פרק 1 לחוקת ארצות הברית
הערות שוליים

↑  Brandon J. Murrill, "Modes of Constitutional Interpretation", Congressional Research Service, March 15, 2018
↑  James Madison, "The Federalist Papers No. 47: The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts", Avalon Project
1 2 3  Gary Lawson, "Legislative Vesting Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, pp. 221
↑  Alexander Hamilton, "The Federalist Paper No. 22", Avalon Project
↑  James Madison, "The Federalist Papers No. 62", Avalon Project
↑  William N. Eskridge and Neomi Rao, "Article I, Section 1: General Principles", National Constitution Center
↑  Thomas W. Merrill, "Rethinking Article I, Section 1: From Nondelegation to Exclusive Delegation", Columbia Law Review 104.8 (December 2004)
↑  Wayman v. Southard, 23 U.S. 1 (1825)
↑  Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388 (1935): "The Congress manifestly is not permitted to abdicate or to transfer to others the essential legislative functions with which it is thus vested."
↑  A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935): "Congress is not permitted by the Constitution to abdicate, or to transfer to others, the essential legislative functions with which it is vested"
↑  United States Supreme Court, Powell v. McCormick 395 U.S. 486, Opinion of the Court, Decided: June 16, 1969, on Wikisource
↑  Elections clause, the National Constitutional Center
↑  Judy G. Russell, "Indians not taxed", The Legal Geneologist, March 13 2015
↑  Drew Desliver, "U.S. population keeps growing, but House of Representatives is same size as in Taft era", Pew Research Center, May 31 2018
↑  Provisions for filling Vacancies, contsitution.laws.com
↑  The Heritage Guide to the Constitution, Essay 11, Impeachment
↑  Congressional Research Service, "The Impeachment Process in the House of Representatives", November 14 2019
↑  United States House of Representatives, "Impeachment"
↑  United States House of Representatives, "List of Individuals Impeached by the House of Representatives"
↑  The New York Times, "The Small-State Advantage in the United States Senate", March 10, 2013
↑  Jonathan M. Ladd, "The Senate is a much bigger problem than the Electoral College", Vox.com, April 9 2019
↑  Lynn A. Baker and Samuel H. Dinkin, 1997, "The Senate: An Institution Whose Time has Gone?", Journal of Law and Politics XIII (21)
↑  Hendrik Hertzberg, "The weirdest sentence in the U.S. Constitution", The New Yorker, April 5, 2013
↑  National Conference of State Legislatures, "Vacancies in the United States Senate", July 13 2020
↑  לפירוט, ראו סעיף 2 בחלק השני של פרק זה לחוקה
↑  United States Senate, "Youngest Senator"
↑  ראו חלק חמישי של פרק זה, סעיף 1
1 2 3 4  David F. Forte, "Qualifications and Quorum", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  United States Senate, "The President of the Senate's Role in the Legislative Process"
↑  United States Senate, "President Pro Tempore"
1 2 3  Michael J. Gerhardt, Essay 17, Trial of Impeachment, The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Alexander Hamilton, Federalist number 65: The Power of the Senate Continued, March 7, 1788
↑  Impeachment, United States Senate
↑  Rebecca L. Brown, "When Political Questions Affect Individual Rights: The Other Nixon v United States", The Supreme Court Review (1993), pp. 125-155
↑  United States Supreme Court, "Nixon v. United States et al."  506 U.S. 224 (1993), Library of Congress website
↑  Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, (1833), Book 3 Chapter 10 § 788
↑  Congressional Research Service, "The Impeachment and Trial of a Former President", January 15 2021, pp. 2
↑  Congressional Research Service, "The Impeachment and Trial of a Former President", January 15 2021, pp. 4-5
↑  Jess Bravin, "Senate GOP Set to Argue Out-of-Office Trump Can’t be Convicted in Impeachment", Wall Street Journal, January 17 2021
↑  Stephen I. Vladeck, "Why Trump Can Be Convicted Even as an Ex-President", The New York Times, January 14 2021
↑  Elizabeth Rybicki and Michael Greene, "The Impeachment Process in the Senate", updated January 21, 2020, pp. 20
↑  Constitution Annotated, ArtII.S4.2.3.1 Impeachable Offenses: Early Historical Practice (1789–1860)
↑  Lynn W. Turner, "The Impeachment of John Pickering", The American Historical Review 54 (3, 1949): pp. 496
