جنگ ارزی
یادداشت‌ها و استنادها

↑  (Cooper 1971)
↑  (Kirshner 2002)
↑  (Owen 2005)
↑  See also this 2018 FT article about recent devaluations typically not helping exporters.
↑  (Sloman 2004)
↑  (Wolf 2009)
1 2  (Owen 2005)
↑  In practice this chiefly means purchasing assets such as government bonds that are denominated in other currencies
↑  (Wilmott 2007)
↑  (Burda 2005)
↑  James Mackintosh (28 September 2010). "Currency War". The Financial Times. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
↑  To practice quantitative easing on a wide scale it helps to have a reserve currency, as do the United States, Japan, UK, and Eurozone, otherwise there is a risk of market speculators triggering runaway devaluation to a far greater extent than would be helpful to the country.
↑  Theoretically, money could be shared out among the entire population, though, in practice, the new money is often used to buy assets from financial institutions. The idea is that the extra money will help banks restore their balance sheets, and will then flow from there to other areas of the economy where it is needed, boosting spending and investment. As of November 2010 however, credit availability has remained tight in countries that have undertaken QE, suggesting that money is not flowing freely from the banks to the rest of the economy.
↑  Gavyn Davies (4 October 2010). "The global implications of QE2". The Financial Times. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
↑  Alan Beattie in Washington; Kevin Brown in Singapore; Jennifer Hughes in London (4 November 2010). "Backlash Against Fed's $600bn Easing". The Financial Times. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
↑  Ambrose Evans-Pritchard (1 November 2010). "QE2risks Currency Wars and the End of Dollar Hegemony". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
↑  Alan Beattie in Washington; Kathrin Hille in Beijing; Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt (7 November 2010). "Asia Softens Criticism of U.S. Stance". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
↑  Ed Luce and James Lamont in New Delhi (8 November 2010). "Obama Defends QE2 ahead of G20". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
↑  Though not necessarily evenly: in the late 20th and early 21st century countries would often devalue specifically against the dollar, so while the devaluing currency would lower its exchange rate against all currencies, a corresponding rise against the global average might be confined largely just to the dollar and any currencies currently governed by a dollar peg. A further complication is that the dollar is often affected by such huge daily flows on the foreign exchange that the rise caused by a small devaluation may be offset by other transactions.
↑  Philip Coggan, ed. (2011). "passim, see esp Introduction". Paper Promises: Money, Debt and the New World Order. Allen Lane. ISBN 1-84614-510-4.
↑  Despite global trade growing substantially in the 17th and 18th centuries
↑  (Ravenhill 2005)
↑  Devaluation could however be used as a last resort by mercantilist nations seeking to correct an adverse trade balance – see for example chapter 23 of Keynes' General Theory
↑  This was against the interests of British workers and industrialists who preferred devaluation, but was in the interests of the financial sector, with government also influenced by a moral argument that they had the duty to restore the value of the pound as many other countries had used it as a reserve currency and trusted GB to maintain its value.
↑  (Ravenhill 2005)
↑  (Rothermund 1996)
↑  (Ravenhill 2005)
↑  (Mundell 2000)
↑  (Ahamed 2009)
↑  Olivier Accominotti (23 April 2011). "China's Syndrome: The "dollar trap" in historical perspective". Voxeu.org. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
1 2 3  Gavyn Davies (3 February 2013). "Who is afraid of currency wars?". The Financial Times. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
1 2  (Ravenhill 2005)
↑  Though a few commentators have asserted the Nixon shock was in part an act of currency war, and also the pressure exerted by the United States in the months leading up to the Plaza accords.
↑  Though developing economies were encouraged to pursue export led growth – see Washington Consensus.
↑  Some had been devaluing from as early as the 1980s, but it was only after 1999 that it became common, with the developing world as a whole running a CA surplus instead of a deficit from 1999. (e.g. see Wolf (2009) p31 – 39)
↑  There were exceptions to this: Kenneth Rogoff and Maurice Obstfeld began warning that the developing record imbalances was a major issue from as early as 2001, joined by Nouriel Roubini in 2004.
↑  (Reinhart 2010)
↑  Dooley, Michael P.; Folkerts‐Landau, David; Garber, Peter (2004). "The Revived Bretton Woods System". International Journal of Finance and Economics. 9 (4): 307–313. doi:10.1002/ijfe.250.
↑  Michael P. Dooley; David Folkerts-Landau; Peter Garber (February 2009). "Bretton Woods II Still Defines the International Monetary System". National Bureau of Economic Research.
