מיניות ברומא העתיקה
הערות שוליים

1 2  Paul G.P. Meyboom; Miguel John Versluys (1 דצמ' 2006). ""The Meaning of Dwarfs in Nilotic Scenes,"". Nile into Tiber: Egypt in the Roman World. Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies. Leiden: Brill. pp. 170–208. ISBN 978-90-47-41113-0. אורכב מ-המקור ב-3 באפריל 2022. {{cite conference}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Edwards, p. 65.
↑  Karl-J. Hölkeskamp, Reconstructing the Roman Republic: An Ancient Political Culture and Modern Research (Princeton University Press, 2010), pp. 17–18.
↑  Langlands, p. 17.
↑  Langlands, p. 20.
↑  Fantham, p. 121
↑  Richlin (1993), p. 556. Under the Empire, the emperor assumed the powers of the censors (p. 560).
↑  Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: The Care of the Self (New York: Vintage Books, 1988), vol. 3, p. 239 (on the contrast with the Christian view of sex as "linked to evil") et passim, as summarized by Inger Furseth and Pål Repstad, An Introduction to the Sociology of Religion: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives (Ashgate, 2006), p. 64.
↑  Cantarella, p. xii.
↑  Langlands, pp. 37–38.
↑  Cantarella, pp. xii–xiii.
↑  Clarke, pp. 9, 153ff.
↑  Langlands, p. 31, especially note 55
↑  Clarke, p. 11.
1 2  Strong, Anise K. (2016). "Prostitutes and matrons in the urban landscape". Prostitutes and Matrons in the Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–170. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316563083.007. ISBN 9781316563083.
↑  McGinn (2004), p. 164.
↑  Williams, p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.
1 2 3 4  Nussbaum, pp. 299–300
1 2  Hallett, p. 11.
1 2  Langlands, p. 13.
↑  Penner, pp. 15–16
↑  Habinek, pp. 2ff.
↑  Edwards, pp. 66–67, especially note 12.
↑  Clarke, p. 9.
↑  Potter (2009), p. 330.
↑  Potter (2009), p. 331.
↑  Ovid, Tristia 2.431ff.
↑  Griffin, Jasper (2012). "Propertius and Antony". Journal of Roman Studies. 67: 17–26 (20). doi:10.2307/299915. JSTOR 299915.
↑  Ovid, Tristia 2.413 and 443–444; Heinz Hofmann, Latin Fiction: The Latin Novel in Context (Routledge, 1999), p. 85.
↑  Plutarch, Life of Crassus 32.
↑  Clarke, p. 3.
↑  Clarke, p. 108.
↑  Ovid, Tristia 2, as cited in Clarke, pp. 91–92.
↑  Clarke, p. 93.
↑  Clarke, pp. 3 and 212 ff., quotation on p. 216.
↑  As criticized by Suetonius, Life of Horace: Ad res Venerias intemperantior traditur; nam speculato cubiculo scorta dicitur habuisse disposita, ut quocumque respexisset ibi ei imago coitus referretur; Clarke, p. 92.
1 2  Suetonius, Life of Tiberius 44.2; Clarke, pp. 92–93.
1 2  Potter (2009), p. 329.
↑  Anthony King, "Mammals," in The Natural History of Pompeii (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 444; John R. Clarke, The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.–A.D. 250: Ritual, Space and Decoration (University of California Press, 1991), p. 97.
↑  Staples
↑  Celia E. Schultz, Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic (University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 79–81; Michael Lipka, Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach (Brill, 2009), pp. 141–142
↑  Mary Beard, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome: A History (Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 1, p. 53; Robin Lorsch Wildfang, Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire (Routledge, 2006), p. 20.
↑  Staples, p. 149.
↑  Cicero, De officiis 1.17.54: nam cum sit hoc natura commune animantium, ut habeant libidinem procreandi, prima societas in ipso coniugio est, proxima in liberis, deinde una domus, communia omnia; id autem est principium urbis et quasi seminarium reipublicae; Sabine MacCormack, "Sin, Citizenship, and the Salvation of Souls: The Impact of Christian Priorities on Late-Roman and Post-Roman Society," Comparative Studies in Society and History 39.4 (1997), p. 651.