1 2  Michael T. Morley and Franita Tolson, Elections Clause, National Constitution Center
↑  ArtI.S4.C1.1.1.1.2 Role of Congress in Regulating Federal Elections, Constitution Annotated
↑  J. Gerald Hebert and Danielle Lang, "Courts are finally pointing out the racism behind voter ID laws", The Washington Post, August 3 2016
↑  Danyelle Solomon, Connor Maxwell, and Abril Castro, "Systematic Inequality and American Democracy", Center for American Progress, August 7 2019
↑  U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, "An Assessment of Minority Voting Rights Access in the United States", 2018 statutory report
↑  United States 42nd Congress, "An Act for the Apportionment of Representatives to Congress among the several States according to the ninth Census"
↑  United States Supreme Court, Gray v. Sanders (1963), pp. 369
↑  Oxford Reference, Kirkpatrick v. Preisler
↑  United States Supreme Court, 394 U.S. 526, Kirkpatrick v. Presiler, 1969
↑  "The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013", pp. 112-115
↑  United States Supreme Court, "Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission", 2015, pp. 3
↑  United States Supreme Court, "Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission", 2015
↑  Moore v. Harper, 600 U.S. ___ (2023)
1 2 3  David F. Forte, "Meetings of Congress Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  All Things Considered, "The Most Important Politician You've Never Heard Of", NPR, May 29, 2011
↑  United States House of Representatives, "Speaker Thomas Brackett Reed of Maine Proceeded Against the “Disappearing Quorum”"
↑  United States Senate, "Quorum Busting"
↑  Josh Voorhees, "Rand Paul Ends Epic Mr. Smith-Style Filibuster After More Than 12 Hours", Slate.com, Maech 7 2013
↑  Martin B. Gold and Ronald Weich, Article I, Section 5, National Constitution Center
↑  Congressional Research Service, "Filibusters and Cloture in the Senate", Updated April 7, 2017
↑  William G. Dauster, "The Senate in Transition: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Nuclear Option", Legislation and Public Policy 19 (2016): 631-683
↑  Valerie Heitshusen, "Senate Proceedings Establishing Majority Cloture for Supreme Court Nominations: In Brief", Congressional Research Center, April 14 2017
↑  David F. Forte, "Expulsion Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  United States House of Representatives, "List of Individuals Expelled, Censured, or Reprimanded in the U.S. House of Representatives"
↑  Cynthia Brown and Todd Garvey, "Expulsion of Members of Congress: Legal Authority and Historical Practice", Congressional Research Center, January 11 2018, pp. 20
↑  דור מלול, לאחר סדרת שקרים: המחוקק הרפובליקני ג׳ורג׳ סנטוס הודח מהקונגרס, באתר ישראל היום, 1 בדצמבר 2023
↑  David F. Forte, "House Journal", the Heritage Guide to the Constitution
1 2  David F. Forte, "Adjournment", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Robert Longley, "What are Pro Forma Sessions in Congress?", ThoughtCo., updated April 5, 2020
1 2  Adrian Vermeule, "Compensation Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
1 2  Mark Strand and Tim Lang, "Who Decides How Much Congress Gets Paid?", The Congressional Institute, February 2, 2019
↑  Steven G. Calabresi and Jay D. Wexler, "Article I, Section 6", National Constitution Center
↑  David F. Forte, "Privilege from Arrest", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  United States Supreme Court, Williamson v. The United States 96 (1908)
↑  United States Supreme Court, Long v. Ansell, 293 U.S. 76 (1934)
1 2 3  James L. Buckley, "Speech and Debate Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
1 2  Supreme Court of the United States, Gravel v. United States, 408 U.S. 606 (1972)
↑  "The Ineligibility Clause's Lost History: Presidential Patronage and Congress 1787–1850", Harvard Law Review 123.7 (2010), pp. 1731
1 2  Joan L. Larsen, "Incompatibility Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
1 2 3 4  David F. Forte, "Sinecure Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  המילה emoluments מתורגמת לעיתים כ"שכר". עם זאת, בית המשפט העליון קבע בפסק דין מקלין נגד ארצות הברית מ-1912 (McLean v. United States, 226 U.S. 374, 1912), שהכוונה היא גם לתגמולים שאינם שכר.
