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↑  Richard Brilliant, "Scenic Representations," in Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century Diarsipkan 2015-04-26 di Wayback Machine. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979), hlm. 96–97.
↑  Bruno Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," diterjemahkan oleh James Clackson, dalam A Companion to the Latin Language (Blackwell, 2011), hlm. 560.
↑  Alex Mullen, "Introduction: Multiple Languages, Multiple Identities," in Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds (Cambridge University Press, 2012), hlm. 28.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 554, 556.
↑  J.N. Adams, "Romanitas and the Latin Language," Classical Quarterly 53.1 (2003), hlm. 185–186, 205.
↑  Fergus Millar, A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450) (University of California Press, 2006), hlm. 279; Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford University Press, 1997), hlm. 5.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 553.
1 2  Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State, hlm. 5.
↑  Richard Valantasis, introduction to Religions of Late Antiquity in Practice (Princeton University Press, 2000), hlm. 11.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire," hlm. 15–16.
↑  Joseph Eska, "Inscriptions in the Celtic World," in Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-Clio, 2006), hlm. 965–970.
1 2  Tore Janson, A Natural History of Latin (Oxford University Press, 2004), hlm. 87.
↑  Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, hlm. 264–265.
↑  James Clackson, introduction to A Companion to the Latin Language, hlm. 1.
↑  Virgil, Aeneid 12.834 and 837; Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 549, 563; Adams, "Romanitas and the Latin Language," hlm. 184.
1 2  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 552.
↑  József Herman, Vulgar Latin, translated by Roger Wright (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000, originally published 1975 in French), hlm. 10.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 549; Charles Freeman, The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World (New York: Penguin, 1999), hlm. 389–433.
↑  Agustinus dari Hippo, De Civitate Dei 19.7.18, seperti yang dikutip oleh Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 549.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 549, mengutip Plutarch, Life of Alexander 47.6.
↑  Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, hlm. 265.
1 2  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, hlm. 92.
↑  Clifford Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (University of California Press, 2000), hlm. 86–87.
↑  William V. Harris, Ancient Literacy (Harvard University Press, 1989), hlm. 5; William A. Johnson, Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press, 2009), hlm. 3–4, khususnya catatan 5; T.J. Kraus, "(Il)literacy in Non-Literary Papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt: Further Aspects of the Educational Ideal in Ancient Literary Sources and Modern Times," Mnemosyme 53.3 (2000), hlm. 325; Marietta Horster, "Primary Education," dalam The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, hlm. 89, 97–98.
↑  Christian Laes, Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within (Cambridge University Press, 2011, originally published in Dutch 2006), hlm. 108; Horster, "Primary Education," in The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, hlm. 89.
↑  IG 14.1125
1 2  Adams, "Romanitas and the Latin Language," hlm. 186–187.
↑  Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire, hlm. 101; Kraus, "(Il)literacy in Non-Literary Papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt," hlm. 325–327.
↑  Susan P. Mattern, Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate (University of California Press, 1999), hlm. 197; Teresa Morgan, Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds (Cambridge University Press, 1998, 2000), hlm. 1–2 et passim; Greg Woolf, "Literacy or Literacies in Rome?" in Ancient Literacies, hlm. 46ff.; Horster, "Primary Education," in The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, hlm. 97. Ando poses the question as "what good would 'posted edicts' do in a world of low literacy?' in Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire, hlm. 101.
↑  Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire, hlm. 152, 210.
↑  Edith Hall, introduction to New Directions in Ancient Pantomime (Oxford University Press, 2008), hlm. 6–7.
↑  Rance, "The De Militari Scientia or Müller Fragment," hlm. 63–64.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, hlm. 100.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, hlm. 279; Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, hlm. 5.
↑  Lucian, Dialogue of the Dead 25; Anderson, The Second Sophistic, hlm. 194.
1 2  Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, hlm. 5.
↑  Stefan Zimmer, "Indo-European," in Celtic Culture: An Historical Encyclopedia, hlm. 961.
↑  Cicero, In Catilinam 2.15, P.Ryl. I 61 "recto".
