Tadmur
Daftar pustaka

Major, Balázs (2001). "Al-Malik Al-Mujahid, Ruler of Homs, and the Hospitallers (The Evidence in the Chronicle of Ibn Wasil)".  Dalam Hunyadi, Zsolt; Laszlovszky, József. The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity. Central European University Medievalia Series. 1. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9241-42-8. ISSN 1587-6470.
Makieh, Kinda (4 October 2015). "Islamic State militants blow up ancient Arch of Triumph in Palmyra". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 2 Desember 2016.
Makieh, Kinda (2 April 2016). "Palmyra's dynamited temple can be restored, de-miners use robots". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 12 Desember 2016.
Makieh, Kinda; Francis, Ellen (3 March 2017). "Less damage to ancient Palmyra than feared, Syrian antiquities chief says". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 6 Maret 2017.
Makieh, Kinda; Perry, Tom; Merriman, Jane (1 October 2017). "Palmyra statue damaged by Islamic State goes on display in Damascus". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 3 Oktober 2017.
Maqdisi, Firas (5 March 2017). "Expert says Islamic State has badly damaged major Palmyra monument". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 6 Maret 2017.
Markowski, Bartosz (2005).  Gawlikowski, Michał; Daszewski, Wiktor A., ed. "The Lion of Allat in Palmyra New Museum Display Project". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. Warsaw University Press. 16. ISSN 1234-5415.
Matthiae, Paolo (30 June 2017). "Archeaologist says '70% of Palmyra can be rebuilt'". Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata (ANSA). Diakses tanggal 4 Juli 2017.
McGirk, Tim (10 July 2015). "Syrians Race to Save Ancient City's Treasures from ISIS". National Geographic News. Diakses tanggal 2 Desember 2016.
McLaughlin, Raoul (2010). Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the ancient lands of Arabia, India and China. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4411-6223-6.
Meier, Christian (1990) [1980]. The Greek Discovery of Politics. Diterjemahkan oleh McLintock, David. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36232-1.
Mennen, Inge (2011). Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284. Impact of Empire. 12. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20359-4.
Métral, Francoise (2000). "Managing Risk: Sheep-Rearing and Agriculture in the Syrian Steppe".  Dalam Mundy, Martha; Musallam, Basim. The Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East. University of Cambridge Oriental Publications. 58. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77057-6. ISSN 0068-6891.
Meyer, Jørgen Christian (2013). "City and Hinterland. Villages and Estates North of Palmyra. New Perspectives". Studia Palmyreńskie. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. 12. ISSN 0081-6787.
Meyer, Jørgen Christian (2017a). Palmyrena: Palmyra and the Surrounding Territory from the Roman to the Early Islamic Period. Archaeopress Publishing. ISBN 978-1-784-91708-1.
Meyer, Jørgen Christian (2017b). "The Bride of the Dry Steppe: Palmyra and the Surrounding Territory".  Dalam Aruz, Joan. Palmyra: Mirage in the Desert. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-588-39631-0.
Michalska, Julia (21 October 2016). "The man who spent 40 years preserving Palmyra's past". The Art Newspaper. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 Desember 2016. Diakses tanggal 15 Desember 2016.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Millar, Fergus (1993). The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-77886-3.
Millar, Fergus (2006).  Cotton, Hannah M.; Rogers, Guy M., ed. The Greek World, the Jews & the East. Rome, the Greek World, and the East. 3. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-807-87665-7.
Millar, Fergus (2007). "Theodoret of Cyrrhus: A Syrian in Greek Dress?".  Dalam Amirav, Hagit; ter Haar Romeny, Bas. From Rome to Constantinople: Studies in Honour of Averil Cameron. Late Antique History and Religion. 1. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-1971-6. ISSN 2030-5915.
Moubayed, Sami (2012). Syria and the USA: Washington's Relations with Damascus from Wilson to Eisenhower. Library of International Relations. 56. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-780-76768-0.
Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath (2000) [1984]. Studies in Aramaic Edicts of Aśoka (edisi ke-2). Kolkata: Indian Museum. OCLC 62327000.