↑  כך למשל, בית המשפט לערעורים של הכוחות הצבאיים של ארצות הברית קבע שהסנטור לינדזי גרהאם לא יכול לשמש כשופט בבית משפט של חיל האוויר של ארצות הברית, כיוון ש"זו משרה של ממשל ארצות הברית, ועל כן אדם שמשמש כחבר קונגרס לא יכול למלא אותה". United States v. Lane ‏ (2006).
1 2 3 4  Nicholas Bagley and Thomas A. Smith, "Article I, Section 7", National Contituion Center
1 2  Erik M. Jensen, "Orignation Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Jack M. Blakin, "The Right Strikes Back: A New Legal Challenge for Obamacare", The Atlantic, September 17 2012
↑  Randy E. Barnett, "The Origination Clause and the problem of “double deference”", The Washington Post, March 12 2014
↑  Michael B. Rappaport, "Presentment Clause", The Heritage Guisde to the Contitution
↑  The United States Congress, "Resolving Differences", Congress.gov
↑  Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998)
↑  Lucy Madison, "15 years after its brief existence, line-item veto eludes presidents", CBS News, August 10 2012
↑  George Washington exercises first presidential veto, History.com
↑  United States Senate, "Vetoes 1789 to Present"
↑  United States House of Representatives, "Presidential Vetoes", Last Updated June 6 2020
1 2  David F. Forte, "Pocket Veto", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Louis Fisher, "The Pocket Veto: Its Current Status", Congressional Research Service
1 2  David F. Forte, "Presentment of Resolutions", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Louis Fisher, "The Legislative Veto: Invalidated, It Survives", Law and Contemporary Problems 56.4 (1993), pp. 277-279
↑  Annotation 25 - Article I, FindLaw
↑  Legal Information Institute, "Legilative Veto"
↑  James Madison, Federalist #45, Avalon Project
↑  Calvin H. Johnson, "The Dubious Enumerated Power Doctrine"
↑  Roger Pilon, "The Powers Delegated to the Federal Government are Few and Defined: The Doctrine of Enumerated Powers", in Roots of Liberty: Unlocking the Federalist Papers, edited by Scott D. Cosenza and Claire M. Griffin (One Generation Away: 2013)
↑  Randy E. Barnett and Heather Gerken, "Article I, Sec. 8: Federalism and the Overall Scope of Federal Power", National Constitution Center
↑  Amendment X, House of Representatives, Amendments to the Constitution, Document 6, 18, 21 Aug. 1789 Annals 1:761, 767--68
↑  Hamilton's Opinion as to the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States : 1791, Avalon Project
↑  Steven Schwinn, "The ACA and the Tenth Amendment", SCOTUSblog, August 5 2011
↑  Thomas Jefferson, "Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bill for Establishing a National Bank", 15 February 1791, Founders Online: "‘To lay taxes to provide for the general welfare of the U.S.’ that is to say ‘to lay taxes for the purpose of providing for the general welfare’. For the laying of taxes is the power and the general welfare the purpose for which the power is to be exercised. They are not to lay taxes ad libitum for any purpose they please; but only to pay the debts or provide for the welfare of the Union. In like manner they are not to do anything they please to provide for the general welfare, but only to lay taxes for that purpose."