↑  J. Rufus Fears, "The Theology of Victory at Rome: Approaches and Problem," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.17.2 (1981), pp. 791–795.
↑  Williams, p. 92.
↑  Martin Henig, Religion in Roman Britain (London: Batsford, 1984), pp. 185–186.
↑  Robert Turcan, The Gods of Ancient Rome (Routledge, 2001; originally published in French 1998), pp. 18–20; Jörg Rüpke, Religion in Republican Rome: Rationalization and Ritual Change (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), pp. 181–182.
↑  Clarke, pp. 46–47.
1 2 3 4  Langlands, p. 30.
↑  H.H.J. Brouwer, Bona Dea: The Sources and a Description of the Cult (Brill, 1989), pp. 367–367, note 319.
↑  Mueller, Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus, p. 51; Susanne William Rasmussen, Public Portents in Republican Rome («L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 2003), p. 41.
↑  Wildfang, Rome's Vestal Virgins, p. 82 et passim.
↑  The sources on this notorious incident are numerous; Brouwer, Bona Dea, p. 144ff., gathers the ancient accounts.
↑  Bruce W. Frier and Thomas A. J. McGinn, A Casebook on Roman Family Law (Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 38 and 52.
↑  Richlin (1983), p. 30.
↑  Stuprum cum vi or per vim stuprum: Richlin (1993), p. 562.
1 2 3  Fantham, p. 118.
↑  Diana C. Moses, "Livy's Lucretia and the Validity of Coerced Consent in Roman Law," in Consent and Coercion to Sex and Marriage in Ancient and Medieval Societies (Dunbarton Oaks, 1993), p. 50; Gillian Clark, Women in Late Antiquity: Pagan and Christian Life-styles (Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 36.
↑  Moses, "Livy's Lucretia," pp. 50–51.
↑  Hans Dieter Betz, The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation (University of Chicago Press, 1986, 1992), p. xliff.
↑  Matthew W. Dickie, Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World (Routledge, 2003), p. 16.
↑  Dickie, Magic and Magicians, p. 36.
↑  Richard Gordon, "Innovation and Authority in Graeco-Egyptian Magic," in Kykeon: Studies in Honour of H. S. Versnel (Brill, 2002), p. 72.
↑  Christopher A. Faraone, "Agents and Victims: Constructions of Gender and Desire in Ancient Greek Love Magic," in The Sleep of Reason, p. 410.
↑  Ut eunuchum sine ferro facias, "how you make a eunuch without the iron (blade)": Marcellus of Bordeaux, De medicamentis
↑  Marcellus, De medicamentis 33.64.
↑  Marcellus, De medicamentis 33.64; compare Pliny the Elder, Natural History 25.75 (37).
↑  Marcellus, De medicamentis 33.26.
↑  John M. Riddle, Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance (Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 90.
↑  Riddle, Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance, p. 91, noting that Marcellus "does not appear expertly knowledgeable about...women and fertility".
↑  The Paignia of Democritus, PGM 7.167–186, as cited by James N. Davidson, "Don't Try This at Home: Pliny's Salpe, Salpe's Paignia and Magic," Classical Quarterly 45.2 (1995), p. 591.
↑  Pliny, Natural History 28.262, crediting Salpe the obstetrician, as cited by Davidson, "Don't Try This at Home," p. 591.
↑  Brown, p. 151, of Lucretius, De rerum natura, 4.1073–1085
↑  Stuart Gillespie and Philip Hardie, introduction to The Cambridge Companion to Lucretius (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 12.
↑  Epicurus, Letter to Menoeceus 131.
↑  J.M. Rist, Epicurus: An Introduction (Cambridge University Press, 1972), pp. 116–119.
↑  Philip Hardie, "Lucretius and Later Latin Literature in Antiquity," in The Cambridge Companion to Lucretius, p. 121, note 32.
