כליאה המונית
הערות שוליים

↑  Lowry, David (1976). "Human Rights Vol. 5, No. 3 "INTERNMENT: DENTENTION WITHOUT TRIAL IN NORTHERN IRELAND"". Human Rights. American Bar Association: ABA Publishing. 5 (3): 261–331. JSTOR 27879033. The essence of internment lies in incarceration without charge or trial.
↑  Kenney, Padraic (2017). Dance in Chains: Political Imprisonment in the Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-19-937574-5. A formal arrest usually comes with a charge, but many regimes employed internment (that is, detention without intent to file charges
↑  "the definition of internment". www.dictionary.com.
↑  Schumacher-Matos, Edward; Grisham, Lori (10 בפברואר 2012). "Euphemisms, Concentration Camps And The Japanese Internment". npr.org. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "The Second Hague Convention, 1907". Yale.edu. אורכב מ-המקור ב-19 באוקטובר 2012. נבדק ב-1 בפברואר 2013. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Stone, Dan (2015). Concentration Camps: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-19-879070-9. Concentration camps throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries are by no means all the same, with respect either to the degree of violence that characterizes them or the extent to which their inmates are abandoned by the authorities... The crucial characteristic of a concentration camp is not whether it has barbed wire, fences, or watchtowers; it is, rather, the gathering of civilians, defined by a regime as de facto ‘enemies’, in order to hold them against their will without charge in a place where the rule of law has been suspended.
↑  "Nazi Camps". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. נבדק ב-3 באוקטובר 2020. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 9, United Nations
↑  "Concentration camp". American Heritage Dictionary. נבדק ב-22 ביולי 2014. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  James L. Dickerson (2010). Inside America's Concentration Camps: Two Centuries of Internment and Torture. Chicago Review Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-55652-806-4.
1 2  Concentration Camp. The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). Columbia University Press. 2008.
↑  "Concentration Camps Existed Long Before Auschwitz". Smithsonian. 2 בנובמבר 2017. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Storey, Moorfield; Codman, Julian (1902). Secretary Root's record. "Marked severities" in Philippine warfare. An analysis of the law and facts bearing on the action and utterances of President Roosevelt and Secretary Root. Boston: George H. Ellis Company. pp. 89–95.
↑  "Documents re camps in Boer War". sul.stanford.edu. אורכב מ-המקור ב-9 ביוני 2007. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  "Gulag: A History, by Anne Applebaum (Doubleday)". The Pulitzer Prizes. 2004. נבדק ב-2019-11-13.
↑  "Concentration Camps Existed Long Before Auschwitz". Smithsonian. 2 בנובמבר 2017. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Concentration Camp Listing". Belgium: Editions Kritak. Sourced from Van Eck, Ludo Le livre des Camps and Gilbert, Martin (1993). Atlas of the Holocaust. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-12364-3.. In this online site are the names of 149 camps and 814 subcamps, organized by country.
↑  Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3.
↑  Marek Przybyszewski. IBH Opracowania – Działdowo jako centrum administracyjne ziemi sasińskiej [Działdowo as the centre of local administration] (בפולנית). אורכב מ-המקור ב-2010-10-22 – via Internet Archive.
↑  Robert Gellately; Nathan Stoltzfus (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2.
↑  Anne Applebaum (18 באוקטובר 2001). A History of Horror| Review of Le Siècle des camps by Joël Kotek and Pierre Rigoulot. The New York Review of Books. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Schumacher-Matos, Edward; Grisham, Lori (10 בפברואר 2012). "Euphemisms, Concentration Camps And The Japanese Internment". npr.org. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Museum of British Colonialism releases online 3D models of British concentration camps in Kenya". Morning Star. 27 באוגוסט 2019. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "The Mau Mau Rebellion". The Washington Post. 31 בדצמבר 1989. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Chilean coup: 40 years ago I watched Pinochet crush a democratic dream". The Guardian. 7 בספטמבר 2013. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "As the U.S. Targets China's 'Concentration Camps', Xinjiang's Human Rights Crisis is Only Getting Worse". Newsweek. 22 במאי 2019. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Uighurs and their supporters decry Chinese 'concentration camps', 'genocide' after Xinjiang documents leaked". The Washington Post. 17 בנובמבר 2019. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (2019-11-16). "'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims". The New York Times (באנגלית אמריקאית). ISSN 0362-4331. נבדק ב-2019-11-16.
↑  Kate O'Keeffe and Katy Stech Ferek (14 בנובמבר 2019). "Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President', U.S. Panel Says". The Wall Street Journal. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Huff, Connor (2023). "Counterinsurgency Tactics, Rebel Grievances, and Who Keeps Fighting". American Political Science Review (באנגלית). doi:10.1017/S0003055423000059. ISSN 0003-0554.
