מחצית החיים הביולוגית
הערות שוליים

↑  "Pharmacology in one semester". אורכב מ-המקור ב-22 באוקטובר 2020. נבדק ב-20 בפברואר 2020. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  "Half-Life (t½) Definition". AIDSinfo. 2020-02-19. נבדק ב-2020-02-20.
↑  Curry, Stephen H. (1993). "PHARMACOKINETICS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS". Antipsychotic Drugs and their Side-Effects. Elsevier. pp. 127–144. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-079035-7.50015-4. ISBN 978-0-12-079035-7. The elimination half-life measures the kinetics of loss of drug from the body as a whole once all distribution equilibria have been achieved.
1 2  Dasgupta, Amitava; Krasowski, Matthew D. (2020). "Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Data. Elsevier. pp. 1–17. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815849-4.00001-3. ISBN 978-0-12-815849-4. The half-life of a drug is the time required for the serum concentration to be reduced by 50%. Once the half-life of the drug is known, the time required for clearance can be estimated. Approximately 97% of the drug is eliminated by 5 halflives, while ~99% is eliminated by 7 half-lives.
↑  Toutain, P. L.; Bousquet-Melou, A. (2004). "Plasma terminal half-life" (PDF). Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 27 (6): 427–439. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00600.x. PMID 15601438. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2020-02-20. Following i.v. administration, the terminal half-life is the time required for plasma/blood concentration to decrease by 50% after pseudo-equilibrium of distribution has been reached; then, terminal half-life is computed when the decrease in drug plasma concentration is due only to drug elimination, and the term ‘elimination half-life’ is applicable. Therefore, it is not the time necessary for the amount of the administered drug to fall by one half.
↑  International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "Biological Half Life". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition.
↑  Lin VW; Cardenas DD (2003). Spinal Cord Medicine. Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. p. 251. ISBN 1-888799-61-7.
↑  Nordberg, Gunnar (2007). Handbook on the toxicology of metals. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-12-369413-3.
↑  Silk, Kenneth R.; Tyrer, Peter J. (2008). Cambridge textbook of effective treatments in psychiatry. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-521-84228-0.
↑  Jeffrey A Kraut, Approach to the Treatment of Methanol Intoxication, American journal of kidney diseases, 1 68, 2016, עמ' 161-7 doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.02.058
↑  Haberfeld H, ed. (2020). Austria-Codex (בגרמנית). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Adenosin Baxter3 mg/ml Injektionslösung.
↑  Haberfeld H, ed. (2020). Austria-Codex (בגרמנית). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Noradrenalin Orpha 1 mg/ml Konzentrat zur Herstellung einer Infusionslösung.
↑  Ehrsson, Hans;  et al. (Winter 2002). "Pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin in humans". Medical Oncology. 19 (4): 261–5. doi:10.1385/MO:19:4:261. PMID 12512920. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2007-09-28. נבדק ב-2007-03-28.
↑  "Trexall, Otrexup (methotrexate) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". reference.medscape.com.
↑  Manfredonia, John (במרץ 2005). "Prescribing Methadone for Pain Management in End-of-Life Care". Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 105 (3 supplement): S18-21. PMID 18154194. נבדק ב-2007-01-29. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "אסיול - עלון לרופא" (PDF) (באנגלית). Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. בנובמבר 2020. נבדק ב-2022-12-20. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Haberfeld H, ed. (2020). Austria-Codex (בגרמנית). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Epilan D 100 mg-Tabletten.
↑  "Klonopin (clonazepam) Prescribing Guide" (PDF). Genetech USA, Inc. באוקטובר 2017. נבדק ב-2019-01-20. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Asiri, Yousif A.; Mostafa, Gamal A.E. (2010). "Donepezil". Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology. Vol. 35. Elsevier. pp. 117–150. doi:10.1016/s1871-5125(10)35003-5. ISBN 978-0-12-380884-4. ISSN 1871-5125. PMID 22469221. Plasma donepezil concentrations decline with a half-life of approximately 70 h. Sex, race, and smoking history have no clinically significant influence on plasma concentrations of donepezil [46–51].
