Konstantinus Agung
Kutipan

1 2  Ada beberapa kemungkinan penanggalan kelahirannya tetapi kebanyakan sejarawan modern menggunakan ca 272". Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59.
↑  Dalam bahasa Latin Klasik, gelar resmi kekaisaran Konstantinus adalah IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS, Imperator Caesar Flavius Constantine Augustus, yang saleh, yang sejahtera, yang tidak terkalahkan. Setelah tahun 312, ia menambahkan MAXIMVS ("yang terbesar"), dan setelah tahun 325 mengganti invictus ("yang tidak terkalahkan") dengan VICTOR, karena invictus mengingatkan banyak orang pada Sol Invictus, Dewa Matahari.
↑  Di kalangan Kristen Ortodoks Timur, Ortodoks Oriental, dan Katolik Bizantin. Kalender liturgi Bizantin, yang digunakan oleh Gereja Ortodoks Timur dan Gereja Katolik Timur dari ritus Bizantin, mencantumkan baik Konstantinus maupun Helena ibunya sebagai orang-orang kudus. 
Kendati ia tidak tercantum dalam daftar orang kudus Gereja Latin, yang mengakui beberapa orang lainnya dengan nama Konstantinus sebagai orang kudus, ia tetap dihormati dengan gelar "Agung" atas kontribusinya pada Kekristenan.
↑  I. Shahîd, Rome and the Arabs (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1984), 65–93; H. A. Pohlsander, "Philip the Arab and Christianity", Historia 29:4 (1980): 463–73.
↑  Gregory, A History of Byzantium, 49.
↑  Van Dam, Remembering Constantine at the Milvian Bridge, 30.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 272.
↑  Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 14; Cameron, 90–91; Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 2–3.
↑  Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 23–25; Cameron, 90–91; Southern, 169.
↑  Cameron, 90; Southern, 169.
↑  Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 14; Corcoran, Empire of the Tetrarchs, 1; Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 2–3.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 265–68.
↑  Drake, "What Eusebius Knew," 21.
↑  Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.11; Odahl, 3.
↑  Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 5; Storch, 145–55.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 265–71; Cameron, 90–92; Cameron and Hall, 4–6; Elliott, "Eusebian Frauds in the "Vita Constantini"", 162–71.
↑  Lieu and Montserrat, 39; Odahl, 3.
↑  Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 26; Lieu and Montserrat, 40; Odahl, 3.
↑  Lieu and Montserrat, 40; Odahl, 3.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 12–14; Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 24; Mackay, 207; Odahl, 9–10.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 225; Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 28–29; Odahl, 4–6.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 225; Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 26–29; Odahl, 5–6.
↑  Odahl, 6, 10.
↑  Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 27–28; Lieu and Montserrat, 2–6; Odahl, 6–7; Warmington, 166–67.
↑  Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 24; Odahl, 8; Wienand, Kaiser als Sieger, 26–43.
↑  Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 20–21; Johnson, "Architecture of Empire" (CC), 288–91; Odahl, 11–12.
↑  Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 17–21; Odahl, 11–14; Wienand, Kaiser als Sieger, 43–86.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3, 39–42; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 17; Odahl, 15; Pohlsander, "Constantine I"; Southern, 169, 341.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3; Barnes, New Empire, 39–42; Elliott, "Constantine's Conversion," 425–6; Elliott, "Eusebian Frauds," 163; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 17; Jones, 13–14; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59; Odahl, 16; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 14; Rodgers, 238; Wright, 495, 507.
↑  Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian empire. London: Routledge. hlm. 40–41. ISBN 9780415174855.
↑  Gabucci, Ada (2002). Ancient Rome : art, architecture and history. Los Angeles, Calif.: J. Paul Getty Museum. hlm. 141. ISBN 978-0892366569.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59–60; Odahl, 16–17.
↑  MacMullen, Constantine, 21.
↑  Panegyrici Latini 8(5), 9(4); Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 8.7; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.13.3; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 13, 290.
↑  Drijvers, J.W. Helena Augusta: The Mother of Constantine the Great and the Legend of Her finding the True Cross (Leiden, 1991) 9, 15–17.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3; Barnes, New Empire, 39–40; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 17; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59, 83; Odahl, 16; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 14.
