لیبرترینیسم
یادداشت و پی‌نوشت

↑  همچنین لیبرتاریسم یا لیبرتارینیسم (به انگلیسی: Libertarianism، لیبرتِریَنیسم) از ریشهٔ لاتین لیبرتاس (به لاتین: Libertas) به معنای آزادی و ریشهٔ فرانسوی لیبرتار (به فرانسوی: Libertair)
↑  Libertarianism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
↑  Woodcock, George (2004). Anarchism: A History Of Libertarian Ideas And Movements. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-55111-629-7. for the very nature of the libertarian attitude—its rejection of dogma, its deliberate avoidance of rigidly systematic theory, and, above all, its stress on extreme freedom of choice and on the primacy of the individual judgment
↑  "Libertarianism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2014-05-20. libertarianism, political philosophy that takes individual liberty to be the primary political value
↑  Hussain, Syed B. (2004). Encyclopedia of Capitalism. Vol. II: H-R. New York: Facts on File Inc. p. 492. ISBN 0-8160-5224-7. In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that capitalism is a excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians.
↑  Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class." Social Philosophy and Policy. 15:2 p. 310. "When I speak of 'libertarianism'... I mean all three of these very different movements. It might be protested that LibCap, LibSoc and LibPop are too different from one another to be treated as aspects of a single point of view. But they do share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry."
↑  Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R. , ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1007. ISBN 1-4129-8876-4. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism"
↑  Vallentyne, Peter (March 2009). "Libertarianism".  In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2009 ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Retrieved 2010-03-05. Libertarianism is committed to full self-ownership. A distinction can be made, however, between right-libertarianism and left-libertarianism, depending on the stance taken on how natural resources can be owned
↑  Caplan, Bryan (2008). "Anarchism". In Hamowy, Ronald, ed. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. pp. 10–13. "Libertarianism puts severe limits on morally permissible government action. If one takes its strictures seriously, does libertarianism require the abolition of government, logically reducing the position to anarchism? Robert Nozick effectively captures this dilemma: 'Individuals have rights, and there are things no person or group may do to them (without violating their rights). So strong and far-reaching are these rights that they raise the question of what, if anything, the state and its official may do.' Libertarian political philosophers have extensively debated this question, and many conclude that the answer is 'Nothing'."
↑  دیوید دی فریدمن (2008). "libertarianism". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition. "Libertarians differ among themselves in the degree to which they rely on rights-based or consequentialist arguments and on how far they take their conclusions, ranging from classical liberals, who wish only to drastically reduce government, to anarcho-capitalists who would replace all useful government functions with private alternatives."
↑  "Kropotkin, Peter (13 January 2017). "Anarchism بایگانی‌شده  در ۱۹ آوریل ۲۰۲۲ توسط Wayback Machine
↑  «Preface for the Japanese Edition of Libertarianism: A Primer». www.cato.org. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۲-۰۱-۲۸.
↑  «"A Note on Labels: Why 'Libertarian'». www.libertarianism.org. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۲-۰۱-۲۸.
↑  Garbooshian, Adrina Michelle (2006). The Concept of Human Dignity in the French and American Enlightenments: Religion, Virtue, Liberty. ProQuest. p. 472. ISBN 0-542-85160-1. ISBN 978-0-542-85160-5. "Influenced by Locke and Smith, certain segments of society affirmed classical liberalism, with a libertarian bent."
↑  Cantor, Paul A. (2012). The Invisible Hand in Popular Culture: Liberty Vs. Authority in American Film and TV. University Press of Kentucky. p. xiii. ISBN 0-8131-4082-X. ISBN 978-0-8131-4082-7. "[T]he roots of libertarianism lie in [...] the classical liberal tradition".
↑  Otero, Carlos Peregrin, ed. (1994). Noam Chomsky: Critical Assessments, Volumes 2–3. Taylor & Francis. p. 617. ISBN 0-415-10694-X. ISBN 978-0-415-10694-8.
