ACE2
הערות שוליים

1 2 3  "Gene: ACE2, angiotensin I converting enzyme 2". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2020-02-28.
1 2 3 4 5  Hikmet F, Méar L, Edvinsson Å, Micke P, Uhlén M, Lindskog C (ביולי 2020). "The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues". Molecular Systems Biology. 16 (7): e9610. doi:10.15252/msb.20209610. PMC 7383091. PMID 32715618. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H (ביוני 2004). "Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis". The Journal of Pathology. 203 (2): 631–637. doi:10.1002/path.1570. PMC 7167720. PMID 15141377. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, Godbout K, Gosselin M, Stagliano N,  et al. (בספטמבר 2000). "A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9". Circulation Research. 87 (5): E1–E9. doi:10.1161/01.RES.87.5.e1. PMID 10969042. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Keidar S, Kaplan M, Gamliel-Lazarovich A (בפברואר 2007). "ACE2 of the heart: From angiotensin I to angiotensin (1-7)". Cardiovascular Research. 73 (3): 463–469. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.09.006. PMID 17049503. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Wang W, McKinnie SM, Farhan M, Paul M, McDonald T, McLean B,  et al. (באוגוסט 2016). "Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Metabolizes and Partially Inactivates Pyr-Apelin-13 and Apelin-17: Physiological Effects in the Cardiovascular System". Hypertension. 68 (2): 365–377. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06892. PMID 27217402. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Chamsi-Pasha MA, Shao Z, Tang WH (במרץ 2014). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a therapeutic target for heart failure". Current Heart Failure Reports. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 11 (1): 58–63. doi:10.1007/s11897-013-0178-0. PMC 3944399. PMID 24293035. The discovery of ACE2 and its role in counteracting the effect of Ang-II through Ang(1-7) formation ... An imbalance in ACE2/Ang-(1–7) and ACE/Ang-II axes is critical in the development of cardiovascular diseases. The central role of ACE2, therefore, appears to counter ACE activity by reducing Ang-II bioavailability and increasing Ang(1-7) formation ... The use of RAS-modulating agents and molecules as novel therapeutic agents in hypertension and cardiovascular therapeutic research. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Chamsi-Pasha MA, Shao Z, Tang WH (במרץ 2014). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a therapeutic target for heart failure". Current Heart Failure Reports. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 11 (1): 58–63. doi:10.1007/s11897-013-0178-0. PMC 3944399. PMID 24293035. Studies with recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) have shown beneficial cardiac effects [18, 36]. rhACE2 has anti-fibrotic properties and can attenuate effect on systolic and diastolic dysfunction, presumably via Ang-II inhibition. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Mascolo A, Urbanek K, De Angelis A, Sessa M, Scavone C, Berrino L,  et al. (במרץ 2020). "Angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7: which is their role in atrial fibrillation?". Heart Failure Reviews. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 25 (2): 367–380. doi:10.1007/s10741-019-09837-7. PMID 31375968. the possibility of using the A1-7 or ACE2 analogues, to enlarge current therapeutic options for AF, may represent an important field of research. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Lei Y, Zhang J, Schiavon CR, He M, Chen L, Shen H,  et al. (באפריל 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs Endothelial Function via Downregulation of ACE 2". Circulation Research. 128 (9): 1323–1326. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318902. PMC 8091897. PMID 33784827. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Kasmi Y, Khataby K, Souiri A (2019). "Coronaviridae: 100,000 Years of Emergence and Reemergence".  In Ennaji MM (ed.). Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens: Fundamental and Basic Virology Aspects of Human, Animal and Plant Pathogens. Vol. 1. Elsevier. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-12-819400-3.
1 2 3 4  Turner AJ (2015). "Chapter 25: ACE2 Cell Biology, Regulation, and Physiological Functions".  In Unger T, Ulrike M, Steckelings UM, dos Santos RA (eds.). The Protective Arm of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS): Functional Aspects and Therapeutic Implications. Academic Press. pp. 185–189. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801364-9.00025-0. ISBN 978-0-12-801364-9.
