היסטוריה של השעונים
הערות שוליים

↑  David Landes: "Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World", rev. and enlarged edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2000,
1 2  Lewis 2000
1 2  Needham, Joseph (1986). "Science and Civilization in China". Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 4: 411.
1 2 3  Hassan, Ahmad Y, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering, History of Science and Technology in Islam
↑  Chobotov, p. 1
1 2 3  Bruton, Eric (1979). The History of Clocks and Watches. New York: Crescent Books. ISBN 0-517-37744-6.
↑  "Ancient Calendars". National Institute of Standards and Technology. אורכב מ-המקור ב-9 באפריל 2008. נבדק ב-30 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Richards, p. 55
↑  Barnett, p. 102
↑  Aveni, p. 136
1 2  One of world's oldest sundials dug up in Kings' Valley, Upper Egypt
↑  Major, p. 9
↑  "Sundial". נבדק ב-4 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Bruton, Eric (1979). The History of Clocks and Watches (1982 ed.). New York: Crescent Books. ISBN 0-517-37744-6.
1 2 3 4 5  "Earliest Clocks". A Walk Through Time. NIST Physics Laboratory. אורכב מ-המקור ב-15 במרץ 2008. נבדק ב-2 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Barnett, p. 18
↑  "How does an hourglass measure time?". Library of Congress. נבדק ב-31 במרץ 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Berlev, p. 118
↑  Philbin, p. 128
↑  Cotterell, pp. 59–61
↑  Whitrow, p. 28
↑  Levy, Joel (2002). Really Useful: The Origin of Everyday Things. Firefly Books. p. 63. ISBN 1-55297-622-X. נבדק ב-20 ביוני 2008. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. "Plato biography". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews. נבדק ב-29 בנובמבר 2007. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan H. (2004). The History of Science and Technology: A Browser's Guide to the Great Discoveries, Inventions, and the People Who Made Them, From the Dawn of Time to Today. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 65. ISBN 0-618-22123-9.
↑  Barnett, p. 28
↑  Humphrey, John William (1998). Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook. Routledge. pp. 518–519. ISBN 0-415-06136-9. נבדק ב-11 באפריל 2008. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Apuleius, Lucius (1951). The Transformations of Lucius, Otherwise Known as The Golden Ass. Translated by Robert Graves. New York, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. p. 54. ISBN 0-374-50532-2.
↑  Rees, Abraham (1970). Rees's clocks, watches, and chronometers (1819–20); a selection from the Cyclopaedia, or Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature. Rutland, Vt: C. E. Tuttle Co. ISBN 0-8048-0901-1.
↑  Aveni, Anthony F. (2000). Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 92. ISBN 1-86064-602-6. נבדק ב-22 ביוני 2008. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Collier, James Lincoln (2003). Clocks. Tarrytown, NY: Benchmark Books. p. 25. ISBN 0-7614-1538-6.
↑  O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. "Theodosius biography". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews. נבדק ב-1 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Marcus Vitruvius Pollio: de Architectura, Book IX". The Latin text is that of the Teubner edition of 1899 by Valentin Rose, transcribed by Bill Thayer. 7 ביולי 2007. נבדק ב-7 בספטמבר 2007. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Buchner, Edmund (1976). "Solarium Augusti und Ara Pacis". Römische Mitteilungen (בגרמנית). Berlin. 83 (2): 319–375.
↑  National Maritime Museum; Lippincott, Kristen; Eco, Umberto; Gombrich, E. H. (1999). The Story of Time. London: Merrell Holberton in association with National Maritime Museum. ISBN 1-85894-072-9.{{cite book}}:  תחזוקה - ציטוט: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑  Barnett, p. 21
1 2 3  Conference of Qanat in Iran – water clock in Persia 1383, in Persian
↑  Needham, Joseph (1986). "Science and Civilization in China". Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 4: 479–480.
