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مراجع

↑  See SCHAFFER, Simon (1999), "Enlightened Automata", in CLARK et al. (Eds), The Sciences in Enlightened Europe, Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press, pp. 126-165.
↑  See, for instance, his An Attempt to Analyse the Automaton Chess Player, London, 1821
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  ريكي جاي  ‏, "The Automaton Chess Player, the Invisible Girl, and the Telephone," ريكي جاي  ‏, vol. 4 no. 4, 2000.
1 2  Edgar Allan Poe, "Maelzel's Chess-Player," Southern Literary Journal, April 1836; available on the internet via the Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore, Maryland, URL accessed 19 December 2006. نسخة محفوظة 13 أغسطس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Karl Gottlieb von Windisch, Briefe über den Schachspieler von Kempelen nebst drey Kupferstichen die diese berühmte Maschine vorstellen, or Inanimate Reason; or, A Circumstantial Account of that Astonishing Piece of Mechanism, M. de Kempelen's Chess-Player, Now Exhibiting at No. 9 Savile-Row, Burlington Gardens (London, 1784); translation taken from Levitt.
↑  Stephen Patrick Rice, Minding the Machine: Languages of Class in Early Industrial America (Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004), 12.
↑  Tom Standage, The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine (New York: Walker, 2002), 22–23.
↑  The dimensions from Jay's Journal, which expresses them to the nearest half-foot. Metric versions thus can only be precise to the nearest multiple of fifteen سنتيمتر. If we conventionally round to the closest multiple of five centimetres, the cabinet was very roughly 110×60×75 cm and the chessboard very roughly 50 cm square.
↑  Standage, 24.
1 2  Standage, 88
↑  Standage, 24–27.
↑  Gerald M. Levitt, The Turk, Chess Automaton (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2000), 40.
↑  Levitt, 147–150.
↑  Sound: Standage, 27–9. Facial expressions: George Atkinson, Chess and Machine Intuition (Exeter: Intellect, 1998), 15–16.
↑  Standage, 30–31.
↑  Levitt, 38–39.
↑  Levitt, 30.
↑  ستاندگيت، 105–106.
↑  Bradley Ewart, Chess: Man vs. Machine (London: Tantivy, 1980).
↑  Levitt, 39–42.
↑  ليفيت, 45.
↑  ليفيت, 45–48.
↑  ستاندجيت, 125.
↑  Levitt, 92–93.
↑  Levitt, 94–95.
↑  Levitt, 97.
↑  Silas Weir Mitchell, "The Last of a Veteran Chess Player," The Chess Monthly, January 1857; reprinted in Levitt's The Turk, Chess Automaton.
↑  Levitt, 243.
↑  Standage, 216–217.
↑  Imitations: Jay, "The Automaton Chess Player, الفتاة غير المرئية، والهاتف. Ajeeb or the Egyptian: Ramón Jiménez, "The Rook Endgame Machine of Torres y Quevedo." ChessBase, 20 July 2004. URL accessed 15 January 2006. Played by Grover Cleveland: International Chess Magazine September 1885. Mephisto: Levitt, 154. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-01-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-10-09.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Levitt, 31–32.
↑  Amazon.com: "FAQ: What is Amazon Mechanical Turk? URL accessed 15 January 2006. نسخة محفوظة 14 يناير 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Katharine Mieszkowski, "'I make $1.45 a week and I love it'," صالون (موقع إنترنت), 24 July 2006. URL accessed 15 January 2007.  نسخة محفوظة 05 مارس 2010 على موقع واي باك مشين.  نسخة محفوظة 05 مارس 2010 على موقع واي باك مشين.