↑  Lucretius, De rerum natura, 4.1030–57
↑  Brown, pp. 62–63.
↑  Brown, pp. 63, 181–182.
↑  Brown, p. 64.
↑  Lucretius, De rerum natura 4.1053–1054
↑  Brown, p. 123.
1 2  Brown, pp. 65–66.
1 2  Brown, p. 67.
1 2  Brown, p. 66.
↑  Lucretius, De rerum natura 4.1209–1277
↑  Brown, p. 69.
↑  David Sedley, Lucretius and the Transformation of Greek Wisdom (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 195–196.
1 2 3  Brown, p. 68.
↑  Lucretius, De rerum natura 4.1144ff.
↑  Brown, p. 193.
↑  Phebe Lowell Bowditch, Horace and the Gifty Economy of Patronage (University of California Press, 2001), p. 215.
↑  Lucretius, De rerum natura 4.1076ff.
↑  Brown, p. 217.
↑  Lucretius, De rerum natura 4.1058, 1073, 1084
↑  Brown, p. 227.
↑  Brown, pp. 69ff.
↑  Lucretius, De rerum natura 4.1278–1287; Gordon, "Some Unseen Monster," p. 105.
↑  Gordon, "Some Unseen Monster," pp. 90–94.
1 2 3  Richlin, Amy, ed. (2008). Marcus Aurelius in Love. University of Chicago Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-226-71302-1.
↑  Martha Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics (Princeton University Press, 1994, 2009), pp. 359–401.
↑  Prudence Allen, The Concept of Woman: The Aristotelian Revolution, 750 BC–AD 1250 (Eden Press, 1985), p. 159.
↑  Nussbaum, p. 300.
↑  Colish, pp. 37–38.
↑  Nussbaum, pp. 307–308.
↑  Nussbaum, p. 308.
↑  "Bare pleasure" is psilên hêdonên; Nussbaum, p. 309.
↑  Reydams-Schils, The Roman Stoics, p. 152.
↑  Gaca, p. 87.
↑  Gaca, p. 89.
1 2  Gaca, p. 111.
↑  Allen, The Concept of Woman, pp. 147–148.
↑  Gaca, p. 112, citing Seneca, De matrimonio 188 (edition of Frassinetti), as excerpted by Jerome, Against Jovinianus 319a.
1 2  Gaca, p. 112.
↑  A view of Epictetus as quoted by Marcus Aurelius, 4.41: "You are a little soul carrying a corpse around, as Epictetus used to say."
↑  Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 6.13, as translated by Hard and cited by Reydams-Schils, The Roman Stoics, p. 36.
↑  Seneca, Natural Questions 1.16, as discussed by Reydams-Schils, The Roman Stoics, p. 112.
↑  Juvenal, Satire 2.8–10, 15–17, as cited by Potter (2009), p. 340.
↑  Richlin (1993), p. 542, citing Martial 1.24, 1.96, 2.36, 6.56, 7.58, 9.27, and 12.42.
↑  Gaca, pp. 60, 92.
↑  Colish, p. 320.
↑  McGinn (1998), p. 326. See the statement preserved by Aulus Gellius 9.12. 1 that " it was an injustice to bring force to bear against the body of those who are free" (vim in corpus liberum non aecum ... adferri).
↑  Elaine Fantham, "The Ambiguity of Virtus in Lucan's Civil War and Statius' Thebiad," Arachnion 3
↑  Bell, Andrew J. E. (1997). "Cicero and the Spectacle of Power". The Journal of Roman Studies. 87: 1–22 (9). doi:10.2307/301365. JSTOR 301365.
↑  Edwin S. Ramage, “Aspects of Propaganda in the De bello gallico: Caesar’s Virtues and Attributes,” Athenaeum 91 (2003) 331–372; Myles Anthony McDonnell, Roman manliness: virtus and the Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, 2006) passim; Rhiannon Evans, Utopia Antiqua: Readings of the Golden Age and Decline at Rome (Routledge, 2008), pp. 156–157.
1 2  Williams, p. 18.
