Pengantar tentang virus
Rujukan > Catatan kaki

1 2  "Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Juli 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-03-20. Diakses tanggal 27 Oktober 2020.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 6.
↑  Collier dkk. 1998, hlm. 3.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 827.
↑  D'herelle F (2007). "On an invisible microbe antagonistic toward dysenteric bacilli: brief note by Mr. F. D'Herelle, presented by Mr. Roux. 1917". Research in Microbiology. 158 (7): 553–54. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2007.07.005. PMID 17855060.
↑  From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1981–1990, (1993) Editor-in-Charge Tore Frängsmyr, Editor Gösta Ekspång, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore
↑  Stanley WM, Loring HS (1936). "The isolation of crystalline tobacco mosaic virus protein from diseased tomato plants". Science. 83 (2143): 85. Bibcode:1936Sci....83...85S. doi:10.1126/science.83.2143.85. PMID 17756690.
↑  Stanley WM, Lauffer MA (1939). "Disintegration of tobacco mosaic virus in urea solutions". Science. 89 (2311): 345–47. Bibcode:1939Sci....89..345S. doi:10.1126/science.89.2311.345. PMID 17788438.
↑  Goodpasture EW, Woodruff AM, Buddingh GJ (Oktober 1931). "The Cultivation Of Vaccine and other Viruses In The Chorioallantoic Membrane of Chick Embryos". Science. 74 (1919): 371–72. Bibcode:1931Sci....74..371G. doi:10.1126/science.74.1919.371. PMID 17810781.
↑  Rosen FS (Oktober 2004). "Isolation of poliovirus – John Enders and the Nobel Prize". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (15): 1481–83. doi:10.1056/NEJMp048202. PMID 15470207.
↑  Koonin, E.V.; Starokadomskyy, P. (7 Maret 2016). "Are viruses alive? The replicator paradigm sheds decisive light on an old but misguided question". Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci. 59: 125–34. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.02.016. PMC 5406846 . PMID 26965225.
↑  Rybicki EP (1990). "The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics". South African Journal of Science. 86: 182–86.
↑  Holmes EC (October 2007). "Viral evolution in the genomic age". PLOS Biology. 5 (10): e278. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050278. PMC 1994994 . PMID 17914905.
↑  Wimmer E, Mueller S, Tumpey TM, Taubenberger JK (December 2009). "Synthetic viruses: a new opportunity to understand and prevent viral disease". Nature Biotechnology. 27 (12): 1163–72. doi:10.1038/nbt.1593. PMC 2819212 . PMID 20010599.
↑  Horn M (2008). "Chlamydiae as symbionts in eukaryotes". Annual Review of Microbiology. 62: 113–31. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162818. PMID 18473699.
↑  Ammerman NC, Beier-Sexton M, Azad AF (November 2008). "Laboratory maintenance of Rickettsia rickettsii". Current Protocols in Microbiology. Chapter 3 (1): Unit 3A.5. doi:10.1002/9780471729259.mc03a05s11. ISBN 978-0471729259. PMC 2725428 . PMID 19016440.
1 2  Koonin EV, Senkevich TG, Dolja VV (September 2006). "The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells". Biology Direct. 1 (1): 29. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-29. PMC 1594570 . PMID 16984643.
1 2  Collier dkk. 1998, hlm. 33–55.
↑  Rotter ML (Agustus 2001). "Arguments for alcoholic hand disinfection". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 48 Suppl A: S4–8. doi:10.1016/s0195-6701(01)90004-0. PMID 11759024.
↑  Abergel C, Legendre M, Claverie JM (November 2015). "The rapidly expanding universe of giant viruses: Mimivirus, Pandoravirus, Pithovirus and Mollivirus". FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 39 (6): 779–96. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuv037. PMID 26391910.
