Offa
Lihat Pula > Catatan Kaki

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Simon Keynes, "Offa", in Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, p. 340.
↑  Bede, HE, V, 23, p. 324.
↑  Simon Keynes, "Mercia", in Lapidge, Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, p. 307.
↑  Richard Fletcher (Who's Who, p. 100) describes him as "by common consent the most imposing Anglo-Saxon ruler before Alfred".
1 2  Campbell, Anglo-Saxon State, p. 144.
↑  Hunter Blair, Roman Britain, pp. 14–15.
↑  Campbell, The Anglo-Saxons, pp. 95–98.
↑  Whitelock, English Historical Documents, 67, pp. 453–454.
↑  For a discussion showing the use of this in evidence in an account of the progression from Offa's overlordship of the Hwicce to suppression of the ruling dynasty, and consequent absorption of the kingdom into Mercia, see Patrick Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", in Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons, p. 123.
↑  Roger Ray, "Bede", in Lapidge et al., Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 57–59.
1 2  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 117.
↑  Peter Featherstone, provides a review of some theories about the origins of the Tribal Hidage in "The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia" in Brown & Farr, Mercia, p. 29.
↑  Michael Lapidge, "Alcuin of York", in Lapidge et al. Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, p. 24.
↑  Patrick Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", in Campbell et al., eds., The Anglo-Saxons, pp. 110, 118.
↑  Sutherland English Coinage 600–1900 p. 10.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 101, 104.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 112.
1 2 3 4  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 163.
↑  Offa 7, PASE; see "personal relationships".
↑  The "continuation of Bede" is by other hands than Bede's, though the first few entries may be by Bede himself. See "Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England: Christian Classic Ethereal Library". Diakses tanggal 3 June 2007.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 113.
↑  According to the genealogies, the last king of Lindsey was named Aldfrith, and the identification of this king with an Aldfrith who witnesses a charter of Offa's in 787 led at one time to the belief that Aldfrith was still ruling at that date. However, it is no longer thought that the two Aldfrith's are likely to be the same person. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 113.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 204–205; the charter itself is translated in Whitelock, English Historical Documents, 73, p. 461.
↑  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 164.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 50.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 206.
1 2  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 165.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 32.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 206–207.
↑  The evidence comes from a charter of Coenwulf of Mercia's in 799, in which he grants the land again, quoting the grounds on which Offa revoked it, but without giving any date. The charter is translated in Whitelock, English Historical Documents, 80, p. 470.
↑  Kirby quotes Stenton's comment that Ecgberht was "a mere dependant" of Offa's, and gives his opinion that there is "no certain evidence" of this. On the other hand, Keynes agrees with Stenton that Offa "[took] control of Kent in the 760s". Simon Keynes, "Offa", in Lapidge, Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, p. 340; Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 207; Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 165–166.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 207–208; Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 165.
↑  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 166–167; Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 207–208.
↑  The quote is from Patrick Wormald, "Bede, the Bretwaldas, and the origin of the Gens Anglorum", in Wormald et al., Ideal and Reality, p. 113, quoted in Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 167.
↑  The Chronicle doesn't make it clear whether Eadberht casme to the throne after Offa's death, or after Ecgfrith's. Stenton suggests that the revolt in Kent began prior to Offa's death. See Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 56–57; Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 225; Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 178.
↑  Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 60.
1 2  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 168.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 208; Whitelock, English Historical Documents, p. 243.
↑  Kirby gives details of the problems with the charters, and also suggests that the situation in Kent and Sussex at this time may be connected with the entry for 823 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle which asserts that the southeastern kingdoms were "wrongly forced away" from the kinsmen of Egbert of Wessex, who was the son of king Ealhmund of Kent. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 167–168; see also Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 60.
↑  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 164, 166.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 64.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 210; Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 177; see also Zaluckyj & Zaluckyj, "The Age of Mercian Supremacy", in Zaluckyj et al., Mercia, pp. 152–153, which gives the details of the earliest versions of the legend.
↑  Blair, Church in Anglo-Saxon Society, p. 288.
↑  Zaluckyj & Zaluckyj, "The Age of Mercian Supremacy", in Zaluckyj et al., Mercia, p. 153.
1 2 3  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 209.
1 2  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 141.
↑  Blackburn & Grierson, Early Medieval Coinage, pp. 281–282.
↑  Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 62.
↑  E.g. Fletcher assumes that Egbert spent essentially all Beorhtric's reign in Francia; see Fletcher, Who's Who, p. 114. Similarly, Swanton annotates "3 years" with "in fact thirteen years ... this error is common to all MSS." See note 12 in Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 62–63. On the other hand, Stenton accepts the figure as three: see Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 220. Stenton adds in a footnote that "it is very dangerous to reject a reading which is so well attested".
