Sungai Nil
Catatan dan referensi

1 2  Panjang Sungai Nil biasanya dinyatakan sekitar 6.650 km (4.130 mi), tetapi panjang sebenarnya yang dilaporkan berada antara 5.499 km (3.417 mi) dan 7.088 km (4.404 mi). Pengukuran panjang sungai seringkali hanya perkiraan dan mungkin berbeda satu sama lain karena ada banyak faktor yang menentukan panjang sungai yang dihitung, seperti posisi sumber geografis dan muara, skala pengukuran, dan teknik yang digunakan untuk mengukur panjang (lihat juga Daftar sungai berdasarkan panjang).
↑  bahasa Arab: النيل, translit. an-Nīl, pelafalan dalam bahasa Arab: [an'niːl], Bohairik bahasa Koptik: ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ Templat:IPA-cop, Templat:Lang-lg pelafalan dalam bahasa Luganda: [ki:ra], Nobiin: Áman Dawū
↑  "ⲓⲁⲣⲟ - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Diakses tanggal 2020-06-13.
↑  Reinisch, Leo (1879). Die Nuba-Sprache. Grammatik und Texte. Nubisch-Deutsches und Deutsch-Nubisches Wörterbuch Erster Theil. Zweiter Theil. hlm. 220.
1 2  "Nile River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2015.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
1 2 3  Liu, Shaochuang; Lu, P; Liu, D; Jin, P; Wang, W (1 March 2009). "Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world". Int. J. Digital Earth. 2 (1): 80–87. Bibcode:2009IJDE....2...80L. doi:10.1080/17538940902746082.  Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Amazon Longer Than Nile River, Scientists Say Diarsipkan 15 August 2012 di Wayback Machine.
↑  "How Long Is the Amazon River?". Encyclopedia Britannica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 December 2018. Diakses tanggal 24 December 2018.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Said, R (6 December 2012). The Geological Evolution of the River Nile. New York: Springer (dipublikasikan tanggal 2012). hlm. 4. ISBN 9781461258414. Diakses tanggal May 23, 2021 – via Google.
↑  "Where Does the Amazon River Begin?". National Geographic News. 15 February 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 March 2019. Diakses tanggal 25 December 2018.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Oloo, Adams (2007). "The Quest for Cooperation in the Nile Water Conflicts: A Case for Eritrea" (PDF). African Sociological Review. 11 (1). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 27 September 2011. Diakses tanggal 25 July 2011.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Elsanabary, Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa (2012). Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin (Tesis PhD). Canada: University of Alberta. doi:10.7939/R3377641M.
↑  Conway, Declan. "The climate and hydrology of the Upper Blue Nile River." Geographical Journal 166.1 (2000): 49-62.
↑  The river's outflow from that lake occurs at 12°02′09″N 37°15′53″E﻿ / ﻿12.03583°N 37.26472°E﻿ / 12.03583; 37.26472
↑  "What's the Blue Nile and the White Nile?". The Times of India. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 March 2017. Diakses tanggal 31 July 2017.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Twigger 2014, hlm. 26The Red Nile and the Red Sea are two children of Rift Valley, the tectonic twins.  The Rift Valley starts in east Africa and shatters its way north to that other fracture zone – Palestine and the Levant.
↑  Twigger 2014, hlm. 22The Nile’s earliest valleys are millions of years old. Yet, in its current path, the Nile is shockingly new (in geological terms): only 12,500 years old.
↑  Twigger 2014, hlm. 30A proto-Nile that run into the Tethys Sea – what is now the Mediterranean – existed several million years ago. But it was not until the Ethiopian highlands tilted away from the Red Sea that the Nile could extend backwards out of Egypt. This was around 800,000 years ago.
↑  "Nile". 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. Volume 19.
↑  Harper, Douglas. "Nile". Online Etymology Dictionary (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 31 Desember 2020.
↑  Twigger 2014, hlm. 38Baboons are brainy, they mourn their dead, and they are Nl=ile cratures oar exellence along with the hippo and the croc. The ancient Egyptians recognised the baboon in the figure of Thoth – god of wisdom, of writings, of bringing the gods together. He is depicted with a baboon’s head.

I had seen in a rock cave deep in the Egyptian Sahara other evidence of baboon worship. There, painted perhaps two millenia before the desert dried out some 4,500 years ago, were babooon bodies without heads. It was like the mirror image of Thoth. And we know that the people who formed the nucleus of settlers who originated from what we know as ancient Egypt came from this same drying-out Sahara around 5,000 years ago. Even more mysteryously I’d discovered that the same headless baboon painting could be found in caves in Botswana.
↑  Twigger 2014, hlm. 40They were once so widespread as to be worshipped by the ancient Egyptians, along with the baboon-headed Thoth, and feared – Menes, the first ruler of the First Dynasty, the first Pharaoh in effect, was snatched and killed by hippopotamus. (…) Though hippos are vegetarian, mainly eating bankside grass, under stress they can become carnivorous despite being incapable of digesting meat properly.
↑  Twigger 2014, hlm. 48A Nile crocodile can weigh up to a ton (…)
↑  Twigger 2014, hlm. 49It enters the mouth of the giant beast and devours the leeches there. (…) Modern ornithologists are rather sniffy about the crocodile bird, or siksak as it is known along the Nile, (…).
↑  Twigger 2014, hlm. 18Papyrus is the Nile par exellence – it provided the first boat and the first paper. On the walls of tombs papyrus boats are depicted, similar to those still used in Nile. The virtues of papyrus are recorded also on ancient pieces of papyrus mummified by the desert air at Oxyrhynchus and Fayoum. (…) Elephant grass, with its stems like bamboo, looks much stiffer and less graceful than papyrus. It has a brown feathery crown and pointed upright leaves.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nile". Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (edisi ke-11). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 693.