تک گروه R1a
یادداشت

↑  Sharma et al. 2009.
1 2  Underhill et al. 2014.
1 2  Underhill et al. 2009.
1 2 3  Underhill, Peter A; Poznik, G David; Rootsi, Siiri; Järve, Mari; Lin, Alice A; Wang, Jianbin; Passarelli, Ben; Kanbar, Jad; Myres, Natalie M (2015-01). "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (1): 124–131. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50. ISSN 1018-4813. PMC 4266736. PMID 24667786. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑  «Haplogroup R1a as the Proto Indo-Europeans and the Legendary Aryans as Witnessed by the DNA of Their Current Descendants - Advances in Anthropology - SCIRP». www.scirp.org. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۳-۰۷-۲۰.
↑  «Y chromosome haplogroup distribution among iranian male population».
↑  «Genetic studies on indian castes».
↑  Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl G.; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbiörn (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia" (به انگلیسی). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑  Klyosov, Anatole A.; Rozhanskii, Igor L. (2012-02-29). "Haplogroup R1a as the Proto Indo-Europeans and the Legendary Aryans as Witnessed by the DNA of Their Current Descendants". Advances in Anthropology (به انگلیسی). 2 (1): 1–13. doi:10.4236/aa.2012.21001.
↑  al، J2 Research Team: Rottensteiner et. «first ancient J2 from Iran (Mesolithic, Copper Age) and Levant (Bronze Age) – Lazaridis et al. first farmers – J2-M172». j2-m172.info (به انگلیسی). دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۳-۰۷-۲۲.
↑  Quiles، Carlos؛ root (۲۰۱۹-۰۴-۰۲). «Scytho-Siberians of Aldy-Bel and Sagly, of haplogroup R1a-Z93, Q1b-L54, and N». Indo-European.eu (به انگلیسی). دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۳-۰۷-۲۲.
↑  «Genetic studies on zoroastrian male ancestry in India and iran».
↑  «Y chromosome haplogroup distribution in iranian Population».
↑  Maciamo. "Eupedia". Eupedia (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2023-07-20.
↑  «Y chromosome haplogroup distribution in afghan male population».
↑  Sharma, Swarkar; Rai, Ekta; Sharma, Prithviraj; Jena, Mamata; Singh, Shweta; Darvishi, Katayoon; Bhat, Audesh K.; Bhanwer, A. J. S.; Tiwari, Pramod Kumar (2009-01). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics (به انگلیسی). 54 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. ISSN 1435-232X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑  International Journal of Legal Medicine
1 2  Underhill, Peter A; Poznik, G David; Rootsi, Siiri; Järve, Mari; Lin, Alice A; Wang, Jianbin; Passarelli, Ben; Kanbar, Jad; Myres, Natalie M (2015). "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (1): 124–131. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50. ISSN 1018-4813. PMC 4266736. PMID 24667786.
↑  Saag, Lehti; Vasilyev, Sergey V.; Varul, Liivi; Kosorukova, Natalia V.; Gerasimov, Dmitri V.; Oshibkina, Svetlana V.; Griffith, Samuel J.; Solnik, Anu; Saag, Lauri; D'Atanasio, Eugenia; Metspalu, Ene (January 2021). "Genetic ancestry changes in Stone to Bronze Age transition in the East European plain". Science Advances (به انگلیسی). 7 (4): eabd6535. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.6535S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd6535. PMC 7817100. PMID 33523926.
↑  Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (February 10, 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". bioRxiv (به انگلیسی): 013433. arXiv:1502.02783. doi:10.1101/013433. S2CID 196643946. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
↑  Raghavan, Maanasa; Skoglund, Pontus; Graf, Kelly E.; Metspalu, Mait; Albrechtsen, Anders; Moltke, Ida; Rasmussen, Simon; Stafford Jr, Thomas W.; Orlando, Ludovic; Metspalu, Ene; Karmin, Monika (January 2014). "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans". Nature (به انگلیسی). 505 (7481): 87–91. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...87R. doi:10.1038/nature12736. PMC 4105016. PMID 24256729.
↑  Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Olalde, Iñigo; Lipson, Mark (September 6, 2019). "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia". Science (به انگلیسی). 365 (6457): eaat7487. doi:10.1126/science.aat7487. PMC 6822619. PMID 31488661. Y chromosome haplogroup types R1b or R1a not represented in Iran and Turan in this period ... {{cite journal}}: |first11= missing |last11= (help)
↑  "R1a tree". YFull. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
↑  Mirabal, Sheyla; Regueiro, Maria; Cadenas, Alicia M; Cavalli-Sforza, L Luca; Underhill, Peter A; Verbenko, Dmitry A; Limborska, Svetlana A; Herrera, Rene J (2009). "Y-Chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (10): 1260–1273. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6. ISSN 1018-4813. PMC 2986641. PMID 19259129.
