אוסטרונזים (עמים)
הערות שוליים

1 2  Crowley, Terry; Lynch, John; Ross, Malcolm (2013). The Oceanic Languages. Routledge.
↑  Blust, Robert A. (2013). The Austronesian languages. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Australian National University.
↑  Ross, Malcolm (June 1996). "On the Origin of the Term 'Malayo-Polynesian'". Oceanic Linguistics. 35 (1): 143–145.
1 2  Blust, Robert A. (2013). The Austronesian languages. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Australian National University
↑  Ray, Sidney H. (1896). "The common origin of Oceanic languages". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 5 (1): 58–68.
↑  Fox, Charles Elliot (1906). "The Comparison of the Oceanic Languages" (PDF). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 1868-1961. 39: 464–475.
↑  Ross, Malcolm (June 1996). "On the Origin of the Term 'Malayo-Polynesian'". Oceanic Linguistics. 35 (1): 143–145
↑  Baldick, Julian (2013). Ancient Religions of the Austronesian World: From Australasia to Taiwan
1 2 3  Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (2006). The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University Press.
↑  Blench, Roger (2012). "Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True" (PDF). In Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin; Reinecke, Andreas; Bonatz, Dominik (eds.). Crossing Borders. National University of Singapore Press. pp. 128–148.
1 2  Abels, Birgit (2011). Austronesian Soundscapes: Performing Arts in Oceania and Southeast Asia. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 16–21
1 2  Chambers, Geoffrey K.; Edinur, Hisham A. (2015). "The Austronesian Diaspora: A Synthetic Total Evidence Model". Global Journal of Anthropology Research. 2 (2): 53–65.
↑  Hill, Adrian V.S.; Serjeantson, Susan W., eds. (1989). The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail. Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7. Oxford University Press.
↑  Simanjuntak, Truman; Pojoh, Ingrid H.E.; Hisyam, Mohammad, eds. (2006). Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago: Proceedings of the International Symposium. Indonesian Institute of Sciences. p. 107
1 2  Blench, Roger (2016). "Splitting up Proto-Malayopolynesian: New Models of Dispersal from Taiwan" (PDF). In Prasetyo, Bagyo; Nastiti, Tito Surti; Simanjuntak, Truman (eds.). Austronesian Diaspora: A New Perspective. Gadjah Mada University
↑  Solheim, Wilhelm G., II (1984–1985). "The Nusantao Hypothesis: The Origin and Spread of Austronesian Speakers". Asian Perspectives. 26 (1): 77–78
1 2  Meacham, Steve (11 December 2008). "Austronesians were first to sail the seas". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
↑  Blust, Robert (2016). History of the Austronesian Languages. University of Hawaii at Manoa.
↑  Cheke, Anthony (2010). "The timing of arrival of humans and their commensal animals on Western Indian Ocean oceanic islands". Phelsuma. 18 (2010): 38–69.
↑  Goss, Jon; Lindquist, Bruce (2000). "Placing Movers: An Overview of the Asian-Pacific Migration System" (PDF). The Contemporary Pacific. 12 (2): 385–414.
↑  Blench, Roger (2009). "Remapping the Austronesian expansion" (PDF). In Evans, Bethwyn (ed.). Discovering History Through Language: Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross. Pacific Linguistics.
↑  Matsumura, Hirofumi; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Shimanjuntak, Truman; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Noerwidi, Sofwan; Octavianus Sofian, Harry; Prastiningtyas, Dyah; Nguyen, Lan Cuong; Kakuda, Tsuneo; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Adachi, Noboru; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Fan, Xuechun; Wu, Xiujie; Willis, Anna; Oxenham, Marc F.; Yao, Yong-Gang (22 June 2018). "Cranio-morphometric and aDNA corroboration of the Austronesian dispersal model in ancient Island Southeast Asia: Support from Gua Harimau, Indonesia". PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0198689. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398689M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198689. PMC 6014653. PMID 29933384.
1 2 3  Jett, Stephen C. (2017). Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas. University of Alabama Press. pp. 168–171.
