أمن الحدود في الولايات المتحدة
مراجع

↑  "Identity and Immigration Status of 9/11 Terrorists". Federation for American Immigration Reform. فبراير 2004. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-02-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-14.
↑  "Background: U.S. Land Border Crossing Updated Procedures". US Department of Homeland Security. 16 سبتمبر 2008. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-12-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-14. Beginning January 31, 2008 the Department of Homeland Security is: 1. Ending oral declarations at the border, except in extraordinary situations, 2. Accepting a list of about two dozen types of documents at the border instead of the over 8,000 documents currently being accepted
↑  Frittelli, John F. (2005). Port and Maritime Security: Background and Issues for Congress (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 heightened awareness about the vulnerability to terrorist attack of all modes of transportation. Port security has emerged as a significant part of the overall debate on U.S. homeland security. The overarching issues for Congress are providing oversight on current port security programs and making or responding to proposals to improve port security.
↑  Pallack، Becky (29 أغسطس 2012). "Grijalva slams Saucedo Mercer on 'Middle Easterner' comments (updated)". Arizona Daily Star. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-01-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-09-24.
↑  Isacson، Adam. "Are terrorists crossing the border "from time to time?"". Border Fact Check. Washington Office on Latin America. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-12-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-09-24.
↑  "Country Reports on Terrorism: Western Hemisphere Overview". Country Reports on Terrorism. United States Department of State. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-09-24.
↑  Goerdt، Ana. "Do terrorists use the U.S.-Mexico border to enter the United States?". Border Fact Check. Washington Office on Latin America. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-12-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-09-24.
↑  Hecker, JayEtta Z. (18 نوفمبر 2002). "Container Security: Current Efforts to Detect Nuclear Materials, New Initiatives, and Challenges" (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. United States Government. ص. 3. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2017-02-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-15. As indispensable as the rapid flow of commerce is, the terrorist attacks of September 11th have served to heighten awareness about the supply system's vulnerability to terrorist actions. Drugs and illegal aliens are routinely smuggled into this country, not only in small boats but also hidden among otherwise legitimate cargoes on large commercial ships. These same pathways are available for exploitation by a terrorist organization or any nation or person wishing to attack us surreptitiously. The Brookings Institution reported in 2002 that a weapon of mass destruction shipped by container or mail could cause damage and disruption costing the economy as much as $1 trillion.3 Port vulnerabilities stem from inadequate security measures as well as from the challenge of monitoring the vast and rapidly increasing volume of cargo, persons, and vessels passing through the ports. Against this backdrop, it is not surprising that various assessments of national security have concluded that the nation's ports are far more vulnerable to terrorist attacks than the nation's aviation system, where most of the nation's efforts and resources have been placed since September 11th.
↑  With more than 6 million containers a year entering U.S. ports, examining them all has not been possible. Instead, Customs has acknowledged that its approach relies on reviewing shipping manifests, invoices and other commercial documents, and intelligence leads to target approximately 2 percent of the containers that enter the country nationwide for physical inspection, though the actual percentage varies from port to port.
↑  Cochran, Thomas B.؛ McKinzie, Matthew G. (24 مارس 2008). "Detecting Nuclear Smuggling". Scientific American. ج. 298 ع. 4: 98–102, 104. Bibcode:2008SciAm.298d..98C. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0408-98. PMID:18380147. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-15.
↑  Alcorn, J. (2012, December 5). Airport security. The New York Times.
↑  MacLeod, Scott (28 مارس 2005). "A Jihadist's Tale". Time Magazine. Time Inc. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2005-03-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-15. After he was denied entry at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport for apparently falsifying details on his visa application, al-Banna's life took a turn that led him down the path of radical Islam and ultimately to join the insurgency against the U.S. in Iraq. His odyssey ended on March 3 when al-Banna's brother Ahmed received a call on his cell phone from a man identifying himself as "one of your brothers from the Arab peninsula"--the term radical Islamists use to signify the core of the Muslim world, centered on the holy city of Mecca. Al-Banna's family says that as far as they knew, Ra'ed was in Saudi Arabia working at a new job. But the voice on the other end sounded Iraqi, Ahmed says. "Congratulations," the caller told him. "Your brother has fallen a martyr."
↑  Giuliani, Rudolph W. (Winter 2008). "The Resilient Society". City Journal. The Manhattan Institute. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-09-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-15. It's also past time to rethink aviation security and to stop frisking toddlers and grandmothers trying to get onto planes. Instead, good intelligence, behavior analysis, biometrics, and trustedtraveler programs can help speed legitimate travelers through airports. For example, I don't think that the Transportation Security Administration needs to spend much time searching Senator Ted Kennedy before he boards a plane—which is what the TSA did in August 2004 because a person on a watch list had a similar name. The federal Terrorist Watch List, which still has incomplete and inaccurate information, needs a serious cleanup.
