پش‌نویس:گاه‌شمار تشکیل جهان و پیدایش حیات
منابع

↑  Planck Collaboration (October 2016). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594: Article A13. arXiv:1502.01589. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830. S2CID 119262962. The Planck Collaboration in 2015 published the estimate of 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago (68% confidence interval). See PDF: page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column.
↑  (Ryden 2006، eq. 6.41)
↑ ( Tanabashi, M. 2018، ص. 358، chpt. 21.4.1: "Big-Bang Cosmology" (Revised September 2017) by Keith A. Olive and John A. Peacock.)
Notes: Edward L. Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator (last modified 23 July 2018). With a default  H_{0} = ۷۰۰۱۶۹۶۰۰۰۰۰۰۰۰۰۰۰۰♠۶۹٫۶ (based on WMAP9+SPT+ACT+6dFGS+BOSS/DR11+H0/Riess) parameters, the calculated age of the universe with a redshift of z = 1100 is in agreement with Olive and Peacock (about 370,000 years).
(Hinshaw، Weiland و Hill 2009). See PDF: page 45, Table 7, Age at decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of decoupling occurred ۷۰۰۵۳۷۶۹۷۱۰۰۰۰۰۰۰۰۰♠۳۷۶۹۷۱+۳۱۶۲
−۳۱۶۷ years after the Big Bang.
(Ryden 2006، صص. 194–195). "Without going into the details of the non-equilibrium physics, let's content ourselves by saying, in round numbers, zdec ≈ 1100, corresponding to a temperature Tdec ≈ 3000 K, when the age of the universe was tdec ≈ 350,000 yr in the Benchmark Model. (...) The relevant times of various events around the time of recombination are shown in Table 9.1. (...) Note that all these times are approximate, and are dependent on the cosmological model you choose. (I have chosen the Benchmark Model in calculating these numbers.)"
↑  Chen, Ke-Jung; Heger, Alexander; Woosley, Stan;  et al. (1 September 2014). "Pair Instability Supernovae of Very Massive Population III Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 792 (1): Article 44. arXiv:1402.5960. Bibcode:2014ApJ...792...44C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/44. S2CID 119296923.
↑  del Peloso, Eduardo F.; da Silva, Licio; Porto de Mello, Gustavo F.;  et al. (5 September 2005). "The age of the Galactic thin disk from Th/Eu nucleocosmochronology - III. Extended sample" (PDF). Stellar atmospheres. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 440 (3): 1153–1159. arXiv:astro-ph/0506458. Bibcode:2005A&A...440.1153D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053307. S2CID 16484977. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2019.
↑  Charles H. Lineweaver (2001). "An Estimate of the Age Distribution of Terrestrial Planets in the Universe: Quantifying Metallicity as a Selection Effect". Icarus. 151 (2): 307. arXiv:astro-ph/0012399. Bibcode:2001Icar..151..307L. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6607.
↑  J. Jeff Hester, Steven J. Desch, Kevin R. Healy, Laurie A. Leshin (21 May 2004). "The Cradle of the Solar System". Science. 304 (5674): 1116–1117. Bibcode:2004Sci...304.1116H. doi:10.1126/science.1096808. PMID 15155936.{{cite journal}}:  نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
↑  Martin Bizzarro, David Ulfbeck, Anne Trinquier, Kristine Thrane, James N. Connelly, Bradley S. Meyer (2007). "Evidence for a Late Supernova Injection of 60Fe into the Protoplanetary Disk". Science. 316 (5828): 1178–1181. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1178B. doi:10.1126/science.1141040. PMID 17525336.{{cite journal}}:  نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
1 2 3  Douglas N. C. Lin (May 2008). "The Genesis of Planets" (fee required). Scientific American. 298 (5): 50–59. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0508-50. PMID 18444325.
1 2  R. Gomes, H. F. Levison, K. Tsiganis, A. Morbidelli (2005). "Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets" (PDF). Nature. 435 (7041): 466–9. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..466G. doi:10.1038/nature03676. PMID 15917802.{{cite journal}}:  نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
↑  Sukyoung Yi, Pierre Demarque, Yong-Cheol Kim, Young-Wook Lee, Chang H. Ree, Thibault Lejeune, Sydney Barnes (2001). "Toward Better Age Estimates for Stellar Populations: The  Y^{2} Isochrones for Solar Mixture". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 136: 417. arXiv:astro-ph/0104292. Bibcode:2001ApJS..136..417Y. doi:10.1086/321795.{{cite journal}}:  نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
↑  Simon A. Wilde, John W. Valley, William H. Peck, Colin M. Graham (2001). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago" (PDF). Nature. 409 (6817): 175–8. doi:10.1038/35051550. PMID 11196637.{{cite journal}}:  نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
1 2  Courtland, Rachel (July 2, 2008). "Did newborn Earth harbour life?". New Scientist. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
↑  "UCLA scientists strengthen case for life more than 3.8 billion years ago" (Press release). University of California-Los Angeles. 21 July 2006. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
↑  Morbidelli, Alessandro (2008-02-03). "Origin and dynamical evolution of comets and their reservoirs". arXiv:astro-ph/0512256.
↑  Jeff Hecht (2 April 1994). "Science: Fiery future for planet Earth". New Scientist. No. 1919. p. 14. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
↑  Jeffrey Stuart Kargel (2004). "billion+years"+sun Mars: A Warmer, Wetter Planet. Springer. ISBN 1-85233-568-8. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
↑  Fraser Cain (2007). "When Our Galaxy Smashes Into Andromeda, What Happens to the Sun?". Universe Today. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
1 2  K. P. Schroder, Robert Connon Smith (2008). "Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 386 (1): 155–163. arXiv:0801.4031. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.386..155S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x.
↑  I. J. Sackmann, A. I. Boothroyd, K. E. Kraemer (1993). "Our Sun. III. Present and Future". Astrophysical Journal. 418: 457. Bibcode:1993ApJ...418..457S. doi:10.1086/173407.{{cite journal}}:  نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
↑  Ralph D. Lorenz, Jonathan I. Lunine, Christopher P. McKay (1997). "Titan under a red giant sun: A new kind of "habitable" moon" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 24 (22): 2905–8. Bibcode:1997GeoRL..24.2905L. doi:10.1029/97GL52843. PMID 11542268. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2008-03-21.{{cite journal}}:  نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
↑  Bruce Balick (Department of Astronomy, University of Washington). "Planetary nebulae and the future of the Solar System". Personal web site. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
↑  Barrow, John D.; Tipler, Frank J. (1988). اصل انسان‌نگر. انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد. ISBN 978-0-19-282147-8. LCCN 87028148. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |nopp= (help)
↑  Freeman Dyson (July 1979). "Time Without End: Physics and Biology in an open universe". Reviews of Modern Physics. Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton New Jersey. 51 (3): 447. Bibcode:1979RvMP...51..447D. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-02.