↑  Tejirian, Eleanor H.; Simon, Reeva Spector (2012). Conflict, conquest, and conversion two thousand years of Christian missions in the Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press. hlm. 15. ISBN 0-231-51109-4.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 8–14; Corcoran, "Before Constantine" (CC), 41–54; Odahl, 46–50; Treadgold, 14–15.
↑  Bowman, 70; Potter, 283; Williams, 49, 65.
↑  Potter, 283; Williams, 49, 65.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 20; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59–60; Odahl, 47, 299; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 14.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 7.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 13, 290.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3, 8; Corcoran, "Before Constantine" (CC), 40–41; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 20; Odahl, 46–47; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 8–9, 14; Treadgold, 17.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 8–9; Corcoran, "Before Constantine" (CC), 42–43, 54.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59–60; Odahl, 56–7.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 73–74; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60; Odahl, 72, 301.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 47, 73–74; Fowden, "Between Pagans and Christians," 175–76.
↑  Constantine, Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum, 16.2; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine., 29–30; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60; Odahl, 72–73.
↑  Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 29; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61; Odahl, 72–74, 306; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15. Contra: J. Moreau, Lactance: "De la mort des persécuteurs", Sources Chrétiennes 39 (1954): 313; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 297.
↑  Constantine, Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 25; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 30; Odahl, 73.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.6–11; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 35–36; MacMullen, Constantine, 24; Odahl, 67; Potter, 338.
↑  Eusebius, Vita Constantini 2.49–52; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21; Odahl, 67, 73, 304; Potter, 338.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22–25; MacMullen, Constantine, 24–30; Odahl, 67–69; Potter, 337.
↑  MacMullen, Constantine, 24–25.
↑  Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 25; Odahl, 73.
↑  Drake, "The Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 126; Elliott, "Constantine's Conversion," 425–26.
↑  Drake, "The Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 126.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 25–27; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60; Odahl, 69–72; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15; Potter, 341–342.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 19.2–6; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 26; Potter, 342.
↑  Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60–61; Odahl, 72–74; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15.
↑  Origo 4; Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.3–9; Praxagoras fr. 1.2; Aurelius Victor 40.2–3; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.2; Zosimus 2.8.3; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.21; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61; MacMullen, Constantine, 32; Odahl, 73.
↑  Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61.
↑  Odahl, 75–76.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 27; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 39–40; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61; MacMullen, Constantine, 32; Odahl, 77; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16; Potter, 344–5; Southern, 169–70, 341.
↑  MacMullen, Constantine, 32.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 27; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 39–40; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61; Odahl, 77; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16; Potter, 344–45; Southern, 169–70, 341.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 27, 298; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 39; Odahl, 77–78, 309; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16.
↑  Mattingly, 233–34; Southern, 170, 341.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 27–28; Jones, 59; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61–62; Odahl, 78–79.
↑  Jones, 59.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28–29; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62; Odahl, 79–80.
↑  Jones, 59; MacMullen, Constantine, 39.
↑  Treadgold, 28.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28–29; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62; Odahl, 79–80; Rees, 160.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 41; Jones, 59; MacMullen, Constantine, 39; Odahl, 79–80.
↑  Odahl, 79–80.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29.
↑  Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 16–17.
↑  Odahl, 80–81.
↑  Odahl, 81.
↑  MacMullen, Constantine, 39; Odahl, 81–82.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 41; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63; MacMullen, Constantine, 39–40; Odahl, 81–83.
↑  Odahl, 82–83.
↑  Odahl, 82–83. See also: William E. Gwatkin, Jr. Roman Trier." The Classical Journal 29 (1933): 3–12.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.9; Barnes, "Lactantius and Constantine", 43–46; Odahl, 85, 310–11.
↑  Odahl, 86.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28.
↑  Rodgers, 236.
↑  Panegyrici Latini 7(6)3.4; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.22, qtd. and tr. Odahl, 83; Rodgers, 238.
↑  MacMullen, Constantine, 40.