↑  Lambert DW, Yarski M, Warner FJ, Thornhill P, Parkin ET, Smith AI,  et al. (באוגוסט 2005). "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (34): 30113–30119. doi:10.1074/jbc.M505111200. PMC 8062222. PMID 15983030. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Patel VB, Clarke N, Wang Z, Fan D, Parajuli N, Basu R,  et al. (בינואר 2014). "Angiotensin II induced proteolytic cleavage of myocardial ACE2 is mediated by TACE/ADAM-17: a positive feedback mechanism in the RAS". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 66: 167–176. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.11.017. PMID 24332999. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  The Human Protein Atlas. "ACE2 protein expression summary". www.proteinatlas.org. נבדק ב-12 במאי 2021. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, Choe H (בינואר 2022). "Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 23 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x. PMC 8491763. PMID 34611326. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Hu Y, Liu L, Lu X (2021). "Regulation of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: A Potential Target to Prevent COVID-19?". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 12: 725967. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.725967. PMC 8569797. PMID 34745001.
↑  Singh B, Singh D, Verma V, Yadav R, Kumar R (בדצמבר 2021). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19: A review". Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 12 (2): 215–220. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2021.12.003. PMC 8677424. PMID 34934510. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Santos RA, Simoes e Silva AC, Maric C, Silva DM, Machado RP, de Buhr I,  et al. (ביולי 2003). "Angiotensin-(1-7) is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor Mas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (14): 8258–8263. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.8258S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1432869100. PMC 166216. PMID 12829792. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
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↑  Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xia L, Guo Y, Zhou Q (במרץ 2020). "Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2". Science. 367 (6485): 1444–1448. Bibcode:2020Sci...367.1444Y. doi:10.1126/science.abb2762. PMC 7164635. PMID 32132184. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Niu MJ, Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM (2008). "Loss of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 leads to impaired glucose homeostasis in mice". Endocrine. 34 (1–3): 56–61. doi:10.1007/s12020-008-9110-x. PMID 18956256.
↑  Putnam K, Shoemaker R, Yiannikouris F, Cassis LA (במרץ 2012). "The renin-angiotensin system: a target of and contributor to dyslipidemias, altered glucose homeostasis, and hypertension of the metabolic syndrome". American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 302 (6): H1219–H1230. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00796.2011. PMC 3311482. PMID 22227126. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis". Coronaviruses. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer New York. pp. 1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1. ISBN 978-1-4939-2437-0. PMC 4369385. PMID 25720466. Many α-coronaviruses utilize aminopeptidase N (APN) as their receptor, SARS-CoV and HCoV-NL63 use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as their receptor, MHV enters through CEACAM1, and the recently identified MERS-CoV binds to dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) to gain entry into human cells (See Table 1 for a list of known CoV receptors).
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↑  Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F, Guan B,  et al. (באוגוסט 2005). "A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury". Nature Medicine. 11 (8): 875–879. doi:10.1038/nm1267. PMC 7095783. PMID 16007097. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
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1 2  Zipeto D, Palmeira JD, Argañaraz GA, Argañaraz ER (2020). "ACE2/ADAM17/TMPRSS2 Interplay May Be the Main Risk Factor for COVID-19". Frontiers in Immunology. 11: 576745. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.576745. PMC 7575774. PMID 33117379.