↑  (Brown 2010)
↑  Tim Geithner (6 October 2010). "Treasury Secretary Geithner on IMF, World Bank Annual Meetings". United States Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
↑  Ted Truman (6 March 2009). "Message for the G20: SDR Are Your Best Answer". Voxeu.org. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
↑  Martin Wolf (29 September 2010). "Currencies clash in new age of beggar-my-neighbour". The Financial Times. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
↑  Tim Webb (28 September 2010). "World gripped by 'international currency war'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
↑  Jonathan Wheatley in São Paulo and Peter Garnham in London (27 September 2010). "Brazil in 'currency war' alert". The Financial Times. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
1 2  Alan Beattie (27 September 2010). "Hostilities escalate to hidden currency war". The Financial Times. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
↑  Ambrose Evans-Pritchard (29 September 2010). "Capital controls eyed as global currency wars escalate". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
↑  Russell Hotten (7 October 2010). "Currency wars threaten global economic recovery". BBC. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
↑  Jim O'Neill (economist) (21 November 2010). "Time to end the myth of currency wars". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
↑  "Currency Tensions May Be Curbed With IMF Help, Strauss-Kahn Says". Bloomberg L.P. 9 October 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
↑  "Possible "currency war" to hamper int'l economy recovery". xinhua. 17 October 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
↑  Bagchi, Indrani (14 November 2010). "US-China currency war a power struggle". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
↑  "Who's winning the currency wars?". Reuters. 11 October 2010. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
↑  Martin Wolf (5 October 2010). "How to fight the currency wars with stubborn China". The Financial Times. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
↑  Daniel Gros (23 September 2010). "How to Level the Capital Playing Field in the Game with China". CEPS. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
↑  Huang classes the conflicting opinions over the relative valuations of the US dollar and Japanese yen in the 1980s as a currency war, though the label was not widely used for that period.
↑  Yiping Huang (19 October 2010). "A currency war the US cannot win". Voxeu.org. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
↑  Chris Giles; Alan Beattie; Christian Oliver in Seoul (12 November 2010). "G20 shuns US on trade and currencies". The Financial Times. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
↑  Mohamed A. El-Erian (17 November 2010). "Three Reasons Global Talks Hit Dead End: Mohamed A. El-Erian". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
↑  Michael Forsythe; Julianna Goldman (12 November 2010). "Obama Sharpens Yuan Criticism After G-20 Nations Let China Off the Hook". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
↑  Andrew Walker and other BBC staff (12 November 2010). "G20 to tackle US-China currency concerns". BBC. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
↑  "Currency Wars Retreat as Fighting Inflation Makes Emerging Markets Winners". Bloomberg L.P. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
↑  Steve Johnson (6 March 2011). "Currency war deemned over". The Financial Times. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
↑  Stefan Wagstyl (13 April 2011). "Currency wars fade as inflation hits emerging world". The Financial Times. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
↑  Alan Beattie (13 May 2011). "TBig guns muffled as currency wars enter a lull". The Financial Times. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
↑  Chris Giles; John Paul Rathbone (7 July 2011). "Currecny wars not over, says Brazil". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
↑  Shamim Adam (4 August 2011). "Currency Intervention Revived as Odds of Federal Reserve Easing Escalate". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
↑  Lindsay Whipp (4 August 2011). "Japan intervenes to force down yen". The Financial Times. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
↑  Dilma Rousseff (21 September 2011). "2011 opening Satement by Dilma Rousseff to the UN General Assembly". United Nations. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
↑  Dilma Rousseff (21 September 2011). "Time to end the Currency War / Brazil will fight back against the currency manipulators". The Financial Times. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
↑  Samantha Pearson (15 March 2012). "Brazil launches fresh 'currency war' offensive". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
↑  Alan Beattie; Richard McGregor (17 June 2012). "Temperature drops in currency wars for G20". The Financial Times. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
↑  "Jens Weidmann warns of currency war risk". Reuters. The Daily Telegraph. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
↑  Jeff Black; Zoe Schneeweiss (28 January 2013). "Yi Warns on Currency Wars as Yuan Close to 'Equilibrium'". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
↑  Michael Steen; Alice Ross (7 February 2013). "Draghi move fuels currency war fears". The Financial Times. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
↑  Robin Harding (13 February 2013). "Currency farce reveals US-Japan dispute". The Financial Times. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
↑  Kelley Holland (24 January 2013). "Currency War? Not Just Yet, Expert Says". CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
↑  Mohamed A. El-Erian (24 January 2013). "Currency war could cause lasting damage to world economy". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
↑  Peter Koy (24 January 2013). "The Surprising Upside to Japan's 'Currency War'". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
↑  Niall Ferguson (25 January 2013). "Currency wars are best fought quietly". The Financial Times. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
↑  Alice Ross in London; Charles Clover in Moscow; Robin Harding in Washington (15 February 2013). "G20 finance chiefs take heat off Japan". The Financial Times. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
↑  Kristine Aquino; Candice Zachariahs (20 February 2013). "Currency Rhetoric Heats Up as Wheeler Warns on Kiwi". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
↑  Peter Koy (4 March 2013). "Currency War Turns Stimulus War as Brazil Surrenders". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
↑  Humayun Shahryar (19 February 2013). "Guest post: Forget currency wars, we are in the middle of a trade war". The Financial Times. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
↑  Louisa Peacock (2 March 2013). "Jens China 'fully prepared' for currency war". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
↑  Peter Garnham (16 January 2013). "Currency wars: a handy guide". Euromoney.