↑  Suetonius, Life of Claudius 42.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 553; Lee I. Levine, Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E. – 70 C.E.) (Jewish Publication Society, 2002), hlm. 154.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 556; Adams, "Romanitas and the Latin Language," hlm. 200.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 553–554.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, hlm. 93¬94.
↑  Moatii, "Translation, Migration, and Communication," hlm. 112.
↑  Rance, "The De Militari Scientia or Müller Fragment," hlm. 63.
↑  Anderson, The Second Sophistic, hlm. 87–91.
↑  Anderson, The Second Sophistic, hlm. 101.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 560.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 560; A.H.M. Jones, The Decline of the Ancient World (Longmanns, 1966), hlm. 346.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 562–563.
↑  Richard Miles, "Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power," in Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire (Routledge, 2000), hlm. 59–60.
1 2  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, hlm. 95.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," hlm. 4.
1 2 3  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," hlm. 5.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," hlm. 6.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," hlm. 4–5.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," hlm. 5–6.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," hlm. 7.
↑  Edwards et al., introduction to Apologetics in the Roman Empire, hlm. 7; Matthew W. Dickie, "Lucian's Gods: Lucian's Understanding of the Divine," in The Gods of Ancient Greece: Identifies and Transformations (Edinburgh University Press, 2010), hlm. 350.
↑  Adams, "Romanitas and the Latin Language," hlm. 199.
↑  Mark Sheridan, From the Nile to the Rhone and Beyond: Studies in Early Monastic Literature and Scriptural Interpretation (Studia Anselmiana, 2012), hlm. 225.
1 2 3  Sheridan, From the Nile to the Rhone, hlm. 226.
↑  Maged S.A. Mikhail, "An Historical Definition for the 'Coptic Period'," in Coptic Studies on the Threshold of a New Millennium. Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Coptic Studies Leiden 2000 (Peeters, 2004), vol. 2, hlm. 972.
↑  Mikhail, "An Historical Definition for the 'Coptic Period'," hlm. 973; Sheridan, From the Nile to the Rhone, hlm. 226.
↑  Mikhail, "An Historical Definition for the 'Coptic Period'," hlm. 973.
1 2  Mikhail, "An Historical Definition for the 'Coptic Period'," hlm. 974.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 201, 213.
↑  Andrew Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa: Function and Display," in Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds, hlm. 266–268.
↑  Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa," hlm. 282.
↑  Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa," hlm. 295.
↑  Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa," hlm. 269.
↑  Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa," hlm. 307ff.
↑  Karel Jongeling and Robert M. Kerr, Late Punic Epigraphy (Mohr Siebeck, 2005), hlm. 4; Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa," hlm. 305.
↑  Jongeling and Kerr, Late Punic Epigraphy, hlm. 4.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 185 et passim.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 195.
↑  Fiona A. Rose, "Text and Image in Celtiberia: The Adoption and Adaptation of Written Language into Indigenous Visual Vocabulary," Oxford Journal of Archaeology 22.2 (2003), hlm. 155.
↑  Rose, "Text and Image in Celtiberia," hlm. 157, 159.
↑  Rose, "Text and Image in Celtiberia," hlm. 159; Leonard A. Curchin, The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland (Routledge, 2004), hlm. 120.
↑  Rose, "Text and Image in Celtiberia," hlm. 156.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 280.
↑  Irenaeus, Against Heresies I, preface; Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies (Editions Errance, 2003), hlm. 10.
↑  Digest 31.1.11; Lambert, La langue gauloise, hlm. 10.
1 2  Lambert, La langue gauloise, hlm. 10.
↑  Jerome, commentary on the Letter to the Galatians; Lambert, La langue gauloise, hlm. 10.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 192.
1 2 3  Laurence Hélix. Histoire de la langue française. Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. hlm. 7. ISBN 978-2-7298-6470-5. Le déclin du Gaulois et sa disparition ne s'expliquent pas seulement par des pratiques culturelles spécifiques: Lorsque les Romains conduits par César envahirent la Gaule, au 1er siecle avant J.-C., celle-ci romanisa de manière progressive et profonde. Pendant près de 500 ans, la fameuse période gallo-romaine, le gaulois et le latin parlé coexistèrent; au VIe siècle encore; le temoignage de Grégoire de Tours atteste la survivance de la langue gauloise.
