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↑  Thompson, Edward Palmer, Customs in Common (N.Y.: New Press, 1st American ed. 1993 (ISBN 1-56584-074-7)), p. 408 (title Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture, per p. [iv] (copyright p.) (Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data) & cover I) (author historian & social critic, per cover IV) (modernity is not explored much in Customs in Common but see this article, passim, for instances of modernity).
↑  Valenze, Deborah M., The Social Life of Money in the English Past (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006 (ISBN 978-0-521-61780-2)), p. 249 & probably n. 83 (n. omitted) (author prof. history, Barnard Coll.), n. 83 citing Ihde, Erin, "So Gross a Violation of Decency": A Note on Wife Sales in Colonial Australia, in Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, vol. 84, Jun., 1998, pp. 26–27, & Hughes, Robert, The Fatal Shore: An Epic of Australia's Founding (N.Y., no publisher cited: 1986), pp. 244–264.
↑  Morris, Richard B., White Bondage in Ante-Bellum South Carolina, op. cit., p. 191 and see p. 194 ("not ... an example of normal marriage relations" in the state).
1 2 3 4  Morris, Richard B., White Bondage in Ante-Bellum South Carolina, in The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, vol. 49, no. 4 (October, 1948), as accessed June 13, 2012, 10:42 a.m., p. 191 (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)).
↑  Morris, Richard B., White Bondage in Ante-Bellum South Carolina, op. cit., pp. 191–192 (bracketed insertions per p. 191).
↑  Charleston, an old city in South Carolina
↑  Common law, a system of law based on precedent and prevalent in England and in the colonial U.S.
↑  Marriage, the joining of two people into a committed personal relationship
↑  Morris, Richard B., White Bondage in Ante-Bellum South Carolina, op. cit., p. 192.
↑  Morris, Richard B., White Bondage in Ante-Bellum South Carolina, op. cit., p. 192 & n. 3 (n. omitted).
↑  Morris, Richard B., White Bondage in Ante-Bellum South Carolina, op. cit., p. 192 & n. 4 (n. omitted).
↑  Church of England, the church that is official for England by decision of Parliament and that is Christian
↑  Morris, Richard B., White Bondage in Ante-Bellum South Carolina, op. cit., p. 193 & nn. 7–8 (nn. omitted).
↑  Morris, Richard B., White Bondage in Ante-Bellum South Carolina, op. cit., p. 193, but see p. 194 n. 11.
↑  Morris, Richard B., White Bondage in Ante-Bellum South Carolina, op. cit., p. 193 & n. 10 (n. omitted), but see p. 194 n. 11.
↑  MacLeod, William Christie, Debtor and Chattel Slavery in Aboriginal North America, in American Anthropologist, New ser., vol. 27, no. 3 (July, 1925), as accessed June 9, 2012, 5:06 p.m., p. 371 (author MacLeod of Wharton Sch., Univ. of Penna.) (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)).
↑  MacLeod, William Christie, Debtor and Chattel Slavery in Aboriginal North America, op. cit., p. 370 (section heading).
↑  MacLeod, William Christie, Debtor and Chattel Slavery in Aboriginal North America, op. cit., p. 375 n. 15, quoting Lawson, J., History of Carolina (1714), p. 327.
1 2 3  MacLeod, William Christie, Debtor and Chattel Slavery in Aboriginal North America, op. cit., p. 372 & n. 7, quoting Lawson, J., History of Carolina, op. cit., p. 114.
↑  Chattel, private movable property, thus not real estate
↑  Howard, George Elliott, A History of Matrimonial Institutions: Chiefly in England and the United States with an Introductory Analysis of the Literature and the Theories of Primitive Marriage and the Family (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, May, 1904), as accessed October 6, 2012, vol. I, p. 232 & n. 2 (n. omitted) (author professorial lecturer, Univ. of Chicago) (vol. referenced "for the early medieval employment of wife sales as a technique of divorce" (but with apparently erroneous reference to p. 249) in Morris, Richard B., White Bondage in Ante-Bellum South Carolina, op. cit., p. 192 n. 3), citing, at n., Powers, Tribes of California, p. 178.
