Asketisisme
Rujukan

↑  Randall Collins (2000), The sociology of philosophies: a global theory of intellectual change, Harvard University Press, (ISBN 978-0-674-00187-9), halaman 204
↑  William Cook (2008), Francis of Assisi: The Way of Poverty and Humility, Wipf and Stock Publishers, (ISBN 978-1-55635-730-5), halaman 46-47
1 2 3 4 5  Richard Finn (2009). Asceticism in the Graeco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 94–97. ISBN 978-1-139-48066-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-08.
1 2 3 4 5  Vincent L. Wimbush; Richard Valantasis (2002). Asceticism. Oxford University Press. hlm. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-19-803451-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-02-16. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-08.
1 2  Spencer C. Tucker (2010). The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 1176. ISBN 978-1-85109-948-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-02-16. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-08.
↑  Eric O. Hanson (2006). Religion and Politics in the International System Today. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-521-61781-9. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-02-16. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-08.
↑  Vincent L. Wimbush; Richard Valantasis (2002). Asceticism. Oxford University Press. hlm. 247, 351. ISBN 978-0-19-803451-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-02-16. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-08.
1 2  Lynn Denton (1992).  Julia Leslie, ed. Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 212–219. ISBN 978-81-208-1036-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-12-06. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-08.
↑  Clarke, Paul A. B.; Andrew Linzey (1996). Dictionary of ethics, theology and society. Routledge Reference. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 58. ISBN 978-0-415-06212-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-06-04. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  Maurice Waite (2009). Oxford Thesaurus of English. Oxford University Press. hlm. 47. ISBN 978-0-19-956081-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-04-15. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  Martin G. Wiltshire (1990). Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism: The Emergence of Gautama as the Buddha. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. xvi. ISBN 978-3-11-009896-9. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  "New Advent – Catholic Encyclopedia: Asceticism, quoting St. Jerome". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-07-01. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  "From Chapter 1 of a letter from Ignatius to Polycarp". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  The Catholic Encyclopedia
↑  for a study of the continuation of this early tradition in the Middle Ages, see Marina Miladinov, Margins of Solitude: Eremitism in Central Europe between East and West (Zagreb: Leykam International, 2008)
1 2  William M. Johnston (2013). Encyclopedia of Monasticism. Routledge. hlm. 290, 548, 577. ISBN 978-1-136-78716-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-12-22. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  William M. Johnston (2013). Encyclopedia of Monasticism. Routledge. hlm. 548–550. ISBN 978-1-136-78716-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-12-22. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
1 2  Jeremy Barrier (2013).  Hans-Ulrich Weidemann, ed. Asceticism and Exegesis in Early Christianity: The Reception of New Testament Texts in Ancient Ascetic Discourses. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. hlm. 163. ISBN 978-3-525-59358-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  Elizabeth A. Clark. Reading Renunciation: Asceticism and Scripture in Early Christianity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
↑  Thomas A. Robinson; Hillary P. Rodrigues (2014). World Religions: A Guide to the Essentials. Baker Academic. hlm. 147–148. ISBN 978-1-4412-1972-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  William M. Johnston (2013). Encyclopedia of Monasticism. Routledge. hlm. 582–583. ISBN 978-1-136-78716-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-12-22. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  William M. Johnston (2013). Encyclopedia of Monasticism. Routledge. hlm. 93. ISBN 978-1-136-78716-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-12-22. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  Andrew Jacobs (2013).  Hans-Ulrich Weidemann, ed. Asceticism and Exegesis in Early Christianity: The Reception of New Testament Texts in Ancient Ascetic Discourses. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. hlm. 224. ISBN 978-3-525-59358-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  Evert Peeters; Leen Van Molle; Kaat Wils (2011). Beyond Pleasure: Cultures of Modern Asceticism. Berghahn. hlm. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-84545-987-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
1 2  Robin Darling Young, Evagrius the Iconographer: Monastic Pedagogy in the Gnostikos, Journal of Early Christian Studies, Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 2001, pp. 53-71 (Article), (Johns Hopkins University Press)
↑  Samuel Rubenson,The Cambridge History of Christianity, (Edited by Augustine Casiday, Frederick W. Norris), Chapter 27 - Asceticism and monasticism, I: Eastern pp. 637-668, 2006
↑  Marcus Plested, The Macarian Legacy: The Place of Macarius-Symeon in the Eastern Christian Tradition, (Oxford Theology and Religion Monographs), 2004, p67
↑  Josef W. Meri (2002). The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria. Oxford University Press. hlm. 66, 83. ISBN 978-0-19-155473-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  The World's Muslims: Religious Affiliations Diarsipkan 2016-12-26 di Wayback Machine. Pew Research (2012)
↑  Felicity Crowe;  et al. (2011). Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Marshall Cavendish. hlm. 40. ISBN 978-0-7614-7929-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09. Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (link)
↑  Malise Ruthven (2006). Islam in the World. Oxford University Press. hlm. 153. ISBN 978-0-19-530503-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-03-22. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.  Quote: "the famous Hadith, "there is no monasticism in Islam, the monasticism (rahbaniyah) of my community is the Jihad."
