פלאפר
הערות שוליים

↑  Rosenberg, Jennifer. Flappers in the Roaring Twenties About.com. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
↑  Evans, Ivan H. Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (rev. ed.) New York: Harper & Row, 1981 ISBN 0-06-014903-5
↑  "flapper", Online Etymology Dictionary, Reference, April 26, 2007.
↑  Mabbe, James. Celestina IX. 110 "Fall to your flap, my Masters, kisse and clip"; 112 "Come hither, you foule flappes."
↑  Barrere; Leland (1889), Dictionary of Slang, Flippers, flappers, very young girls trained to vice.
1 2  Savage, Jon. Teenage: The Creation of Youth Culture. New York: Viking, 2007. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-670-03837-4
↑  Lowsley, Barzillai. A glossary of Berkshire words and phrases 1888 (E.D.S.): "Vlapper, .. applied in joke to a girl of the bread-and-butter age."
↑  המילון האנגלי של אוקספורד, 1989.
↑  "The Comedy Old Man and His Troubles". The New York Times (interview with English comedy actor George Graves). February 3, 1907. What are 'flappers'? Why, they are the young girls with their hair still hanging down their backs. They are the sort that can climb up ropes hand over hand and pose at the top.
↑  The Jazz Age. The 20s. Alexandria, Virginia.: Editors of the Time-Life Books. 1997. p. 38.
↑  The Times (38574), p 15, col F, February 20, 1908
↑  "The Dress of the Young Girl". The Globe and Traveler. April 11, 1908.
↑  James, A. E. "Her Majesty the Flapper" Archived December 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.. London Magazine (November, 1910)
↑  "Review of the 1911 comedy Lady Patricia". The Times (39540). March 23, 1911. p 10, col C. Now the 'flapper' is Miss Clare Lesley, the Dean's tomboy daughter... In the play a mature married couple, Patricia and Michael, vainly pursue slang-talking teenagers Billy and Clare, and so "Clare, out of the charity of youth for enamoured maturity, indulges Michael with a little mild flirtation" before at the end finding real love with Billy, who is her own age. The actress playing the flapper is characterized as "full of youth and 'go'".
↑  "Some facts about the ballet", The New York Times, March 31, 1912, Mr. Tiller explained the difference between a "pony" and a "flapper". A pony, he said, is a small dancer who may be of any age. A flapper is a girl who has just "come out". She is at an awkward age, neither a child nor a woman, and she is just as likely to develop into a show girl as a pony.
↑  Oxford English Dictionary
↑  he Times (40576), p 1, col B, July 15, 1914, The father of a young lady, aged 15 – a typical "FLAPPER" – with all the self assurance of a woman of 30 would be grateful for the recommendation of a seminary (not a convent) where she might be placed for a year or two with the object of taming her. It is not EDUCATION she requires, she has too much of that already...
↑  "£600 Damages For Breach of Promise", The Times (40344), p 15, col D, October 16, 1913, I cannot bear to think of my flapper without an engagement ring.
↑  Anonymous (December 1914) "The Melancholy Passing of the Flapper" Vanity Fair
↑  The Times (42232), p 7, col B, October 16, 1919
↑  The Times (42326), p 9, col A, February 5, 1920
↑  "Flappers flaunt fads in footwear" The New York Times (January 29, 1922). The article alleges the origin of the fashion was a Douglas Fairbanks costume in the film The Three Musketeers, in which he wore his boot-tops turned down.
↑  Basinger, Jeanne (2000), Silent Stars, Wesleyan.
↑  Strong, Marion in Brady, Kathleen (2001), Lucille: The life of Lucille Ball, Billboard, The more noise the buckles made, the better they flapped, that's why we were called flappers.
↑  Corrigan, Jim. The 1920s Decade in photos: The Roaring Twenties. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, Inc, 2009, 19
↑  The Times (London, England): "Delivering Drunkards", December 2, 1936, p. 15
↑  Sagert, Kelly Boyer (2010). Flappers: A Guide to an American Subculture. Santa Barbara CA: Greenwood Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780313376900.
↑  Cellania, M. (2013, March 25). The Rise of the Flapper - Sociological Images. Retrieved April 26, 2016
1 2  McGlinchey, S. (2014) "History of Women's Fashion: 1920 to 1929" Glamour Daze Retrieved April 12, 2016.
↑  Langley, S. (2005) "Jazz" in Roaring '20s Fashions. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p.16 ISBN 0764323199
↑  Latham, Angela J. (2000). Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s. Hanover NH: University Press of New England. p. 9. ISBN 9780819564016.
↑  Langley, S. (2005) "Jazz" in Roaring '20s Fashions. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p.18 ISBN 0764323199
↑  Langley, S. (2005) "Jazz" in Roaring '20s Fashions. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p.17 ISBN 0764323199
↑  Boland, J. (April 15, 2012) "1920s Fashion & Music". Retrieved April 12, 2016.