↑  Shell money, money made of shells or shell pieces
↑  Howard, George Elliott, A History of Matrimonial Institutions, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 231–232 & n. 1 (n. omitted), citing, at n., Powers, Tribes of California, op. cit., p. 56.
↑  Yurok people, an Indian tribe in northwest California
↑  Dennis, Elsie Frances, Indian Slavery in Pacific Northwest, pt. II, in Oregon Historical Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 2 (June, 1930), as accessed June 9, 2012, 5:30 p.m., p. 188 & n. 43 (n. omitted) (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)), citing, at n., White, Ten Years in Oregon, p. 277.
↑  Dennis, Elsie Frances, Indian Slavery in Pacific Northwest, op. cit., p. 185 & n. 32 (n. omitted), citing, at n., Ross, Adventures of the First Settlers, p. 100.
↑  Commons:Picture of the Year/2013/Introduction - Wikimedia Commons "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-11-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Pierce, Richard A., ed., & Colin Bearne, trans., A Selection From G. I. Davydov, op. cit., p. 19, col. 2 (in [§] XIII, Marriage Customs).
↑  Cline, Howard F., The Ortelius Maps of New Spain, 1579, and Related Contemporary Materials, 1560–1610, in Imago Mundi, vol. 16 (1962), as accessed June 9, 2012, 4:35 p.m., p. 105 (author Cline of Washington, D.C.) (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)).
↑  That the people described are Florida Indians is not explicitly by the "eye-witness" but is by Cline: Cline, Howard F., The Ortelius Maps of New Spain, 1579, and Related Contemporary Materials, 1560–1610, op. cit., p. 104 & n. 22.
↑  Cline, Howard F., The Ortelius Maps of New Spain, 1579, and Related Contemporary Materials, 1560–1610, op. cit., p. 105 (if the quoted description is inexact and the sale is not of wives but of wives-to-be, this may describe bride-buying).
↑  Van Buskirk, Judith, Crossing the Line: African-Americans in the New York City Region during the British Occupation, 1776–1783, in Pennsylvania History, vol. 65 (Explorations in Early American Culture issue) (1998), as accessed June 13, 2012, 10:53 a.m., pp. 75, 76, 78, & passim (author Van Buskirk of State Univ. of N.Y. at Cortland) (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)).
↑  They are not revealed in all cases in Van Buskirk, Judith, Crossing the Line, op. cit.
↑  Van Buskirk, Judith, Crossing the Line, op. cit., p. 93 and see p. 93 n. 57, citing, at n. 57, "PRO, wo 71-154" (if abbreviations, undefined in id.).
1 2 3 4 5  Kelley, Margaret Ryan, A Soldier of the Iron Brigade, in The Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 22, no. 3 (March, 1939), as accessed June 13, 2012, 10:34 a.m., p. 306 (may be a primary source regarding author's father although not regarding the Black named August) (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)).
↑  Kelley, Margaret Ryan, A Soldier of the Iron Brigade, op. cit., p. 286.
↑  Kelley, Margaret Ryan, A Soldier of the Iron Brigade, op. cit., p. 294 &, that it was the Union or Federal side, id., passim.
↑  Meaders, Daniel, Kidnapping Blacks in Philadelphia: Isaac Hopper's Tales of Oppression, in The Journal of Negro History, vol. 80, no. 2 (Spring, 1995), as accessed June 13, 2012, 10:47 a.m., p. 52 & nn. 23–24 (nn. omitted) (author asst. prof. history, Coll. of Wm. Patterson, Wayne, N.J.) (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)), quoting Hopper, Isaac, Patriarchal System (Tale No. LXVII), in Tales of Oppression (column) (1840–), in National Anti-Slavery Standard, December 27, 1842, p. 118 (whether, after a 50-mile journey, the first sale occurred in North Carolina or near the state is unknown).
