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הערות שוליים

↑  Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, passim; Elizabeth Manwell, "Gender and Masculinity," in A Companion to Catullus (Blackwell, 2007), p. 118.
↑  Kristina Minor (2014). Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii. Oxford University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0199684618. Despite the best efforts of scholars, we have essentially no direct evidence of female homoerotic love in Rome: the best we can do is a collection of hostile literary and technical treatments ranging from Phaedrus to Juvenal to the medical writers and Church fathers, all of which condemn sex between women as low-class, immoral, barbarous, and disgusting.
↑  Skinner, Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture, p. 69
↑  Christopher A. Faraone (2001). Ancient Greek Love Magic. Harvard University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0674006966.
↑  Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326. See the statement preserved by Aulus Gellius 9.12. 1 that " it was an injustice to bring force to bear against the body of those who are free" (vim in corpus liberum non aecum ... adferri).
↑  Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xii.
↑  Elaine Fantham, "The Ambiguity of Virtus in Lucan's Civil War and Statius' Thebiad," Arachnion 3; Andrew J.E. Bell, "Cicero and the Spectacle of Power," Journal of Roman Studies 87 (1997), p. 9; Edwin S. Ramage, "Aspects of Propaganda in the De bello gallico: Caesar’s Virtues and Attributes," Athenaeum 91 (2003) 331–372; Myles Anthony McDonnell, Roman manliness: virtus and the Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, 2006) passim; Rhiannon Evans, Utopia Antiqua: Readings of the Golden Age and Decline at Rome (Routledge, 2008), pp. 156–157.
↑  Davina C. Lopez, "Before Your Very Eyes: Roman Imperial Ideology, Gender Constructs and Paul's Inter-Nationalism," in Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses (Brill, 2007), pp. 135–138.
↑  Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities (Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11.
↑  Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 18.
↑  Rebecca Langlands, Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 13.
↑  For further discussion of how sexual activity defines the free, respectable citizen from the slave or "un-free" person, see Master-slave relations in ancient Rome.
↑  Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 225.
↑  Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in Roman Sexualities, pp. 67–68.
↑  Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, p. xi; Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities, p. 11.
↑  Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, pp. xi–xii; Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities, pp. 11–12.
↑  Amy Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," in A Companion to the Roman Empire (Blackwell, 2006), p. 329. The lower classes (humiliores) were subject to harsher penalties than the elite (honestiores).
↑  This is a theme throughout Carlin A. Barton, The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster (Princeton University Press, 1993).
↑  Richlin, The Garden of Priapus, p. 33. "Whatever the relationship between the poetry and the reality, it is a fact that poems to pueri are as common as poems to mistresses, and are similar in tone."
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, 2nd ed., pp. 36–39.
↑  Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, p. 120; Edward Courtney, The Fragmentary Latin Poets (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), p. 75.
↑  Ramsay MacMullen, "Roman Attitudes to Greek Love," Historia 31.4 (1982), pp. 484–502.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, 2nd ed., pp. 16, 327, 328.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, 2nd ed., pp. 70–78.
1 2  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, 2nd ed., p. 23.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, 2nd ed., p. 24.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, 2nd ed., p. 19.
↑  Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, 10.1.93.
↑  Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, p. 154.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, 2nd ed., p. 12.
↑  Catullus, Carmina 24, 48, 81, 99.
↑  John Pollini, "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver," Art Bulletin 81.1 (1999), p. 28.
↑  Lucretius, De rerum natura 4.1052–1056). See also Sexuality in ancient Rome#Epicurean sexuality.
↑  Amy Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3.4 (1993), p. 536.
↑  Tibullus, Book One, elegies 4, 8, and 9.
↑  Propertius 4.2.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, 2nd ed., pp. 35 and 189.
↑  Suetonius. "The Life of Vergil". University of Chicago. ארכיון מ-2022-02-21. נבדק ב-2022-02-21.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 116–119.
↑  Mark Petrini, The Child and the Hero: Coming of Age in Catullus and Vergil (University of Michigan Press, 1997), pp. 24–25.
↑  James Anderson Winn, The Poetry of War (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 162.
