مسئله شر
ارجاعات

↑  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", Michael Tooley
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  Hickson, Michael W. (2014). "A Brief History of Problems of Evil".  In McBrayer, Justin P.; Howard-Snyder, Daniel (eds.). The Blackwell Companion to The Problem of Evil. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-1-118-60797-8.
↑  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", Michael Tooley
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Logical Problem of Evil", James R. Beebe
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  Peter van Inwagen (2008). The Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. pp. 120, 123–26, context: 120–33. ISBN 978-0-19-954397-7.
↑  Nicholas J. Rengger, Moral Evil and International Relations, in  SAIS Review  25:1, Winter/Spring 2005, pp. 3–16
↑  Peter Kivy, Melville's Billy and the Secular Problem of Evil: the Worm in the Bud, in The Monist (1980), 63
↑  Kekes, John (1990). Facing Evil. Princeton: Princeton UP. ISBN 978-0-691-07370-5.
↑  Timothy Anders, The Evolution of Evil (2000)
↑  Lawrence C. Becker; Charlotte B. Becker (2013). Encyclopedia of Ethics. Routledge. pp. 147–49. ISBN 978-1-135-35096-3.
↑  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", Michael Tooley
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  Problem of Evil, Paul Brians, Washington State University
↑  Stephen D. O'Leary (1998). Arguing the Apocalypse. Oxford University Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-19-535296-2., Quote: "As Max Weber notes, however, it is in monotheistic religions that this problem becomes acute."
↑  Peter Harvey (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37, 141. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4.
↑  Arthur Herman, The problem of evil and Indian thought, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, شابک ‎۸۱−۲۰۸۰۷۵۳۷, pp. 5 with Part II and III of the book
1 2  نایجل واربرتون، الفبای فلسفه، ترجمه مسعود علیا، صفحهٔ ۴۱
↑  The God Beyond Belief: In Defence of William Rowe's Evidential Argument from Evil (Studies in Philosophy and Religion)، مؤلف Nick Trakakis، انتشارات Springer، ص ۲.
↑  جی. ال. مکی، شر و قدرت مطلق
↑  عسکری سلیمانی امیری، نقد برهان ناپذیری وجود خدا، صفحهٔ ۳۰۹
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  Peter Harvey (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37, 141. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4.
↑  Gregory A. Boyd (2003), Is God to Blame? (InterVarsity Press), شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۸۳۰۸۲۳۹۴۹, pp. 55–58
↑  Peter van Inwagen (2008). The Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. pp. 22, 26–30, 6–10. ISBN 978-0-19-954397-7.
↑  Linda Edwards (2001). A Brief Guide to Beliefs: Ideas, Theologies, Mysteries, and Movements. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-664-22259-8.
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  John Swinton (2007). Raging with Compassion: Pastoral Responses to the Problem of Evil. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 33–35, 119, 143. ISBN 978-0-8028-2997-9.
↑  Susan Neiman (2004). Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy. Princeton University Press. pp. 119–20, 318–22. ISBN 978-0-691-11792-8.
↑  Micha de Winter (2012). Socialization and Civil Society. Springer. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-94-6209-092-7.
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  جعفر سبحانی و محمد محمدرضایی، اندیشه اسلامی ۱، صفحهٔ ۱۲۲
↑  خسروی سرشکی، «تبیین دیدگاه کِنِث سورین در نقد گفتمانی تئودیسه‌ها»، ۱۳۹۶ش، ص ۹–۱۱.
↑  The formulation may have been wrongly attributed to Epicurus by Lactantius, who, from his Christian perspective, regarded Epicurus as an atheist. According to Mark Joseph Larrimore, (2001), The Problem of Evil, pp. xix–xxi. Wiley-Blackwell. According to Reinhold F. Glei, it is settled that the argument of theodicy is from an academical source which is not only not epicurean, but even anti-epicurean. Reinhold F. Glei, Et invidus et inbecillus. Das angebliche Epikurfragment bei Laktanz, De ira dei 13, 20–21, in: Vigiliae Christianae 42 (1988), pp. 47–58
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
1 2 3  Justin P. McBrayer, Daniel Howard-Snyder - The Blackwell Companion to The Problem of Evil , Wiley-Blackwell، سال ۲۰۱۳ میلادی، صص ۳۶–۴۵.
1 2  Rowe, William L. (1979). "The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism". American Philosophical Quarterly. 16: 336–37.
