פולה (קבוצה אתנית)
הערות שוליים

1 2  David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3.
1 2 3  Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
↑  ComDir, Nigeria’s Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side, International Christian Concern, ‏2023-08-07 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  Religion and expressive culture - Fulani, www.everyculture.com
1 2  Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 495. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
1 2  David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3., Quote: The Fulani form the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world. The Bororo'en are noted for the size of their cattle herds. In addition to fully nomadic groups, however, there are also semisedentary Fulani —Fulbe Laddi— who also farm, although they argue that they do so out of necessity, not choice.
↑  Christopher R. DeCorse (2001). West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 172–174. ISBN 978-0-7185-0247-8.
↑  Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 495–496. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
↑  The homonym "Fulani" is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word Fula in their language (with suffix -ni), essentially meaning "little Fula".
↑  The letter "ɓ" is an implosive b sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by "b." In the orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985), this sound was represented by bh, so one would have written Fulbhe instead of Fulɓe.
↑  "Guinea". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
↑  Al-Amin Abu-Manga, Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic (1986), p. 7, books.google.com/books?id=8IYOAAAAYAAJ: "The Fulani in the Sudan are known by the loose generic term 'Fellata'"
↑  "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
↑  "Association of Concerned Africa Scholars » Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan". Concernedafricascholars.org. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
1 2  Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encylopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6.
1 2 3  Edmund Dene Morel (2013). [Edmund Dene Morel (2013). Affairs of West Africa. Routledge. pp. 130–133, 136–142. ISBN 978-1-317-72749-1. Affairs of West Africa]. Routledge. pp. 130–133, 136–142. ISBN 978-1-317-72749-1.
1 2  Carl Skutsch (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA474 Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities . Routledge. p. 474. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1., Quote: "Fulani oral traditions suggest an origin in Egypt or the Middle East, a common theme in West African Muslim traditions."
↑  Christopher Wise (2009). Derrida, Africa, and the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-230-61953-1. Quote: "Al Hajj Sékou Tall, for instance, claims that the Fulani are one of the three “white” ethnic groups of West Africa".
↑  Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe (1996). Fulani. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 9–17. ISBN 978-0-8239-1982-6.
↑  Webster, G. W. (1931). "242. Customs and Beliefs of the Fulani: Notes Collected During 24 Years Residence in Northern Nigeria". Man. 31: 238. doi:10.2307/2790939.
↑  Edmund Dene Morel (1968) [1902] Affairs of West Africa. Library of African Study, Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-1702-2, pages 141–142.
1 2 3  C.O. Adepegba. [www.webpulaaku.net/defte/adepegba/conclusion.html "webPulaaku"]. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
↑  Hrbek, I. (1992). General History of Africa volume 3: Africa from the 7th to the 11th Century: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century v. 3 (Unesco General History of Africa (abridged)). James Carey. p. 67. ISBN 978-0852550939.
↑  Creevey, Lucy (August 1996). "Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal". Journal of Religion in Africa. 26 (3): 268–307. doi:10.1163/157006696X00299. JSTOR 1581646.
↑  Fage, John Donnelly (1997). "Upper and Lower Guinea". In Roland Oliver. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521209816.
↑  "History Corner - Peoples of The Gambia: The Fula - Africa.gm - Africa news and information community". Africa.gm. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
↑  David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3., Quote: "Their adoption of Islam increased the Fulanis' feeling of cultural and religious superiority to surrounding peoples, and that adoption became a major ethnic boundary marker."
1 2 3  Andrea L. Stanton (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7.
1 2 3  Songhai Empire, Encyclopedia Britannica
↑  Knut Vikor (2013). Leif Manger, ed. Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts. Routledge. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-1-136-81857-8.
↑  Johnson, Marion (1976). "The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy - The Case of Masina". The Journal of African History. Cambridge University Press. 17 (04): 481–495. doi:10.1017/s0021853700015024.
↑  Walter van Beek (1988). "Purity and statecraft: The Fulani Jihad". The Quest for Purity: Dynamics of Puritan Movements. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 149–177. ISBN 978-3-11-011382-2.
