עישון פסיבי
הערות שוליים

↑  Behbod, Behrooz; Sharma, Mohit; Baxi, Ruchi; Roseby, Robert; Webster, Premila (31 בינואר 2018). "Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1: CD001746. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001746.pub4. PMC 6491082. PMID 29383710. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Evaluation of a portable measure of expired-air carbon monoxide". Prev Med. 17 (1): 109–15. בינואר 1988. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(88)90076-X. PMID 3362796. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke". Tob. Control. 14 (6): 396–404. 2005. doi:10.1136/tc.2005.011288. PMC 1748121. PMID 16319363.
↑  "Particulate matter from tobacco versus diesel car exhaust: an educational perspective". Tob Control. 13 (3): 219–21. 2004. doi:10.1136/tc.2003.005975. PMC 1747905. PMID 15333875.
↑  "Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking". Circulation. 111 (20): 2684–98. 2005. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.492215. PMID 15911719free{{cite journal}}:  תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  "Acute effects of passive smoking on the coronary circulation in healthy young adults". JAMA. 286 (4): 436–41. 2001. doi:10.1001/jama.286.4.436. PMID 11466122free{{cite journal}}:  תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  Celermajer, David S.; Adams, Mark R.; Clarkson, Peter; Robinson, Jacqui; McCredie, Robyn; Donald, Ann; Deanfield, John E. (18 בינואר 1996). "Passive Smoking and Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Arterial Dilatation in Healthy Young Adults". New England Journal of Medicine. 334 (3): 150–155. doi:10.1056/NEJM199601183340303. PMID 8531969. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Howard, G; Thun, MJ (בדצמבר 1999). "Why is environmental tobacco smoke more strongly associated with coronary heart disease than expected? A review of potential biases and experimental data". Environmental Health Perspectives. 107 Suppl 6: 853–8. doi:10.2307/3434565. JSTOR 3434565. PMC 1566209. PMID 10592142. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Cendon, S.P.; Battlehner, C.; Lorenzi-Filho, G.; Dohlnikoff, M.; Pereira, P.M.; Conceição, G.M.S.; Beppu, O.S.; Saldiva, P.H.N. (באוקטובר 1997). "Pulmonary emphysema induced by passive smoking: an experimental study in rats". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 30 (10): 1241–1247. doi:10.1590/s0100-879x1997001000017. PMID 9496445free {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  Eren, U.; Kum, S.; Sandikci, M.; Kara, E. (2006). "Effects of long-term passive smoking on the mast cells in rat lungs". Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire. 6: 319–322.
↑  "Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke: sources of infant exposures". Tob Control. 13 (1): 29–37. במרץ 2004. doi:10.1136/tc.2003.003889. PMC 1747815. PMID 14985592. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Beliefs about the health effects of "thirdhand" smoke and home smoking bans". Pediatrics. 123 (1): e74–9. בינואר 2009. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2184. PMC 3784302. PMID 19117850. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Rabin, Roni Caryn (2009-01-02). "A New Cigarette Hazard: 'Third-Hand Smoke'". New York Times. נבדק ב-2009-01-12.
↑  Sleiman, M.; Gundel, L. A.; Pankow, J. F.; Jacob, P.; Singer, B. C.; Destaillats, H. (13 באפריל 2010). "Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (15): 6576–6581. doi:10.1073/pnas.0912820107. PMC 2872399. PMID 20142504. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Louisiana Hospital to Ban Odor of Smoke on Workers' Clothes, Fox News, October 3, 2011
↑  Samet, J. M.; Avila-Tang, E.; Boffetta, P.; Hannan, L. M.; Olivo-Marston, S.; Thun, M. J.; Rudin, C. M. (15 בספטמבר 2009). "Lung Cancer in Never Smokers: Clinical Epidemiology and Environmental Risk Factors". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (18): 5626–5645. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0376. PMC 3170525. PMID 19755391. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Environmental Tobacco Smoke" (PDF). 11th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. National Institutes of Health. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2008-07-16. נבדק ב-2007-08-27.
↑  "Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-02-21.
↑  "Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke". U.S. National Cancer Institute. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2007-09-05. נבדק ב-2007-08-22.
↑  "Health Effects of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke". United States Environmental Protection Agency. נבדק ב-2007-09-24.
↑  הסוכנות להגנת הסביבה של קליפורניה, השפעות בריאותיות של חשיפה לעשן טבק סביבתי: דוח סופי
↑  "The Truth about Secondhand Smoke". American Heart Association. נבדק ב-2007-08-27.
↑  "Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet". American Lung Association. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2007-09-18. נבדק ב-2007-09-24.