↑  Cantarella, p. xi
↑  Richlin (1983), p. 225.
↑  Hallett, pp. 67–68.
1 2 3  Hallett, p. 68.
↑  Aulus Gellius 15.12.3
↑  Williams, pp. 20–21, 39.
↑  Potter (2009), p. 329.
↑  Carlin A. Barton, The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster (Princeton University Press, 1993).
↑  Flagiti principium est nudare inter civis corpora: Ennius, as quoted by Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 4.33.70
↑  Williams, pp. 64 and 292, note 12
↑  Younger, p. 134
↑  Simon Goldhill, introduction to Being Greek under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 2. Originally, flagitium meant a public shaming, and later more generally a disgrace; Fritz Graf, "Satire in a Ritual Context," in The Cambridge Companion to Roman Satire (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 195–197.
1 2  Habinek, p. 39.
1 2  Crowther, Nigel B. (1980). "Nudity and Morality: Athletics in Italy". Classical Journal. 76 (2): 119–123. JSTOR 3297374.
↑  Julia Heskel, "Cicero as Evidence for Attitudes to Dress in the Late Republic," in The World of Roman Costume (University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), p. 138
1 2 3  Bonfante, Larissa (1989). "Nudity as a Costume in Classical Art". American Journal of Archaeology. 93 (4): 543–570. doi:10.2307/505328. JSTOR 505328.
↑  Ovid, Fasti 2.283–380.
↑  Carole E. Newlands, Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti (Cornell University Press, 1995), pp. 59–60.
1 2  Williams, pp. 69–70.
↑  Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (University of Michigan Press, 1988), p. 5ff.
↑  Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus, pp. 239–240, 249–250 et passim.
1 2  Plutarch, Life of Cato 20.5
↑  Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus, p. 6.
↑  Clarke, p. 84
↑  David J. Mattingly, Imperialism, Power, and Identity: Experiencing the Roman Empire (Princeton University Press, 2011), p. 106.
↑  Hallett, p. 215.
↑  תוכנית פורום אוגוסטוס (בצהוב) Dominic Montserrat, "Reading Gender in the Roman World," in Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity, and Power in the Roman Empire (Routledge, 2000), pp. 168–170 (quotation on p. 169), citing also Barbara Kellum, "The Phallus as Signifier: The Forum of Augustus and Rituals of Masculinity," in Sexuality in Ancient Art (Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 170–173, and "Concealing/Revealing: Gender and the Play of Meaning in the Monuments of Ancient Rome," in Habinek, p. 170. "Such readings of major Roman public building projects may seem fanciful, born out of the late twentieth-century fascination which wishes to see everything refracted through its prism," Montserrat notes (p. 170)
↑  Fredrick, p. 156.
↑  Mattingly, Imperialism, Power, and Identity, p. 106.
↑  As represented by the glandes Perusinae; Williams, p. 21.
↑  Martial, 11.15.8ff., with 48 usages throughout his epigrams
1 2  Adams, p. 9.
↑  Cicero, Ad familiares 9.22
1 2 3 4 5  Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). "The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme" (PDF). Bulletin of the History of Medicin]. Johns Hopkins University Press. 75 (Fall 2001): 375–405. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119. PMID 11568485. נבדק ב-1 בדצמבר 2019. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Adams, pp. 14–17, 23, 28.
↑  Adams, p. 24.
↑  Adams, pp. 35–38.
↑  Adams, pp. 35–36.
↑  Marcellus, De medicamentis 7.20, 33.2, 33.36
↑  Adams, p. 36.
↑  Adams, p. 39.
↑  Adams, p. 67.
1 2  Katz, "Testimonia Ritus Italicus," p. 189.
↑  Richlin (1993), pp. 546–547.
↑  Adams, p. 66.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Rubin, Jody P. (ביולי 1980). "Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications". Urology. Elsevier. 16 (1): 121–124. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4. PMID 6994325. נבדק ב-1 בדצמבר 2019. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  Jacob Neusner, Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies (1993), p. 149, Scholars Press: "Circumcised barbarians, along with any others who revealed the glans penis, were the butt of ribald humor. For Greek art portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as epispasm, that was aimed at elongation."
