تنمية إيجابية
مراجع

↑  Birkeland, J. (2003) ‘Retrofitting: Beyond Zero Waste’, in KLM-UC International Conference Proceedings, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Birkeland, J. (2004) ‘Building Assessment Systems: Reversing Environmental Impacts’, Nature and Society Forum, ACT, Australia, http://www.naf.org.au/naf-forum/birkeland%5Bوصلة+مكسورة%5D (accessed 2005); Birkeland, J. (2005) ‘Reversing Negative Impacts by Design’, in Sustainability for the ACT: the Future’s in our Hands, Office of Sustainability, ACT, Australia.
↑  Birkeland, J. (2008) Positive Development: From Vicious Circles to Virtuous Cycles through Built Environment Design’, Earthscan, London. (A two volume book updating net positive theory is forthcoming.)
↑  Eco-positive impacts of development must keep pace with human consumption (or بصمة بيئية) and offset past losses of nature, as defined in Positive Development (Ibid) p. 6.
↑  A بناء مستدام should aim to be better for nature/society than no building at all, as well as increase nature beyond native conditions. A rule of reason would be applied as to whether the baseline is pre-industrial or pre-historic, depending on the location and circumstances.
↑  These principles are common to most early definitions of sustainability and were endorsed at a national level as early as 1969 in the preamble to the National Environmental Protection Act in the United States. Among the first international documents to define sustainability was the IUCN/UNEP/WWF (1980) World Conservation Strategy, re-published in 1991 as Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living, The World Conservation Union, United Nations Environment Program and World Wide Fund for Nature, Earthscan, London, UK. Here it meant improving life quality within the earth’s ecological carrying capacity. See also COAG (1992) The National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development (NSESD), Council of Australian Governments, Canberra, Australia. For historical context, see Commoner, B. (1971) The Closing Circle: Nature, Man And Technology, Knopf, New York and Porritt, J. (1985) Seeing Green: The Politics of Ecology Explained, Blackwell Publishers, UK.
↑  Social options do not mean more consumer products but rather substantive and positive life choices which requires increasing the ecological base and public estate.
↑  The idea that sustainability requires maintaining or increasing future option was discussed in Birkeland, J. (1993) Planning for a Sustainable Society: Institutional Reform and Social Transformation, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania. See also Norton, B.G. (2005) Sustainability: A Philosophy of Adaptive Ecosystem Management, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois for a comprehensive discussion on this point.
↑  For a typology of green building design, see Birkeland, J. (2013) ‘Business Opportunities through Positive Development’, in A New Dynamic: Effective Business in a Circular Economy, in K. Webster, J. Bleriot, and C. Johnston (Eds), Ellen MacArthur Foundation Publishing, Isle of Wight, UK, pp. 87-110.
↑  For a discussion of contemporary sustainable building design approaches, see Hes, D. and du Plessus, D. (2015) Designing for Hope: Pathways to Regenerative Sustainability, Taylor & Francis, New York. USA.
↑  Birkeland, J. (2007) ‘GEN 4: ‘Positive Development’, BEDP (Built Environment Design Professions) Environmental Design Guide of the Australian Institute of Architects, ACT, Australia. http://www.environmentdesignguide.com.au/ Assessed June 2008. نسخة محفوظة 2021-01-17 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  The term also appears as ‘net-positive’ or ‘netpositive’. A special issue was dedicated to net-positive design. See Cole, R. (2015) ‘Net-zero and Net-positive Design: a question of value’, in Building Research & Information 43(1), pp. 1-6.
↑  For example, see Forum for the Future, WWF, and The Climate Group (2015) Net Positive: A New Way of Doing Business. Available at http://www.theclimategroup.org/what-we-do/publications/net-positive-a-new-way-of-doing-business/ Accessed June 2015. نسخة محفوظة 2016-06-17 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Benchmarks are relative to the present, so eco-restoration is seen by some as net positive, yet this does not account for past biodiversity losses and increased human consumption.
1 2  There are a wide range of 20th Century green design books, including: Papanek, V. (1971) Design for the Real World: human ecology and social change, Pantheon Books, New York; Johnson, R. (1979) The Green City, MacMillan: S. Melbourne, Australia; Todd, N. and J. Todd (1994) From Eco-Cities to Living Machines, N. Atlantic Books, Berkeley, CA.; Vale, B. and R. Vale (1975) The Autonomous House: Design and Planning for self-sufficiency, Thames and Hudson Ltd, London; Wann, D. (1996) Deep Design: Pathways to a Liveable Future, Island Press, Washington, DC.; Lyle, J.T. (1994) Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development, Wiley & Sons, New York; van der Ryn, S, and Cowan, D. (1996) Ecological Design, Island Press, Washington, DC. Mackenzie, D. (1991), Green Design: Design for the Environment, Lawrence King, London; Girardet, H. (1992), The Gaia Atlas of Cities: New Directions for Sustainable Urban Living, Gaia books Ltd, London; and Yeang, K. (1999) The Green Skyscraper: The Basis for Designing Sustainable Intensive Buildings, Prestel Verlag, Munich, Germany [Yeang has written numerous books on green design].