↑  Knysh, Alexander. Islamic Mysticism, a Short History. Boston: Brill 2000, 1-30.
↑  Karamustafa, Ahmet. Sufism: The Formative Period. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2007
1 2  Eric O. Hanson (2006). Religion and Politics in the International System Today. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 102–104. ISBN 978-0-521-61781-9. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-04-04. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-08.
↑  Nile Green (2012). Sufism: A Global History. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 20–22. ISBN 978-1-4051-5765-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-27. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  Birol Başkan (2014). From Religious Empires to Secular States: State Secularization in Turkey, Iran, and Russia. Routledge. hlm. 79–80. ISBN 978-1-317-80204-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  Jon Armajani (2004). Dynamic Islam: Liberal Muslim Perspectives in a Transnational Age. University Press of America. hlm. 67. ISBN 978-0-7618-2967-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  Shahzad Bashir (2013). Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam. Columbia University Press. hlm. 9–11, 58–67. ISBN 978-0-231-14491-9. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  Antony Black (2011). The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present. Edinburgh University Press. hlm. 241–242. ISBN 978-0-7486-8878-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-06-22. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  Carl Olson (2007). Celibacy and Religious Traditions. Oxford University Press. hlm. 134–135. ISBN 978-0-19-804181-8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  Barbara D. Metcalf (2009). Islam in South Asia in Practice. Princeton University Press. hlm. 64. ISBN 1-4008-3138-5.
↑  Ira M. Lapidus (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 357. ISBN 978-1-139-99150-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
↑  Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2011). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. hlm. 65. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-03-31. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-09.
1 2 3  Cornelia B. Horn (2006). Asceticism and Christological Controversy in Fifth-Century Palestine. Oxford University Press. hlm. 188–190 with footnotes. ISBN 978-0-19-927753-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
↑  Markus Bockmuehl (2000). Jewish Law in Gentile Churches. A&C Black. hlm. 38–40 with footnote 57. ISBN 978-0-567-08734-8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
↑  Brian S. Rosner (1994). Paul's Scripture and Ethics: A Study of 1 Corinthians 5-7. BRILL Academic. hlm. 153–157. ISBN 90-04-10065-2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
↑  Rabbi Noah Weinberg (January 30, 2000). "Five Levels of Pleasure". Aish.com website. Aish HaTorah. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-14. Diakses tanggal April 6, 2013.
↑  Daniël Meijers (1992). Ascetic Hasidism in Jerusalem: The Guardian-Of-The-Faithful Community of Mea Shearim. BRILL. hlm. 14–19, 111–125. ISBN 90-04-09562-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
1 2  Shimon Shokek (2013). Kabbalah and the Art of Being: The Smithsonian Lectures. Routledge. hlm. 132–133. ISBN 978-1-317-79738-8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
↑  Peter Meister (2004). German Literature Between Faiths: Jew and Christian at Odds and in Harmony. Peter Lang. hlm. 41–43. ISBN 978-3-03910-174-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
↑  Effendi, Shoghi. Advent of Divine Justice.