↑  Qtd. in MacMullen, Constantine, 40.
↑  Zosimus, 2.9.2; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62; MacMullen, Constantine, 39.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29; Odahl, 86; Potter, 346.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 30–31; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 41–42; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62–63; Odahl, 86–87; Potter, 348–49.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 31; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 64; Odahl, 87–88; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 30; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62–63; Odahl, 86–87.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 34; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63–65; Odahl, 89; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 32; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 64; Odahl, 89, 93.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 32–34; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 42–43; Jones, 61; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 65; Odahl, 90–91; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 17; Potter, 349–50; Treadgold, 29.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 33; Jones, 61.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 36–37.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 34–35; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 65–66; Odahl, 93; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 17; Potter, 352.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 34.
↑  Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 20.
↑  Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 30.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 40–41, 305.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68.
↑  Potter, 352.
↑  Panegyrici Latini 6(7); Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 35–37, 301; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 66; Odahl, 94–95, 314–15; Potter, 352–53.
↑  Panegyrici Latini 6(7)1. Qtd. in Potter, 353.
↑  Panegyrici Latini 6(7).21.5.
↑  Virgil, Ecologues 4.10.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 36–37; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 67; Odahl, 95.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 36–37; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 50–53; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 66–67; Odahl, 94–95.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 31–35; Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.16; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Odahl, 95–96, 316.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 34; Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.17; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 304; Jones, 66.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 39; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 43–44; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Odahl, 95–96.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; Odahl, 96.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 39–40; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 44; Odahl, 96.
↑  Odahl, 96.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38; Odahl, 96.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 37; Curran, 66; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; MacMullen, Constantine, 62.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 37.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 37–39.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38–39; MacMullen, Constantine, 62.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 40; Curran, 66.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 44–45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; Odahl, 96.
↑  Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.15.1–2, qtd. and tr. in MacMullen, Constantine, 65.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; MacMullen, Constantine, 71.
↑  Panegyrici Latini 12(9)2.5; Curran, 67.
↑  Curran, 67.
↑  MacMullen, Constantine, 70–71.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Odahl, 101.
↑  Panegyrici Latini 12(9)5.1–3; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; MacMullen, Constantine, 71; Odahl, 101.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Jones, 70; MacMullen, Constantine, 71; Odahl, 101–2.
↑  Panegyrici Latini 12(9)5–6; 4(10)21–24; Jones, 70–71; MacMullen, Constantine, 71; Odahl, 102, 317–18.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Jones, 71; Odahl, 102.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41–42; Odahl, 103.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; MacMullen, Constantine, 71; Odahl, 103.
↑  Jones, 71; MacMullen, Constantine, 71; Odahl, 103.
↑  Jones, 71; Odahl, 103.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 103.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 103–4.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; MacMullen, Constantine, 71; Odahl, 104.
↑  Jones, 71; MacMullen, Constantine, 71.
↑  MacMullen, Constantine, 71.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Curran, 67; Jones, 71.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 105.
↑  Jones, 71.
↑  Odahl, 104.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42.
↑  MacMullen, Constantine, 72; Odahl, 107.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Curran, 67; Jones, 71–72; Odahl, 107–8.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42–43; MacMullen, Constantine, 78; Odahl, 108.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 44.8; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Curran, 67; Jones, 72; Odahl, 108.
1 2  Odahl, 108.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Digeser, 122; Jones, 72; Odahl, 106.
↑  Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 44.4–6, tr. J.L. Creed, Lactantius: De Mortibus Persecutorum (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), qtd. in Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71.
↑  Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.28, tr. Odahl, 105. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 113; Odahl, 105.
↑  Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.27–29; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43, 306; Odahl, 105–6, 319–20.
↑  Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 113.
↑  Cameron and Hall, 208.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 306; MacMullen, Constantine, 73; Odahl, 319.
↑  Cameron and Hall, 206–7; Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 114; Nicholson, 311.
↑  Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71, citing Roman Imperial Coinage 7 Ticinum 36.
↑  R. Ross Holloway, Constantine and Rome (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 3, citing Kraft, "Das Silbermedaillon Constantins des Grosses mit dem Christusmonogram auf dem Helm," Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 5–6 (1954/55): 151–78.
