Universitas Al-Qarawiyyin
Referensi dan catatan

1 2  "Qarawiyin". Encyclopedia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 8 December 2011.
1 2  The Report: Morocco 2009 - Page 252 Oxford Business Group "... yet for many Morocco's cultural, artistic and spiritual capital remains Fez. The best-preserved ... School has been in session at Karaouine University since 859, making it the world's oldest continuously operating university. "
1 2  Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. hlm. 328. ISBN 0-1951-2559-2.
1 2  Joseph, S, and Najmabadi, A.  Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Economics, education, mobility, and space. Brill, 2003, p. 314.
1 2  Swartley, Keith. Encountering the World of Islam. Authentic, 2005, p. 74.
1 2  Kettani, M. Ali. Engineering Education in the Arab World. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441.
↑  The Guinness Book Of Records, Published 1998, ISBN 0-553-57895-2, P.242
↑  [UNESCO World Heritage Centre,The Medina of Fez http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170]
↑  Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World, Publisher: Marshall Cavendish, 2010  p.161
↑  Hidden Giants, 2nd Edition, by Sethanne Howard, Publisher: Lulu.com 2008  p.60
↑  Civilization: The West and the Rest by Niall Ferguson, Publisher: Allen Lane 2011 - ISBN 978-1-84614-273-4
↑  The marketisation of higher education and the student as consumer by Mike Molesworth & Richard Scullion, Publisher: Taylor & Francis 2010  p.26
↑  Frommer's Morocco by Darren Humphrys, Publisher: John Wiley & Sons 2010  p.223
↑  George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264): Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere.
↑  Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 109 (2): 175–182 (176)
↑  Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010
↑  Jomier, J. "al- Azhar (al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Azhar)." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010
1 2  Kevin Shillington: "Encyclopedia of African history", Vol. 1, New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005, ISBN 1-57958-245-1, p.1025
↑  see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447 Diarsipkan 2009-01-15 di Wayback Machine..
1 2  see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447 Diarsipkan 2009-01-15 di Wayback Machine.,
↑  Kenneth Seeskin, The Cambridge companion to Maimonides, Cambridge University Press 2005, p. 18, He is said to have received "formal medical training while residing in Fez."
34°3′52″N 4°58′24″W﻿ / ﻿34.06444°N 4.97333°W﻿ / 34.06444; -4.97333