אירופאים בסין בימי הביניים
הערות שוליים

1 2  Roux (1993), p. 465
↑  ימי הביניים במושגי סין מתייחסים לתקופה שבין 585–1368
↑  Atwood, Christopher P. (2004), Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, New York: Facts on File, Inc., p. 583
↑  Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, pp 15–16, ISSN 2157-9687.
↑  Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27
↑  Chengzhi Xie et al., "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient Sampula population in Xinjiang," in Progress in Natural Science, vol. 17, (August 2007), pp 927–33.
↑  Holt, Frank L. (1989), Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, pp 67–8
↑  Ahmed, S. Z. (2004), Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road, West Conshokoken: Infinity Publishing, p. 61.
↑  Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, pp 15–16
↑  Yu Taishan (June 2010), "The Earliest Tocharians in China" in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 13–14, 21–22.
↑  Bailey, H.W. (1996) "Khotanese Saka Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater (ed), The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 2 (reprint edition), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 1230–1231.
↑  Torday, Laszlo. (1997). Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History. Durham: The Durham Academic Press, pp 80–81
↑  Yü, Ying-shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 377–462. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 377–388, 391,
↑  "Western contact with China began long before Marco Polo, experts say". BBC News. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
↑  "Controversy about the-theory-that-greek-art-inspired-chinas-terracotta-army". The Conversation. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
↑  W.W. Tarn (1966), The Greeks in Bactria and India, reprint edition, London & New York: Cambridge University Press, pp 110–111.
1 2  de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 600,
↑  Yü, Ying-shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds), The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 377–462, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 460–461
↑  An, Jiayao. (2002), "When Glass Was Treasured in China," in Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds), Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road, 79–94, Turnhout: Brepols Publishers
↑  Gary K. Young (2001), Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC - AD 305, London & New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-24219-3, pp 29–30.
↑  For further information on the archaeological site at Oc Eo in Vietnam, see: Milton Osborne (2006), The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future, Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin, revised edition, first published in 2000, ISBN 1-74114-893-6, pp 24–25.
↑  Warwick Ball (2016), Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire, 2nd edition, London & New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-72078-6, p. 154.
↑  Will Durant (1949). The Age of Faith: The Story of Civilization. Simon and Schuster. p. 118.
↑  "Silk Road", LIVIUS Articles of Ancient History. 28 October 2010. Retrieved on 14 November 2010.
^
↑  Yule (1915), pp 29–31; see also footnote #4 on p. 29; footnote #2 on p. 30; and footnote #3 on page 31.
1 2  Hirth, Friedrich (2000) [1885]. Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). "East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. - 1643 C.E." Fordham.edu. Fordham University. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
↑  Elizabeth Caldwell Hirschman; Donald N. Yates (29 April 2014). The Early Jews and Muslims of England and Wales: A Genetic and Genealogical History. McFarland. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-0-7864-7684-8.
↑  Gernet, Jacques (1962). H.M. Wright (trans), Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0720-0, p. 82.
↑  Stephen G. Haw (2006), Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the Realm of Kublai Khan, London & New York: Routledge, pp 1–2,
↑  Leonardo Olschki, Marco Polo's Asia: an Introduction to His "Description of the World" Called "Il Milione.". (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), p. 174.
↑  Hans Ulrich Vogel. Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues. (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013; ISBN 978-90-04-23193-1), pp. 290, 301–310.
↑  Emmerick, R. E. (2003) "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs", in Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p 275.
↑  "Francesco Balducci Pegolotti." Encyclopædia Britannica (online source). Accessed 6 September 2016.
↑  Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2011). Western Civilization: a Brief History, Boston: Wadsworth, Cencage Learning, p. 183, ISBN 0-495-57147-4.
↑  Mandeville, John. (1983). C.W.R.D. Moseley (trans), The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. London: Penguin Books Ltd., pp 9-11.
↑  Mandeville, John. (1983). C.W.R.D. Moseley (trans), The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. London: Penguin Books Ltd., pp 11-13.
↑  Virgil Ciocîltan (2012), The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, Leiden: Brill, pp 119–121,
↑  Virgil Ciocîltan (2012), The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, Leiden: Brill, p. 120,
↑  Virgil Ciocîltan (2012), The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, Leiden: Brill, p. 120, ISBN 978-90-04-22666-1.
1 2  Roux (1993), p. 467
↑  Fontana, Michela (2011), Matteo Ricci: a Jesuit in the Ming Court, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p. 116,
↑  Paul D. Buell (12 February 2010). The A to Z of the Mongol World Empire. Scarecrow Press. pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-1-4617-2036-2.
