Alam
Catatan kaki

↑  Harper, Douglas. "nature". Online Etymology Dictionary. Diakses tanggal 2006-09-23.
↑  Naddaf, Gerard The Greek Concept of Nature, SUNY Press, 2006.
↑  Guthrie, W.K.C. Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus (volume 2 History of Greek Philosophy), Cambridge UP, 1965.
↑  Kata physis pertama kali digunakan oleh Homer untuk kualitas intrinsik tanaman: ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας πόρε φάρμακον ἀργεϊφόντης ἐκ γαίης ἐρύσας, καί μοι φύσιν αὐτοῦ ἔδειξε. (Sehingga dikatakan, Argeiphontes [=Hermes] memberiku herba, mencabutnya dari tanah, dan menunjukkan kepadaku physisnya.) Odyssey 10.302-3 (ed. A.T. Murray). (Liddell dan Scott Greek Lexicon Diarsipkan 2011-03-05 di Wayback Machine..)
↑  Contohnya, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) karya Isaac Newton diterjemahkan menjadi "Prinsip Matematis Filsafat Alam" yang mencerminkan penggunaan kata "filsafat alam".
↑  Harper, Douglas. "physical". Online Etymology Dictionary. Diakses tanggal 2006-09-20.
↑  
"World Climates". Blue Planet Biomes. Diakses tanggal 2006-09-21.
↑  "Calculations favor reducing atmosphere for early Earth". Science Daily. 2005-09-11. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-06.
↑  "Past Climate Change". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-07.
↑  Hugh Anderson, Bernard Walter (March 28, 1997). "History of Climate Change". NASA. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-01-23. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-07.  Diarsipkan 2008-01-23 di Wayback Machine.
↑  Weart, Spencer (2006). "The Discovery of Global Warming". American Institute of Physics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-08-04. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-07.  Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Margulis, Lynn (1995). What is Life?. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684813262.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
↑  Dalrymple, G. Brent (1991). The Age of the Earth. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1569-6.
↑  
Morbidelli, A. (2000). "Source Regions and Time Scales for the Delivery of Water to Earth". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 35 (6): 1309–1320. Bibcode:2000M&PS...35.1309M. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
↑  "Earth's Oldest Mineral Grains Suggest an Early Start for Life". NASA Astrobilogy Institute. 2001-12-24. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-09-28. Diakses tanggal 2006-05-24.  Diarsipkan 2006-09-28 di Wayback Machine.
↑  Murphy, J.B. (2004). "How do supercontinents assemble?". American Scientist. 92 (4): 324. doi:10.1511/2004.4.324.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
↑  Kirschvink, J.L. (1992). "Late Proterozoic Low-Latitude Global Glaciation: The Snowball Earth" (PDF).  Dalam J.W. Schopf, C. Klein eds. The Proterozoic Biosphere. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 51–52. ISBN 0-521-36615-1. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list (link)
↑  Raup, David M. (1982). "Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record". Science. 215 (4539): 1501–3. Bibcode:1982Sci...215.1501R. doi:10.1126/science.215.4539.1501. PMID 17788674.  Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
↑  Margulis, Lynn (1995). What is Life?. New York: Simon & Schuster. hlm. 145. ISBN 0-684-81326-2.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
↑  Margulis, Lynn (1995). What is Life?. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81326-2.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
↑  Diamond J; Ashmole, N. P.; Purves, P. E. (1989). "The present, past and future of human-caused extinctions". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 325 (1228): 469–76; discussion 476–7. Bibcode:1989RSPTB.325..469D. doi:10.1098/rstb.1989.0100. PMID 2574887.
↑  Novacek M, Cleland E (2001). "The current biodiversity extinction event: scenarios for mitigation and recovery". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98 (10): 1029. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.5466N. doi:10.1073/pnas.091093698. PMC 33235 . PMID 11344295.  Lebih dari satu parameter |pages= dan |page= yang digunakan (bantuan)
↑  Wick, Lucia; Möhl, Adrian (2006). "The mid-Holocene extinction of silver fir (Abies alba) in the Southern Alps: a consequence of forest fires? Palaeobotanical records and forest simulations". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 15 (4): 435–444. doi:10.1007/s00334-006-0051-0.
↑  Sebagai contoh, lihat , ,
↑  "Ideal Gases under Constant Volume, Constant Pressure, Constant Temperature, & Adiabatic Conditions". NASA. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-07.
↑  Pelletier, Jon D. (2002). "Natural variability of atmospheric temperatures and geomagnetic intensity over a wide range of time scales". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (90001): 2546–2553. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.2546P. doi:10.1073/pnas.022582599. PMC 128574 . PMID 11875208.
