أسماء الهولوكوست
مراجع

↑  Niewyk, Donald L. and Nicosia, Francis R. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, دار نشر جامعة كولومبيا, 2000, pp. 45-52. نسخة محفوظة 2024-01-14 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Donald Niewyk suggests that the broadest definition, including Soviet civilian deaths, would produce a death toll of 17 million. Estimates of the death toll of non-Jewish victims vary by millions, partly because the boundary between death by persecution and death by starvation and other means in a context of حرب شاملة is unclear. Overall, about 5.7 million (78 percent) of the 7.3 million Jews in occupied Europe perished (Gilbert, Martin  ‏. Atlas of the Holocaust 1988, pp. 242-244). Compared to five to 11 million (1.4 percent to 3.0 percent) of the 360 million non-Jews in German-dominated Europe. Small, Melvin and J. David Singer. Resort to Arms: International and civil Wars 1816-1980 and Berenbaum, Michael.  ‏ A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis. New York: New York University Press, 1990
↑  Olah (Leviticus 1:1-17) lit.: 'what goes up', ".. i.e goes up in smoke, because the entire animal, except for its hide, was burned on the altar. Other types of sacrifice were consumed in part by fire .. In English, olah has for centuries been translated 'burnt offering." The olah had a high degree of sanctity, and it was regarded as the 'standard' sacrifice. .. In contrast, sacrifices made by the Greeks to the Olympian gods were always shared by the worshipers; only sacrifices made to the dread underground deities to ward off evil were presented as holocausts, i.e., completely burned." W. Gunther Plaut, The Torah - A Modern Commentary; New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1981 and R.K. Yerkes, Sacrifice in Greek and Roman Religions and in Early Judaism; New York: Allenson, 1952, pp. 1-7.
↑  "(Amos 5:22-25. Cf. Jer. 7:22, 'When I freed your fathers from land of Egypt, I did not speak with them nor commanded them burnt offering or sacrifice'; see also I Sam. 15:22-23; Isa. 1:11-13; Hos. 6:6; Mic. 6:6-8.) .. Jewish tradition understood these utterances to be directed not against sacrifices as such, but against the substitution of ritual for morality." ibidem. (Plaut); Leviticus, Part I, Laws of Sacrifice, Introduction, p.752.
↑  Simon Schama, A History of Britain, episode 3, 'Dynasty'; BBC DVD, 2000
↑  Bale، Anthony (2006). The Jew in the medieval book : English antisemitism, 1350-1500 (ط. 1. publ.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ص. 27. ISBN:9780521863544. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-08-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-01.
↑  "Samson Agonistes: Text". www.dartmouth.edu (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2023-11-20. Retrieved 2017-02-17.
↑  "Like that self-begotten bird / In the Arabian woods embost,... at QuoteTab". QuoteTab. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-08-28.
↑  The قاموس أكسفورد الإنجليزي, Clarendon Press, 2nd ed. Oxford 1989, vol. VII p. 315 sect c.'complete destruction, esp. of a large number of persons; a great slaughter or massacre' citing examples from 1883 onwards.
↑  page 1 of Crowe، David M. (2008). The Holocaust: Roots, History, and Aftermath. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN:978-0-8133-4325-9.
1 2  Tatz، Colin (14 أغسطس 2003). With Intent to Destroy: Reflecting on Genocide. Verso. ISBN:9781859845509. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-08-28 – عبر Google Books.
↑  M. Chater, "History's Greatest Trek", National Geographic, 1925, 533-583. In Panayiotis Diamadis, , "Aegean Eucalypts", MODERN GREEK STUDIES, Vol. 13, 2005, published by the Modern Greek Studies Association of Australia and New Zealand, p. 88 نسخة محفوظة 2024-01-14 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "As for the Turkish atrocities ... helpless Armenians, men, women, and children together, whole districts blotted out in one administrative holocaust – these were beyond human redress." (Winston Churchill, The World in Crisis, volume 4: The Aftermath, New York, 1929, p. 158).
↑  "Are We Still Comfortable With The Term Holocaust?". HuffPost. 27 يناير 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-01-14.
↑  Petrie J., "The secular word Holocaust: scholarly myths, history, and 20th century meanings", Journal of Genocide Research, Volume 2, Number 1, 1 March 2000, pp. 31-63(33)
↑  "PALESTINE ZIONISTS FIND OUTLOOK DARK; They See Little Hope Now for the Thousands of Refugees Barred From Holy Land DISAPPOINTED AT BERMUDA". The New York Times (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-11-13.