↑  ٔNick Trakakis (Monday, 12 August 2019). "The Evidential Problem of Evil". http://iep.utm.edu (به انگلیسی). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |تاریخ= (help); External link in |وبگاه= (help)
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  The God Beyond Belief: In Defence of William Rowe's Evidential Argument from Evil (Studies in Philosophy and Religion)، مؤلف Nick Trakakis، انتشارات Springer، ص vi.
↑  Draper, Paul (1989). "Pain and Pleasure: An Evidential Problem for Theists". Noûs. 23 (3): 331–50. doi:10.2307/2215486. JSTOR 2215486.
↑  Peter van Inwagen (2008). The Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. pp. 120, 123–26, context: 120–33. ISBN 978-0-19-954397-7.
1 2  Nicola Hoggard Creegan (2013). Animal Suffering and the Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–55. ISBN 978-0-19-993185-9.
↑  Michael Murray (2008). Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering. Oxford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-19-155327-1.
↑  Michael J. Almeida (2012). Freedom, God, and Worlds. Oxford University Press. pp. 193–94. ISBN 978-0-19-964002-7.
↑  Michael Murray (2008). Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-155327-1.
↑  Peter van Inwagen (2008). The Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. pp. 120, 123–26, context: 120–33. ISBN 978-0-19-954397-7.
↑  Diogenes Allen (1990).  Marilyn McCord Adams and Robert Merrihew Adams (ed.). The Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. pp. 204–06. ISBN 978-0-19-824866-8.
↑  William L. Rowe (2007). William L. Rowe on Philosophy of Religion: Selected Writings. Ashgate. pp. 61–64 (the fawn's suffering example). ISBN 978-0-7546-5558-9.
↑  Michael J. Almeida (2012). Freedom, God, and Worlds. Oxford University Press. pp. 193–94. ISBN 978-0-19-964002-7.
↑  Michael J. Almeida (2012). Freedom, God, and Worlds. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–95, for the complete context and alternate formulations see pages 194–217. ISBN 978-0-19-964002-7.
↑  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", Michael Tooley
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  Honderich, Ted (2005). "theodicy". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7. John Hick, for example, proposes a theodicy, while Alvin Plantinga formulates a defence. The idea of human free will often appears in a both of these strategies, but in different ways.
↑  For more explanation regarding contradictory propositions and possible worlds, see Plantinga's "God, Freedom and Evil" (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 1974), 24–29.
↑  Coined by Leibniz from Greek θεός (theós), "god" and δίκη (díkē), "justice", may refer to the project of "justifying God"—showing that God's existence is compatible with the existence of evil.
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  Swinburne, Richard (2005). "evil, the problem of".  In Ted Honderich (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7.
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", Michael Tooley
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Logical Problem of Evil", James R. Beebe
↑  Ian Wilks (2014). "Chapter 31, for context see Chapters 29 and 30".  In Justin P. McBrayer and Daniel Howard-Snyder (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to The Problem of Evil. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-60797-8.
↑  Ian Wilks (2014). "Chapter 31, for context see Chapters 29 and 30".  In Justin P. McBrayer and Daniel Howard-Snyder (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to The Problem of Evil. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-60797-8.
↑  Ian Wilks (2014). "Chapter 31, for context see Chapters 29 and 30".  In Justin P. McBrayer and Daniel Howard-Snyder (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to The Problem of Evil. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-60797-8.
↑  Trent Dougherty; Justin P. McBrayer (2014). Skeptical Theism: New Essays. Oxford University Press. pp. 265–66. ISBN 978-0-19-966118-3.
↑  Trent Dougherty; Justin P. McBrayer (2014). Skeptical Theism: New Essays. Oxford University Press. pp. 265–66. ISBN 978-0-19-966118-3.
↑  James Franklin Harris (2002). Analytic Philosophy of Religion. Springer. pp. 243–44. ISBN 978-1-4020-0530-5.
↑  Trent Dougherty; Justin P. McBrayer (2014). Skeptical Theism: New Essays. Oxford University Press. pp. 265–73. ISBN 978-0-19-966118-3.
↑  Whitney, B. "Theodicy". Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
↑  Gregory A. Boyd, Is God to Blame? (InterVarsity Press, 2003) شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۸۳۰۸۲۳۹۴۹, pp. 55–58, 69–70, 76, 96.