Murtonen, Aimo Edvard (1986).  Hospers, Johannes Hendrik, ed. Hebrew in its West Semitic Setting. A Comparative Survey of Non-Masoretic Hebrew Dialects and Traditions. Part 1. A Comparative Lexicon. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics. 13. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-08899-3.
Neep, Daniel (2012). Occupying Syria Under the French Mandate: Insurgency, Space and State Formation. Cambridge Middle East Studies. 38. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00006-3.
O'Connor, Michael Patrick (1988). "The etymologies of Tadmor and Palmyra".  Dalam Arbeitman, Yoël L. A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages. Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de linguistique de Louvain (BCILL). 42. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-6831-143-3. ISSN 0779-1666.
O'Connor, Roisin (30 August 2015). "Isis in Syria: Militants 'severely damage' ancient Bel Temple in Palmyra using explosives". The Independent. Diakses tanggal 4 Maret 2017.
Peters, John Punnett (1910). "Deir". The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. 7 (edisi ke-11). Cambridge University Press. OCLC 630332011.
Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-61365-6.
Plets, Gertjan (2017). "Violins and Trowels for Palmyra: Post-Conflict Heritage Politics". Anthropology Today. Royal Anthropological Institute. 33 (4). ISSN 1467-8322.
Pollard, Nigel (2000). Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11155-8.
Potter, David S. (2010). "The Transformation of the Empire: 235–337 CE".  Dalam Potter, David S. A Companion to the Roman Empire. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. 32. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Purcell, Nicholas (1997). "Rome's New Kings (31 BC – AD 476)".  Dalam Jones, Peter V.; Sidwell, Keith C. The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-38600-5.
Qaddūrī, Zubayr Sulṭān (2000). al-Thawrah al-mansīyah (dalam bahasa Arab). Ittiḥād al-Kuttāb al-ʻArab. OCLC 45642553.
Qassim, Abdul-Zahra (24 August 2015). "IS destruction of ancient Syrian temple erases rich history". CNS News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 Desember 2016. Diakses tanggal 12 Desember 2016.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Qīṭāz, ʻAdnān (2007). "Muhana Family".  Dalam Shukrī, Muḥammad ʻAzīz. al-Mawsūʻah al-ʻArabīyah (dalam bahasa Arab). 19. al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Sūrīyah, Riʼāsat al-Jumhūrīyah, Hayʼat al-Mawsūʻah al-ʻArabīyah. OCLC 46672427.
Raja, Rubina (2012). Urban Development and Regional Identity in the Eastern Roman Provinces, 50 BC-AD 250: Aphrodisias, Ephesos, Athens, Gerasa. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-635-2606-7.
Raschke, Manfred G. (1978). "New Studies in Roman Commerce with the East".  Dalam Temporini, Hildegard; Wolfgang, Haase. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, II Principat. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (ANRW). 9. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-001885-1.
Ricca, Simone (2007). "Palmyra".  Dalam Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5.
Richardson, Peter (2002). City and Sanctuary: Religion and Architecture in the Roman Near East. SCM Press. ISBN 978-0-334-02884-0.
Robinson, David M (1946). Baalbek, Palmyra. J.J. Augustin. OCLC 426276.
Romano, Irene Bald (2006). Classical Sculpture: Catalogue of the Cypriot, Greek, and Roman Stone Sculpture in the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Museum Monograph. 125. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-1-934536-29-2.
Rosenthal, Franz (1978). "The Second Laghmân Inscription". Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies. Israel Exploration Society. 14: H.L. Ginsberg Volume. ISSN 0071-108X.
Rostovtzeff., Michael Ivanovitch (1932).  Harmon, Austin M., ed. "Seleucid Babylonia : Bullae and Seals of Clay with Greek Inscriptions". Yale Classical Studies. Yale University Press. 3. ISSN 0084-330X.
Rostovtzeff, Michael Ivanovitch (1971) [1932]. Out of the Past of Greece & Rome. Biblo and Tannen's Graeco Life and Times Series. 6. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8196-0126-1.
Rostovtzeff, Michael Ivanovitch (1932). Caravan Cities. Diterjemahkan oleh Rice, David Talbot; Rice, Tamara Talbot. The Clarendon Press. OCLC 2153578.