↑  "Tropical Ocean Warming Drives Recent Northern Hemisphere Climate Change". Science Daily. April 6, 2001. Diakses tanggal 2006-05-24.
↑  "Water for Life". Un.org. 2005-03-22. Diakses tanggal 2011-05-14.
↑  "CIA- The world fact book". Central Intelligence Agency. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-01-05. Diakses tanggal 2008-12-20.
↑  Water Vapor in the Climate System Diarsipkan 2007-03-20 di Wayback Machine., Special Report, [AGU], Desember 1995 (ditautkan 4/2007). Vital Water Diarsipkan 2009-07-08 di Wayback Machine. UNEP.
↑  "Ocean Diarsipkan 2011-01-26 di Wayback Machine.". The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2002. New York: Columbia University Press
↑  "Distribution of land and water on the planet Diarsipkan 2008-05-31 di Wayback Machine.". UN Atlas of the Oceans
↑  Spilhaus, Athelstan F. 1942 (Jul.). "Maps of the whole world ocean." Geographical Review (American Geographical Society). Vol. 32 (3): pp. 431–5.
↑  Brittanica online. "Lake (physical feature)". Diakses tanggal 2008-06-25. [a Lake is] any relatively large body of slowly moving or standing water that occupies an inland basin of appreciable size. Definitions that precisely distinguish lakes, ponds, swamps, and even rivers and other bodies of nonoceanic water are not well established. It may be said, however, that rivers and streams are relatively fast moving; marshes and swamps contain relatively large quantities of grasses, trees, or shrubs; and ponds are relatively small in comparison to lakes. Geologically defined, lakes are temporary bodies of water.
↑  a body of fresh or salt water of considerable size, surrounded by land. "Dictionary.com definition" Periksa nilai |url= (bantuan). Diakses tanggal 2008-06-25.
↑  River {definition} from Merriam-Webster. Accessed February 2010.
↑  [pranala nonaktif permanen], Wordnet
↑  USGS – U.S. Geological Survey – faqs, #17 What is the difference between mountain, hill, and peak; lake and pond; or river and creek?
↑  Adams, C.E. (1994). "The fish community of Loch Lomond, Scotland : its history and rapidly changing status". Hydrobiologia. 290 (1–3): 91–102. doi:10.1007/BF00008956. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-01-14. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-07.
↑  Pidwirny, Michael (2006). "Introduction to the Biosphere: Introduction to the Ecosystem Concept". Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition). Diakses tanggal September 28, 2006.
↑  Odum, EP (1971) Fundamentals of ecology, third edition, Saunders New York
↑  Pidwirny, Michael (2006). "Introduction to the Biosphere: Organization of Life". Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition). Diakses tanggal September 28, 2006.
↑  Bailey, Robert G. (2004). "Identifying Ecoregion Boundaries" (PDF). Environmental Management. 34 (Supplement 1): S14–26. doi:10.1007/s00267-003-0163-6. PMID 15883869.  Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  No Man's Garden by Daniel B. Botkin hal. 155-157
↑  "Definition of Life". California Academy of Sciences. 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-02-08. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-07.
↑  Leckie, Stephen (1999). "How Meat-centred Eating Patterns Affect Food Security and the Environment". For hunger-proof cities : sustainable urban food systems. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. ISBN 0-88936-882-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-11-13. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-07.
↑  "World Population Information". U.S. Census Bureau. Diakses tanggal September 28, 2006. )
↑  Sengbusch, Peter V. "The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems – Productivity, Food Chain, and Trophic Level". Botany online. University of Hamburg Department of Biology. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-26. Diakses tanggal September 23, 2006.
↑  Pidwirny, Michael (2006). "Introduction to the Biosphere: Species Diversity and Biodiversity". Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition). Diakses tanggal September 23, 2006.
↑  "How Many Species are There?". Extinction Web Page Class Notes. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-09-09. Diakses tanggal September 23, 2006.
↑  "Animal." World Book Encyclopedia. 16 vols. Chicago: World Book, 2003. This source gives an estimate of from 2 to 50 million.
↑  "Just How Many Species Are There, Anyway?". Science Daily. 2003. Diakses tanggal September 26, 2006.  Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Withers, Mark A. (1998). "Changing Patterns in the Number of Species in North American Floras". Land Use History of North America. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-19. Diakses tanggal September 26, 2006.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan) Website based on the contents of the book: Sisk, T.D., ed., ed. (1998). Perspectives on the land use history of North America: a context for understanding our changing environment (edisi ke-Revised September 1999). U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division. USGS/BRD/BSR-1998-0003. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list (link)
↑  "Tropical Scientists Find Fewer Species Than Expected". Science Daily. 2002. Diakses tanggal September 27, 2006.  Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
↑  Bunker, Daniel E. (2005). "Species Loss and Aboveground Carbon Storage in a Tropical Forest". Science. 310 (5750): 1029–31. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1029B. doi:10.1126/science.1117682. PMID 16239439.  Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
↑  Wilcox, Bruce A. (2006). "Amphibian Decline: More Support for Biocomplexity as a Research Paradigm". EcoHealth. 3 (1): 1. doi:10.1007/s10393-005-0013-5.