↑  Rocker, Rudolf (1949). Pioneers of American Freedom: Origin of Liberal and Radical Thought in America. New York: J. J. Little & Ives Company. p. 13. "It was the great service of liberal thinkers like Jefferson and Paine that they recognized the natural limitations of every form of government. That is why they did not want to see the state become a terrestrial Providence which in its infallibility would make on its own every decision, thereby not only blocking the road to higher forms of social development, but also crippling the natural sense of responsibility of the people which is the essential condition for every prosperous society".
↑  Tucker, Benjamin (1926) [1976]. Individual Liberty. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 13. "The Anarchists are simply unterrified Jeffersonian Democrats. They believe that 'the best government is that which governs least,' and that that which governs least is no government at all".
↑  Scott, James C. (2012). Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work and Play. Princeton University Press. pp. 79–80. "At one end of an institutional continuum one can place the total institutions that routinely destroy the autonomy and initiative of their subjects. At the other end of this continuum lies, perhaps, some ideal version of Jeffersonian democracy composed of independent, self-reliant, self-respecting, landowning farmers, managers of their own small enterprises, answerable to themselves, free of debt, and more generally with no institutional reason for servility or deference. Such free-standing farmers, Jefferson thought, were the basis of a vigorous and independent public sphere where citizens could speak their mind without fear or favor. Somewhere in between these two poles lies the contemporary situation of most citizens of Western democracies: a relatively open public sphere but a quotidian institutional experience that is largely at cross purposes with the implicit assumptions behind this public sphere and encouraging and often rewarding caution, deference, servility, and conformity".
↑  Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 310. doi:10.1017/s0265052500002028.
↑  Boaz, David (2010). The Libertarian Reader: Classic and Contemporary Writings from Lao Tzu to Milton Friedman. Simon & Schuster. p. 123. ISBN 1-4391-1833-7. ISBN 978-1-4391-1833-7.
↑  Wood, Ellen Meiksins (1972). Mind and Politics: An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism. University of California Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-520-02029-4.
↑  Rothbard, Murray (1973) [2006]. "The Libertarian Heritage: The American Revolution and Classical Liberalism". In For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto. LewRockwell.com. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
1 2  Sprading, Charles T. (1913) [1995]. Liberty and the Great Libertarians. Mises Institute. p. 74. ISBN 1-61016-107-6. ISBN 978-1-61016-107-7.
↑  Hoffman, David C. (Fall 2006). "Paine and Prejudice: Rhetorical Leadership through Perceptual Framing in Common Sense". Rhetoric and Public Affairs. 9 (3): 373–410.
↑  Maier, Pauline (1997). American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York City: Knopf. pp. 90–91.
↑  Lamb, Robert (2010). "Liberty, Equality, and the Boundaries of Ownership: Thomas Paine's Theory of Property Rights". Review of Politics. 72 (3): 483–511. doi:10.1017/s0034670510000331. hdl:10871/9896. S2CID 55413082.
↑  Ousby, Ian (1993). The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English. Cambridge University Press. p. 305. ISBN 0-521-44086-6. ISBN 978-0-521-44086-8.
↑  Godwin, William (1793). Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Modern Morals and Happiness. G. G. and J. Robinson. OCLC 2340417.
↑  "Anarchism", Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 (UK version).
↑  Everhart, Robert B. The Public School Monopoly: A Critical Analysis of Education and the State in American Society. Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research, 1982. p. 115.
1 2 3 4  Philip, Mark (20 May 2006). "William Godwin". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
↑  Peter Kropotkin, "Anarchism", Encyclopædia Britannica 1910.
↑  Godwin himself attributed the first anarchist writing to Edmund Burke's A Vindication of Natural Society. "Most of the above arguments may be found much more at large in Burke's Vindication of Natural Society; a treatise in which the evils of the existing political institutions are displayed with incomparable force of reasoning and lustre of eloquence..." – footnote, Ch. 2 Political Justice by William Godwin.
↑  Adams, Ian. Political Ideology Today. Manchester University Press, 2001. p. 116.
↑  Godwin, William (1796) [1793]. Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Modern Morals and Manners. G. G. and J. Robinson. OCLC 2340417.
↑  Sheehan, Sean. Anarchism, London: Reaktion Books Ltd. , 2004. p. 85.