1 2  Fredriksen, Paula (2018). When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation. London: Yale University Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-300-19051-9.
↑  Juvenal 14.103–104; Tacitus, Historia 5.5.1–2; Martial 7.30.5, 7.35.3–4, 7.82.5–6, 11.94; Margaret Williams, "Jews and Jewish Communities in the Roman Empire," in Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire (Routledge, 2000), p. 325
↑  Smallwood, p. 431
↑  Jack N. Lightstone, "Roman Diaspora Judaism," in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 362.
↑  Eric Orlin, "Urban Religion in the Middle and Late Republic", pp. 63–64, and John Scheid, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors", p. 268, in A Companion to Roman Religion.
↑  Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. Society of Biblical Literature. 112 (3): 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. JSTOR 3267745.; Dunn, James D. G., ed. (2007). "'Neither circumcision nor uncircumcision, but...'". The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 185. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 314–330. ISBN 978-3-16-149518-2.
↑  Thiessen, Matthew (2016). "Gentile Sons and Seed of Abraham". Paul and the Gentile Problem. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 105–115. ISBN 978-0-19-027175-6.
↑  Bisschops, Ralph (בינואר 2017). "Metaphor in Religious Transformation: 'Circumcision of the Heart' in Paul of Tarsus" (PDF).  In Chilton, Paul; Kopytowska, Monika (eds.). Language, Religion and the Human Mind. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–30. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012. ISBN 978-0-19-063664-7. נבדק ב-1 בדצמבר 2019. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Paul of Tarsus, Galatians 4:21–5:1
↑  Elliott, Susan M. (1999). "Choose Your Mother, Choose Your Master: Galatians 4:21–5:1 in the Shadow of the Anatolian Mother of the Gods". Journal of Biblical Literature. 118 (4): 661–683 (680–681). doi:10.2307/3268109. JSTOR 3268109.
↑  "The Rhetorical Situation Revisited: Circumcision and Castration," in Cutting Too Close for Comfort: Paul’s Letter to the Galatians in Its Anatolian Cultic Context (T&T Clark International, 2003) passim.
↑  Lightstone, "Roman Diaspora Judaism," p. 363.
↑  Smallwood, p. 430
↑  Schafer (1997), pp. 93–94.
↑  Schafer (1997), p. 99.
↑  Barbier, Patrick (1989). The World of the Castrati: The History of an Extraordinary Operatic Phenomenon. תורגם ע"י Crosland, Margaret; Souvenir Press (London). France: Editions Grasset and Fasquelle. p. 167.
↑  Williams, pp. 251–252, citing Suetonius, Life of Nero.
↑  Schäfer (2003), p. 150
↑  Smallwood, p. 467.
↑  Smallwood, p. 470.
↑  Schafer (1997), p. 103
↑  Schäfer (2003), p. 185.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998). "Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 101 (7): 1990–8. doi:10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037. PMID 9623850. נבדק ב-1 בדצמבר 2019. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Causa decoris: Celsus, De Medicina, 7.25.1A.
↑  Schäfer (2003), p. 151.
↑  Dugan, pp. 403–404.
↑  Dugan, pp. 404–405. Galen's theory is based on that of Aristotle.
↑  Galen, De semine 1.16.30–32 (4.588 Kühn = De Lacy 1992, 138–41).
↑  Dugan, p. 406.
↑  Ann Ellis Hanson, "The Restructuring of Female Physiology at Rome," in Les écoles médicales à Rome (Université de Nantes, 1991), p. 267, citing Priapea 78 and CIL 12.6721(5), one of the Perusine glandes.
↑  Martial 6.82, Juvenal 6.73, 379; J.P. Sullivan, Martial, the Unexpected Classic (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 189
↑  Schafer (1997), p. 101
↑  Peter J. Ucko, "Penis Sheaths: A Comparative Study," in Material Culture: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences (Routledge, 2004), p. 260.
↑  Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 11.3.19.
