סבל של חיות בר
הערות שוליים

1 2 3  Brian Tomasik, The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering, Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 3, 2015-11-02, עמ' 133–152 doi: 10.7358/rela-2015-002-toma
1 2  Catia Faria, Eze Paez, Animals in Need: the Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature, Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 3, 2015-05-11, עמ' 7–13
1 2  Christie Wilcox, Bambi or Bessie: Are wild animals happier?, Scientific American Blog Network (באנגלית)
↑  Oscar Horta, Egalitarianism and Animals, Between the Species 19, 2014-11-25
↑  Dawkins, Richard, Chapter 4: God's Utility Function, River Out of Eden, London: Orion Publishing, 1995
1 2  Oscar Horta, Debunking the Idyllic View of Natural Processes: Population Dynamics and Suffering in the Wild, Télos 17, 2010
↑  Alejandro Villamor Iglesias, The overwhelming prevalence of suffering in Nature, Revista de Bioética y Derecho, עמ' 181–195
↑  Nicolas Delon, Duncan Purves, Wild Animal Suffering is Intractable, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 31, 2018-04-01, עמ' 239–260 doi: 10.1007/s10806-018-9722-y
↑  J. Baird Callicott, Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair, Environmental Ethics 2, 1980-11-01, עמ' 311–338 doi: 10.5840/enviroethics19802424
↑  Aaron Simmons, Animals, Predators, the Right to Life, and the Duty to Save Lives, Ethics & the Environment 14, 2009, עמ' 15–27
↑  Helping animals in the wild, Animal Ethics
↑  Palmer, Clare (2019-12-06),  Fischer, Bob (ed.), "The Laissez-Faire View", The Routledge Handbook of Animal Ethics (באנגלית) (1 ed.), Routledge, pp. 444–454, doi:10.4324/9781315105840-40, ISBN 978-1-315-10584-0, S2CID 212772160, נבדק ב-2021-03-21
1 2  Oscar Horta, Why the Situation of Animals in the Wild Should Concern Us, Animal Charity Evaluators, ‏2015-01-05 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  Jeff Sebo, All we owe to animals, Aeon, ‏2021-03-15
↑  Magnus Vinding, Reducing Extreme Suffering for Non-Human Animals: Enhancement vs. Smaller Future Populations?, Between the Species 23, 2018-08-01
↑  Wiblin, Robert; Harris, Kieran, Animals in the wild often suffer a great deal. What, if anything, should we do about that?, 80,000 Hours, ‏2019-08-15 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
1 2 3 4  Georgia Ray, Parasite Load and Disease in Wild Animals, ‏November 22, 2017
↑  C. Calvete, R. Estrada, R. Villafuerte, J. J. Osácar, J. Lucientes, Epidemiology of viral haemorrhagic disease and myxomatosis in a free-living population of wild rabbits, Veterinary Record 150, 2002-06, עמ' 776–782 doi: 10.1136/vr.150.25.776
↑  Kelli Knight, Peach Wick, Medical and Surgical Management of Deer and Relatives, 1, Wiley, 2019-11-07, עמ' 259–270, ISBN 978-1-119-03658-6. (באנגלית)
↑  Richard G. Botzler, Richard N. Brown, Foundations of Wildlife Diseases, Univ of California Press, 2014-08-12, ISBN 978-0-520-27609-3. (באנגלית)
↑  Animal Ethics, Wild animal suffering video course - Unit 3, Animal Ethics
↑  Pablo M Beldomenico, Sandra Telfer, Stephanie Gebert, Lukasz Lukomski, Malcolm Bennett, Michael Begon, Poor condition and infection: a vicious circle in natural populations, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, 2008-08-07, עמ' 1753–1759 doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0147
↑  Physical injuries in wild animals, Animal Ethics
↑  Marilyn E. Scott, The Impact of Infection and Disease on Animal Populations: Implications for Conservation Biology, Conservation Biology 2, 1988-03, עמ' 40–56 doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00334.x
