תרבות קרמה
הערות שוליים

↑  Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette (2009). "The Kingdom of Kush: An African Centre on the Periphery of the Bronze Age World System". Norwegian Archaeological Review. 42 (1): 50–70. doi:10.1080/00293650902978590. S2CID 154430884.
↑  Hafsaas-Tsakos, H. (2010). [Hafsaas-Tsakos, H. (2010). Between Kush and Egypt: The C-Group People of Lower Nubia. pp. 393-394. Between Kush and Egypt: The C-Group People of Lower Nubia]. pp. 393-394.
1 2  Edwards, David N. "Archaeology in Sudan". Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
↑  Welsby, Derek (2003). Survey above the Fourth Nile Cataract.
↑  Anderson, J. R. (2012). "Kerma". The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15224. ISBN 9781444338386. She states, "To date, Kerma-culture has been found from the region of the First Cataract to upstream of the Fourth Cataract."
↑  Buzon, Michele (2011). "Nubian identity in the Bronze Age. Patterns of cultural and biological variation". Retrieved 30 March 2017.
↑  Staff (19 June 2007). "Gold Processing Center Discovered in the Ancient Kingdom of Kush". Culture Kiosque. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
↑  Honegger, Matthieu (2014). Aux origines des pharaons noirs, 10'000 ans d'archéologie en Nubie. Latenium. p. 50. ISBN 978-2-9700394-7-1. c'est à partir de 3000 av. J.-C. avec la culture Pré-Kerma que l'on dispose à nouveau d'informations, grâce à la fouille de quelques établissements. … Les échanges avec l'Egypte sont encore rares dans cette société qui commence à pratiquer une agriculture plus intensive supposant le recours à l'irrigation, tout en maintenant sa tradition pastorale héritée du Néolithique." English translation: "it is from 3000 BC with the Pre-Kerma culture that we again have information, thanks to the excavation of a few establishments. ... Exchanges with Egypt were still rare in this society which was beginning to practice more intensive agriculture requiring the use of irrigation, while maintaining its pastoral tradition inherited from the Neolithic.
↑  Le Moyne, C.; et al. (2023). "Ecological flexibility and adaptation to past climate change in the Middle Nile Valley: A multiproxy investigation of dietary shifts between the Neolithic and Kerma periods at Kadruka 1 and Kadruka 21". PLOS ONE. 18 (2): e0280347. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1880347L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280347. hdl:10072/428846. PMC 9894462. PMID 36730175. Convincing evidence for local agricultural production is associated with the later pre-Kerma period (3500–2500 BCE) with site 8-B-52A on Sai Island consisting of numerous storage pits in which macrobotanical crop remains were occasionally preserved.
↑  Chirikure, Shadreck (2015). Metals in Past Societies. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology. Springer. p. 19. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11641-9. ISBN 978-3-319-11640-2.
↑  Bonnet, Charles (2003). The Nubian Pharaohs. New York: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 16–26. ISBN 978-977-416-010-3.
↑  Matthieu, Honegger (13 January 2021). "The Pre-Kerma Culture and the Beginning of the Kerma Kingdom". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
1 2  P. DeMola (2013), Interrelations of Kerma and Pharaonic Egypt. worldhistory.org
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Edwards, David (2004). The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 2, 75, 77–78. ISBN 9780415369886.
1 2  RODOLFO FATTOVICH (1993), The Gash Group of the Eastern Sudan: an outline Archived 2023-01-29 at the Wayback Machine uni-heidelberg.de
1 2  De Mola, Paul J. "Interrelations of Kerma and Pharaonic Egypt". Ancient History Encyclopedia.
↑  "Kerma Culture". The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago.
↑  "Tomb Reveals Ancient Egypt's Humiliating Secrets". Daily Times. 29 July 2003. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013.
↑  "Jebal Barkal: History and Archaeology of Ancient Napata". Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
1 2  Blench, Roger; MacDonald, Kevin, eds. (2014). The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography - "Linguistic evidence for the prehistory of livestock in Sudan" (2000). Routledge. p. 453. ISBN 978-1135434168. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
↑  Behrens, Peter (1986). Libya Antiqua: Report and Papers of the Symposium Organized by Unesco in Paris, 16 to 18 January 1984 - "Language and migrations of the early Saharan cattle herders: the formation of the Berber branch". Unesco. p. 30. ISBN 978-9231023767. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
1 2  Rilly C (2010). "Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan" (PDF). pp. 18–19.
↑  Rilly C (January 2016). "The Wadi Howar Diaspora and its role in the spread of East Sudanic languages from the fourth to the first millennia BC". Faits de Langues. 47: 151–163. doi:10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000010. S2CID 134352296.
↑  Rilly C (2008). "Enemy brothers. Kinship and relationship between Meroites and Nubians (Noba)". Polish Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology. doi:10.31338/uw.9788323533269.pp.211-226. ISBN 9788323533269.
↑  Cooper J (2017). "Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubian placenames in the Third and Second Millennium BC: a view from Egyptian Records". Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies. 4: 201–202, 204. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23.
↑  cooper, julien (2020). "Egyptian among Neighboring African languages". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology.
1 2  Isma'il Kushkush (2020), In the Land of Kush. A dazzling civilization flourished in Sudan nearly 5,000 years ago. Why was it forgotten? smithsonianmag.com
↑  "Digging into Africa's past". Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
↑  Lahr, Marta Mirazon. "Human Skeletal Remains, Fazzan, Libya".
↑  Nikita Efthymia; David Mattingly; Marta Mirazón Lahr (2012). "Three-dimensional cranial shape analyses and gene flow in North Africa during the Middle to Late Holocene" (PDF). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 31 (4): 564–572. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2012.06.001. Retrieved 24 June 2017 - cf. Table 6
↑  Haddow, Scott Donald. "Dental Morphological Analysis of Roman Era Burials from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt" (PDF). Institute of Archaeology, University College London. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
↑  Keita, S. O. Y. (1992). "Further studies of crania from ancient Northern Africa: An analysis of crania from First Dynasty Egyptian tombs, using multiple discriminant functions". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 87 (3): 245–254. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330870302. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 1562056.
↑  Keita, S. O. Y. (1992). "Further studies of crania from ancient Northern Africa: An analysis of crania from First Dynasty Egyptian tombs, using multiple discriminant functions". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 87 (3): 245–254. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330870302. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 1562056.
רוגם מקרמה, 2450 לפני הספירה בקירוב, המוזיאון הלאומי של סודאן.
כלים מהאי סאי, תרבות קרמה. מוצג במוזיאון הלובר.
פגיונות מעצם ונחושת, 1750–1450 לפני הספירה, קרמה, המוזיאון הבריטי EA55442.
קערת קרמה עתיקה שנשמרה במוזיאון לאמנויות יפות, בוסטון. "קערה עם עיטורי ספירלות".
מַרְאָה. סוף תקופת קרמה, 1700–1550 לפני הספירה.
חפירות בקרמה.
קדרות, מוזיאון קרמה, קרמה, סודן.