↑  "Clock Etymology". Online Etymology Dictionary. נבדק ב-27 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Merriam-Webster Online: Clock". Webster's Dictionary. נבדק ב-20 ביוני 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Joseph P. Pickett, ed. (1992). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth ed.). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-82517-2. נבדק ב-4 בדצמבר 2007. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Mechanical Timekeeping". St Edmundsbury Borough Council. אורכב מ-המקור ב-4 ביולי 2008. נבדק ב-10 בדצמבר 2007. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3 4 5  "A Revolution in Timekeeping". NIST. אורכב מ-המקור ב-9 באפריל 2008. נבדק ב-30 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Flamer, Keith (2006). "History of Time". International Watch Magazine. אורכב מ-המקור ב-16 ביולי 2011. נבדק ב-8 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Clockworks: Candle clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. אורכב מ-המקור ב-26 בנובמבר 2015. נבדק ב-16 במרץ 2008. {{cite encyclopedia}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East. History Channel. נבדק ב-7 בספטמבר 2008. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  The candle, whose rate of burning was known, bore against the underside of the cap, and its wick passed through the hole. Wax" collected in the indentation and could be removed periodically so that it did not interfere with steady burning. The bottom of the candle rested in a shallow dish that had a ring on its side connected through pulleys to a counterweight. As the candle burned away, the weight pushed it upward at a constant speed. The automata were operated from the dish at the bottom of the candle. No other candle clocks of this sophistication are known."

Routledge Hill, Donald, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, pp. 64–9 (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical Engineering) Archived March 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
↑  Richards, p. 52
↑  Pagani, Catherine (2001). Eastern Magnificence and European Ingenuity: Clocks of Late Imperial China. University of Michigan Press. p. 209. ISBN 0-472-11208-2.
↑  Schafer, Edward (1963). The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics. University of California Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN 0-520-05462-8.
↑  Chang, Edward; Lu, Yung-Hsiang (בדצמבר 1996). "Visualizing Video Streams using Sand Glass Metaphor". Stanford University. נבדק ב-20 ביוני 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Fraser, Julius (1990). Of Time, Passion, and Knowledge: Reflections on the Strategy of Existence. Princeton University Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0-691-02437-5.
↑  "Time Activity: Incense Clock". Chicago: Museum of Science and Industry. אורכב מ-המקור ב-4 ביולי 2008. נבדק ב-29 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Levy, p. 18
↑  "Asian Gallery – Incense Clock". National Watch and Clock Museum. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2008-05-18. נבדק ב-28 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Richards, p. 130
↑  Rossotti, Hazel (2002). Fire: Servant, Scourge, and Enigma. Dover Publications. p. 157. ISBN 0-486-42261-5.
↑  Bedini, Silvio (1994). The Trail of Time: Shih-chien Ti Tsu-chi: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-521-37482-0.
↑  Bedini, pp. 103–104
↑  Fraser, p. 52
1 2  Bedini, p. 187
↑  Bedini, Silvio A. (1963). "The Scent of Time. A Study of the Use of Fire and Incense for Time Measurement in Oriental Countries". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society. 53 (5): 1–51. doi:10.2307/1005923. JSTOR 1005923.
↑  Bedini, p. 105
↑  Fraser, J. A. (1987). Time, The Familiar Stranger. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-87023-576-1.
↑  Fraser, p. 56
↑  Bedini, pp. 104–106
↑  Mayall, Margaret W.; Mayall, R. Newton (2002). Sundials: Their Construction and Use. New York: Dover Publications. p. 17. ISBN 0-486-41146-X.
↑  O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. "Fine biography". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews. נבדק ב-31 במרץ 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Aked, Charles K.; Severino, Nicola (1997). "Bibliografia della Gnomonica" (PDF) (בלטינית). British Sundial Society. p. 119. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-26 ביוני 2008. נבדק ב-21 ביוני 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Frugoni p. 83
↑  Macey, Samuel L. (1994). Encyclopedia of Time. New York: Garland Pub. p. 209. ISBN 0-8153-0615-6.
↑  Bergreen, Laurence (2003). Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe. New York: Morrow. p. 53. ISBN 0-06-621173-5.
