فناء الروح في المسيحية
مراجع

↑  Garber؛ Ayers (2003)، The Cambridge history of seventeenth-century philosophy، ج. I: Volume 2، ص. 383، But among philosophers they were perhaps equally notorious for their commitment to the mortalist heresy; this is the doctrine which denies the existence of a naturally immortal soul.
↑  Thomson (2008)، Bodies of thought: science, religion, and the soul in the early Enlightenment، ص. 42، For mortalists the Bible did not teach the existence of a separate immaterial or immortal soul and the word 'soul' simply meant 'life'; the doctrine of a separate soul was said to be a Platonic importation.
↑  Eccleshall؛ Kenney (1995)، Western political thought: a bibliographical guide to post-war research، ص. 80، mortalism, the denial that the soul is an incorporeal substance that outlives the body
↑  Kries 1997، صفحة 97: 'In Leviathan, soul and body are one; there are no "separated essenses" [ك‍]; death means complete death – the soul, merely another word for life, or breath, ceases at the death of the body. This view of the soul is known as Christian mortalism – a heterodox view held, indeed, by some sincere believers and not unique to Hobbes.'
↑  Hick (1994)، Death and eternal life، ص. 211، christian mortalism – the view that the soul either sleeps until the Day of Judgment, or is annihilated and re-created
↑  Horvath (1993)، Eternity and eternal life: speculative theology and science in discourse، ص. 108، Thus the so-called Ganztodtheorie, or mortalism, states that with death the human person totally ceases to be.
↑  Pocock (2003)، The Machiavellian moment: Florentine political thought and the Atlantic Republic Tradition، ص. 35، doctrines of mortalism or psychopannychism, which asserted that the being or the experience of the soul were suspended during the remainder of secular time
↑  Fudge & Peterson 2000، صفحة 173 -1: 'the belief that according to divine revelation the soul does not exist as an independent substance after the death of the body'
↑  Almond 1994، صفحة 38: …'mortalist views – particularly of the sort which affirmed that the soul slept or died – were widespread in the Reformation period. George Williams has shown how prevalent mortalism was among the Reformation radicals.'
↑  de Greef 2008، صفحة 152 -1: "In the foreword of 1534, Calvin says that at the insistence of friends he had given in to the request to dispute the 'heresy of soul sleep.'”
↑  Hoekema، Anthony A (1963)، The four major cults: Christian Science, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormonism, Seventh-Day Adventism، ص. 136
↑  Martin، Walter Ralston (1960)، The truth about Seventh-Day Adventism، ص. 117
↑  The Rainbow, a magazine of Christian literature، 1879، ص. 523، the term 'soul-sleeper' is used today only as a term of reproach
↑  Gardner، Rev. James (1858)، The faiths of the world: an account of all religions and religious sects، ص. 860، Soul-sleepers, a term sometimes applied to Materialists (which see), because they admit no intermediate state between death and the resurrection.
↑  Burns، Norman T (1972)، Christian mortalism from Tyndale to Milton
↑  Overhoff، Jürgen (2000)، Hobbes's theory of the will، ص. 193، The term 'Christian mortalism,' which I have borrowed from the title of Norman T. Burns's masterly book on that topic
↑  "The tradition of Christian mortalism"، The Mennonite Quarterly Review، Goshen College، 1969
↑  Johnston، Mark (2010)، Surviving Death، ص. 24، The same dynamic can be found in John Milton's Christian Doctrine, another spirited defense of Christian mortalism
↑  Kries 1997: 'Christian mortalism is thus a convenient "middle ground," which, by not departing wholly from possibly genuine... The advantage Hobbes's change to Christian mortalism appears to bring to his teaching is that it attenuates the cord that...’
↑  Wright، Leonard Napoleon (1939)، Christian mortalism in England (1643–1713)
↑  Force، James E؛ Popkin، Richard Henry (1994)، The books of nature and Scripture: recent essays on natural Philosophy, Theology, and Biblical Criticism in the Netherlands، ص. xvii، Force then goes on to show how Newton's Christian mortalism fits with Newton's core voluntarism, ie, his essentially… Force finds Newton's adoption of Christian mortalism clearly stated in Newton's manuscript entitled "Paradoxical…"
↑  Williams 1962، صفحة 581: "It will be recalled that we have allowed the etymologically ambiguous word 'psychopannychism' to serve as the generic term for the two variants 'soul sleep'...”
↑  Campbell، Gordon؛ Corns، Thomas N؛ Hale، John K (2007)، Milton and the manuscript of De doctrina Christiana، Oxford University Press، ص. 117، ISBN:978-0-19-929649-1، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-07، The belief that the soul dies with the body but is resurrected at the last judgment is known as thnetopsychism; the belief that the soul sleeps from the moment of death until the last judgment is known as psychopannychism
↑  Scott، Liddle، "Night-festival, vigil"، Lexicon (entry)، Tufts، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-08-18
↑  Barth، K (1995)، The theology of John Calvin، ص. 161
↑  de Greef 2008، صفحة 152-2.