↑  "Secondhand Smoke". American Cancer Society. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2007-09-14. נבדק ב-2007-08-27.
↑  "AMA: Surgeon General's secondhand smoke report a wake-up call to lawmakers" (הודעה לעיתונות). American Medical Association. נבדק ב-2007-08-27.
↑  "Tobacco's Toll: Implications for the Pediatrician". American Academy of Pediatrics. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2007-10-15. נבדק ב-2007-10-02.
↑  "National Response to Passive Smoking in Enclosed Public Places and Workplaces" (PDF). Australian National Public Health Partnership. בנובמבר 2000. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2014-02-12. נבדק ב-2007-09-11. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Two relevant reports have been published by the Scientific Committee:
↑  אמנת ארגון הבריאו העולמי לבקרת טבק, באתר ארגון הביאות העולמי
↑  Surgeon General 2006, p. 588 Ch. 10
↑  Saad, Lydia (25 ביולי 2007). "More Smokers Feeling Harassed by Smoking Bans". Gallup. נבדק ב-20 בפברואר 2015. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Cato Institute - SourceWatch, www.sourcewatch.org
↑  Shermer, Michael (במאי 2010). "I am a sceptic, but I'm not a denier". New Scientist. 206 (2760): 36–37. Bibcode:2010NewSc.206R..36S. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(10)61210-9. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Diethelm, P.; McKee, M. (16 באוקטובר 2008). "Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond?". The European Journal of Public Health. 19 (1): 2–4. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckn139. PMID 19158101free {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  "Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians, 1960-98". BMJ. 326 (7398): 1057. 2003. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1057. PMC 155687. PMID 12750205.
↑  Davey Smith G (2003). "Effect of passive smoking on health: More information is available, but the controversy still persists". BMJ. 326 (7398): 1048–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1048. PMC 1125974. PMID 12750182.
↑  Kessler 2006, p. 1383
↑  "Tobacco industry efforts undermining evidence linking secondhand smoke with cardiovascular disease". Circulation. 116 (16): 1845–54. 2007. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.715888. PMID 17938301free{{cite journal}}:  תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  "American Cancer Society Condemns Tobacco Industry Study for Inaccurate Use of Data" (PDF) (הודעה לעיתונות). American Cancer Society. 2003-05-13. נבדק ב-2007-08-29.
↑  Thun, Michael J (4 באוקטובר 2003). "More misleading science from the tobacco industry". BMJ. 327 (7418): E237–E238. doi:10.1136/bmjusa.03070002. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Proposed Research on the relationship of Low Levels of Active Smoking to Mortality: Letter from James Enstrom to Philip Morris Scientific Affairs office". 1997-01-01. נבדק ב-2007-08-29.
↑  Dalton R (במרץ 2007). "Passive-smoking study faces review". Nature. 446 (7133): 242. Bibcode:2007Natur.446..242D. doi:10.1038/446242a. PMID 17361147free {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  Kessler 2006, p. 1380
↑  Kessler 2006, pp. 1380–3
↑  Bero, LA; Glantz, S; Hong, MK (באפריל 2005). "The limits of competing interest disclosures". Tobacco Control. 14 (2): 118–26. PMC 1748015. PMID 15791022. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Enstrom, JE; Kabat, GC (במרץ 2006). "Environmental tobacco smoke and coronary heart disease mortality in the United States--a meta-analysis and critique". Inhalation Toxicology. 18 (3): 199–210. doi:10.1080/08958370500434255. PMID 16399662. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Kessler 2006, p. 162
↑  United States of America v. Philip Morris et al., United States Factual Memorandum Pursuant to Order No. 470, Section V, United States District Court for the District of Columbia. p. 44
↑  ETS / IAQ SCIENTIFIC CONSULTANTS, from the Legacy Tobacco Documents Archive. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
↑  Gori, Gio Batta (Spring 2007). "Stoking the Rigged Terror of Secondhand Smoke" (PDF). Regulation. 30 (1): 14–7. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2009-01-16.
