מנת יתר אופיאטית
הערות שוליים

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Boyer EW (ביולי 2012). "Management of opioid analgesic overdose". The New England Journal of Medicine. 367 (2): 146–55. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1202561. PMC 3739053. PMID 22784117. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3  de Caen AR, Berg MD, Chameides L, Gooden CK, Hickey RW, Scott HF, Sutton RM, Tijssen JA, Topjian A, van der Jagt ÉW, Schexnayder SM, Samson RA (בנובמבר 2015). "Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 132 (18 Suppl 2): S526–42. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000266. PMC 6191296. PMID 26473000. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  "Information sheet on opioid overdose". WHO. בנובמבר 2014. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Commonly Used Terms Drug Overdose". www.cdc.gov. 29 באוגוסט 2017. נבדק ב-29 בנובמבר 2017. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
1 2  "Opioid Overdose Crisis". National Institute on Drug Abuse. 1 ביוני 2017. נבדק ב-29 בנובמבר 2017. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Malamed, Stanley F. (2007). Medical Emergencies in the Dental Office - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 387. ISBN 978-0323075947.
1 2  "Heroin". National Institute on Drug Abuse. ביולי 2017. נבדק ב-29 בנובמבר 2017. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Understanding Risk Factors for Opioid Overdose in Clinical Populations to Inform Treatment and Policy". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 10 (6): 369–381. 2016. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000245. PMID 27525471.
1 2 3 4 5  Overdose Death Rates. By National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).
↑  "Management of Suspected Opioid Overdose With Naloxone in Out-of-Hospital Settings: A Systematic Review". Annals of Internal Medicine. 167 (12): 867–875. בדצמבר 2017. doi:10.7326/M17-2224. PMID 29181532free {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death (באוקטובר 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death (בינואר 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Fentanyl overtakes heroin as the No. 1 opioid overdose killer, www.cbsnews.com (באנגלית אמריקאית)
↑  Fentanyl.
↑  "Methadone and buprenorphine toxicity in children". The American Journal on Addictions. 19 (1): 89–95. בינואר 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2009.00002.x. PMID 20132125. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Codeine should not be prescribed for breastfeeding mothers or children under the age of 12". Acta Paediatrica. 104 (6): 550–6. ביוני 2015. doi:10.1111/apa.13012. PMID 25809057. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Lazaryan M, Shasha-Zigelman C, Dagan Z, Berkovitch M (ביוני 2015). "Codeine should not be prescribed for breastfeeding mothers or children under the age of 12". Acta Paediatrica. 104 (6): 550–6. doi:10.1111/apa.13012. PMID 25809057. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 enzymes and its clinical impact". Drug Metabolism Reviews. 41 (2): 89–295. 2009. doi:10.1080/03602530902843483. PMID 19514967.
↑  "Methadone--metabolism, pharmacokinetics and interactions". Pharmacological Research. 50 (6): 551–9. בדצמבר 2004. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2004.05.002. PMID 15501692. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Ferrari A, Coccia CP, Bertolini A, Sternieri E (בדצמבר 2004). "Methadone--metabolism, pharmacokinetics and interactions". Pharmacological Research. 50 (6): 551–9. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2004.05.002. PMID 15501692. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication". The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 7 (4): 257–65. באוגוסט 2007. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500406. PMID 16819548free {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  Kirchheiner J, Schmidt H, Tzvetkov M, Keulen JT, Lötsch J, Roots I, Brockmöller J (באוגוסט 2007). "Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication". The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 7 (4): 257–65. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500406. PMID 16819548. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the neurotoxicity of opioid and psychostimulant drugs". Brain Research Reviews. 58 (1): 192–208. ביוני 2008. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.03.002. PMID 18440072. Since morphine can induce neurotoxicity (Hu et al., 2002; Mao et al., 2002; Lim et al., 2005), it may contribute to the neurotoxic effects of heroin. However, we showed that 6-MAM and morphine do not contribute to street heroin neurotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons (Cunha-Oliveira et al., 2007). In accordance, a recent study suggests that heroin has a higher neurotoxic potential in comparison with morphine (Tramullas et al., 2008). {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Mechanisms of fatal opioid overdose". Addiction. 94 (7): 961–72. ביולי 1999. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9479612.x. PMID 10707430. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Watson SJ, Akil H, Khachaturian H, et al.