↑  Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Curran, 68.
↑  MacMullen, Constantine, 78.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Curran, 68; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70; MacMullen, Constantine, 78; Odahl, 108.
↑  "Portrait Head of the Emperor Constantine, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 26.229". Metmuseum.org. 2013-04-26. Diakses tanggal 2013-05-11.
↑  Barnes 1981, p. 44.
↑  MacMullen, Constantine, 81; Odahl, 108.
↑  Cameron, 93; Curran, 71–74; Odahl, 110.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 44; Curran, 72; Jones, 72; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70; MacMullen, Constantine, 78; Odahl, 108.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 44–45.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 44; MacMullen, Constantine, 81; Odahl, 111. Cf. also Curran, 72–75.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 45; Curran, 72; MacMullen, Constantine, 81; Odahl, 109.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 45–46; Odahl, 109.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 46; Odahl, 109.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 46.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 44.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 45–47; Cameron, 93; Curran, 76–77; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70.
1 2  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 45.
↑  Curran, 80–83.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 47.
↑  Curran, 83–85.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 45; Curran, 76; Odahl, 109.
↑  Curran, 101.
↑  Krautheimer, Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romanorum, 5.90, cited in Curran, 93–96.
↑  Odahl, 109.
↑  Istilah tersebut dipandang sebagai suatu kekeliruan karena apa yang ditetapkan di Milan bukan sebuah maklumat, sementara maklumat-maklumat Lisinius yang berikutnya—di antaranya adalah maklumat-maklumat yang masing-masing ditujukan untuk Provinsi Bitinia dan Palestina sebagaimana dicatat oleh Laktansius dan Eusebius—tidak dikeluarkan di Milan.
↑  Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 25.
↑  Drake, "Impact," 121–123.
1 2  Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain, 229
↑  Byfield, Ted, ed. The Christians: Their First Two Thousand Years, vol. III By This Sign. pg 148.  Diarsipkan 2016-01-19 di Wayback Machine.
↑  Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 38–39.
↑  Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 41–42.
↑  Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain, 229/230
↑  Timothy E. Gregory, A History of Byzantium. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4051-8471-7, page 54
↑  Philip Schaff, ed., Nicene and Post-nicene Fathers: Second Series. New York: Cosimo, 2007, ISBN 978-1-60206-508-6, page 418, footnote 6
↑  Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 42–43.
↑  Scarre, Chronicle of the Roman Emperors, 215.
1 2  MacMullen, Constantine.
↑  Gilbert Dagron, Naissance d'une Capitale, 24
↑  Petrus Patricius excerpta Vaticana, 190: Κωνσταντίνος εβουλεύσατο πρώτον εν Σαρδική μεταγαγείν τά δημόσια· φιλών τε τήν πόλιν εκείνην συνεχώς έλεγεν "η εμή Ρώμη Σαρδική εστι."
↑  Ramsey MacMullen, Constantine, Routledge ed., 1987, 149
↑  Dagron, Naissance d'une Capitale, 15/19
1 2  "Constantinople" in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991, p. 508. ISBN 0-19-504652-8
↑  Sardonyx cameo depicting constantine the great crowned by Constantinople, 4th century AD Diarsipkan 2006-03-16 di Wayback Machine. at "The Road to Byzantium: Luxury Arts of Antiquity". The Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House (30 March 2006 – 3 September 2006) Diarsipkan 19700101000000 di www.hermitagerooms.com Galat: URL arsip tidak dikenal
↑  According to the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, vol. 164 (Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann, 2005), column 442, there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city "New Rome" (Nova Roma or Nea Rhome). Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as Constantinopolis (Michael Grant, The Climax of Rome (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), 133). It is possible that the emperor called the city "Second Rome" (Deutera Rhome) by official decree, as reported by the 5th-century church historian Socrates of Constantinople.
↑  Bowder, Diana. The Age of Constantine and Julian. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1978
↑  See Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 34–35.