↑  Spending for the General Welfare, Legal Information Institute
↑  Paul Moreno, "Taxation", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
1 2 3  Neil S. Siegel and Steven J. Willis, "The Taxing Clause", National Constitution Center
↑  Supreme Court of the United States, Child Labor Tax Case - Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. (1922), Oyez
1 2 3 4  National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
↑  Elizabeth Patterson, "The Spending Power after NFIB: New Direction, or Medicaid Exception", SMU Law Review 68 (2: 2015)
↑  Jordan Weissman, "The Most Important Part of Today's Health Care Ruling You Haven't Heard About", The Atlantic, June 28, 2012
↑  Knowlton v. Moore, 178 U.S. 41 (1900)
↑  Nelson Lund, "The Uniformity Clause", The University of Chicago Law Review 51 (1984), pp. 1193-1206
↑  United States v. Ptasynski, 462 U.S. 74 (1983)
↑  ArtI.S8.C2.1 Borrowing Power, Consitution Annotated
1 2  CLaire Priest, "Borrowing Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Senate RPC, "Debt Ceiling: History and Overview", August 1, 2017
↑  Congressional Research Service, "The Debt Limit Since 2011", August 29, 2019
↑  United States Supreme Court,
/McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819)
↑  David F. Forte, "Commerce with Foreign Nations", The Heritage guide to the Constitution
1 2 3 4  Randy E. Barnett and Andrew Koppelman, "The Commerce Clause" National Constitution Center
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  David F. Forte, "Commerce Among the States", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  NCC Staff, "Gibbons v. Ogden: Defining Congress’ power under the Commerce Clause", National Constitution Center, March 2, 2020
↑  Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1 (1824)
↑  Among the Several States, Legal information institute
↑  ArtI.S8.C3.1.4.1 Dormant Commerce Power: Overview, Constitution Annotated
↑  Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918)
↑  Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238 (1936)
↑  United States v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100 (1941)
↑  Ilya Somin, "Rehnquist’s Federalist Legacy", Cato Institute, September 5 2005
↑  Erwin Chemerinsky, "The Rehnquist Revolution", Pierce Law Review 2.1 (2004: 1-16)
↑  United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995)
↑  Randy E. Barnett, "Is the Rehnquist Court an 'Activist' Court? The Commerce Clause Cases", University of Colorado Law Review 73 (2002: 1275-1290)
↑  United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)
↑  Legal Information Institute, "Definition of Terms"
↑  Ruth Bider Ginsburg, Opinion delivered at court (opinion 3), The Affordable Care Act Cases, June 28 2012, Oyez website
↑  David F. Forte, "Commerce with the Indian Tribes", The Heritage Guide to the Consititution
↑  Commerce with the Indian Tribes, Encyclopedia of the Center for the Study of Federalism
↑  Declaration of Independence: A Transcription, National Archives: "He [the King] has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands."
