פליטה אקוסטית
תקנים

במהלך השנים עם צבירת ניסיון ושימוש רב בשיטה נוצר צורך בקביעת תקנים המגדירים את תהליך הבדיקה, שיטת הפענוח, ודרישות לצוות המבצע. מספר תקנים הקשורים בבדיקות בל"ה המבוססות על פליטה אקוסטית הוא כמספר התקנים של השיטות האחרות כמו בדיקת אולטרה סאונד או בדיקת חלקיקים מגנטיים. ישנם גופים רבים במדינות שונות המפתחים סטנדרטים לביצוע בדיקות של מבנים שונים. התקנים מתייחסים לנושאים כמו:
מעקב אחרי תקינות ציוד הבדיקה.
שיטות לכיול הציוד.
קביעת נהלים לביצוע בדיקות למבנים שונים .
הגופים הגדולים האחראיים על הוצאת התקנים הם:
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers, www.asme.org
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials, www.astm.org
ANST - American Society for Nondestructive Testing, www.asnt.org
International Organization for Standardization, www.iso.org
להלן רשימה חלקית של תקנים בתחום פליטה אקוסטית:
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Vessels, Article 11, Subsection A, Section V, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Acoustic Emission Examination of Metallic Vessels During Pressure Testing, Article 12, Subsection A, Section V, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Continuous Acoustic Emission Monitoring, Article 13 Section V
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
E569-97 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled Stimulation
E650-97 Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
E749-96 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During Continuous Welding
E750-98 Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
E976-00 Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
E1067-96 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels
E1106-86(1997) Standard Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
E1118-95 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP)
E1139-97 Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
E1211-97 Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
E1316-00 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1419-00 Standard Test Method for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
E1781-98 Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
E1932-97 Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts
E1930-97 Standard Test Method for Examination of Liquid Filled Atmospheric and Low Pressure Metal Storage Tanks Using Acoustic Emission
E2075-00 Standard Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response Using an Acrylic Rod
E2076-00 Standard Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission
ASNT - American Society for Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT CP-189, ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel.
CARP Recommended Practice for Acoustic Emission Testing of Pressurized Highway Tankers Made of Fiberglass reinforced with Balsa Cores.
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A.
Association of American Railroads
Procedure for Acoustic Emission Evaluation of Tank Cars and IM-101 tanks, Issue 1, and Annex Z thereto, “ Test Methods to Meet FRA Request for Draft Sill Inspection program, docket T79.20-90 (BRW) ,” Preliminary 2
Compressed Gas Association
C-1, Methods for Acoustic Emission Requalification of Seamless Steel Compressed Gas Tubes.
European Committee for Standardization
DIN EN 14584, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – Examination of Metallic Pressure Equipment during Proof Testing; Planar Location of AE Sources.
EN 1330-9, Non-Destructive Testing – Terminology – Part 9, Terms Used in Acoustic Emission Testing.
EN 13477-1, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – Equipment Characterization – Part 1, Equipment Description.
EN 13477-2, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – Equipment Characterization – Part 2, Verification of Operating Characteristics.
EN 13554, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – General Principles.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE C57.127, Trial-Use guide for the Detection of Acoustic Emission from Partial Discharges in Oil-Immersed Power Transformers.
International Organization for Standardization
ISO 12713, Non-Destructive Testing - Acoustic Emission Inspection – Primary Calibration of Transducers.
ISO 12714, Non-Destructive Testing - Acoustic Emission Inspection – Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors.
ISO 12716, Non-Destructive Testing - Acoustic Emission Inspection – Vocabulary
ISO/DIS 16148, gas Cylinders – Refillable Seamless Steel gas Cylinders – Acoustic Emission Examination (AEE) for Periodic Inspection.
Japanese Institute for Standardization
JIS Z 2342, Methods for Acoustic Testing of Pressure Vessels during Pressure Tests and Classification of Test Results.
Japanese Society for Nondestructive Inspection
NDIS 2106-79, Evaluation of performance Characteristics of Acoustic Emission Testing Equipment.
NDIS 2109-91, Methods for Absolute calibration of Acoustic Emission Transducers by Reciprocity Technique.
NDIS 2412-80, Acoustic Emission Testing of Spherical Pressure Vessels of High Tensile Strength Steel and Classification of Test Results.
איור 1:מבנה סכמטי של מערכת בדיקה של צינור
איור 2א':צילום של חיישן רגיל
איור 2ב':הצגה סכמטית של חיישן אינטגרלי, חיישן + מגבר
איור 3:מגבר חיצוני
איור 4:תכונות אופייניות של גל המתאר אות של פליטה אקוסטית