↑  Ovid, Ars Amatoria 2.683–684; Pollini, "Warren Cup," p. 36.
↑  Judith P. Hallett; Marilyn Skinner, eds. (1997). Roman Sexualities. Princeton University Press. p. 55.
↑  As at Metamorphoses 10.155ff.
↑  Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," p. 31 et passim.
↑  Paul Chrystal (2017). In Bed with the Romans. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1445666730.
↑  Potter, David S., ed. (2009). "Sexuality in the Roman Empire". A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6. ארכיון מ-2021-10-16. נבדק ב-2022-02-21.
↑  Louis Crompton, Byron and Greek Love (London, 1998), p. 93.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, 2nd ed., p. 351, n. 150.
↑  Johns, Catherine (1982). Sex or Symbol? Erotic Images of Greece and Rome. British Museum. pp. 102–104.
1 2  Clarke, “Sexuality and Visual Representation,” p. 514
↑  Richlin, The Garden of Priapus, p. 223.
1 2  Skinner, Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture, p. 369
↑  James L. Butrica (2005). "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality". Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition. Haworth Press. p. 210.
1 2 3  Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking, p. 78.
↑  Andrew Lear, “Ancient Pederasty: An Introduction,” in A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities, edited by Thomas K. Hubbard, 102–127 (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014), p: 107.
↑  Nick Fisher; Aeschines (2001). Against Timarchus. Clarendon Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0198149026.
↑  "The monuments of the ancient Pompeii - SUBURBAN BATH - POMPEII". www.pompeii.org.uk. ארכיון מ-2021-01-25. נבדק ב-2022-02-21.
↑  John R. Clarke, “Sexuality and Visual Representation,” in A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities, edited by Thomas K. Hubbard, 509–33 (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014).
↑  John R. Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250 (University of California Press, 1998, 2001), p. 234.
↑  Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking, pp. 234–235.
↑  Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking, p. 255.
↑  Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution, p. 39.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 69–70.
↑  Amy Richlin, "Pliny's Brassiere," in Roman Sexualities, p. 215.
↑  David Fredrick, The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), p. 156.
↑  Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (University of Michigan Press, 1988), pp. 239–240, 249–250 et passim.
↑  John Pollini, "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver," Art Bulletin 81.1 (1999) 21–52. John R. Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250 (University of California Press, 1998, 2001), p. 61, asserts that the Warren cup is valuable for art history and as a document of Roman sexuality precisely because of its "relatively secure date."
↑  Pollini, "The Warren Cup," passim.
↑  Pollini, "Warren Cup," pp. 35–37, 42.
↑  Pollini, "Warren Cup," p. 37.
↑  As analyzed by John Pollini, "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver," Art Bulletin 81.1 (1999) 21–52.
↑  Maria Teresa Marabini Moevs, “Per una storia del gusto: riconsiderazioni sul Calice Warren,” Bollettino d’Arte 146 (2008): 1-16.
↑  Dalya Alberge. "German archaeologist suggests British Museum's Warren Cup could be forgery | Science". The Guardian. ארכיון מ-2021-12-06. נבדק ב-23 במאי 2014. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Luca Giuliani, “Der Warren-Kelch im British Museum: Eine Revision.” Zeitschrift für Ideengeschichte 9, no. 3 (2015): 89–110.
↑  Suetonius. "Life of Caligula". University of Chicago. ארכיון מ-2021-07-13. נבדק ב-2022-02-21.
↑  Primarily Amy Richlin, as in "Not before Homosexuality."
↑  Plautus, Curculio 482-84
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 201.
↑  As summarized by John R. Clarke, "Representation of the Cinaedus in Roman Art: Evidence of 'Gay' Subculture," in Same-sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity, p. 272.
↑  Martial 1.24 and 12.42; Juvenal 2.117–42. Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 28, 280; Karen K. Hersh, The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 36; Caroline Vout, Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 151ff.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 280.
↑  Suetonius, Tacitus, Dio Cassius, and Aurelius Victor are the sources cited by Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279.
1 2  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 278–279, citing Dio Cassius and Aelius Lampridius.