1 2 3  Joseph Bessette, "Naturalization", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Chirac v. Lessee of Chirac, 15 U.S. 259 (1817)
↑  Johnny H. Killian and George A. Costello (editors), The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Congressional Research Service (2006), pp. 265-266
↑  Afroyim v. Rusk, 387 U.S. 253 (1967)
↑  Johnny H. Killian and George A. Costello (editors), The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Congressional Research Service (2006), pp. 274-276
1 2  Todd Zwicki, "Bankruptcy Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  ArtI.S8.C4.2.1.1 Scope of Federal Bankruptcy Power, Constitution Annotated
1 2  Todd Zywicky, "Coinage Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  ArtI.S8.C5.1 Coinage Power, Constitution Annotated
↑  H.A. Scott Trask, "Did the Framers Favor Hard Money?", September 15 2003
↑  Robert G. Natelson, "Paper Money and the Original Understanding of the Coinage Clause", Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 31.3 (2008): 1017-1081
↑  Legal Tender Cases, 79 U.S. 457 (1870)
↑  Legal Tender Cases, 110 U.S. 421 (1884)
↑  U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Special Publication 447, "Weights and Measures Standards: A Brief History", Updated March 1976, pp. 5-6
↑  U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Special Publication 447, "Weights and Measures Standards: A Brief History", Updated March 1976, pp. 26
↑  Eric Chiappinelli, "Weights and Measures", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  David F. Forte, "Post Office", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
1 2 3  ArtI.S8.C7.1.1 Postal Power: Overview, Constitution Annotated
↑  Public Clearing House v. Coyne, 194 U.S. 497 (1904)
↑  Lamont v. Postmaster General, 381 U.S. 301 (1965)
↑  ArtI.S8.C8.1.1 Origins and Scope of the Patent and Copyright Power, Constitution Annotated
↑  Thomas Nachbar, Patent and Copyright Clause, The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003): "The CTEA is a rational exercise of the legislative authority conferred by the Copyright Clause. On this point, the Court defers substantially to Congress... The CTEA reflects judgments of a kind Congress typically makes, judgments the Court cannot dismiss as outside the Legislature's domain."
↑  Golan v. Holder, 565 U.S. 302 (2012)
↑  Golan v. Holder, 565 U.S. 302 (2012), Justice Breyer, with whom Justice Alito joins, dissenting
↑  ArtIII.S1.1.2.1 Congressional Power to Establish Article III Courts: Historical Background, Constitution Annotated
1 2  David F. Forte, "Offenses Against the Law of Nations Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  United States v. Smith, 18 U.S. 153 (1820)
↑  Joel H. Samuels, "The Full Story of U.S. v. Smith, America’s Most Important Piracy Case", Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs 320 (2012)
↑  ArtI.S8.C10.1.2 Define and Punish Clause: Doctrine and Practice, Constitution Annotated
↑  Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006)
↑  James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, Letter of April 2, 1798, Document 8 on Article 1, Section 8, Clause 11, University of Chicago Press Website
↑  Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist Papers No. 69: The Real Character of the Executive, March 14 1788, Avalon Project
1 2 3  John Yoo, "Declare War", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Joseph R. Avella, "The President, Congress, and Decisions to Employ Military Force", in The Presidency Then and Now, edited by Phillip G. Henderson (Roman and Littlefield: 2000), pp. 47-48
↑  Constitutional Convention Debates on August 17, 1787, Madison's writings, Avalon Project
↑  Louis Fisher, "Unchecked Presidential Powers", University of Pennsylvania Law Review 148 (2000: 1637-1672)
↑  גם וושינגטון האמין שהחוקה לא מאפשרת לנשיא ליזום פעולות צבאיות ללא אישור מפורש של הקונגרס. בהתייחס למלחמה נגד אומת הקריק (מוסקוגי) הוא כתב: "החוקה מעניקה לקונגרס את הכוח להכריז על מלחמה, לכן אף פעולה התקפית בעלת חשיבות לא יכולה להיעשות, אלא אחרי שהקונגרס ידון בנושא ויאשר מהלך שכזה". מכתב לוויליאם מולטרי, 28 באוגוסט 1793.