↑  R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, Medieval Worlds (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) p. 55. Also, Percival J. On the Question of Constantine's Conversion to Christianity Diarsipkan 2015-06-14 di Wayback Machine., Clio History Journal, 2008.
↑  "Gratian" Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Feb 3, 2008.
↑  Pontifex Maximus Diarsipkan 2012-01-12 di Wayback Machine. Livius.org article by Jona Lendering retrieved August 21, 2011
↑  Peter Brown, The Rise of Christendom 2nd edition (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2003) p. 60
↑  R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, Medieval Worlds (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) pp. 55–56.
↑  Robin Lane Fox, apud Jonathan Bardill,  Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age. Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-76423-0, page 307, note 27
↑  Codex Justinianus 3.12.2
↑  Codex Theodosianus 16.2.5
↑  Cf. Paul Veyne, Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien, 163.
↑  R. MacMullen, "Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D.100-400, Yale University Press, 1984, p.44, ISBN 0-300-03642-6
↑  Richards, Jeffrey. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) 14–15; The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) 15.
↑  Richards, Jeffrey. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) p. 15-16.
↑  Frend, W.H.C., "The Donatist Church; A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa," (1952 Oxford), pp.156–162
↑  "CHURCH FATHERS: Life of Constantine, Book III (Eusebius)".
1 2 3  Cf. Adrian Goldsworthy, How Rome Fell, 187
↑  Stemberger, Gunter. Jews and Christians in the Holy Land, A&C Black, 1999, p. 37-38, ISBN 0-567-23050-3
↑  Schäfer, Peter. The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World, Routledge, 2003, p. 182, ISBN 1-134-40317-8
↑  Cameron, 107.
↑  Jás Elsner, Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph, 64, fig.32
↑  Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire, 241
↑  As equestrian order refers to people of equestrian census—thousands of which had no state function—that had an actual position in the state bureaucracy: cf. Claude Lepelley, "Fine delle' ordine equestre: le tappe delle'unificazione dela classe dirigente romana nel IV secolo", IN Giardina, ed., Società romana e impero tardoantico, Bari: Laterza, 1986, V.1, quoted by Carrié & Rouselle, p.660
↑  Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire, 247; Carrié & Rousselle L'Empire Romain, 658.
↑  Carrié & Rousselle L'Empire Romain, 658–59.
↑  Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae  https://web.archive.org/web/20120720213655/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_de?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+01708&r_sortierung=Belegstelle. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 July 2012. Diakses tanggal 5 February 2016.  Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan); Carrié & Rousselle L'Empire Romain, 659. Diarsipkan 20120720213655 di oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de Galat: URL arsip tidak dikenal[pranala nonaktif]
↑  Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain, 660.
↑  Cf. Arnhein, The Senatorial Aristocracy in the Later Roman Empire, quoted by Perry Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism, 101.
↑  T.D. Barnes, "Statistics and the Conversion of the Roman Aristocracy", Journal of Roman Studies, 85,1995, quoted by Carrié & Rousselle, p.657
↑  Cf. Paul Veyne, L'Empire Gréco-Romain, 49.
↑  Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire, 247.
↑  Walter Scheidel, "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires", 174/175
↑  De Rebus Bellicis, 2.
↑  Sandro Mazzarino, according to Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire, 246
↑  Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain, 245–246
↑  Guthrie, 325–6.
↑  Guthrie, 326; Woods, "Death of the Empress," 70–72.
↑  Guthrie, 326; Woods, "Death of the Empress," 72.
↑  Encyclopedia of Roman Empire. MobileReference.com. 2008. ISBN 978-1-60501-314-5. Diakses tanggal 2014-10-05.
1 2  Guthrie, 326–27.
↑  Art. Pass 45; Woods, "Death of the Empress," 71–72.
↑  Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire, 237/238
↑  Cf. Adrian Goldsworthy, How Rome Fell, 189 & 191
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 250.
↑  Odahl, 261.
↑  Eusebius, VC 4.9ff, cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 259.
↑  Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 258–59. See also: Fowden, "Last Days", 146–48, and Wiemer, 515.
↑  Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.58–60; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 259.
↑  Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.61; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 259.