↑  Cellania, M. (March 25, 2013) 6, "The Rise of the Flapper - Sociological Images". Retrieved April 26, 2016.
↑  Bramlett, L. A. (2010) "Vintage Sportswear" Fuzzylizzie Vintage Retrieved April 12, 2016.
↑  Stevenson, N. J. (2012) Fashion: A visual history from regency & romance to retro & revolution: A complete illustrated chronology of fashion from the 1800s to the present day (1st ed.). New York: The Ivy Press Limited. p.92-93
↑  "Memories of Olive", Olive Thomas, Assumption, archived from the original on April 12, 2013.
↑  Long, Bruce (ed.), Taylorology: A Continuing Exploration of the Life and Death of William Desmond Taylor, Arizona State University.
↑  De Castelbajac, Kate (1995), The Face of the Century: 100 Years of Makeup and Style, Rizzoli, ISBN 0-8478-1895-0.
↑  Conor, Liz. The Spectacular Modern Woman: Feminine Visibility in The 1920s 2004. p. 301
↑  Zeitz, Joshua (2007), Flapper: a madcap story of sex, style, celebrity, and the women who made America modern, Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-8054-0.
↑  Reinsch, O. (2013). "Gender and Consumerism" Gender Forum Retrieved April 26, 2016.
↑  Staff (ndg) "The Gibson Girl" Encyclopedia of Fashion website. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
↑  Chopin, Kate (ndg) "The Gibson Girl" Retrieved October 25, 2016, from
↑  Staff (ndg) "The Gibson Girl as the 'New Woman'" The Gibson Girl's America: Drawings by Charles Dana Gibson Library of COngress website
1 2 3  Ferentinos, S. (n.d.). Not for Old Fogies: The Flapper. Retrieved May 18, 2016
↑  Nina Sylvester, "Before Cosmopolitan: The Girl in German women's magazines in the 1920s". Journalism Studies 8#4 (2007): 550–54.
↑  Langley, S. (2006). Roaring '20s fashions: Deco. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, p. 16
↑  Praga, Mrs. Alfred (July 29, 1917). ""Sporting" girls and the risks they run. An open letter to "The Flappers" of England". The Weekly Dispatch: 7. My dear "Flappers" – I wonder if any of you in your gay youthfulness ever realise what a lot of harm you are doing to your future happiness by the way you sometimes cheapen yourselves in the eyes of your men "pals", as you love to call them ... The article goes on to describe flappers haunting public venues in order to "get off" with men.
1 2  Graves, Robert; Hodge, Alan (1994), The Long Week End: a Social History of Great Britain, 1918–1939, pp. 33–34.
↑  Backfisch. In: Sigi Kube: Wie kommt die Katze in den Sack und was weiß der Kuckuck davon?: Tierische Redewendungen und ihre Bedeutung. Heyne, 2011, ISBN 978-3-641-05361-1 (German)
↑  Staff (February 24, 1910), New Brunswick Times, ... a typical German girl of the well to do class between the ages of fifteen and seventeen. Before she gets to be fifteen she is simply a 'kid' as we say in this country. But for those two years she is a backfisch pure and simple. The article implies the girl is so designated to prevent someone no longer a child attempting to assume the airs of an adult woman: "These German frauleins dare not do so, because they know they are mere backfisches." The article concludes "And over in England, as I learned, they call a girl of about fifteen a 'flapper'. If I were still but fifteen I am sure I would prefer being a backfisch."
↑  Pall Mall Gaz, 3 (2), August 29, 1891, Let us introduce the word 'Backfisch', for we have the Backfisch always with us. She ranges from fifteen to eighteen years of age, keeps a diary, climbs trees secretly, blushes on the smallest provocation, and has no conversation. Missing or in the Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.), 1989.
↑  u Puy, President of the League of American Pen Women, Mrs William Atherton (October 15, 1921), "Let Girls Smoke, Mrs Dupuy's Plea", The New York Times, Yes, girls do smoke, and there is no harm if they don't go to excess. It is not like the rush of girls to the cafés to drink which happened twenty years ago. It was that which brought about prohibition..
↑  Dumenil (1995)
↑  Latham, Angela J. (2000). Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. pp. 7–8. ISBN 9780819564016.
↑  Zeitz, 2007. "Here was where the modern culture could prove threatening to the Victorians. The ethos of the consumer market glorified not only self-indulgence and satisfaction, but also personal liberty and choice. It invited relativism in all matters ranging from color schemes and bath soap to religion, politics, sex and morality."
↑  Zeitz, 2007. "Others argued, though, that flappers' laissez-faire attitude was simply a natural progression of feminine liberation, the right having already been won."; p.107: "[T[he Jazz Age flapper ... [was] [d]isengaged from politics..."
↑  Zeitz 2007, p. 117.
