Bashar al-Assad
Rujukan

↑  "Syrians Vote For Assad in Uncontested Referendum". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 28 Mei 2007. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2015.
↑  "Syria's Assad wins another term". BBC News. 29 Mei 2007. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2015.
↑  "Democracy Damascus style: Assad the only choice in referendum". The Guardian. 28 Mei 2007.
↑  Svolik, Milan. "The Politics of Authoritarian Rule". Cambridge University Press (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2019.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Weeks, Jessica (2014). Dictators at War and Peace. Cornell University Press. hlm. 18.
↑  Wedeen, Lisa (2018). Authoritarian Apprehensions. Chicago Studies in Practices of Meaning. University of Chicago Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 October 2019. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2019.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Hinnebusch, Raymond (2012). "Syria: from 'authoritarian upgrading' to revolution?". International Affairs (dalam bahasa Inggris). 88 (1): 95–113. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01059.x.
↑  Michalik, Susanne (2015). "Measuring Authoritarian Regimes with Multiparty Elections".  Dalam Michalik, Susanne. Multiparty Elections in Authoritarian Regimes: Explaining their Introduction and Effects. Studien zur Neuen Politischen Ökonomie (dalam bahasa Inggris). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. hlm. 33–45. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-09511-6_3. ISBN 978-3658095116.
↑  Geddes, Barbara; Wright, Joseph; Frantz, Erica (2018). How Dictatorships Work. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 233. doi:10.1017/9781316336182. ISBN 978-1-316-33618-2.  Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Khamis, Sahar; Gold, Paul B.; Vaughn, Katherine (2013). "22. Propaganda in Egypt and Syria's "Cyberwars": Contexts, Actors, Tools, and Tactics".  Dalam Auerbach, Castronovo; Jonathan, Russ. The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 422. ISBN 978-0-19-976441-9.
↑  Wieland, Carsten (2018). "6: De-neutralizing Aid: All Roads Lead to Damascus". Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid Through Violent Regimes. London: I. B. Tauris. hlm. 68. ISBN 978-0-7556-4138-3.
↑  Ahmed, Saladdin (2019). Totalitarian Space and the Destruction of Aura. State University of New York Press, Albany: Suny Press. hlm. 144, 149. ISBN 9781438472911.
↑  Hensman, Rohini (2018). "7: The Syrian Uprising". Indefensible: Democracy, Counterrevolution, and the Rhetoric of Anti-Imperialism. Chicago: Haymarket Books. ISBN 978-1-60846-912-3.
↑  "Civilian Death Toll". SNHR. September 2022. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 5 March 2022.
↑  Robertson QC, Geoffrey (2013). "11: Justice in Demand". Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice (edisi ke-4th). New York: The New Press. hlm. 560–562, 573, 595–607. ISBN 978-1-59558-860-9.
↑  Syria Freedom Support Act; Holocaust Insurance Accountability Act of 2011. Washington DC: Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives. 2012. hlm. 221–229.
↑  Vohra, Anchal (16 October 2020). "Assad's Horrible War Crimes Are Finally Coming to Light Under Oath". Foreign Policy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 November 2020.
↑  "German court finds Assad regime official guilty of crimes against humanity". Daily Sabah. 13 January 2022. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 January 2022.
↑  Nosakhare, Whitney Martina (15 March 2022). "Some Hope in the Struggle for Justice in Syria: European Courts Offer Survivors a Path Toward Accountability". Human Rights Watch. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 5 April 2022.
↑  "Security Council Deems Syria's Chemical Weapon's Declaration Incomplete". United Nations: Meetings Coverage and Press Releases. 6 March 2023. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 March 2023.
↑  "Fifth Review Conference of the Chemical Weapons Convention". European Union External Action. 15 May 2023. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 May 2023.
↑  "Confident Assad launches new term in stronger position". Reuters. 16 Juli 2014.
↑  Evans, Dominic (28 April 2014). "Assad seeks re-election as Syrian civil war rages". Reuters. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-10-18. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2015.
↑  "UK's William Hague attacks Assad's Syria elections plan". BBC News. 15 Mei 2014. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2015.
↑  "Syria's Assad wins presidential vote in landslide". Daily Mail. 4 Juni 2014. Diakses tanggal 17 Desember 2016.
↑  "Foreign delegation in Syria slams West, endorses elections". The Times of India. 4 Juni 2014. Diakses tanggal 8 Juni 2014.
↑  "Bashar al-Assad sworn in for a third term as Syrian president". The Daily Telegraph. 16 Juli 2014. Diakses tanggal 17 Desember 2016.
↑  Bronner 2007, hlm. 63.
↑  "Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria" (PDF). International Crisis Group. 8 Mei 2014. hlm. 23. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-02-20. Diakses tanggal 4 Oktober 2014. Rezim ini bertujuan untuk memaksa orang untuk berlindung di identitas sektarian dan komunitarian mereka; untuk membagi masing-masing komunitas menjadi cabang-cabang yang bersaing, membagi mereka yang mendukungnya dari mereka yang menentangnya.
↑  Meuse, Alison (18 April 2015). "Syria's Minorities: Caught Between Sword Of ISIS And Wrath of Assad". NPR. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2015. Karim Bitar, seorang analis Timur Tengah di Paris berpikir tank IRIS [...] mengatakan [...] "Minoritas sering digunakan sebagai perisai oleh rezim otoriter, yang mencoba untuk menggambarkan diri mereka sebagai pelindung dan sebagai benteng melawan Islam radikal."
↑  Abdulrahim, Raja (7 December 2024). "The leader of Syria's rebels told The Times that their aim is to oust al-Assad". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 7 December 2024.
↑  "Syrian army command tells officers that Assad's rule has ended, officer says". Reuters.
↑  "Syrian rebels topple President Assad, prime minister calls for free elections". Reuters. 7 December 2024. Diakses tanggal 7 December 2024.
↑  https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/syria-damascus-falls-to-rebels-1.7404700
↑  "Syria's President Bashar al Assad is in Moscow and has been granted asylum, confirms Russian state media". 8 December 2024.
↑  Gebeily, Maya; Azhari, Timour (December 8, 2024). "Syria's Assad and his family are in Moscow after Russia granted them asylum, say Russian news agencies". Reuters. Diakses tanggal December 8, 2024.