פורונידה
הערות שוליים

1 2 3  Temereva, E.N. (2009). "New data on distribution, morphology and taxonomy of phoronid larvae (Lophophorata: Phoronida)" (PDF). Invertebrate Zoology. 6 (1): 47–48.
↑  Hinton, Sam (1987). Seashore life of southern California: an introduction to the animal life of California beaches south of Santa Barbara. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05924-5.
↑  "The Structures of Life". National Institute of General Medical Sciences.
↑  Margulis, Lynn; Karlene V. Schwartz (1998). "Phoronida". Five kingdoms: an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on earth (3 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 340–341. ISBN 978-0-7167-3027-9.
↑  Rinkevich, Baruch; Valeria Matranga (2009). "Stem Cells in Asexual Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates". Stem Cells in Marine Organisms. Springer. p. 123. ISBN 978-90-481-2766-5.
↑  Bailey-Brock, Julie H.; Christian C. Emig (2000). "Hawaiian Phoronida (Lophophorata) and Their Distribution in the Pacific Region" (PDF). Pacific Science. 54 (2): 119–126.
↑  Temereva, E.N.; Malakhov V.V.; Yakovis E.L.; Fokin M.V. (ספט'–אוק' 2000). "Phoronis ovalis (Phoronida, Lophophorata) in the White Sea: the first discovery of phoronids in the Arctic Basin". Doklady Biological Sciences. 374: 523–525. PMID 11103334. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Stampar, Sergio; Christian C. Emig; Andre C. Morandini; Guilherme Kodja; Ana Paula Balboni; Fabio Lang Da Silveira (2010). "Is there any danger in a symbiotic species associated with an endangered one? A case of a phoronid worm growing on a Ceriantheomorphe tube" (PDF). Cah. Biol. Mar. 51: 205–211. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2010-11-12.
↑  Larson, Amy A.; John J. Stachowicz (2008). "Chemical defense of a soft-sediment dwelling phoronid against local epibenthic predators". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 374: 101–111. ISSN 0171-8630.
↑  Taylor, Paul D.; Olev Vinn; Mark A. Wilson (2010). "Evolution of biomineralization in 'Lophophorates'". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 84: 317–333.
↑  Chen, J.Y.; G. Zhou. "Biology of the Chengjiang fauna". Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, Taipei. 10: 11–105. – cited by Emig (Mar 2010) and Taylor, Vinn and Wilson(2010)
↑  Conway Morris, S. (29 ביוני 2006). "Darwin's dilemma: the realities of the Cambrian 'explosion'". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 361 (1470): 1069–1083. PMC 1578734. PMID 16754615. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Balthasar, Uwe; Nicholas J. Butterfield (2009). "Early Cambrian "soft- shelled" brachiopods as possible stem-group phoronids" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (2): 307–314.
↑  Skovsted, C. B., Brock, G. A., Paterson, J. R., Holmer, L. E. & Budd, G. E. 2008 The scleritome of Eccentrotheca from the Lower Cambrian of South Australia: Lophophorate affinities and implications for tommotiid phylogeny. Geology 36, 171–174. Skovsted, C. B., Brock, G. a., Topper, T. P., Paterson, J. R. & Holmer, L. E. 2011 Scleritome construction, biofacies, biostratigraphy and systematics of the tommotiid Eccentrotheca helenia sp. nov. from the Early Cambrian of South Australia. Palaeontology 54, 253–286.
↑  Emig, Christian C. (מרץ 2010). "Fossil Phoronida and their inferred ichnotaxa" (PDF). Carnets de Géologie. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Taylor, P.D.; Wilson, M.A (2008). "Morphology and affinities of hederelloid "bryozoans"" (PDF).  In Hageman, S.J.; Key, M.M. Jr.; Winston, J.E. (eds.). Bryozoan Studies 2007: Proceedings of the 14th International Bryozoology Conference. Virginia Museum of Natural History. pp. 301–309. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2010-03-26.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Halanych, K.M (15 בדצמבר 2004). "The new view of animal phylogeny" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 35: 229–256. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Introduction to the Deuterostomia". University of California Museum of Paleontology.
↑  Struck, T.H.; Schult, N.; Kusen, T.; Hickman, E.; Bleidorn. C.; McHugh, D.; Halanych, K.M. (באפריל 2007). "Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (57): 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-57. PMC 1855331. PMID 17411434. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  המערכה תולעים סיפוניות מוזגה לתוך תולעים טבעתיות ב-2007.
↑  Nielsen, C. (ביולי 2002). "The Phylogenetic Position of Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42 (3): 685–691. PMID 21708765. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3 4  Martin Helmkampf, Iris Bruchhaus, and Bernhard Hausdorf, Phylogenomic analyses of lophophorates (brachiopods, phoronids and bryozoans) confirm the Lophotrochozoa concept
↑  Bartolomaeus, T. (בפברואר 2001). "Ultrastructure and formation of the body cavity lining in Phoronis muelleri (Phoronida, Lophophorata)". Zoomorphology. 120 (3): 135–148. doi:10.1007/s004350000030. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Cameron, C.B.; Garey, J.R.; Swalla, B.J. (25 באפריל 2000). "Evolution of the chordate body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (9): 4469–4474. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4469. PMC 18258. PMID 10781046. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Cohen, Bernard L. (בפברואר 2000). "Monophyly of brachiopods and phoronids: reconciliation of molecular evidence with Linnaean classification (the subphylum Phoroniformea nov.)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 267 (1440): 225–231. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.0991. PMC 1690528. PMID 10714876. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Giribet, Gonzalo (באפריל 2008). "Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 363 (1496): 1513–1522. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2241. PMC 2614230. PMID 18192183. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Garey, James R. (ביולי 2002). "The Lesser-Known Protostome Taxa: An Introduction and a Tribute to Robert P. Higgins". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42 (3): 611–618. doi:10.1093/icb/42.3.611. PMID 21708757. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Cohen, Bernard L.; Agata Weydman (1 בדצמבר 2005). "Molecular evidence that phoronids are a subtaxon of brachiopods (Brachiopoda: Phoronata) and that genetic divergence of metazoan phyla began long before the early Cambrian" (PDF). Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 5 (4): 253–273. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.12.002. ISSN 1439-6092. נבדק ב-2011-03-15. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  de Rosa, Renaud (נוב'–דצמ' 2001). "Molecular Data Indicate the Protostome Affinity of Brachiopods". Systematic Biology. 50 (6): 848–859. doi:10.1080/106351501753462830. PMID 12116636. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Emig, C.C. (1982).  J.H.S. Blaxter (ed.). Advances in Marine Biology. Academic Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-12-026119-2.
↑  TemerevaE.N., V.V. Malakhov, A new rock dwelling phoronid species, Phoronis svetlanae (Lophophorata, Phoronida) from the Sea of Japan
↑  Santagata, Scott (2009). "Phorida of the Gulf of Mexico".  In Darryl L. Felder; Sylvia A. Earle (eds.). Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 1133–1134. ISBN 978-1-60344-094-3. נבדק ב-2011-03-29.
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