1 2 3 4 5  Johnson, Isaac, Slavery Days in Old Kentucky. A True Story of a Father Who Sold His Wife and Four Children. By One of the Children (Univ. of N. Car. at Chapel Hill, Electronic ed., 1st ed. 2000, © 2004), last updated October 6, 2012, as accessed October 6, 2012, p. 8 (original pagination) (transcription of same author & same title (Ogdensburg, N.Y.: Republican & Journal Print, September, 1901)) (author former slave) (primary source per Wikipedia).
↑  Johnson, Isaac, Slavery Days in Old Kentucky, op. cit., p. 7.
↑  Johnson, Isaac, Slavery Days in Old Kentucky, op. cit., pp. 7 (Johnson born 1844) & 9 (Johnson was sold at age 7).
↑  Johnson, Isaac, Slavery Days in Old Kentucky, op. cit., p. 9.
↑  Johnson, Isaac, Slavery Days in Old Kentucky, op. cit., pp. 13–14.
↑  Johnson, Isaac, Slavery Days in Old Kentucky, op. cit., p. 10.
↑  Johnson, Isaac, Slavery Days in Old Kentucky, op. cit., p. 10 (the mother was sold to an unnamed buyer) and see p. 11 (the child was sold for $200 to a named buyer).
↑  Meaders, Daniel, Kidnapping Blacks in Philadelphia, op. cit., p. 62, citing Hopper, Isaac, Thomas Hughes (Tale No. XVI), in Tales of Oppression (column) (1840–), in National Anti-Slavery Standard.
1 2  Meaders, Daniel, Kidnapping Blacks in Philadelphia, op. cit., p. 63, citing Hopper, Isaac, Thomas Hughes (Tale No. XVI), in Tales of Oppression, op. cit..
↑  Meaders, Daniel, Kidnapping Blacks in Philadelphia, op. cit., p. 63 (& "sold Hughes' wife", p. 63).
↑  Cooke, Chauncey H., Letters of a Badger Boy in Blue: Into the Southland, in The Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 4, no. 3 (March, 1921) (in [§] Documents), as accessed June 13, 2012, 10:31 a.m., p. 329 (letter of March 21, 1863, from Chauncey (H. Cooke), 25th Regt. Wisc. Volunteers, Columbus, Ky., to Mother, [§] March 21st) (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)).
1 2  Cooke, Chauncey H., Letters of a Badger Boy in Blue, op. cit., p. 329.
↑  Van Buskirk, Judith, Crossing the Line, op. cit., p. 90.
↑  Van Buskirk, Judith, Crossing the Line, op. cit., p. 90 & n. 51 (n. omitted), citing, at n., Royal Gazette, February 10, 1779, & March 10, 1779 (probably latter & only possibly former).
1 2 3 4  Joan Hori. "Japanese Prostitution in Hawaii During the Immigration Period". University of Hawaii Manoa. pp. 115–116. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
↑  Eileen Tamura (1994). Americanization, acculturation, and ethnic identity: the Nisei generation in Hawaii. University of Illinois Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-252-06358-9. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
↑  Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt, Wives for Sale: An Ethnographic Study of British Popular Divorce (N.Y.: St. Martin's Press, 1981 (ISBN 0-312-88629-2)), p. 1 & n. 2 (author anthropologist), citing Wood, E. J., The Marriage Day in all Ages and Countries (London: Richard Bentley, 1869), vol. 1, p. 106.
↑  Smith, Paul J., Fear of Gynarchy in an Age of Chaos: Kong Qi's Reflections on Life in South China Under Mongol Rule, in Journal of the Social and Economic History of the Orient, vol. 41, no. 1 (1998), as accessed June 13, 2012, 10:55 a.m., p. 28 (author Smith of Haverford Coll.) (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)).