↑  Joseph R. Avella, "The President, Congress, and Decisions to Employ Military Force", in The Presidency Then and Now, edited by Phillip G. Henderson (Roman and Littlefield: 2000), pp. 54-57
↑  Campbell v. Clinton, 203 F. 3d 19 - Court of Appeals, Dist. of Columbia Circuit 2000
↑  Library of Congress, "War Powers"
↑  The Power to Raise and Maintain Armed Forces, Legal Information Institute
↑  Mackubin Owens, "Raise Armies", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  McKaye Neumeister, "Reviving the Power of the Purse: Appropriations Clause Litigation and National Security Law", The Yale Law Journal 127 (2018: pp. 2517-2519)
↑  McKaye Neumeister, "Reviving the Power of the Purse: Appropriations Clause Litigation and National Security Law", The Yale Law Journal 127 (2018: pp. 2517-2523)
↑  Jennifer K. Elsea, Michael John Garcia and Thomas J. Nicola, "Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations", Congressional Research Service, February 19, 2013, pp. 27-28
↑  "The Power to Raise and Maintain Armed Forces", Legal Information Institute, Constitution Annotated
↑  William S. Fields and David T. Hardy, "The Militia and the Constitution: A Legal History", Millitary Law Review 136 (1992), pp. 31
1 2  Mackubin Owens, "Militia Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  William S. Fields and David T. Hardy, "The Militia and the Constitution: A Legal History", Millitary Law Review 136 (1992), pp. 31-40
↑  Clauses 15 and 16: The Militia, Legal Information Institute, Constitution Annotated
↑  John Hudak, "The politics and history of the D.C. statehood vote", Brookings Institute, June 25 2020
↑  Jeff Jacoby, "The Constitution says no to DC statehood", The Boston Globe, June 21 2020
↑  Mark Joseph Stern, "The Constitution Isn’t the Obstacle to D.C. Statehood", Slate Magazine, September 19 2019
1 2 3  Gary Laweson and Neil S. Siegel, "Necessary and Proper Clause", National Constitution Center
↑  Randy E. Barnett, "The Original Meaning of the Necessary and Proper Clause", Journal of Constitutional Law 6.2 (2003)
↑  Randy E. Barnett, "The Original Meaning of the Necessary and Proper Clause", Journal of Constitutional Law 6.2 (2003), pp. 199
↑  Somin, Ilya, "The Individual Mandate and the Proper Meaning of 'Proper'" (October 26, 2012). In The Health Care Case: The Supreme Court’s Decision and its Implications, edited by Nathaniel Persily, Gillian Metzger, and Trevor Morrison (Oxford University Press)
1 2  Gordon Lloyd and Jenny S. Martinez, "The Slave Trade Clause", National Constitution Center
↑  Matthew Spalding, "Migration or Importation Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  ArtI.S9.C2.1 Writ of Habeas Corpus and the Suspension Clause and Habeas Corpus: Scope of the Writ, Legal Information Institute, Constitution Annotated
↑  Amanda L. Tyler, "The Forgotten Core Meaning of the Suspension Clause", Harvard Law Review 125 (2012), pp. 904
↑  Paul D. Halliday and G. Edward White, "The Suspension Clause: English Text, Imperial Contexts, and American Implications", Virginia Law Review 94 (2008)
1 2  David F. Forte, "Habeas Corpus", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Scott Bomboy, "Lincoln and Taney’s great writ showdown", National Constitution Center
↑  July 4, 1861: July 4th Message to Congress, Transcript of Abraham Lincoln's message to the Congress of the United States, Miller Center
↑  Hamdi V. Rumsfeld 542 U.S. 507 (2004), Scalia, J., dissenting
↑  Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723 (2008)
1 2  Daniel Troy, "Bill of Attainder", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Matthew Steilen, "Bill of Attainder", 2016
↑  United States v. Brown, 381 U.S. 437 (1965)
↑  Wilson C. Freeman, "Huawei v. United States: The Bill of Attainder Clause and Huawei’s Lawsuit Against the United States", Congressional Research Service, March 14 2019, pp. 2
1 2  Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386 (1798)
1 2  Carmell v. Texas, 529 U.S. 513 (2000)
1 2  Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist Papers No. 84: Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered, The Avalon Project
↑  החוק שהיה קבוע בעת שפנוויק ביצע עבירה דרש שני עדים לביצוע העבירה; החוק שקיבל הפרלמנט על מנת להרשיע את פנוויק דרש עדות אחת.
