אוכרה
הערות שוליים

↑  American Heritage Dictionary. 1969.
↑  Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (2002), Oxford University Press.
↑  The Random House College Dictionary, Revised Edition, (1980). "Any of a class of natural earths, mixtures of hydrated oxides of iron and various earthy materials, ranging in colour from pale yellow to orange and red, and used as pigments. A colour ranging from pale yellow to reddish-yellow."
1 2  MacDonald, Brandi Lee, et al. "Geochemical characterization of ochre from central coastal British Columbia, Canada." Journal of Archaeological Science 38.12 (2011): 3620-3630.
↑  .Collier's New Encyclopedia, 1921
↑  R. S. Popelka-Filcoff, J. D. Robertson, M. D. Glascock, Ch. Descantes, Trace element characterization of ochre from geological sources, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 272, 2007-04-01, עמ' 17–27 doi: 10.1007/s10967-006-6836-x
↑  <img Data-Lazy-Fallback='1' Alt='' Src='https://Secure.gravatar.com/Avatar/C73697bf77e65b407e5cd1903464d882?s=20, #038;d=identicon, #038;r=g' Srcset='https://Secure.gravatar.com/Avatar/C73697bf77e65b407e5cd1903464d882?s=40, #038;d=identicon, #038;r=g 2x' Class='avatar Avatar-20 Photo' Height='20' Width='20' Loading='lazy' />namitajaspal, Sinopia, Heritage Preservation Atelier, ‏2017-11-26 (באנגלית אמריקאית)
1 2 3 4 5 6  זקהיים, אהד, מקורות האוכרה במכלולים הנטופים מאל ואד, עינן והיונים. חיפה: אוניברסיטת חיפה, 1997.
1 2 3  Taçon, Paul SC. "Ochre, clay, stone and art." Soils, stones and symbols: Cultural perceptions of the mineral world (2004): 31-42.
1 2 3  Barnett, J. R., Sarah Miller, and Emma Pearce. "Colour and art: A brief history of pigments." Optics & Laser Technology 38.4-6 (2006): 445-453.
↑  Rosenfeld, Andrée. "The examination of use marks on some Magdalenian end scrapers." The British Museum Quarterly 35.1/4 (1971): 176-182.
1 2  Lloyd, T. G. B. "On the" Beothucs," a Tribe of Red Indians, Supposed to be Extinct, Which Formerly Inhabited Newfoundland." The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 4 (1875): 21-39.
↑  Marshack, Alexander. "On Paleolithic ochre and the early uses of color and symbol." (1981): 188-191.
↑  De Lumley, Henry. "A Paleolithic camp at Nice." Scientific American 220.5 (1969): 42-51.
↑  Sherby, Oleg D., and Jeffrey Wadsworth. "Ancient blacksmiths, the Iron Age, Damascus steels, and modern metallurgy." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 117.3 (2001): 347-353.
↑  Jacobi, R. M., and T. F. G. Higham. "The “Red Lady” ages gracefully: new ultrafiltration AMS determinations from Paviland." Journal of Human Evolution 55.5 (2008): 898-907.
↑  Curtis, Gregory (2006). The Cave Painters: Probing the Mysteries of the World's First Artists(1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 96–97, 102.
↑  Kuehni, Rolf G. "Color and Colorants in Ancient Egypt." Color Research & Application 5.3 (1980): 169-172.
↑  Schaffer, Sarah E. "Reading our lips: The history of lipstick regulation in Western seats of power." Food & Drug LJ 62 (2007): 165.
↑  Hamilton R. (2007). Ancient Egypt: The Kingdom of the Pharaohs. Parragon Inc. p. 62.
↑  Kwiecinski, Jakub. "The dawn of medicine: ancient egypt and Athotis, the king-physician." Perspectives in biology and medicine 56.1 (2013): 99-104.
↑  Kelany, Adel, James A. Harrell, and V. Max Brown. "Dolerite Pounders: Petrology, Sources and Use." Lithic Technology 35.2 (2010): 127-148.
↑  Mercer, Henry C. Ancient Carpenters' Tools: Illustrated and Explained, Together with the Implements of the Lumberman, Joiner, and Cabinet-maker in Use in the Eighteenth Century. Courier Corporation, 2000.
↑  Photos-Jones, E., et al. "Kean miltos: the well-known iron oxides of antiquity." Annual of the British School at Athens 92 (1997): 359-371.
↑  Daniel Thompson, The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting, p. 98
↑  Roberts, Sally R. "Form and Color in Greek Painting." (1980): 305-307.
