Astrofisika
Rujukan

↑  Maoz 2016, hlm. 1.
↑  Lloyd, G. E. R. (Geoffrey Ernest Richard) (1968). Aristotle : the growth and structure of his thought. Internet Archive. London : Cambridge University Press. hlm. 134. ISBN 978-0-521-07049-2. But the region of the heavenly bodies, from the moon to the outermost circle of the fixed stars, is constituted not by any of these four elements singly or in any combination, but by a fifth element, aither, which has the property of moving naturally in a circle.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Plato; Cornford, Francis M. (1997). Plato's Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato (dalam bahasa Inggris). Hackett Publishing. hlm. 118. ISBN 978-0-87220-386-0.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Galilei, Galileo (1610). Sidereus Nuncius [Sidereal Messenger] (PDF). Diterjemahkan oleh Helden, Albert Van. Venice. hlm. 13. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2021-05-13. Diakses tanggal 2020-10-31. By oft-repeated observations of them we have been led to the conclusion that we certainly see the surface of the Moon to be not smooth, even, and perfectly spherical, as the great crowd of philosophers have believed about this and other heavenly bodies, but, on the contrary, to be uneven, rough, and crowded with depressions and bulges. And it is like the face of the Earth itself, which is marked here and there with chains of mountains and depths of valleys.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Slowik, Edward (2017). Zalta, Edward N., ed. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. "It is obvious that when God first created the world, He not only moved its parts in various ways, but also simultaneously caused some of the parts to push others and to transfer their motion to these others. So in now maintaining the world by the same action and with the same laws with which He created it, He conserves motion; not always contained in the same parts of matter, but transferred from some parts to others depending on the ways in which they come in contact."
↑  Bricker, Phillip; Hughes, Professor of Philosophy R. I. G.; Hughes, R. I. G.; Hughes, R. I. (1990). Philosophical Perspectives on Newtonian Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). MIT Press. hlm. 140. ISBN 978-0-262-02301-6.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Case, Stephen (2015-10-02). "'Land-marks of the universe': John Herschel against the background of positional astronomy". Annals of Science. 72 (4): 417–434. doi:10.1080/00033790.2015.1034588. ISSN 0003-3790. PMID 26221834. The great majority of astronomers working in the early nineteenth century were not interested in stars as physical objects. Far from being bodies with physical properties to be investigated, the stars were seen as markers measured in order to construct an accurate, detailed and precise background against which solar, lunar and planetary motions could be charted, primarily for terrestrial applications.
↑  Kolesnikova Tasha (2023-07-17). "The Difference Between Astronomy and Astrophysics". studybay.com.
↑  Hearnshaw, J. B. (1990-04-19). The Analysis of Starlight: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Astronomical Spectroscopy (dalam bahasa Inggris). CUP Archive. hlm. 23, 27. ISBN 978-0-521-39916-6.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  "Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff". Science History Institute (dalam bahasa Inggris). 1 Mei 2016. Diakses tanggal 31 Oktober 2020.
1 2 3  "Spectroscopy and the Birth of Astrophysics (Cosmology: Tools)". history.aip.org. Diakses tanggal 31 Oktober 2020.
↑  Cortie, A. L. (1921-05-01). "Sir Norman Lockyer, 1836-1920". The Astrophysical Journal. 53: 237. doi:10.1086/142602.
↑  Jensen, William B. (2004-07-01). "Why Helium Ends in "-ium"". Journal of Chemical Education. 81 (7): 944. doi:10.1021/ed081p944. ISSN 0021-9584. As a result, Lockyer concluded that it belonged to a unknown element for which the name “helium” (from the Greek, helios, meaning “sun”) was contrived.
↑  November 2016, Elizabeth Howell 12. "Annie Jump Cannon: 'Computer' Who Classified the Stars". Space.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-10-31.
↑  Hale, George E. (1895-01-01). "The Astrophysical Journal". The Astrophysical Journal. 1 (1): 81–82. doi:10.1086/140011.
↑  Eddington, A. S. (1920-09-10). "The Internal Constitution of the Stars". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 52 (1341): 233–240. doi:10.1126/science.52.1341.233. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17747682. This remarkable condition has been made known through the researches of H. N. Russell and E. Hertzsprung; the way in which their conclusions, which ran counter to the prevailing thought of the time, have been substantiated on all sides by overwhelming evidence, is the outstanding feature of recent progress in stellar astronomy. (...) As this diffuse mass of gas contracts its temperature must rise, a conclusion long ago pointed out by Homer Lane. The rise continues until the star becomes too dense, and ceases to behave as a perfect gas. A maximum temperature is attained, depending on the mass, after which the star, which has now become a dwarf, cools and further contracts. Thus each temperature-level is passed through twice, once in an ascending and once in a descending stage-once as a giant, once as a dwarf. Temperature plays so predominant a part in the usual spectral classification that the ascending and descending stars were not originally discriminated, and the customary classification led to some perplexities. The separation of the two series was discovered through their great difference in luminosity, particularly striking in the case of the red and yellow stars, where the two stages fall widely apart in the star's history.
↑  McCracken, Garry; Stott, Peter (2013-01-01).  McCracken, Garry; Stott, Peter, ed. Fusion (Second Edition) (dalam bahasa Inggris). Boston: Academic Press. hlm. 13. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384656-3.00002-7. ISBN 978-0-12-384656-3. Eddington had realized that there would be a mass loss if four hydrogen atoms combined to form a single helium atom. Einstein’s equivalence of mass and energy led directly to the suggestion that this could be the long-sought process that produces the energy in the stars! It was an inspired guess, all the more remarkable because the structure of the nucleus and the mechanisms of these reactions were not fully understood.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Payne, C. H. (1925). Stellar Atmospheres; a Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars (Tesis PhD). p. iv. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1925PhDT.........1P/0000001,009.html.
↑  Glorfeld, Jeff (9 Mei 2018). "This week in science history: The woman who found hydrogen in the stars is born". Cosmos Magazine (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 31 Oktober 2020.
↑  Biermann, Peter L.; Falcke, Heino (1998-02-05). "Frontiers of Astrophysics—Workshop summary". AIP Conference Proceedings. 423 (1): 236–248. doi:10.1063/1.55085. ISSN 0094-243X. Since the highlights of early 1997 were the first detection of a redshift and the optical and X-ray afterglows of gamma-ray bursts, as well as the first well-documented flares of TeV-Blazars across a large fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum, we will concentrate on these topics.
↑  Sathyaprakash, B. S.; Schutz, Bernard F. (2009-12-01). "Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology with Gravitational Waves". Living Reviews in Relativity (dalam bahasa Inggris). 12 (1): 110. doi:10.12942/lrr-2009-2. ISSN 1433-8351. PMC 5255530 . PMID 28163611. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia (dalam bahasa Inggris). American Cancer Society. 2006. hlm. 5. doi:10.1002/0471743984.vse8722. ISBN 978-0-471-74398-9. Theoretical astrophysicists use a wide variety of tools which include analytical models (for example, polytropes to approximate the behaviors of a star) and computational numerical simulations. Each has some advantages. Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving insight into the heart of what is going on. Numerical models can reveal the existence of phenomena and effects that would otherwise not be seen.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Lena, Pierre; Lebrun, Francois; Mignard, Francois (2013-03-09). Observational Astrophysics (dalam bahasa Inggris). Springer Science & Business Media. hlm. 1–2. ISBN 978-3-662-03685-3.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)