↑  Sommer, Matthew Harvey (2002). Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. pp. 57–64.
↑  Laufer, Berthold, Geophagy, in Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago, 1930), vol. XVIII, no. 2, as accessed June 13, 2012, 11:14 a.m., p. 122 (quoting the missionary) (author curator anthropology dep't, Field Museum of Natural History) (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)).
↑  Wood, Edward J., The Wedding Day in All Ages and Countries (N.Y.: Harper & Bros., 1869), vol. [I], pp. [71]–72, briefly discussed in Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt, Wives for Sale, op. cit., p. 1 & n. 2 (citing at n. 2 Wood, E. J., The Marriage Day in All Ages and Countries (London: Richard Bentley, 1869), vol. 1, p. 174).
↑  Howard, George Elliott, A History of Matrimonial Institutions, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 235–236 & n. 1 (n. omitted), citing, at n., Möllendorff, Das chin. Familienrecht, p. 32 (diacritical mark on 1st "o" in "Mollendorff" not macron or other diacritical mark given appearance at p. 236 n. 2).
↑  Howard, George Elliott, A History of Matrimonial Institutions, op. cit., vol. I, p. 235.
↑  Howard, George Elliott, A History of Matrimonial Institutions, op. cit., vol. I, p. 236.
↑  Howard, George Elliott, A History of Matrimonial Institutions, op. cit., vol. I, p. 236 n. 2, citing Kohler, Aus dem chin. Civilrecht, ZVR., vol. VI, p. 376.
1 2  Wu, Leonard T. K., Rural Bankruptcy in China, in Far Eastern Survey: Fortnightly Research Service, vol. V, no. 20 (October 8, 1936), as accessed June 9, 2012, 5:19 p.m., p. 213, col. 1 (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)), citing Ta Kung Pao (Tientsin, also known as Tianjin) (Chinese daily).
↑  Fang, Bay; Leong, Mark (1998). "China's stolen wives.". U.S. News & World Report 125 (14): 35. Retrieved 17 October 2011.(subscription required)
↑  Hessler, Peter (2001). River Town: Two Years on the Yangtze. HarperCollins. p. 281. ISBN 0-06-095374-8.
↑  Friedman, Edward; Paul G. Pickowicz, Mark Selden, Kay Ann Johnson (1993). Chinese Village, Socialist State. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 241. ISBN 0-300-05428-9.
↑  Zweig, David (1997). Freeing China's Farmers: Rural Restructuring in the Reform Era. London: M. E. Sharpe. p. 343. ISBN 1-56324-838-7.
↑  Ramseyer, J. Mark, The Market for Children: Evidence from Early Modern Japan, in Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, vol. 11, no. 1 (April, 1995), as accessed June 13, 2012, 10:22 a.m., p. 128 (author Ramseyer of Univ. of Chicago) (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)), citing Kawashima, Takeyoshi, Nihon shakai no kazokuteki kosei (The Family Structure of Japanese Society) (Tokyo: Nihon hyoron sha, 1950) (author Kawashima "probably the best-known legal sociologist in Japan", per The Market for Children, ibid.).
1 2 3 4 5  Ramseyer, J. Mark, The Market for Children, op. cit., p. 132.
↑  Ramseyer, J. Mark, The Market for Children, op. cit., p. 131 & n. 8 & p. 132.
↑  Ramseyer, J. Mark, The Market for Children, op. cit., p. 132 ([§] 3.1, 3d sentence).
↑  Ramseyer, J. Mark, The Market for Children, op. cit., pp. 129–130 & table 1.
↑  Ramseyer, J. Mark, The Market for Children, op. cit., p. 133, table 2.
1 2  Ramseyer, J. Mark, The Market for Children, op. cit., p. 128.
↑  Habib (1963), pp. 319–320
↑  Habib (1963), pp. 320–321
1 2  Habib (1963), p. 322
↑  Habib (1963), p. 323 and n. 25 (n. omitted), citing, at n., Faẓl, Abū-l, Akbarnāma (Calcutta, probably Bib. Ind., 1873–1887), vol. II, pp. 159–160.