↑  "Shifters No Longer Appeal to Slackers", The New York Times, March 26, 1922, The epithets she has evolved from her own lexicon are "junk", "necker" and "heavy necker". "Junk" is anything she considers unimportant or unworthy of consideration. A "necker" is a "petter" who puts her arms around a boy's neck. A "heavy necker" is a "petter" who hangs heavily on said neck. "Necking parties" have superseded "petting parties"..
↑  Oxford English Dictionary, online ed., March 2012.
↑  First occurring as American criminal slang before 1914. Jackson, Louis E; Hellyer, CR (1914), A dictionary of criminal slang in Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.), March 2012.
↑  Editors of Time-Life (1997). The Jazz Age: The 20s. Alexandria, Virginia.: Time-Life Books. pp. 32–33.
↑  Reinsch, O. (2013). Gender and Consumerism. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
1 2 3 4 5  Kemper, Rachel (December 1977). History of Costume. New York: WW Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-88225-137-0.
↑  "The Short Skirt Misconception of the Twenties", Flapper fashion 1920s, Fashion era, Shortness is a popular misconception reinforced by the availability of moving film of the Charleston dance which shows very visible knees and legs on the dancing flappers.
↑  "Mme Nordica Buys No Paris Gowns", The New York Times, January 1, 1913.
↑  "Mme Nordica Buys No Paris Gowns", The New York Times, January 1, 1913, ...when a lady of uncertain age and very certain development attempts the same little costume because it looks well on the thin little girl, well – " And Mme. Nordica left the result to the interviewer's imagination.
↑  "Evolution of the flapper fashion", Flapper fashion 1920s, Fashion era.
↑  The Times, p. 11, December 23, 1915, ...the jaunty little toque
↑  "Pantomime At The Front, Soldier "Heroines"", The Times (41050), p 7, col E, December 30, 1915, There was, for instance, a Maid Marian in the cast, who was described as a "dainty dam'sell" because she was a sergeant. There was something ridiculously fascinating about that sergeant, for he was in blue short skirts, a hat of Parisian type and flapper-like hair; and when she was instructing Ferdinand, a Bad Lad... in the use of the "glad eye", the great audience shouted with laughter.
↑  Smith, Merril D. (2014). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 114. ISBN 9780759123328.
↑  Hughes, Kathryn. "Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation by Judith Mackrell – review" The Guardian (June 1, 2013)
↑  "Fritzi Ritz Before Bushmiller: She's Come a Long Way, Baby!". Hogan's Alley.
↑  Lowry, Helen Bullitt. "On the Knees of Our College Girls" The New York Times (February 2, 1922)
↑  Bergstein, Rachelle. Women From the Ankle Down: The Story of Shoes and How They Define Us New York: HarperCollins, 2012. ISBN 0-06-209707-5.
↑  "Gatsby Party - Your Definitive Fashion Guide". picVpic-Fashion101. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
↑  Jean Lorrain (1936). La Ville Empoisonnée. Paris: Jean Cres. p. 279. ...the great voracious mouth, the immense black eyes, ringed, bruised, discolored, the incandescence of her pupils, the bewildered nocturnal hair...
↑  "A Brief History of 1920s Makeuop" Glamour Daze
↑  Valenti, Lauren (April 10, 2014) "The History of Women and Their Eyebrows" Marie Claire
↑  Kriebl, Karen J (1998). "From bloomers to flappers: the American women's dress reform movement, 1840–1920". Ohio State University: 113–28.
↑  Yellis, Kenneth A (1969). "Prosperity's Child: Some thoughts on the Flapper". The American Quarterly. pp. 44–64.
↑  Lowry, Helen (January 30, 1921). "As the debutante tells it: more about Mrs Grundy and Miss 1921". The New York Times.
↑  Freedman, Estelle B. (1974). "The New Woman: Changing views of Women in the 1920s". The Journal of American History: 372–93.
↑  "Flappers – Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages". www.fashionencyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
↑  "The Stock Market Crash of 1929". www.thebubblebubble.com. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
↑  "Women's Fashion in War Work". www.forgeofinnovation.org. Retrieved November 3, 2015
ויולט רומר בשמלת פלאפר (צולם בסביבות שנת 1915)
קלרה בואו ב-1921, לפני שהפכה לכוכבת
השחקנית אליס ג'ויס (1926)
מכונית סטודיבייקר משנת 1920
עמוד פנימי במגזין הפלאפר
בטי בופ, דמות אנימציה מצוירת שהומצאה בשנת 1930 על ידי מקס פליישר כקריקטורה לפלאפריות, שהפכו לסמל של שנות ה-20
השחקנית נורמה טלמדג'
"היכן שיש עשן יש אש" מאת ראסל פטרסון, ממחיש לבוש פלאפר אופנתי בשנות העשרים
השחקנית הצרפתית פולייר בשנת 1899
שערו של מגזין לייף המציג את האיור "The Flapper" של המאייר, פרנק קסבייר ליינדקר, מ-2 בפברואר 1922.