↑  Piovesan, Rebecca, et al. "The Temple of Venus (Pompeii): a study of the pigments and painting techniques." Journal of Archaeological Science 38.10 (2011): 2633-2643.
↑  McBrearty, Sally, and Alison S. Brooks. "The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior." Journal of human evolution 39.5 (2000): 453-563.
↑  Henshilwood, Christopher S., et al. "A 100,000-year-old ochre-processing workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa." science334.6053 (2011): 219-222.
1 2 3  Thorne, Alan, et al. "Australia's oldest human remains: age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton." Journal of human evolution 36.6 (1999): 591-612.
1 2  Crandall, David P. The place of stunted ironwood trees: A year in the lives of the cattle-herding Himba of Namibia. A&C Black, 2000.
↑  Hiscock, Archaeology of Ancient Australia p. 125
↑  Haglund-Calley, Laila. An archaeological analysis of the Broadbeach Aboriginal burial ground. University of Queensland Press, 1976.
↑  Bahn, Paul G., and Jean Vertut. "Images of the ice age." (1988).
↑  Bowler, James M., et al. "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia." Nature 421.6925 (2003): 837.
↑  Wells, Benjamin. The History of Taranaki: A Standard Work on the History of the Province. Edmondson & Avery, 1878.
↑  Childs, Cyril W., Norman Wells, and Colin J. Downes. "Kokowai Springs, Mount Egmont, New Zealand: chemistry and mineralogy of the ochre (ferrihydrite) deposit and analysis of the waters." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 16.1 (1986): 85-99.
↑  Weinstein-Evron, M 1993. El-Wad Cave. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. E. Stern (ed.) Jerusalem:The Israel Exploration Society and Carta:1498-1490.
↑  Perrot, J. 1993. El-Wad Cave. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. E. Stern (ed.) Jerusalem:The Israel Exploration Society and Carta:389-393.
↑  Belfer-Cohen, Anna. "The Natufian graveyard in Hayonim cave." Paléorient (1988): 297-308.
↑  Hovers, Erella, et al. "An early case of color symbolism: ochre use by modern humans in Qafzeh Cave." Current Anthropology44.4 (2003): 491-522.
↑  Thompson, Daniel Varney. The materials and techniques of medieval painting. Vol. 327. Courier Corporation, 1956.
↑  Edwards, Howell GM. "Analytical Raman spectroscopic discrimination between yellow pigments of the Renaissance." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 80.1 (2011): 14-20.
↑  Edwards, H. G. M., E. R. Gwyer, and J. K. F. Tait. "Fourier Transform Raman analysis of paint fragments from biodeteriorated Renaissance frescoes." Journal of Raman spectroscopy 28.9 (1997): 677-684.
↑  Pringle, Graham F., and Hildgund Schaefe. From Rocks To Riches: Time, Change, and Ochre in a Village in the Vaucluse—Roussillon-en-Provence. Xlibris Corporation, 2012. p. 23-24.
| צבעים וייצוגם במחשב |
| --- | --- | --- |
| גוני אפור | לבן • כסף • אפור • שחור |  |
| צבעי היסוד ב-RGB | אדום • ירוק • כחול |  |
| צבעים שניוניים | ציאן • צהוב • מג'נטה |  |
| צבעים שלישוניים | כתום • תרוג • ירוק אביב • תכלת • סגול • ורוד שושנה |  |
| פיגמנטי צביעה | אוכרה • ספיה • כחול פרוסי • וירידיאן • אולטראמרין |  |
| שונות | אינדיגו • ענבר • חום • זהב • נחושת • ארגמן • ורוד • שני • בורדו • בורגונדי • בז' • חאקי • טורקיז • ערמון • פנטון 448c • קרדינל • כתום בטיחותי • ירוק זית |  |
ציור קיר: דמות סוס צבועה אוכרה אדומה. מערת לאסקו, צרפת.
גפיים תחתונות, חלק משלד של הגבירה האדומה של פאבילנד
שבר קטן של קיר-טיח רומי.
ציורי קיר בקברו של מלך מצרים טוטאנקאמון, השושלת ה-18
אישה משבט ההימבה מכוסה באוכרה.
הכנת קיר לציור פרסקו, בצבע סינופיה, המאה השלוש עשרה, מוזאון פיזה, איטליה
צביעה של קאנו waka
שרידי שלד ממערת אל ואד (קבורה נאטופית). על חלק מהעצמות שהתגלו באתר נמצאו שרידי אוכרה.
גולגולת מכוירת מנחל חימר
צוק עשיר אוכרה. רוסיון, צרפת.
שימוש בצבעי אוכרה על ידי הצייר רמבראנט בפורטרט עצמי