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↑  Spencer, Herbert (1864). Principles of Biology, Volume 1. Williams and Norgate. p. 444. But this survival of the fittest, implies multiplication of the fittest.
1 2 3 4  "Letter 5140 – Wallace, A. R. to Darwin, C. R., 2 July 1866". Darwin Correspondence Project. נבדק ב-12 בינואר 2010. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)

"Letter 5145 – Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., 5 July (1866)". Darwin Correspondence Project. נבדק ב-12 בינואר 2010. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)


^ "Herbert Spencer in his "Principles of Biology" of 1864, vol. 1, p. 444, wrote: 'This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called "natural selection", or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.'" Maurice E. Stucke, Better Competition Advocacy, נבדק ב-29 באוגוסט 2007 {{citation}}:  (עזרה), citing HERBERT SPENCER, THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 444 (Univ. Press of the Pac. 2002.)
1 2  "This preservation, during the battle for life, of varieties which possess any advantage in structure, constitution, or instinct, I have called Natural Selection; and Mr. Herbert Spencer has well expressed the same idea by the Survival of the Fittest. The term "natural selection" is in some respects a bad one, as it seems to imply conscious choice; but this will be disregarded after a little familiarity." Darwin, Charles (1868), The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, vol. 1 (1st ed.), London: John Murray, p. 6, נבדק ב-10 באוגוסט 2015 {{citation}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Freeman, R. B. (1977), "On the Origin of Species", The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist (2nd ed.), Cannon House, Folkestone, Kent, England: Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd
1 2  "This preservation of favourable variations, and the destruction of injurious variations, I call Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest." – Darwin, Charles (1869), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (5th ed.), London: John Murray, pp. 91–92, נבדק ב-22 בפברואר 2009 {{citation}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  "Stephen Jay Gould, Darwin's Untimely Burial", 1976; from Philosophy of Biology:An Anthology, Alex Rosenberg, Robert Arp ed., John Wiley & Sons, May 2009, pp. 99–102.
↑  "Evolutionary biologists customarily employ the metaphor 'survival of the fittest,' which has a precise meaning in the context of mathematical population genetics, as a shorthand expression when describing evolutionary processes." Chew, Matthew K.; Laubichler, Manfred D. (4 ביולי 2003), "PERCEPTIONS OF SCIENCE: Natural Enemies – Metaphor or Misconception?", Science, 301 (5629): 52–53, doi:10.1126/science.1085274, PMID 12846231 {{citation}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Johnson, Curtis (2014). Darwin's Dice: The Idea of Chance in the Thought of Charles Darwin. Oxford University Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780199361434.
↑  Vol. 1, p. 444
↑  U. Kutschera (14 במרץ 2003), A Comparative Analysis of the Darwin-Wallace Papers and the Development of the Concept of Natural Selection (PDF), Institut für Biologie, Universität Kassel, Germany, אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-14 באפריל 2008, נבדק ב-20 במרץ 2008 {{citation}}:  (עזרה)(הקישור אינו פעיל, 17.8.2021)
↑  Darwin, Charles (1869), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (5th ed.), London: John Murray, p. 72
↑  The principle of natural selection applied to groups of individual is known as Group selection.
↑  Herbert Spencer; Truxton Beale (1916), The Man Versus the State: A Collection of Essays, M. Kennerley (snippet)
↑  Colby, Chris (1996–1997), Introduction to Evolutionary Biology, TalkOrigins Archive, נבדק ב-22 בפברואר 2009 {{citation}}:  (עזרה)
↑  ראו הסבר "השען העיוור" דוקינס
1 2  Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. and Ferry, P.A. (2010), "Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land", Biology Letters, 6 (4): 544–547, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024, PMC 2936204, PMID 20106856.{{citation}}:  תחזוקה - ציטוט: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑  Leonard, Thomas C. (2005), "Mistaking Eugenics for Social Darwinism: Why Eugenics is Missing from the History of American Economics" (PDF), History of Political Economy, 37 (supplement): 200–233, doi:10.1215/00182702-37-Suppl_1-200
1 2 3  Corey, Michael Anthony (1994), "Chapter 5. Natural Selection", Back to Darwin: the scientific case for Deistic evolution, Rowman and Littlefield, p. 147, ISBN 978-0-8191-9307-0
↑  Cf. von Sydow, M. (2012). "From Darwinian Metaphysics towards Understanding the Evolution of Evolutionary Mechanisms: A Historical and Philosophical Analysis of Gene-Darwinism and Universal Darwinism". Universitätsverlag Göttingen.
↑  Shermer, Michael; "Why People Believe Weird Things"; 1997; Pages 143–144