אנגלית
דקדוק אנגלי > מערכת הפועל האנגלי > פעלים המתארים פעולות

באנגלית שלושה סוגי פעלים: חזקים, חלשים ושונים. הפעלים החזקים הם הפעלים אשר במעבר בין שלושת הזמנים (שיוסברו בפסקה הבאה) משתנה בהם אות/תנועה במרכז הפועל. הפעלים החלשים הם אלו שבמעבר בין הזמנים מוספת להם תוספת "ed-", או אחד מהעיצורים "t, d"; אלו הם רוב הפעלים. הפעלים השונים הם אלו שבמעבר בין שלושת הזמנים הפועל משתנה בלי התאמה לשום תבנית.
באנגלית ארבעה זמנים: הווה (present), עבר (past), עתיד (future), ועבר־עתיד (past-future); לכל אחד ארבע צורות: פשוט (simple), מתקדם (progressive), מושלם (perfect) ומושלם־מתקדם (perfect-progressive). לכל אחד מהצירופים האפשריים יש שני "קולות": אקטיבי ופסיבי.
להלן יודגמו הצירופים השונים במקרים השימושיים (לא כולל צירופים הכוללים את הזמן: "עתיד־עבר" או את הצורה "מושלם מתקדם"):
| to sing – לשיר, פועל חזק |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | הווה פשוט | הווה מתקדם | הווה מושלם | עבר פשוט | עבר מתקדם | עבר מושלם | עתיד פשוט | עתיד מתקדם | עתיד מושלם |  |  |
| גוף ראשון יחיד (I) | sing | am singing | have sung | sang | was singing | had sung | will sing | will be singing | will have sung |  |  |
| גוף שני יחיד ורבים (you) | sing | are singing | have sung | sang | were singing | had sung | will sing | will be singing | will have sung |  |  |
| גוף שלישי יחיד (he, she, it) | sings | is singing | has sung | sang | was singing | had sung | will sing | will be singing | will have sung |  |  |
| גוף ראשון רבים (we) | sing | are singing | have sung | sang | were singing | had sung | will sing | will be singing | will have sung |  |  |
| גוף שלישי רבים (they) | sing | are singing | have sung | sang | were singing | had sung | will sing | will be singing | will have sung |  |  |
| to teach – ללמד, פועל חלש |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | הווה פשוט | הווה מתקדם | הווה מושלם | עבר פשוט | עבר מתקדם | עבר מושלם | עתיד פשוט | עתיד מתקדם | עתיד מושלם |  |  |
| גוף ראשון יחיד (I) | teach | am teaching | have taught | taught | was teaching | had taught | will teach | will be teaching | will have taught |  |  |
| גוף שני יחיד ורבים (you) | teach | are teaching | have taught | taught | were teaching | had taught | will teach | will be teaching | will have taught |  |  |
| גוף שלישי יחיד (he, she, it) | teaches | is teaching | has taught | taught | was teaching | had taught | will teach | will be teaching | will have taught |  |  |
| גוף ראשון רבים (we) | teach | are teaching | have taught | taught | were teaching | had taught | will teach | will be teaching | will have taught |  |  |
| גוף שלישי רבים (they) | teach | are teaching | have taught | taught | were teaching | had taught | will teach | will be teaching | will have taught |  |  |
| to climb – לטפס, פועל חלש |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | הווה פשוט | הווה מתקדם | הווה מושלם | עבר פשוט | עבר מתקדם | עבר מושלם | עתיד פשוט | עתיד מתקדם | עתיד מושלם |  |  |
| גוף ראשון יחיד (I) | climb | am climbing | have climbed | climbed | was climbing | had climbed | will climb | will be climbing | will have climbed |  |  |
| גוף שני יחיד ורבים (you) | climb | are climbing | have climbed | climbed | were climbing | had climbed | will climb | will be climbing | will have climbed |  |  |
| גוף שלישי יחיד (he, she, it) | climbs | is climbing | has climbed | climbed | was climbing | had climbed | will climb | will be climbing | will have climbed |  |  |
| גוף ראשון רבים (we) | climb | are climbing | have climbed | climbed | were climbing | had climbed | will climb | will be climbing | will have climbed |  |  |
| גוף שלישי רבים (they) | climb | are climbing | have climbed | climbed | were climbing | had climbed | will climb | will be climbing | will have climbed |  |  |
| to be – להיות, פועל שונה |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | הווה פשוט | הווה מתקדם | הווה מושלם | עבר פשוט | עבר מתקדם | עבר מושלם | עתיד פשוט | עתיד מתקדם* | עתיד מושלם |  |  |
| גוף ראשון יחיד (I) | am | am being | have been | was | was being | had been | will be | will be | will have been |  |  |
| גוף שני יחיד ורבים (you) | are | are being | have been | were | were being | had been | will be | will be | will have been |  |  |
| גוף שלישי יחיד (he, she, it) | is | is being | has been | was | was being | had been | will be | will be | will have been |  |  |
| גוף ראשון רבים (we) | are | are being | have been | were | were being | had been | will be | will be | will have been |  |  |
| גוף שלישי רבים (they) | are | are being | have been | were | were being | had been | will be | will be | will have been |  |  |
תבנית הזמן "עתיד מתקדם" היא: "will be V1+ing" והפועל הוא "be", אז התבנית אמורה להיות, בעיקרון: "will be being". כיוון שדבר זה לא נשמע אסתטי ואף מרגיש כאילו הוא חוזר על עצמו, מוותרים על הפועל עצמו ומשאירים את זה "will be". ר' גם: פועלים דינמיים וסטטיביים
| to have – שייכות, שונה |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | הווה פשוט | הווה מתקדם | הווה מושלם | עבר פשוט | עבר מתקדם | עבר מושלם | עתיד פשוט | עתיד מתקדם | עתיד מושלם |  |  |
| גוף ראשון יחיד (I) | have | am having | have had | had | was having | had had | will have | will be having | will have had |  |  |
| גוף שני יחיד ורבים (you) | have | are having | have had | had | were having | had had | will have | will be having | will have had |  |  |
| גוף שלישי יחיד (he, she, it) | has | is having | has had | had | was having | had had | will have | will be having | will have had |  |  |
| גוף ראשון רבים (we) | have | are having | have had | had | were having | had had | will have | will be having | will have had |  |  |
| גוף שלישי רבים (they) | have | are having | have had | had | were having | had had | will have | will be having | will have had |  |  |
הזמן הפשוט מתאר פעולה כללית שאדם עושה/עשה/יעשה, בלי קשר לשאלה עוד כמה זמן או לפני כמה זמן (בעבר והווה בהתאמה) או שזו פעולה שעושים כהרגל. דוגמה: He climbs mountains, הוא מטפס על הרים (כהרגל).
הזמן המתקדם מתאר פעולה שמתרחשת/התרחשה/תתרחש, ובאותו זמן קורה/קרתה/תקרה פעולה נוספת. דוגמה: When you got here, I was writing the essay, כשהגעת לכאן, כתבתי את המאמר. דרך נכונה יותר לתאר זאת היא התרגום: "כשהגעת לכאן, הייתי באמצע כתיבת המאמר".
הזמן המושלם מתאר את התנועה המדוברת ביחס לתנועה אחרת אשר מתרחשת/התרחשה/תתרחש בהווה/עבר/עתיד (בהתאמה). דוגמה: Whenever I get home, usually John has already arrived, כשאני מגיע הביתה, ג'ון בדרך כלל כבר מספיק להגיע.