1 2  Daniel Troy, "Ex Post Facto", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson, 13 August 1813, National Archive
↑  James Madison's Notes of the Constitutional Convention (August 20, 1787), paragraph 16
1 2  Erik M. Jensen, "Direct Taxes", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  ArtI.S9.C5.1 Prohibition on Taxes on Exports, Constitution Annotated
↑  David F. Forte, "Export Taxation Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
1 2  Erik M. Jensen, "Export and Port Preference", National constitution Center
↑  Erika L. Lunder, "Export Clause: Limitation on Congress's Taxing Power", Congressional Research Service, October 18 2012
↑  Nelson Lund, "Port Preference Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Kate Stith, "Appropriations Clause", National Constitution Center
↑  Gary Kepplinger, "Appropriations Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Sean M. Stiff, "Congress's Power Over Appropriations: Constitutional and Statutory Provisions", Congressional Research Center, June 16 2020
↑  James Madison, "Federalist Papers No. 39 (1776)", Bill of Rights Institute
↑  Marc A. Greendorfer, "Restoring Nobility to the Constitution: A Modern Approach to a Founding Principle", Akron Journal of Constitutional Law and Policy 6 (2015), pp. 40-42
↑  Robert Delahunty, "Emoluments Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Zephyr Teachout and Seth Barrett Tillman, "The Foreign Emoluments", National Constitutional Center
↑  David Kemper Watson, The Constitution of the United States, Volume 1 (Callaghan: 1910), pp. 759
↑  Erik M. Jensen, "The Foreign Emoluments Clause", Elon Law Review 10 (2018), pp. 101ff
↑  David A. Fahrenthold and Jonathan O'Connell, "What is the ‘Emoluments Clause’? Does it apply to President Trump?", Washington Post, January 23 2017
↑  Allen McDuffee, "This diamond gift to Benjamin Franklin is the reason Donald Trump can’t profit from the presidency", Timeline, September 22 2017
↑  Amandeep S. Grewal, " The Foreign Emoluments Clause and the Chief Executive", Minnesota Law Review 92 (2017)
↑  The Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution, Congressional Research Service, August 19 2020
↑  Blumenthal et al. v. Trump, Constitutional Accountability Center
↑  Ariane de Vogue, "Supreme Court won't revive Democratic-led lawsuit over payments to Trump", CNN, October 13 2020
↑  The case of the missing 13th amendment to the Constitution, באתר "National Constitution Center" (באנגלית)
↑  Richard A. Epstein and Jack Rakove, "Article I, Section 10", National Constitution Center
↑  Brannon P. Denning, "State Treaties", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  James Madison, The Federalist Papers No. 44
↑  לשאלת סמכות המשטר הפדרלי להנפיק שטרות נייר, ראו סעיף 5 בחלק השמיני לפרק זה
↑  Contract Clause, Center for the Study of Federalism
1 2 3  Richard A. Epstein, "Obligation of Contract", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Brannon P. Denning, "Import-Export Clause", The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
↑  Brown v. Maryland, 25 U.S. 419 (1827)
↑  Thomas, J., dissenting, Camps Newfound/Owatonna, Inc. v. Town of Harrison, 520 U.S. 564 (1997)
↑  Clyde Mallory Lines v. Alabama, 296 U.S. 261 (1935)
↑  Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez, 557 U.S. 1 (2009)
↑  ArtI.S10.C3.1 States and Duty of Tonnage, Constitution Annotated
↑  Michael S. Greve, "Compact Clause", The Heritage Guide to the constitution
1 2  ArtI.S10.C3.3 Compacts Clause, Constitution Annotated
↑  Holmes v. Jennison, 39 U.S. 540 (1840), pp. 572
↑  United States Steel Corp. v. Multistate Tax Comm'n, 434 U.S. 452 (1978)
| --- | --- |
ערך מומלץ: 
בניין הקפיטול בוושינגטון די. סי., מקום מושב הקונגרס של ארצות הברית.
