קרמה (נוביה)
הערות שוליים

1 2  Emberling, Geoff (2011). Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa. New York: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-615-48102-9.
↑  Bonnet, Charles (2003). The Nubian Pharaohs. New York: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 16–26. ISBN 978-977-416-010-3.
1 2  Honegger, Matthieu; Williams, Martin (15 December 2015). "Human occupations and environmental changes in the Nile valley during the Holocene: The case of Kerma in Upper Nubia (northern Sudan)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 130: 141–154. Bibcode:2015QSRv..130..141H. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.031. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
↑  Honegger, Matthieu (2014). Aux origines des pharaons noirs, 10'000 ans d'archéologie en Nubie. Latenium. p. 50. ISBN 978-2-9700394-7-1. c'est à partir de 3000 av. J.-C. avec la culture Pré-Kerma que l'on dispose à nouveau d'informations, grâce à la fouille de quelques établissements. … Les échanges avec l'Egypte sont encore rares dans cette société qui commence à pratiquer une agriculture plus intensive supposant le recours à l'irrigation, tout en maintenant sa tradition pastorale héritée du Néolithique." English translation: "it is from 3000 BC with the Pre-Kerma culture that we again have information, thanks to the excavation of a few establishments. ... Exchanges with Egypt were still rare in this society which was beginning to practice more intensive agriculture requiring the use of irrigation, while maintaining its pastoral tradition inherited from the Neolithic.
↑  Le Moyne, C.; et al. (2023). "Ecological flexibility and adaptation to past climate change in the Middle Nile Valley: A multiproxy investigation of dietary shifts between the Neolithic and Kerma periods at Kadruka 1 and Kadruka 21". PLOS ONE. 18 (2): e0280347. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1880347L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280347. PMC 9894462. PMID 36730175. Convincing evidence for local agricultural production is associated with the later pre-Kerma period (3500–2500 BCE) with site 8-B-52A on Sai Island consisting of numerous storage pits in which macrobotanical crop remains were occasionally preserved.
↑  "Kerma Chronology". Kerma - Mission Archaeologique Suisse au Soudan.
↑  "Early Kush: The Kingdom of Kerma". Oxford History of the Ancient Near East (2022), p.101.
↑  Chirikure, Shadreck (2015). Metals in Past Societies. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology. Springer. p. 19. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11641-9. ISBN 978-3-319-11640-2.
↑  Edwards, David N. (2004). The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-20087-0.
↑  Bonnet, Charles (2007). Les fouilles archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan): rapport préliminaire sur les campagnes de 2005-2006 et 2006-2007. Musée d'art et d'histoire. pp. 1–53. ISBN 978-2-915306-27-9.
↑  "The Story of Africa". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC World Service.
↑  Julian Henderson, The Science & Archaeology of Materials, London: ROutledge 200: 54)
↑  W SS, 'Glazed Faience Tiles found at Kerma in the Sudan,' Museum of the Fine Arts, Vol.LX:322, Boston 1962, p. 136
↑  Peter Lacovara, 'Nubian Faience', in ed. Florence D Friendman, Gifts of the Nile - Ancient Egyptian Faience, London: Thames & Hudson, 1998, 46-49)
1 2  De Mola, Paul J. "Interrelations of Kerma and Pharaonic Egypt". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
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