النكبة
مراجع

↑  معنى النكبة (كتاب) قسطنطين زريق - أغسطس 1948
↑  إيلان بابيه (2006). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. One World Oxford.
↑  Schmemann، Serge (15 مايو 1998). "MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE OVERVIEW; 9 Palestinians Die in Protests Marking Israel's Anniversary". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-03-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-07. We are not asking for a lot. We are not asking for the moon. We are asking to close the chapter of nakba once and for all, for the refugees to return and to build an independent Palestinian state on our land, our land, our land, just like other peoples. We want to celebrate in our capital, holy Jerusalem, holy Jerusalem, holy Jerusalem.
↑  Gladstone، Rick (15 مايو 2021). "An annual day of Palestinian grievance comes amid the upheaval". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-05-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-05-15.
↑  Masalha 2012، صفحة 11.
↑  Darwish 2001.
↑  Williams 2009، صفحة 89.
↑  موقع عرب 48 نسخة محفوظة 01 أغسطس 2009 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  جوزيف مسعد، جوزيف. "مستقبل النكبة". كنعان. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-01-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 12-30-2023. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)
↑  جوزيف مسعد، جوزيف (12-30-2023). "Resisting the Nakba (مقاومة النكبة)". Electronic Intifada. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-11-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 12-30-2023. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= و|تاريخ= (مساعدة)
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↑  https://www.palquest.org/ar/highlight/287/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9 نسخة محفوظة 2024-01-30 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Masalha, Nur (1992). Expulsion of the Palestinians. Institute for Palestine Studies, this edition 2001, p. 175.
↑  Rashid Khalidi (سبتمبر 1998). Palestinian identity: the construction of modern national consciousness. Columbia University Press. ص. 21. ISBN:978-0-231-10515-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-01-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-27. In 1948 half of Palestine's ... Arabs were uprooted from their homes and became refugees
↑  According to Morris's estimates, 250,000 to 300,000 Palestinians left Israel during this stage, whereas Keesing's Contemporary Archives in London place the total number of refugees before Israel's independence at 300,000, as quoted in Mark Tessler's A History of the Arab–Israeli Conflict: "Keesing's Contemporary Archives" (London: Keesing's Publications, 1948–1973). p. 10101.
↑  Cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary-General of the United Nations: S/745, 15 May 1948. Retrieved 6 June 2012 نسخة محفوظة 7 January 2014 على موقع واي باك مشين.. Clause 10.(b) of the cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the UN Secretary-General of 15 May 1948 justifying the intervention by the Arab States, the Secretary-General of the League alleged that "approximately over a quarter of a million of the Arab population have been compelled to leave their homes and emigrate to neighbouring Arab countries."
↑  Benny Morris (1997). Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War. Clarendon Press. ص. 432. ISBN:978-0-19-829262-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-03-04. The available documentation suggests that Israeli security forces and civilian guards, and their mines and booby-traps, killed somewhere between 2,700 and 5,000 Arab infiltrators during 1949–56. The evidence suggests that the vast majority of those killed were unarmed. The overwhelming majority had infiltrated for economic or social reasons. The majority of the infiltrators killed died during 1949–51; there was a drop to some 300–500 a year in 1952–4. Available statistics indicate a further drop in fatalities during 1955–6, despite the relative increase in terrorist infiltration.
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↑  The Internally Displaced Refugees نسخة محفوظة 31 March 2012 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Number of Palestinians (In the Palestinian Territories Occupied in 1948) for Selected Years, End Year". Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-27.
↑  "עיצוב יחסי יהודים - ערבים בעשור הראשון". lib.cet.ac.il. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-10-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-10-08.
↑  Nihad Bokae'e (فبراير 2003). "Palestinian Internally Displaced Persons inside Israel: Challenging the Solid Structures" (PDF). Badil Resource Centre for Palestinian Refugee and Residency Rights. مؤرشف (PDF) من الأصل في 2016-04-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-04-15.
↑  Ahmad H. Sa'di, Reflections on Representations, History, and Moral Accountability, in Ahmad H. Sa'di, Lila Abu-Lughod (eds.), Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory, نسخة محفوظة 2 September 2022 على موقع واي باك مشين. دار نشر جامعة كولومبيا 2007 (ردمك 978-0-231-13579-5) pp.285-313 pp.290-291.