↑  Blaut, James Morris (2000). Eight Eurocentric Historians. Guildford Press. p. 186. ISBN 1-57230-591-6.
↑  see notes fig. 995 Plate CDXV in Science and Civilization in China, Volume 4 part 3, Joseph Needham, 1971, Cambridge University Press, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 54-4723
↑  Science and Civilization in China, Volume 4-3, Joseph Needham, 1971, Cambridge University Press, page 570
↑  American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2002). Proceedings of the 2002 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ISBN 0-7918-3624-X.
↑  Schafer, Edward H. (1967). Great Ages of Man: Ancient China. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 128. ISBN 0-900658-10-X.
↑  "The mechanical clock" (PDF). UNESCO Courier. באוקטובר 1988. pp. 26–27. נבדק ב-16 באפריל 2008. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Tomczak, Matthias. "The Water Clock of 1088". Flinders University (es.flinders.edu.au). אורכב מ-המקור ב-11 באפריל 2008. נבדק ב-29 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 165
↑  Donald Routledge Hill (1991). "Arabic Mechanical Engineering: Survey of the Historical Sources". A Historical Journal. Cambridge University Press. 1 (2): 167–186 [174]. doi:10.1017/S0957423900001478.
↑  Donald Routledge Hill (1991). "Arabic Mechanical Engineering: Survey of the Historical Sources". A Historical Journal. Cambridge University Press. 1 (2): 167–186 [180]. doi:10.1017/S0957423900001478.
↑  Donald Routledge Hill (1996). A history of engineering in classical and medieval times. Routledge. pp. 203, 223, 242. ISBN 0-415-15291-7.
↑  Donald Routledge Hill (1991). "Arabic Mechanical Engineering: Survey of the Historical sources". A Historical Journal. Cambridge University Press. 1 (2): 167–186 [173]. doi:10.1017/S0957423900001478.
↑  Mario Taddei. "The Book of Secrets is coming to the world after a thousand years: Automata existed already in the eleventh century!" (PDF). Leonardo3. נבדק ב-31 במרץ 2010. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Juan Vernet; Julio Samso (1996-01-01). "Development of Arabic Science in Andalusia".  In Roshdi Rashed; Régis Morelon (eds.). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 243–275 [260–1]. ISBN 0-415-12410-7.
↑  Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 794, in Rashed & Morelon (1996) pp. 751–95
↑  Silvio A. Bedini (1962), "The Compartmented Cylindrical Clepsydra", Technology and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 115–141 (116–118)
↑  Mills, A. A. (1988). "The mercury clock of the Libros del Saber". Annals of Science. 45 (4): 329–344 [332]. doi:10.1080/00033798800200271.
↑  Ajram, K. (1992). "Appendix B". Miracle of Islamic Science. Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0-911119-43-4.
↑  Hill, Donald R. (במאי 1991). "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East". Scientific American: 64–69. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  King, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks". Isis. 74 (4): 531–555 [545–546]. doi:10.1086/353360.
↑  Ancient Discoveries, Episode 11: Ancient Robots. History Channel. נבדק ב-6 בספטמבר 2008. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Kleinschmidt, Harald (2000). Understanding the Middle Ages. Boydell & Brewer. p. 26. ISBN 0-85115-770-X.
↑  Payson Usher, Abbot (1988). A History of Mechanical Inventions. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-25593-X.
