מערות קיזיל
הערות שוליים

↑  Nomination file, Page 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Manko Namba Walter (באוקטובר 1998). "Tokharian Buddhism in Kucha: Buddhism of Indo-European Centum Speakers in Chinese Turkestan before the 10th Century C.E" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers (85). {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Kezil Thousand-Buddha Grottoes". xinjiang.gov. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2007-09-30.
1 2  "Kizil Thousand-Buddha Cave".
1 2  Rowland, Benjamin (1975). The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. p. 154.
↑  "Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.
1 2  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 645. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "SMB-digital Höhlenansicht mit Wandmalerei". www.smb-digital.de.
↑  (Other than Kizil)... "The nearby site of Kumtura contains over a hundred caves, forty of which contain painted murals or inscriptions. Other cave sites near Kucha include Subashi, Kizilgaha, and Simsim." in Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (24 בנובמבר 2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3 4 5  Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 359–416. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
1 2 3  Li, Zuixiong (2010). "Deterioration and Treatment of Wall Paintings in Grottoes along the Silk Road in China and Related Conservation Efforts" in Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road (PDF). Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. p. 49.
↑  "Caves as Canvas: Hidden Images of Worship Along the Ancient Silk Road". Sackler Gallery. Smithsonian Institution. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2003-01-03.
1 2  Daniel C. Waugh. "Kucha and the Kizil Caves". Silk Road Seattle. University of Washington.
1 2 3  Makiko Onishi, Asanobu Kitamoto. "The Transmission of Buddhist Culture: The Kizil Grottoes and the Great Translator Kumārajīva".
1 2  Howard, Angela F. (1991). "In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings". Archives of Asian Art. 44: 68–83. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111218.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 658 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Caves as Canvas: Hidden Images of Worship Along the Ancient Silk Road – Architecture, Decoration, and Function". Sackler Gallery. Smithsonian Institution. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2003-01-03.
↑  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 707. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  Zin, Monika (2013). "Buddhist Narrative Depictions in Andhra, Gandhara and Kucha – Similarities and Differences that Favour a Theory about a Lost a Gandharan School of Painting" in "Buddhism and Art in Gandhara and Kucha" (PDF). Ryokoku University. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2021-08-31.
↑  Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
↑  Footprints of Foreign Explorers on the Silk Road. 五洲传播出版社. 2005. p. 86. ISBN 978-7-5085-0706-4.
↑  "SMB-digital Höhlenansicht mit Wandmalereien". www.smb-digital.de.
↑  >"俄立艾爾米塔什博物館藏克孜爾石窟壁畫俄国". www.sohu.com.
↑  "It is the merit of Kenyu Hori and Tesshin Watanabe to have discovered and first examined the cave complex of Kizil. Unfortunately, the efforts and findings of this examination have been destroyed by an earthquake that scared away the Japanese scholars, which enabled the Germans to uncover, carry away and come out with the treasures of this site a short while afterwards (Klimkeit, 1988, 38)" in Fellner, Hannes A., University of Vienna. The Expeditions to Tocharistan (PDF). p. 25, note 39.
↑  "IDP JAPANESE COLLECTIONS". idp.bl.uk. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2021-10-25.
1 2 3 4 5  Turfan Expedition. Encyclopedia Iranica.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 655–658. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Grünwedel, Albert (1912). Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 163 (Color Image). pp. 156–157.
1 2  Fellner, Hannes A., University of Vienna. The Expeditions to Tocharistan (PDF). p. 28.
↑  Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
↑  Pelliot, Paul Emile (1909). Trois Ans dans la haute Asie : vol.1 / Page 13 (Color Image). pp. 7–8.
↑  "Mission Paul Pelliot 1906–1908. Entre le 1/9/1907 et le 3/9/1907" in "Réunion des Musées Nationaux-Grand Palais – Search Result". www.photo.rmn.fr.
↑  Pelliot, Paul. Trois Ans dans la haute Asie. p. 10.
↑  Von Le Coq, Albert. Die Buddhistische Spätantike in Mittelasien : vol.4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10  Howard, Angela F. (1991). "In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings". Archives of Asian Art. 44: 68–69. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111218.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 645 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3 4  Casalini, Alice (2015). Towards a new approach to the study of the Buddhist rock monasteries of Kuča (Xinjiang) (PDF). p. 69.
