מודל הארץ השטוחה
הערות שוליים

↑  "Their cosmography as far as we know anything about it was practically of one type up til the time of the white man's arrival upon the scene. That of the Borneo Dayaks may furnish us with some idea of it. 'They consider the Earth to be a flat surface, whilst the heavens are a dome, a kind of glass shade which covers the Earth and comes in contact with it at the horizon.'"
Lucien Levy-Bruhl, Primitive Mentality (repr. Boston: Beacon, 1966) 353; "The usual primitive conception of the world's form ... [is] flat and round below and surmounted above by a solid firmament in the shape of an inverted bowl." H. B. Alexander, The Mythology of All Races 10: North American (repr. New York: Cooper Square, 1964) 249.
↑  דיוגנס לארטיוס, חיי פילוסופים מפורסמים, ספר 8, פרק 1, 48.
↑  Bezalel Bar-Kochva, The Image of the Jews in Greek Literature; The Hellenic Period. University of California Press, Berkeley 2010, Part I, 4. Megasthenes on the "Physics" of the Greeks, Brahmans, and Jews, p. 162, n. 119
↑  הסופר היווני דיוגנס לארטיוס (המאה ה-3 לספירה) מציין כי הסופיסט הרומי פוורינוס (Favorinus) (המאה ה-2 לספירה) כותב שפיתגורס היה הראשון שקרא לעולם כדור, אולם באותו משפט דיוגנס גם מצטט באופן בלתי ישיר את הפילוסוף היווני תאופרסטוס (המאה ה-4 לפנה"ס), לפיו הראשון היה הפילוסוף הקדם-סוקרטי פרמנידס (אמצע המאה ה-5 לפנה"ס). לדעת ההיסטוריון בצלאל בר כוכבא, "בשל טבעם המעורפל של מקורות המידע בנוגע לפיתגורס... נראה כי עדיף ללכת כאן בעקבות תאופרסטוס".
↑  Continuation of Greek concept into Roman and medieval Christian thought: Reinhard Krüger: Materialien und Dokumente zur mittelalterlichen Erdkugeltheorie von der Spätantike bis zur Kolumbusfahrt (1492)
↑  Direct adoption of the Greek concept by Islam: Ragep, F. Jamil: "Astronomy", in: Krämer, Gudrun (ed.) et al.: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill 2010, without page numbers
↑  Direct adoption by India: D. Pingree: "History of Mathematical Astronomy in India", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 15 (1978), pp. 533−633 (554ff.); Glick, Thomas F., Livesey, Steven John, Wallis, Faith (eds.): "Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, New York 2005, ISBN 0-415-96930-1, p. 463
↑  Adoption by China via European science: Jean-Claude Martzloff, "Space and Time in Chinese Texts of Astronomy and of Mathematical Astronomy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", Chinese Science 11 (1993–94): 66–92 (69) and Christopher Cullen, "A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan tzu 淮 南 子", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 39, No. 1 (1976), pp. 106–27 (107)
↑  MacDougall, Robert. "Strange enthusiasms: a brief history of American pseudoscience". Columbia University. נבדק ב-5 ביולי 2016. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  H. and H. A. Frankfort, J. A. Wilson, and T. Jacobsen, Before Philosophy (Baltimore: Penguin, 1949) 54.
↑  Anthony Gottlieb (2000). The Dream of Reason. Penguin. p. 6. ISBN 0-393-04951-5.
↑  Pyramid Texts, Utterance 366, 629a–29c: "Behold, thou art great and round like the Great Round; Behold, thou are bent around, and art round like the Circle which encircles the nbwt; Behold, thou art round and great like the Great Circle which sets."(Faulkner 1969, 120)
↑  Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Pritchard, 1969, p. 374.
↑  Coffin Texts, Spell 714.
↑  קצות השמים והארץ מוזכרים בפסוקים כגון ספר דברים, פרק ד', פסוק ל"ב, ספר דברים, פרק י"ג, פסוק ח' ועוד. מניין הקצוות מובא בספר ירמיהו, פרק מ"ט, פסוק ל"ו ובספר ישעיהו, פרק י"א, פסוק י"ב.
↑  Bezalel Bar-Kochva, The Image of the Jews in Greek Literature; The Hellenic Period. University of California Press, Berkeley 2010, Part I, 4. Megasthenes on the "Physics" of the Greeks, Brahmans, and Jews, p. 161
↑  Berlin, Adele (2011). "Cosmology and creation".  In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine (eds.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199730049.
↑  Seely, Paul H. (1991). "The Firmament and the Water Above" (PDF). Westminster Theological Journal. 53: 227–40. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2021-10-03. נבדק ב-2010-02-02.
↑  Ralph Vary Chamberlin, The Early Hebrew Conception of the Universe
↑  ראובן ג. קנדל, דמות השמים והארץ בחז"ל, באתר yahadut.org.il
↑  גד בן-עמי צרפתי, "הקוסמוגראפיה התלמודית", תרביץ לה [ב] (טבת תשכ"ו), באתר JSTOR
1 2  "עד שראה את העולם ככדור ואת הים כקערה". תלמוד ירושלמי, מסכת עבודה זרה,  פרק ג', הלכה א', לפי פירוש בעלי התוספות בתוספות, מסכת עבודה זרה, דף מ"א, עמוד א', ד"ה ככדור.