↑  Latin Anthology 285 (= 279 in the edition of Shackleton Bailey): Inter 'eils' Goticum 'scapia matzia ia drincan' / non audet quisquam dignos edicere versus ;Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 275.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 274.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 274–275, mengutip Tacitus, Annales 2.10.3.
↑  Ammianus Marcellinus 18.2.2; Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 275.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 276.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 276–277.
↑  Sidonius, Epistle 5.5; Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 277.
↑  Moatti, "Translation, Migration, and Communication," hlm. 111, catatan 9.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 553–555.
↑  Mullen, introduction to Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds hlm. 1–4.
↑  Miles, "Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power," hlm. 58.
↑  James Clackson and Geoffrey Horrocks, The Blackwell History of the Latin Language (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), hlm. 83; Herman, Vulgar Latin, hlm. 11.
↑  Giuliano Bonfante and Larissa Bonfante, The Etruscan Language (Manchester University Press, rev. ed. 2002), hlm. 33.
↑  Kalle Korhonen, "Sicily in the Roman Imperial Period," in Language and Linguistic Contact in Ancient Sicily (Cambridge University Press, 2012), hlm. 332.
↑  Korhonen, "Sicily in the Roman Imperial Period," hlm. 336–338.
↑  Korhonen, "Sicily in the Roman Imperial Period," 339–340.
↑  Korhonen, "Sicily in the Roman Imperial Period," hlm. 363.
1 2  Korhonen, "Sicily in the Roman Imperial Period," hlm. 366.
↑  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 550; Stefan Zimmer, "Indo-European," dalam Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-Clio, 2006), hlm. 961; Leonard A. Curchin, "Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain," American Journal of Philology 116.3 (1995), hlm. 464.
↑  Varro as quoted by Isidore of Seville, Origines 15.1.63, trilingues quod et graece loquantur et latine et gallice; Edgar C. Polomé, "The Linguistic Situation in the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II (De Gruyter, 1983), hlm. 527; Philip Freeman, Ireland and the Classical World (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001), hlm. 15.
1 2  Miles, "Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power," hlm. 58–59.
↑  Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, hlm. 8, khususnya catatan 10.
1 2 3 4  Herman, Vulgar Latin, hlm. 12.
↑  Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, hlm. 266, 273.
↑  Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, hlm. 266.
↑  Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, hlm. 267.
↑  Ausonius, Epicedion in patrem 9–10; J.N. Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language (Cambridge University Press, 2003), hlm. 356–357, khususnya catatan 109, mengutip R.P.H. Green, The Works of Ausonius (Oxford: Clarendon Press, hlm. 1991), hlm. 276 mengenai sudut pandang bahwa bahasa Galia adalah bahasa asli Iulius Ausonius. Adams cenderung berkeyakinan bahwa ia hanya menuturkan bahasa Latin dengan aksen Galia. Lihat juga Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, hlm. 269 (catatan 19).
↑  Karmele Rotaetxe, "Basque as a Literary Language," in A Comparative History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula (John Benjamins, 2010), hlm. 446.
↑  Clackson and Horrocks, The Blackwell History of the Latin Language, hlm. 85–86.
↑  Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2012). Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. hlm. 75. ISBN 0198217315.
↑  Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," hlm. 127.
↑  Clackson and Horrocks, The Blackwell History of the Latin Language, hlm. 86–87; Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," hlm. 128–129, menyatakan keraguan dalam menetapkan bahasa non-Punik di Afrika Utara sebagai bahasa "Berber".
↑  Wilson, "Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions in Roman North Africa," hlm. 284, 286.
↑  Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," hlm. 129.
↑  Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," hlm. 128–130.
1 2  Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," hlm. 558–559.
↑  Sheridan, From the Nile to the Rhone, hlm. 226.