↑  Axel Michaels; Barbara Harshav (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Princeton University Press. hlm. 315. ISBN 0-691-08952-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-02-05. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
↑  Richard F. Gombrich (2006). Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo. Routledge. hlm. 44, 62. ISBN 978-1-134-21718-2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-24. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
1 2  Benjamin R Smith (2008).  Mark Singleton and Jean Byrne, ed. Yoga in the Modern World: Contemporary Perspectives. Routledge. hlm. 144. ISBN 978-1-134-05520-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-01-31. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-14.
↑  Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains (edisi ke-2nd). Routledge. hlm. 27, 165–166, 180. ISBN 978-0415266055. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-22. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
1 2 3  Axel Michaels; Barbara Harshav (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Princeton University Press. hlm. 316. ISBN 0-691-08952-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-02-05. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
↑  David N. Lorenzen (1978), Warrior Ascetics in Indian History Diarsipkan 2017-02-02 di Wayback Machine., Journal of the American Oriental Society, 98(1): 61-75
↑  William Pinch (2012), Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires, Cambridge University Press, (ISBN 978-1-107-40637-7)
↑  Roy C. Amore; Larry D. Shinn (1981). Lustful Maidens and Ascetic Kings: Buddhist and Hindu Stories of Life. Oxford University Press. hlm. 155–164. ISBN 978-0-19-536535-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-10-31. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
↑  Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. hlm. 894. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-17. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
1 2  Hajime Nakamura (1980). Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 73 with footnote 2. ISBN 978-81-208-0272-8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-12-20. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
↑  Shuxian Liu; Robert Elliott Allinson (1988). Harmony and Strife: Contemporary Perspectives, East & West. Chinese University Press. hlm. 99 with footnote 25. ISBN 978-962-201-412-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-03. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
1 2 3 4  William M. Johnston (2000). Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A-L. Routledge. hlm. 90–91. ISBN 978-1-57958-090-2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-11-23. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-13.
↑  Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. hlm. 22, 910. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-17. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-10.
↑  K Tiyavanich (1997). Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 1–2, 37. ISBN 978-0-8248-1781-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-03. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-13.
↑  John Powers (2015). The Buddhist World. Routledge. hlm. 83. ISBN 978-1-317-42017-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-13.
↑  Ichiro Hori (1962), Self-Mummified Buddhas in Japan. An Aspect of the Shugen-Dô ("Mountain Asceticism") Sect Diarsipkan 2016-08-19 di Wayback Machine., History of Religions, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 1962), pages 222-242
↑  Adriana Boscaro; Franco Gatti; Massimo Raveri (1990). Rethinking Japan: Social sciences, ideology & thought. Routledge. hlm. 250. ISBN 978-0-904404-79-1.
↑  Tullio Federico Lobetti (2013). Ascetic Practices in Japanese Religion. Routledge. hlm. 130–136. ISBN 978-1-134-47273-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-06-21. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-13.
↑  Paul Williams (2005). Buddhism: Buddhism in China, East Asia, and Japan. Routledge. hlm. 362 with footnote 37. ISBN 978-0-415-33234-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-06-09. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-13.
↑  James A Benn (2012), Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspective, Revue des Études Tibétaines, no. 25, page 205
↑  Shufen, Liu (2000). "Death and the Degeneration of Life Exposure of the Corpse in Medieval Chinese Buddhism". Journal of Chinese Religions. 28 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1179/073776900805306720.  Parameter |access-date= membutuhkan |url= (bantuan)
1 2  James A Benn (2012), Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspective, Revue des Études Tibétaines, no. 25, page 211
↑  James A. Benn (2007). Burning for the Buddha: Self-Immolation in Chinese Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 33–34, 82–84, 3–4. ISBN 978-0-8248-2992-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-02. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-13.