↑  "Caves as Canvas: Hidden Images of Worship Along the Ancient Silk Road – The Rediscovery of Qizil". Smithsonian Institution. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2003-01-03.
↑  Kizil Caves
1 2 3 4 5 6  Kubik, Adam (2008). "The Kizil Caves as an terminus post quem of the Central and Western Asiatic pear-shape spangenhelm type helmets The David Collection helmet and its place in the evolution of multisegmented dome helmets, Historia i Świat nr 7/2018, 141–156". Histïria I Swiat. 7: 143–144.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Hertel, Herbert (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums. pp. 48–49.
↑  Ilyasov, Jangar (2001). "The Hephthalite Terracotta // Silk Road Art and Archaeology. Vol. 7. Kamakura, 2001, 187–200". Silk Road Art and Archaeology: 187–197.
↑  "CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiv. E. Iranian Art – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Kageyama, Etsuko (2016). "Change of suspension systems of daggers and swords in eastern Eurasia: Its relation to the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia" (PDF). ZINBUN. 46: 200–202.
↑  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 649. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Le Coq, Albert von; Waldschmidt, Ernst (1922). Die buddhistische spätantike in Mittelasien, VII. Berlin, D. Reimer [etc.] pp. 24–29.
↑  "For generally accepted styles of Kucha paintings, cf. WALDSCHMIDT in LE COQ/WALDSCHMIDT 1933: 24–31." in Zin, Monika (2015). "The Case of the "Repainted Cave" (Kizil, Cave 117)" (PDF). Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrift. 19: 19, note 4. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2021-08-31.
1 2 3  Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne; Kunst (Germany), Museum für Indische; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
↑  בכתב בראהמי מתקופת אשוקה 𑀲𑁂𑀧𑀜𑀓𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑀲𑀡𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀢𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀲𑁂 𑀱𑀭𑁆𑀲 𑀧𑀧𑁃𑀬𑁆𑀓𑁅
1 2  Waugh (Historian, University of Washington), Daniel C. "MIA Berlin: Turfan Collection: Kizil". depts.washington.edu.
1 2 3 4  Baumer, Christoph (18 באפריל 2018). History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 158 ff. ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Howard, Angela F. (1991). "In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings". Archives of Asian Art. 44: 72. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111218.
1 2 3  Baumer, Christoph (18 באפריל 2018). History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
↑  "It was to the Bamian frescoes that the early style of the frescoes of Kizil -somewhat west of Kucha- was related" in Grousset 1970, p. 51
1 2  Kageyama quoting the research of S. Hiyama, “Study on the first-style murals of Kucha: analysis of some motifs related to the Hephthalite's period”, in Kageyama, Etsuko (2016). "Change of suspension systems of daggers and swords in eastern Eurasia: Its relation to the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia" (PDF). ZINBUN. 46: 200.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 670–675. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Encyclopedia of Buddhist Art. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2021-10-25.
↑  Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne; Kunst (Germany), Museum für Indische; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  Grünwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 108 (Color Image). pp. 102 ff.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 651 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 658. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Puri, Baij Nath (1987). Buddhism in Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-208-0372-5.
↑  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 654. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Hiyama, Satomi (2020). "Transmission of the "World": Sumeru Cosmology as Seen in Central Asian Buddhist Paintings Around 500 AD (Wanderung der "Welt": Sumeru-Kosmologie in zentralasiatischen buddhistischen Wandmalereien um 500 n. Chr.)". NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin. 28 (3): 411–429. doi:10.1007/s00048-020-00245-9. PMID 32504177. S2CID 219398072.
1 2 3  Rao, Heimo and Upadhyaya (1976). Reflections On Indian Art. pp. 142–143.
↑  Bell, Alexander Peter (2000). Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 147. ISBN 978-3-8258-5134-7.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 93 (Color Image). pp. 87 ff.
1 2  Reconstitution in Grünwedel, Albert (1920). Alt-Kutscha. pp. 251 ff., also black and white 1912 photograph.
↑  Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1. p. 87.
1 2 3  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 683. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 646–647. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  Rowland, Benjamin (1975). The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. p. 156.
1 2  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 678 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Vignato, Giuseppe (2016). "Monastic Fingerprints – Tracing Ritual Practice in the Rock Monastery of Qizil through Archaeological Evidence" (PDF). Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrif: 22–38.
↑  Reconstitution in Grünwedel, Albert (1920). Alt-Kutscha. pp. 251 ff.