↑  d'Aubigné, Jean Henri Merle, Histoire de la réformation en Europe au temps de Calvin [History of the Reformation in Europe at the time of Calvin] (بالفرنسية)
↑  McKim، Donald K (1996)، Westminster dictionary of theological terms، Westminster: John Knox Press، ISBN:978-0-66425511-4, 320 pp.
↑  Migne، Jacques Paul (1920)، "St John Damascene (676–760) in liber de Haer"، Journal of the American Oriental Society، p. 94, col. 759 says that the Thnetopsychists hold that the human soul is like that of the beasts, for it is destroyed with the body.
↑  Ott، Ludwig (1964)، Fundamentals of Catholic dogma، Lynch, Patrick, transl. from the German، ص. 98، The doctrine of the death of the soul (Thnetopsychism)... Origen defends it against Thnetopsychism which was widely current in Arabia.
↑  Williams 1962، صفحة 582: 'to designate both the doctrine of the death of the soul (thnetopsychism, mortalism) and the unconscious sleep of the soul'
↑  Blackburne 1765، صفحة 70: 'In the year 1702, Dr. William Coward a Physician, under the fictitious name of Estibius Psychalethes, published a book entitled, Second Thoughts concerning human soul, demonstrating the notion of human soul, as believed to be a spiritual, immortal substance united to human body, to be a plain heathenish invention, and not consonant to the principles of philosophy, reason, or religion.'
↑  Blackburne 1765، صفحة 68–69: 'The doctrine of the New Testament is, that men shall become immortal by the way of a resurrection of the dead, a restoration of the whole man to life; and the NT is so far from acknowledging any intermediate consciousness in man, between death and the resurrection, that' if always speaks of that interval as a sleep which implies a suspension of the thinking faculty, a rest from those labours, which require thought, memory, consciousness, &c. during which those faculties are useless.'
↑  Ball 2008، صفحة 167: "Hence the doctrine of eternal torment, the object of Bourn's attack, is unbiblical, 'void of all foundation in the holy Scriptures.' Death is the final end of the wicked, not continuing life in torment. It is here that Bourn appeals to reason as well as to Scripture. 'To imagine that by the term death is meant an eternal life, tho' in a condition of extreme misery', Bourn says, 'seems to [confound] all propriety and meaning of words".
↑  Morey (1984)، Death and the Afterlife، ص. 200، During the pre-Reformation period, there seems to be some indication that both Wycliffe and Tyndale taught the doctrine of soul sleep as the answer to the Catholic teachings of purgatory and masses for the dead.
↑  Froom 1966، صفحة 74-1: "Archdeacon Blackburne's incisive summation of Luther's position was this: 'Luther espoused the doctrine of the sleep of the soul, upon a Scripture foundation, and then he made use of it as a confutation of purgatory and Saint worship, and continued in that belief to the last moment of his life".
↑  Almond 1994، صفحة 67: …'The Socinian mortalist Joseph Stegmann argued that any notion of an intermediate state between death and the day of judgement opened the door for Catholic abuses.'
↑  "The "Immortality"".
↑  Evangelical Alliance، المحرر (2000). The nature of hell: a report. London: Acute. ISBN:978-0-9532992-2-5.
↑  Johnston (2004)، The use of PAS in the New Testament، ص. 10، John Parkhurst's Greek and English Lexicon was published in 1769, though even the first edition was nearly posthumous, for he died while the book was being printed. The third edition appeared in 1825 without any additional editors. Some twenty years later, it reappeared, significantly updated by HJ Rose and JR Major.
↑  Richardson (1833)، "Torments of Hell"، في Whittermore (المحرر)، The Doctrine of Hell Torments Overthrown: In Three Parts، ص. 10–11، Dr. Fulke saith plainly, that neither in the Hebrew, Greek, nor Latin, is there a word proper for hell (as we take hell for the place of punishment of the ungodly.) Fulke's Defence Translation, pp. 13, 37, 89. Is not this a full testimony against their opinion of the torments of hell?
↑  Grant 1895، ch 4-1: "Dr. JH M'Culloh says: 'There is no word in the Hebrew language that signifies either soul or spirit, in the technical sense in which we use the term as implying something distinct from the body'. § 55. R. B. Girdlestone, in his Synonyms of the Old Testament, says: 'The soul is, properly speaking, the animating principle of the body; and is the common property of man and beast. ...In other words, it is the life, whether of man or beast.' When every passage in the Bible that speaks of the soul of man has been carefully examined, it will be found that these statements of these eminent Hebrew scholars and lexicographers, and many others, are strictly correct, and therefore should be fully believed by all who love the truth".
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↑  The term is also common in the works of the Trinitarian الحركة المسيحية المناهضة للطائفة.