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↑  E.g. Bomhard 2008.
↑  (Bomhard 2008:240).
↑  For instance Philip Baldi: "No particular side on the issue is taken in this book" (Baldi 2002:18).
↑  Salmons, Joseph C.; Joseph, Brian D. (1998). Nostratic: Sifting the Evidence (באנגלית). John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3646-3. On the other hand, Comrie baldly states, in answer to his own question of the relatedness of Altaic, Uralic and Indo-European pronominal systems, "I do not know". Other agnostics represented in this volume, such as Ringe, Vine, Campbell, and even Hamp, demonstrate that the hypothesis is being taken seriously indeed by skeptics specializing in Indo-European and Uralic, at least. While these scholars seek to test the hypothesis, Nostratic has been around long enough and has been discussed widely enough that some regard the genetic affiliations as established.
↑  Manaster Ramer, Alexis; Michalove, Peter A. "Nostratic hypothesis | proposed language family". Encyclopedia Britannica (באנגלית). The Nostratic theory is among the most promising of the many currently controversial theories of linguistic classification. It remains the best-argued of all the solutions hitherto presented for the affiliations of the languages of northern Eurasia, a problem that goes back to the German Franz Bopp and the Dane Rasmus Rask, two of the founders of Indo-European studies.
↑  Kallio, Petri; Koivulehto, Jorma (2017). "Beyond Proto-Indo-European".  In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics (באנגלית). Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 2280–2291. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1. In general, Nostratic studies have failed to meet the same methodological standards as Indo-European studies, but then again so have most non-Indo-European studies.
↑  Sweet 1900: vii, 112–132.
↑  Pedersen as cited by Ruhlen, 1991: 384.
↑  Ruhlen 1991: 384-5.
↑  Bernal (1987). "Nostratic and Euroasiatic". Black Athena. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3655-3.
↑  Sweet (1900), The History of Language, cit in Ruhlen 1991: 381-2.
↑  Ruhlen 1991:259.
↑  Szemerényi 1996:124.
↑  Cf. Trombetti’s defense against his critics in Come si fa la critica di un libro (1907).
↑  Cf. Greenberg 2005:159. See also Saussure's remarks on Franz Bopp, the founder of comparative linguistics, after Saussure has described the discovery of Indo-European by Cœurdoux and William Jones: "Bopp's originality is great. His merit is not to have discovered the kinship of Sanskrit with other European languages, but to have conceived that there was a subject for study in the precise relations of one related language to another related language." (From course notes by R. Engler, quoted by Tullio De Mauro in his critical edition of Ferdinand de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale, Paris: Payot, 1972, p. 412; cp. Cours p. 14.)
↑  Dolgopolsky, Aharon (7 במאי 2008). Nostratic Dictionary. ISBN 9781902937441 – via www.repository.cam.ac.uk. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2 vols) - Brill. www.brill.com. Brill. 25 ביוני 2008. ISBN 9789004168534. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  http://www.nostratic.net/index.php?lang=en
↑  Bomhard, Allan R. "Bomhard - A Critical Review of Dolgopolsky's Nostratic Dictionary".
↑  Bomhard, Allan R. (15 בפברואר 2016). "A Comprehensive Introduction to Nostratic Comparative Linguistics (2nd edition)". {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European & the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics). Oxford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 0199296685. נבדק ב-2019-07-23.
↑  http://starling.rinet.ru/images/globet.png
↑  Salmons Joseph, Nostratic: sifting the evidence (1998)
↑  Bomhard, Allan R. (1999). "Next of Kin: The search for relatives of Indo-European".  In Sheila M. Embleton; John Earl Joseph; Hans-Josef Niederehe (eds.). The Emergence of the Modern Language Sciences: Methodological perspectives and applications. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 101–108.
↑  Greenberg, J., "The Indo-European First and Second Person Pronouns in the Perspective of Eurasiatic, Especially Chukotkan", Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 39, No. 2 (Summer, 1997), p. 187.
↑  http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/elam.pdf
↑  Greenberg 2002:2.
↑  Pinker, Steven. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. William Morrow and Company: New York, 1994. p. 256
↑  Richter, Tobias et al. 2011. Interaction before Agriculture: Exchanging Material and Sharing Knowledge in the Final Pleistocene Levant. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21:1, 95–114. doi:10.1017/S0959774311000060
↑  Fred Wendorf, Romuald Schild and Herbert Haas. A New Radiocarbon Chronology for Prehistoric Sites in Nubia. Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Summer, 1979), pp. 219-223
↑  Weiss, E., W. Wetterstrom, D. Nadel, and O. Bar-Yosef, "The broad spectrum revisited: Evidence from plant remains" (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004 101:9551-9555)
↑  F Hole, KV Flannery, JA Neely (1969)"Prehistory and human ecology of the Deh Luran plain: an early village sequence from Khuzistan, Iran", (University of Michigan)
1 2  Debitage Analysis of ‘Uyun al-Hammâm The Reconstruction of Epipalaeolithic Reduction Sequences by Danielle Macdonald B.A. Honours, University of Toronto, 2005
↑  These phonemes do not occur in some or most reconstructions of Proto-Nostratic. They are omitted or put in brackets in the "Sound correspondences" table below, except for */p/.
↑  The phoneme */y/ appears in Bomhard but not in some other reconstructions of Proto-Nostratic.
↑  http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/bdescr.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\nostr\nostret
↑  Kaiser (1989)
↑  Manaster Ramer(?). A "Glottalic" Theory of Nostratic.
↑  Bomhard, A. (2008). The Glottalic Theory of Proto-Indo-European and Consonantism and Its Implications for Nostratic Sound Correspondences.
↑  "Archived copy". אורכב מ-המקור ב-2008-04-25. נבדק ב-2006-02-27. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Quoted from Kaiser and Shevoroshkin 1988:313
↑  Marked with a question mark in Kaiser and Shevoroshkin 1988
↑  The Eskimo–Aleut languages, too, have a plural marker -/t/. – Like them, Proto-Altaic did not distinguish animate and inanimate nouns.
↑  The Proto-Indo-European animate plural marker /-s/ has been suggested to belong here.
↑  The Kurukh language has -/kan/.
↑  Only in Proto-Turkic and its descendants.
↑  As in Latin senatus populusque romanus 'the Roman Senate and people'.
↑  Kaiser and Shevoroshkin 1988:314f.
↑  Cf. Bomhard 1996.
↑  See Bomhard 2008:209: "While Proto-Eskimo–Aleut has not yet been reconstructed, great progress has been made in reconstructing Proto-Eskimo."
↑  Wilford, John Noble (1987-11-24). "Linguists Dig Deeper Into Origins of Language". The New York Times (באנגלית אמריקאית). ISSN 0362-4331. נבדק ב-2020-08-20.
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