↑  See for example, Baggs, D. (2015) Buildings Alone will Never be Regenerative, in Sourceable - Industry News and Analysis https://sourceable.net/buildings-alone-will-never-be-regenerative/ June 29. Accessed July 2015. This claims net positive design only concerns resource balances and does not use a life cycle perspective, but this has no basis in PD literature. نسخة محفوظة 20 فبراير 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  For an overview of بناء صفر الطاقة, see Kibert, C.J. and Fard, M.M. (2012) Differentiating among Low-energy, Low-carbon and Net Zero-energy Building Strategies for Policy Formulation, Building Research & Information, 40(5), pp. 625-637.
↑  See for example, Merchant, C. (1980) The Death of Nature: Women, ecology, and the scientific revolution, HarperCollins, New York; Warren, K. (1997), Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana; Naess, A. (1989) Ecology, community, and lifestyle, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, UK; Warren, K. and Wells-Howe, B. (1994) Ecological Feminism, Routledge, New York; Salleh, A. (1997) Ecofeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx and the Postmodern, Zed Books, London; Shiva, V. (1988) Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development, Zed Books, London.
↑  See WCED (1987) Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. This seminal report couched sustainability within the dominant economic and policy making frameworks and did not engage with the sustainability literature critical of the dominant paradigm.
↑  Planning for Sustainability, Ibid. Birkeland, J. (2008) Positive Development, Ibid.
↑  See Birkeland, J. (2012) ‘Design blindness in Sustainable Development: From Closed to Open Systems Design Thinking’, in The Journal of Urban Design, 17(2), pp. 163-187.
↑  Positive Development, Ibid, pp. 165-179
↑  Positive Development, Ibid.
↑  Positive Development, Ibid, pp. 117-130.
↑  Birkeland, J. (2014) ‘Positive Development and Assessment’, in Smart and Sustainable Built Environments, 3(1), pp. 4-22; Birkeland, J. (2015) ‘Planning for Positive Development’, in J. Byrne, J. Dodson and N. Sipe (Eds), Australian Environmental Planning: Challenges and Future Prospects, Routledge, pp. 246-257.
↑  There are many critiques of green building rating tools. Brandon, P.S., and Lombardi, P.L. (2011) Evaluating Sustainable Development in the Built Environment (2nd ed.) Chichester, West Sussex, Ames, Iowa, Wiley-Blackwell; Gu, Z., Wennersten, R., and Assefa, G. (2006) ‘Analysis of the Most Widely Used Building Environmental Assessment Methods’, Environmental Sciences, 3(3), pp. 175-192; Birkeland, J. (2004) ‘Building Assessment Systems: Reversing Environmental Impacts’, Nature and Society Forum, ACT, [./Australia_http://www.naf.org.au/naf-forum/birkeland Australia http://www.naf.org.au/naf-forum/birkeland%5Bوصلة+مكسورة%5D] (accessed 2005).
↑  Birkeland, J. (1996) ‘The Case for a New Public Forum’, in Furnass, B., Whyte, J., Harris, J., and Baker, A. (Eds), Survival, Health and Wellbeing into the 21st Century, Nature and Society Forum, pp. 111-114. Birkeland, J. (1995) ‘Ethics-Based Planning’, Australian Planner 33(1), pp. 47-49.
↑  Birkeland, J. (1993) ‘Towards a New System of Environmental Governance’, in The Environmentalist, 13(1), pp. 19-32; Birkeland, J. (1993) Planning for a Sustainable Society, Ibid; Birkeland, J. (2008) Positive Development, Ibid, pp. 220-233.
↑  Positive Development, Ibid, pp. 251-173.
↑  Birkeland, J. (2015) ‘Planning for Positive Development’, in J. Byrne, J. Dodson and N. Sipe (Eds), Australian Environmental Planning: Challenges and Future Prospects, Routledge, pp. 246-257.
↑  Jackson, D. and Simpson, R., eds. (2012) D_City: Digital Earth, Virtual Nations, Data Cities, D_City, Sydney, Australia.
↑  Birkeland, J. (1996) ‘Improving the Design Review Process’, CIB Commission Conference Proceedings, RMIT, Melbourne, pp. 150-155; Birkeland, J. (2014) ‘Systems and Social Change for Sustainable and Resilient Cities’, L. Pearson, P. Newton and P. Roberts (Eds), Resilient Sustainable Cities, Routledge, UK, pp. 66-82.
↑  Sarkissian, W. (2002) ‘Pros and cons of design charrettes’, in J. Birkeland (Ed) Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions, Earthscan, London, p. 113.
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