↑  Smoked Out: Pundit for Hire, by Paul D. Thacker. Published in The New Republic on January 26, 2006. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
↑  Philip Morris budget for "Strategy and Social Responsibility", listing Milloy as a paid consultant. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
↑  "Secondhand Joking", by Steven Milloy. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
↑  Layard, M.W. (בפברואר 1995). "Ischemic Heart Disease and Spousal Smoking in the National Mortality Followback Survey". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 21 (1): 180–183. doi:10.1006/rtph.1995.1022. PMID 7784629. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Levois, M.E.; Layard, M.W. (בפברואר 1995). "Publication Bias in the Environmental Tobacco Smoke/Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiologic Literature". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 21 (1): 184–191. doi:10.1006/rtph.1995.1023. PMID 7784630. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Law, Malcolm R; Wald, Nicholas J (ביולי 2003). "Environmental tobacco smoke and ischemic heart disease". Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 46 (1): 31–38. doi:10.1016/s0033-0620(03)00078-1. PMID 12920699. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Boffetta, Paolo; Agudo, Antonio; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Benhamou, Ellen; Benhamou, Simone; Darby, Sarah C.; Ferro, Gilles; Fortes, Cristina; Gonzalez, Carlos A. (7 באוקטובר 1998). "Multicenter Case-Control Study of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer in Europe". JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 90 (19): 1440–1450. doi:10.1093/jnci/90.19.1440. PMID 9776409free {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  "Passive Smoking Doesn't Cause Cancer —Official". אורכב מ-המקור ב-2007-10-13.
↑  "Smokescreens – The World Health Organization is showing signs of allowing politics to get in the way of truth. The Economist March 14th, 1998" (PDF). אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2007-11-29.
↑  Le Grand C. Anti-smokers blown away by study. Australian 1998, March 10.
↑  WHO Rejects smoking link with lung cancer. Zimbabwe Independent 1998, Oct 23.
↑  No Link Between Passive Smoking and Lung Cancer. The Times 1998, March 9.
↑  "Passive smoking does cause lung cancer, do not let them fool you". The Ceylon Medical Journal. 43 (2): 98. ביוני 1998. PMID 9704550. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer's second-hand smoke study". Lancet. 355 (9211): 1253–9. 2000. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02098-5. PMID 10770318.
↑  "Tobacco Companies Strategies to Undermine Tobacco Control Activities at the World Health Organization" (PDF). נבדק ב-2008-12-30.
↑  US Environmental Protection Agency. "Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: Lung cancer and other disorders".
↑  "The Osteen Decision". אורכב מ-המקור ב-2000-08-15.
↑  "Flue-Cured Tobacco Cooperative vs. EPA" (PDF). אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2008-10-09. נבדק ב-2008-12-30.
↑  U.S. Department of Health; Human Services; National Toxicology Program, eds. (בדצמבר 2–3, 1998). "Final Report on Carcinogens – Background Document for Environmental Tobacco Smoke". Meeting of the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors – Report on Carcinogens Subcommittee (PDF). Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. p. 24. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2007-11-29. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Thun MJ (2003). "Passive smoking: Tobacco industry publishes disinformation". BMJ. 327 (7413): 502–3, author reply 504–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7413.502-c. PMC 188400. PMID 12946979.
1 2  "Why review articles on the health effects of passive smoking reach different conclusions". JAMA. 279 (19): 1566–70. 1998. doi:10.1001/jama.279.19.1566. PMID 9605902.
↑  "Changing conclusions on secondhand smoke in a sudden infant death syndrome review funded by the tobacco industry". Pediatrics. 115 (3): e356–66. 2005. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1922. PMID 15741361free{{cite journal}}:  תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  "Minutes of a meeting of Philip Morris with British tobacco companies to discuss tobacco-industry strategy on passive smoking". אורכב מ-המקור ב-2007-10-13. נבדק ב-2007-08-27.
↑  A Study of Public Attitudes toward Cigarette Smoking and the Tobacco Industry in 1978, produced for the Tobacco Institute and released under the terms of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement.
↑  Smith, E. A.; Malone, R. E. (5 בינואר 2007). "'We will speak as the smoker': the tobacco industry's smokers' rights groups". The European Journal of Public Health. 17 (3): 306–313. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckl244. PMC 2794244. PMID 17065174. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Diethelm, Pascal; McKee, Martin (2006). Lifting the smokescreen: tobacco industry strategy to defeat smoke free policies and legislation (PDF). p. 5. ISBN 978-1-904097-57-0. OCLC 891398524. The industry quickly realised that, if it wanted to continue to prosper, it became vital that research did not demonstrate that tobacco smoke was a dangerous community air pollutant. This requirement has been the central pillar of its passive smoking policy from the early 1970s to the present day
↑  ""Conclusions about exposure to ETS and health that will be unhelpful to us"*: How the tobacco industry attempted to delay and discredit the 1997 Australian National Health and Medical Research Council report on passive smoking". Tob Control. 12 (Suppl 3:iii): 102–6. 2003. doi:10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii102. PMC 1766130. PMID 14645955.
↑  "Constructing "Sound Science" and "Good Epidemiology": Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Relations Firms". Am J Public Health. 91 (11): 1749–57. 2001. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1749. PMC 1446868. PMID 11684593.