↑  Jinam, Timothy A.; Phipps, Maude E.; Aghakhanian, Farhang; Majumder, Partha P.; Datar, Francisco; Stoneking, Mark; Sawai, Hiromi; Nishida, Nao; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Kawamura, Shoji; Omoto, Keiichi; Saitou, Naruya (August 2017). "Discerning the Origins of the Negritos, First Sundaland People: Deep Divergence and Archaic Admixture". Genome Biology and Evolution. 9 (8): 2013–2022. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx118. PMID 28854687
↑  Matsumara, Hirofumi; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Cuong, Nguyen Lan; Zhao, Ya-feng; He, Gang; Chi, Zhang (2017). "Mid-Holocene Hunter-Gatherers 'Gaomiao' in Hunan, China: The First of the Two-layer Model in the Population History of East/Southeast Asia". In Piper, Philip J.; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.). New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory. ANU Press. pp. 61–78
↑  "New evidence of Negrito presence unearthed in Taiwan". Taiwan Today. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
↑  Détroit, Florent; Corny, Julien; Dizon, Eusebio Z.; Mijares, Armand S. (2013). ""Small Size" in the Philippine Human Fossil Record: Is It Meaningful for a Better Understanding of the Evolutionary History of the Negritos?" (PDF). Human Biology. 85 (1): 45–66.
↑  Détroit, F.; Mijares, A.S.; Corny, J.; Daver, G.; Zanolli, C.; Dizon, E; Robles, E.; Grün, R.; Piper, P.J. (2019). "A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines". Nature. 568 (7751): 181–186.
1 2 3  Jinam, Timothy A.; Phipps, Maude E.; Aghakhanian, Farhang; Majumder, Partha P.; Datar, Francisco; Stoneking, Mark; Sawai, Hiromi; Nishida, Nao; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Kawamura, Shoji; Omoto, Keiichi; Saitou, Naruya (August 2017). "Discerning the Origins of the Negritos, First Sundaland People: Deep Divergence and Archaic Admixture". Genome Biology and Evolution. 9 (8): 2013–2022
↑  Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014). "Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia" (PDF). Nature Communications. 5 (1): 4689.
1 2  Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014). "Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia" (PDF). Nature Communications. 5 (1):
↑  Waterson, Roxana (2009). Paths and Rivers: Sa'dan Toraja Society in Transformation. KITLV Press.
↑  Blust, Robert A. (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics". In Zeitoun, Elizabeth; Li, Paul Jen-kuei (eds.). Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica. pp. 31–94.
1 2  Gray, RD; Drummond, AJ; Greenhill, SJ (2009). "Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement". Science. 323 (5913): 479–483.
↑  Kun, Ho Chuan (2006). "On the Origins of Taiwan Austronesians". In K. R. Howe (ed.). Vaka Moana: Voyages of the Ancestors (3rd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 92–93
↑  Bellwood, Peter (2014). The Global Prehistory of Human Migration. p. 213.
↑  Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996). Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5. American Philosophical Society. pp. 127–128.
↑  Jiao, Tianlong. 2007. The Neolithic of Southeast China: Cultural Transformation and Regional Interaction on the Coast. Cambria Press.
↑  Pawley, A. (2002). "The Austronesian dispersal: languages, technologies and people". In Bellwood, Peter S.; Renfrew, Colin (eds.). Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. pp. 251–273.
↑  Gibbons, Ann. "'Game-changing' study suggests first Polynesians voyaged all the way from East Asia". Science. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
↑  Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. 1994. Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press
↑  Langdon, Robert. The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia, The Journal of Pacific History', Vol. 36, No. 1, 2001
↑  Meacham, William (1984–1985). "On the improbability of Austronesian origins in South China" (PDF). Asian Perspective. 26: 89–106.
↑  Solheim, Wilhelm G., II (2006). Archaeology and culture in Southeast Asia : Unraveling the Nusantao. University of the Philippines Press
1 2  Oppenheimer, Stephen (1998). Eden in the east: the drowned continent. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
↑  Soares P, Trejaut JA, Loo JH (June 2008). "Climate change and postglacial human dispersals in southeast Asia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (6): 1209–18.
↑  Genetic 'map' of Asia's diversity". BBC News. 11 December 2009.
↑  Kumar, Vikrant (11 December 2009). "Scientific consortium maps the range of genetic diversity in Asia, and traces the genetic origins of Asian populations". HUGO Matters. Human Genome Organisation. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014.
↑  HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium; Abdulla MA; Ahmed I; Assawamakin A; et al. (December 2009). "Mapping human genetic diversity in Asia". Science. 326 (5959): 1541–5.
↑  Rochmyaningsih, Dyna (28 October 2014). "'Out of Sundaland' Assumption Disproved". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
↑  Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (19 August 2014).
↑  Pedro A. Soares; Jean A. Trejaut; Teresa Rito; et al. (2016). "Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian-speaking populations". Human Genetics. 135 (3): 309–326.
↑  Philippine History by Maria Christine N. Halili. "Chapter 3: Precolonial Philippines" (Published by Rex Bookstore; Manila, Sampaloc St. Year 2004)
↑  Doran, Edwin B. (1981). Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins. Texas A&M University Press.