1 2  Graham, Robert (2005). "Preface". Anarchism: a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas: from Anarchy to Anarchism. Montréal: Black Rose Books. pp. xi–xiv. ISBN 1-55164-250-6. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
↑  Alexander Berkman (2017-02-02). "What is Communist Anarchism?: Now and After: The ABC of Communist Anarchism". revoltlib.com (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2022-01-28.
↑  Joseph Déjacque. De l'être-humain mâle et femelle – Lettre à P.J. Proudhon par Joseph Déjacque (به فرانسوی).
↑  Robert Graham, Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas – Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE to 1939), Black Rose Books, 2005
↑  "l'Echange", article in Le Libertaire no 6, 21 September 1858, New York.
↑  Nettlau, Max (1996). A Short History of Anarchism. Freedom Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-900384-89-1.
↑  Nettlau, Max (1996). A Short History of Anarchism. Freedom Press. p. 162. ISBN 0-900384-89-1.
↑  "What do I mean by individualism? I mean by individualism the moral doctrine which, relying on no dogma, no tradition, no external determination, appeals only to the individual conscience."Mini-Manual of Individualism by Han Ryner
↑  "I do not admit anything except the existence of the individual, as a condition of his sovereignty. To say that the sovereignty of the individual is conditioned by Liberty is simply another way of saying that it is conditioned by itself.""Anarchism and the State" in Individual Liberty
↑  Goodway, David. Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow. Liverpool University Press, 2006, p. 99.
1 2  Leopold, David (4 August 2006). "Max Stirner". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
↑  The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge. Encyclopedia Corporation. p. 176.
↑  Miller, David. "Anarchism". 1987. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 11.
↑  Nyberg, Svein Olav. "The union of egoists" (PDF). Non Serviam. Oslo, Norway: Svein Olav Nyberg. 1: 13–14. OCLC 47758413. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
↑  Thomas, Paul (1985). Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: Routledge/Kegan Paul. p. 142. ISBN 0-7102-0685-2.
↑  Carlson, Andrew (1972). "Philosophical Egoism: German Antecedents". Anarchism in Germany. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-0484-0. Archived from the original on 15 February 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
↑  Palmer, Brian (2010-12-29). "What do anarchists want from us?". Slate Magazine (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2022-01-28.
↑  Bailie, William (1906). "Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist – A Sociological Study" (PDF). Small, Maynard & Co. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
↑  "2. Individualist Anarchism and Reaction". libcom.org (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2022-01-28.
↑  «The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism, By Wendy McElroy». ncc-1776.org. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۱۸ فوریه ۲۰۲۱. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۲-۰۱-۲۸.
↑  "La insumisión voluntaria: El anarquismo individualista español durante la Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Díez. بایگانی‌شده  در ۲۳ ژوئیه ۲۰۱۱ توسط Wayback Machine Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
↑  "Los anarco-individualistas, G.I.A … Una escisión de la FAI producida en el IX Congreso (Carrara, 1965) se produjo cuando un sector de anarquistas de tendencia humanista rechazan la interpretación que ellos juzgan disciplinaria del pacto asociativo clásico, y crean los GIA (Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica). Esta pequeña federación de grupos, hoy nutrida sobre todo de veteranos anarco-individualistas de orientación pacifista, naturista, etcétera defiende la autonomía personal y rechaza a rajatabla toda forma de intervención en los procesos del sistema, como sería por ejemplo el sindicalismo. Su portavoz es L'Internazionale con sede en Ancona. La escisión de los GIA prefiguraba, en sentido contrario, el gran debate que pronto había de comenzar en el seno del movimiento""El movimiento libertario en Italia" by Bicicleta. REVISTA DE COMUNICACIONES LIBERTARIAS Year 1 No. Noviembre, 1 1977.
↑  anne (30 July 2014). "Culture of Individualist Anarchism in Late 19th Century America" (PDF).
↑  The "Illegalists". بایگانی‌شده  در ۸ سپتامبر ۲۰۱۵ توسط Wayback MachineArchived 8 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Doug Imrie (published by Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed).
↑  Parry, Richard. The Bonnot Gang. Rebel Press, 1987. p. 15.
↑  "anarchism | Definition, Varieties, History, & Artistic Expression | Britannica". www.britannica.com (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2022-01-28.