↑  Dio Cassius 63.22.4; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 285.
↑  Cicero, Phillippics 2.44, as quoted by Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279.
↑  Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
↑  As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), as noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
↑  Digest 48.6.3.4 and 48.6.5.2.
↑  Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
↑  Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 558–561.
↑  Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, pp. 99, 103; McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law, p. 314.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 104–105.
↑  Digest 3.1.1.6, as noted by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 559.
↑  Richlin, The Garden of Priapus, pp. 27–28, 43 (on Martial), 58, et passim.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 20; Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities, p. 12; Amy Richlin, "The Meaning of irrumare in Catullus and Martial," Classical Philology 76.1 (1981) 40–46.
↑  Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 27, 76 (with an example from Martial 2.60.2.
↑  Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 55–56.
↑  Valerius Maximus 6.1; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 564.
↑  Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 564.
↑  Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 4.2.69–71; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 565.
↑  Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 565, citing the same passage by Quintilian.
↑  Men of the governing classes, who would have been officers above the rank of centurion, were exempt. Pat Southern, The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 144; Sara Elise Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C.–A.D. 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army (Brill, 2001), p. 2.
↑  Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 3.
↑  Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.
↑  Phang, Roman Military Service, p. 94. See section above on male rape: Roman law recognized that a soldier might be raped by the enemy, and specified that a man raped in war should not suffer the loss of social standing that an infamis did when willingly undergoing penetration; Digest 3.1.1.6, as discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 559.
↑  Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 40.
↑  Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 (אורכב 21.02.2022 בארכיון Wayback Machine) (translated as bastinado).
↑  Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 280–282.
↑  Phang, Roman Military Service, p. 97, citing among other examples Juvenal, Satire 14.194–195.
↑  The name is given elsewhere as Plotius.
↑  Plutarch, Life of Marius 14.4–8 (אורכב 13.07.2021 בארכיון Wayback Machine); see also Valerius Maximus 6.1.12; Cicero, Pro Milone 9, in Dillon and Garland, Ancient Rome, p. 380; and Dionysius of Halicarnassus 16.4. Discussion by Phang, Roman Military Service, pp. 93–94, and The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 281; Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, pp. 105–106.
↑  CIL 4, 9027; translation from Hubbard, Homosexuality, 423
↑  Petronius: Satyricon
↑  Aelius Lampridius: Scripta Historia Augusta, Commodus, 10.9
↑  The Latin joke is hard to translate: Ausonius says that two men are committing stuprum, a sex crime; "sin" is generally a Christian concept, but since Ausonius was at least nominally a Christian, "sin" may capture the intention of the wordplay.
↑  Ausonius, Epigram 43 Green (39); Matthew Kuefler, The Manly Eunuch: Masculinity, Gender Ambiguity, and Christian Ideology in Late Antiquity (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 92.
↑  Ovid, Metamorphoses 9.727, 733–4, as cited by Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," p. 346.
↑  Bernadette J. Brooten, Love between Women: Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism (University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. 1.
1 2 3  Craig A. Williams, “Sexual Themes in Greek and Latin Graffiti,” in A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities, edited by Thomas K. Hubbard, 493–508 (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014).
↑  The Latin indicates that the I is of feminine gender; CIL 4.5296, as cited by Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," p. 347.
↑  Brooten, Love between Women, p. 4.
↑  Lucian, Dialogues of the Courtesans 5.
↑  Jonathan Walters, "Invading the Roman Body: Manliness and Impenetrability in Roman Thought," pp. 30–31, and Pamela Gordon, "The Lover's Voice in Heroides 15: Or, Why Is Sappho a Man?," p. 283, both in Roman Sexualities; John R. Clarke, "Look Who's Laughing at Sex: Men and Women Viewers in the Apodyterium of the Suburban Baths at Pompeii," both in The Roman Gaze, p. 168.
↑  Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," p. 351.
↑  Diana M. Swancutt, "Still before Sexuality: 'Greek' Androgyny, the Roman Imperial Politics of Masculinity and the Roman Invention of the tribas," in Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses (Brill, 2007), pp. 11–12.