Sader, Hélène (2014). "History".  Dalam van Soldt, Wilfred; Beckman, Gary; Leitz, Christian; Michalowski, Piotr; Miglus, Peter A.; Gzella, Holger. The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. 106. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-22845-0. ISSN 0169-9423.
Sartre, Maurice (2005). "The Arabs and the Desert Peoples".  Dalam Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil. The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337. The Cambridge Ancient History. 12. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30199-2.
Saul, Heather (28 May 2015). "Isis in Palmyra: Civilians forced to watch execution of 20 men at amphitheatre". The Independent. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-04. Diakses tanggal 4 Maret 2017.
Schlumberger, Daniel (1939). "Bornes frontières de la Palmyrène". Syria (dalam bahasa Prancis). l'Institut Français du Proche-Orient. 20 (1): 43–73. doi:10.3406/syria.1939.4166. ISSN 0039-7946.
Schmidt-Colinet, Andreas (1997). "Aspects of 'Romanization': The Tomb Architecture at Palmyra and Its Decoration".  Dalam Alcock, Susan E. The Early Roman Empire in the East. Oxbow Monographs in Archaeology. 95. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-900188-52-4.
Schmidt, Margaret Fox (1976). Passion's child: The Extraordinary Life of Jane Digby. Harper & Row. OCLC 1020238678.
Seyrig, Henri (1939). "Antiquités Syriennes 29: A propos du culte de Zeus à Séleucie". Syria (dalam bahasa Prancis). Institut français du Proche-Orient. 20 (4). ISSN 0039-7946.
Seyrig, Henri (1959). "Antiquités Syriennes 76: Caractères de l'histoire d'Émèse". Syria (dalam bahasa Prancis). l'Institut Français du Proche-Orient. 36 (3–4). ISSN 0039-7946.
Shaheen, Kareem; Swann, Glenn; Levett, Cath (5 October 2015). "Palmyra – what the world has lost". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 12 Desember 2016.
Shaheen, Kareem (21 May 2015). "Palmyra: historic Syrian city falls under control of Isis". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 13 Desember 2016.
Shaheen, Kareem (20 January 2017). "Isis destroys tetrapylon monument in Palmyra". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 20 Januari 2017.
Shahîd, Irfan (1984). Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 978-0-88402-115-5.
Shahîd, Irfan (1995). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century (Part1: Political and Military History). 1. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 978-0-88402-214-5.
Shahîd, Irfan (2002). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century (Part1: Toponymy, Monuments, Historical Geography, and Frontier Studies). 2. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 978-0-88402-284-8.
Sidebotham, Steven E.; Hense, Martin; Nouwens, Hendrikje M. (2008). The Red Land: The Illustrated Archaeology of Egypt's Eastern Desert. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-416-094-3.
Sivertsev, Alexei (2002). Private Households and Public Politics in 3rd–5th Century Jewish Palestine. Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum. 90. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-147780-5. ISSN 0721-8753.
Smith, Sidney (1956). "Ursu and Ḫaššum". Anatolian Studies. Cambridge University Press on Behalf of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. 6: 35–43. doi:10.2307/3642395. ISSN 0066-1546. JSTOR 3642395.
Smith II, Andrew M. (2013). Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-986110-1.
Southern, Patricia (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4411-4248-1.
Speake, Graham (1996). "Palmyra (Homs, Syria)".  Dalam Berney, Kathryn Ann; Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle. International Dictionary of Historic Places. 4 (Middle East and Africe). Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-03-9.
Squires, Nick (16 February 2017). "Stone Sculptures Smashed by ISIL in Ancient City of Palmyra Restored to Former Glory by Italian Experts". The Telegraph. Diakses tanggal 16 June 2017.
Stoneman, Richard (1994) [1992]. Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08315-2.
Strong, Donald Emrys (1995) [1976].  Toynbee, Jocelyn Mary Catherine; Ling, Roger, ed. Roman Art. Pelican History of Art. 44. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05293-0. ISSN 0553-4755.
Teixidor, Javier (1979). The Pantheon of Palmyra. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. 79. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-05987-0.
