تصيين
مراجع

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1 2  Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China (بالإنجليزية). Stanford University Press. ISBN:978-0-8047-4684-7. Archived from the original on 2020-08-09.
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1 2  Mette Halskov (1 Oct 2011). Lessons in Being Chinese: Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China (بالإنجليزية). University of Washington Press. ISBN:978-0-295-80412-5. Archived from the original on 2020-06-11.
↑  Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928 (reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780295804125. Archived from the original on January 5, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2012. Manchu men had abandoned their original polysyllabic personal names infavor of Han-style disyllabic names; they had adopted the Han practice of choosing characters with auspicious meanings for the names; and they had assigned names on a generational basis.... Except among some Hanjun such as the two Zhao brothers, bannermen still did not, by and large, use their
↑  Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928 (reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780295804125. Archived from the original on January 5, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2012. family name but called themselves only by their personal name—for example, Yikuang, Ronglu, Gangyi, Duanfang, Xiliang, and Tieliang. In this respect, most Manchus remained conspicuously different from Han.
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↑  David P.; Owen, Norman G.; Roff, William R.; Steinberg, David Joel; Taylor, Jean Gelman; Taylor, Robert H.; Woodside, Alexander; Wyatt, David K. (30 Nov 2004). The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History (بالإنجليزية). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN:978-0-8248-2890-5. Archived from the original on 2020-12-03.
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↑  Owen (1962). Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (بالإنجليزية). Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2017-02-16.
↑  Joseph Mitsuo (2002). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture (بالإنجليزية). Psychology Press. ISBN:978-0-7007-1762-0. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03.
↑  Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Modern China. Sage Publications, Inc. 10 (3): 296. doi:10.1177/009770048401000302. JSTOR 189017. S2CID 143843569.
1 2  Andrew D. W.; Forbes, L. L. C. (9 Oct 1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949 (بالإنجليزية). CUP Archive. ISBN:978-0-521-25514-1. Archived from the original on 2020-12-03.
↑  "Chinese official says 'sinicization' of religion in Xinjiang must go on". South China Morning Post (بالإنجليزية). 14 Oct 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
↑  "Expert Says 1.8 Million Uyghurs, Muslim Minorities Held in Xinjiang's Internment Camps". Radio Free Asia (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
↑  Nebehay, Stephanie (12 Aug 2018). "U.N. says it has credible reports that China holds million Uighurs in secret camps". Reuters (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
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↑  Denyer, Simon. "Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture". Washington Post (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN:0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
↑  Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (16 Nov 2019). "'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims (Published 2019)". The New York Times (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN:0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
↑  "'Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education'". The Independent (بالإنجليزية). 5 Jul 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
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↑  SPIEGEL, Bernhard Zand, DER. "Chinese Oppression of the Uighurs Like 'Cultural Genocide' - DER SPIEGEL - International". www.spiegel.de (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2020-12-03.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  Shepherd, Christian (12 Sep 2019). "Fear and oppression in Xinjiang: China's war on Uighur culture". www.ft.com (بالإنجليزية البريطانية). Archived from the original on 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
↑  http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=31149 نسخة محفوظة 2011-06-05 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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↑  "Third-Wave Reform". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2019-01-01. .... The government initiated educational reform in the 1950s to achieve a number of high-priority goals. First, it was done to help root out fifty years of Japanese colonial influence on the island's populace--"resinicizing" them, one might say- -and thereby guarantee their loyalty to the Chinese motherland. Second, the million mainlanders or so who had fled to Taiwan themselves had the age-old tendency of being more loyal to city, county, or province than to China as a nation. They identified themselves as Hunanese, Cantonese, or Sichuanese first, and as Chinese second.
↑  China's Tibet policy. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. 2001. ISBN:0-7007-0474-4. OCLC:48506610. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2010-03-01.
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1 2  Warren, James. "ON TIBET, SENATOR'S DAUGHTER SHOWS MORE SPINE THAN U.S." chicagotribune.com (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
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1 2  Gan, Nectar (12 March 2019). "Chinese Protestant church head wants purge of Western influences". South China Morning Post
↑  "2014 Annual Report: Religious and Human Rights Persecution in China". ChinaAid. April 2015. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020. The National Committee of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement of Protestant Churches in China marked its 60th anniversary in 2014. Subsequently, China’s government-sponsored China Christian Council (CCC) and the TSPM orchestrated a conference in Shanghai on August 4–6 to commemorate the anniversary of the TSPM, which included a seminar on the so-called “sinicization” of Christianity. Fu Xianwei, chairman of the TSPM, was quoted as saying that “churches in China will continue to explore the sinicization of Christianity [and] ensure Christianity takes root in the soil of Chinese culture, ethnicity, and society... To advance the sinicization of Christianity, churches will need guidance and support from government agencies in charge of religious affairs.” Gao Feng, chairman of the CCC, stated that the TSPM would “take on a new mission in this age, adhere to the path of sinicization, and deepen and advance the process of sinicizing Christianity.” Wang Zuo’an, director of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA), also reinforced the need for the sinicization of Christianity.
↑  "'Sinicization' of Christianity China's aim - Baptist Press". https://www.baptistpress.com/ (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2020-12-03. {{استشهاد ويب}}: روابط خارجية في |موقع= (help)
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↑  "Gallagher: we are not afraid of China's new global leadership". lastampa.it (بit-IT). 22 Mar 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-01-22. Retrieved 2020-12-03.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: لغة غير مدعومة (link)
↑  "Sinicization of China Church: the plan in full - UCA News". ucanews.com (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
↑  AsiaNews.it. "Ahead of China-Vatican dialogue, a five-year plan to Sinicize the Church under the Party". www.asianews.it. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-09-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-12-03.
↑  t, Follow window twttr ={ var; js; window.twttr ||, fjs = d getElementsByTagName; if) return; js = d createElement; js id = id; js src= "https://platform twitter com/widgets js"; fjs parentNode insertBefore; return; Jones, ready: function{ t _e push} }); }); Kevin. "In China, government-aligned bishops release 'Sinicization' plan". Catholic News Agency (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2020-12-03. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |الأول3= باسم عام (help)صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  "China's Catholics told to create five-year plan to Sinicise Church". World Watch Monitor (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
↑  Myers, Steven Lee (21 September 2019). "A Crackdown on Islam Is Spreading Across China". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020. The restrictions they now face can be traced to 2015, when Mr. Xi first raised the issue of what he called the “Sinicization of Islam,” saying all faiths should be subordinate to Chinese culture and the Communist Party. Last year, Mr. Xi’s government issued a confidential directive that ordered local officials to prevent Islam from interfering with secular life and the state’s functions.
↑  "杨发明委员：坚持我国伊斯兰教中国化方向-新华网". www.xinhuanet.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-09-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-12-03.
↑  "'Red Dawn' Villains Switched from China to North Korea". ScreenRant (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). 16 Mar 2011. Archived from the original on 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
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