↑  Morris, Benny (2003). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (ردمك 0-521-00967-7), p. 604.
↑  Khalidi, Walid (Ed.) (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies. (ردمك 0-88728-224-5).
↑  Sa'di 2002، صفحات 175–198: "Al-Nakbah is associated with a rapid de-Arabization of the country. This process has included the destruction of Palestinian villages. About 418 villages were erased, and out of twelve Palestinian or mixed towns, a Palestinian population continued to exist in only seven. This swift transformation of the physical and cultural environment was accompanied, at the symbolic level, by the changing of the names of streets, neighborhoods, cities, and regions. Arabic names were replaced by Zionist, Jewish, or European names. This renaming continues to convey to the Palestinians the message that the country has seen only two historical periods which attest to its "true" nature: the ancient Jewish past, and the period that began with the creation of Israel."
↑  Williams 2009، صفحة 98: "Just as the land of Palestine was to be cleared of the unwanted presence of its inhabitants, so the period after 1948 witnessed the ‘clearing’ of evidence of non-Jewish cultures: in the shape of their historical and archaeological remains, from the landscape as well as the looting of their artefacts from museums and archives. Part of this was sanctioned – if secret – Israeli government policy; part of it unattributable (military) vandalism – again. Astonishingly, as well as the ‘primitive’ cultural relics of the Palestinian past – with something like eighty per cent of village mosques demolished in this period – the destruction also included remarkable Roman remains, as in the city of Tiberias, which happened even when Israeli officials had specifically asked for them to be spared (see Rapaport 2007). Once again, just as the Nakba contrived to be both punctual historical event and persistent catastrophic condition, so the obliteration of historic non-Jewish sites in Palestine proved to be not simply a product of the destructive ecstasy of the moment of victory in 1948, but much more of a calculated, consistent approach, a policy that is still being carried out today, in pointless demolition, bulldozing and dynamiting in cities such as Nablus and Hebron."
↑  Forman G, Kedar A (Sandy). From Arab Land to ‘Israel Lands’: The Legal Dispossession of the Palestinians Displaced by Israel in the Wake of 1948. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 2004;22(6):809–830. doi:10.1068/d402
↑  Kedar A (Sandy), The Legal Transformation of Ethnic Geography: Israeli Law and the Palestinian Landholder 1948–1967, 33 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 923 (2000–2001)
↑  Masalha 2012، صفحة 137.
↑  Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007، صفحة 136.
↑  Butenschon, N. A.; Davis, U.; Hassassian, M. (eds.). "Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications" (Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2000), p. 204.
↑  Lauterpacht, H. (ed.). "International Law Reports 1950" (London: Butterworth & Co., 1956), p.111
↑  Kattan, V. (2005). "The Nationality of Denationalized Palestinians". Nordic Journal of International Law 74(1), 67–102. دُوِي:10.1163/1571810054301004
↑  Schulz 2003، صفحات 1–2: "One of the grim paradoxes of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is that the foundation of the state of Israel, intended to create a safe haven for the 'archetypical' Jewish diaspora, spelt the immediate diasporisation of the Arab Palestinians. The territorialisation of the Jewish diaspora spurred a new 'wandering identity' and the Palestinians became a 'refugee nation'. To the Palestinians, the birth of Israel is thus remembered as the catastrophe, al-nakba, to imprint the suffering caused by dispersal, exile, alienation and denial ... The nakba is the root cause of the Palestinian diaspora."
↑  Schulz 2003، صفحة 2: "Although the PLO has officially continued to demand fulfilment of UN resolution 194 and a return to homes lost and compensation, there is not substantial international support for such a solution. Yet it is around the hope of return that millions of Palestinian refugees have formed their lives. This hope has historically been nurtured by PLO politics and its tireless repetition of the 'right of return'—a mantra in PLO discourse. In addition, for hundreds of thousands (or even millions) of Palestinian refugees, there are no prospects (or desires) for integration into host societies. In Lebanon, the Palestinians have been regarded as 'human garbage' (Nasrallah 1997), indeed as 'matters out of place' (cf. Douglas 1976), and as unwanted."
