שרידים אבולוציוניים באדם
הערות שוליים

↑  Darwin C, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, London: John Murray, 1890, p.13.
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↑  Wiedersheim, R. (1893) The Structure of Man: An Index to His Past History. Second Edition. Translated by H. and M. Bernard. London: Macmillan and Co. 1895.
↑  Muller, G. B. (2002). "Vestigial Organs and Structures".  In Pagel, Mark (ed.). Encyclopedia of Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1131–1133.
↑  Koerth-Baker, Maggie (30 ביולי 2009). "Vestigial Organs Not So Useless After All". National Geographic. אורכב מ-המקור ב-4 באוגוסט 2009. נבדק ב-27 ביולי 2013. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3 4  Darwin, Charles (1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray: London.
↑  Kooij IA, Sahami S, Meijer SL, Buskens CJ, Te Velde AA (באוקטובר 2016). "The immunology of the vermiform appendix: a review of the literature". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 186 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1111/cei.12821. PMC 5011360. PMID 27271818. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Yap, Daniel Ren Yi; Lui, Rashid N; Samol, Jens; Ngeow, Joanne; Sung, Joseph JY; Wong, Sunny H (בפברואר 2024). "Beyond a vestigial organ: effects of the appendix on gut microbiome and colorectal cancer". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. doi:10.1111/jgh.16497. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
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↑  Peter Robert Cheeke, Ellen S. Dierenfeld, Comparative Animal Nutrition and Metabolism. Publisher: CABI; 2010 מסת"ב 978-1-84593-631-0
↑  "Appendix may be useful after all – Health – Health care – More health news – NBC News". NBC News.
↑  Randal Bollinger, R.; Barbas, Andrew S.; Bush, Errol L.; Lin, Shu S.; Parker, William (2007). "Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 249 (4): 826–31. Bibcode:2007JThBi.249..826R. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.08.032. PMID 17936308.
↑  Charles Q. Choi, "The Appendix: Useful and in Fact Promising", Live Science, 2009, Appendix has useful function
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↑  Biswanath Mukhopadhyay, Ram M. Shukla, Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, Kartik C. Mandal, Pankaj Haldar, & Abhijit Benare (2012), "Spectrum of human tails: A report of six cases", Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons, 17 (1): 23–25, doi:10.4103/0971-9261.91082, PMC 3263034, PMID 22279360{{citation}}:  תחזוקה - ציטוט: multiple names: authors list (link)
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↑  Fallon, John F.; Simandl, B. Kay (1978). "Evidence of a role for cell death in the disappearance of the embryonic human tail". American Journal of Anatomy. 152 (1): 111–29. doi:10.1002/aja.1001520108. PMID 677043.
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↑  Spiegelmann, Roberto; Schinder, Edgardo; Mintz, Mordejai; Blakstein, Alexander (1985). "The human tail: A benign stigma". Journal of Neurosurgery. 63 (3): 461–2. doi:10.3171/jns.1985.63.3.0461. PMID 3894599.
↑  Johnson, Dr. George B. "Evidence for Evolution" (אורכב 10.03.2008 בארכיון Wayback Machine). (Page 12) Txtwriter Inc. 8 June 2006.
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↑  Pereira, T. V.; Salzano, F. M.; Mostowska, A.; Trzeciak, W. H.; Ruiz-Linares, A.; Chies, J. A. B.; Saavedra, C.; Nagamachi, C.; Hurtado, A. M.; Hill, K.; Castro-De-Guerra, D. (2006). "Natural selection and molecular evolution in primate PAX9 gene, a major determinant of tooth development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (15): 5676–81. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5676P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509562103. PMC 1458632. PMID 16585527.
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↑  Smith, Timothy D.; Siegel, Michael I.; Bhatnagar, Kunwar P. (2001). "Reappraisal of the vomeronasal system of catarrhine primates: Ontogeny, morphology, functionality, and persisting questions". The Anatomical Record. 265 (4): 176–192. doi:10.1002/ar.1152. PMID 11519019.
↑  Won, J; Mair, E. A.; Bolger, W. E.; Conran, R. M. (2000). "The vomeronasal organ: an objective anatomic analysis of its prevalence". Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 79 (8): 600–605. doi:10.1177/014556130007900814. PMID 10969469.
↑  Johnson, A.; Josephson, R.; Hawke, M. (1985). "Clinical and histological evidence for the presence of the vomeronasal (Jacobson's) organ in adult humans". The Journal of Otolaryngology. 14 (2): 71–79. PMID 4068105.
↑  Foltán, René; Šedý, Jiří (2009). "Behavioral changes of patients after orthognathic surgery develop on the basis of the loss of vomeronasal organ: a hypothesis". Head & Face Medicine. 5: 5. doi:10.1186/1746-160X-5-5. PMC 2653472. PMID 19161592.