↑  Doran, Edwin, Jr. (1974). "Outrigger Ages". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 83 (2): 130–140.
↑  Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2012). A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawai'i. University of California Press. pp. 25–26.
↑  Gallaher, Timothy (2014). "The Past and Future of Hala (Pandanus tectorius) in Hawaii". In Keawe, Lia O'Neill M.A.; MacDowell, Marsha; Dewhurst, C. Kurt (eds.). ʻIke Ulana Lau Hala: The Vitality and Vibrancy of Lau Hala Weaving Traditions in Hawaiʻi. Hawai'inuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge ; University of Hawai'i Press.
↑  Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean" (PDF). In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.). Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts. One World Archaeology. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179.
↑  Hourani, George F. (1951). Arab Seafaring: In the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Princeton University Press. pp. 100–104.
↑  Shaffer, Lynda Norene (1996). Maritime Southeast Asia to 1500. M.E. Sharpe.
↑  Hourani, George Fadlo (1951). Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1 2  Johnstone, Paul (1980). The Seacraft of Prehistory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
↑  Heath, Helen; Summerhayes, Glenn R.; Hung, Hsiao-chun (2017). "Enter the Ceramic Matrix: Identifying the Nature of the Early Austronesian Settlement in the Cagayan Valley, Philippines". In Piper, Philip J.; Matsumara, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.). New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory. terra australis. 45. ANU Press
↑  Carson, Mike T.; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Summerhayes, Glenn; Bellwood, Peter (January 2013). "The Pottery Trail From Southeast Asia to Remote Oceania". The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology. 8 (1): 17–36.
↑  Wilson, Meredith; Ballard, Chris (2018). "Rock Art of the Pacific: Context and Intertextuality". In David, Bruno; McNiven, Ian J. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art. Oxford University Press. pp. 221–252.
↑  Burley, David V.; Connaughton, Sean P.; Clark, Geoffrey; Lozano, Sergi (23 February 2018). "Early cessation of ceramic production for ancestral Polynesian society in Tonga". PLOS ONE. 13 (2): e0193166
↑  Burley, David V. (1998). "Tongan Archaeology and the Tongan Past, 2850–150 B.P.". Journal of World Prehistory. 12 (3): 337–392.
↑  Wagelie, Jennifer (2002). "Lapita Pottery (ca. 1500–500 B.C.)". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
↑  Bulbeck, David (2017). "Traditions of Jars as Mortuary Containers in the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago". In Piper, Philip J.; Matsumara, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.). New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory. terra australis. 45. ANU Press.
↑  Hung, Hsiao-Chun; Iizuka, Yoshiyuki; Bellwood, Peter (2006). "Taiwan Jade in the Context of Southeast Asian Archaeology". In Bacus, Elizabeth A.; Glover, Ian C.; Pigott, Vincent C. (eds.). Uncovering Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists : the British Museum, London, 14th-17th September 2004. NUS Press. pp. 203–215.
↑  Hung, Hsiao-Chun; Iizuka, Yoshiyuki; Bellwood, Peter; Nguyen, Kim Dung; Bellina, Bérénice; Silapanth, Praon; Dizo, Eusebio; Santiago, Rey; Datan, Ipoi; Manton, Jonathan H. (2007). "Ancient Jades Map 3,000 Years of Prehistoric Exchange in Southeast Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (50): 19745–19750
↑  Harlow, George E.; Summerhayes, Glenn R.; Davies, Hugh L.; Matisoo-Smith, Lisa (1 March 2012). "jade gouge from Emirau Island, Papua New Guinea (Early Lapita context, 3300 BP): a unique jadeitite". European Journal of Mineralogy. 24 (2): 391–399.
1 2 3  Sand, Christophe (2016). "Prestige Stone Items in Island Melanesia: assessment of the enigmatic biconical picks, drilled plaques and stone clubs from New Caledonia". Journal of Pacific Archaeology. 7 (1): 30–40.
↑  ohnstone, Paul (1980). The Seacraft of Prehistory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
↑  Keane, Basil (12 June 2006). "Story: Pounamu – jade or greenstone". Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. New Zealand Government. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
↑  an, Noel Hidalgo (2016). "Rock art as an indication of (Austronesian) migration in Island Southeast Asia". In Prasetyo, Bagyo; Nastiti, Tito Surti; Simanjuntak, Truman (eds.). Austronesian Diaspora: A New Perspective. Gadjah Mada University Press.
↑  Steimer-Herbet, Tara (2018). Indonesian Megaliths: A forgotten cultural heritage. Archaeopress
↑  Tan, Noel Hidalgo (2014). "Rock Art Research in Southeast Asia: A Synthesis". Arts. 3: 73–104.