↑  Yün-hua Jan (1965), Buddhist Self-Immolation in Medieval China Diarsipkan 2017-01-12 di Wayback Machine., History of Religions, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Winter, 1965), pages 243-268
↑  James A. Benn (2007). Burning for the Buddha: Self-Immolation in Chinese Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 112–114, 14–16. ISBN 978-0-8248-2992-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-02. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-13.
↑  James A. Benn (2007). Burning for the Buddha: Self-Immolation in Chinese Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 3. ISBN 978-0-8248-2992-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-02. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-13.
1 2  Shih Pao-ch'ang; Kathryn Ann Tsai (1994). Lives of the Nuns: Biographies of Chinese Buddhist Nuns from the Fourth to Sixth Centuries : a Translation of the Pi-chʻiu-ni Chuan. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 10–12, 65–66. ISBN 978-0-8248-1541-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-02. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-13.
↑  James A Benn (2012), Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspective, Revue des Études Tibétaines, no. 25, pages 203–212, Quote: "Of all the forms of self-immolation, auto-cremation in particular seems to have been primarily created by medieval Chinese Buddhists. Rather than being a continuation or adaptation of an Indian practice (although there were Indians who burned themselves), as far as we can tell, auto-cremation was constructed on Chinese soil and drew on range of influences such as a particular interpretation of an Indian Buddhist scripture (the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka or Lotus Sūtra) along with indigenous traditions, such as burning the body to bring rain, that long pre-dated the arrival of Buddhism in China."
↑  James A Benn (2012), Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspective, Revue des Études Tibétaines, no. 25, page 207
↑  James A. Benn (1998), Where Text Meets Flesh: Burning the Body as an Apocryphal Practice in Chinese Buddhism Diarsipkan 2017-01-12 di Wayback Machine., History of Religions, Vol. 37, No. 4 (May, 1998), pages 295-322
↑  yatin Diarsipkan 2017-07-01 di Wayback Machine. Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
↑  pravrajitA Diarsipkan 2017-07-01 di Wayback Machine. Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
↑  Patrick Olivelle (1981), Contributions to the Semantic History of Saṃnyāsa, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 101, No. 3, pages 265-274
↑  Kaelber, W. O. (1976). "Tapas", Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda Diarsipkan 2017-01-12 di Wayback Machine., History of Religions, 15(4), 343-386
↑  Jean W. Sedlar (1980). India and the Greek world: a study in the transmission of culture. Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 34. ISBN 978-0-8476-6173-2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-14. ;
Lowitz, L., & Datta, R. (2004). Sacred Sanskrit Words: For Yoga, Chant, and Meditation. Stone Bridge Press, Inc.; see Tapas or tapasya in Sanskrit means, the conditioning of the body through the proper kinds and amounts of diet, rest, bodily training, meditation, etc., to bring it to the greatest possible state of creative power. It involves practicing the art of controlling materialistic desires to attain moksha.Yoga, Meditation on Om, Tapas, and Turiya in the principal Upanishads Diarsipkan 2013-09-08 di Wayback Machine., Chicago
↑  Lynn Teskey Denton (2012). Female Ascetics in Hinduism. State University of New York Press. hlm. 5. ISBN 978-0-7914-8462-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-02-27. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-14.
↑  Gavin D. Flood (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 77. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-11-29. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-14.
↑  O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (2005). The RigVeda. Penguin Classics. hlm. 137. ISBN 0140449892.
1 2  Werner, Karel (1977). "Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136)". Religious Studies. 13 (3): 289–302.
↑  Mariasusai Dhavamony (1982). Classical Hinduism. Gregorian Biblical University. hlm. 368–369. ISBN 978-88-7652-482-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-01-31. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-14.
↑  Stephen H Phillips (1995), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Columbia University Press, (ISBN 978-0-8126-9298-3), page 332 with note 68
↑  Antonio Rigopoulos (1998), Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara, State University of New York Press, (ISBN 978-0-7914-3696-7), pages 62-63
1 2  Olivelle, Patrick (1992). The Samnyasa Upanisads. Oxford University Press. hlm. 17–18. ISBN 978-0195070453.
