مسار وسطي طرفي
مراجع

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1 2 3  Ikemoto S (2010). "Brain reward circuitry beyond the mesolimbic dopamine system: a neurobiological theory". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. ج. 35 ع. 2: 129–50. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.02.001. PMC:2894302. PMID:20149820.
1 2  Malenka RC، Nestler EJ، Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A، Brown RY (المحررون). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (ط. 2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ص. 147–148, 367, 376. ISBN:978-0-07-148127-4. VTA DA neurons play a critical role in motivation, reward-related behavior (Chapter 15), attention, and multiple forms of memory. This organization of the DA system, wide projection from a limited number of cell bodies, permits coordinated responses to potent new rewards. Thus, acting in diverse terminal fields, dopamine confers motivational salience ("wanting") on the reward itself or associated cues (nucleus accumbens shell region), updates the value placed on different goals in light of this new experience (orbital prefrontal cortex), helps consolidate multiple forms of memory (amygdala and hippocampus), and encodes new motor programs that will facilitate obtaining this reward in the future (nucleus accumbens core region and dorsal striatum). In this example, dopamine modulates the processing of sensorimotor information in diverse neural circuits to maximize the ability of the organism to obtain future rewards. ...
The brain reward circuitry that is targeted by addictive drugs normally mediates the pleasure and strengthening of behaviors associated with natural reinforcers, such as food, water, and sexual contact. Dopamine neurons in the VTA are activated by food and water, and dopamine release in the NAc is stimulated by the presence of natural reinforcers, such as food, water, or a sexual partner. ...
The NAc and VTA are central components of the circuitry underlying reward and memory of reward. As previously mentioned, the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA appears to be linked to reward prediction. The NAc is involved in learning associated with reinforcement and the modulation of motoric responses to stimuli that satisfy internal homeostatic needs. The shell of the NAc appears to be particularly important to initial drug actions within reward circuitry; addictive drugs appear to have a greater effect on dopamine release in the shell than in the core of the NAc.
↑  Malenka RC، Nestler EJ، Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 10: Neural and Neuroendocrine Control of the Internal Milieu". في Sydor A، Brown RY (المحررون). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (ط. 2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ص. 266. ISBN:978-0-07-148127-4. يعمل الدوبامين في النواة المتكئة على إضفاء أهمية تحفيزية للمنبهات المرتبطة بالمكافأة.
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↑  You ZB، Chen YQ، Wise RA (2001). "Dopamine and glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area of rat following lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation". Neuroscience. ج. 107 ع. 4: 629–39. DOI:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00379-7. PMID:11720786.
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↑  Malenka RC، Nestler EJ، Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin". في Sydor A، Brown RY (المحررون). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (ط. 2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ص. 147–148, 154–157. ISBN:9780071481274. Neurons from the SNc densely innervate the dorsal striatum where they play a critical role in the learning and execution of motor programs.  Neurons from the VTA innervate the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), olfactory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus, orbital and medial prefrontal cortex, and cingulate cortex. VTA DA neurons play a critical role in motivation, reward-related behavior, attention, and multiple forms of memory. ... Thus, acting in diverse terminal fields, dopamine confers motivational salience ("wanting") on the reward itself or associated cues (nucleus accumbens shell region), updates the value placed on different goals in light of this new experience (orbital prefrontal cortex), helps consolidate multiple forms of memory (amygdala and hippocampus), and encodes new motor programs that will facilitate obtaining this reward in the future (nucleus accumbens core region and dorsal striatum). ... DA has multiple actions in the prefrontal cortex.  It promotes the "cognitive control" of behavior: the selection and successful monitoring of behavior to facilitate attainment of chosen goals.  Aspects of cognitive control in which DA plays a role include working memory, the ability to hold information "on line" in order to guide actions, suppression of prepotent behaviors that compete with goal-directed actions, and control of attention and thus the ability to overcome distractions. ... Noradrenergic projections from the LC thus interact with dopaminergic projections from the VTA to regulate cognitive control.
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