↑  Shipton, Parker, African Famines and Food Security: Anthropological Perspectives, in Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 19 (1990), as accessed June 9, 2012, 4:44 p.m., p. 372 (author Shipton of Harvard Institute for Intntl. Development & Dep't of Anthro., Harvard Univ.) (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)).
↑  Henry, Paget, Between Hume and Cugoano: Race, Ethnicity and Philosophical Entrapment, in The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, New ser., vol. 18, no. 2 (2004), as accessed June 13, 2012, 10:09 a.m., p. 142 (author Henry of Brown Univ.) (in JStor (database) (subscription may be required)).
↑  Henry, Paget, Between Hume and Cugoano, op. cit., p. 140.
↑  Henry, Paget, Between Hume and Cugoano, op. cit., p. 142, quoting Cugoano, Ottobah, Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic and Commerce of the Human Species (1787), p. 27, or Cugoano, Ottobah, Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil of Slavery (N.Y.: Penguin Books, 1999), p. 27.
↑  Graeber, David, Debt: The First 5,000 Years (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Melville House, hardcover, 2011 (ISBN 978-1-933633-86-2)), pp. 152–153 and see p. 153 n. 69.
↑  Gray (1960), p. 36 ("Sonjo material ... was obtained in the field in the last half of 1955", per p. 36 n. 3)
↑  Gray (1960), p. 37
↑  Chandler (1981), p. 107
↑  Chandler (1981), p. 110
↑  Chandler (1981), p. 122
1 2 3  Chandler (1981), p. 126
↑  Westbrook (1999), p. [203]
↑  Westbrook (1999), p. 208 and see pp. 214–216, 219, 221
↑  Frier & McGinn (2004), pp. 18–20, 486
↑  According to Richard P. Saller, pater familias more frequently meant 'owner of an estate' regardless of family relations.[126] Thus, a pater familias could be female.[127]
↑  Bradley (1994), p. 37
↑  "In the first ages the father of a family might sell his children, and his wife was reckoned in the number of his children: the domestic judge might pronounce the death of the offender, or his mercy might expel her from his bed and house; but the slavery of the wretched female was hopeless and perpetual, unless he asserted for his own convenience the manly prerogative of divorce."[129]
↑  Oppenheim (1955), p. 72 n. 11 col. 1
↑  Levine (2001), p. 89, citing Hittite Laws #117 (trans. by Levine), per pp. 87 n. 1, 89.
↑  Meek (1948), p. 183, col. 2, and see p. 181, col. 2, n. 13
↑  Jastrow (1916), p. 8
↑  Quotation: Cohn (1938), p. 46 n. 1 ([§] Jewish Law), citing Cod. Hammurabi, rule 117, and 3 sources from 1903.
↑  Information without quotation and with other differences: Giesebrecht (1907), p. 41 and see p. 40, citing Codex Hammurabi, § 117.