↑  "Environmental tobacco smoke research published in the journal Indoor and Built Environment and associations with the tobacco industry". Lancet. 365 (9461): 804–9. 2005. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17990-2. PMID 15733724.
1 2  "The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke" (PDF). Executive Summary. ראש שירותי בריאות הציבור של ארצות הברית. 2006. נבדק ב-2009-01-28.
↑  Kessler 2006, p. 1523
↑  Litigation Against Tobacco Companies U.S. Department of Justice
↑  Appeal Ruling, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 22 May 2009
↑  Altria, Cigarette Makers Lose 'Lights' Ruling Appeal Bloomberg news, 22 May 2009
↑  U.S. appeals court agrees tobacco companies lied Reuters, 22 May 2009
↑  "WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2005-02-27. נבדק ב-2009-01-12. Parties recognize that scientific evidence has unequivocally established that exposure to tobacco causes death, disease and disability
1 2  "Guidelines on the Protection from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke" (PDF). Framework Convention for Tobacco Control. World Health Organization. 2007. נבדק ב-2009-01-29.
↑  Market Research World
↑  הכנסת, הישיבה המאה-ותשעים-ושתיים של הכנסת השבע-עשרה - קריאה שנייה וקריאה שלישית, ‏יום שלישי, א' בשבט התשס"ח (8 בינואר 2008)
↑  Frazer, Kate; Callinan, Joanne E; McHugh, Jack; van Baarsel, Susan; Clarke, Anna; Doherty, Kirsten; Kelleher, Cecily (4 בפברואר 2016). "Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2: CD005992. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005992.pub3. PMC 6486282. PMID 26842828. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (בינואר 2009). "Reduced hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction after implementation of a smoke-free ordinance—City of Pueblo, Colorado, 2002–2006". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 57 (51): 1373–7. PMID 19116606. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Frazer, Kate; McHugh, Jack; Callinan, Joanne E; Kelleher, Cecily (27 במאי 2016). "Impact of institutional smoking bans on reducing harms and secondhand smoke exposure". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (5): CD011856. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011856.pub2. PMID 27230795. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Smokefree policies to reduce tobacco use. A systematic review". Am J Prev Med. 38 (2 Suppl): S275–89. 2010. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.029. PMID 20117612.
↑  "Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry". Tobacco Control. 12 (1): 13–20. מרץ 2003. doi:10.1136/tc.12.1.13. PMC 1759095. PMID 12612356. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Secondhand smoke exposure in bars and restaurants in Guatemala City: before and after smoking ban evaluation". Cancer Causes Control. 22 (1): 151–6. בנובמבר 2010. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9673-8. PMID 21046446. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Thomson, George; Wilson, Nick; Edwards, Richard (ביוני 2009). "At the frontier of tobacco control: A brief review of public attitudes toward smoke-free outdoor places". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 11 (6): 584–590. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp046. PMID 19359392free {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  "No ifs or butts". Building. 7 במרץ 2005. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Tobacco industry efforts to present ventilation as an alternative to smoke-free environments in North America". Tob Control. 13 (Suppl 1): i41–7. במרץ 2004. doi:10.1136/tc.2003.004101. PMC 1766145. PMID 14985616. The industry developed a network of ventilation 'experts' to promote its position that smoke-free environments were not necessary, often without disclosing the financial relationship between these experts and the industry. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "ASHRAE Position Document on Environmental Tobacco Smoke" (PDF). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. ביולי 2020. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Institute for Health and Consumer Protection Activity Report 2003" (PDF). European Commission Joint Research Centre. 2003. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-27 במרץ 2009. נבדק ב-2009-01-28. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Haveman, Robert; John Mullahy (25 בספטמבר 2005). "Let Bars Buy, Sell Smoking Permits". Wisconsin State Journal. p. B2. אורכב מ-המקור ב-4 בינואר 2009. נבדק ב-2009-01-28. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Thompson, Andrea (2007-08-31). "Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Pets". LiveScience. נבדק ב-2007-08-31.
↑  "p53 expression and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma". Vet Pathol. 41 (3): 209–14. 2004. doi:10.1354/vp.41-3-209. PMID 15133168free{{cite journal}}:  תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  "Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Risk of Malignant Lymphoma in Pet Cats". American Journal of Epidemiology. 156 (3): 268–273. 2002. doi:10.1093/aje/kwf044. PMID 12142262free{{cite journal}}:  תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  "Passive smoking and canine lung cancer risk". Am J Epidemiol. 135 (3): 234–9. 1992. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116276. PMID 1546698.
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