بيزنطة
مراجع

1 2  أحمد زكي باشا (1899)، قاموس الجغرافية القديمة بالعربي والفرنساوي (ط. 1)، القاهرة: الهيئة العامة لشؤون المطابع الأميرية، ص. 26، OCLC:54516993، QID:Q121879600
↑  "معلومات عن بيزنطية على موقع nomisma.org". nomisma.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-10-05.
↑  "معلومات عن بيزنطة على موقع ark.frantiq.fr". ark.frantiq.fr. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-14.
↑  "معلومات عن بيزنطة على موقع enciclopedia.cat". enciclopedia.cat. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-31.
1 2  Balcer 1990، صفحات 599–600.
↑  "Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean," Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition, 2004, p. 302
↑  Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul Robert Bator, Chris Rothero p. 8 نسخة محفوظة 27 يوليو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Andrew G. Traver, From Polis to Empire, The Ancient World, c. 800 B.C.–A.D. 500, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 257
↑  "In 340 BC, however, the Byzantines, with the aid of the Athenians, withstood a siege successfully, an occurrence the more remarkable as they were attacked by the greatest general of the age, Philip of Macedon. In the course of this beleaguerment, it is related, on a certain wet and moonless night the enemy attempted a surprise, but were foiled by reason of a bright light which, appearing suddenly in the heavens, startled all the dogs in the town and thus roused the garrison to a sense of their danger. To commemorate this timely phenomenon, which was attributed to هيكات, they erected a public statue to that goddess [...]" William Gordon Holmes, The Age of Justinian and Theodora, 2003 pp. 5–6; "If any goddess had a connection with the walls in Constantinople, it was هيكات. هيكات had a cult in Byzantium from the time of its founding. Like Byzas in one legend, she had her origins in Thrace. Since Hecate was the guardian of "liminal places," in Byzantium small temples in her honor were placed close to the gates of the city. هيكات's importance to Byzantium was above all as deity of protection. When Philip of Macedon was about to attack the city, according to the legend she alerted the townspeople with her ever-present torches, and with her pack of dogs, which served as her constant companions. Her mythic qualities thenceforth forever entered the fabric of Byzantine history. A statue known as the 'Lampadephoros' was erected on the hill above the Bosphorous to commemorate هيكات's defensive aid." Vasiliki Limberis, Divine Heiress, Routledge, 1994, pp. 126–127
↑  Vasiliki Limberis, Divine Heiress, Routledge, 1994, p. 15
↑  "In 324 Byzantium had a number of operative cults to traditional gods and goddesses tied to its very foundation eight hundred years before. Rhea, called "the mother of the gods" by Zosimus, had a well-ensconced cult in Byzantium from its very foundation. [...] Devotion to هيكات was especially favored by the Byzantines [...] Constantine would also have found Artemis-Selene and Aphrodite along with the banished Apollo Zeuxippus on the Acropolis in the old Greek section of the city. Other gods mentioned in the sources are Athena, Hera, Zeus, Hermes, and Demeter and Kore. Even evidence of Isis and Serapis appears from the Roman era on coins during the reign of Caracalla and from inscriptions." Vasiliki Limberis, Divine Heiress, Routledge, 1994, p. 16
↑  Michael R. Molnar, The Star of Bethlehem, Rutgers University Press, 1999, p. 48