↑  Schulz 2003، صفحات 2–3: "Fragmentation, loss of homeland and denial have prompted an identity of ’suffering', an identification created by the anxieties and injustices happening to the Palestinians because of external forces. In this process, a homeland discourse, a process of remembering what has been lost, is an important component ... Therefore the dispersal (shatat in Arabic) and fragmentation of the Arab population of Palestine have served as uniting factors behind a modern Palestinian national identity, illuminating the facet of absence of territory as a weighty component in creations and recreations of ethnic and national identities in exile. Deterritorialised communities seek their identity in the territory, the Homeland Lost, which they can only see from a distance, if at all. The focal point of identity and politics is a place lost."
↑  المركز الفلسطيني للإعلام. نسخة محفوظة 20 أغسطس 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Neve Gordon, Israel Denies the Nakba While Perpetuating It كاونتربنش 15 May 2023 نسخة محفوظة 2023-05-19 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Michael Arria,   https://mondoweiss.net/2023/05/israeli-and-us-officials-push-to-have-nakba-events-stopped/ 'Israeli and US officials push to have Nakba events stopped,' موندوايس 15  May  2023 نسخة محفوظة 2023-05-19 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3  Motti Golani؛ Adel Manna (2011). Two Sides of the Coin: Independence and Nakba 1948. Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation. ص. 14. ISBN:9789089790811. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-03-04. The Palestinians regard the Nakba and its repercussions as a formative trauma defining their identity and their national, moral, and political aspirations. As a result of the 1948 war, the Palestinian people, which to a large degree lost their country to the establishment of a Jewish state for the survivors of the Holocaust, developed a victimized national identity. From their perspective, the Palestinians have been forced to pay for the Jewish Holocaust with their bodies, their property, and their freedom instead of those who were truly responsible. Jewish Israelis, in contrast, see the war and its outcome not merely as an act of historical justice that changed the historical course of the Jewish people, which until that point had been filled with suffering and hardship, but also as a birth – the birth of Israel as an independent Jewish state after two thousand years of exile. As such, it must be pure and untainted, because if a person, a nation, or a state is born in sin, its entire essence is tainted. In this sense, discourse on the war is not at all historical but rather current and extremely sensitive. Its power and intensity is directly influenced by present day events. In the Israeli and the Palestinian cases, therefore, the 1948 war plays a pivotal role in two simple, clear, unequivocal, and harmonious narratives, with both peoples continuing to see the war as a formative event in their respective histories.
↑  Mariko، Mori (2009). "Zionism and the Nakba: The Mainstream Narrative, the Oppressed Narratives, and the Israeli Collective Memory". Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies. ج. 3 ع. 1.
↑  Elie Rekhess (2014). "The Arab Minority in Israel: Reconsidering the "1948 Paradigm"". Israel Studies. Indiana University Press. ج. 19 ع. 2: 193. DOI:10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187. ISSN:1084-9513. S2CID:144053751.
↑  Budget Foundations Law (Amendment No. 40) 5771 – 2011 نسخة محفوظة 26 April 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين., translation by Adalah
↑  "חוק הנכבה". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-24.
↑  Vescovi 2015، صفحة 13.
↑  Shenhav، Yehouda (4 ديسمبر 2018). "The Palestinian Nakba and the Arab-Jewish Melancholy". في Shai Ginsburg؛ Martin Land؛ Jonathan Boyarin (المحررون). Jews and the Ends of Theory. Fordham University Press. ص. 78–. ISBN:978-0-8232-8201-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-01-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-03. By banning, sanctioning, and erasing, the Israeli legislature succeeded in achieving the exact opposite. This may be a perfect example of Max Weber's "unexpected consequence of human action."
↑  Arria، Michael (6 ديسمبر 2022). "Netflix faces Israeli backlash over Nakba film". Mondoweiss. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-12-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-12-07.
↑  Manna' 2013، صفحة 91.
النكبة
صور نادرة للنكبة الفلسطينية 1948
صور من النكبة 1948