↑  Brett A. Goodman, Pieter T. J. Johnson, Disease and the Extended Phenotype: Parasites Control Host Performance and Survival through Induced Changes in Body Plan, PLOS ONE 6, 25 במאי 2011, עמ' e20193 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020193
↑  Frederic Libersat, Maayan Kaiser, Stav Emanuel, Mind Control: How Parasites Manipulate Cognitive Functions in Their Insect Hosts, Frontiers in Psychology 9, 2018 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00572/full?source=post_page-----3a1104148886----------------------
↑  Nicholas Robar, Gary Burness, Dennis L. Murray, Tropics, trophics and taxonomy: the determinants of parasite-associated host mortality, Oikos 119, 2010-02-16, עמ' 1273–1280 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18292.x
1 2 3  Predators, parasites and parasitoids, The Australian Museum, ‏2021-03-24
↑  Parasitoids, Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, ‏2021-03-24
↑  Fiske, William F., Superparasitism: an Important Factor in the Natural Control of Insects, Journal of Economic Entomology, 1910, עמ' 88-97
↑  Malnutrition and Starvation, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, ‏2021-03-25
↑  Richard Dawkins, River out of Eden: A Darwinian view of life, London: Orion Publishing Group, 1995
↑  Catia Faria, Animal ethics goes wild: the problem of wild animal suffering and intervention in nature, 2016-03-15
↑  Victor China, Roi Holzman, Hydrodynamic starvation in first-feeding larval fishes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, 2014-06-03, עמ' 8083–8088 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1323205111
↑  Malnutrition, hunger and thirst in wild animals, Animal Ethics, ‏2021-03-26
↑  Russo, Catherine J. M.; Ohmer, Michel E. B.; Cramp, Rebecca L.; Franklin, Craig E, A pathogenic skin fungus and sloughing exacerbate cutaneous water loss in amphibians, Journal of Experimental Biology, 2018-05-01
1 2 3  Weather conditions and nonhuman animals, Animal Ethics, ‏2021-03-27
↑  Jonathan Amos, Antarctica: Thousands of emperor penguin chicks wiped out, BBC News, ‏2019-04-25
↑  Sharman, Jon, Thousands of birds killed after freak weather event leaves them with smashed skulls and internal damage, The Independent, ‏2019-08-20 (באנגלית)
↑  Allen G. Smith, Harry R. Webster, Effects of Hail Storms on Waterfowl Populations in Alberta, Canada: 1953, The Journal of Wildlife Management 19, 1955, עמ' 368–374 doi: 10.2307/3797388
↑  Elbaum, Rachel; Eckardt, Andy, Wildlife, animals suffer in Europe's summer of extreme heat, NBC News, ‏2021-04-05 (באנגלית)
↑  Katharine Sanderson, Hot waters make it hard for fish to breathe, Nature, 2007-01-04 doi: 10.1038/news070101-5
↑  With Temperatures Rising, Can Animals Survive the Heat Stress?, Yale E360, ‏2021-04-05 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  Wildlife mass mortality events associated with harsh winter weather, PubMed, ‏2018-06-02
↑  T. Weidman, J. A. Litvaitis, Can supplemental food increase winter survival of a threatened cottontail rabbit?, Biological Conservation 144, 2011-07-01, עמ' 2054–2058 doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.027
↑  H. G. Rödel, A. Bora, P. Kaetzke, M. Khaschei, H. Hutzelmeyer, D. von Holst, Over-winter survival in subadult European rabbits: weather effects, density dependence, and the impact of individual characteristics, Oecologia 140, 2004-08-01, עמ' 566–576 doi: 10.1007/s00442-004-1616-1
↑  R. J. Berry, M. E. Jakobson, Life and death in an island population of the house mouse, Experimental Gerontology 6, 1971-04-01, עמ' 187–197 doi: 10.1016/S0531-5565(71)80018-9
1 2  Animals in natural disasters, Animal Ethics, ‏2021-03-28