↑  Martial 1.90 and 7.67, 50; Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," p. 347; John R. Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250 (University of California Press, 1998, 2001), p. 228.
↑  Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking, p. 228.
↑  Ovid adduces the story of Hercules and Omphale as an explanation for the ritual nudity of the Lupercalia; see "Male nudity in ancient Rome" and Richard J. King, Desiring Rome: Male Subjectivity and Reading Ovid's Fasti (Ohio State University Press, 2006), pp. 185, 195, 200, 204.
↑  Digest 34.2.23.2, as cited by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 540.
↑  Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions," p. 81.
↑  Cum virginali mundo clam pater: Kelly Olson, "The Appearance of the Young Roman Girl," in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture (University of Toronto Press, 2008), p. 147.
↑  Digest 34.2.33, as cited by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 540.
↑  See above under "male–male rape."
↑  Seneca the Elder, Controversia 5.6; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 564.
↑  Stephen O. Murray, Homosexualities (University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 298–303; Mary R. Bachvarova, "Sumerian Gala Priests and Eastern Mediterranean Returning Gods: Tragic Lamentation in Cross-Cultural Perspective," in Lament: Studies in the Ancient Mediterranean and Beyond (Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 19, 33, 36.
↑  Macrobius, Saturnalia 3.8.2. Macrobius says that Aristophanes called this figure Aphroditos.
↑  Venerem igitur almum adorans, sive femina sive mas est, as quoted by Macrobius, Saturnalia 3.8.3.
↑  Dominic Montserrat, "Reading Gender in the Roman World," in Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity, and Power in the Roman Empire (Routledge, 2000), pp. 172–173.
↑  Pliny, Natural History 7.34: gignuntur et utriusque sexus quos hermaphroditos vocamus, olim androgynos vocatos; Véronique Dasen, "Multiple Births in Graeco-Roman Antiquity," Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16.1 (1997), p. 61.
↑  Roscoe, "Priests of the Goddess," p. 204.
↑  Philostratus, VS 489
↑  Alastair J.L. Blanshard, "Roman Vice," in Sex: Vice and Love from Antiquity to Modernity (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), pp. 1–88.
↑  John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century (University of Chicago Press, 1980), p. 70.
↑  Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193.
↑  Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.
↑  Christopher Records, "When Sex Has Lost its Significance: Homosexuality, Society, and Roman Law in the 4th Century", in UCR Undergraduate Research Journal, Volume IV (June 2010)
↑  Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.
↑  Michael Brinkschröde, "Christian Homophobia: Four Central Discourses," in Combatting Homophobia, p. 166.
פסל של אנטינואוס, נעשה בתקופת שלטונו של קיסר רומא אדריאנוס, אהובו
פסל ניסוס ואוריאלוס (אנ') (1827) מאת ז'אן-בטיסט רומן (אנ')
בקבוק בושם עשוי זכוכית שנמצא בנקרופוליס הרומי של אוסטיפו (ספרד). מהמאה ה-1 לפנה"ס או לספירה. בצד ב' של הבקבוק, המתואר למעלה, נראים שני גברים צעירים במיטה. צד א', שלא מוצג כאן, מציג גבר ואישה.
ציור הקיר של שלישייה במרחצאות הפרברים בפומפיי, המתארת תרחיש מיני כפי שתואר גם על ידי המשורר גאיוס ולריוס קאטולוס.
דוגמאות של קמעות מברונזה גאלו-רומיות.
אריסטוקרט צעיר בשם ולריוס קאטולוס התגאה בכך שחדר לקיסר קליגולה (בתמונה) במהלך פגישה אינטימית ממושכת.
עמוד מתוך אינקונבולה של ולריוס מקסימוס, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX, מודפס באדום ושחור על ידי פטר שפר (מיינץ, 1471).
מטבע או אסימון שהיה ככל הנראה בשימוש בבית בושת, המתאר מין אוראלי בין גבר לנער.
זוג נשים מסדרה של ציורים ארוטיים במרחצאות הפרברים, פומפיי.
קרוס-דרסינג של הרקולס ואומפלה (אנ') (פסיפס מהיספניה, המאה ה-3 לספירה)