↑  Lemche (1979), p. 20, n. 59
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المظاهر:  فرية الدم  تنمر  ثقافة الإلغاء  تعقيم إجباري  اغتصاب تصحيحي  حركة مكافحة الجهاد  إبادة ثقافية  تشهير  إبادة الشعب  جريمة كراهية الإعاقة  Dog whistle  تمييز اقتصادي  التمييز في التعليم  التمييز في العمل  إقصاء  عدو الشعب  تطهير عرقي  صراع إثني  كراهية عرقية  دعابة عرقية  إبادة عرقية  تحول قسري  عرض المسوخ  تنمر على المثليين  القتل المنظم  تعديل وتشويه الأعضاء التناسلية  إبادة جماعية الإبادة الجماعية في التاريخ  السقف الزجاجي  جريمة كراهية العنف ضد الأشخاص المثليين  مجموعة كراهية  خطاب الكراهية  إهمال المشردين  التمييز في الإسكان  دحرجة الهنود  تقاطع أشكال التمييز  الذعر الأرجواني  إعدام دون محاكمة  التمييز في الإقراض  أوقفوا موسيقى القتل  Native American mascot controversy  تفرقة وظيفية  اضطهاد  بوغروم  قمع سياسي  تطهير (جريمة)  اضطهاد ديني  إرهاب منسوب للمتدينين  عنف ديني  حرب دينية  التضحية بكبش فداء  أكاديمية الفصل العنصري  الإجهاض الانتقائي بسبب الجنس  عار الفسق  اضطهاد المتحولين جنسيا  خلق الضحية  العنف ضد المرأة  هجرة البيض  بيع الزوجات  مطاردة الساحرات 
سياسات تمييز:  Age of candidacy  ليمبيزا دي سانجري  Blood quantum  جريمة الفصل العنصري  إعاقة Catholic  Jewish  فجوة الأجور بين الجنسين  الأدوار الجندريةs  غيرونتوقراطية  جيريمانديرية  Ghetto benches  معسكر اعتقال  كوتا يهودية  Law for Protection of the Nation  قيود التبرع بالدم للرجال الذين يمارسون الجنس مع الرجال  Nonpersons  Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)  One-drop rule  كوتا عرقية  عزل عنصري قوانين جيم كرو  قوانين نورمبرغ  Racial steering  الخط الأحمر  زواج المثليين  Segregation age  عزل عنصري  فصل ديني  الفصل بين الجنسين  استبعاد اجتماعي  Sodomy law  إلحاد الدولة  دين الدولة  Ugly law  قمع المقترعين 
التدابير المضادة:  تمييز إيجابي  قانون مكافحة التمييز  استيعاب ثقافي  ثقافة التعددية  Diversity training  تمكين  حركة تقبل البدناء  نسوية  Fighting Discrimination  Hate speech laws by country  حقوق الإنسان  حقوق الإنسان الخاصة بثنائيي الجنس  حقوق المثليين حسب الدولة أو الإقليم  ذكورية  تعدد ثقافي  لاعنف  دمج عرقي  إعادة التخصيص  حق تقرير المصير  إدماج اجتماعي  تسامح 
مواضيع متعلقة:  ألفة الآخرين  Amatonormativity  Anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms  انحياز  امتياز المسيحية  حريات مدنية  Dehumanization  تنوع (سياسة)  Ethnic penalty  تحسين النسل  معيارية مغايرة  اضطهاد داخلي  تقاطع أشكال التمييز  امتياز الذكورة  ذكورية  نموذج طبي للإعاقة خلافات حول التوحد  تعدد ثقافي  انحياز الشبكة  تنوع عصبي  رهاب المنزل  استبدادية  وحشية الشرطة  صوابية سياسية  Polyculturalism  مسافة السلطة  تحامل  Prisoner abuse  Racial bias in criminal news in the United States  Racism by country  تعصب ديني  التحيز الجنساني من الجيل الثاني  النفجbery  استبعاد اجتماعي  النموذج الاجتماعي للإعاقة  وصمة  تمييز بين الأنواع  صورة نمطية تهديد الصورة النمطية  The talk  امتياز البيض 
  تصنيف:تمييز   تصنيف:التحيز والتمييز :   تصنيف:تمييز   تصنيف:التحيز والتمييز 
في كومنز مواد ذات صلة بـ بيع الزوجات.
بوابة القرن 19
بوابة المرأة
بوابة الولايات المتحدة
بوابة علم الإنسان
بوابة علم الاجتماع
بوابة مجتمع
بوابة نسوية
زوجة مربوطة من رقبتها معروضة في مزاد لبيع الزوجات، و هى عادة اشتهرت بها إنجلترا
الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية
رجل من توتسي.
سكينة قذف تقليدية من الهوتو
أطفال من الهوتو و رواندا في حديقة فيرونغا الوطنية