↑  Lola Olvera, When Natural Disaster Strikes, Wildlife Pays A Heavy Price, Sentient Media, ‏2020-03-25 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  Jeff McMahan, The Meat Eaters, Opinionator, ‏2010-09-19 (באנגלית)
↑  Animal Ethics, Antagonism in nature: Interspecific conflict, Animal Ethics, ‏2021-03-28
↑  Harris, J. B.; Goonetilleke, A., Animal poisons and the nervous system: what the neurologist needs to know, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 2004-09-01
↑  Antagonism in nature: Intraspecific fights, Animal Ethics, ‏2021-03-28
↑  Povinelli, Daniel J, Can Comparative Psychology Crack its Toughest Nut?, Animal Behavior and Cognition, 2020-11-01
↑  Liana Y. Zanette, Michael Clinchy, Ecology of fear, Current Biology 29, 2019-05-06, עמ' R309–R313 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.042
↑  Robbins, Jim, The Fear Factor: How the Peril of Predators Can Transform a Landscape, Yale E360, ‏2017-04-11 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  Zanette, Liana Y.; Hobbs, Emma C.; Witterick, Lauren E.; MacDougall-Shackleton, Scott A.; Clinchy, Michael, Predator-induced fear causes PTSD-like changes in the brains and behaviour of wild animals, Scientific Reports, 2019-08-07
↑  Allan, Bridie J. M., Scared to death? the killer effect of predation risk in snowshoe hares, Conservation Physiology, 2020-01-01
↑  Oscar Horta, Changing attitudes towards animals in the wild and speciesism, Animal Sentience 1, 2016-07-05 doi: 10.51291/2377-7478.1109
1 2 3  Oscar Horta, CONCERN FOR WILD ANIMAL SUFFERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: WHAT ARE THE LIMITS OF THE DISAGREEMENT?, Les ateliers de l'éthique / The Ethics Forum 13, 2018, עמ' 85–100 doi: 10.7202/1055119ar
↑  Wild animal suffering video course - Unit 8, Animal Ethics
↑  Wild animal suffering video course - Unit 9, Animal Ethics
↑  C. E. Rupprecht, C. A. Hanlon, D. Slate, Oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: opportunities and challenges in prevention and control, Developments in biologicals 119, 2004-01-01, עמ' 173–184
↑  Bryce M. Buddle, D. Neil Wedlock, Michel Denis, H. Martin Vordermeier, R. Glyn Hewinson, Update on vaccination of cattle and wildlife populations against tuberculosis, Veterinary Microbiology, Special issue: 5th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis 151, 2011-07-05, עמ' 14–22 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.021
1 2 3  Oscar Horta, Animal Suffering in Nature: The Case for Intervention, Environmental Ethics 39, 2017-08-01, עמ' 261–279 doi: 10.5840/enviroethics201739320
1 2  Brian Kateman, The biggest opportunity to help animals is ending the suffering of wildlife, Fast Company, ‏04-30-2019
↑  Kirkwood, J. K., & Macgregor, S. K., nfectious Diseases of Garden Birds: Minimising the Risks, UFAW, 1998
↑  What can (and should) we do to help wild animals?, Wild Animal Initiative (באנגלית אמריקאית)
1 2  Ozy Brennan, Wildlife Contraception - Wild-Animal Suffering Research, web.archive.org, ‏12-20-2018
1 2  Simon Eckerstrom Liedholm, Deep Dive: Wildlife contraception and welfare, Wild Animal Initiative, ‏4-8-2022 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  Cheryl Asa, Anneke Moresco, Fertility Control in Wildlife: Review of Current Status, Including Novel and Future Technologies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019, עמ' 507–543, ISBN 978-3-030-23633-5. (באנגלית)
↑  Questions and answers about immunocontraception, The Humane Society of the United States, ‏2019-09-09 (באנגלית)
1 2 3  Animal_Ethics, Strategic considerations for effective wild animal suffering work
↑  Dorfman, Andrea (1988-11-07). "Environment: Free At Last! Bon Voyage!". Time (באנגלית אמריקאית). ISSN 0040-781X. נבדק ב-2023-04-14.