↑  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 679 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Door wall. At the bottom of W. 4 (R.) you can see three praying monks, who were inscribed with Brâhmî inscriptions, on the corresponding point of the wall section L. also three monks and one kneeling in front of them. Donor, who holds out a basket of flowers, also here were small labels with Brahmî inscriptions." in Grünwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 97 (Color Image). p. 91.
1 2 3  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 681 ff. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Turfan :: Kizil collection
↑  Zin, Monika. "Sanskrit literature and the Indian pictorial tradition in the paintings of Kucha" (PDF). p. 288. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2021-07-25.
↑  CHANG, YUAN ZANG. THE EVOLUTION OF EARLY CHINESE BUDDHA FIGURES (PDF). p. 70, Note 70 referencing Li Ruizhe, Cave Temple in Kucha (《龟兹石窟寺》), China Social Sciences Press, December 2015, p. 11.
↑  Grunwedel, Albert. Alt-Kutscha : vol.1. p. II.31.
↑  Schaik, Sam van (2020). "Fakes, Delusions, or the Real Thing? Albert Grünwedel's Maps of Shambhala". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 140 (2): 279. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0273. S2CID 226673648.
1 2  Rao, Heimo and Upadhyaya (1976). Reflections On Indian Art. p. 44.
↑  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 645–680. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Hiyama Satomi, Untangling the textiles in the murals
↑  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 668. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 671, note 166. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  "In the corner of the outside between the first statue and doorway, you can see the picture of a painter without a head, who is holding a bowl of paint. He wears a costume that exactly matches that of the painter pictures in the "Cave of the Painters"." in Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 99 (Color Image). p. 93.
1 2 3  Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2014). "THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS" (PDF). Tyragetia. 8: 329.
↑  Grünwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 97 (Color Image). pp. 91–92.
↑  >Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 671. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Hertel, Herbert (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums. pp. 70–72.
1 2 3 4 5 6  >Grünwedel, Albert (1912). Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 98 (Color Image). pp. 92–93.
↑  These sermon images are of pure Gandhara style. In their design and in their details they are closely related to the pictures to be treated below in Hohle der Maler; indeed, they seem to have been executed by the same hand." Grünwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 98 (Color Image). pp. 92–93.
↑  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 672. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  References BDce-695, MIK III 9044 "俄立艾爾米塔什博物館藏克孜爾石窟壁畫". www.sohu.com.
↑  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 677. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  "A scene with the Buddha is crowned with a frieze of perspective dentils, scrolls, and a classical leaf-fascia which might easily have graced a Roman wall" in Boardman, John (1994). The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity. Princeton University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-0-691-03680-9.
↑  For photographs of the destructions see: "西方探险队揭取了哪些克孜尔壁画——海外克孜尔壁画现状调查_古代艺术_澎湃新闻-The Paper". www.thepaper.cn.
↑  Howard, Angela; Vignato, Giuseppe (14 בנובמבר 2014). Archaeological and Visual Sources of Meditation in the Ancient Monasteries of Kuča. BRILL. p. 119, note 35. ISBN 978-90-04-27939-1. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3 4 5  Hertel, Herbert (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums. pp. 72–74.
↑  Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne; Kunst (Germany), Museum für Indische; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
↑  Turner, R. L. (1999). A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 261, entry for "Citrakara", Sanskrit and Hindu word चित्रकला. ISBN 978-81-208-1665-7.
↑  The Tocharian equivalent would be of the form te Puñakāme paiyka "Puñakāme painted this" in "A dictionary of Tocharian B, "pik-" entry". www.win.tue.nl.
↑  Schopen, Gregory (31 ביולי 2014). Buddhist Nuns, Monks, and Other Worldly Matters: Recent Papers on Monastic Buddhism in India. University of Hawaii Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-8248-7392-9. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Kramrisch, Stella (30 באפריל 1994). Exploring India's Sacred Art. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 140. ISBN 978-81-208-1208-6. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "In Kuchean iconographical convention, cartouches do not appear in narrative representations, but are most typically appended to the portraits of actual donors." in Hiyama, Satomi (בינואר 2017). "Portrait of the Royal Patronage in Kizil Cave 60 (Größte Höhle)". Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrift: 39. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 162 (Color Image). pp. 156 ff.
↑  Azarpay, Guitty (1981). Sogdian Painting. p. 50.