↑  هاردمان، ليزلي وسيسيلي جودمان "الناجون: قصة بقايا بيلسن" لندن: فالنتين، ميتشل، (1958)
↑  page 37, by Eliot Fremont-Smith
↑  Harnessing the Holocaust: The Politics of Memory in France, Jewish Quarterly Review, Volume 96, Number 2, Spring 2006, pp. 304-306
↑  Garaudy, Roger, "The Mythical Foundations of Israeli Policy", Studies Forum International, London 1997, p.133
↑  "It is the rejection of even the hint of such sacrificial thinking that prompts some Jews to refuse to refer to the events of the Shoah as a 'holocaust', the burnt offering with smoke wafting up to heaven". James Carroll, Constantine's Sword - The Church and the Jews; Boston: First Mariner Books, 2001. "Do Not Christianize Auschwitz and Shoah!" Władysław T. Bartoszewski  ‏, The Convent at Auschwitz; New York: George Braziller, 1991.
1 2 3 4 5  Evans, Richard. In Hitler's Shadow, New York: Pantheon, 1989 page 142.
↑  "Homework Help and Textbook Solutions | bartleby". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-02-12.
↑  "The Holocaust", Compact Oxford English Dictionary: "(the Holocaust) the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime in World War II."
↑  "Holocaust" نسخة محفوظة 2009-10-28 على موقع واي باك مشين., Encarta: "Holocaust, the almost complete destruction of Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II (1939–1945). The leadership of Germany's Nazi Party ordered the extermination of 5.6 million to 5.9 million Jews (see National Socialism). Jews often refer to the Holocaust as Shoah (from the Hebrew word for "catastrophe" or "total destruction")."
1 2  "Holocaust," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009: "the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women and children, and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The Nazis called this "the final solution to the Jewish question ..." نسخة محفوظة 2024-01-14 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Bauer, Yehuda. 1998. "A Past That Will Not Go Away." In The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined, edited by Michael Berenbaum, Abraham J. Peck, and United States Holocaust Museum, 12–22. Indiana University Press". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-01-14.
↑  Yehuda Bauer A History of the Holocaust. F. Watts, 1982 (ردمك 0-531-09862-1) p.331; chapter 1 نسخة محفوظة 2024-08-20 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Michael Berenbaum Berenbaum, Michael.  ‏ A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis, New York: New York University Press, 1990, pp. 21–35
↑  "Misconceptions". Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-08-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-06-04.
↑  Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann. The Racial State:Germany 1933–1945 (ردمك 0-521-39802-9) Cambridge University Press 1991. This work favors a more expansive definition of the Holocaust, pointing out that Nazi Germany had a racist ideology by no means limited to anti-Semitism.
↑  "Holocaust and the United Nations Discussion Paper Series, László Teleki". Un.org. 23 يناير 2007. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-08-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-07-31.
↑  The Columbia guide to the Holocaust by Donald L. Niewyk, Francis R. Nicosia, page 52, Columbia University Press, 2000
↑  Chapter 6 in the book The Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp.81-92, ME Sharpe, London, 1991
↑  Holocaust, Yad Vashem نسخة محفوظة 2023-12-07 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Holocaust—Definition", Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Vol. II, MacMillan. نسخة محفوظة 2023-05-17 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Petrie, Jon. "The Secular Word 'HOLOCAUST': Scholarly Myths, History, and Twentieth Century Meanings", Journal of Genocide Research  Vol 2, no. 1 (2000): 31–63.
↑
↑  ""The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion", Yad Vashem. Retrieved June 8, 2005. نسخة محفوظة June 5, 2011, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Kaufmann, Max, Die Vernichtung des Judens Lettlands (The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia), Munich, 1947, English translation by Laimdota Mazzarins available on-line as Churbn Lettland -- The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia نسخة محفوظة 2011-02-07 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews (3rd edition) Yale University Press, New Haven, CT 2003. (ردمك 0-300-09557-0)
↑  Zagłada Żydów polskich w czasie ii wojny światowej Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2007, p. 16. (ردمك 83-89078-87-2). نسخة محفوظة 2023-12-15 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Holocaust Encyklopedia PWN [online] [accessed 2021-02-14] نسخة محفوظة 2023-03-29 على موقع واي باك مشين.
بوابة إسرائيل
إحصاء تقريبي لوفيات المحرقة وفقًا لتعريف واسع يشمل غير اليهود، مثل الغجر والسلاف وأسرى الحرب السوفييت والمعارضين السياسيين (انقر على الصورة لمزيد من التفاصيل)