↑  Mohdin, Aamna (2018-11-19). "Top film-makers back penguin intervention on Attenborough show". The Guardian (באנגלית בריטית). ISSN 0261-3077. נבדק ב-2023-04-14.
↑  "2,000 baby flamingos rescued after being abandoned in South African drought". The Guardian (באנגלית בריטית). 2019-02-07. ISSN 0261-3077. נבדק ב-2023-04-14.
↑  Zhou, Naaman (2019-12-24). "Heartbreaking and heartwarming: animals rescued from Australia's bushfires devastation". The Guardian (באנגלית בריטית). ISSN 0261-3077. נבדק ב-2023-04-14.
↑  "Sri Lanka rescues 120 whales after biggest mass stranding". The Guardian (באנגלית בריטית). 2020-11-03. ISSN 0261-3077. נבדק ב-2023-04-14.
↑  Trenchard, Tommy; d'Unienville, Aurélie Marrier, Cape cormorants: Caring for South Africa's chicks abandoned in wild, BBC News, ‏2021-02-03
↑  Daly, Natasha, Nearly 5,000 sea turtles rescued from freezing waters on Texas island, National Geographic, ‏2021-02-19 (באנגלית)
↑  Matthew Clarke, Yew-Kwang Ng, Population Dynamics and Animal Welfare: Issues Raised by the Culling of Kangaroos in Puckapunyal, Social Choice and Welfare 27, 2006-10-01, עמ' 407–422 doi: 10.1007/s00355-006-0137-8
↑  Burke, Jason (2016-09-14). "South African national park to kill animals in response to severe drought". The Guardian (באנגלית בריטית). ISSN 0261-3077. נבדק ב-2023-04-14.
↑  Abbott, Rachel C., Wildlife Vaccination - Growing in Feasibility?, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab., ‏2020-02-17 (באנגלית)
↑  Animals in the wild often suffer a great deal. What, if anything, should we do about that?, 80,000 Hours (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  P. C. Paquet, C. T. Darimont, Wildlife conservation and animal welfare: two sides of the same coin?, Animal Welfare 19, 2010-05, עמ' 177–190 doi: 10.1017/S0962728600001433
↑  Jacy Reese Anthis, Wild animals endure illness, injury, and starvation. We should help., Vox, ‏2015-12-14 (באנגלית)
↑  David Pearce, A Welfare State for Elephants? A Case Study of Compassionate Stewardship, Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 3, 2015-11-02, עמ' 153–164 doi: 10.7358/rela-2015-002-pear
↑  Kyle Johannsen, Animal Rights and the Problem of r-Strategists, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 20, 2017-04-01, עמ' 333–345 doi: 10.1007/s10677-016-9774-x
↑  Simon Eckerstrom Liedholm, Long-term design considerations for wild animal welfare interventions, Wild Animal Initiative, ‏2019-30-12 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
1 2  Richard Thornhill, Michael Morris, Animal Liberationist Responses to Non-Anthropogenic Animal Suffering, Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 10, 2006-01-01, עמ' 355–379 doi: 10.1163/156853506778942077
↑  John, Tyler M.; Sebo, Jeff (2020). "Consequentialism and Nonhuman Animals" (PDF).  In Portmore, Douglas W. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Consequentialism. Douglas W. Portmore. New York, NY. ISBN 978-0-19-090535-4. OCLC 1154100861.
