Letusan Samalas 1257
Rujukan

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1 2 3 4  Vidal et al. 2015, hlm. 2.
↑  Métrich et al. 2018, hlm. 2260.
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↑  Vidal et al. 2015, hlm. 17.
↑  Lavigne et al. 2013, hlm. 16744.
↑  Vidal et al. 2015, hlm. 21–22.
1 2  Vidal et al. 2015, hlm. 18.
↑  Mutaqin et al. 2019, hlm. 348.
↑  Vidal et al. 2015, hlm. 17–18.
↑  Whitehill, A. R.; Jiang, B.; Guo, H.; Ono, S. (20 February 2015). "SO2 photolysis as a source for sulfur mass-independent isotope signatures in stratospehric aerosols". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 15 (4): 1861. Bibcode:2015ACP....15.1843W. doi:10.5194/acp-15-1843-2015.
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↑  Alloway et al. 2017, hlm. 90.
↑  Vidal et al. 2015, hlm. 8.
↑  Vidal et al. 2015, hlm. 12.
↑  Vidal et al. 2015, hlm. 16.
1 2  Vidal et al. 2015, hlm. 19.
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↑  Fontijn et al. 2015, hlm. 8.
↑  Stevenson, J. A.; Millington, S. C.; Beckett, F. M.; Swindles, G. T.; Thordarson, T. (19 May 2015). "Big grains go far: understanding the discrepancy between tephrochronology and satellite infrared measurements of volcanic ash". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 8 (5): 2075. Bibcode:2015AMT.....8.2069S. doi:10.5194/amt-8-2069-2015.
↑  Yang, Zhongkang; Long, Nanye; Wang, Yuhong; Zhou, Xin; Liu, Yi; Sun, Liguang (1 February 2017). "A great volcanic eruption around AD 1300 recorded in lacustrine sediment from Dongdao Island, South China Sea". Journal of Earth System Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 126 (1): 5. doi:10.1007/s12040-016-0790-y. ISSN 0253-4126.
1 2  Margalef et al. 2018, hlm. 5.
↑  Vidal et al. 2015, hlm. 14.
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↑  Métrich et al. 2018, hlm. 2278.
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1 2 3  Lavigne et al. 2013, hlm. 16745.
↑  Lavigne et al. 2013, Table S1.
1 2  Alloway et al. 2017, hlm. 86.
1 2 3  Reid, Anthony (10 July 2016). "Revisiting Southeast Asian History with Geology: Some Demographic Consequences of a Dangerous Environment".  Dalam Bankoff, Greg; Christensen, Joseph. Natural Hazards and Peoples in the Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Macmillan US. hlm. 33. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-94857-4_2. ISBN 978-1-349-94857-4.
↑  Vidal et al. 2015, hlm. 14–15.
↑  Lavigne, Franck; Morin, Julie; Mei, Estuning Tyas Wulan; Calder, Eliza S.; Usamah, Muhi; Nugroho, Ute (2017). Mapping Hazard Zones, Rapid Warning Communication and Understanding Communities: Primary Ways to Mitigate Pyroclastic Flow Hazard. SpringerLink. Advances in Volcanology (dalam bahasa Inggris). hlm. 4. doi:10.1007/11157_2016_34. ISBN 978-3-319-44095-8.
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1 2 3 4  Lavigne et al. 2013, hlm. 16742.
1 2 3 4 5  Hamilton 2013, hlm. 39.
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↑  Oppenheimer 2003, hlm. 417–418.
↑  Hammer, Clausen & Langway 1988, hlm. 103.
↑  Hammer, Clausen & Langway 1988, hlm. 104.
↑  Hammer, Clausen & Langway 1988, hlm. 106.
↑  Osipova, O. P.; Shibaev, Y. A.; Ekaykin, A. A.; Lipenkov, V. Y.; Onischuk, N. A.; Golobokova, L. P.; Khodzher, T. V.; Osipov, E. Y. (7 May 2014). "High-resolution 900 year volcanic and climatic record from the Vostok area, East Antarctica". The Cryosphere (dalam bahasa English). 8 (3): 7. doi:10.5194/tc-8-843-2014. ISSN 1994-0416. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 April 2019. Diakses tanggal 7 April 2019. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
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↑  Sigl, M.; Winstrup, M.; McConnell, J. R.; Welten, K. C.; Plunkett, G.; Ludlow, F.; Büntgen, U.; Caffee, M.; Chellman, N.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Fischer, H.; Kipfstuhl, S.; Kostick, C.; Maselli, O. J.; Mekhaldi, F.; Mulvaney, R.; Muscheler, R.; Pasteris, D. R.; Pilcher, J. R.; Salzer, M.; Schüpbach, S.; Steffensen, J. P.; Vinther, B. M.; Woodruff, T. E. (8 July 2015). "Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years". Nature. 523 (7562): 543–9. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..543S. doi:10.1038/nature14565. PMID 26153860.
↑  Oppenheimer 2003, hlm. 419.
↑  Oppenheimer 2003, hlm. 419–420.
↑  Oppenheimer 2003, hlm. 424.
↑  Hammer, Clausen & Langway 1988, hlm. 107.
1 2  Campbell 2017, hlm. 113.
↑  Caulfield, J. T.; Cronin, S. J.; Turner, S. P.; Cooper, L. B. (27 April 2011). "Mafic Plinian volcanism and ignimbrite emplacement at Tofua volcano, Tonga". Bulletin of Volcanology. 73 (9): 1274. Bibcode:2011BVol...73.1259C. doi:10.1007/s00445-011-0477-9.
↑  Stothers 2000, hlm. 361–362.
1 2  Brovkin et al. 2010, hlm. 675.
1 2 3 4  Oppenheimer 2003, hlm. 422.
↑  Zielinski, Gregory A. (1995). "Stratospheric loading and optical depth estimates of explosive volcanism over the last 2100 years derived from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core". Journal of Geophysical Research. 100 (D10): 20949. doi:10.1029/95JD01751.
↑  Witze, Alexandra (14 July 2012). "Earth: Volcanic bromine destroyed ozone: Blasts emitted gas that erodes protective atmospheric layer". Science News. 182 (1): 12. doi:10.1002/scin.5591820114.
↑  Hamilton 2013, hlm. 39–40.
1 2 3  Hamilton 2013, hlm. 40.
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1 2  Stothers 2000, hlm. 362.
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↑  Stoffel et al. 2015, hlm. 787.
↑  Brovkin et al. 2010, hlm. 674.
↑  Brovkin et al. 2010, hlm. 674–675.
↑  Guillet et al. 2017, hlm. 123.
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↑  Kim, Seong-Joong; Kim, Baek-Min (30 September 2012). "Ocean Response to the Pinatubo and 1259 Volcanic Eruptions". Ocean and Polar Research. 34 (3): 321. doi:10.4217/OPR.2012.34.3.305.
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