↑  Michael Lacewing (2014). Philosophy for AS: Epistemology and Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. pp. 239–42. ISBN 978-1-317-63583-3.
↑  Gregory A. Boyd, Is God to Blame? (InterVarsity Press, 2003) شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۸۳۰۸۲۳۹۴۹, pp. 55–58, 69–70, 76, 96.
↑  Gregory A. Boyd, Is God to Blame? (InterVarsity Press, 2003) شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۸۳۰۸۲۳۹۴۹, pp. 55–58, 69–70, 76, 96.
↑  Michael Lacewing (2014). Philosophy for AS: Epistemology and Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. pp. 239–42. ISBN 978-1-317-63583-3.
↑  Marilyn McCord Adams, Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God (Cornell University, 2000), 203.
↑  Marilyn McCord Adams, Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God (Melbourne University Press, 1999), 26.
↑  C. S. Lewis writes: "We can, perhaps, conceive of a world in which God corrected the results of this abuse of free will by His creatures at every moment: so that a wooden beam became soft as grass when it was used as a weapon, and the air refused to obey me if I attempted to set up in it the sound waves that carry lies or insults. But such a world would be one in which wrong actions were impossible, and in which, therefore, freedom of the will would be void; nay, if the principle were carried out to its logical conclusion, evil thoughts would be impossible, for the cerebral matter which we use in thinking would refuse its task when we attempted to frame them." C.S. Lewis The Problem of Pain (HarperCollins, 1996) pp. 24–25
↑  Gregory A. Boyd, Is God to Blame? (InterVarsity Press, 2003) شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۸۳۰۸۲۳۹۴۹, pp. 55–58, 69–70, 76, 96.
↑  Michael Lacewing (2014). Philosophy for AS: Epistemology and Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. pp. 239–42. ISBN 978-1-317-63583-3.
↑  Michael Tooley, "The Problem of Evil", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
↑  "The Two Types of Evil". Accessed 10 July 2014.
↑  Gregory A. Boyd, Is God to Blame? (InterVarsity Press, 2003) شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۸۳۰۸۲۳۹۴۹, pp. 55–58, 69–70, 76, 96.
↑  Michael Lacewing (2014). Philosophy for AS: Epistemology and Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. pp. 239–42. ISBN 978-1-317-63583-3.
↑  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", Michael Tooley
↑  Plantinga, Alvin (1974). God, Freedom, and Evil. Harper & Row. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8028-1731-0.
↑  Alvin Plantinga, God, Freedom, and Evil (Eerdmans, 1989), 58.
↑  Bradley Hanson, Introduction to Christian Theology (Fortress, 1997), 99.
↑  Linda Edwards, A Brief Guide (Westminster John Knox, 2001), 62.
↑  Polkinghorne, John (2003). Belief in God in an Age of Science. New Haven, CT: Yale Nota Bene. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-300-09949-2. and also See esp. ch. 5 of his Science and Providence. شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰−۸۷۷۷۳−۴۹۰−۱
↑  Richard Swinburne in "Is There a God?" writes that "the operation of natural laws producing evils gives humans knowledge (if they choose to seek it) of how to bring about such evils themselves. Observing you can catch some disease by the operation of natural processes gives me the power either to use those processes to give that disease to other people, or through negligence to allow others to catch it, or to take measures to prevent others from catching the disease." In this way, "it increases the range of significant choice... The actions which natural evil makes possible are ones which allow us to perform at our best and interact with our fellows at the deepest level" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) 108–09.
↑  Bradley Hanson, Introduction to Christian Theology (Fortress, 1997), 100.
↑  Meister, Chad (2009). Introducing Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-415-40327-6.
↑  Sobel, J.H. Logic and Theism. Cambridge University Press (2004) pp. 436–37
↑  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", Michael Tooley
↑  Alvin Plantinga; Michael Tooley (2009). Knowledge of God. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 101–05. ISBN 978-1-4443-0131-1.
↑  David Ray Griffin (1991). Evil Revisited: Responses and Reconsiderations. State University of New York Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-0-7914-0612-0.
↑  John S. Feinberg (2004). The Many Faces of Evil (Revised and Expanded Edition): Theological Systems and the Problems of Evil. Crossway. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-1-4335-1727-3.
↑  Nicola Hoggard Creegan (2013). Animal Suffering and the Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-993185-9.
↑  Nicola Hoggard Creegan (2013). Animal Suffering and the Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-993185-9.
