
↑  Jones 2007, p. 173
↑  Jones 2007, p. 174; Oppenheimer 2002. pp. 1593–1596.
↑  Rampino & Self 1993a, passim.
↑  Zielinski & others 1996, pp. 837–840.
↑  Rampino & Self 1992, p. 52; Rampino & Self 1993a, p. 277.
↑  (Robock & others 2009) tampaknya setuju dengan pendapat ini.
↑  Oppenheimer 2002, p. 1606.
↑  Robock & others 2009.
↑  Adiabatic Lapse Rate, IUPAC Goldbook
↑  Oppenheimer 2002, pp. 1593, 1601.
1 2  Robock & others 2009.
↑  Self & Blake 2008, p. 41.
↑  Zielinski & others 1996, p. 837.
↑  Robock & others 2009 (page?).
↑  "Doubt over 'volcanic winter' after Toba super-eruption. 2013". Phys.org. 2013-05-02. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-05.
↑  http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/04/24/1301474110.full.pdf+html
↑  Gibbons 1993, hlm. 27
↑  (Rampino & Self 1993)
↑  Ambrose 1998, passim; Gibbons 1993, p. 27; McGuire 2007, pp. 127–128; Rampino & Ambrose 2000,Templat:Cnf pp. 78–80; Rampino & Self 1993b, pp. 1955.
↑  Ambrose 1998; Rampino & Ambrose 2000,Templat:Cnf pp. 71, 80.
↑  Supervolcanoes, BBC2, 3 February 2000
↑  "When humans faced extinction". BBC. 2003-06-09. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-05.
↑  Rampino & Ambrose 2000,Templat:Cnf p. 80.
↑  Ambrose 1998,Templat:Cnf pp. 623–651.
↑  "Mount Toba Eruption – Ancient Humans Unscathed, Study Claims". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-07-08. Diakses tanggal 2008-04-20.
↑  Sanderson, Katherine (July 2007). "Super-eruption: no problem?". Nature. doi:10.1038/news070702-15. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (– Scholar search) tanggal 2008-12-07. Diakses tanggal 2008-12-12.
↑  John Hawks. "At last, the death of the Toba bottleneck".
↑  Lihat pula "Newly Discovered Archaeological Sites in India Reveals Ancient Life before Toba". Anthropology.net. 25 February 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-22. Diakses tanggal 28 February 2010.
↑  "Supervolcano Eruption In Sumatra Deforested India 73,000 Years ago". Science Daily. 24 November 2009. ;
Williams & others 2009.
↑  "Environmental Impact of the 73 ka Toba Super-eruption in South Asia – ScienceDirect". Anthropology.net. 24 November 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-22. Diakses tanggal 3 March 2010. ; "New Evidence Shows Populations Survived the Toba Super-eruption 74,000 Years ago". University of Oxford. 22 February 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-12-30. Diakses tanggal 2014-03-19.
↑  Oppenheimer 2002, pp. 1605, 1606.
↑  Jika hasil ini akurat, maka sebelum kemunculan Homo sapiens di Afrika, jumlah Homo erectus sangat kecil ketika spesies ini menyebar ke seluruh dunia. Lihat Huff & others 2010, p.6; Gibbons 2010.
1 2 3  Dawkins, Richard (2004), "The Grasshopper's Tale", The Ancestor's Tale, A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, hlm. 416, ISBN 0-297-82503-8, ISBN
↑  Ambrose, Stanley H. (February 1, 1998), "Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans" (PDF), Journal of Human Evolution, Academic Press, 34: 623–651, hu980219, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-09-28, diakses tanggal April 2, 2013
↑  Dawkins, Richard (2004), The Ancestor's Tale, A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, ISBN 0-297-82503-8, ISBN
↑  See the chapter All Africa and her progenies in Dawkins, Richard (1995), River Out of Eden, New York: Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-01606-5, ISBN
↑  "'Templeton tree' showing coalescence points of different genes". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2005-12-18. Diakses tanggal 2012-03-10.
↑  ""Population Bottlenecks and Pleistocene Human Evolution", ''Molecular Biology and Evolution''". Mbe.oupjournals.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-07-05. Diakses tanggal 2012-03-10.
↑  Rincon, Paul (2008-04-24). "Human line 'nearly split in two'". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 2012-03-10.
↑  Takahata N (1993), "Allelic genealogy and human evolution", Mol Biol Evol, 10 (1): 2–22, PMID 8450756.
↑  (Schaffner 2004)
↑  Goldberg 1996.
↑  Steiper 2006.
↑  Hernandez & others 2007.
↑  Luo & others 2004.
↑  Thalman & others 2007.
↑  "New 'Molecular Clock' Aids Dating Of Human Migration History". ScienceDaily. Diakses tanggal 2009-06-30.
↑  Petraglia & others 2007, passim.
↑  "Human species before and after the genetic bottleneck associated with Toba". Andaman.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-01-03. Diakses tanggal 2012-03-10.