تمرد دونغان (1862–1877)
مراجع

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↑  John King Fairbank؛ Kwang-Ching Liu؛ Denis Crispin Twitchett، المحررون (1980). Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911 (ط. illustrated). Cambridge University Press. ج. Volume 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series. ص. 218. ISBN:0-521-22029-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-01-18. The Ch'ing began to win only with the arrival of To-lung-a (1817–64) as Imperial Commissioner. Originally a Manchu banner officer, To-lung-a had, through the patronage of Hu Lin-i, risen to commander of the Hunan Army (the force under him being identified as the Ch'u-yung). In 1861 To-lung-a helped Tseng Kuo-ch'üan to recover Anking from the Taipings and, on his own, captured Lu-chou in 1862. His yung-ying force proved to be equally effective against the Muslims. In March 1863 his battalions captured two market towns that formed the principal Tungan base in eastern Shensi. He broke the blockade around Sian in August and pursued the Muslims to western Shensi. By the time of his death in March 1864—in a battle against Szechwanese Taipings who invaded Shensi—he had broken the back of the Muslim revolt in that province. A great many Shensi Muslims had, however, escaped to Kansu, adding to the numerous Muslim forces that had already risen there. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)
↑  John King Fairbank؛ Kwang-Ching Liu؛ Denis Crispin Twitchett، المحررون (1980). Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911 (ط. illustrated). Cambridge University Press. ج. Volume 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series. ص. 218. ISBN:0-521-22029-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-01-18. While the revolt in Shensi was clearly provoked by the Han elite and Manchu officials, in Kansu it seems that the Muslims had taken the initiative, with the New Teaching group under Ma Hua-lung playing a large role. As early as October 1862 some Muslim leaders, spreading rumors of an impending Ch'ing massacre of Muslims, organized themselves for a siege of Ling-chou, a large city only 40-odd miles north of Ma Hua-ling's base, Chin-chi-pao. Meanwhile, in southeastern Kansu, Ku-yuan, a strategic city on a principal transport route, was attacked by Muslims. Governor-general En-lin, in Lanchow, saw no alternative to a policy of reconciliation. In January 1863, acting on his recommendation, Peking issued an edict especially for Kansu, reiterating the principle of non-discrimination towards the Muslim population. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)