انتقال بافلوف العملي
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1 2 3  Cartoni E، Puglisi-Allegra S، Baldassarre G (نوفمبر 2013). "The three principles of action: a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer hypothesis". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. ج. 7: 153. DOI:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00153. PMC:3832805. PMID:24312025.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
1 2  Geurts DE، Huys QJ، den Ouden HE، Cools R (September 2013). "Aversive Pavlovian control of instrumental behavior in humans" (PDF). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. ج. 25 ع. 9: 1428–1441. DOI:10.1162/jocn_a_00425. PMID:23691985. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2019-05-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أغسطس 2020. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)
1 2  Cartoni E، Balleine B، Baldassarre G (2016). "Appetitive Pavlovian-instrumental Transfer: A review" (PDF). Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. ج. 71: 829–848. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.020. PMID:27693227. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-01-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-04-06. This paper reviews one of the experimental paradigms used to study the effects of cues, the Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer paradigm. In this paradigm, cues associated with rewards through Pavlovian conditioning alter motivation and choice of instrumental actions. ... Predictive cues are an important part of our life that continuously influence and guide our actions. Hearing the sound of a horn makes us stop before we attempt to cross the street. Seeing an advertisement for fast food might make us hungry and lead us to seek out a specific type and source of food. In general, cues can both prompt us towards or stop us from engaging in a certain course of action. They can be adaptive (saving our life in crossing the street) or maladaptive, leading to suboptimal choices, e.g. making us eat when we are not really hungry (Colagiuri and Lovibond, 2015). In extreme cases they can even play a part in pathologies such as in addiction, where drug associated cues produce craving and provoke relapse (Belin et al., 2009).
1 2 3 4  Berridge KC (أبريل 2012). "From prediction error to incentive salience: mesolimbic computation of reward motivation". Eur. J. Neurosci. ج. 35 ع. 7: 1124–1143. DOI:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.07990.x. PMC:3325516. PMID:22487042. Incentive salience or 'wanting' is a specific form of Pavlovian-related motivation for rewards mediated by mesocorticolimbic brain systems ...Incentive salience integrates two separate input factors: (1) current physiological neurobiological state; (2) previously learned associations about the reward cue, or Pavlovian CS ...
Cue-triggered 'wanting' for the UCS
A brief CS encounter (or brief UCS encounter) often primes a pulse of elevated motivation to obtain and consume more reward UCS. This is a signature feature of incentive salience. In daily life, the smell of food may make you suddenly feel hungry, when you hadn't felt that way a minute before. In animal neuroscience experiments, a CS for reward may trigger a more frenzied pulse of increased instrumental efforts to obtain that associated UCS reward in situations that purify the measurement of incentive salience, such as in Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) experiments ... Similarly, including a CS can often spur increased consumption of a reward UCS by rats or people, compared to consumption of the same UCS when CSs are absent ... Thus Pavlovian cues can elicit pulses of increased motivation to consume their UCS reward, whetting and intensifying the appetite. However, the motivation power is never simply in the cues themselves or their associations, since cue-triggered motivation can be easily modulated and reversed by drugs, hungers, satieties, etc., as discussed below.
1 2 3 4  Corbit LH، Balleine BW (2016). Learning and Motivational Processes Contributing to Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer and Their Neural Bases: Dopamine and Beyond. ج. 27. ص. 259–289. DOI:10.1007/7854_2015_388. ISBN:978-3-319-26933-7. PMID:26695169. Such effects suggest that specific motivational states gate the arousing effects of Pavlovian incentives processes on instrumental performance ... Behavioral findings are supported by evidence that distinct neural circuits centered on the NAc core and shell mediate the general and specific forms of transfer, respectively ... Finally, stress has been shown to increase the magnitude of transfer effects, particularly general transfer, suggesting a shift in cognitive control under stress conditions. ... corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) administered directly into the NAc shell enhances transfer in a dose-dependent fashion without affecting baseline lever-press performance (Pecina et al. 2006), suggesting that CRF amplifies the motivational impact of cued rewards in much the same manner as dopamine. ... In general, acute treatments seem to enhance transfer effects, whereas chronic treatments decrease transfer {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |صحيفة= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
1 2 3 4  Salamone JD، Pardo M، Yohn SE، López-Cruz L، SanMiguel N، Correa M (2016). Mesolimbic Dopamine and the Regulation of Motivated Behavior. ج. 27. ص. 231–257. DOI:10.1007/7854_2015_383. ISBN:978-3-319-26933-7. PMID:26323245. Considerable evidence indicates that accumbens DA is important for Pavlovian approach and Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer [(PIT)] ... PIT is a behavioral process that reflects the impact of Pavlovian-conditioned stimuli (CS) on instrumental responding. For example, presentation of a Pavlovian CS paired with food can increase output of food-reinforced instrumental behaviors, such as lever pressing. Outcome-specific PIT occurs when the Pavlovian unconditioned stimulus (US) and the instrumental reinforcer are the same stimulus, whereas general PIT is said to occur when the Pavlovian US and the reinforcer are different. ... More recent evidence indicates that accumbens core and shell appear to mediate different aspects of PIT; shell lesions and inactivation reduced outcome-specific PIT, while core lesions and inactivation suppressed general PIT (Corbit and Balleine 2011). These core versus shell differences are likely due to the different anatomical inputs and pallidal outputs associated with these accumbens subregions (Root et al. 2015). These results led Corbit and Balleine (2011) to suggest that accumbens core mediates the general excitatory effects of reward-related cues. PIT provides a fundamental behavioral process by which conditioned stimuli can exert activating effects upon instrumental responding {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |صحيفة= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
↑  Lamb RJ، Schindler CW، Pinkston JW (مايو 2016). "Conditioned stimuli's role in relapse: preclinical research on Pavlovian-Instrumental-Transfer". Psychopharmacology. ج. 233 ع. 10: 1933–1944. DOI:10.1007/s00213-016-4216-y. PMC:4863941. PMID:26800688. Pavlovian learning plays a central role in many theories of addiction, particularly with regard to relapse. In broad terms, encountering drug-paired CSs are hypothesized to precipitate relapse, often, though not always, by increasing motivation to take drugs. Presumably, if a drug-paired CS increases motivation to take drugs, then a drug-paired CS should increase drug consumption.
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