↑  Oppy, Graham. Arguing about Gods, pp. 314–39. Cambridge University Press, 2006. شابک ‎۰۵۲۱۸۶۳۸۶۴
↑  Simon Cushing (2010). "Evil, Freedom and the Heaven Dilemma" (PDF). Challenging Evil: Time, Society and Changing Concepts of the Meaning of Evil. Inter-Disciplinary Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Logical Problem of Evil", James R. Beebe
↑  Nicola Hoggard Creegan (2013). Animal Suffering and the Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. pp. 48–51. ISBN 978-0-19-993185-9.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  John Hick (2016). Evil and the God of Love. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 201–16. ISBN 978-1-349-18048-6.
↑  John Hick (2016). Evil and the God of Love. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 201–16. ISBN 978-1-349-18048-6.
↑  John Hick, Evil and the God of Love , (Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition 1977, 2010 reissue), 325, 336.
↑  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", James R. Beebe
↑  John Hick (2016). Evil and the God of Love. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 376–79. ISBN 978-1-349-18048-6.
↑  Nicola Hoggard Creegan (2013). Animal Suffering and the Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. p. 185 with footnote 3. ISBN 978-0-19-993184-2.
↑  Nicola Hoggard Creegan (2013). Animal Suffering and the Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. p. 185 with footnote 3. ISBN 978-0-19-993184-2.
↑  Allan, Leslie (28 July 2015). "The Problem of Evil" (PDF). Rational Realm. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  Eleonore Stump (2008).  Daniel Howard-Snyder (ed.). The Evidential Argument from Evil. Indiana University Press. pp. 49–52. ISBN 978-0-253-11409-9.
↑  Eleonore Stump (2008).  Daniel Howard-Snyder (ed.). The Evidential Argument from Evil. Indiana University Press. pp. 49–52. ISBN 978-0-253-11409-9.
↑  Stewart Goetz (2008). Freedom, Teleology, and Evil. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 139–47. ISBN 978-1-4411-7183-2.
↑  Benjamin W. McCraw; Robert Arp (2015). The Problem of Evil: New Philosophical Directions. Lexington. pp. 132–33. ISBN 978-1-4985-1208-4.
↑  Eleonore Stump (2008).  Daniel Howard-Snyder (ed.). The Evidential Argument from Evil. Indiana University Press. pp. 49–52. ISBN 978-0-253-11409-9.
↑  If God Is Good: Faith in the Midst of Suffering and Evil, published by Random House of Canada, 2009, p. 294; Quote: Without this eternal perspective, we assume that people who die young, who have handicaps, who suffer poor health, who don't get married or have children, or who don't do this or that will miss out on the best life has to offer. But the theology underlying these assumptions have a fatal flaw. It presumes that our present Earth, bodies, culture, relationships and lives are all there is... [but] Heaven will bring far more than compensation for our present sufferings.
↑  Stewart Goetz (2008). Freedom, Teleology, and Evil. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 139–47. ISBN 978-1-4411-7183-2.
↑  "Ordinary Morality Implies Atheism", European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 1:2 (2009), 107–26, Quote: "... may stem from imagining an ecstatic or forgiving state of mind on the part of the blissful: in heaven no one bears grudges, even the most horrific earthly suffering is as nothing compared to infinite bliss, all past wrongs are forgiven. But "are forgiven" doesn’t mean "were justified"; the blissful person’s disinclination to dwell on his or her earthly suffering doesn’t imply that a perfect being was justified in permitting the suffering all along. By the same token, our ordinary moral practice recognizes a legitimate complaint about child abuse even if, as adults, its victims should happen to be on drugs that make them uninterested in complaining. Even if heaven swamps everything, it doesn’t thereby justify everything."
↑  Nicholas Jolley (2014).  Larry M. Jorgensen and Samuel Newlands (ed.). New Essays on Leibniz's Theodicy. Oxford University Press. pp. 64–68. ISBN 978-0-19-966003-2.
↑  Andrew Chignell; Terence Cuneo; Matthew C. Halteman (2015). Philosophy Comes to Dinner: Arguments About the Ethics of Eating. Routledge. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-136-57807-6.
↑  Joseph Francis Kelly (2002). The Problem of Evil in the Western Tradition. Liturgical Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8146-5104-9.
↑  Millard J. Erickson, Christian Theology, Second Edition, Baker Academic, 2007, pp. 445–46.