↑  Lape, Peter V.; O’Connor, Sue; Burningham, Nick (31 January 2007). "Rock Art: A Potential Source of Information about Past Maritime Technology in the South-East Asia-Pacific Region". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 36 (2): 238–253
↑  Johnstone, Paul (1980). The Seacraft of Prehistory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
↑  O'Connor, Sue; Louys, Julien; Kealy, Shimona; Mahirta (2015). "First record of painted rock art near Kupang, West Timor, Indonesia, and the origins and distribution of the Austronesian Painting Tradition". Rock Art Research. 32 (2): 193–201.
↑  Prasetyo, B. (2006). "Austronesian Prehistory from the Perspective of Comparative Megaliths". In Simanjuntak, T.; Pojoh, I.H.E.; Hisyam, Mohammad (eds.). Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago. Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). pp. 163–174
↑  Wieczorek, Rafal (31 August 2016). "Putative duplication glyph in the rongorongo script". Cryptologia. 41 (1): 55–72
↑  Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar: A Historical Perspective". In Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelman, Nikolaus P. (eds.). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge Language Family Series. Routledge.
↑  Krutak, Lars (2005–2006). "Return of the Headhunters: The Philippine Tattoo Revival". The Vanishing Tattoo. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
↑  irch, Patrick V. (1998). "Lapita and Its Aftermath: the Austronesian Settlement of Oceania". In Goodenough, Ward H. (ed.). Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5. American Philosophical Society. p. 70
↑  Douglas, Bronwen (2005). "'Cureous Figures': European Voyagers and Tatau/Tattoo in Polynesia (1595-1800)". In Thomas, Nicholas; Cole, Anna; Douglas, Bronwen (eds.). Tattoo: Bodies, Art and Exchange in the Pacific and the West. Reaktion Books.
↑  Bellwood, Peter (2007). Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago. ANU E Press. p. 151.
↑  Ellis, Juniper (2008). Tattooing the World: Pacific Designs in Print and Skin. Columbia University Press.
↑  DeMello, Margo (2014). Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World. Volume 1: A-L. ABC-CLIO. pp. 272–274
↑  hao, Yer J. (2019). "Voices of Atayal People: Indigenous Cultural Memory in Modern Taiwan Society". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal. 6 (3): 141–158. doi:10.14738/assrj.63.6314 (inactive 10 May 2019).
↑  Krutak, Lars (2017). "Reviving Tribal Tattoo Traditions of the Philippines". In Krutak, Lars; Deter-Wolf, Aaron (eds.). Ancient Ink: The Archaeology of Tattooing. University of Washington Press. pp. 56–61.
↑  Masferré, Eduardo (1999). A Tribute to the Philippine Cordillera. Asiatype, Inc. p. 64
↑  Salvador-Amores, Analyn Ikin V. (2002). "Batek: Traditional Tattoos and Identities in Contemporary Kalinga, North Luzon Philippines". Humanities Diliman. 3 (1): 105–142.
1 2  Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2011). "'Teeth as black as a bumble bee's wings': The ethnobotany of teeth blackening in Southeast Asia". Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 7: 381–398.
↑  Lach, Donald F. & Van Kley, Edwin J. (1998). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 3: Southeast Asia. University of Chicago Press. p. 1499.
↑  Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2011). "To strengthen the teeth and harden the gums: Teeth blackening as medical practice in Asia, Micronesia and Melanesia". Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 9: 97–113.
מפת תפוצת העמים האוסטרונזים
תפוצה והתפשטות של העמים האוסטרונזיים בעולם
קו החוף בתקופה הקרחונית האחרונה, גשרי היבשה ומצרי הים בדרום מזרח אסיה
מודל התפשטות האוכלוסייה וגידול האורז מטיוואן וחוף סין, לאזור דרום מזרח אסיה, בין 2500–5000 לפנה״ס.
מודל התפשטות גלי ההגירה מהמוקד באזור איי דרום מזרח אסיה, במהלך הפליסטוקן וההולוקן
כד קבורה משנית מחרס, מווייטנאם. האלף הראשונה לפנה״ס.
תכשיט מאבן ג'ד מתרבות המאורי בניו-זלנד
עץ החיים, חותמות ציורי ידיים במערה באינדונזיה
פסלי אבן מגליטיים מאינדונזיה
ציורי סלע אוסטרונזיים – סירות ודמויות אנושיות. במערה בסראוואק, מלזיה
קעקועי גוף, של לוחם פילפיני, 1905. הקעקועים מעידים על מספר הראשים שערף במהלך הקרבות.