"יסוד הממשלה האמריקאית", ציור מאת הנרי הינטרמייסטר משנת 1925. ג'ורג' וושינגטון מאחורי השולחן. גוברנור מוריס חותם על החוקה. מאחורי מוריס מימין נמצא רוג'ר שרמן (אנ'), שהציע בוועידת החוקה את "פשרת קונטיקט" (או "הפשרה הגדולה"), לפיה בבית הנבחרים מספר הנציגים של כל מדינה יהיה פרופורציונלי לגודל אוכלוסייתה ובסנאט לכל מדינה יהיה משקל שווה. משמאלו, בנג'מין פרנקלין. ג'יימס מדיסון קרוב ביותר מצד שמאל. קרובים מצד ימין: אלכסנדר המילטון ואדמונד רנדולף.
הצילום המוקדם ביותר של מליאת בית הנבחרים, בבניין הקפיטול החדש, שנת 1860.
פוקד של לשכת מפקד האוכלוסין של ארצות הברית אוסף מידע מתושבת פיירבנקס באלסקה. תמונה שצולמה לצורך פרסום המפקד בשנת 1940.
הסנטור ויליאם בלאונט, נושא המשרה הראשון שהואשם על ידי בית הנבחרים.
תחריט של הסנאט של ארצות הברית בישיבה, 3 בינואר 1874
ג'ון הנרי איטון, הנציג הצעיר ביותר בהיסטוריה של הסנאט בארצות הברית, ואחד משלושה סנאטורים שהושבעו לתפקיד לפני הגיעם לגיל 30, למרות מגבלות החוקה.
איור של הסנאט במשפט ההדחה של הנשיא אנדרו ג'ונסון, 24 בפברואר 1868.
קריקטורה מ-1879, אשר מבקרת את השימוש במבחני קרוא וכתוב כתנאי להצבעה בבחירות. הקריקטורה מראה את "מר הדרום העמוק" כותב בשגיאות כתיב שעל האדם השחור לרכוש השכלה לפני שיהיה זכאי להצביע.
קריקטורה משנת 1812 של ה"ג'רי-מנדר", שנתן לפרקטיקה של הטיית תוצאות הבחירות באמצעות קביעת גבולות של מחוזות בחירה את שמה, "ג'רימנדרינג". הקריקטורה היא סאטירה על צורתו המוזרה של מחוז אסקס במסצ'וסטס, שגבולותיו נקבעו על מנת לשפר את סיכוייו של מועמד המפלגה הדמוקרטית-רפובליקנית לתפקיד המושל, אלברידג' ג'רי. כותבים פדרליסטים טענו שצורת המחוז דומה לסלמנדרה, וכך נוצר ההלחם ג'רי-מנדר והפועל ג'רימנדרינג.
ברווזים צולעים בוושינגטון, קריקטורה מאת קליפורד ברימן, 1915
קריקטורה מ-1890 של תומאס ברקט ריד (אנ'), יושב ראש בית הנבחרים מטעם המפלגה הרפובליקנית, שובר את התנגדות הדמוקרטים ואת בעיית "הקוורום הנעלם". עד 1890, כאשר נערכה הצבעה נספרו לצורך המניין רק חברי הבית שהצביעו. אלה שלא הצביעו נחשבו לנעדרים מהמליאה, וכך גם אם הייתה המליאה מלאה במחוקקים, עשוי היה הקוורום "להיעלם". ב-29 בינואר נתן ריד הוראה לפקיד הבית לרשום כנוכחים את חברי הבית שנמצאים במליאה אך מסרבים להצביע. כך נעלמה באחת בעיית הקוורום הנעלם.
הסנאטור ראנד פול נואם כדי לעכב את אישור המינוי של ג'ון ברנן לראש ה-CIA. פול נאם 12 שעות ו-52 דקות בזמן שהסנאטור דיק דרבין ניסה לסיים את הדיון ולעבור להצבעה. היכולת לדחות הצבעה באמצעות פיליבסטר היא אחת התוצאות של הכללים שקבע הסנאט.
ציור של בניין הקפיטול השרוף, לאחר שהותקף בשנת 1814, בזמן מלחמת 1812. לאחר המלחמה העתיק הקונגרס את מושבו באופן זמני ל-Old Brick Capitol.