↑  Pliny, Natural History 34.166.
↑  The Greek word for the involuntary discharge of semen was gonorrhea. Dugan, pp. 403–404.
↑  Edwards, pp. 63–64.
↑  Edwards, p. 47.
↑  W. Jeffrey Tatum, The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher (University of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 62ff.
↑  P. Clodius, a crocota, a mitra, a muliebribus soleis purpureisque fasceolis, a strophio, a psalterio, <a> flagitio, a stupro est factus repente popularis: Cicero, the speech De Haruspicium Responso 21.44, delivered May 56 BC, and given a Lacanian analysis by Eleanor Winsor Leach, “Gendering Clodius,” Classical World 94 (2001) 335–359.
1 2  Williams
↑  Edwards, p. 34
↑  W. Jeffrey Tatum, Always I Am Caesar (Blackwell, 2008), p. 109.
↑  Digest 34.2.23.2, as cited in Richlin (1993), p. 540.
↑  Cum virginali mundo clam pater: Olson, "The Appearance of the Young Roman Girl," p. 147.
1 2  Seneca the Elder, Controversia 5.6
1 2 3  Richlin (1993), p. 564.
↑  Stephen O. Murray, Homosexualities (University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 298–303; Mary R. Bachvarova, "Sumerian Gala Priests and Eastern Mediterranean Returning Gods: Tragic Lamentation in Cross-Cultural Perspective," in Lament: Studies in the Ancient Mediterranean and Beyond (Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 19, 33, 36.
1 2 3  Hallett. p. 55.
↑  For an explanation of this principle in a military setting, see Phang (2008), p. 93.
↑  Richlin (1993)
↑  Williams, p. 85.
↑  Catullus, Carmina 24, 48, 81, 99.
↑  Tibullus, Book One, elegies 4, 8, and 9.
↑  Propertius 4.2.
↑  Amy Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," in A Companion to the Roman Empire (Blackwell, 2006), p. 335: "The sulks and pride of these boys and their petulant quarrels... I prefer to a dowry of a million sesterces."
↑  Louis Crompton, Byron and Greek Love (London, 1998), p. 93.
↑  As at Metamorphoses 10.155ff.
↑  Karen K. Hersh, The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 36; Caroline Vout, Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 151ff.
↑  Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193.
↑  Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.
↑  Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.
↑  Michael Brinkschröde, "Christian Homophobia: Four Central Discourses," in Combatting Homophobia, p. 166.
↑  Scholz, Piotr O. (1999). Eunuchs and Castrati: A Cultural History. Markus Wiener. pp. 112–3. ISBN 9781558762015.
↑  Richlin (1993), pp. 558–559.
↑  Digest 3.1.1.6, as noted in Richlin (1993), p. 559.
↑  Williams, pp. 104–105.
↑  As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), as noted and discussed in Richlin (1993), p. 561.
↑  Rhetorica ad Herennium 4.8.12
1 2  Richlin (1993), p. 562.
↑  Digest 48.6.3.4 and 48.6.5.2.
↑  Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
↑  Paulus, Digest 47.11.1.2
1 2  Richlin (1993), p. 563.
↑  Valerius Maximus 6.1
↑  Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 4.2.69–71
↑  Richlin (1993), p. 565.
↑  Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 565, citing the same passage by Quintilian.
↑  Williams, pp. 27, 76 (with an example from Martial 2.60.2).
↑  Edwards, pp. 55–56.
↑  Richlin (1983), pp. 27–28, 43 (on Martial), 58.
↑  Williams, p. 20
↑  Hallett, p. 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Richlin, Amy (1981). "The Meaning of irrumare in Catullus and Martial". Classical Philology. 76 (1): 40–46. JSTOR 269544.
1 2 3  McGinn (1998), p. 40.
↑  David Potter, "The Roman Army and Navy," in The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, p. 79.
↑  Pat Southern, The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 144.
↑  Phang (2001), p. 2.
↑  Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado).
↑  Phang (2008), p. 93. See also "Master-slave relations" below.