↑  Keynes & Lapidge, Alfred the Great, p. 71.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 147.
↑  This theory is due to Kirby; see Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 169.
↑  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 154.
↑  Annales Cambriae, sub anno 760, 778 and 784.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 214–215.
↑  Asser, Alfred the Great, ch. 14, p. 71.
1 2 3  Margaret Worthington, "Offa's Dyke", in Lapidge, Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, p. 341.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 213.
↑  Margaret Worthington, "Wat's Dyke", in Lapidge et al., Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, p. 468.
↑  Stenton cites, for example, the village "Burlingjobb", in Powys, not far from the south end of the dyke, as having a name unlikely to have risen as late as the 9th century. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 214.
↑  Patrick Wormald, "Offa's Dyke", in James Campbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons, pp. 120–121.
↑  Whitelock, English Historical Documents, 198, p. 783.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 116–117.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 215–216.
↑  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 170.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 217–218 & 218 notes 3 & 4.
1 2  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 174.
↑  Whitelock, English Historical Documents, 204 & 205, pp. 791–794.
↑  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 169–170.
↑  Whitelock, English Historical Documents, 203, pp. 788–790.
↑  Whitelock, English Historical Documents, 210, pp. 799–800.
↑  Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, sub anno 785, pp. 52–54.
1 2  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 173.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 218–219.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 115.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 218.
↑  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 172.
1 2 3  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 215.
↑  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 171.
1 2  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 116.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 223.
↑  Blair, Church in Anglo-Saxon Society, pp. 129–30.
↑  Keynes & Lapidge, Alfred the Great, p. 244.
↑  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 175.
↑  Whitelock, English Historical Documents, 195, pp. 779–780.
1 2  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 220.
↑  Whitelock, English Historical Documents, 20, p. 313.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 219.
↑  Whitelock, English Historical Documents, 198, pp. 782–784.
↑  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 176–177.
↑  Nelson, Janet, "Carolingian Contacts" in Brown & Farr, Mercia, especially pp. 139–143. For the contrary view, see Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", pp. 101–106.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 119–120
↑  For all this, see Keynes, "Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century", pp. 314–323, in Brown & Farr, Mercia; see also Williams, "Military Institutions and Royal Power", pp. 304–305.
↑  Yorke, Anglo-Saxons, pp. 43–44.
↑  Simon Keynes, "Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century", in Brown & Farr, Mercia, p. 314.
↑  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 3.
↑  Alan Vince, "Market Centres and Towns in the Mercian Hegemony", in Brown & Farr, Mercia, p. 192.
↑  "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 92". Sean Miller. Diakses tanggal 28 April 2007.
↑  Campbell, The Anglo-Saxons, p. 100.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 165.
↑  Gareth Williams, "Military Institutions", in Brown & Farr, Mercia, p. 297.
↑  Richard Abels, "Trinoda Necessitas", in Lapidge et al., "Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England", p. 456.
↑  "Anglo-Saxons.net: S 134". Sean Miller. Diakses tanggal 18 January 2008.
↑  Keynes & Lapidge, Alfred the Great, p. 164.
↑  Keynes & Lapidge, Alfred the Great, pp. 305.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 222.
↑  A transcription of Ine's laws can be read at "Laws of Alfred and Ine". Georgetown University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-12-17. Diakses tanggal 30 December 2007.
↑  Blackburn & Grierson, Medieval European Coinage, p. 157.
1 2  Blackburn & Grierson, Medieval European Coinage, p. 279.
↑  Blackburn & Grierson, Medieval European Coinage, pp. 279–280.
↑  Pauline Stafford, "Political Women in Mercia" in Brown & Farr, Mercia, p. 39.
↑  Williams, Mercian Coinage, p. 211,
1 2  Blackburn & Grierson, Medieval European Coinage, p. 281.
↑  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 223–224.
↑  See the listing under "King", in the "Office" section of "PASE Index of Persons". King's College London. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-03. Diakses tanggal 31 December 2007.
1 2  Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 224.
↑  For example, Peter Hunter Blair describes him as "perhaps the greatest of all the Anglo-Saxon kings, save only Alfred"; Blair, Introduction, p. 53.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 114.
↑  Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 177.
↑  Simon Keynes, "Cynethryth", in Lapidge, Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, p. 133.
↑  Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 50.
↑  Whitelock, English Historical Documents, 202, pp. 786–788.
↑  Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 118.