↑  James Mackintosh (1 November 2013). "Germany feels US ire over war on currencies". The Financial Times. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
↑  Emma Charlton; John Detrixhe (11 November 2013). "Race to Bottom Resumes as Central Bankers Ease Anew: Currencies". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
↑  Editorial (23 Jan 2015). "No need for hostilities in the phoney currency war" ((نیازمند ثبت‌نام)
). Financial Times. Retrieved 12 Feb 2015. {{cite news}}: line feed character in |format= at position 123 (help)
↑  David Keohane (5 Feb 2015). "All currency war, all the time" ((نیازمند ثبت‌نام)
). Financial Times. Retrieved 12 Feb 2015. {{cite news}}: line feed character in |format= at position 123 (help)
↑  "China devaluation raises spectre of currency wars". Financial Times. 11 August 2015.
↑  "Kazakhstan and Vietnam weaken currencies". Financial Times. 19 August 2015.
↑  Alan Beattie (11 October 2010). "G20 currency fist fight rolls into town". The Financial Times. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
↑  Not all economists agree that further expansionary policy would help even if it is co-ordinated, and some fear it would cause excess inflation.
↑  Jonathan Lynn (14 October 2010). "UPDATE 2-Currency war risk threatens investment recovery-UN". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 July 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
↑  Ambrose Evans-Pritchard (10 October 2010). "Currency wars are necessary if all else fails". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
↑  Scott Lanman (19 November 2010). "Bernanke Takes Defense of Monetary Stimulus Abroad, Turns Tables on China". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
↑  Barry Eichengreen and Douglas Irwin (3 July 2009). "The Slide to Protectionism in the Great Depression: Who Succumbed and Why?" (PDF). NBER. Dartmouth College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
↑  Neither the book nor its sequel Currency War 2 are available yet in English, but are best sellers in China and South East Asia.
↑  McGregor, Richard (25 September 2007). "Chinese buy into conspiracy theory". Retrieved 29 March 2009.
↑  John Cooley (2008). Currency Wars. Constable. ISBN 978-1-84529-369-7.
↑  Jim Rickards (2011). Currency Wars: The Making of the Next Global Crisis. suman Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN 978-1-59184-449-5.
↑  http://www.publishersweekly.com/9781591844495 Review of Currency Wars, Publishers Weekly. 24 October 2011
↑  http://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/james-rickards/currency-wars-next-global-crisis/ Kirkus Reviews: Currency Wars: The Making of the Next Global Crisis, 15 October 2011.
↑  Shigru Akita; Nicholas J. White (2009). The International Order of Asia in the 1930s and 1950s. Ashgate. p. 284. ISBN 0-7546-5341-2.
تراز حساب جاری انباشته ۱۹۸۰ تا ۲۰۰۸(بر حسب میلیارد دلار آمریکا) بر اساس داده‌های صندوق بین‌المللی پول.
دلار آمریکا به عنوان ارز ذخیرهپیشرو در سطح جهان، در وقوع جنگ ارزی در سالهای ۲۰۱۰ تا ۲۰۱۱ در کانون اصلی قرار داشت.
مادر مهاجر اثر دوروتا لانژ (۱۹۳۶). این پرتره از یک کارگر ۳۲ ساله در مزرعه با هفت فرزند به یک عکس نمادین تبدیل شد که نماد مخالفت در برابر مصیبت است. جنگ ارزی در مشکلات اقتصادی رکود اقتصادی بزرگ دهه ۱۹۳۰ دخیل بود.