الهولوكوست في النمسا
مراجع

1 2  "Austria". encyclopedia.ushmm.org (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  "Vienna". encyclopedia.ushmm.org (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2022-04-02. Retrieved 2021-04-09. In 1938, some 170,000 Jews lived in the city, as well as approximately 80,000 persons of mixed Jewish-Christian background. Including converts from Judaism, the Viennese Jewish population may have been as high as 200,000, more than 10 percent of the city's inhabitants. Vienna was an important center of Jewish culture and education. The city was also a center of Zionist thought and Theodor Herzl, the father of Zionism, had studied at the University of Vienna. Many Viennese Jews were well-integrated into urban society and culture. Jews made up significant percentages of the city's doctors and lawyers, businessmen and bankers, artists and journalists.
↑  Murphy, Francois (17 Jun 2020). "Hitler's birthplace shows that confronting dark past can take decades". Reuters (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  "AUSTRIA'S JEWISH QUESTION". The New York Times (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). 3 May 1981. ISSN:0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2015-05-24. Retrieved 2021-04-09. Vienna, in Hugo Bettauer's day, was also a hotbed of anti-Semitism, as it had been for about 40 years. Jewish students were periodically beaten up at the University of Vienna while the police, barred from academic soil, watched with amusement as nationalistic fraternity members jumped isolated Jews and kicked them down the two central ramps of the pseudo-Renaissance building. Day after day, pan-Germanic groups and their press indulged in tirades about Vienna's Verjudung, the penetration by Jews.
↑  "German Foreign Policy, 1933–1945". encyclopedia.ushmm.org (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
↑  "Anschluss – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools" (بالإنجليزية البريطانية). Archived from the original on 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  Murphy, Francois (12 Mar 2018). "Austria remembers Anschluss, with far right now in power". Reuters (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2021-04-09. Hitler sent troops into Austria, the land of his birth, on March 12, 1938, in pursuit of his dream of a "Greater Germany". They were greeted by cheering crowds who waved swastika flags and made the Nazi salute.
↑  "Propagandistische Vorbereitung der Volksabstimmung (10. April 1938)". 4 أبريل 2007. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2007-04-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-09.
↑  Hochstadt, Steve (2004), Hochstadt, Steve (ed.), "The Physical Assault on Jews in Germany, 1938–1939", Sources of the Holocaust, Documents in History (بالإنجليزية), London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 56–84, DOI:10.1007/978-0-230-21440-8_5, ISBN:978-0-230-21440-8, Archived from the original on 2021-12-28, Retrieved 2021-04-09
↑  "Photograph of Jews Cleaning Streets in Vienna". perspectives.ushmm.org (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2020-12-03. Retrieved 2021-04-09. In the days and weeks following the Anschluss, there was a rapid rise in anti-Jewish violence across Austria, particularly in Vienna, where 90 percent of Austria's Jewish population lived.2
↑  "Jews Forced to Clean Vienna Streets". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-12-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-08.
↑  "Timeline of Jewish Persecution in the Holocaust". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-05-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-09. April 23 Jews in Vienna, Austria, are rounded up on the Sabbath by Nazis and forced to eat grass at the Prater, a local amusement park. Many of the victimized Jews suffer heart attacks and a few die....May. Following the Anschluss, Austrians force Jewish men and women to scrub the streets with small brushes and with the women's fur coats.
↑  Ernst، E. (1995). "A leading medical school seriously damaged: Vienna 1938". Annals of Internal Medicine. ج. 122 ع. 10: 789–792. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-122-10-199505150-00009. PMID:7717602. S2CID:820239. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-05-04.
↑  "Map: Synagogues Destroyed during Kristallnacht — Media — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". www.ushmm.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-05-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-09.
↑  "Timeline: History of Jews in Vienna". Jewish News From Austria (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  "Timeline of Jewish Persecution in the Holocaust". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-05-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-09.
↑  ktv_wwalter. "Real property, tenancy rights, personal property - expropriation during the Nazi era". www.wien.gv.at (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  "Recovering Stolen Art from the Holocaust". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-05-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-08.
↑  "Vienna's tourist trail of plunder". the Guardian (بالإنجليزية). 21 May 2002. Archived from the original on 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  Conference, Claims. "History of the Austrian Jewish Community". Claims Conference (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-04-09. On April 27, 1938 all Jews with total assets (in real estate, personal possessions, bank or savings accounts, securities, insurance policies, pension payments, etc.) worth more than ATS 7,500 ($2,000) were ordered to declare them by the end of June 1938 (Vermögenserklärungen). These assets of 47,768 valid declarations totaled over $800 million at that time. The Nazi authorities wanted to loot these assets, which would contribute to their war preparations. Private Nazis looted these assets as contributions to their own pockets. The night of November 8–9, 1938 there were violent riots, wild arrests, and the burning of synagogues and Jewish prayer houses (known as Kristallnacht – or "the night of broken glass"). Some Jews were sent to the Austrian concentration camp Mauthausen. Others were sent to firms, construction sites, etc. as forced laborers. By December 3, 1938, there was an "order regarding the use of Jewish assets." By February 1939, the head of a major Nazi-controlled Austrian bank consortium, Hans Rafelsberger, noted that 77.6% of the aryanization of Jewish shops and businesses (of a total of more than 36,000) that were to be kept functioning (about 4,000) had been achieved. The majority had gone to Nazi Party members.
