Perdagangan budak Arab
Rujukan

↑  "Confronting anti-black racism in the Arab world". Al-Jazeera. July 8, 2013.  Parameter |first1= tanpa |last1= di Authors list (bantuan)
↑  http://www.columbia.edu/itc/history/conant/mushin1998.pdf
1 2  Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
↑  Owen Alik Shahadah. "Arab Slave Trade". African Holocaust Society. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-04.
↑  "Arab Slave Trade:". African Holocaust Society. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-04.
↑  Queenae Taylor Mulvihill (2006). Warriors: Spiritually Engaged, page 253
↑  Arab versus European: diplomacy and war in nineteenth-century east central Africa
↑  "Focus on the slave trade", BBC
↑  "The Unknown Slavery: In the Muslim world, that is — and it's not over", National Review
1 2  "Arab Slave Trade: Nominal Muslims". African Holocaust Society. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-04.
↑  Research News: "When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed" Diarsipkan 2011-07-25 di Wayback Machine., Ohio State University
↑  Davis, Robert. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". Stephen Behrendt, "Transatlantic Slave Trade", Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (New York: Basic Civitas Books, 1999), ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
↑  17th-century Icelandic accounts of Barbary or "Turkish" raids, first in Turkish and then English.
↑  BBC - History - British Slaves on the Barbary Coast
↑  ""Jefferson Versus the Muslim Pirates" by Christopher Hitchens, City Journal Spring 2007". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-09-25. Diakses tanggal 2014-09-06.
↑  Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier
↑  "Supply of Slaves". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-05-04. Diakses tanggal 2014-09-06.
↑  Soldier Khan
↑  "The living legacy of jihad slavery", American Thinker
1 2 3  Mikhail Kizilov. "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources". Oxford University. hlm. 7–28.
↑  Manning (1990) hlm. 10
↑  Murray Gordon, Slavery in the Arab World, New Amsterdam Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987, page 28.
↑  "Battuta's Trip: Journey to West Africa (1351 - 1353)". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-06-28. Diakses tanggal 2014-09-06.
↑  "The blood of a nation of Slaves in Stone Town". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-12-25. Diakses tanggal 2014-09-06.
↑  BBC Remembering East African slave raids
↑  "Know about Islamic Slavery in Africa"
↑  "The Forgotten Holocaust: The Eastern Slave Trade". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-10-25. Diakses tanggal 2014-09-06.
↑  Irfan Shahid, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Dumbarton Oaks, 2002, hlm. 364 documents; Ghassanid Arabs seizing and selling 20,000 Jewish Samaritans as slaves in the year 529, before the rise of Islam.
↑  Heart of Africa, vol. ii., chap. xv.
1 2  Labb¿, Theola (2004-01-11). "A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight". The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-25.
↑  Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, Volumes 21-22. 1991. hlm. 87. Diakses tanggal 17 January 2015.
1 2  Mintz, S. Digital History Slavery, Facts & Myths
1 2
1 2
1 2  Slave Trade. Jewish Encyclopedia
↑  Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by Mikhail Kizilov (2007). "Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards:The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captivesin the Crimean Khanate". The Journal of Jewish Studies. hlm. 2.
↑  "£400 for a Slave". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-08-31. Diakses tanggal 2014-09-07.
↑  "Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan". US Department of State. 22 May 2002. Diakses tanggal 20 March 2014.
↑  "Slavery still exists in Mauritania"
↑  Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law
↑  "The Abolition season", BBC World Service
↑  Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, in Les Collections de l'Histoire (April 2001) says:"la traite vers l'Océan indien et la Méditerranée est bien antérieure à l'irruption des Européens sur le continent"
↑  Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African-American Experience 5-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. hlm. 295. ISBN 0195170555.
↑  David Livibrose (2006). "The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death". Echo Library. hlm. 46. ISBN 1-84637-555-X
↑  Dr Susan
↑  Davis chaniago, Robert. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800.
↑  Adams, Charles Hansford (2005). The Narrative of Robert Adams: A Barbary Captive. New York: Cambridge University Press. hlm. xlv–xlvi. ISBN 978-0-521-603-73-7.
↑  The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804
↑  Ehud R. Toledano (1998), Slavery and abolition in the Ottoman Middle East, University of Washington Press, hlm. 13–4, ISBN 0-295-97642-X
1 2 3  Bernard Lewis (2003), "From Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry",  dalam Kevin Reilly, Stephen Kaufman, Angela Bodino, Racism: A Global Reader, M.E. Sharpe, hlm. 52–8, ISBN 0-7656-1060-4
↑  Aristotle, Politics Diarsipkan 2011-06-29 di Wayback Machine., Book I.
↑  El Hamel, Chouki (2002), "'Race', slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco", The Journal of North African Studies, 7 (3): 29–52 [39–40], doi:10.1080/13629380208718472, Neither in the Quran nor in the Hadith is there any indication of racial difference among humankind. But as a consequence of the Arab conquest, a mutual assimilation between Islam and the cultural and the scriptural traditions of Christian and Jewish populations occurred. Racial distinction between humankind with reference to the sons of Noah is found in the Babylonian Talmud, a collection of rabbinic writings that dates back to the sixth century.
↑  Bernard Lewis (1992), Race and slavery in the Middle East: an historical enquiry, Oxford University Press, hlm. 18–9, ISBN 0-19-505326-5
↑  Lindsay, James E. (2005), Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World, Greenwood Publishing Group, hlm. 12–5, ISBN 0-313-32270-8
↑  A. J. Toynbee, Civilization on Trial, New York, 1948, hlm. 205
↑  Al-Muqaddasi, Kitab al-Bad' wah-tarikh vol.4
↑  Andrew Reid, Paul J. Lane, African Historical Archaeologies, (Springer: 2004), p.166
↑  Lewis, Bernard (2002), Race and Slavery in the Middle East, Oxford University Press, hlm. 93, ISBN 0-19-505326-5
↑  Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, by Abdelmajid Hannoum 2003 Wesleyan University.
↑  Please note : The numbers occurring in the source, and repeated here on Wikipedia include both Arab and European trade. The impact of the slave trade on Africa
↑  International Association for the History of Religions (1959), Numen, Leiden: EJ Brill, hlm. 131, West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the west, to the Cameroons in the east; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the Bilad as-Sūdan, 'Land of the Blacks', of the Arabs
↑  Nehemia Levtzion, Randall Lee Pouwels, The History of Islam in Africa, (Ohio University Press, 2000), p.255.
↑  Luiz Felipe de Alencastro, "Traite", in Encyclopædia Universalis (2002), corpus 22, page 902.
↑  Ralph Austen, African Economic History (1987)
↑  Paul Bairoch, Mythes et paradoxes de l'histoire économique, (1994). See also: Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes (1993)
↑  Quoted in Ronald Segal's Islam's Black Slaves
↑  Adam Hochschild (Mar 4, 2001). "Human Cargo". New York Times. Diakses tanggal Dec 20, 2012.
↑  Ronald Segal (2002), Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 978-0374527976
Sekelompo budak Zanj di Zanzibar (1889).