↑  Clarke, Robin, Robert Lamb, Dilys Roe Ward eds., ed. (2002). "Decline and loss of species". Global environment outlook 3 : past, present and future perspectives. London; Sterling, VA: Nairobi, Kenya : UNEP. ISBN 92-807-2087-2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-01-26. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-07. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list (link)
↑  "Why the Amazon Rainforest is So Rich in Species : News". Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2005-12-05. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-02-25. Diakses tanggal 2011-05-14.  Diarsipkan 2011-02-25 di Wayback Machine.
↑  "Why The Amazon Rainforest Is So Rich In Species". Sciencedaily.com. 2005-12-05. Diakses tanggal 2011-05-14.
1 2  Line M (1 January 2002). "The enigma of the origin of life and its timing". Microbiology. 148 (Pt 1): 21–7. PMID 11782495. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-22. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-07.
↑  Berkner, L. V. (1965). "On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 22 (3): 225–261. Bibcode:1965JAtS...22..225B. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0225:OTOARO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0469.  Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
↑  Schopf J (1994). "Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91 (15): 6735–42. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.6735S. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735. PMC 44277 . PMID 8041691.
↑  Szewzyk U, Szewzyk R, Stenström T (1994). "Thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from a deep borehole in granite in Sweden". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91 (5): 1810–3. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.1810S. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1810. PMC 43253 . PMID 11607462. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Wolska K (2003). "Horizontal DNA transfer between bacteria in the environment". Acta Microbiol Pol. 52 (3): 233–43. PMID 14743976.
↑  Horneck G (1981). "Survival of microorganisms in space: a review". Adv Space Res. 1 (14): 39–48. doi:10.1016/0273-1177(81)90241-6. PMID 11541716.
↑  "flora". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-04-30. Diakses tanggal September 27, 2006.
↑  "Glossary". Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources. Reston, VA: Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 1998. SuDocs No. I 19.202:ST 1/V.1-2.
↑  "Le Dodo". Diakses tanggal 2011-11-17.
↑  "Feedback Loops In Global Climate Change Point To A Very Hot 21st Century". Science Daily. May 22, 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-12-24. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-07.
↑  "Plant Conservation Alliance – Medicinal Plant Working Groups Green Medicine". US National Park Services. Diakses tanggal September 23, 2006.
↑  Oosthoek, Jan (1999). "Environmental History: Between Science & Philosophy". Environmental History Resources. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-01.
↑  For an example of a range of opinions, see: "On the Beauty of Nature". The Wilderness Society. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-09-09. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2006.  and Ralph Waldo Emerson's analysis of the subject: Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1849). "Beauty". Nature; Addresses and Lectures.
↑  History of Conservation BC Spaces for Nature. Diakses 20 Mei 2006.
↑  "Some Theories Win, Some Lose". WMAP Mission: First Year Results. NASA.
↑  Taylor, Barry N. (1971). "Introduction to the constants for nonexperts". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-07.
↑  D. A. Varshalovich, A. Y. Potekhin, A. V. Ivanchik (2000). "Testing cosmological variability of fundamental constants". AIP Conference Proceedings. 506: 503. arXiv:physics/0004062 . doi:10.1063/1.1302777. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑  Bibring, J (2006). "Global mineralogical and aqueous mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data". Science. 312 (5772): 400–4. Bibcode:2006Sci...312..400B. doi:10.1126/science.1122659. PMID 16627738.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
↑  Malik, Tariq (2005-03-08). "Hunt for Mars life should go underground". The Brown University News Bureau. Diakses tanggal September 4, 2006.
↑  Scott Turner (1998-03-02). "Detailed Images From Europa Point To Slush Below Surface". The Brown University News Bureau. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-09-29. Diakses tanggal September 28, 2006.
↑  Palmer, Brian (2010-09-30). "Gliese 581 g or Bust!". Slate, Washingtonpost Newsweek Interactive. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-08.
↑  Kaltenegger, L; Udry, S; Pepe, F (2011). "A Habitable Planet around HD 85512?". arXiv:1108.3561 . Bibcode:2011arXiv1108.3561K.
↑  "BBC News - Kepler 22-b: Earth-like planet confirmed". BBC Online. 5 December 2011. Diakses tanggal 6 December 2011.