↑  "The Vugesta - The Gestapo Office for the Disposal of the Property of Jewish Emigrants - Art Database". www.kunstdatenbank.at. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-09.
↑  "Books and Publications: Unser Wien: "Arisierung" auf Österreichisch (Our Vienna: "Aryanisation" the Austrian Way)". www.lootedart.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-08.
↑  "Austria" (PDF). Yad Vashem. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2022-01-20. In October 1939, 1,584 Austrian Jews were deported to the Lublin district of Poland, as part of a grand plan to concentrate all of Europe's Jews in one area of the Generalgouvernement (see also Nisko and Lublin Plan). In February and March 1941 some 5,000 Austrian Jews were deported to Kielce in Poland; during 1942 they were exterminated in Belzec and Chelmno. In October 1941 the Nazis began deporting the Jews of Austria en mass. Thousands of Jews were sent to Lodz and ghettos in the Baltic region. After the Wannsee Conference of January 1942, during which steps were taken to better coordinate the murder of Europe's Jews, deportations from Austria were sped up. Thousands were transported to Riga, Minsk, and Lublin. During the second half of 1942 nearly 14,000 Jews were sent to the Theresienstadt Concentration Camp. The Jewish community of Vienna was liquidated in November 1942, leaving only 7,000 Jews in Austria - most of whom were married to non-Jews. All those strong enough to work were placed in forced labor. Small-scale deportations continued into 1943; by the end of 1944 only some 6,000 Jews remained in Vienna.
↑  ktv_wwalter. "Expulsion, Deportation and Murder - History of the Jews in Vienna". www.wien.gv.at (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  "The Deportation of Austrian and German Jews". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-07-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-09.
↑  Редакция. "Австрия". Электронная еврейская энциклопедия ОРТ (بالروسية). Archived from the original on 2022-06-16. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
↑  "Righteous Among the Nations Honored by Yad Vashem by 1 January 2020 AUSTRIA" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2022-05-09.
↑  Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Austria's Nazi past: Belated recognition for murdered Jews | DW | 08.08.2020". DW.COM (بالإنجليزية البريطانية). Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  "The myth of the first victim: the impact of Austria's official narrative on Jewish identity reconstruction" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2022-03-27.
↑  Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Austria debates its role in the Nazi era | DW | 11.03.2013". DW.COM (بالإنجليزية البريطانية). Archived from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  Quince, Annabelle (4 Nov 2015). "Austria struggles to come to grips with Nazi past". ABC Radio National (بالإنجليزية الأسترالية). Archived from the original on 2022-03-26. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  NIEDERACHER، SONJA (2003). "The Myth of Austria as Nazi Victim, the Emigrants and the Discipline of Exile Studies". Austrian Studies. ج. 11: 14–32. ISSN:1350-7532. JSTOR:27944674. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-12-28.
↑  Kandell, Jonathan (14 Jun 2007). "Kurt Waldheim dies at 88; ex-UN chief hid Nazi past". The New York Times (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN:0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022-06-16. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  "U.S. bans Austrian president for suspected WWII war crimes". Haaretz.com (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  Kirk, Tim (Apr 2009). "The Austrian Historians' Commission". Austrian History Yearbook (بالإنجليزية). 40: 288–299. DOI:10.1017/S0067237809000216. ISSN:1558-5255. Archived from the original on 2021-12-28.
↑  "Inauguration of Austria's Shoah Wall of Names Memorial in Vienna". 9 نوفمبر 2021. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-03-13.
↑  "Austria breaks ground on Holocaust memorial in Vienna". AP NEWS. 22 يونيو 2020. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-08.
↑  JTA and TOI staff. "Photos of Holocaust survivors on exhibit in Vienna vandalized for 3rd time". www.timesofisrael.com (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
↑  Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Austrians lack crucial Holocaust awareness, study finds | DW | 02.05.2019". DW.COM (بالإنجليزية البريطانية). Archived from the original on 2022-03-15. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
↑  "Austrians' Holocaust knowledge has major gaps: study". POLITICO (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
↑  Schwartz, Yaakov. "Most Austrians don't know 6 million Jews were killed in Holocaust, survey finds". www.timesofisrael.com (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
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