הממלכה הקדומה (מצרים)
הערות שוליים

↑  Grimal, Nicolas (1994). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell (July 19, 1994). p. 85
1 2  "Old Kingdom of Egypt". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2017-12-04
1 2  Malek, Jaromir. 2003. "The Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2160 BC)". In The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192804587, p.83
↑  Schneider, Thomas (27 August 2008). "Periodizing Egyptian History: Manetho, Convention, and Beyond". In Klaus-Peter Adam (ed.). Historiographie in der Antike. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 181–197. ISBN 978-3-11-020672-2
↑  Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times, pp. 55 & 60
1 2  Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times, p. 56
↑  Herlin, Susan J. (2003). "Ancient African Civilizations to ca. 1500: Pharaonic Egypt to Ca. 800 BC". p. 27. Archived from the original on August 23, 2003. Retrieved 23 January 2017
↑  Bothmer, Bernard (1974). Brief Guide to the Department of Egyptian and Classical Art. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum. p. 22
↑  "The Old Kingdom (c. 2575–c. 2130 BCE) and the First Intermediate period (c. 2130–1938 BCE)". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
↑  "Ancient Egypt – the Archaic Period and Old Kingdom". Penfield High School. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
↑  Carl Roebuck (1984), The World of Ancient Times, p. 57.
↑    Nic Fleming, Science Correspondent, ‏I have solved riddle of the Sphinx, says Frenchman, The Telegraph, 14 December 2004
↑  p.5, The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History (4th edition, 1993), Dupuy & Dupuy.
↑  Miroslav Verner: Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology, Archiv Orientální, Volume 69: 2001
↑  Franziska Grathwol, Christian Roos, Dietmar Zinner, Benjamin Hume, Stéphanie M Porcier, Didier Berthet, Jacques Cuisin, Stefan Merker, Claudio Ottoni, Wim Van Neer (2023), "Adulis and the transshipment of baboons during classical antiquity", eLife, 12, elifsciences, doi:10.7554/eLife.87513, PMC 10597581, PMID 37767965
↑  Grimal, Nicolas (1994). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell (July 19, 1994). p. 76.
↑  Grimal, Nicolas (1994). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell (July 19, 1994). pp. 76, 79.
↑  Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Old Kingdom: An Overview". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 585–591. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
↑  Shaw, Ian (2003). "New fieldwork at Gebel el-Asr: "Chephren's diorite quarries"". In Hawass, Zahi; Pinch Brock, Lyla (eds.). Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology. Cairo, New York: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-424-715-6.
↑  Klemm, Rosemarie; Klemm, Dietrich (2013). Gold and gold mining in ancient Egypt and Nubia : geoarchaeology of the ancient gold mining sites in the Egyptian and Sudanese eastern deserts. Natural science in archaeology. Berlin; New-York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-283-93479-4.
↑  Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Old Kingdom: An Overview". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 588. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
↑  "Siege Scenes of the Old Kingdom". Archived from the original on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
↑  Baker, Darrell (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC. Stacey International. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9.
↑  Hayes, William (1978). The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 122. OCLC 7427345
↑  Smith, William Stevenson (1971). "The Old Kingdom of Egypt and the Beginning of the First Intermediate Period". In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 1, Part 2. Early History of the Middle East (3rd ed.). London, New york: Cambridge University Press. pp. 191–194. ISBN 9780521077910. OCLC 33234410
1 2  Grimal, Nicolas (19 July 1994). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 85
↑  Jean-Daniel Stanley; et al. (2003). [file:///C:/Users/Avishay/Downloads/POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS.PDF "Nile flow failure at the end of the Old Kingdom, Egypt: Strontium isotopic and petrologic evidence"] (PDF). Geoarchaeology. 18 (3): 395–402. doi:10.1002/gea.10065. S2CID 53571037
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  Robins, Gay (2008). The Art of Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
1 2  Sourouzian, Hourig (2010). A Companion to Ancient Egypt. Vol. I. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 853–881
1 2  Arnold, Dorothea (1999). When the Pyramids Were Built: Egyptian Art of the Old Kingdom. The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Rizzoli International Publications Inc. pp. 7–17
↑  "The Metropolitan Museum"
1 2 3 4 5  Robins, Gay (1994). Proportion, and Style in Ancient Egyptian Art. University of Texas Press
↑  "Statue of Menkaure with Hathor and Cynopolis". The Global Egyptian Museum
1 2  Malek, Jaromir (1999). Egyptian Art. London: Phaidon Press Limited
1 2  Morgan, Lyvia (2011). "Enlivening the Body: Color and Stone Statues in Old Kingdom Egypt". Notes in the History of Art. 30 (3): 4–11. doi:10.1086/sou.30.3.23208555. S2CID 191369829
↑  Klemm, Dietrich (2001). "The Building Stones of Ancient Egypt: A Gift of its Geology". African Earth Sciences. 33 (3–4): 631–642. Bibcode:2001JAfES..33..631K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.111.9099. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00085-9.
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הספינקס הגדול של גיזה מול הפירמידה הגדולה של גיזה.
דלת מדומה (אנ') מקבר מטג'ג'י. 2353–2323 לפנה"ס בקירוב, שושלת 5–6, הממלכה הקדומה. קבר מטג'ג'י בסאקארה.
פסל של מנכאורע עם חתחור ואנפוט (Anput) מהמוזיאון המצרי בקהיר. מדגים פסל קבוצתי של גריוואק עם מאפיינים ופרופורציות של הממלכה הקדומה.