↑  "AnarchoSyndicalism: Theory and Practice". revoltlib.com (به انگلیسی). 2017-02-09. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
1 2  Bookchin, Murray (1998). The Spanish Anarchists. pp. 111–114.
↑  FERMÍN SALVOCHEA ÁLVAREZ, CGT. BIOGRAFÍAS (English translation). Accessed April 2009
↑  Avrich, Paul (2006). The Russian Anarchists. Stirling: AK Press. pp. 195, 204. ISBN 1-904859-48-8.
↑  "There Is No Communism in Russia[پیوند مرده]" by Emma Goldman. Quote: "Soviet Russia, it must now be obvious, is an absolute despotism politically and the crassest form of state capitalism economically."
↑  Nomad, Max (1966). "The Anarchist Tradition". In Drachkovitch, Milorad M. (ed.). The Revolutionary Internationals, 1864-1943. Stanford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-8047-0293-4
↑  Hakim Bey. "T.A.Z. : The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism".
↑  "1918-1921: The Italian factory occupations and Biennio Rosso". libcom.org (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2022-01-28.
↑  Holbrow, Marnie, "Daring but Divided بایگانی‌شده  در ۲۹ ژوئیه ۲۰۱۳ توسط Wayback Machine" (Socialist Review, November 2002).
↑  Berry, David. "Fascism or Revolution." Le Libertaire. August 1936.
↑  Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, p. 46, ISBN 978-0-297-84832-5.
↑  Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze (October 1979). "Anarchist Communism & Libertarian Communism". L'informatore di parte. 4.
↑  Murray Bookchin, To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of 1936, AK Press, 1994, pp. 2–39, ISBN 978-1-873176-87-0.
↑  "inter alia: *George Richard Esenwein, The Spanish Civil War: a Modern Tragedy, 2005, p. 269. *Alexandre Skirda, Facing the Enemy: a History of Anarchist Organization from Proudhon to May 1968: 2002, p. 158. *Peter Marshall, Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism, 2010, p. 466. *Graham Kelsey". Anarchosyndicalism, Libertarian Communism, and the State: The CNT in Zaragoza and Aragon, 1930–1937. 1991: 250.
↑  José Peirats & Chris Ealham, The CNT in the Spanish Revolution, Volume 2: 2001, p. 76. "The anarchist youth movement had been founded soon after the birth of the Second Republic. … Later, they spread throughout the whole of Spain until they came to represent the third branch of the great libertarian family. … The FIJL had agreed upon the following statement of principles: '...This Association shall strive to invest young people with a libertarian conviction, as to equip them individually to struggle against authority in all its forms, whether in trade union matters or in ideological ones, so as to attain a libertarian social arrangement'".
↑  Esenwein, George Richard. The Spanish Civil War: A Modern Tragedy, Routledge, 2005. p. 269.
↑  Gómez Casas, p. 237.
↑  "Sí se ha aprobado por unanimidad, también a propuesta de Ciudadanos, dedicar una calle al anarquista Melchor Rodríguez García, el último alcalde de Madrid republicano, ante "el gran consenso social y político" al respecto y por "su gran relevancia para la reconciliación y la concordia tras la Guerra Civil". El País. "Madrid sustituirá las calles franquistas por víctimas del terrorismo".
↑  Jesus Ruiz. Posibilismo libertario. Felix Morga, Alcalde de Najera (1891-1936). El Najerilla-Najera. 2003.
↑  Renof, Israël Renof (May 1968). Possibilisme libertaire (PDF). Noir et Rouge. 41: 16–23.
↑  "Manifesto of Libertarian Communism - Georges Fontenis". libcom.org (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2022-01-28.
↑  London Federation of Anarchists involvement in Carrara conference, 1968 International Institute of Social History. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
↑  Short history of the IAF-IFA A-infos news project, Accessed 19 January 2010.
↑  amNY (۲۰۱۲-۰۱-۲۵). «The Left-Libertarians — the last of an ancient breed | amNewYork». www.amny.com (به انگلیسی). دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۲-۰۱-۲۸.
↑  Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America by Paul Avrich. AK Press. 2005. pp. 471–472.
↑  Avrich, Paul. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, AK Press, p. 419.