↑  "פרוזק - עלון לרופא" (PDF) (באנגלית). Eli Lilly. בפברואר 2021. נבדק ב-2022-12-20. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Haberfeld H, ed. (2020). Austria-Codex (בגרמנית). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Sedacoron 200 mg-Tabletten.
↑  "Caprelsa (vandetanib) Tablets, for Oral Use. Full Prescribing Information" (PDF). Sanofi Genzyme, Cambridge, MA, Dec 2016. נבדק ב-24 בפברואר 2020. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Haberfeld H, ed. (2020). Austria-Codex (בגרמנית). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Avodart 0,5 mg Weichkapseln.
↑  "Sirturo (bedaquiline) Tablets. Full Prescribing Information" (PDF). Janssen Products, Dec 2012. נבדק ב-24 בפברואר 2020. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Nikolas C Papanikolaou; Eleftheria G Hatzidaki; Stamatis Belivanis; George N Tzanakakis; Aristidis M Tsatsakis (2005). "Lead toxicity update. A brief review". Medical Science Monitor. 11 (10): RA329-36. PMID 16192916.
↑  Griffin et al. 1975 as cited in ATSDR 2005
↑  Rabinowitz et al. 1976 as cited in ATSDR 2005
↑  Baribeau, Danielle A; Anagnostou, Evdokia (2015). "Oxytocin and vasopressin: linking pituitary neuropeptides and their receptors to social neurocircuits". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 9: 335. doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00335. ISSN 1662-453X. PMC 4585313. PMID 26441508.
↑  Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 7: Neuropeptides".  In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 195. ISBN 9780071481274. Oxytocin can be delivered to humans via nasal spray following which it crosses the blood–brain barrier. ... In a double-blind experiment, oxytocin spray increased trusting behavior compared to a placebo spray in a monetary game with real money at stake.
↑  McGregor IS, Callaghan PD, Hunt GE (במאי 2008). "From ultrasocial to antisocial: a role for oxytocin in the acute reinforcing effects and long-term adverse consequences of drug use?". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (2): 358–68. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.132. PMC 2442436. PMID 18475254. Recent studies also highlight remarkable anxiolytic and prosocial effects of intranasally administered OT in humans, including increased ‘trust’, decreased amygdala activation towards fear-inducing stimuli, improved recognition of social cues and increased gaze directed towards the eye regions of others (Kirsch et al., 2005; Kosfeld et al., 2005; Domes et al., 2006; Guastella et al., 2008) {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Weisman O, Zagoory-Sharon O, Feldman R (2012). "Intranasal oxytocin administration is reflected in human saliva". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37 (9): 1582–6. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.02.014. PMID 22436536.
↑  Huffmeijer R, Alink LR, Tops M, Grewen KM, Light KC, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Ijzendoorn MH (2012). "Salivary levels of oxytocin remain elevated for more than two hours after intranasal oxytocin administration". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 33 (1): 21–5. PMID 22467107.
↑  Miles Hacker; William S. Messer; Kenneth A. Bachmann (19 ביוני 2009). Pharmacology: Principles and Practice. Academic Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-08-091922-5. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Frymoyer, Adam (2019). "Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Neonates". Infectious Disease and Pharmacology. pp. 123–139. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-54391-0.00011-4. ISBN 9780323543910.
↑  Chan, Patrick; Uchizono, James A. (2015). "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anesthetics". Essentials of Pharmacology for Anesthesia, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care. pp. 3–47. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8948-1_1. ISBN 978-1-4614-8947-4.
1 2 3  Bonate, Peter L.; Howard, Danny R. (2004). Clinical study design and analysis. Arlington, VA: AAPS Press. pp. 237–239. ISBN 9780971176744.
↑  Toutain, P. L.; Bousquet-Melou, A. (2004). "Plasma terminal half-life". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 27 (6): 427–439. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00600.x. ISSN 0140-7783. PMID 15601438.
↑  Younggil Kwon (8 במאי 2007). Handbook of Essential Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism for Industrial Scientists. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-0-306-46820-9. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Jericho Hallare, Valerie Gerriets, Half Life, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2022