Sind (provinsi khalifah)
Periode Abbasiyah > Penurunan otoritas Abbasiyah

↑  Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. hlm. 145, map XIV.1 (e). ISBN 0226742210.
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 388, 557, 448, 599; al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 106
↑  Le Strange, pp. 331–2 and Map 7; Blankinship, pp. 110–2
↑  Schmidt, Karl J. (20 May 2015). An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. hlm. 36. ISBN 978-1-317-47681-8.
↑  Rao, M. S. Nagaraja (1978). The Chalukyas of Badami: Seminar Papers (dalam bahasa Inggris). Mythic Society. hlm. 193. Jayabhața, the Gurjara of Lāța, became the feudatory of the Chalukya emperor. It was in his time that an Arab fleet was despatched to Thāņa and Broach (A.D. 636), and did some damage but was recalled under the orders of Caliph Omar.
↑  M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala - An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145-50, (April 1955).
↑  Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "The Shia Muslims", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).
↑  Ibn Sa'd, 8:346.
↑  Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean," Religion and Society in Arab Sind", p. 126, Brill, (1989) ISBN 90-04-08551-3.
↑  Gabriele, p. 283; Wink; pp. 129, 131; al-Baladhuri, pp. 209–15; al-Ya'qubi, pp. 278, 330–1
↑  Gabrieli, pp. 283–92; Wink, pp. 202–7; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–24; al-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.v.
↑  Petrie, Cameron A. (28 December 2020). Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200 (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxbow Books. hlm. 148. ISBN 978-1-78570-304-1.
↑  Baloch and Rafiqi, pp. 293–4
↑  Al-Baladhuri, p. 227
↑  Blankinship, pp. 62–3
↑  Khalifah ibn Khayyat, 318
↑  Blankinship, p. 41
↑  Crone, pp. 142 ff.; Blankinship, pp. 45–6, 98; Shaban, pp. 120 ff.
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, p. 379; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; Crone, p. 147
↑  Al-Baladhuri, pp. 225–9; Blankinship, pp. 131–4; 147–9; 186–90, 202–3; Wink, 207-9
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 389; al-Baladhuri, pp. 228–9; Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.v. "al-Mansura" (Y. Friedmann)
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 304–7, 310, 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–25; al-Tabari, v. 23: p. 149; Crone, p. 135
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, p. 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, p. 225; Crone, p. 141.
↑  Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 322
↑  Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 322, 333; al-Baladhuri, p. 225
↑  Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 333; Crone, p. 146
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 379–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 333, 359; al-Baladhuri, pp. 226–7; Crone, pp. 98; 147
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, p. 380; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; al-Baladhuri, p. 227-8; Crone, p. 148.
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 388–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359; al-Baladhuri; pp. 228–9; Crone, p. 147
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 389–90, 399–400; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359, 366; al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200
↑  In al-Ya'qubi, pp. 399–400, 407, this individual is named as Yazid ibn Irar (although the editor, p. 389, notes variant readings, including Izzan) and is said to have replaced 'Amr ibn Muhammad as governor in the reign of al-Walid ibn Yazid; he remained as governor until Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi arrived in Sind and killed him.
↑  Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 224–5; Crone, p. 96
↑  Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318
↑  Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; Crone, p. 142
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 195, 198, 203; Crone, p. 158
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 27: p. 203
↑  Wink, pp. 209–12; al-Baladhuri, pp. 230 ff.
↑  These were Layth and Salim, as well as their respective sons.
↑  Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.v. "al-Baramika" (D. Sourdel)
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, p. 585
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 231, who however places 'Umar's governorship after Hisham ibn 'Amr's; al-Tabari, v. 28: p. 78; v. 27: pp. 51–55; Crone, p. 134
↑  al-Ya'qubi, p. 479; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 195, 203, who however places Rawh's appointment in 160/777; Crone, p. 134
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 494, 532; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 173; v. 32: p. 106; Crone, p. 135
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557–8; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 106, 175, 179, 189; Crone, p. 135
↑  Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 109
1 2  Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463
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Selama pertengahan abad kesembilan, otoritas Abbasiyah di Sind berangsur-angsur berkurang. Era baru dalam sejarah provinsi dimulai pada tahun 854, ketika Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari, seorang penduduk Arab setempat di Sind, ditunjuk untuk memerintah negara. Tak lama setelah itu, pemerintah pusat memasuki masa krisis yang melumpuhkan kemampuannya untuk mempertahankan otoritasnya di provinsi; stagnasi ini memungkinkan 'Umar untuk memerintah Sind tanpa campur tangan dari pengadilan khalifah di Samarra . 'Umar akhirnya menciptakan dinasti turun-temurun, yaitu dinasti Habbarids, yang memerintah di al-Mansura selama hampir dua abad. Meskipun Habbarid terus mengakui Abbasiyah sebagai penguasa nominal mereka, otoritas efektif khalifah sebagian besar menghilang dan Habbarid secara de facto independen.
Terlepas dari hilangnya kontrol efektif mereka atas Sind, pemerintah Abbasiyah terus secara resmi mengangkat gubernur ke provinsi tersebut. Pada tahun 871 bupati khalifah Abu Ahmad ibn al-Mutawakkil menginvestasikan Saffarid Ya'qub ibn al-Layth dengan jabatan gubernur Sind. Pada tahun 875, Jenderal Masrur al-Balkhi diberi kendali atas sebagian besar provinsi timur, termasuk Sind. Empat tahun setelah ini, Sind kembali ditugaskan ke Saffarids, dengan Amr ibn al-Layth menerima pengangkatan tersebut. Penunjukan ini, bagaimanapun, murni nominal, dan kecil kemungkinannya bahwa orang-orang ini menjalankan otoritas aktual atas penguasa lokal di dalam provinsi.
Seiring dengan menurunnya kewenangan pemerintah pusat atas Sind, daerah tersebut mengalami masa desentralisasi. Otoritas Habbarid tampaknya sebagian besar terbatas pada Sind sendiri, dan tidak meluas ke Makran, Turan dan Multan, yang semuanya memisahkan diri di bawah dinasti-dinasti yang terpisah. Beberapa penguasa di wilayah ini juga terus mengakui khalifah sebagai penguasa mereka, tetapi secara efektif memerintah sendiri; yang lain sama sekali menolak otoritas khalifah dan langsung independen. Dinasti kecil ini terus memerintah di daerahnya masing-masing hingga awal abad kesebelas, ketika Ghaznawi menginvasi India dan mencaplok sebagian besar wilayah Muslim di negara tersebut.