↑  Sheridan, From the Nile to the Rhone, hlm. 225.
↑  Miles, "Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power," hlm. 58; Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, hlm. 5–7.
1 2 3  Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," hlm. 126.
↑  Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," hlm. 127, mengutip Philostratus dan Gregorius dari Nyssa.
↑  Teresa Morgan, "Education," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press, 2010), hlm. 18.
↑  J.J. Wilkes, "The Roman Danube: An Archaeological Survey," Journal of Roman Studies 95 (2005), hlm. 124
↑  Tidak sama dengan bahasa Makedonia modern yang merupakan bagian dari rumpun bahasa Slavia.
1 2 3  Clackson and Horrocks, The Blackwell History of the Latin Language, hlm. 86.
↑  Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," hlm. 126, citing also L.P. Wilkinson, Ovid Recalled (1955), Bab 10.
↑  Goodman, Mission and Conversion, hlm. 48, 130.
↑  Mullen, introduction to Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds, hlm. 18.
↑  Goodman, Mission and Conversion, hlm. 48.
↑  Goodman, Mission and Conversion, hlm. 79.
↑  Goodman, Mission and Conversion, hlm. 53, 78.
↑  Goodman, Mission and Conversion, hlm. 65–66.
↑  Goodman, Mission and Conversion, hlm. 48.
↑  Simon Price, "Latin Christian Apologetics: Minucius Felix, Tertullian, and Cyprian," in Apologetics in the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews, and Christians (Oxford University Press, 1999), hlm. 103.
↑  Valantasis, introduction to Religions of Late Antiquity, hlm. 11.
↑  Robin Margaret Jensen, Understanding Christian Art (Routledge, 2000), hlm. 51; Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (Cambridge University Press, 2012), hlm. 233.
↑  Mark Edwards, "The Constantinian Circle and the Oration to the Saints," in Apologetics, hlm. 255.
↑  Augustine, Confessions 1.14.23; Moatii, "Translation, Migration, and Communication," hlm. 112.
↑  Augustine, Confessions 1.13.20 dan 2.38.91; Moatti, "Translation, Migration, and Communication," hlm. 112, catatan 16.
↑  Simon Swain, "Defending Hellenism: Philostratus, in Honour of Apollonius," in Apologetics, hlm. 173.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, hlm. 97–98.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, hlm. 98.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, hlm. 102–103.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, hlm. 103–104.
↑  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, hlm. 104.
1 2  Millar, A Greek Roman Empire, hlm. 105.
↑  Alderik Bloom, "Linguae sacrae in Ancient and Medieval Sources: An Anthropological Approach to Ritual Language," in Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds, hlm. 124, lebih memilih istilah "ritual" untuk menyebut perbedaan antara "agama" dengan "sihir" yang problematis pada zaman kuno.
↑  Hans Dieter Betz, "Introduction to the Greek Magical Papyri," The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells (University of Chicago Press, 1986, 1996), hlm. xli.
↑  William M. Breshear, "The Greek Magical Papyri: An Introduction and Survey," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II 18.5 (1994), passim.
↑  Blom, "Linguae sacrae," hlm. 130.
↑  James Clackson, "Language Maintenance and Shift," dalam Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds, hlm. 55.
↑  Betz, introduction to "The Greek Magical Papyri," hlm. xlv–xlvi; Janet H. Johnson, "Introduction to the Demotic Magical Papyri," hlm. lv in the same volume (page numbering of the two introductions is independent, not sequential).
↑  Campbell Bonner, “Harpokrates (Zeus Kasios) of Pelusium,” Hesperia 15 (1946), hlm. 54.
↑  Selain Papirus Sihir Yunani, jimat sering ditulis dalam teks-teks dari zaman kuno akhir, termasuk koleksi resep farmakologi Marcellus dari Bordeaux; Pseudo-Apuleius, Herbarius; Sextus Placitus, Liber medicinae ex animalibus; Hippiatrica; Physica Plinii; Pseudo-Dioscurides, De herbis feminis; dan Lacnunga dari budaya Anglo-Sachsen. Lihat Blom, "Linguae sacrae," hlm. 127, catatan 22. Inskripsi telah ditemukan dalam jimat, permata intaglio, mangkuk jampi-jampi, lauh kutukan, dan lamellae (lauh logam tipis).