↑  Paul D. Buell (19 March 2003). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire. Scarecrow Press. pp. 120–121
↑  Morgan, David (2007), The Mongols, Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, p. 39
↑  Xu, Shiduan (1998), "Oghul Qaimish, Empress of Mongol Emperor Dingzong," in Lily Xiao Hong Lee and Sue Wiles (eds), Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang through Ming: 618–1644, trans. Janine Burns, London & New York: Routledge, pp 299–300,
↑  Xu, Shiduan (1998), "Oghul Qaimish, Empress of Mongol Emperor Dingzong," in Lily Xiao Hong Lee and Sue Wiles (eds), Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang through Ming: 618–1644, trans. Janine Burns, London & New York: Routledge, pp 300–301,
↑  Xu, Shiduan (1998), "Oghul Qaimish, Empress of Mongol Emperor Dingzong", in Lily Xiao Hong Lee and Sue Wiles (eds), Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang through Ming: 618–1644, trans. Janine Burns, London & New York: Routledge, p. 301
↑  Charles George Herbermann (1913). The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Universal Knowledge Foundation. pp. 293–.
↑  Anthony E. Clark (7 April 2011). China's Saints: Catholic Martyrdom During the Qing (1644–1911). Lexington Books. pp. 114–
↑  Stephen G. Haw (2006), Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the Realm of Kublai Khan, London & New York: Routledge, p. 172,
↑  Editors of the Encyclopædia Britannica. "Giovanni dei Marignolli: Italian Clergyman." Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed 6 September 2016.
↑  Haw, Stephen G. (2006), Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan, Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia, Psychology Press, pp. 52–57,
↑  Michael Robson (2006). The Franciscans in the Middle Ages. Boydell Press. p. 113
↑  Cordier, H. (1908). The Church in China. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved September 6, 2016 from New Advent:
↑  Haw, Stephen G. (2006), Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan, Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia, Psychology Press, pp. 52–57,
↑  Charles George Herbermann (1913). The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Universal Knowledge Foundation. p. 553.
↑  Fontana, Michela (2011), Matteo Ricci: a Jesuit in the Ming Court, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p. 116,
↑  Paul D. Buell (1 January 2003). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire. Scarecrow Press. p. 204
↑  Muscat, Noel. "6. History of the Franciscan Movement (4)". Christus Rex. FIOR-Malta. Archived from the original on 2016-05-14.
↑  Johann Lorenz Mosheim (1832). Institutes of Ecclesiastical History: Ancient and Modern ... A. H. Maltby. pp. 415–.
↑  Johann Lorenz von Mosheim; John Laurence Von Mosheim (1 January 1999). Authentic Memoirs of the Christian Church in China. Adegi Graphics LLC. pp. 52–
↑  ackson, Peter (2005), The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410. Harlow & New York: Longman, p. 314
↑  Roux (1993), p. 469.
↑  R. G. Grant (2005). Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat. DK Pub. pp. 99–
↑  Jack Goody (2012), Metals, Culture, and Capitalism: an Essay on the Origins of the Modern World, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 22
↑  Jonathan D. Spence (1999). The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds. W. W. Norton. pp. 1–2
↑  Kathleen Kuiper & editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (Aug 31, 2006). "Rabban bar Sauma: Mongol Envoy." Encyclopædia Britannica (online source). Accessed 6 September 2016.
↑  Thomas Francis Carter (1955). The invention of printing in China and its spread westward (2 ed.). Ronald Press Co. p. 171. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
↑  Peter Jackson (2005), The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410, Pearson Education, p. 169
↑  Kathleen Kuiper & editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (Aug 31, 2006). "Rabban bar Sauma: Mongol Envoy." Encyclopædia Britannica (online source). Accessed 6 September 2016.
↑  Morris Rossabi (2014). From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL, pp. 385
↑  William Bayne Fisher; John Andrew Boyle (1968). The Cambridge history of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press, pp 370–371,
↑  Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 190–191,
↑  Fontana, Michela (2011), Matteo Ricci: a Jesuit in the Ming Court, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p. 117,
↑  John E. Wills, Jr., (1998), "Relations with Maritime Europeans, 1514–1662," in Mote, Frederick W. and Denis Twitchett (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2, 333–375, New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 336
↑  Brook, Timothy (1998), The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 124
↑  Robinson, David M. "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region during the Middle Ming Period (1450–1525)," in Journal of Social History (Spring 2000): 527–563.
↑  Brook, Timothy. (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press
↑  Abbe, Mary (2009-12-18). "Million-dollar map coming to Minnesota". Star Tribune. Minneapolis: Star Tribune Company. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
↑  Patricia Ebrey, Anne Walthall, James Palais, (2006), East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 214,
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