ההיסטוריות של מוחמד
הערות שוליים

1 2 3  Encyclopaedia of Islam, Muhammad
1 2 3 4 5 6  Nigosian 2004, p. 6.
1 2  Donner 1998, p. 125.
↑  William Montgomery Watt, Muhammad in Mecca, 1953, Oxford University Press, p.xi
1 2  "Hadith - Book of Judgments (Ahkaam) - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". Sunnah.com. 2012-04-26. נבדק ב-2015-07-24.
↑  "Volume 6, Book 61, Number 509". Sahih al-Bukhari. נבדק ב-25 בספטמבר 2019. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Hasan, Sayyid Siddiq; Nadwi, Abul Hasan Ali (2000). The collection of the Qur'an. תורגם ע"י Kidwai, A.R. Karachi: Qur'anic Arabic Foundation. pp. 34–5.
↑  Cook, The Koran, 2000: p.120
↑  Cook, The Koran, 2000: p.6
↑  Cook, The Koran, 2000: p.119
↑  (Burton, pp. 141–42 – citing Ahmad b. `Ali b. Muhammad al `Asqalani, ibn Hajar, "Fath al Bari", 13 vols, Cairo, 1939/1348, vol. 9, p. 18).
↑  see also: William Montgomery Watt in The Cambridge History of Islam, p.32
↑  Cook, The Koran, 2000: p.136-37
↑  F. E. Peters (1991)
↑  "Birmingham Qur'an manuscript dated among the oldest in the world". University of Birmingham. נבדק ב-16 באוקטובר 2017. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Herbert Berg(2000), p.83
1 2  Patricia Crone, Michael Cook, and Gerd R. Puin as quoted in Toby Lester (בינואר 1999). "What Is the Koran?". The Atlantic Monthly. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation (1977) and The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History (1978) by Wansbrough.
↑  http://www.derafsh-kaviyani.com/english/quran3.html (Discusses Wansbrough)
↑  THE HISTORY OF THE QUR’ANIC TEXT FROM REVELATION TO COMPILATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS by Muhammad Mustafa Al-A’zami, Leicester: UK, page 12; Al-A’zami quotes a letter that was published in the Yemeni newspaper ath-Thawra, 11 March 1999
↑  Guardian staff reporter, Querying the Koran, The Guardian, ‏2 AUG 2000
↑  Sardar, Z.; Malik, Z.A. (1994). Muhammad for beginners. London. p. 30.
↑  Sardar, Ziauddin (1994). Introducing Islam: A Graphic Guide. Icon Books Ltd. ISBN 9781848317741. נבדק ב-22 בינואר 2020. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Ibn Rawandi, "Origins of Islam", 2000: p.89-90
↑  Holland, Tom (2012). "1. Known Unknowns". In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global ... Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 9780385531368. נבדק ב-25 בספטמבר 2019. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Raven, W. (1997). "SĪRA". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 660–663. ISBN 90-04-10422-4.
↑  Donner 1998, pp. 26–27.
↑  Crone and Cook, Patricia and Michael (1980). Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 277. ISBN 0-521-29754-0.
↑  Hoyland, Robert G (1998). Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. Darwin. p. 591. ISBN 0878501258.
↑  Lammen, "Koran and Tradition", 2000: p.174-5
↑  ARA, ANJUM (7 במרץ 2016). "The Sons of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)". MUSLIM MEMO. נבדק ב-25 בפברואר 2020. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Number of sons and daughters of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) Q.23294". IslamQA. 6 ביוני 2002. נבדק ב-25 בפברואר 2020. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Children Of Prophet Muhammad". Islamicweb. נבדק ב-25 בפברואר 2020. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  ilmisfree (2012-03-04), Dr. Jonathan A.C. Brown - An Introduction to Hadith, ארכיון מ-2021-12-14, נבדק ב-2016-12-11 (see from 0:01:13)
↑  Kutty, Ahmad (30 במרץ 2005). "What Is the Significance of Hadith in Islam?". Islamicity. נבדק ב-22 בינואר 2020. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Lewis 1967, p. 37.
↑  Humphreys, R. Stephen (1991). Islamic History: A framework for Inquiry (Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-691-00856-6.
↑  Neva & Koren, "Methodological Approaches to Islamic Studies", 2000: p.433
↑  Brock, S.P. (1982). "Syriac Views of Emergent Islam".  In G.H.A. Juynboll (ed.). Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 14.
↑  Neva & Koren, "Methodological Approaches to Islamic Studies", 2000: p.432
↑  "Muhammad". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
↑  Peters, F.E. (באוגוסט 1991). "The Quest of the Historical Muhammad". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 23 (3): 307. doi:10.1017/S0020743800056312. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Cook, Michael (1983). Muhammad. Oxford University Press. pp. 62–3. ISBN 0192876058.
↑  Cook, Michael (1983). Muhammad. Oxford University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0192876058.
↑  Crone, Patricia (1980). Slaves on Horses (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 4. נבדק ב-23 בנובמבר 2019. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Ibn Warraq, ed. (2000). "2. Origins of Islam: A Critical Look at the Sources". The Quest for the Historical Muhammad. Prometheus. p. 103.
↑  Hoyland, In God's Path, 2015: p.56-7
↑  François de Blois, Islam in its Arabian Context, S. 615, in: The Qur'an in Context, ed. by Angelika Neuwirth et al., 2010.
↑  Cook, Michael (1996). Muhammad. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–76. ISBN 0192876058.
↑  Crone, Patricia (10 ביוני 2008). "What do we actually know about Mohammed?". openDemocracy. נבדק ב-22 בינואר 2020. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  Liutsian Klimovich, “Sushchestvoval li Mokhammed? Diskussiia v Kommunisticheskoi akademii v antireligioznoi sektsii instituta filosofii 12/XI 1930g. po dokladu L.I. Klimovicha”, in: Voinstvuiushchii ateizm, No. 2-3, (1931), 189-218.
↑  Yehuda D. Nevo and Judith Koren, Crossroads to Islam: The Origins of the Arab Religion and the Arab state., Prometheus Books, 2003
↑  Karl-Heinz Ohlig, Der frühe Islam, 2007, ISBN 3-89930-090-4
↑  Volker Popp, Die frühe Islamgeschichte nach inschriftlichen und numismatischen Zeugnissen, in: Karl-Heinz Ohlig (ed.), Die dunklen Anfänge. Neue Forschungen zur Entstehung und frühen Geschichte des Islam, Berlin 2005, pp. 16–123 (here p. 63 ff.)
↑  Christoph Heger, yā muhammad ̣ – kein „o MOHAMMED“, und wer ist ʿalī?, in: Markus Groß and Karl-Heinz Ohlig (eds.), Schlaglichter: Die beiden ersten islamischen Jahrhunderte, Berlin (Verlag Hans Schiller) 2008, pp. 278–292.
↑  Islamic Theologian Says Prophet Muhammad Likely Never Existed, The Wall Street Journal, ‏באוקטובר 2008