תולעים סיפוניות
הערות שוליים

↑  "Sipuncula". Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.
↑  Saiz-Salinas, José, 2009, Sipunculus (Sipunculus) nudus Linnaeus, 1766
↑  Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1814). Précis des découvertes et travaux somiologiques de m.r C. S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz entre 1800 et 1814 ou Choix raisonné de ses principales découvertes en zoologie et en botanique. Royale typographie militaire, aux dépens de l'auteur. p. 32.
↑  Sipuncula
↑  Pancucci-Papadopoulou, M.A.; Murina, G.V.V.; Zenetos, A. (2014). "The phylum Sipuncula in the Mediterranean Sea" (PDF). National Centre for Marine Research.
↑  Struck, T. H.; Paul, C.; Hill, N.; Hartmann, S.; Hösel, C.; Kube, M.; Lieb, B.; Meyer, A.; Tiedemann, R.; Purschke, G. N.; Bleidorn, C. (3 במרץ 2011). "Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution". Nature. 471 (7336): 95–98. doi:10.1038/nature09864. PMID 21368831. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Hausdorf, B.;  et al. (2007). "Spiralian Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (12): 2723–2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm214. PMID 17921486.
↑  Shen, X.; Ma, X.; Ren, J.; Zhao, F. (2009). "A close phylogenetic relationship between Sipuncula and Annelida evidenced from the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Phascolosoma esculenta". BMC Genomics. 10: 136. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-136. PMC 2667193. PMID 19327168.
↑  Wanninger, Andreas; Kristof, Alen; Brinkmann, Nora (ינו'–פבר' 2009). "Sipunculans and segmentation". Communicative and Integrative Biology. 2 (1): 56–59. doi:10.4161/cib.2.1.7505. PMC 2649304. PMID 19513266. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3 4  Edward B. Cutler, The Sipuncula: Their Systematics, Biology, and Evolution, Cornell University Press, 2018,
↑  Australian Biological Resources Study (2000). Polychaetes & Allies: The Southern Synthesis. Csiro Publishing. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-643-06571-0.
↑  תולעים סיפוניות
↑  סיפונית ים-תיכונית
1 2  Rice, Mary E.; Pilger, John F. (1988). "Sipuncula" (PDF).
↑  Rice, M.E. (1976). "Larval development and metamorphosis in Sipuncula". American Zoologist. 16 (3): 563–571. doi:10.1093/icb/16.3.563.
↑  Pechenik, J.A.; Rice, M.E. (1990). "Influence of delayed metamorphosis on postsettlement survival and growth in the sipunculan Apionsoma misakianum". Invertebrate Biology. 120 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2001.tb00025.x.
↑  Rice, M.E. (1986). "Factors influencing larval metamorphosis in Golfingia misakiana (Sipuncula)". Bulletin of Marine Science. 39 (2): 362–375.
↑  M.J. de Kluijver et al., Thysanocardia procera, Macrobenthos of the North Sea – Sipuncula
1 2 3  Huang, D. -Y.; Chen, J. -Y.; Vannier, J.; Saiz Salinas, J. I. (22 באוגוסט 2004). "Early Cambrian sipunculan worms from southwest China" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1549): 1671–6. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2774. PMC 1691784. PMID 15306286. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Chengjiang Fossil Site Nomination file, Page 38
↑  Caron, J. -B.; Gaines, R. R.; Mangano, M. G.; Streng, M.; Daley, A. C. (2010). "A new Burgess Shale-type assemblage from the "thin" Stephen Formation of the southern Canadian Rockies". Geology. 38 (9): 811–814. doi:10.1130/G31080.1.
↑  Muir, L. A.; Botting, J. P. (2007). "A Lower Carboniferous sipunculan from the Granton Shrimp Bed, Edinburgh". Scottish Journal of Geology. 43: 51–56. doi:10.1144/sjg43010051.
↑  Dorman, Jeremy Alban (16 בדצמבר 2009). "Peanut worm jelly: It's what's for dinner". The Telegraph. Never yet melted. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  "Women earn a living digging for peanut worms in northern Vietnam". Tuoi Tre News. 16 ביוני 2018. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Nguyen, Thi Thu Ha, et al. "The distribution of peanut-worm (Sipunculus nudus) in relation with geo-environmental characteristics." (2007).Nguyen, Thi Thu Ha, et al. "The distribution of peanut-worm (Sipunculus nudus) in relation with geo-environmental characteristics." (2007).
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בקרת זהויות :  NLI: 987007546239405171  GND: 4182590-1  LCCN: sh85122960  NKC: ph849175 
שרטוט מ-1902 של החלקים הפנימיים של Sipunculus arcassonensis
Sipunculus nudus
Phascolosoma agassizii, מהאי ראוניון
Lecthaylus gregarius, תולעת סיפונית מהסילור באילינוי