↑  Archibold, Randal C. (25 May 2010). "Obama to Send Up to 1,200 Troops to Border". The New York Times (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN:0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
1 2  Alden, Edward; Roberts, Bryan (16 Jun 2011). "Are U.S. Borders Secure?". Foreign Affairs (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). Vol. 90, no. 4. ISSN:0015-7120. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2024-08-16.
1 2 3  "Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Fact Sheet". US Departmentr of Homeland Security. أكتوبر 23, 2008. مؤرشف من الأصل في مارس 27, 2011. اطلع عليه بتاريخ مارس 14, 2011. Each day at America's ports of entry U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers inspect more than 1.1 million travelers, including 340,000 vehicles and over 85,000 shipments of goods approved for entry; process more than 70,000 truck, rail and sea containers; collect more than $88 million in fees, duties, and tariffs; seize more than 5,500 pounds in illegal narcotics; and intercept more than 4,400 agricultural items and pests at ports of entry.
↑  "Inspections and Surveillance Technologies – Extended". US Customs and Border Protection. Department of Homeland Security. مايو 5, 2005. مؤرشف من الأصل في أبريل 10, 2010. اطلع عليه بتاريخ مارس 15, 2011. [ISIS] consist of the Remote Video Surveillance (RVS) camera systems, sensors, and the Integrated Computer Assisted Detection (ICAD) database. ISIS serves to detect intrusion, aid in agent dispatching, and estimating attempts of illegal entry.
1 2 3  "Fact Sheet: Securing U.S. Ports". Department of Homeland Security. فبراير 22, 2006. مؤرشف من الأصل في مارس 27, 2011. اطلع عليه بتاريخ مارس 15, 2011. The Administration has dramatically strengthened port security since 9/11. * Funding has increased by more than 700% since September 11, 2001. * Funding for port security was approximately $259 million in FY 2001. * DHS spent approximately $1.6 billion on port security in FY 2005. Following 9/11, the federal government has implemented a multi-layered defense strategy to keep our ports safe and secure. New technologies have been deployed with additional technologies being developed and $630 million has been provided in grants to our largest ports, including $16.2 million to Baltimore; $32.7 million to Miami; $27.4 million to New Orleans, $43.7 million to New York/New Jersey; and $15.8 million to Philadelphia.
↑  Baker. 7.
↑  Laurance، Castelli. "Privacy Impact Assessment, CBP Automated Targeting System" (PDF). Department of Homeland Security. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2024-04-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-26. ATS-Passenger (ATS-P) is the module used at all U.S. airports and seaports receiving international flights and voyages to evaluate passengers and crewmembers prior to arrival or departure. It assists the CBP officer's decision-making process about whether a passenger or crewmember should receive additional screening prior to entry into or departure from the country because the traveler may pose a greater risk for violation of U.S. law. The system analyzes the Advance Passenger Information System (APIS) data from TECS, Passenger Name Record (PNR) data from the airlines, TECS crossing data, TECS seizure data, and watched entities. ATS-P processes available information from these databases to develop a risk assessment for each traveler. The risk assessment is based on a set of National- and user-defined rules which are comprised rule sets that pertain to specific operational/tactical objectives or local enforcement efforts.
↑  "TSA: Frequently Asked Questions." TSA. Nov 16, 2008 <"TSA: Privacy". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2007-04-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-04-22.>.
↑  "TSA: Mythbuster." Weblog post. TSA Watch List. July 14, 2007. Nov 16, 2008 <http://www.tsa.gov/blog/2008/07/myth-buster-tsas-watch-list-is-more.html>. نسخة محفوظة 2012-08-05 at Archive.is
↑  "Advanced Imaging Technology (AIT)". TSA. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-03-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-26.
↑  The 9/11 Commission Report : Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. New York: Norton Paperbacks, 2004.
↑  "'No-fly' list delays Marine's Iraq homecoming". NBC News (بالإنجليزية). 12 Apr 2006. Archived from the original on 2023-09-18. Retrieved 2024-08-16.
1 2  "National Southwest Border Counternarcotics Strategy" (PDF). Office of National Drug Control Policy. 2013. مؤرشف (PDF) من الأصل في يناير 22, 2017. اطلع عليه بتاريخ نوفمبر 20, 2014.
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