↑  Fritz Graf, “Prayer in Magic and Religious Ritual,” dalam Magika Hiera: Ancient Greek Magic and Religion, (Oxford University Press, 1991), hlm. 191, and Roy Kotansky, “Incantations and Prayers for Salvation on Inscribed Greek Amulets,” juga dalam Magika Hiera, hlm. 132, catatan 60, keduanya mengenai bahasa Mesir; John G. Gager, “A New Translation of Ancient Greek and Demotic Papyri, Sometimes Called Magical,” Journal of Religion 67 (1987), hlm. 83 mengenai bahasa Koptik.
↑  Gager, “A New Translation of Ancient Greek and Demotic Papyri,", hlm. 83; Paul Mirecki, “The Coptic Wizard's Hoard,” Harvard Theological Review 87 (1994), hlm. 457–458.
↑  Kotansky, “Incantations and Prayers for Salvation," hlm. 117.
↑  Lambert, La langue gauloise, hlm. 176–178, khususnya dalam lauh dari abad ke-3 hingga ke-4 dari kota Galia-Romawi Rom, yang mungkin dutlis dalam bahasa Keltik dengan konteks Romawi.
↑  Breshear, "The Greek Magical Papyri," hlm. 3435.
↑  Matthias Klinghardt, “Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion,” Numen 46 (1999), hlm. 50; Hans Dieter Betz, "Secrecy in the Greek Magical Papyri," dalam Secrecy and Concealment: Studies in the History of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Religions (Leiden 1995), 153–175, khususnya 158–164; Brashear, “The Greek Magical Papyri," hlm. 3434.
↑  Richard Janko, “Forgetfulness in the Golden Tablets of Memory,” Classical Quarterly 34 (1984), hlm. 89–100 mengenai kesulitan penulisan materi lisan; Graf, “Prayer in Magic and Religious Ritual,” hlm. 191; Betz, "The Greek Magical Papyri," hlm. xlvi; Breshear, "The Greek Magical Papyri," hlm. 3434–3438.
↑  IGF 159; Mullen, Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean, hlm. 266–267.
↑  Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 194.
↑  L.C. Youtie, "A Medical Prescription for Eye-salve," ZPE 23 (1976), hlm. 121–29; Collingwood and Wright, “Roman Inscriptions of Britain I” (Oxford 1965), hlm. 144, no. 436.
↑  Menurut Origen, Commentary on Matthew (PG 13.1757): Hebraeo acceptis adiurant daemonia; Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 194.
↑  Jerome, Vita Hilarionis 13.7: videres de ore barbaro, et qui Francam tantum et Latinam linguam noverat, Syra ad purum verba resonare: Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, hlm. 275.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," hlm. 3.
↑  MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," hlm. 2–3.
↑  W.W. Buckland A Textbook of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian, 3rd ed. edited by Peter Stein (Cambridge University Press, 1921, 2007), hlm. 9.
↑  Digest 32.11 pr.; Ramsey MacMullen, "Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire," American Journal of Philology 87.1 (1966), hlm. 2.
↑  Adolf Berg, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (American Philosophical Society, 1980, 1991), hlm. 470–471. Pada zaman kuno akhir, fideicommissa juga mengikat secara hukum.
↑  Digest 45.1.1.6; MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," hlm. 2.
↑  Gaius, Institutiones 3.93; MacMullen, "Provincial Languages," hlm. 2–3.
↑  Françoise Waquet, Latin, Or, The Empire of the Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century (Verso, 2001; originally published 1998 in French), hlm. 1–2; Kristian Jensen, "The Humanist Reform of Latin and Latin Teaching," in The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism (Cambridge University Press, 1996, 2003), hlm. 63–64.
↑  Adams, "Romanitas and the Latin Language," hlm. 199; Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, hlm. 5, 7.