↑  Underhill, Peter A; Myres, Natalie M; Rootsi, Siiri; Metspalu, Mait; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; King, Roy J; Lin, Alice A; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T; Semino, Ornella (2010). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (4): 479–484. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. ISSN 1018-4813. PMC 2987245. PMID 19888303.
↑  Zerjal, T.;  et al. (1999). "The use of Y-chromosomal DNA variation to investigate population history: recent male spread in Asia and Europe".  In Papiha, S. S.; D

eka, R. (eds.). Genetic Diversity in the Old World. Springer. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-7923-8553-7. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help); line feed character in |editor2-last= at position 2 (help)
↑  «. The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective» (PDF). بایگانی‌شده (PDF) از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰۰۳-۱۱-۲۵.
↑  Wells, R. S.; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; Pitchappan, R. (2001-08-28). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (18): 10244–10249. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 11526236.
↑  Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Németh, Endre; Pádár, Zsolt (2012-12). "Brief communication: New Y‐chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1". American Journal of Physical Anthropology (به انگلیسی). 149 (4): 611–615. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22167. ISSN 0002-9483. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑  Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin (2015-06-11). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
↑  Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn (2015-06-11). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature (به انگلیسی). 522 (7555): 167–172. doi:10.1038/nature14507. ISSN 0028-0836.
↑  Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Alpaslan Roodenberg, Songul; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin؛  و دیگران (۲۰۱۵). «Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe».نگهداری یادکرد:استفاده از et al. (رده) نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (رده)
↑  Joseph، Tony (۲۰۱۷-۰۶-۱۶). «How genetics is settling the Aryan migration debate» (به انگلیسی). The Hindu. شاپا 0971-751X. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۴-۰۹-۱۶.
↑  Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World, Princeton University Press
↑  Anthony, David W.; Ringe, Don (2015-01-01). "The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives". Annual Review of Linguistics (به انگلیسی). 1 (1): 199–219. doi:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812. ISSN 2333-9683.
1 2  Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin (2015-06-11). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 65 (help)
↑  «Ancient Paleo-DNA of Pre-Copper Age North-Eastern Europe: Establishing the Migration Traces of R1a1 Y-DNA Haplogroup». Russian Federation European Journal of Molecular Biotechnology. ۲۰۰۶. شاپا 2310-6255.
↑  Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang (2012-03-28). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLoS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
↑  Klejn, Leo S. (April 22, 2017). "The Steppe Hypothesis of Indo-European Origins Remains to be Proven". Acta Archaeologica. 88 (1): 193–204. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0390.2017.12184.x. ISSN 0065-101X. Archived from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022. "As for the Y-chromosome, it was already noted in Haak, Lazaridis et al. (2015) that the Yamnaya from Samara had Y-chromosomes which belonged to R-M269 but did not belong to the clade common in Western Europe (p. 46 of supplement). Also, not a single R1a in Yamnaya unlike Corded Ware (R1a-dominated)."
↑  Koch, John T.; Cunliffe, Barry (2016). Celtic from the West 3: Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages (به انگلیسی). Oxbow Books. p. 634. ISBN 978-1-78570-228-0. Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
↑  «Ancient Paleo-DNA of Pre-Copper Age North-Eastern Europe: Establishing the Migration Traces of R1a1 Y-DNA Haplogroup». European Journal of Molecular Biotechnology: ۱۱. ۲۰۱۶.
↑  طبق Family Tree،[چه کسی؟] آن‌ها حدود ۵،۰۰۰ سال پیش تقسیم شدند.
منشا R1a (Underhill 2009؛ منشا R1a1a ((Pamjav et al. 2012))؛ احتمال مهاجرت R1a به ساحل بالتیک؛ و قدیمی‌ترین گسترش و بالاترین فراوانی R1a1a ((Underhill et al. 2014))
دوره میانه نوسنگی اروپا. فرهنگ شیاردار حدود ۴۲۰۰ – حدود ۲۰۰۰ پ.م.
فرهنگ شیاردار (حدود ۲۹۰۰ – حدود ۲۳۵۰ پ.م)