1 2  Joseph Francis Kelly (2002). The Problem of Evil in the Western Tradition. Liturgical Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8146-5104-9.
↑  R. Jeffery (2007). Evil and International Relations: Human Suffering in an Age of Terror. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-230-61035-4.
↑  Joseph Francis Kelly (2002). The Problem of Evil in the Western Tradition. Liturgical Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-8146-5104-9.
↑  R. Jeffery (2007). Evil and International Relations: Human Suffering in an Age of Terror. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-230-61035-4.
↑  Jairzinho Lopes Pereira (2013). Augustine of Hippo and Martin Luther on Original Sin and Justification of the Sinner. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-3-647-55063-3.
↑  Jairzinho Lopes Pereira (2013). Augustine of Hippo and Martin Luther on Original Sin and Justification of the Sinner. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-3-647-55063-3.
↑  Jairzinho Lopes Pereira (2013). Augustine of Hippo and Martin Luther on Original Sin and Justification of the Sinner. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-3-647-55063-3.
↑  Jairzinho Lopes Pereira (2013). Augustine of Hippo and Martin Luther on Original Sin and Justification of the Sinner. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 56 with footnote 25. ISBN 978-3-647-55063-3.
↑  Todd C. Calder (2007), Is the Privation Theory of Evil Dead?, American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 371–81
↑  Jairzinho Lopes Pereira (2013). Augustine of Hippo and Martin Luther on Original Sin and Justification of the Sinner. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 56 with footnote 25. ISBN 978-3-647-55063-3.
↑  Millard J. Erickson, Christian Theology, Second Edition, Baker Academic, 2007, pp. 445–46.
↑  Stephen Gottschalk (1978). Christian Science. University of California Press. pp. 65–69. ISBN 978-0-520-03718-2.
↑  Stephen Gottschalk (1978). Christian Science. University of California Press. pp. 65–69. ISBN 978-0-520-03718-2.
↑  Millard J. Erickson (1998). Christian Theology. Baker Academic. pp. 446–47. ISBN 978-0-8010-2182-4.
↑  Paul Russell (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Hume. Oxford University Press. pp. 625–32. ISBN 978-0-19-974284-4.
↑  C. S. Lewis Mere Christianity Touchstone:New York, 1980 pp. 45–46
↑  Graham Oppy (2006), Arguing about Gods, pp. 17, 296. Cambridge University Press, شابک ‎۰۵۲۱۸۶۳۸۶۴
↑  Daniel Howard-Snyder (2008). The Evidential Argument from Evil. Indiana University Press. pp. 305–06. ISBN 978-0-253-11409-9.
↑  Paul Russell (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Hume. Oxford University Press. pp. 625–32. ISBN 978-0-19-974284-4.
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", Michael Tooley
↑  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
↑  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", Michael Tooley
↑  Bryan Frances (2013). Gratuitous Suffering and the Problem of Evil: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. pp. 110–23. ISBN 978-0-415-66295-6.
↑  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", Michael Tooley
↑  Bryan Frances (2013). Gratuitous Suffering and the Problem of Evil: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. pp. 110–23. ISBN 978-0-415-66295-6.
↑  Karma Encyclopædia Britannica (2012)
↑  Francis Clooney (2005), in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Editor: Gavin Flood), Wiley-Blackwell, شابک ‎۰۶۳۱۲۱۵۳۵۲, pp. 454–55
↑  Francis Clooney (1989), ‘‘Evil, Divine Omnipotence and Human Freedom: Vedanta’s theology of Karma, Journal of Religion, Vol. 69, pp 530–48
↑  P. Bilimoria (2007), Karma’s suffering: A Mimamsa solution to the problem of evil, in Indian Ethics (Editors: Bilimoria et al.), Volume 1, Ashgate Publishing, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۷۵۴۶۳۳۰۱۳, pp. 171–89
↑  See Kumarila’s ‘‘Slokavarttika’’; for English translation of parts and discussions: P. Bilimoria (1990), ‘ Hindu doubts about God – Towards a Mimamsa Deconstruction’, International Philosophical Quarterly, 30(4), pp. 481–99
↑  P. Bilimoria (2013), Toward an Indian Theodicy, in The Blackwell Companion to the Problem of Evil (Editors: McBrayer and Howard-Snyder), 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۴۷۰۶۷۱۸۴۹, Chapter 19
↑  B. Reichenbach (1998), Karma and the Problem of Evil, in Philosophy of Religion Toward a Global Perspective (Editor: G.E. Kessler), Wadsworth, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۵۳۴۵۰۵۴۹۳, pp. 248–55
↑  Yuvraj Krishan (1997). The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-81-208-1233-8.