↑  תלמוד בבלי, מסכת בבא בתרא, דף ע"ד, עמוד א'
↑  רבינו חננאל על הש"ס, פסחים דף צד עמוד א
↑  הלכות קידוש החודש ועוד
↑  רמב"ן על בראשית א ט
↑  According to John Mansley Robinson, An Introduction to Early Greek Philosophy, Houghton and Mifflin, 1968.
↑  The Physical World of the Greeks, Samuel Sambursky, Princeton University Press (August 1987), p. 12
↑  Burch, George Bosworth (1954). "The Counter-Earth". Osiris. Saint Catherines Press. 11 (1): 267–94. doi:10.1086/368583.
↑  De Fontaine, Didier (2002). "Flat worlds: Today and in antiquity". Memorie della Società Astronomica Italiana, special issue. 1 (3): 257–62. Bibcode:2002MmSAI..73S.257D. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2007-08-25. נבדק ב-3 באוגוסט 2007. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Aristotle, De Caelo, 294b13–21
↑  Aristotle, De Caelo, II. 13. 3; 294a 28: "Many others say the earth rests upon water. This... is the oldest theory that has been preserved, and is attributed to Thales of Miletus"
↑  O'Grady, Patricia F. (2002). Thales of Miletus: the beginnings of Western science and philosophy. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 87–107. ISBN 9780754605331.
↑  Pseudo-Plutarch. Placita Philosophorum. Perseus Digital Library. V.3, Ch.10. נבדק ב-24 בדצמבר 2014. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Hippolytus, Refutation of all Heresies, i. 6
↑  Anaximander; Fairbanks, Arthur. "Fragments and Commentary". The Hanover Historical Texts Project. (Plut., Strom. 2 ; Dox. 579).
↑  Hippolytus, Refutation of all Heresies, i. 7; Cf. Aristotle, De Caelo, 294b13–21
↑  Xenophanes DK 21B28, quoted in Achilles, Introduction to Aratus 4
↑  Diogenes Laertius, ii. 8
↑  Hippolytus, Refutation of all Heresies, i. 9
↑  APS, This Month in Physics History, יוני 2006
↑  FGrH F 18a.
↑  Herodotus knew of the conventional view, according to which the river Ocean runs around a circular flat earth (4.8), and of the division of the world into three - Jacoby, RE Suppl. 2.352 ff yet rejected this personal belief (Histories, 2. 21; 4. 8; 4. 36)
↑  The history of Herodotus, George Rawlinson, Appleton and company, 1889, p. 409
↑  Iliad, 28. 606.
↑  The Shield of Heracles, 314–16, transl. Hugh G. Evelyn-White, 1914.
↑  The shield of Achilles and the poetics of ekphrasis, Andrew Sprague Becker, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, p. 148.
↑  Professor of Classics (Emeritus) Mark W. Edwards in his The Iliad. A commentary (1991, p. 231) has noted of Homer's usage of the flat earth disc in the Iliad: "Okeanos...surrounds the pictures on the shield and he surrounds the disc of the earth on which men and women work out their lives". Quoted in The shield of Achilles and the poetics of ekphrasis, Andrew Sprague Becker, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, p. 148
↑  Stasinus of Cyprus wrote in his Cypria (lost, only preserved in fragment) that Oceanus surrounded the entire earth: deep eddying Oceanus and that the earth was flat with furthest bounds', these quotes are found preserved in Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae, VIII. 334B.
↑  Mimnermus of Colophon (630BC) details a flat earth model, with the sun (Helios) bathing at the edges of Oceanus that surround the earth (Mimnermus, frg. 11)
↑  Seven against Thebes, verse 305; Prometheus Bound, 1, 136; 530; 665 (which also describe the 'edges' of the earth).
↑  Apollonius Rhodius, in his Argonautica (3rd century BC) included numerous flat earth references (IV. 590 ff): "Now that river, rising from the ends of the earth, where are the portals and mansions of Nyx (Night), on one side bursts forth upon the beach of Okeanos."
↑  Posthomerica (V. 14). "Here [on the shield of Achilles] Tethys' all-embracing arms were wrought, and Okeanos fathomless flow. The outrushing flood of Rivers crying to the echoing hills all round, to right, to left, rolled o'er the land." Translation by Way, A.S. 1913.
↑  The Sacred Tree in Religion and Myth, Mrs. J. H. Philpot, Courier Dover Publications, 2004, p. 113.
↑  "The world was a flat disk, with the earth in the center and the sea all around. Thus the serpent is about as far away from the center, where men and gods lived" (Norse mythology: a guide to the Gods, heroes, rituals, and beliefs, John Lindow Oxford University Press, 2002) p. 253.
↑  One of the earliest literary references to the world encircling water snake comes from Bragi Boddason who lived in the 9th century, in his Ragnarsdrápa
↑  "Gylfaginning". Sacred-texts.com. נבדק ב-9 בפברואר 2013. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "The King's Mirror". mediumaevum.com. נבדק ב-6 בנובמבר 2013. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
אימאגו מונדי (אנ') - מפה בבלית, מפת העולם הידועה ביותר, בת המאה ה-6 לפנה"ס[דרוש מקור][מפני ש...].
מודל היקום המקראי, לפי ראלף צ'מברלין (אנ') בספרו "The White and Blue". פורסם ב-1909.
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