↑  Philippe N, Legendre M, Doutre G, Couté Y, Poirot O, Lescot M, Arslan D, Seltzer V, Bertaux L, Bruley C, Garin J, Claverie JM, Abergel C (Juli 2013). "Pandoraviruses: amoeba viruses with genomes up to 2.5 Mb reaching that of parasitic eukaryotes" (PDF). Science. 341 (6143): 281–86. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..281P. doi:10.1126/science.1239181. PMID 23869018. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-02. Diakses tanggal 2020-03-27.
↑  Zimmer C (18 Juli 2013). "Changing View on Viruses: Not So Small After All". New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-12-20. Diakses tanggal 20 Desember 2014.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 81.
↑  International Human, Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). "Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome". Nature. 431 (7011): 931–45. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..931H. doi:10.1038/nature03001. PMID 15496913.
1 2 3  Shors 2017, hlm. 129.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 129–131.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 652.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 654.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 113.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 104.
1 2  de Klerk E, 't Hoen PA (Maret 2015). "Alternative mRNA transcription, processing, and translation: insights from RNA sequencing". Trends in Genetics : TIG. 31 (3): 128–39. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2015.01.001. PMID 25648499.
↑  Collier dkk. 1998, hlm. 75–82.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 698.
↑  WHO 2004, hlm. 154.
↑  WHO 2004, hlm. 166.
1 2 3  WHO 2004, hlm. 168.
↑  Gröner, Albrecht; Broumis, Connie; Fang, Randel; Nowak, Thomas; Popp, Birgit; Schäfer, Wolfram; Roth, Nathan J. (Januari 2018). "Effective inactivation of a wide range of viruses by pasteurization: VIRUS INACTIVATION BY PASTEURIZATION". Transfusion (dalam bahasa Inggris). 58 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1111/trf.14390.
↑  WHO 2004, hlm. 204–208.
↑  Moore, Mark A. (Agustus 2012). "Inactivation of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses on seeded human tissues by gamma irradiation". Cell and Tissue Banking (dalam bahasa Inggris). 13 (3): 401–407. doi:10.1007/s10561-011-9266-0. ISSN 1389-9333. PMC 3432196 . PMID 21809182. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-07. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  Lee, C. A.; Kessler, C. M.; Varon, D.; Martinowitz, U.; Heim, M.; Miekka, S. I.; Busby, T. F.; Reid, B.; Pollock, R. (Juli 1998). "New methods for inactivation of lipid-enveloped and nonenveloped viruses". Haemophilia (dalam bahasa Inggris). 4 (4): 402–408. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2516.1998.440402.x.
↑  Blázquez, Elena; Rodríguez, Carmen; Ródenas, Jesús; Navarro, Núria; Riquelme, Cristina; Rosell, Rosa; Campbell, Joy; Crenshaw, Joe; Segalés, Joaquim (21 Februari 2019).  Heldt, Caryn L., ed. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of the SurePure Turbulator ultraviolet-C irradiation equipment on inactivation of different enveloped and non-enveloped viruses inoculated in commercially collected liquid animal plasma". PLOS ONE (dalam bahasa Inggris). 14 (2): e0212332. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212332. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6383881 . PMID 30789926. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-07. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 6–13.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 124–125.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 125.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 127.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 137.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 141.
↑  De Paepe, Marianne; Leclerc, Marion; Tinsley, Colin R.; Petit, Marie-Agnes (28 Maret 2014). "Bacteriophages: an underestimated role in human and animal health?". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 4. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2014.00039. ISSN 2235-2988. PMC 3975094 . PMID 24734220.
↑  Smith, Kenneth Manley; Ritchie, Donald Andrew (1980). Introduction to virology. London: Chapman and Hall. hlm. 131. ISBN 0-412-21960-3. OCLC 5336780. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-04.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Collier dkk. 1998, hlm. 115–146.
↑  Collier dkk. 1998, hlm. 115.