↑  Hertel, Herbert (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums. pp. 55–56.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  Hiyama, Satomi (2016). "Portrait of the Royal Patronage in Kizil Cave 60 (Größte Höhle)". Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrift. 20/21: 39–50.
↑  Gasparini, Mariachiara (30 בנובמבר 2019). Transcending Patterns: Silk Road Cultural and Artistic Interactions through Central Asian Textile Images. University of Hawaii Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8248-7798-9. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Baumer, Christoph (18 באפריל 2018). History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Sogdiana under its nomadic elites became the principal center of agricultural wealth and population in Central Asia." and paragraph on "The Shift of the Trade Routes" in Vaissière, Etienne de la (212). "Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity: 5 Central Asia and the Silk Road". In S. Johnson (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, P. 142-169. Oxford University Press: 144–160.
↑  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. pp. 658–665. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 666. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Lesbre, Emmanuelle (2001). "An Attempt to Identify and Classify Scenes with a Central Buddha Depicted on Ceilings of the Kyzil Caves (Former Kingdom of Kutcha, Central Asia)" (PDF). Artibus Asiae. 61 (2): 305–352. doi:10.2307/3249912. JSTOR 3249912.
1 2  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 691. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 692. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Encyclopedia of Buddhist Art. Kaohsiung: Fo Guang Shan Board. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2021-07-25.
↑  Rowland, Benjamin (1975). The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. p. 155.
↑  Puri, Baij Nath (1987). Buddhism in Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 79. ISBN 978-81-208-0372-5.
↑  Rowland, Benjamin (1975). The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. p. 151.
↑  Bell, Alexander Peter (2000). Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China (באנגלית). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 107. ISBN 978-3-8258-5134-7.
↑  Whitfield, Roderick; Whitfield, Susan; Agnew, Neville (15 בספטמבר 2015). Cave Temples of Mogao at Dunhuang: Art History on the Silk Road: Second Edition (באנגלית). Getty Publications. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-60606-445-0. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2014). "THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS" (PDF). Tyragetia. 8: 324.
1 2  MUZIO, CIRO LO (2008). "Remarks on the Paintings from the Buddhist Monastery of Fayaz Tepe (Southern Uzbekistan)". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 22: 202, note 45. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049243.
1 2  Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne; Kunst (Germany), Museum für Indische; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (1982). Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-87099-300-8.
↑  A Buddhist Monk of Nālandā amongst the Western Turks
↑  "The coat generally had two lapels, but in Kucha region it is also depicted with only one lapel; this type was related to the influence of the Hephthalites, who settled north of the Tian Shan range in the 5th and 6th centuries" in Maillard, Monique (1996). The dictionary of art. New York : Grove's Dictionaries. p. 310. ISBN 978-1-884446-00-9.
1 2 3  Grünwedel, Albert. Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1 / Page 56 (Color Image). pp. 50–58.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10  Grünwedel, Albert (1920). Alt-Kutscha : vol.1 / Page 167 (Color Image). pp. 167 ff.
↑  Grünwedel, Albert (1920). Alt-Kutscha : vol.1 / Page 263 (Color Image).
↑  "Die Decke ist nämlich kein Tonnengewölbe, sondern zeltförmig ansteigend" ie "The ceiling is not a barrel vault, but rather rising like a tent" in Grünwedel, Albert. Alt-Kutscha : vol.1 / Page 167 (Color Image). p. 167.
1 2  Zin, Monika (2006). "Two Rocks in the Buddha's Life Story" (PDF). East and West. 56 (4): 356. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2021-08-31.
↑  Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 ביולי 2019). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols). BRILL. p. 704. ISBN 978-90-04-39186-4. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Von Le Coq, Albert. Die Buddhistische Spätantike in Mittelasien : vol.4 / Page 51 (Color Image). pp. 17–18.
↑  משקל ועובי שניתנו לצד השני, על ידי מוזיאון דאהלם "SMB-digital Vorgeburtenszenen (Jatakas) Buddhas". www.smb-digital.de.
1 2 3 4  Kubik, Adam (2018). "The Kizil Caves as an terminus post quem of the Central and Western Asiatic pear-shape spangenhelm type helmets The David Collection helmet and its place in the evolution of multisegmented dome helmets, Historia i Świat nr 7/2018, 141–156". Historia i Swiat. 7: 145–148.