طیف سیاسی چپ–راست
یادداشت

↑  Milner, Helen (2004). "Partisanship, Trade Policy, and Globalization: Is There a Left–Right Divide on Trade Policy" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 48: 95–120. doi:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00293.x.
↑  Knapp & Wright, p. 10.
↑  Adam Garfinkle, Telltale Hearts: The Origins and Impact of the Vietnam Antiwar Movement (1997). Palgrave Macmillan: p. 303.
↑  "Left (adjective)" and "Left (noun)" (2011), Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
↑  Roger Broad, Labour's European Dilemmas: From Bevin to Blair (2001). Palgrave Macmillan: p. xxvi.
↑  Gauchet, pp. 245–47
↑  Gauchet, pp. 247–49
↑  Gauchet, p. 253.
↑  Marc Crapez, "De quand date le clivage gauche/droite en France?", Revue française de science politique, 48 (1), février 1998, pp. 70–72.
↑  Gauchet, pp. 255–259.
↑  Gauchet, p. 266
↑  Andrew Heywood, Key Concepts in Politics and International Relations (2d ed. : Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), p. 119.
↑  Brooks, Frank H. (1994). The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908). Transaction Publishers. p. xi. "Usually considered to be an extreme left-wing ideology, anarchism has always included a significant strain of radical individualism ..."
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  See
↑  JoAnne C. Reuss, American Folk Music and Left-Wing Politics, The Scarecrow Press, 2000, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰−۸۱۰۸−۳۶۸۴−۶
↑  Van Gosse, The Movements of the New Left, 1950–1975: A Brief History with Documents, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۱−۴۰۳۹−۶۸۰۴−۳
↑  Michael J. Klarman, "From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality", "... many of the white Americans who were most sympathetic to racial equality belonged to left-wing organizations...", p. 375, Oxford University Press, 2006, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۱۹۵۳۱۰۱۸۴
↑  Feser, Edward C. (2008).  Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 95–97. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n62. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024 https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC. Libertarianism and conservatism are frequently classified together as right-wing political philosophies, which is understandable given the content and history of these views. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑  André Munro, Christian democracy, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), "Christian democracy does not fit squarely in the ideological categories of left and right. It rejects the individualist worldview that underlies both political liberalism and laissez-faire economics, and it recognizes the need for the state to intervene in the economy to support communities and defend human dignity. Yet Christian democracy, in opposition to socialism, defends private property and resists excessive intervention of the state in social life and education."
↑  Siep Stuurman, "Citizenship and Cultural Difference in France and the Netherlands" in Lineages of European Citizenship: Rights, Belonging and Participation in Eleven Nation-States (eds. Richard Bellamy, Dario Castiglione & Emilio Santoro: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 178: "Regionalism and feminism, to take two major examples, were significantly different, but both cut across the old left-right cleavages, presenting a challenge to the traditional political cultures."
↑  Jack Hayward, "Governing the New Europe" in Governing the New Europe (eds. Jack Ernest, Shalom Hayward & Edward Page: Duke University Press, 1995): "...the rebirth of a repressed civil society has led to a proliferation of social movements which cannot be subsumed under a left-right dichotomy. … The emergency of a variety of new social movements, particularly green and feminist movements, as well as revived regionalist movements, has prompted the major parties to compete with one another in seeking to incorporate their demand."
↑  Andrew C. Gould, "Conclusions: Regional, National, and Religious Challenges to European Identity" in Europe's Contending Identities: Supranationalism, Ethnoregionalism, Religion, and New Nationalism (eds. Andrew C. Gould & Anthony M. Messina: Cambridge University Press, 2014): "Regionalist parties in the center of the left-right spectrum generally favored integration. Regionalist parties on the extremes of left and right generally opposed integration, albeit for different reasons..."
↑  Ware, pp. 18–20
↑  Ware, p. 22
↑  Ware, pp. 27–29
↑  Ware, p. 47
↑  Ware, p. 186
↑  Ware, p. 202
↑  Ware, pp. 33–35
↑  Ware, pp. 36–37
↑  Ware, p. 34
↑  Ware, pp. 41–42
↑  Ware, p. 43
↑  Knapp & Wright, p. 7
↑  Knapp & Wright, p. 9
↑  Anthony Giddens, Beyond Left and Right, the Future of Radical Politics, "In many continental European countries, for example, 'conservatism' suggests the political influence of Catholicism." p. 22. "American conservatism, in some of its major forms at least, has almost from its beginnings been aggressively pro-capitalist in ways that its European counterparts have not." p. 23. "(However) the basic dilemmas now faced by conservative and socialist thought are everywhere similar." p. 23. "Conservatism, it is often said, opposes rationalism." p. 24. , Stanford University Press, 1994, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰−۸۰۴۷−۲۴۵۱−۷.
↑  Knapp & Wright, pp. 2–5
↑  Political Labels: Majorities of U.S. Adults Have a Sense of What Conservative, Liberal, Right Wing or Left Wing Means, But Many Do Not, The Harris Poll #12 (February 9, 2005).
↑  Peter Berkowitz, "The Liberal Spirit in America and Its Paradoxes" in Liberalism for a New Century (eds. Neil Jumonville & Kevin Mattson: University of California Press, 2007), p. 14.
↑  Michael Kazin, American Dreamers: How the Left Changed a Nation (2011: First Vintage Books ed. , 2012), p. xiv.
↑  Michael Kazin, American Dreamers: How the Left Changed a Nation (2011: First Vintage Books ed. , 2012), p. xiii-xiv.
↑  Michael Kazin, American Dreamers: How the Left Changed a Nation (2011: First Vintage Books ed. , 2012), p. xix.
↑  David Boaz, The Politics of Freedom: Taking on the Left, the Right, and Threats to Our Liberties, Cato Institute, 2008, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۱−۹۳۳۹۹۵−۱۴−۴
↑  Cowley, Jason (24 November 2016). "Tony Blair's unfinished business". New Statesman. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
↑  "Drawbridges up". The Economist. 30 July 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
↑  "The Dutch election suggests a new kind of identity politics". The Economist. 18 March 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
↑  Left and right: the significance of a political distinction (1996) Norberto Bobbio, Allan Cameron, pp. vi–xiv
↑  The authoritarian specter, Bob Altemeyer (1996), pp. 258–98
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