↑  Okamoto T, Suzuki T, Kusakabe S, Tokunaga M, Hirano J, Miyata Y, Matsuura Y (2017). "Regulation of Apoptosis during Flavivirus Infection". Viruses. 9 (9): 243. doi:10.3390/v9090243. PMC 5618009 . PMID 28846635.
↑  Alwine JC (2008). Modulation of host cell stress responses by human cytomegalovirus. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 325. hlm. 263–79. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77349-8_15. ISBN 978-3-540-77348-1. PMID 18637511.
↑  Sinclair J (Maret 2008). "Human cytomegalovirus: Latency and reactivation in the myeloid lineage". J. Clin. Virol. 41 (3): 180–85. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2007.11.014. PMID 18164651.
↑  Jordan MC, Jordan GW, Stevens JG, Miller G (Juni 1984). "Latent herpesviruses of humans". Ann. Intern. Med. 100 (6): 866–80. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-100-6-866. PMID 6326635.
↑  Sissons JG, Bain M, Wills MR (Februari 2002). "Latency and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus" (PDF). J. Infect. 44 (2): 73–77. doi:10.1053/jinf.2001.0948. PMID 12076064. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-02-22. Diakses tanggal 2020-03-29.
↑  Graham SV (2017). "The human papillomavirus replication cycle, and its links to cancer progression: a comprehensive review". Clinical Science. 131 (17): 2201–21. doi:10.1042/CS20160786. PMID 28798073.
↑  Barozzi P, Potenza L, Riva G, Vallerini D, Quadrelli C, Bosco R, Forghieri F, Torelli G, Luppi M (Desember 2007). "B cells and herpesviruses: a model of lymphoproliferation". Autoimmun Rev. 7 (2): 132–36. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2007.02.018. PMID 18035323.
↑  Roulston A, Marcellus RC, Branton PE (1999). "Viruses and apoptosis". Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 53: 577–628. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.53.1.577. PMID 10547702.
↑  Dietzgen, Ralf; Mann, Krin; Johnson, Karyn (9 November 2016). "Plant Virus–Insect Vector Interactions: Current and Potential Future Research Directions". Viruses (dalam bahasa Inggris). 8 (11): 303. doi:10.3390/v8110303. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 5127017 . PMID 27834855. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-19. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-08. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  "Herpes simplex virus". WHO (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-11. Diakses tanggal 8 April 2020.
↑  Shaw, G. M.; Hunter, E. (1 November 2012). "HIV Transmission". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2 (11): a006965–a006965. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006965. ISSN 2157-1422. PMC 3543106 . PMID 23043157. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-08. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  Gaythorpe, K. A. M.; Trotter, C. L.; Lopman, B.; Steele, M.; Conlan, A. J. K. (Januari 2018). "Norovirus transmission dynamics: a modelling review". Epidemiology and Infection (dalam bahasa Inggris). 146 (2): 147–158. doi:10.1017/S0950268817002692. ISSN 0950-2688. PMC 5851036 . PMID 29268812. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  Crawford, Sue E.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Svensson, Lennart; Hagbom, Marie; Franco, Manuel A.; Greenberg, Harry B.; O'Ryan, Miguel (Desember 2017). "Rotavirus infection". Nature Reviews Disease Primers (dalam bahasa Inggris). 3 (1): 17083. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83. ISSN 2056-676X. PMC 5858916 . PMID 29119972. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-03-07. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-08. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  Neumann, Gabriele; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro (Mei 2015). "Transmission of influenza A viruses". Virology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 479-480: 234–246. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.009. PMC 4424116 . PMID 25812763. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-19. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-08. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  Burke, Crystal W.; Bridges, Olga; Brown, Sherri; Rahija, Richard; Russell, Charles J. (21 November 2013).  Subbarao, Kanta, ed. "Mode of Parainfluenza Virus Transmission Determines the Dynamics of Primary Infection and Protection from Reinfection". PLoS Pathogens (dalam bahasa Inggris). 9 (11): e1003786. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003786. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 3836739 . PMID 24278024. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-08. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  Singhal, Tanu (April 2020). "A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)". The Indian Journal of Pediatrics (dalam bahasa Inggris). 87 (4): 281–286. doi:10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6. ISSN 0019-5456. PMC 7090728 . PMID 32166607. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-08. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  Marques-Toledo, Cecilia A.; Bendati, Maria Mercedes; Codeço, Claudia T.; Teixeira, Mauro M. (Desember 2019). "Probability of dengue transmission and propagation in a non-endemic temperate area: conceptual model and decision risk levels for early alert, prevention and control". Parasites & Vectors (dalam bahasa Inggris). 12 (1): 38. doi:10.1186/s13071-018-3280-z. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 6335707 . PMID 30651125. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-19. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-08. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  Britt, William (3 Agustus 2018). "Maternal Immunity and the Natural History of Congenital Human Cytomegalovirus Infection". Viruses (dalam bahasa Inggris). 10 (8): 405. doi:10.3390/v10080405. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 6116058 . PMID 30081449. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-16. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-08. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  Warren, Cody J.; Sawyer, Sara L. (19 April 2019). "How host genetics dictates successful viral zoonosis". PLOS Biology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 17 (4): e3000217. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000217. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 6474636 . PMID 31002666. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-03.
↑  "Zoonosis". WHO. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-01-03. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2020.
↑  "Rabies Key Facts". Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO). 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 Mei 2019.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 32.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 271.
↑  Berngruber TW, Froissart R, Choisy M, Gandon S (2013). "Evolution of Virulence in Emerging Epidemics". PLOS Pathogens. 9(3): e1003209 (3): e1003209. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003209. PMC 3597519 . PMID 23516359.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 464.
↑  Tanaka J, Akita T, Ko K, Miura Y, Satake M (September 2019). "Countermeasures against viral hepatitis B and C in Japan: An epidemiological point of view". Hepatology Research : The Official Journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology. 49 (9): 990–1002. doi:10.1111/hepr.13417. PMC 6852166 . PMID 31364248.
↑  Lai CC, Liu YH, Wang CY, Wang YH, Hsueh SC, Yen MY, Ko WC, Hsueh PR (Maret 2020). "Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.012. PMID 32173241.
↑  Collier dkk. 1998, hlm. 766.
↑  Strand LK (Juli 2018). "The Terrible Summer of 1952 … When Polio Struck Our Family". Seminars in Pediatric Neurology. 26: 39–44. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2017.04.001. PMID 29961515.
↑  Moorthy M, Castronovo D, Abraham A, Bhattacharyya S, Gradus S, Gorski J, Naumov YN, Fefferman NH, Naumova EN (Oktober 2012). "Deviations in influenza seasonality: odd coincidence or obscure consequence?". Clinical Microbiology and Infection : The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 18 (10): 955–62. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03959.x. PMC 3442949 . PMID 22958213.
↑  Barril PA, Fumian TM, Prez VE, Gil PI, Martínez LC, Giordano MO, Masachessi G, Isa MB, Ferreyra LJ, Ré VE, Miagostovich M, Pavan JV, Nates SV (April 2015). "Rotavirus seasonality in urban sewage from Argentina: effect of meteorological variables on the viral load and the genetic diversity". Environmental Research. 138: 409–15. Bibcode:2015ER....138..409B. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.004. PMID 25777068.
↑  Durrheim DN, Crowcroft NS, Strebel PM (Desember 2014). "Measles – The epidemiology of elimination". Vaccine. 32 (51): 6880–83. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.061. PMID 25444814.
↑  Mbanzulu KM, Mboera LE, Luzolo FK, Wumba R, Misinzo G, Kimera SI (Februari 2020). "Mosquito-borne viral diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a review". Parasites & Vectors. 13 (1): 103. doi:10.1186/s13071-020-3985-7. PMC 7045448 . PMID 32103776.