↑  Ursula Sharma (1973), Theodicy and the doctrine of karma, ‘‘Man’’, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 347–64
↑  The Nyaya-Vaisesika school of Hinduism is one of the exceptions where the premise is similar to the Christian concept of an omnibenevolent, omnipotent creator
↑  P. Bilimoria (2013), Toward an Indian Theodicy, in The Blackwell Companion to the Problem of Evil (Editors: McBrayer and Howard-Snyder), 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۴۷۰۶۷۱۸۴۹, Chapter 19
↑  G. Obeyesekere (I968), Theodicy, sin and salvation in a sociology of Buddhism, in Practical religion (Ed. Edmund Leach), Cambridge University Press, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰۵۲۱۰۵۵۲۵۳
↑  Arthur Herman, The problem of evil and Indian thought, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, شابک ‎۸۱−۲۰۸۰۷۵۳۷, pp. 5 with Part II and III of the book
↑  Deism, Encyclopædia Britannica
↑  Lane, William C. (January 2010). "Leibniz's Best World Claim Restructured". American Philosophical Journal. 47 (1): 57–84. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
↑  Tambasco, Anthony J., ed. (2001). The Bible on Suffering: Social and Political Implications. New York: Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-4048-0.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  Holman Bible Staff (2011). Holman Concise Bible Dictionary. B&H Publishing Group. s.v. evil, sin, suffering.
↑  Okello, Joseph B. Onyango (2017). Evil and Pain: A Critique of the Materialistic Account of Evil. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1-5326-0134-7.
↑  Swinburne, Richard. (1998). Providence and the Problem of Evil. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 16.
↑  Swinburne, Richard. (1998). Providence and the Problem of Evil. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 28–29.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  Scott, Mark S. M. (2015). Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6470-2.
↑  Gregg, Brian Han (2016). What Does the Bible Say About Suffering?. Downer's Grove, Illinois: IVP Academic. ISBN 978-0-8308-5145-4.
↑  Gregg, Brian Han (2016). What Does the Bible Say About Suffering?. Downer's Grove, Illinois: IVP Academic. ISBN 978-0-8308-5145-4.
↑  Leaman, Oliver (1995). Evil and Suffering in Jewish Philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-41724-2.
↑  Friesenhahn, Jacob H. (2016). The Trinity and Theodicy: The Trinitarian Theology of von Balthasar and the Problem of Evil. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4094-0801-7.
↑  Ko, Grace (2014). Theodicy in Habakkuk. United Kingdom: Paternoster.
↑  Linafelt, Tod, ed. (2000). "Isaiah and Theodicy after the Shoah". Strange Fire: Reading the Bible After the Holocaust. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5165-7.
↑  Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1990). Ezekiel. Louisville: John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-8042-3118-3.
↑  Schart, Aaron (2003).  Redditt, Paul L. (ed.). Thematic Threads in the Book of the Twelve. New York: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017594-3.
↑  Ko, Grace (2014). Theodicy in Habakkuk. United Kingdom: Paternoster.
↑  Schart, Aaron (2003).  Redditt, Paul L. (ed.). Thematic Threads in the Book of the Twelve. New York: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017594-3.
↑  Gregg, Brian Han (2016). What Does the Bible Say About Suffering?. Downer's Grove, Illinois: IVP Academic. ISBN 978-0-8308-5145-4.
↑  Haldane, J.J. (2003). Atheism and Theism (Second ed.). Blackwell Publishing. pp. 102–05. ISBN 978-0-631-23259-9.
↑  Heidegger, Martin (2003) [1962]. Being and Time. Blackwell. pp. 426–27 (H 374) 458–72 (H 406–21). ISBN 978-0-631-19770-6.
↑  Summa Contra Gentiles III c. 7
↑  "SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: The cause of evil (Prima Pars, Q. 49)". www.newadvent.org.
↑  "SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: The cause of evil (Prima Pars, Q. 49)". www.newadvent.org.
↑  Luther, Martin (1525). On the Bondage of the Will.
↑  The Problem of Evil in the Western Tradition: From the Book of Job to Modern Genetics, Joseph F. Kelly, p. 94–96