↑  Usher, p. 194
↑  "A history of mechanical inventions", Abbott Payson Usher(1929), p.192 "
↑  Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum, History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders, (University of Chicago Press, 1996), p 54
↑  St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 18: Composite manuscript, astronomical clock of Pacificus of Verona
1 2  Woods, p. 36
↑  Reid, p. 4
↑  "Then, as a horologe that calleth us / What time the Bride of God is rising up". "Paradiso – Canto X – Divine Comedy – Dante Alighieri – La Divina Commedia". About.com. נבדק ב-11 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Davies, Norman; p. 434
↑  "Oldest Working Clock, Frequently Asked Questions, Salisbury Cathedral". נבדק ב-4 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Wells Cathedral Clock – BBC". British Broadcasting Corporation. נבדק ב-22 ביוני 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Catholic Encyclopedia: Glastonbury Abbey". Kevin Knight. נבדק ב-10 בדצמבר 2007. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Wells Cathedral History". WellsCathedral.org.uk. אורכב מ-המקור ב-31 במרץ 2014. נבדק ב-21 ביוני 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Wells Cathedral clock, c.1392". Science Museum (London). אורכב מ-המקור ב-11 באוקטובר 2007. נבדק ב-11 בפברואר 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Gransden, Antonia (1996). Historic Writing in England. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 0-415-15125-2.
↑  Burnett-Stuart, George. "De Dondi's Astrarium". Almagest. Computastat Group Ltd. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2008-05-30. נבדק ב-21 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Macey, p. 130
↑  North, John David (2005). God's Clockmaker: Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time. Hambledon & London. p. xv. ISBN 1-85285-451-0.
↑  Watson, E. (1979). "The St. Albans Clock of Richard of Wallingford". Antiquarian Horology. Antiquarian Horological Society. 11 (6): 372–384.
↑  Clarke, p. 60
↑  Bottomley, p. 34
↑  p. 209, A history of mechanical inventions, Abbott Payson Usher, Courier Dover Publications, 1988, ISBN 0-486-25593-X.
↑  p. 529, "Time and timekeeping instruments", History of astronomy: an encyclopedia, John Lankford, Taylor & Francis, 1997, ISBN 0-8153-0322-X
↑  Ahmad Y al-Hassan & Donald R. Hill (1986), "Islamic Technology", Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-42239-6, p. 59
1 2 3 4  "THe Evolution of the Wristwatch". אורכב מ-המקור ב-2013-12-08. נבדק ב-2019-12-08.
↑  Prochnow, Dave (2006). Lego Mindstorms NXT Hacker's Guide. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-148147-8.
↑  Silva de Mattos, Bento. "Alberto Santos-Dumont". American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. אורכב מ-המקור ב-16 באפריל 2014. נבדק ב-21 ביוני 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Rolex Jubilee Vade Mecum published by the Rolex Watch Company
in 1946.
↑  John E. Brozek. "The History and Evolution of the Wristwatch". International Watch Magazine.
↑  Hoffman, Paul (2004). Wings of Madness: Alberto Santos-Dumont and the Invention of Flight. Hyperion Press. ISBN 0-7868-8571-8.
↑  Macey, Samuel L. (ed.): Encyclopedia of Time. (NYC: Garland Publishing, 1994, ISBN 0815306156); in Clocks and Watches: The Leap to Precision by William J. H. Andrewes, p. 123–127
↑  Andrewes, William J. H. (1 בפברואר 2006). "A Chronicle of Timekeeping: Our conception of time depends on the way we measure it". Scientific American. נבדק ב-1 במאי 2017. As William J. H. Andrewes (2006) notes: "In the 16th century Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe and his contemporaries tried to use clocks for scientific purposes, yet even the best ones were still too unreliable. Astronomers in particular needed a better tool for timing the transit of stars and thereby creating more accurate maps of the heavens. The pendulum proved to be the key to boosting the accuracy and dependability of timekeepers. Galileo Galilei, the Italian physicist and astronomer, and others before him experimented with pendulums, but a young Dutch astronomer and mathematician named Christiaan Huygens devised the first pendulum clock on Christmas Day in 1656. (...) Pendulum clocks were about 100 times as accurate as their predecessors, reducing a typical gain or loss of 15 minutes a day to about a minute a week. News of the invention spread rapidly, and by 1660 English and French artisans were developing their own versions of this new timekeeper. In 1675 Huygens devised his next major improvement, the spiral balance spring. (...) The spiral balance spring revolutionized the accuracy of watches, enabling them to keep time to within a minute a day. This advance sparked an almost immediate rise in the market for watches, which were now no longer typically worn on a chain around the neck but were carried in a pocket, a wholly new fashion in clothing." {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Gindikin, Simon; Shuchat, Alan (2007). Tales of Mathematicians and Physicists, p. 79
1 2  Davies, Eryl (1995). Pockets: Inventions. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-5184-9.