↑  Morse, Stephen S. (1995). "Factors in the Emergence of Infectious Diseases". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1 (1): 7–15. doi:10.3201/eid0101.950102. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 2626828 . PMID 8903148. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-04.
↑  Institute of Medicine (US), Forum on Emerging Infections (2001).  Davis, Jonathan R.; Lederberg, Joshua, ed. Emerging Infectious Diseases from the Global to the Local Perspective: A Summary of a Workshop of the Forum on Emerging Infections. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. doi:10.17226/10084. ISBN 0-309-56482-4. OCLC 49549298. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-05-24. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-09.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Eisinger RW, Fauci AS (Maret 2018). "Ending the HIV/AIDS Pandemic1". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 24 (3): 413–16. doi:10.3201/eid2403.171797. PMC 5823353 . PMID 29460740.
↑  Nishiyama Y, Matsukuma S, Matsumura T, Kanatani Y, Saito T (April 2015). "Preparedness for a smallpox pandemic in Japan: public health perspectives". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 9 (2): 220–23. doi:10.1017/dmp.2014.157. PMID 26060873.
↑  Houghton F (2019). "Geography, global pandemics & air travel: Faster, fuller, further & more frequent". Journal of Infection and Public Health. 12 (3): 448–49. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2019.02.020. PMID 30878442.
↑  Geisbert, Tom (ed.). "Emerging viruses". Virology Journal. ISSN 1743-422X. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-03. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2020.
↑  Weiss SR, Leibowitz JL (2011). Coronavirus pathogenesis. Advances in Virus Research. 81. hlm. 85–164. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2. ISBN 978-0-12-385885-6. PMID 22094080.
↑  Wong AT, Chen H, Liu SH, Hsu EK, Luk KS, Lai CK, Chan RF, Tsang OT, Choi KW, Kwan YW, Tong AY, Cheng VC, Tsang DC (Mei 2017). "From SARS to Avian Influenza Preparedness in Hong Kong". Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 64 (suppl_2): S98–S104. doi:10.1093/cid/cix123. PMID 28475794.
↑  Zhou, Peng; Yang, Xing-Lou; Wang, Xian-Guang; Hu, Ben; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Wei; Si, Hao-Rui; Zhu, Yan; Li, Bei (Maret 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris). 579 (7798): 270–273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 7095418 . PMID 32015507. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-03. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-04.
↑  Cyranoski, David (7 Februari 2020). "Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people?". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris): d41586–020–00364–2. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00364-2. ISSN 0028-0836. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-04. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-04.
↑  Zhang, Tao; Wu, Qunfu; Zhang, Zhigang (Maret 2020). "Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak". Current Biology (dalam bahasa Inggris): S0960982220303602. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-07. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-04.
↑  Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (PDF) (Laporan). World Health Organization (WHO). 16–24 Februari 2020. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2020-02-29. Diakses tanggal 21 Maret 2020. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format tanggal (link)
↑  Ashour HM, Elkhatib WF, Rahman MM, Elshabrawy HA (Maret 2020). "Insights into the Recent 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Light of Past Human Coronavirus Outbreaks". Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland). 9 (3): 186. doi:10.3390/pathogens9030186. PMID 32143502.
↑  Deng SQ, Peng HJ (Februari 2020). "Characteristics of and Public Health Responses to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in China". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (2): 575. doi:10.3390/jcm9020575. PMC 7074453 . PMID 32093211.
↑  Han Q, Lin Q, Jin S, You L (Februari 2020). "Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: A brief perspective from the front line". The Journal of Infection. 80 (4): 373–77. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.010. PMID 32109444.
↑  "A third of the global population is on coronavirus lockdown — here's our constantly updated list of countries and restrictions". Business Insider. 28 Maret 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-19. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-05.
↑  "Coronavirus Travel Restrictions, Across the Globe". The New York Times. 1 April 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-06-12. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2020.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 822.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 802–803.
↑  Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology. Boston: Academic Press; 2009. ISBN 978-0-12-375146-1. p. 82.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 803.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 116–117.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 225–233.