↑  Bhatnagar, Kunwar P.; Smith, Timothy D. (2001). "The human vomeronasal organ. III. Postnatal development from infancy to the ninth decade". Journal of Anatomy. 199 (Pt 3): 289–302. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19930289.x. PMC 1468331. PMID 11554506.
1 2 3  Bhatnagar, Kunwar P.; Kennedy, Ray C.; Baron, Georg; Greenberg, Richard A. (1987). "Number of mitral cells and the bulb volume in the aging human olfactory bulb: A quantitative morphological study". The Anatomical Record. 218 (1): 73–87. doi:10.1002/ar.1092180112. PMID 3605663.
↑  Witt, M.; Hummel, T. (2006). Vomeronasal Versus Olfactory Epithelium: Is There a Cellular Basis for Human Vomeronasal Perception?. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 248. pp. 209–259. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(06)48004-9. ISBN 978-0-12-364652-1. PMID 16487792.
↑  Wysocki CJ, Preti G (בנובמבר 2004). "Facts, fallacies, fears, and frustrations with human pheromones". The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 281 (1): 1201–1211. doi:10.1002/ar.a.20125. PMID 15470677. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Wyatt, Tristram D. (2003). Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-521-48526-5.
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↑  Bair, J. H. (1901). "Development of voluntary control". Psychological Review. 8 (5): 474–510. doi:10.1037/h0074157.
↑  Mr. St. George Mivart, Elementary Anatomy, 1873, p. 396.
↑  Montagna, W.; Machida, H.; Perkins, E. M. (1966). "The skin of primates. XXXIII. The skin of the angwantibo (Arctocebus calabarensis)". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 25 (3): 277–90. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330250307. PMID 5971502.
↑  "Breast Anatomy and Embryology". Essentials of Plastic Surgery (2015): 355–361
↑  Hadjiathanasiou, C.G.; Brauner, R.; Lortat-Jacob, S.; Nivot, S.; Jaubert, F.; Fellous, M.; Nihoul-Fékété, C.; Rappaport, R. (1994). "True hermaphroditism: Genetic variants and clinical management". The Journal of Pediatrics. 125 (5): 738–744. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(06)80172-1. PMID 7965425.
↑  Eren, Erdal; Edgünlü, Tuba; Asut, Emre; Karakaş Çelik, Sevim (2016). "Homozygous Ala65Pro Mutation with V89L Polymorphism in SRD5A2 Deficiency". Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 8 (2): 218–223. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.2495. PMC 5096479. PMID 26761946.
1 2 3 4  Collier, Roger (2011-11-22). "Vital or vestigial? The foreskin has its fans and foes". CMAJ (באנגלית). 183 (17): 1963–1964. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-4014. ISSN 0820-3946. PMC 3225416. PMID 22025652.
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↑  Darwin C. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. London, UK: John Murray; 1859.
1 2  ריצ'רד דוקינס, ההצגה הגדולה בתבל, 2010, עמ' 354-355
↑  ריצ'רד דוקינס, ההצגה הגדולה בתבל, 2010, עמ' 342-350
↑  ריצ'רד דוקינס, ההצגה הגדולה בתבל, 2010, עמ' 351-350
↑  Macalister, Alexander (1875). "Additional Observations on Muscular Anomalies in Human Anatomy. (Third Series) With a Catalogue of the Principal Muscular Variations Hitherto Published". The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. 25: 1–134. JSTOR 30079154.
↑  Guerra, Aldo Benjamin; Metzinger, Stephen Eric; Metzinger, Rebecca Crawford; Xie, Chen; Xie, Yue; Rigby, Peter Lister; Naugle, Thomas (2004). "Variability of the Postauricular Muscle Complex". Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery. 6 (5): 342–7. doi:10.1001/archfaci.6.5.342. PMID 15381582.
↑  Tamatsu, Yuichi; Tsukahara, Kazue; Hotta, Mitsuyuki; Shimada, Kazuyuki (2007). "Vestiges of vibrissal capsular muscles exist in the human upper lip". Clinical Anatomy. 20 (6): 628–31. doi:10.1002/ca.20497. PMID 17458869.
↑  Aversi-Ferreira, Roqueline A. G. M. F.; Bretas, Rafael Vieira; Maior, Rafael Souto; Davaasuren, Munkhzul; Paraguassú-Chaves, Carlos Alberto; Nishijo, Hisao; Aversi-Ferreira, Tales Alexandre (2014). "Morphometric and Statistical Analysis of the Palmaris Longus Muscle in Human and Non-Human Primates". BioMed Research International. 2014: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2014/178906. PMC 4016873. PMID 24860810.