Teixidor, Javier (2005). "Palmyra in the third century".  Dalam Cussini, Eleonora. A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9.
Terpak, Frances; Bonfitto, Peter Louis (2017). "The Legacy of Ancient Palmyra". The Getty Research Institute. Diakses tanggal 10 Februari 2017.
Tharoor, Kanishk; Maruf, Maryam (1 March 2016). "Museum of Lost Objects: The Temple of Bel". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 29 Juni 2017.
Tomlinson, Richard A. (2003) [1992]. From Mycenae to Constantinople: The Evolution of the Ancient City. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-92894-1.
Tuck, Steven L. (2015). A History of Roman Art. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-3025-0.
Van Koppen, Frans (2015).  Pfälzner, Peter, ed. "Qaṭna in altsyrischer Zeit". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen (dalam bahasa Jerman). Harrassowitz Verlag. 2: Qaṭna and the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism. Proceedings of an International Conference in Stuttgart and Tübingen in October 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-10350-3. ISSN 2195-4305.
Vasudevan, Aruna (1995). "Athens (Attica, Greece): Agora".  Dalam Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon. International Dictionary of Historic Places. 3 (Southern Europe). Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-02-2.
Waardenburg, Jacques (1984). "Changes of Belief in Spiritual Beings, Prophethood, and the Rise of Islam".  Dalam Kippenberg, Hans Gerhard; Drijvers, Hendrik Jan Willem; Kuiper, Yme B. Struggles of Gods: Papers of the Groningen Work Group for the Study of the History of Religions. Religion and Reason. 31. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-90-279-3460-4. ISSN 0080-0848.
Waardenburg, Jean Jacques (2002). Islam: Historical, Social, and Political Perspectives. Religion and Reason. 40. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 405–436. doi:10.1515/9783110200942.bm. ISBN 978-3-11-017178-5. ISSN 0080-0848.
Watson, Alaric (2004) [1999]. Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8.
Watson, William E. (2003). Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-97470-1.
Wessel, Günther (2015). Das schmutzige Geschäft mit der Antike: Der globale Handel mit illegalen Kulturgütern (dalam bahasa Jerman). Ch. Links Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86284-311-4.
Wheeler, Everett L (2011). "The Army and the Limes in the East".  Dalam Erdkamp, Paul. A Companion to the Roman Army. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4443-9376-7.
Whittow, Mark (2010). "The late Roman/early Byzantine Near East".  Dalam Robinson, Chase F. The formation of the Islamic World. Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. The New Cambridge History of Islam. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-18430-1.
Williams, Sara Elizabeth (11 Desember 2016). "Isil retakes historic city of Palmyra". The Telegraph. Diakses tanggal 13 Desember 2016.
Winter, Stefan (2010). The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-48681-1.
Withnall, Adam (19 August 2015). "Isis executes Palmyra antiquities chief and hangs him from ruins he spent a lifetime restoring". The Independent. Diakses tanggal 12 Desember 2016.
Wolfensohn, Israel (2016) [1914]. تاريخ اللغات السامية (History of Semitic Languages) (dalam bahasa Arab). دار القلم للطباعة و النشر و التوزيع. OCLC 929730588.
Wood, Robert (1753). The ruins of Palmyra, otherwise Tedmor, in the desart. London, Robert Wood. OCLC 642403707.
Wright, David P. (2004). "Syria and Canaan".  Dalam Johnston, Sarah Iles. Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01517-3.
Yarshater, Ehsan (1998).  Hovannisian, Richard G.; Sabagh, Georges, ed. The Persian Presence in the Islamic World. Giorgio Levi della Vida Conference. 13. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59185-0.
Yon, Jean-Baptiste (2002). Les notables de Palmyre (dalam bahasa Prancis). l'Institut français d'archéologie du Proche-Orient. ISBN 978-2-912738-19-6.
Young, Gary K. (2003) [2001]. Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54793-7.
Zuchowska, Marta (2008). "Wadi al Qubur and Its Interrelations with the Development of Urban Space of the City of Palmyra in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods".  Dalam Kühne, Hartmut; Czichon, Rainer Maria; Kreppner, Florian Janoscha. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March – 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05703-5.