↑  Garcia-Ruiz H (2018). "Susceptibility Genes to Plant Viruses". Viruses. 10 (9): 484. doi:10.3390/v10090484. PMC 6164914 . PMID 30201857.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 812.
↑  Soosaar JL, Burch-Smith TM, Dinesh-Kumar SP (2005). "Mechanisms of plant resistance to viruses". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 3 (10): 789–98. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1239. PMID 16132037.
1 2  Hampton, Hannah G.; Watson, Bridget N. J.; Fineran, Peter C. (Januari 2020). "The arms race between bacteria and their phage foes". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris). 577 (7790): 327–336. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1894-8. ISSN 0028-0836. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-04-05. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-05.
↑  Horvath, Philippe; Barrangou, Rodolphe (8 Januari 2010). "CRISPR/Cas, the Immune System of Bacteria and Archaea". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 327 (5962): 167–170. doi:10.1126/science.1179555. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 20056882.
↑  Stern, Adi; Sorek, Rotem (Januari 2011). "The phage-host arms race: Shaping the evolution of microbes". BioEssays (dalam bahasa Inggris). 33 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1002/bies.201000071. PMC 3274958 . PMID 20979102. Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 237–255.
↑  Small JC, Ertl HC (2011). "Viruses – from pathogens to vaccine carriers". Current Opinion in Virology. 1 (4): 241–45. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.07.009. PMC 3190199 . PMID 22003377.
↑  Burakova Y, Madera R, McVey S, Schlup JR, Shi J (2018). "Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines". Viral Immunology. 31 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1089/vim.2017.0049. PMID 28618246.
↑  "Influenza (Seasonal)". WHO. 6 November 2018. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-10-25. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2020.
↑  Thomssen R (1975). "Live attenuated versus killed virus vaccines". Monographs in Allergy. 9: 155–76. PMID 1090805.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 237.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 238.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 142–143.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 143.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 514–515.
1 2  Shors 2017, hlm. 514.
↑  Applegate TL, Fajardo E, Sacks JA (Juni 2018). "Hepatitis C Virus Diagnosis and the Holy Grail" (PDF). Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 32 (2): 425–45. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2018.02.010. PMID 29778264. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
↑  Paul N, Han SH (Juni 2011). "Combination Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B: Current Indications". Curr Hepat Rep. 10 (2): 98–105. doi:10.1007/s11901-011-0095-1. PMC 3085106 . PMID 21654909.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 568.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 463.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 146.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 148.
↑  Shors 2017, hlm. 16.
↑  Collier dkk. 1998, hlm. 18–19.
↑  Liu Y, Nickle DC, Shriner D, Jensen MA, Learn GH, Mittler JE, Mullins JI (November 2004). "Molecular clock-like evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1". Virology. 329 (1): 101–08. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.08.014. PMID 15476878.
1 2  Krupovic M, Dooja W, Koonin EV (2019). "Origin of viruses: primordial replicators recruiting capsids from hosts". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 17 (7): 449–58. doi:10.1038/s41579-019-0205-6. PMID 31142823.
↑  Collier dkk. 1998, hlm. 11–21.
↑  Collier dkk. 1998, hlm. 11.
↑  Collier dkk. 1998, hlm. 11–12.
1 2  Wessner, D.R. (2010). "The Origins of Viruses". Nature Education. 3 (9): 37. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-11-03. Diakses tanggal 2020-11-01.
↑  Dimmock dkk. 2007, hlm. 55.
↑  La Scola B, Desnues C, Pagnier I, Robert C, Barrassi L, Fournous G,  et al. (September 2008). "The virophage as a unique parasite of the giant mimivirus". Nature. 455 (7209): 100–4. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..100L. doi:10.1038/nature07218. PMID 18690211.
↑  Collier dkk. 1998, hlm. 777.
↑  Dimmock dkk. 2007, hlm. 55–57.