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↑  It is also referred to by Marx as the "law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall" (LTRPF). As explained in the article, there are disputes about whether there is such a law or not. Other terms used include "the falling rate of profit" (FROP), the "falling tendency of the rate of profit" (FTRP), "decline of the rate of profit" (DROP), and the "tendential fall of the rate of profit" (TFRP). The average rate of profit on production capital is usually written as r = S/(C+V).
↑  آدم سميث, The Wealth of Nations, chapter 9. See also Philip Mirowski, "Adam Smith, Empiricism, and the Rate of Profit in Eighteenth-Century England." History of Political Economy, Vol. 14, No. 2, Summer 1982, pp. 178–198.
↑  جون ستيوارت مل, Principles of Political Economy (1848), Book 4, chapter 4. Bela A. Balassa, "Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill." Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Bd. 83 (1959), pp. 147–165.
↑  دافيد ريكاردو, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, chapter 6. Maurice Dobb, "The Sraffa system and critique of the neoclassical theory of distribution." In : E.K. Hunt & Jesse G. Schwartz, A Critique of Economic Theory. Penguin, 1972, p. 211–213.
↑  وليم ستانلي جيفونز (1871), The Theory of Political Economy. Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1970, pp. 243–244.
↑  Aspromourgos, Tony, "Profits", in: James D. Wright (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioural Sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015, 2nd edition, Vol. 19, pp. 111–116.
↑  Marx Engels Collected Works, Volume 33, p. 104. Grundrisse, Penguin edition 1973, p. 748.
↑  Karl Marx, رأس المال: المجلد الثالث, Penguin 1981, p. 319; and Letter of Marx to Engels, 11 July 1868, in: Marx Engels Selected Correspondence. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975, p. 194, or MECW Vol. 43, pp. 20–25, at p. 24.
↑  كارل ماركس, رأس المال: المجلد الثالث, Penguin ed. 1976, pp. 317–375.
↑  Geoffrey M. Hodgson, After Marx and Sraffa. Essays in political economy. New York: St Martin's Press, 1991, p.28.
↑  Stephen Cullenberg, The Falling Rate of Profit: Recasting the Marxian Debate. London: Pluto Press, 1994, p.1.
↑  كارل ماركس, رأس المال: المجلد الثالث, Penguin ed. 1981, p. 350 and 368.
↑  Michael Heinrich, "Begründungsprobleme. Zur Debatte über das Marxsche “Gesetz vom tendenziellen Fall der Profitrate", in Marx-Engels-Jahrbuch 2006, Berlin: Akademie Verlag 2006, p. 50. Lefteris Tsoulfidis & Dimitris Paitaridis, "Revisiting Adam Smith's theory of the falling rate of profit". International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 39 issue 5, 2012, pp. 304–313.
↑  Francisco Verdera, "Adam Smith on the falling rate of profit: a reappraisal." Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 39, No. 1, February 1992; cf. Karl Marx, جرندريسه, Penguin 1973, p. 751.
↑  Heinrich, p. 51. See David Ricardo, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. In: Piero Sraffa (ed.), The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo. Vol. I. Cambridge, 1951, pp. 289–300.
↑  Karl Marx, رأس المال: المجلد الثالث, Penguin 1981, p. 319.
↑  كارل ماركس, Capital, vol. 3, edited by فريدريك إنجلز. New York: International Publishers, 1967 (orig. ed. 1894). Chapter 2, "The Rate of Profit", and chapter 13, "The Law as Such". جون ويكس (اقتصادي), Capital and exploitation, chapter 8. Princeton University Press, 1980).
1 2  أرنست ماندل, "Economics", in: David McLellan (ed.), Marx – the First 100 Years. Fontana, 1983.
↑  كارل ماركس, رأس المال: المجلد الثالث, Penguin ed. 1981, p. 339f.
↑  Marx regarded dividends as an ex post distribution from gross profit revenue (a fraction of surplus value), but he acknowledged that the specific pattern of distribution of portfolio capital between different types of placements could affect the overall average rate of return on capital investments. The overall yield on share capital is typically higher than the rate of interest, but lower than the gross profit rate on total enterprise capital (the latter rate which includes both distributed and undistributed profits, and tax). Hence, the larger the proportion of distributed profits (dividends) to shareholders in total gross profit, the lower the general profit rate on capital will be - "if" share capital is considered as a separate component in the total capital assets invested, rather than as a duplication of real capital assets in the form of notional "paper" assets, or "if" the average rate of profit is calculated as the weighted mean of rates of return on different types of business investment. Obviously, the more profit is distributed to shareholders, the less is available for reinvestment in the business, unless shareholders opt to reinvest their profits in the same business. In modern times, though, a very large chunk in the total distribution of stocks is held for less than one accounting year, or, at most, for around one and a half years (this is called "the increase in portfolio (or equity) turnovers", or "the decrease in average stock holding periods"). The investors are, in this case, primarily concerned with comparative risks, and with the net capital gain they can get from short-term positive changes in stock prices, as weighed against broker's fees and likely dividend yields (often the share parcels traded are large, which lowers the transaction costs per share). See: Marx, رأس المال: المجلد الثالث, Penguin 1981, pp. 347–348; أرنست ماندل, "Joint-stock company", in: Tom Bottomore (ed.), A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, 2nd edition. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991, pp. 270–273; David Hunkar, "Average Stock Holding Period on NYSE 1929 To 2016". Topforeignstocks.com, 1 October 2017.  نسخة محفوظة 14 سبتمبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  كارل ماركس, رأس المال: المجلد الثالث, Penguin ed. 1981, p. 356.
↑  أرنست ماندل, Late Capitalism. London: NLB, 1975.
↑  أرنست ماندل, Late Capitalism. London: NLB, 1975, chapter 7.
↑  أرنست ماندل, ´´Late Capitalism´´. London: NLB, 1975, chapter 7.
↑  أرنست ماندل, Late Capitalism. London: NLB, 1975, chapter 13.
↑  Karl Marx, جرندريسه, Penguin 1973, p. 751.
↑  Marx, رأس المال: المجلد الثالث, Penguin 1981, p. 320. فريتز ستيرنبيرغ, Der imperialismus. Berlin: Malik-Verlag, 1926; أرنست ماندل, "Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution", in: A.R. Desai (ed.), Essays on Modernization of Underdeveloped Societies, Vol. 1, 1971 (Bombay: Thacker & Co.). Reprint as: "Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution", International Socialist Review, vol. 34, No. 2 (February 1973), 6–13.
↑  أرنست ماندل, Late Capitalism. London: NLB, 1975, chapter 9.
↑   Allin Cottrell and Paul Cockshott, "Demography and the falling rate of profit". Wake Forest University & Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, February 2007. نسخة محفوظة 12 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  أرنست ماندل, Late Capitalism. London: NLB, 1975, chapter 6.
↑  أرنست ماندل, Late Capitalism. London: NLB, 1975, p. 542, 577.
↑  Josef Steindl, Maturity and Stagnation in American Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1952.
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