↑  Antonio Rigopoulos (1998), Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara, State University of New York Press, (ISBN 978-0-7914-3696-7), page 81 note 27
↑  Max Muller (Penerjemah), Baudhayana Dharmasūtra Prasna II, Adhyaya 10, Kandika 18, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XIV, Oxford University Press, pages 279-281
↑  Olivelle, Patrick (1992). The Samnyasa Upanisads. Oxford University Press. hlm. 227–235. ISBN 978-0195070453. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-14.
↑  P. 134 The rule of Saint Benedict and the ascetic traditions from Asia to the West By Mayeul de Dreuille
↑  Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives, (ISBN 978-90-420-1510-4), page 96-97, 111-114
↑  Barbara Powell (2010), Windows Into the Infinite: A Guide to the Hindu Scriptures, Asian Humanities Press, (ISBN 978-0-87573-071-4), pages 292-297
↑  Yādavaprakāśa; Patrick Olivelle (Translator) (1995). Rules and Regulations of Brahmanical Asceticism: Yatidharmasamuccaya of Yādava Prakāśa. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2283-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-26. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-14.
↑  Cort 2001a, hlm. 118-122.
↑  Fujinaga 2003, hlm. 205-212 with footnotes.
↑  Balcerowicz 2015, hlm. 144–150.
↑  Doniger 1999, hlm. 549.
↑  Winternitz 1993, hlm. 408–409.
↑  Cort 2001a, hlm. 120-121.
1 2  Cort 2001a, hlm. 120-122.
↑  Jacobi, Hermann (1884).  (ed.) F. Max Müller, ed. The Kalpa Sūtra (Translated from Prakrit). Sacred Books of the East vol.22, Part 1. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-7007-1538-X. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-29. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-14. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list (link)  Note: ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint. URL is the scan version of the original 1884 reprint
1 2  Dundas 2002, hlm. 180.
↑  Wiley 2009, hlm. 210.
↑  W. J. Johnson (1995). Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 197. ISBN 978-81-208-1309-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-02-19. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-14.
↑  Vijay K. Jain 2011, hlm. 134.
| l b Hidup bakti dalam Gereja Katolik |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jenis |  Klerus sekular  Perawan Hidup Bakti  Rahib  Lembaga Religius Ordo Kebiaraan Senobitis  Tertutup  Idioritmis  Kanon Reguler  Mendikan Ordo Kedua  Klerus Regular  Kongregasi  Lembaga Sekular  Serikat Hidup Kerasulan  |  |
| Kaul |  Nasihat Injil Kemiskinan  Kemurnian  Ketaatan  Profesi  Kaul meriah  Kaul Keheningan  Kaul Stabilitas  |  |
| Biara |  Keabasan  Kloster  Wisma  Pertapaan  Priorat  Refter    |  |
| Doa |  Kontemplasi  Ibadat Harian  Misa  Meditasi  Mistisisme  Rosario  |  |
| Habit |  Pakaian klerus  Koif  Cornette  Skapulir  Vestimentum  |  |
| Anggota |  Abas  Abdis  Bruder  Biarawan  Frater  Biarawati  Kepala Novis  Novis  Oblat  Postulan  Superior Provinsial  Prior  Suster  Superior Jenderal  |  |
| Lain-Lain |  Asketisme  Tonsur  Penegasan Panggilan  |  |
  Portal Katolik 
Seorang petarak Muslim Sufi (fakir) di Benggala pada era 1860-an.
Hasidei Askenaz adalah gerakan mistik dan asketis Yahudi di Jerman pada Abad Pertengahan.
Sang Buddha sebagai seorang petarak. Gandhara, abad ke-2 sampai abad ke-3 M. British Museum.
Seorang petarak perempuan dari mazhab Waisnawa pada abad ke-19 di India.