אתיקה של מכונות
הערות שוליים

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↑  Boyles, Robert James. "A Case for Machine Ethics in Modeling Human-Level Intelligent Agents" (PDF). Kritike. נבדק ב-1 בנובמבר 2019. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
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↑  Anderson, M., Anderson, S., and Armen, C. (2004) "Towards Machine Ethics" in Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Agent Organization: Theory and Practice, AAAI Press
↑  AAAI Workshop on Agent Organization: Theory and Practice, AAAI Press
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1 2  Anderson, Michael; Anderson, Susan Leigh, eds. (ביולי 2011). Machine Ethics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11235-2.
↑  Anderson, M. and Anderson, S. (2007). Creating an Ethical Intelligent Agent. AI Magazine, Volume 28(4).
↑  Wallach, Wendell; Allen, Colin (2009). Moral machines : teaching robots right from wrong. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195374049.
↑  Anderson, Michael; Anderson, Susan Leigh, eds. (ביולי–באוגוסט 2006). "Special Issue on Machine Ethics". IEEE Intelligent Systems. 21 (4): 10–63. doi:10.1109/mis.2006.70. ISSN 1541-1672. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2011-11-26. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Siler, Cory (2015). "Review of Anderson and Anderson's Machine Ethics". Artificial Intelligence. 229: 200–201. doi:10.1016/j.artint.2015.08.013.
↑  Tucker, Patrick (13 במאי 2014). "Now The Military Is Going To Build Robots That Have Morals". Defense One. נבדק ב-9 ביולי 2014. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
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↑  "European Parliament resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics". European Parliament. נבדק ב-8 בנובמבר 2019. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Alan Winfield; Katina Michael; Jeremy Pitt; Vanessa Evers (March 2019). "Machine Ethics: The Design and Governance of Ethical AI and Autonomous Systems". Proceedings of the IEEE. 107 (3): 501–615. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2019.2898289
↑  "Proceedings of the IEEE Addresses Machine Ethics". IEEE Standards Association. 30 August 2019.
1 2  Bostrom, Nick (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (First ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199678112.
↑  Russell, Stuart (October 8, 2019). Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control. United States: Viking. ISBN 978-0-525-55861-3. OCLC 1083694322.
↑  Bostrom, Nick; Yudkowsky, Eliezer (2011). "The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence" (PDF). Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge Press. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2016-03-04. נבדק ב-2011-06-28.
1 2  Santos-Lang, Chris (2002). "Ethics for Artificial Intelligences". אורכב מ-המקור ב-2011-12-03.
↑  Santos-Lang, Christopher (2014). "Moral Ecology Approaches to Machine Ethics" (PDF).  In van Rysewyk, Simon; Pontier, Matthijs (eds.). Machine Medical Ethics. Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering. Vol. 74. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 111–127. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08108-3_8. ISBN 978-3-319-08107-6.
1 2  Fox, Stuart (18 באוגוסט 2009). "Evolving Robots Learn To Lie To Each Other". Popular Science. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Markoff, John (25 ביולי 2009). "Scientists Worry Machines May Outsmart Man". New York Times. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Sotala, Kaj; Yampolskiy, Roman V (2014-12-19). "Responses to catastrophic AGI risk: a survey". Physica Scripta. 90 (1): 8. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/90/1/018001. ISSN 0031-8949.
1 2  Crawford, Kate (25 ביוני 2016). "Artificial Intelligence's White Guy Problem". The New York Times. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  Julia Angwin; Surya Mattu; Jeff Larson; Lauren Kircher (23 במאי 2016). "Machine Bias: There's Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And it's Biased Against Blacks". ProPublica. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Thomas, C.; Nunez, A. (2022). "Automating Judicial Discretion: How Algorithmic Risk Assessments in Pretrial Adjudications Violate Equal Protection Rights on the Basis of Race". Law & Inequality (באנגלית). 40 (2): 371–407. doi:10.24926/25730037.649.
↑  Executive Office of the President (במאי 2016). "Big Data: A Report on Algorithmic Systems, Opportunity, and Civil Rights" (PDF). Obama White House. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Big Risks, Big Opportunities: the Intersection of Big Data and Civil Rights". Obama White House. 4 במאי 2016. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  "How to Prevent Discriminatory Outcomes in Machine Learning". World Economic Forum. 12 במרץ 2018. נבדק ב-2018-12-11. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Fjeld, Jessica; Achten, Nele; Hilligoss, Hannah; Nagy, Adam; Srikumar, Madhulika (2020). "Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI". SSRN Working Paper Series. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3518482. ISSN 1556-5068.
↑  Jobin, Anna; Ienca, Marcello; Vayena, Effy (2019). "The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines". Nature Machine Intelligence. 1 (9): 389–399. arXiv:1906.11668. doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2. ISSN 2522-5839.
↑  Anderson, Susan Leigh (2011): The Unacceptability of Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics as a Basis for Machine Ethics. In: Machine Ethics, ed. Michael Anderson, Susan Leigh Anderson. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.285–296. מסת"ב 9780511978036
↑  Powers, Thomas M. (2011): Prospects for a Kantian Machine. In: Machine Ethics, ed. Michael Anderson, Susan Leigh Anderson. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.464–475.
↑  Muehlhauser, Luke, Helm, Louie (2012): Intelligence Explosion and Machine Ethics.
↑  Yudkowsky, Eliezer (2004): Coherent Extrapolated Volition.
↑  Guarini, Marcello (2011): Computational Neural Modeling and the Philosophy of Ethics. Reflections on the Particularism-Generalism Debate. In: Machine Ethics, ed. Michael Anderson, Susan Leigh Anderson. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.316–334.
↑  Anderson, M. and Anderson, S. (2007). Creating an Ethical Intelligent Agent. AI Magazine, Volume 28(4).
↑  McLaren, Bruce M. (2003). "Extensionally defining principles and cases in ethics: An AI model". Artificial Intelligence. 150 (1–2): 145–181. doi:10.1016/S0004-3702(03)00135-8.
↑  Wakefield, Jane (24 במרץ 2016). "Microsoft chatbot is taught to swear on Twitter". BBC News. נבדק ב-2016-04-17. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Nazaretyan, A. (2014). A. H. Eden, J. H. Moor, J. H. Søraker and E. Steinhart (eds): Singularity Hypotheses: A Scientific and Philosophical Assessment. Minds & Machines, 24(2), pp.245–248.
↑  Brundage, Miles; Winterton, Jamie (17 במרץ 2015). "Chappie and the Future of Moral Machines". Slate. נבדק ב-30 באוקטובר 2019. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Asimov, Isaac (2008). I, robot. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-38256-3.
↑  Ganascia, Jean-Gabriel. "Ethical system formalization using non-monotonic logics." Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Vol. 29. No. 29. 2007.
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