ברינגיה
הערות שוליים

1 2  Shared Beringian Heritage Program. "What is Beringia?". National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.
↑  Dr Barbara Winter (2005). "A Journey to a New Land". www.sfu.museum. virtualmuseum.ca. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2015-04-28. נבדק ב-2017-02-11.
↑  John F. Hoffecker; Scott A. Elias (15 ביוני 2007). Human Ecology of Beringia. Columbia University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-231-13060-8. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  Wang, Sijia; Lewis, C. M. Jr.; Jakobsson, M.; Ramachandran, S.; Ray, N.;  et al. (2007). "Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Native Americans". PLoS Genetics. 3 (11): e185. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185. PMC 2082466. PMID 18039031.
↑  Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas". Science. 319 (5869): 1497–1502. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1497G. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. PMID 18339930.
↑  Fagundes, Nelson J. R.;  et al. (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026.
↑  Tamm, Erika;  et al. (2007).  Carter, Dee (ed.). "Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders". PLoS ONE. 2 (9): e829. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..829T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000829. PMC 1952074. PMID 17786201.
↑  Achilli, A.;  et al. (2008).  MacAulay, Vincent (ed.). "The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American MtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies". PLoS ONE. 3 (3): e1764. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1764A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001764. PMC 2258150. PMID 18335039.
↑  Elias, Scott A.; Short, Susan K.; Nelson, C. Hans; Birks, Hilary H. (1996). "Life and times of the Bering land bridge". Nature. 382 (6586): 60. doi:10.1038/382060a0.
↑  Miguel Llanos, Ancient land of 'Beringia' gets protection from US, Russia
↑  Hopkins DM. 1967. Introduction. In: Hopkins DM, editor. The Bering land bridge. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p 1–6
↑  Hultén E. 1937. Outline of the history of arctic and boreal biota during the Quaternary Period. New York: Lehre J. Cramer.
↑  Lowe JJ, Walker M. 1997 Reconstructing quaternary environments, 2nd edn. Harlow, UK: Prentice Hall.
↑  The Phanerozoic Record of Global Sea-Level Change
↑  Meiri, M.; Lister, A. M.; Collins, M. J.; Tuross, N.; Goebel, T.; Blockley, S.; Zazula, G. D.; Van Doorn, N.; Dale Guthrie, R.; Boeskorov, G. G.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Sher, A.; Barnes, I. (2013). "Faunal record identifies Bering isthmus conditions as constraint to end-Pleistocene migration to the New World". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1776): 20132167. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2167.
1 2 3  Elias SA, Crocker B. The Bering land bridge: a moisture barrier to the dispersal of steppe-tundra biota?, Q. Sci. Rev. 27, 2473–2483
↑  Elias SA, Short SK, Birks HH. Late Wisconsin environments of the Bering land bridge Palaeogeogr. Palaeoecol. 136, 293–308
1 2 3 4  Guthrie RD. Origin and causes of the mammoth steppe: a story of cloud cover, woolly mammal tooth pits, buckles, and inside-out Beringia, Q. Sci. Rev. 20, 549–574
1 2 3  Hoffecker JF, Elias SA. Human ecology of Beringia, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
1 2  Brigham-Grette J, Lozhkin AV, Anderson PM, Glushkova OY. Paleoenvironmental conditions in Western Beringia before and during the Last Glacial Maximum' In Entering America, northeast Asia and Beringia before the last glacial maximum (ed. Madsen DB), pp. 29–61. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press
1 2  Sher AV, Kuzmina SA, Kuznetsova TV, Sulerzhitsky LD . New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals, Q. Sci. Rev. 24, 533–569
↑  Anderson PH, Lozhkin AV. The Stage 3 interstadial complex (Karginskii/middle Wisconsinan interval) of Beringia: variations in paleoenvironments and implications for paleoclimatic interpretations, Q. Sci. Rev. 20, 93–125
↑  Guthrie RD. Mammals of the mammoth steppe as paleoenvironmental indicators, In Paleoecology of Beringia (eds Hopkins DM, Matthews JV, Schweger CE, Young SB), pp. 307–324. New York, NY: Academic Press
↑  Kuzmina SA, Sher AV, Edwards ME, Haile J, Yan EV, Kotov AV, Willerslev E. The late Pleistocene environment of the Eastern West Beringia based on the principal section at the Main River, Chukotka, Q. Sci. Rev. 30, 2091–2106
↑  Meiri, M.; Lister, A. M.; Collins, M. J.; Tuross, N.; Goebel, T.; Blockley, S.; Zazula, G. D.; Van Doorn, N.; Dale Guthrie, R.; Boeskorov, G. G.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Sher, A.; Barnes, I. (2013). "Faunal record identifies Bering isthmus conditions as constraint to end-Pleistocene migration to the New World". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1776): 20132167. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2167.
↑  Burns, J.A. Mammalian faunal dynamics in Late Pleistocene, Alberta, Canda, Quaternary International, 217, 37–42.
↑  Gowan, E.J. An assessment of the minimum timing of ice free conditions of the western Laurentide ice sheet, Quaternary Science Review, 75, 100–113.
↑  Rabassa, J. & Ponce, J.F. The Heinrich and Dansgaard-Oeschger climatic events during Marine Isotopic Stage 3:searching for appropriate times for human colonization of the America, Quaternary International, 299, 94–105.
↑  Koblmüller, Stephan; Vilà, Carles; Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Dabad, Marc; Ramirez, Oscar; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Wayne, Robert K.; Leonard, Jennifer A. (2016). "Whole mitochondrial genomes illuminate ancient intercontinental dispersals of grey wolves (Canis lupus)". Journal of Biogeography. 43 (9): 1728. doi:10.1111/jbi.12765.
↑  Szpak, Paul;  et al. (2010). "Regional differences in bone collagen δ13C and δ15N of Pleistocene mammoths: Implications for paleoecology of the mammoth steppe". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 286 (1–2): 88–96. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.12.009.
↑  McKown, A.D.; Stockey, R.A.; Schweger, C.E. (2002). "A New Species of Pinus Subgenus Pinus Subsection Contortae From Pliocene Sediments of Ch'Ijee's Bluff, Yukon Territory, Canada". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 163 (4): 687–697. doi:10.1086/340425.
↑  National Geographic. "Atlas of the Human Journey."  2005. May 2, 2007
↑  Humans may have taken different path into Americas than thought Arctic passage wouldn’t have provided enough food for the earliest Americans’ journey by Thomas Summer, published in "Science News" on August 10, 2016
↑  "Plant and animal DNA suggests first Americans took the coastal route". Nature. doi:10.1038/536138a.
↑  Hey, Jody (2005). "On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas". PLoS Biology. 3 (6): e193. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030193. PMC 1131883. PMID 15898833.
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