↑  "Opioids and the control of respiration". British Journal of Anaesthesia. ביוני 2008. pp. 747–58. doi:10.1093/bja/aen094. PMID 18456641free {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  "Opioid metabolism". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 84 (7): 613–24. ביולי 2009. doi:10.4065/84.7.613. PMC 2704133. PMID 19567715. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Reducing the health consequences of opioid addiction in primary care". The American Journal of Medicine. 126 (7): 565–71. ביולי 2013. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.11.031. PMID 23664112. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Prevention of fatal opioid overdose". JAMA. 308 (18): 1863–4. בנובמבר 2012. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.14205. PMC 3551246. PMID 23150005. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Emergency Department and Urgent Care Clinicians Use Protocol To Reduce Opioid Prescriptions for Patients Suspected of Abusing Controlled Substances". Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2014-03-12. נבדק ב-2014-03-14.
↑  "A systematic approach to identifying drug-seeking patients". Family Practice Management. 15 (4): A3-5. באפריל 2008. PMID 18444310. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain--United States, 2016". JAMA. 315 (15): 1624–45. באפריל 2016. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1464. PMC 6390846. PMID 26977696. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Prescription opioid duration of action and the risk of unintentional overdose among patients receiving opioid therapy". JAMA Internal Medicine. 175 (4): 608–15. באפריל 2015. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8071. PMID 25686208free {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  "Information sheet on opioid overdose". World Health Organization. נבדק ב-2018-11-01.
1 2 3  "ASAM National Practice Guideline for the Use of Medications in the Treatment of Addiction Involving Opioid Use" (PDF).
↑  "Current and Emerging Options to Combat the Opioid Epidemic". AJMC. נבדק ב-2018-11-01.
↑  "Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. בפברואר 2014. pp. CD002207. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002207.pub4. PMID 24500948. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Benefits of peer support groups in the treatment of addiction". Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 7: 143–154. בספטמבר 2016. doi:10.2147/SAR.S81535. PMC 5047716. PMID 27729825. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "A Review of Opioid Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Prescribing: Implications for Translating Community Programming Into Clinical Practice". Substance Abuse. 36 (2): 240–53. 2015-03-16. doi:10.1080/08897077.2015.1010032. PMC 4470731. PMID 25774771.
↑  Bowman S, Eiserman J, Beletsky L, Stancliff S, Bruce RD (ביולי 2013). "Reducing the health consequences of opioid addiction in primary care". The American Journal of Medicine. 126 (7): 565–71. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.11.031. PMID 23664112. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)In press
↑  Beletsky L, Rich JD, Walley AY (בנובמבר 2012). "Prevention of fatal opioid overdose". JAMA. 308 (18): 1863–4. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.14205. PMC 3551246. PMID 23150005. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R (באפריל 2016). "CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain--United States, 2016". JAMA. 315 (15): 1624–45. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1464. PMC 6390846. PMID 26977696. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Is early discharge safe after naloxone reversal of presumed opioid overdose?". Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine. ביולי 2000. pp. 156–62. doi:10.1017/s1481803500004863. PMID 17621393. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2015-05-10. נבדק ב-2012-11-02free {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)תחזוקה - ציטוט: postscript (link)
↑  Community management of opioid overdose (PDF). World Health Organization. 2014. ISBN 9789241548816.
↑  "Opioid Overdose Prevention Programs Providing Naloxone to Laypersons - United States, 2014". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 64 (23): 631–5. ביוני 2015. PMC 4584734. PMID 26086633. {{cite journal}}:  (עזרה)
↑  Closing Death's Door: Action Steps to Facilitate Emergency Opioid Drug Overdose Reversal in the United States. 21 ביולי 2009. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1437163. SSRN 1437163. {{cite book}}:  (עזרה)
↑  "Naloxone: Drug-Overdose Antidote Is Put In Addicts' Hands". Huffington Post. באפריל 2012. {{cite web}}:  (עזרה)
↑  https://harmreduction.org/issues/overdose-prevention/dope-sf/
↑  "WHO | Information sheet on opioid overdose". WHO. נבדק ב-2019-10-23.
1 2  "WHO | Information sheet on opioid overdose". WHO. נבדק ב-2019-10-23.
הבהרה: המידע בוויקיפדיה נועד להעשרה בלבד ואינו מהווה ייעוץ רפואי.
מידע על מנת יתר של תרופות מרשם, CDC 2012
פנטניל . 2 מ"ג. מנה קטלנית לרוב האנשים.