↑  "Life inside a North Korea labour camp: 'We were forced to throw rocks at a man being hanged'". The Independent. 28 בספטמבר 2017. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today" (PDF). 2013-10-19. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-19 באוקטובר 2013. נבדק ב-2019-12-18. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Leigh, David (2011-04-25). "Guantánamo Bay files: Torture gets results, US military insists". The Guardian (באנגלית בריטית). ISSN 0261-3077. נבדק ב-2019-12-18.
↑  "Professor David Isaacs Speech" (PDF).
↑  EXCLUSIVE: Italian doctor laments Libya's 'concentration camps' for migrants, אורכב מ-המקור ב-2021-10-30, נבדק ב-2019-12-18
↑  "Europe's apathy toward humanitarian rescue outrages NGOs". InfoMigrants. 2018-12-11. נבדק ב-2019-12-18.
↑  Wehrey, Frederic (2019-11-25). "What the 'Danish Lawrence' Learned in Libya (5th paragraph from the last one)". The New York Review of Books. נבדק ב-2019-12-18.
↑  "Detained migrants killed in Libya airstrike used as 'human shields'".
↑  Mediapart, La Rédaction De (2 בדצמבר 2019). "France cancels speedboats delivery to Libyan coastguard". Mediapart. נבדק ב-2019-12-18. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "China is creating concentration camps in Xinjiang. Here's how we hold it accountable". The Washington Post. 24 בנובמבר 2018. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑    Josie Ensor, ‏Saudi crown prince defends China's right to put Uighur Muslims in concentration camps, The Telegraph, 22 February 2019
↑  "The persecution of gay men in Chechnya has chilling similarities to the Third Reich". NewsComAu. 2017-04-19. נבדק ב-2019-12-17.
↑  Stefanello, Viola (2019-01-15). "Is there a 'gay purge' in Chechnya? Rights group fears the worst". euronews. נבדק ב-2019-12-17.
↑  "Report: Chechnya Opens 'Concentration Camp for Homosexuals'". Snopes.com (באנגלית אמריקאית). 11 באפריל 2017. נבדק ב-2019-12-17. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Question to the EU Commission by Matt Carthy" (PDF).
↑  Hignett, Katherine (24 ביוני 2019). "Academics rally behind Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez over concentration camp comments: 'She is completely historically accurate'". Newsweek. נבדק ב-23 באוגוסט 2019. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Holmes, Jack (2019-06-13). "An Expert on Concentration Camps Says That's Exactly What the U.S. Is Running at the Border". Esquire (באנגלית אמריקאית). נבדק ב-2019-07-03.
↑  Beorn, Waitman Wade (20 ביוני 2018). "Yes, you can call the border centers 'concentration camps,' but apply the history with care". The Washington Post. נבדק ב-30 באוגוסט 2019. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Adams, Michael Henry. "Learning from the Germans: How We Might Atone for America's Evils". The Guardian. נבדק ב-10 בנובמבר 2019. Cages detaining refugees at the southern border are indeed 'concentration camps'. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Open Letter to Members of the Security Counsel Concerning Detentions in Iraq" (PDF).
↑  "Largest American Internment Camp in Iraq Shuts Down | The Takeaway". WNYC Studios. נבדק ב-2019-12-17.
↑  "How U.S. Torture Led to the Rise of ISIS". The Big Picture (באנגלית אמריקאית). 2014-12-23. נבדק ב-2019-12-17.
↑  "Excerpts From Red Cross Report". The Wall Street Journal (באנגלית אמריקאית). 2004-05-07. ISSN 0099-9660. נבדק ב-2019-12-17.
↑  Anderson, Jon Lee (2013-07-26). "Breaking Out of Abu Ghraib". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. נבדק ב-2019-12-17.
↑  "Defense.gov News Article: Abuse Resulted From Leadership Failure, Taguba Tells Senators". archive.defense.gov. אורכב מ-המקור ב-21 במאי 2020. נבדק ב-2019-12-17. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
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בקרת זהויות :  HDS: 008704  NKC: ph731253 
קורבנות קובנים של מדיניות הריכוז הספרדית, 1896
עשרת אלפים אסירים הוחזקו באל-עגילה, אחד ממחנות הריכוז האיטלקיים בלוב, בתקופת שליטתה של איטליה בלוב
נשים במחנה הריכוז קאלוואנקאנגאס (Kalevankangas) בטמפרה בשנת 1918, מספר חודשים לאחר מלחמת האזרחים הפינית
יהודים במחנה הריכוז בוכנוולד ליד ויימאר לאחר שחרורם על ידי בעלות הברית ב-16 באפריל 1945.