ח'ליפות סוקוטו
הערות שוליים

↑  McKay, Hill, Buckler, Ebrey, Beck, Crowston, Weisner-Hanks. A History of World Societies. 8th edition. Volume C – From 1775 to the Present. 2009 by Bedford/St. Martin's.
↑  Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1991). "Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate". Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
1 2  McKay, John P.; Hill, Bennett D. (2011). A History of World Societies, Volume 2: Since 1450, Volume 2. Macmillan. p. 755.
1 2 3 4  Lovejoy, Paul E. (1978). "Plantations in the Economy of the Sokoto Caliphate". The Journal of African History. 19 (3): 341–368
1 2 3 4 5 6  Falola, Toyin (2009). Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press.
1 2 3 4 5  Maishanu, Hamza Muhammad; Isa Muhammad Maishanu (1999). "The Jihad and the Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate". Islamic Studies. 38 (1): 119–131.
1 2  Swindell, Kenneth (1986). "Population and Agriculture in the Sokoto-Rima Basin of North-West Nigeria: A Study of Political Intervention, Adaptation and Change, 1800–1980". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 26 (101): 75–111
1 2 3 4 5  Chafe, Kabiru Sulaiman (1994). "Challenges to the Hegemony of the Sokoto Caliphate: A Preliminary Examination". Paideuma. 40: 99–109.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Comolli, Virginia (2015). Boko Haram: Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency. London: Oxford University Press.
1 2  Stilwell, Sean (2000). "Power, Honour and Shame: The Ideology of Royal Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 70 (3): 394–421.
1 2 3 4  Burnham, Peter; Murray Last (1994). "From Pastoralist to Politician: The Problem of a Fulbe "Aristocracy"". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 34 (133): 313–357
↑  Martin Z. Njeuma, The Usmanuya System, Radicalism and the Establishment of German Colonial Rule in Northern Cameroon, 1890-1907 (עמ' 112-111), ‏1994
↑  Salau, Mohammed Bashir (2006). "Ribats and the Development of Plantations in the Sokoto Caliphate: A Case Study of Fanisau". African Economic History. 34 (34): 23–43.
↑  jeuma, Martin Z. (2012). Fulani Hegemony in Yola (Old Adamawa) 1809-1902. Cameroon: Langa.
↑  Last, Murray (1967). The Sokoto Caliphate. New York: Humanities Press. pp. 74–75.
↑  Hiskett, M. The Sword of Truth; the Life and times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodio. New York: Oxford UP, 1973. Print.
↑  "Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
↑  Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 323.
1 2  Martin Z. Njeuma, The Usmanuya System, Radicalism and the Establishment of German Colonial Rule in Northern Cameroon, 1890-1907 (עמ' 112-111, 121-119), ‏1994
↑  Claire Hirshfield (1979). The diplomacy of partition: Britain, France, and the creation of Nigeria, 1890-1898. Springer. p. 37ff.
↑  The Cambridge History of Africa: 1870–1905. London: Cambridge University Press. 1985. p. 276.
1 2  Falola, Toyin (2009). Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
↑  Claire Hirshfield (1979). The diplomacy of partition: Britain, France, and the creation of Nigeria, 1890–1898. Springer. p. 37ff.
↑  Comolli, Virginia (2015). Boko Haram: Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency. London: Oxford University Press
| --- | --- |
בקרת זהויות :  NLI: 987007567746605171  GND: 4136184-2  LCCN: n91109959  VIAF: 130323648   WorldCat (עם VIAF): 130323648 
מפת השתרעות ח'ליפות סוקוטו אמצע המאה ה-19
מדינות הג'יהאד הפולאני במערב אפריקה, 1830
ח'ליפות סוקוטו, וממלכות אחרות במערב אפריקה בזמן ועידת ברלין, 1875
תושבי פולאני בסוקוטו 1900