↑  Heather Browning, Walter Veit, Positive Wild Animal Welfare, Biology & Philosophy 38, 2023-03-12, עמ' 14 doi: 10.1007/s10539-023-09901-5
↑  Brian Tomasik, Is There More Suffering Than Happiness in Nature? A Reply to Michael Plant, reducing-suffering.org, ‏2016-28-11 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  Jara Gutiérrez, Javier de Miguel, Fires in nature: a review of the challenges for wild animals, European Journal of Ecology 7, 2021-06-26 doi: 10.17161/eurojecol.v7i1.14643
↑  Humane insecticides: four-month update, Wild Animal Initiative, ‏2019-21-2 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  Faria, Catia; Horta, Oscar (2019). "Welfare Biology".  In Fischer, Bob (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Animal Ethics. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315105840-41. ISBN 978-1-315-10584-0. S2CID 241043958.
↑  Ng, Yew-Kwang, Towards welfare biology: Evolutionary economics of animal consciousness and suffering, Biology and Philosophy, 1995, עמ' 255–285
↑  Ozy Brennan, Creating Welfare Biology: A Research Proposal - Wild-Animal Suffering Research, web.archive.org, ‏2021-07-11
↑  Maria Salazar, Why is Welfare Biology Important?, Animal Charity Evaluators, ‏2019-07-31 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  Marko Kovic, Risks of space colonization, Futures 126, 2021-02-01, עמ' 102638 doi: 10.1016/j.futures.2020.102638
↑  Eskander, P. (2018). "Crucial considerations in wild animal suffering". EA Global 2018: San Francisco. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qK-VNh1AKy0 (transcript: https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/DN8WceuyKDqN3m4Jd/persis-eskander-crucial-considerations-in-wild-animal)
↑  Magnus Vinding, Suffering-Focused Ethics: Defense and Implications, Ratio Ethica, 2020-05-28. (בenglish)
↑  Gary David O'Brien, Directed Panspermia, Wild Animal Suffering, and the Ethics of World‐Creation, Journal of Applied Philosophy 39, 2022-02, עמ' 87–102 doi: 10.1111/japp.12538
↑  Tomasik, Brian, Will Space Colonization Multiply Wild-Animal Suffering?, Essays on Reducing Suffering, ‏2018-05-20 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  Oskari Sivula, The Cosmic Significance of Directed Panspermia: Should Humanity Spread Life to Other Solar Systems?, Utilitas 34, 2022-06, עמ' 178–194 doi: 10.1017/S095382082100042X
↑  Wild Animal Initiative (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  ABOUT US, Animal Ethics
↑  Death in the wild: A guest post from Faunalytics, Wild Animal Initiative (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  What We Do, Faunalytics (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  Invincible Wellbeing (באנגלית)
↑  About Born Free - wildlife conservation and welfare charity, born free
↑  About Rethink Priorities, Rethink Priorities (ב־Canadian English)
צפרדע מתה מהמין Atelopus limosus, מציגה תסמינים של כיטרידיומיקוסיס.
Cymothoa exigua (אנ') הוא טפיל שמשמיד את הלשון של הדג ומתיישב במקומה בפיו.
Mountain cottontail, מין של ארנבון יער. כ-60% מהם מתים במהלך החורף.
קניבליזם בקרב לטאת החולות.
האכלה של גור סנאי אפור אחרי חילוץ.
חיסון אוראלי נגד כלבת, באמצעות פיתיון.
משרד החקלאות האמריקאי חוקר את השימוש באמצעי מניעה באמצעות פיתיון לצורך הקטנת אוכלוסיית התוכי הנזירי.
אוסקר הורטה טוען שבעלי-החיים בטבע חווים כמויות עצומות של סבל עקב גורמים טבעיים, וכי מתוך נקודת השקפה לא-סוגנית יש חובה מוסרית להפחית את הסבל שלהם, כשם שאנחנו מסייעים לבני אדם.
פיל אפריקני גור יונק מאמו. הפילים משתמשים באסטרטגיית רבייה k ומעמידים רק גור אחד בכל פעם.
בריאן טומאסיק טוען כי תומכי זכויות בעלי-חיים צריכים לקדם גם דאגה לסבל של חיות בר.