בעיות פתוחות באסטרונומיה
הערות שוליים

↑  Carnegie Institution (16 ביוני 2014). "Making Earth-Like Planets: Five Great Mysteries". YouTube. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  See Planets beyond Neptune#Orbits of distant objects for details.
↑  "Scientists Find That Saturn's Rotation Period is a Puzzle". NASA. 28 ביוני 2004. נבדק ב-2007-03-22. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Helled, R., Galanti, E., Kaspi, E., Saturn’s fast spin determined from its gravitational field and oblateness. Nature and arXiv, 2015 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.02561.pdf
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↑  Wolchover, Natalie (2015-05-14). "The Particle That Broke a Cosmic Speed Limit". Quanta Magazine. נבדק ב-2018-05-04.
↑  Casagrande, L.; Schönrich, R.; Asplund, M.; Cassisi, S.; Ramírez, I.; Meléndez, J.; Bensby, T.; Feltzing, S. (2011). "New constraints on the chemical evolution of the solar neighbourhood and Galactic disc(s)". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 530: A138. arXiv:1103.4651. Bibcode:2011A&A...530A.138C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201016276.
↑  Bensby, T.; Feltzing, S.; Lundström, I. (ביולי 2004). "A possible age-metallicity relation in the Galactic thick disk?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 421 (3): 969–976. arXiv:astro-ph/0403591. Bibcode:2004A&A...421..969B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035957. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Gilmore, G.; Asiri, H. M. (2011). "Open Issues in the Evolution of the Galactic Disks". Stellar Clusters & Associations: A RIA Workshop on Gaia. Proceedings. Granada: 280. Bibcode:2011sca..conf..280G.
↑  Casagrande, L.; Silva Aguirre, V.; Schlesinger, K. J.; Stello, D.; Huber, D.; Serenelli, A. M.; Scho Nrich, R.; Cassisi, S.; Pietrinferni, A. (2015). "Measuring the vertical age structure of the Galactic disc using asteroseismology and SAGA". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 455 (1): 987–1007. arXiv:1510.01376. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.455..987C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2320.
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↑  Ferrarese, Laura; Merritt, David (2000). "A Fundamental Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and their Host Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 539 (1): L9–L12. arXiv:astro-ph/0006053. Bibcode:2000ApJ...539L...9F. doi:10.1086/312838.
↑  Peres, Asher; Terno, Daniel R. (2004). "Quantum information and relativity theory". Reviews of Modern Physics. 76 (1): 93–123. arXiv:quant-ph/0212023. Bibcode:2004RvMP...76...93P. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.76.93.
↑  Ouellette, Jennifer (21 בדצמבר 2012). "Black Hole Firewalls Confound Theoretical Physicists". Scientific American. אורכב מ-המקור ב-9 בנובמבר 2013. נבדק ב-29 באוקטובר 2013. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Isham, C. J. (1993). "Canonical Quantum Gravity and the Problem of Time". Integrable Systems, Quantum Groups, and Quantum Field Theories. NATO ASI Series (באנגלית). Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 157–287. arXiv:gr-qc/9210011. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1980-1_6. ISBN 9789401048743.
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↑  Brooks, Michael (19 במרץ 2005). "13 Things That Do Not Make Sense". New Scientist. Issue 2491. נבדק ב-7 במרץ 2011. {{cite news}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Steinhardt, P.; Turok, N. (2006). "Why the Cosmological constant is so small and positive". Science. 312 (5777): 1180–1183. arXiv:astro-ph/0605173. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1180S. doi:10.1126/science.1126231. PMID 16675662.
↑  Wang, Qingdi; Zhu, Zhen; Unruh, William G. (11 במאי 2017). "How the huge energy of quantum vacuum gravitates to drive the slow accelerating expansion of the Universe". Physical Review D. 95 (10): 103504. arXiv:1703.00543. Bibcode:2017PhRvD..95j3504W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.95.103504. This problem is widely regarded as one of the major obstacles to further progress in fundamental physics [...] Its importance has been emphasized by various authors from different aspects. For example, it has been described as a “veritable crisis” [...] and even “the mother of all physics problems” [...] While it might be possible that people working on a particular problem tend to emphasize or even exaggerate its importance, those authors all agree that this is a problem that needs to be solved, although there is little agreement on what is the right direction to find the solution. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Rare Earth: Complex Life Elsewhere in the Universe?". Astrobiology Magazine. אורכב מ-המקור ב-28 ביוני 2011. נבדק ב-12 באוגוסט 2006. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Sagan, Carl. "The Quest for Extraterrestrial Intelligence". Cosmic Search Magazine. אורכב מ-המקור ב-18 באוגוסט 2006. נבדק ב-12 באוגוסט 2006. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
עקומת סיבוב של גלקסיה ספירלית טיפוסית: מצופה ( A ) ובמציאות ( B ). האם ניתן לייחס את הפער בין העקומות לחומר אפל?
התפלגות משוערת של חומר קורן, חומר אפל ואנרגיה אפלה ביקום.