↑  Plutarch, Life of Marius 14.4–8; see also Valerius Maximus 6.1.12 and Cicero, Pro Milone 9, in Dillon and Garland, Ancient Rome, p. 380
↑  Phang (2008), pp. 93–94
↑  Phang (2001), p. 281
↑  Cantarella, pp. 105–106.
↑  Phang (2001), pp. 280–282.
↑  Phang (2008), p. 97, citing among other examples Juvenal, Satire 14.194–195.
↑  Phang (2008), pp. 244, 253–254.
↑  Phang (2008), pp. 267–268.
↑  C.R. Whittaker, Rome and Its Frontiers: The Dynamics of Empire (Routledge, 2004), pp. 128–132.
↑  Phang (2008), pp. 256, 261.
↑  Appian, Bellum Civile 1.13.109
↑  Phang (2008), pp. 124 and 257.
↑  Whittaker, Rome and Its Frontiers, pp. 131–132.
↑  Beth Severy, Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire (Routledge, 2003), p. 39.
↑  Hans-Friedrich Mueller, Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus (Routledge, 2002), p. 51.
↑  Langlands, p. 57.
↑  Clarke, p. 103.
↑  Roy K. Gibson, Ars Amatoria Book 3 (Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 398–399.
↑  Cohen, "Divesting the Female Breast," p. 66; Cameron, The Last Pagans, p. 725
↑  Kelly Olson, "The Appearance of the Young Roman Girl," in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture (University of Toronto Press, 2008), p. 143
↑  Clarke, p. 34.
↑  Fredrick, p. 160.
↑  Alastair J. L. Blanshard, Sex: Vice and Love from Antiquity to Modernity (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), p. 24
↑  Harper, pp. 293–294.
↑  Seneca, Controversia 1.2.
↑  Clement of Alexandria, Protrepticus 4.50
↑  Fredrick, p. 275.
↑  Adams, pp. 80–81.
↑  Adams, p. 81.
↑  Varro, On Agriculture 2.4.9; Karen K. Hersch, The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 122, 276; Barbette Stanley Spaeth, The Roman Goddess Ceres (University of Texas Press, 1996), p. 17.
↑  Adams, pp. 82–83.
↑  Adams, pp. 85–89.
↑  Richlin (1983), pp. xvi, 26, 68–69, 109, 276 et passim.
↑  Throughout the Ars Amatoria ("Art of Love"); Gibson, Ars Amatoria Book 3, p. 399.
↑  Martial, Epigrams 11.21.1, 10: tam laxa ... quam turpe guttur onocrotali
↑  Richlin (1983), p. 27.
↑  Richlin (1983), pp. 49, 67
↑  Clarke, pp. 21, 48, 116.
1 2  Adams, p. 97.
↑  Juvenal 6.422
↑  Adams, p. 98.
↑  Cicero, Ad familiares 9.22.2
↑  Richard W. Hooper, The Priapus Poems: Erotic Epigrams from Ancient Rome (University of Illinois Press, 1999), p. 136.
↑  Hooper, The Priapus Poems, pp. 135–136.
1 2  Adams, p. 99.
↑  Celsus 2.7.15, 7.26.1C, 7.26.4, 7.28.1.
↑  Varro, On Agriculture 2.1.19
↑  Adams, p. 101.
↑  Adams, pp. 100–101.
↑  Adams, pp. 103–105.
↑  Adams, p. 105.
↑  Adams, pp. 105–109.
↑  CIL 4.1830: futuitur cunnus pilossus multo melliur quam glaber; eadem continet vaporem et eadem vellit mentulam; Younger, p. 75.
↑  As for instance at Rufinus 5.60, 62
↑  Richlin (1983), pp. 49, 52.
↑  Martial, Epigrams 1.100, 2.52, 14.66, 14.134, 14.149
↑  Richlin (1983), p. 54
↑  Craig A. Williams Epigrams: Martial (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 181.
↑  Richlin (1983), pp. 52, 68.
↑  Richlin (1983), p. 55.
↑  Richlin (1983), p. 38.