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↑  Hansen SB, Yuan Z (במרץ 2023). "Getting in on the action: New tools to see SARS-CoV-2 infect a cell". Cell Chemical Biology. 30 (3): 233–234. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.02.010. PMC 10018748. PMID 36931249. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, Liu PP, Poutanen SM, Penninger JM, Butany J (ביולי 2009). "SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS". European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 39 (7): 618–625. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x. PMC 7163766. PMID 19453650. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Rathore SS, Rojas GA, Sondhi M, Pothuru S, Pydi R, Kancherla N,  et al. (בנובמבר 2021). "Myocarditis associated with Covid-19 disease: A systematic review of published case reports and case series". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 75 (11): e14470. doi:10.1111/ijcp.14470. PMID 34235815. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Akhmerov A, Marbán E (במאי 2020). "COVID-19 and the Heart". Circulation Research. 126 (10): 1443–1455. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317055. PMC 7188058. PMID 32252591. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
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1 2  Imai Y, Kuba K, Penninger JM (במאי 2008). "The discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its role in acute lung injury in mice". Experimental Physiology. 93 (5): 543–548. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.040048. PMC 7197898. PMID 18448662. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Jia H (בספטמבר 2016). "Pulmonary Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Inflammatory Lung Disease". Shock. 46 (3): 239–248. doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000000633. PMID 27082314. Once SARS-CoV binds to its receptor, the abundance on the cell surface, mRNA expression and the enzymatic activity of ACE2 are significantly reduced. ... These effects are, in part, due to enhanced shedding/internalizing processes. ... The spike protein binds to ACE2 and subsequently down regulated ACE2 protein expression and resulted in worsened acid aspiration pneumonia {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P (בדצמבר 2020). "Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis". Trends in Immunology. 41 (12): 1100–1115. doi:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004. PMC 7556779. PMID 33132005. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Nicholls J, Peiris M (באוגוסט 2005). "Good ACE, bad ACE do battle in lung injury, SARS". Nature Medicine. 11 (8): 821–822. doi:10.1038/nm0805-821. PMC 7095949. PMID 16079870. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Diaz JH (במאי 2020). "Hypothesis: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19". Journal of Travel Medicine. 27 (3). doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa041. PMC 7184445. PMID 32186711. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Caldeira D, Alarcão J, Vaz-Carneiro A, Costa J (ביולי 2012). "Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 345 (jul11 1): e4260. doi:10.1136/bmj.e4260. PMC 3394697. PMID 22786934. Our results suggest an important role of ACE inhibitors, but not ARBs, in reducing the risk of pneumonia. These data may discourage the withdrawal of ACE inhibitors in some patients with tolerable adverse events (namely, cough) who are at particularly high risk of pneumonia. ACE inhibitors also lowered the risk of pneumonia related mortality, mainly in patients with established disease, but the robustness of the evidence was weaker. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, Lei F, Qin JJ, Xie J,  et al. (ביוני 2020). "Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers With Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19". Circulation Research. 126 (12): 1671–1681. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134. PMC 7265882. PMID 32302265. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Patel AB, Verma A (במאי 2020). "COVID-19 and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers: What Is the Evidence?". JAMA. 323 (18): 1769–1770. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4812. PMID 32208485. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Position Statement of the ESC Council on Hypertension on ACE-Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers". European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 13 במרץ 2020. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "EMA advises continued use of medicines for hypertension, heart or kidney disease during COVID-19 pandemic". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 27 במרץ 2020. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
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↑  Kragstrup TW, Singh HS, Grundberg I, Nielsen AL, Rivellese F, Mehta A,  et al. (2021). "Plasma ACE2 predicts outcome of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients". PLOS ONE. 16 (6): e0252799. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1652799K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252799. PMC 8177449. PMID 34086837.
↑  Cao Y, Li L, Feng Z, Wan S, Huang P, Sun X,  et al. (2020-02-24). "Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations". Cell Discovery. 6 (1): 11. doi:10.1038/s41421-020-0147-1. PMC 7040011. PMID 32133153.
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↑  Suryamohan K, Diwanji D, Stawiski EW, Gupta R, Miersch S, Liu J,  et al. (באפריל 2021). "Human ACE2 receptor polymorphisms and altered susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 475. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02030-3. PMC 8041869. PMID 33846513. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Santos TM, Lisboa AB, Rodrigues W, Gomes H, Abrahão J, Del-Bem LE (בפברואר 2022). "Human variation in the protein receptor ACE2 affects its binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 in a variant-dependent manner". Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics. 41 (7): 2947–2955. doi:10.1080/07391102.2022.2042387. PMID 35196964. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  MacGowan SA, Barton MI, Kutuzov M, Dushek O, van der Merwe PA, Barton GJ (במרץ 2022). "Missense variants in human ACE2 strongly affect binding to SARS-CoV-2 Spike providing a mechanism for ACE2 mediated genetic risk in Covid-19: A case study in affinity predictions of interface variants". PLOS Computational Biology. 18 (3): e1009922. Bibcode:2022PLSCB..18E9922M. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009922. PMC 8920257. PMID 35235558. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
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↑  Zhang L, Dutta S, Xiong S, Chan M, Chan KK, Fan TM,  et al. (במרץ 2022). "Engineered ACE2 decoy mitigates lung injury and death induced by SARS-CoV-2 variants". Nature Chemical Biology. 18 (3): 342–351. doi:10.1038/s41589-021-00965-6. PMC 8885411. PMID 35046611. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
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