↑  Kapoor, Sudhir K.; Tiwari, Akshay; Kumar, Abhishek; Bhatia, Rajesh; Tantuway, Vinay; Kapoor, Saurabh (2008). "Clinical relevance of palmaris longus agenesis: Common anatomical aberration". Anatomical Science International. 83 (1): 45–8. doi:10.1111/j.1447-073X.2007.00199.x. PMID 18402087.
↑  Sebastin, S; Lim, A; Bee, W; Wong, T; Methil, B (2005). "Does the absence of the palmaris longus affect grip and pinch strength?". The Journal of Hand Surgery: Journal of the British Society for Surgery of the Hand. 30 (4): 406–8. doi:10.1016/j.jhsb.2005.03.011. PMID 15935531.
↑  Rubinstein, David; Escott, Edward J.; Hendrick, Laura L. (באפריל 1999). "The prevalence and CT appearance of the levator claviculae muscle: a normal variant not to be mistaken for an abnormality" (PDF). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20 (4): 583–6. PMC 7056035. PMID 10319965. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Loukas, M.; Sullivan, A.; Tubbs, R.S.; Shoja, M.M. (2008). "Levator claviculae: a case report and review of the literature". Folia Morphol. 67 (4): 307–310. PMID 19085875.
↑  Lovering, Richard M.; Anderson, Larry D. (2008). "Architecture and fiber type of the pyramidalis muscle". Anatomical Science International. 83 (4): 294–7. doi:10.1111/j.1447-073X.2007.00226.x. PMC 3531545. PMID 19159363.
↑  P., Haninec; R., Tomáš; R., Kaiser; R., Čihák (2009). "Development and clinical significance of the musculus dorsoepitrochlearis in men". Clinical Anatomy. 22 (4): 481–8. doi:10.1002/ca.20799. PMID 19373904.
↑  Edwards, William E., The Musculoskeletal Anatomy of the Thorax and Brachium of an Adult Female Chimpanzee,6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory, New Mexico, 1965. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/462433.pdf (אורכב 11.02.2017 בארכיון Wayback Machine)
↑  "Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus I: Muscular System: Alphabetical Listing of Muscles: L:Latissimus Dorsi".
↑  Ogata, Shigemitsu; Mine, Kazuharu; Tamatsu, Yuichi; Shimada, Kazuyuki (2002). "Morphological study of the human chondroglossus muscle in Japanese". Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 184 (5): 493–9. doi:10.1016/S0940-9602(02)80087-5. PMID 12392330.
↑  Kajava, Y (1915). "The proportions of supernumerary nipples in the Finnish population". Duodecim. 1: 143–70.
↑  Goyal, Tarang; Bakshi, SK; Varshney, Anupam (2012). "Seven nipples in a male: World′s second case report". Indian Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (3): 373–5. doi:10.4103/0971-6866.108051 (לא פעיל 9 במרץ 2024). PMC 3656534. PMID 23716953. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)תחזוקה - ציטוט: DOI inactive as of 2024 (link)
↑  Teplica, David; Kovich, Grant; Srock, Jamey; Whitaker, Robert; Jeffers, Eileen; Wagstaff, David A. (2021-10-14). "Newly Identified Gross Human Anatomy: Eight Paired Vestigial Breast Mounds Run along the Embryological Mammary Ridges in Lean Adults". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open (באנגלית). 9 (10): e3863. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000003863. ISSN 2169-7574. PMC 8517303. PMID 34667697.
1 2  Laura Spinney (2008), "Remnants of evolution", New Scientist, 198 (2656): 42–45, doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(08)61231-2
↑  ריצ'רד דוקינס, ההצגה הגדולה בתבל, 2010, עמ' 328-327
↑  Peter Gray (2007). Psychology (fifth ed.). Worth Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-7167-0617-5.
↑  Behavior Development in Infants (via Google Books) by Evelyn Dewey, citing a study "Reflexes and other motor activities in newborn infants: a report of 125 cases as a preliminary study of infant behavior" published in the Bull. Neurol. Inst. New York, 1932, Vol. 2, pp. 1–56.
↑  Jerry Coyne (2009). Why Evolution is True. Penguin Group. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-670-02053-9.
↑  Anthony Stevens (1982). Archetype: A Natural History of the Self. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7100-0980-7.
↑  Ohta, Yuriko; Nishikimi, Morimitsu (1999). "Random nucleotide substitutions in primate nonfunctional gene for l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase, the missing enzyme in l-ascorbic acid biosynthesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1472 (1–2): 408–11. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00123-3. PMID 10572964.
↑  Nishikimi M, Fukuyama R, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Yagi K (6 במאי 1994). "Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the enzyme for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis missing in man". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (18): 13685–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36884-9. PMID 8175804. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
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