1 2  "HISTORY OF CLOCKS".
↑  "The History of Mechanical Pendulum Clocks and Quartz Clocks". about.com. 2012. נבדק ב-16 ביוני 2012. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Derry, T. K. (1993). A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900. Courier Dover Publications. p. 293. ISBN 0-486-27472-1.
↑  Brain, Marshall. "How Pendulum Clocks Work". HowStuffWorks. נבדק ב-10 בדצמבר 2007. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Woods, pp. 100–101
↑  Woods, p. 103
↑  מגזין השעון הישראלי - איך עובד שעון מכני.
↑  Acta Eruditorum. Leipzig. 1737. p. 123.(הקישור אינו פעיל)
↑  Vadukut, Sidin (31 במאי 2010). "A spring apart". Livemint.com. נבדק ב-14 באפריל 2017. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Maillard, Pierre (7 במרץ 2012). "TAG Heuer, going beyond Huygens". Europa Star Magazine. נבדק ב-14 באפריל 2017. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Gomelsky, Victoria (24 באפריל 2013). "Swiss Watch Houses Embrace Technology". NYTimes.com. נבדק ב-14 באפריל 2017. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Davies, Angus (21 בפברואר 2014). "TAG Heuer Carrera Mikropendulum". Escapementmagazine.com. נבדק ב-14 באפריל 2017. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Milham, Willis I. (1945). Time and Timekeepers. New York: MacMillan. p. 226. ISBN 0-7808-0008-7.
↑  The principles of Mr Harrison's time-keeper
↑  "Marine Chronometers Gallery". National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2008-05-23. נבדק ב-20 במאי 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Marchildon, Jérôme. "Science News – The Marine Chronometer". Manitoba Museum. אורכב מ-המקור ב-19 בספטמבר 2006. נבדק ב-20 במאי 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Chronometers, precision watches, and timekeepers". Greenwich: National Maritime Museum. אורכב מ-המקור ב-29 באוקטובר 2007. נבדק ב-20 במאי 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Gould, Rupert T. (1923). The Marine Chronometer. Its History and Development. London: J. D. Potter. p. 66. ISBN 0-907462-05-7.
↑  Aked, C.K. (1973). "The First Electric Clock". Antiquarian Horology.
↑  Ronalds, B.F. (2016). Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4.
↑  Ronalds, B.F. (יוני 2015). "Remembering the First Battery-Operated Clock". Antiquarian Horology. נבדק ב-8 באפריל 2016. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Pierre Curie". American Institute of Physics. נבדק ב-8 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Marrison, W. A.; Horton, J. W. (בפברואר 1928). "Precision determination of frequency". I.R.E. Proc. 16 (2): 137–154. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1928.221372. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Marrison, vol. 27 pp. 510–588
↑  Sullivan, D.B. (2001). "Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100 years" (PDF). Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 5. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-27 בספטמבר 2011. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Electronic Quartz Wristwatch, 1969". IEEE History Center. נבדק ב-11 ביולי 2015. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Dick, Stephen (2002). Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory, 1830–2000. Cambridge University Press. p. 484. ISBN 0-521-81599-1.
↑  Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and Peter Guthrie Tait, Treatise on Natural Philosophy, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1879), vol. 1, part 1, page 227.
↑  M.A. Lombardi; T.P. Heavner; S.R. Jefferts (2007). "NIST Primary Frequency Standards and the Realization of the SI Second" (PDF). Journal of Measurement Science. 2 (4): 74.
↑  ע"פ מורפיקס בערך maser: מֵיְזֶר, התקן שפעולתו דומה לפעולת הלייזר, המשמש לייצור או להגברה של גלי מיקרו.