↑  Anarchist Voices: An Oral History Of Anarchism In America by Paul Avrich. AK Press. 2005.
↑  A 1970s associate, subject of David Marr's A spirit gone to another place The Sydney Morning Herald obituary, 9 September 2006.
↑  "Libertarian Marxism? – The Anarchist Library بایگانی‌شده  در ۱۹ آوریل ۲۰۲۲ توسط Wayback Machine". 6 February 2017.
↑  Ernesto Screpanti, Libertarian communism: Marx Engels and the Political Economy of Freedom, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2007.
↑  Draper, Hal. "The Principle of Self-Emancipation in Marx and Engels". Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine "The Socialist Register." Vol 4.
↑  "A libertarian Marxist tendency map". libcom.org (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2022-01-28.
↑  «Root & Branch». libcom.org. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۲-۰۱-۲۸.
↑  "Root & Branch # 7". libcom.org (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2022-01-28.
↑  "papers relating to Libertarian Communism (a splinter group of the SPGB) including journals and miscellaneous correspondence, 1970–1980 (1 box). "Socialist Party of Great Britain" at Archives Hub at the Great Research Centre.
↑  BEKKEN, Jon, Sam Dolgoff, MiMi Rivera and Jeff Stein PERIODICAL (1 January 1989). "LIBERTARIAN LABOR REVIEW: Anarchosyndicalist Ideas and Discussion. #9 Summer, 1990". Champaign: Libertarian Labor Review, 1989. – via Amazon.
↑  "Libertarian Labor Review INDEX #1–24" at syndicalists.us.
↑  Thomas, Paul (1985). Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: Routledge/Kegan Paul. p. 4. ISBN 0-7102-0685-2.
↑  John Patten (28 October 1968). ""These groups had their roots in the anarchist resurgence of the nineteen sixties. Young militants finding their way to anarchism, often from the anti-bomb and anti-Vietnam war movements, linked up with an earlier generation of activists, largely outside the ossified structures of 'official' anarchism. Anarchist tactics embraced demonstrations, direct action such as industrial militancy and squatting, protest bombings like those of the First of May Group and Angry Brigade—and a spree of publishing activity." "Islands of Anarchy: Simian, Cienfuegos, Refract and their support network" by John Patten". Katesharpleylibrary.net. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
↑  Philosophy، Barbara EpsteinTopics: Feminism Movements (۲۰۰۱-۰۹-۰۱). «Monthly Review | Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement». Monthly Review (به انگلیسی). دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۲-۰۱-۲۸.
↑  S hort history of the IAF-IFA A- infos news project, Accessed 19 January 2010.
1 2  Rupert, Mark (2006). Globalization and International Political Economy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 0-7425-2943-6.
↑  Infinitely Demanding by Simon Critchley. Verso. 2007. p. 125.
↑  Chamsy el- Ojeili. Beyond post-socialism. Dialogues with the far-left. Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. p. 7.
↑  «The Libertarian Vote». www.cato.org. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۲-۰۱-۲۸.
↑  Boaz, David; Kirby, David (18 October 2006). "The Libertarian Vote". Cato Institute. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
↑  Boaz, David (10 February 2016). "Gallup Finds More Libertarians in the Electorate". Retrieved 31 October 2019.
↑  "Americans don't like big government - but like many programs: poll" (به انگلیسی). 2015-04-30. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
↑  Inc, Gallup (2006-11-06). "Gallup Database: 2006 Survey Results". Gallup.com (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2022-01-28.
↑  Kiley، Jocelyn. «In search of libertarians». Pew Research Center (به انگلیسی). دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۲-۰۱-۲۸.
↑  «Libertarian Roots of the Tea Party». www.cato.org. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۲-۰۱-۲۸.
↑  «Election 2012: Ron Paul's Revenge!». Antiwar.com Original (به انگلیسی). ۲۰۱۲-۱۱-۰۶. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۲-۰۱-۲۸.
↑  Demirjian, Karoun (2012-10-05). "Libertarian candidate makes push for Nevada's Ron Paul supporters - Las Vegas Sun Newspaper". lasvegassun.com (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2022-01-28.
↑  "Why 5% matters to Gary Johnson". IVN.us (به انگلیسی). 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
↑  "Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
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