שיונגנו
הערות שוליים

↑  Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. (2002) Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge University Press. First Paperback Edition, (2004), p. 186.
↑  "Xiongnu" in Encyclopedia Iranica by Étienne de la Vaissière
↑  Michael Adas, Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, American Historical Association. Temple University Press, 2001. Excerpt from p. 88: "But the ethnic affiliations of the Hsiung-nu remains unclear (Iranian, Mongolian, Turkic and even Paleo-Siberian Kettic have been suggested)."
↑  Nicola Di Cosmo, Ancient China and Its Enemies. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2004. pg. 165
↑  Vovin, Alexander. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87–104.
↑  "Xiongnu" in Encyclopedia Iranica by Étienne de la Vaissière
↑  Pritsak O. "Xun der Volksname der Hsiung-nu", Central Asiatic Journal, vol. 5, 1959
↑
Muller, F. M. 'Lectures on the Science of Language', Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics, p. 288, ISBN 1-4212-4900-6
Wink, A., 2002, 'Al-Hind: making of the Indo-Islamic World', BRILL, p. 60–61, ISBN 0-391-04174-6
Smith, V.A., 'The Early History of India from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest', The Clarendon Press, p. 217
Hucker, C.O., 1975, 'China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture', Stanford University Press, p. 136, ISBN 0-8047-2353-2
↑  Findley, Carter Vaughn. 2005. The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516770-8; ISBN 0-19-517726-6 p. 29.
↑  Henning W.B., "Sogdian ancient letters" BSOAS, vol. 12 (1948), No 3-4, pp. 601–615
↑  Klyashtorny S.G., "Ancient Türkic runiform monuments as a source on history of Central Asia", Moscow, 1964, p. 108
↑  Harold. W. Bailey, Indo-Scythian Studies: being Khotanese Texts, VII, Cambridge, 1985, pp. 25–41.  Also available here:
↑  (János Harmatta‏; 2004-1917)
↑  J. Harmatta, "Conclusion",  History of Civilizations of Central Asia
↑  Henryk Jankowski, Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea, Published by Brill, 2006. pg. 27
↑  Beckwith (2009), pp. 72–73 and 404-405, nn. 51-52.
↑  GENG Shi-min On Altaic Common Language and Xiongnu Language. (Wanfang Data: Digital Periodicals, 2005)
↑  Nicola Di Cosmo, "Ancient China and Its Enemies". Published by Cambridge University Press, 2004. pg. 164:"Bailey on the other hand, viewed the Xiongnu as Iranian speakers, while Doerfer denied the possibility of a relationship between the Xiongnu language and any other known language and rejected in the strongest terms any connection with Turkish or Mongolian"
↑  Barfield, Thomas. The Perilous Frontier (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989).
↑  Di Cosmo, "The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China", in The Cambridge History of Ancient China, edited by Michael Loewe and Edward Shaughnessy, pp. 885–966. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
↑  Renè Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes, 1970, Rutgers University Press
↑  Silk Road, North China, C. Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
↑  These campaigns are described in detail by Michael Loewe, "The campaigns of Han Wu-ti", in Chinese ways in warfare, ed. Frank A. Kierman, Jr., and John K. Fairbank (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
↑  This view was put forward to Wang Mang in AD 14: Han Shu (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju edition) 94B, p. 3824.
↑  Sand-covered Hun City Unearthed. http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/45103.htm
↑  The Xiongnu, An Archaeological Explore on the Xiongnu. Hohhot. Inner Mongolia University Press.
↑  National Geographic Online. http://www.geographic.hu/index.php?act=napi&id=5207
↑  Dr. Obrusánszky Borbála: Huns in China (Hunok Kínában) Issue #3. http://www.federatio.org/as/AS_0003.pdf
↑  Ancient Hun Capital Bids for World Cultural Site. http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/92329.htm
↑  de la Vaissière, 2005
| --- | --- |
בקרת זהויות :  NLI: 987007531302805171  LCCN: sh85062711  NDL: 00567099 
תחומי השליטה של השיונגנו תחת מָאוֹדוּן, סביב 205 לפנה"ס
מפת אסיה בשנת 200 לפני הספירה המראה את המדינה המוקדמת של השיונגנו ושכנותיה
תחום שלטון שושלת האן שנת 2 לספירה
השיונגנו הצפוניים והדרומיים ב-200 לספירה, לפני התמוטטות שושלת האן
מיקומם של השיונגנו ועמים נוודים אחרים ב-300 לספירה