↑  "Time and Frequency Division". National Institute of Standards and Technology. אורכב מ-המקור ב-15 באפריל 2008. נבדק ב-1 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  "The "Atomic Age" of Time Standards". National Institute of Standards and Technology. אורכב מ-המקור ב-12 באפריל 2008. נבדק ב-2 במאי 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Essen, L.; Parry, J. V. L. (1955). "An Atomic Standard of Frequency and Time Interval: A Cæsium Resonator". Nature. 176 (4476): 280. Bibcode:1955Natur.176..280E. doi:10.1038/176280a0.
↑  W. Markowitz; R.G. Hall; L. Essen; J.V.L. Parry (1958). "Frequency of cesium in terms of ephemeris time". Physical Review Letters. 1 (3): 105–107. Bibcode:1958PhRvL...1..105M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.105.
↑  "What is a Cesium Atomic Clock?". National Research Council Canada. נבדק ב-4 במרץ 2015. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  Davies, Norman; p. 435
↑  "Julien Le Roy". Getty Center. נבדק ב-5 באפריל 2008. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  Uselding, Paul (2003). "Clock and Watch Industry". Dictionary of American History. The Gale Group Inc. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2016-05-13. נבדק ב-2017-05-31. The first clockmaker of record in America was Thomas Nash, an early settler of New Haven in 1638. Throughout the seventeenth century, eight-day striking clocks with brass movements, similar to those made in England, were produced by craft methods in several towns and villages in Connecticut. .... By 1745 Benjamin Cheney of East Hartford was producing wooden clocks, and there is some evidence that these clocks were being made as early as 1715 near New Haven.
↑  Moore, N. Hudson (1911). American Clocks and Clockmakers. The Old Clock Book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. pp. 91–92. LCCN 11029009. OCLC 680744401. נבדק ב-23 בפברואר 2019 – via Google Books. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Safford, Frances Gruber; Heckscher, Morrison H.; Rogers, Mary-Alice; Metropolitan Museum of Art (1985). 187. Tall Clock: Boston, 1725-1740: Movement by Benjamin Bagnall (1689-1773). American furniture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: 1, Late Colonial Period: The Queen Anne and Chippendale Styles. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Random House. pp. 290–291. ISBN 9780300116472. OCLC 11971332 – via Google Books. The movement is an eight-day rack and snail striking clock with anchor-recoil escapement.
↑  (1) "Benjamin Bagnall, Sr., Boston, Massachusetts, 1730-1745: Tall case clock". Guide To The Collection. Dallas, Texas: Dallas Museum of Art. 8 בפברואר 2012. נבדק ב-2 בינואר 2019. This eight-day striking clock closely follows English design ... {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)

(2) "Tall Case Clock". Collections. Dallas, Texas: Dallas Museum of Art. נבדק ב-2 בינואר 2019. MAKER: Benjamin Bagnall Sr. (British, active in Boston, Massachusetts, America, 1689 - 1773): DATE: 1730–1745: MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUE: Walnut, maple, beech, cedar, brass, glass, and paint .... This tall case clock is among the very first of its type made entirely in America and one of only four existing examples by clockmaker Benjamin Bagnall. Rather than fit British works into a colonial cabinet, which was typical considering the cost and complexity of the mechanical components, Bagnall created the works himself with parts acquired from fellow Bostonians. He then installed them in an elegant walnut cabinet created by a local cabinetmaker. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Gottshall, Franklin H. (1971). Making Antique Furniture Reproductions: Instructions and Measured Drawings for 40 Classic Projects. New York: Dover Publications. p. 101. ISBN 9780486161648. LCCN 93048643. OCLC 829166996. נבדק ב-23 בפברואר 2019 – via Google Books. Before the eighteenth century, when metal was harder to come by in the colonies than wood, which was in plentiful supply, works for many of these clocks were made of wood, including the gears, which were whittled and fashioned by hand, as indeed were all other parts. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  (1) Lock, Jeffrey D. (בדצמבר 2001). "Feature: Construction Details of Rittenhouse Compasses". Professional Surveyor Magazine. Frederick, Maryland: Professional Surveyors Publishing Company. ISSN 0278-1425. LCCN 82643590. OCLC 1043615987. אורכב מ-המקור ב-22 בפברואר 2019. נבדק ב-22 בפברואר 2019. David Rittenhouse was born April 8, 1732 in Roxborough Township, Philadelphia County. Around the age of 17 he constructed a clock with wooden gears. His father, recognizing his son's potential, helped David build a collection of tools necessary for clock making. After construction was completed on a small workshop at the family's Norriton farm, David began making and selling clocks. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)

(2) Barton, William (1813). Memoirs of the Life of David Rittenhouse Anterior to His Settlement in Philadelphia. Memoirs of the Life of David Rittenhouse, LLD. F.R.S.: Late President of the American Philosophical Society, &c. Interspersed with Various Notices of Many Distinguished Men: with an Appendix, Containing Sundry Philosophical and Other Papers, Most of which Have Not Hitherto Been Published. Philadelphia: Edward Parker. p. 97. LCCN 15004714. OCLC 166059809. נבדק ב-23 בפברואר 2019 – via Google Books. It was at this period, or rather at about the seventeenth year of his age, that he made a wooden clock, of very ingenious workmanship: {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)

(3) Sweinhart, Fred C. (באוקטובר 1941). "Early Pennsylvania Clocks and Their Makers" (PDF). The Bulletin of the Historical Society of Montgomery County. Norristown, Pennsylvania: Historical Society of Montgomery County. 3: 43. ISSN 0362-8590. LCCN sf77000139. OCLC 1681070. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-22 בפברואר 2019. נבדק ב-22 בפברואר 2019. David Rittenhouse was born in 1732 and died in 1796. .... He is said to have made his first clock at the age of 17 (1749). This was a wooden clock and the records show that he and his brother Benjamin made brass clocks in 1760. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Alder, pp. 149–150
↑  Alder, pp. 150–162
↑  Shull, Thelma (1963). Victorian Antiques. C. E. Tuttle Co. p. 65.
↑  "Clock and Watch-Making". British History Online.
↑  "England: Where watchmaking all began".
השמש זורחת מעל סטונהנג', בנקודת ההיפוך של יוני
שעון שמש מצרי עתיק (בערך 1500 לפני הספירה) מעמק המלכים. שעות היום מחולקות ל-12 חלקים.
אובליסק לוקסור בכיכר הקונקורד, בפריז, צרפת
שעון המים של קטסיביוס מהמאה השלישית לפני הספירה. שם המתקן, "קְלֶפּסִידְרָה" היא המילה היוונית לשעון מים, בתרגום מילולי: "גנב מים".
מגדל הרוחות באתונה, יוון, מגדל שעון מהמאה הראשונה לפנה"ס מתקופת יוון תחת שלטון רומא.
שעון פרסי עתיק.
שעון פרסי עתיק
שחזור לסצנה של מנהל שעון מים (מיראב), איראן
שעון נר
שעון מנורת שמן
שעון שמש של המאה העשרים בסביליה, אנדלוסיה, ספרד
אסטרולאבים שימשו כשעונים אסטרונומיים על ידי אסטרונומים מוסלמים במסגדים ובמצפה הכוכבים.
שעון טירה מאת אל-ג'זארי, איור מהמאה ה-14
השעון האסטרונומי של מנזר סנט אלבנס, שנבנה על ידי אב המנזר שלו, ריצ'רד מוולינגפורד. הספרייה הבריטית, לונדון.
פניו של השעון האסטרונומי של פראג (1462)
שעון שצויר בכתב העת המדעי Acta Eruditorum בשנת 1737.
אחת האזכורים המוקדמים ביותר לשעון יד - 'שעון יד' שניתנה למלכה אליזבת הראשונה על ידי רוברט דודלי האהוב עליה.
תכנון מפה למטח הזוחל של בעלות הברית בפאסצ'נדאלה - טקטיקה המחייבת סנכרון מדויק בין התותחנים לחי"ר.
שעון יד של קורטברט (Cortébert) מסביבות שנת 1920