↑  Wayback Machine, openaccess.leidenuniv.nl
↑  The Cambridge History of Africa - Google Books. Books.google.ca. 1975-09-18. ISBN 9780521204132. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
↑  Lotte Pelckmans (2011) Travelling hierarchies, Roads in and out of slave status in a central Malian Fulɓe network, African Studies Centre, Leiden University, African Studies Collection, Vol. 34, ISBN 978-90-5448-105-8
↑  "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
↑  "The Cast System". Jamtan.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
↑  Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World - David J. Phillips - Google Books. Books.google.ca. 2001. ISBN 9780878083527. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
↑  Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". The Journal of African History. Cambridge University Press. 32 (02): 221–250. doi:10.1017/s0021853700025718
↑  , Quote: "Endogamous artisan and musician groups are characteristic of over fifteen West African peoples, including the Manding, Soninke, Wolof, Serer, Fulani, Tukulor, Songhay, Dogon, Senufo, Minianka, Moors, and Tuareg. Castes appeared among the Malinke no later than 1300, and were present among the Wolof and Soninke, as well as some Songhay and Fulani populations, no later than 1500."
↑  Marguerite Dupire (1985), A Nomadic Caste: The Fulani Woodcarvers Historical Background and Evolution, Anthropos, Bd. 80, H. 1./3. (1985), pages 85-100; Quote: "The woodcarvers associated with the Fulani and neighboring societies in West Africa were nomads. All criteria retained by specialists to defìne a caste group (Berreman, Pitt-Rivers, Vaughan), may be applied to them. This is true even today in spite of their sedentarization and the conversion of certain of them to sculpture. The second part of this study raises the question of the conditions underlying the creation of artisan castes, drawing upon examples taken from agricultural societies, certain of which are state-based (Fulani, Serer of Sine), others of which are more or less acephalous (Marghi, Senufo, Cangin Serer)."
↑  Chodak, Szymon (1973). "Social Stratification in Sub-Saharan Africa". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 7 (3): 401–417. doi:10.2307/484167
1 2  4 July 2013 (2013-07-04). "Nigeria: Going Beyond the Green Wall Ritual". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
↑  "Economic Effects of Farmer-grazier Conflicts in Nigeria: A Case Study of Bauchi State". Scialert.net. doi:10.3923/tae.2010.147.157. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
↑  "Grazing Reserve Development and Constraints". Gamji.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
↑  "Senators fight over grazing land for Fulani herdsmen". Punchng.com. 2012-07-21. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
↑  "Pulaaku Ethics". Web.archive.org. 2007-12-27. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
1 2 3  "DAGRIS". Dagris.ilri.cgiar.org. 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
1 2  "Courtship by the river as cows return home - Arts and Culture". africareview.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
↑  "Fulani - Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage, Relationships, Living conditions". Everyculture.com. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
↑  Mulcare, Charlotte A.; Weale, Michael E.; Jones, Abigail L.; Connell, Bruce; Zeitlyn, David; Tarekegn, Ayele; Swallow, Dallas M.; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G. (2004). "The T Allele of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 13.9 kb Upstream of the Lactase Gene (LCT) (C−13.9kbT) Does Not Predict or Cause the Lactase-Persistence Phenotype in Africans". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (6): 1102. doi:10.1086/421050. PMC 1182074. PMID 15106124.
↑  Hassan, Hisham Y.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–23. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658.
↑  Bučková, Jana; Cerný, Viktor; Novelletto, Andrea (2013). "Multiple and differentiated contributions to the male gene pool of pastoral and farmer populations of the African Sahel". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 151 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22236. PMID 23460272.
↑  Miller, MS (1990). "Differential effects of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on constitutive and hormone-inducible gene expression in rat hepatoma cells". Chemico-biological interactions. 73 (2–3): 207–19. doi:10.1016/0009-2797(90)90004-7. PMID 1690087.
↑  Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; Bodo, J.-M.; Doumbo, O.; Ibrahim, M.; Juma, A. T.; Kotze, M. J.; Lema, G.; Moore, J. H.; Mortensen, H.; Nyambo, T. B.; Omar, S. A.; Powell, K.; Pretorius, G. S.; Smith, M. W.; Thera, M. A.; Wambebe, C.; Weber, J. L.; Williams, S. M. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.
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