التنوير في إسبانيا
المصادر

↑  Richard Herr, "Flow and Ebb, 1700–1833" in Spain, A History, Raymond Carr, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000, p. 175.
↑  Daniela Bleichmar, Visible Empire: Botanical Expeditions & Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2012.
↑  Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, How to Write the History of the New World: Histories, Epistemologies, and Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2001.
↑  John Tate Lanning. The Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment in the University of San Carlos de Guatemala. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1958.
↑  Charles Griffin. “The Enlightenment and Latin American Independence” in Latin America and the Enlightenment (2nd edition). New York 1961.
↑  John Lynch  ‏, Bourbon Spain, 1700–1808. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers 1989, p. 22.
↑  "Spain - War of the Spanish Succession". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-11-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-02-11.
↑  Lynch, Bourbon Spain p. 22.
↑  "Spain – War of the Spanish Succession". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-11-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-02-11.
↑  Herr, "Flow and Ebb" p. 184.
↑  Simms, Brendan. Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire. Penguin Books, 2008. p.211
↑  Herr, Spain, p. 51
↑  Richard Herr, Spain, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1971, p. 51.
↑  Her, Spain, p. 59.
↑  Carlos Marichal, "Banco de San Carlos (Spain)" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1996, vol. 1, p. 278.
↑  Earl Hamilton, "Plans for a National Bank in Spain, 1701–1783" in Journal of Political Economy, 58, no. 3 (1949): 315–36.
↑  Payne, History of Spain and Portugal (1973) 2:415–21
↑  Payne, History of Spain and Portugal (1973) 2:422–28
↑  Feijoo quoted in ديفيد برادينج  ‏, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 423.
↑  John Lynch, Bourbon Spain, 1700–1808. Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1989, p. 254.
↑  Lynch, Bourbon Spain p. 256.
↑  ديفيد برادينج  ‏, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 507–11.
↑  Payne, History of Spain and Portugal (1973) 2:367–71
↑  John Lynch, Bourbon Spain, p. 256 citing Jean Sarrailh, L'Espagne éclairée de la seconde moitiéée du XVIIIe siècle pp. 269–70.
↑  Lynch, Bourbon Spain, pp. 256–57.
↑  Jonathan Israel (2011). Democratic Enlightenment:Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750-1790. Oxford University Press. ص. 374. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-03-07.
↑  Daniela Bleichmar, Visible Empire: Botanical Expeditions and Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2012, p. 4.
↑  Bleichmar, Visible Empire, pp. 16–18.
↑  La expedición Malaspina 1789–1794. 9 vols. Madrid: Lunwerg Editores 1987–96.
↑  Andrés Galera Gómez, La ilustración española y el conocimiento del nuevo mundo. La ciencias naturales en la expedición Malaspina (1789–1994): La labor científica de Antonio Pineda. Madrid: CSIC 1988.
↑  Dolores Higueras Rodríguez (ed.) La Botánica en la Expedición Malaspina 1789–1794. Madrid: Turner Libros 1989.
↑  Juan Pimentel, La física de la monarquía. Ciencia y política en el pensamiento colonial de Alejandro Malaspina (1754–1810). Madrid: Doce Calles 1998.
↑  María Pilar de San Pío Aladrén and María Dolores Higueras Rodríguez (eds.) La armonía natural. La naturaleza en la expedición marítima de Malaspina y Bustamante (1789–1794). Madrid: Lunverg Editores 2001.
↑  Bleichmar, Visible Empire, p. 17.
↑  Carmen Sotos Serrano, Los pintores de la expedición de Alejandro Malaspina. Madrid: Real Academia de Historia 1982.
↑  Enrique Florescano, "The Creation of the Museo Nacional de Antropología and its scientific, educational, and political purposes" in Nationalism: Critical concepts in Political Science, John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, eds. Vol. IV. London: Routledge 2000, p. 1238.
↑  Miguel Angel Fernández, Historia de los Museos de México. Mexico: Fomento Cultural del Banco de México 1987.
↑  Carmen Añon Feliú, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, sus orígenes 1755–1781. Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico 1987.
↑  ديفيد برادينج  ‏, Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, 1763–1810. New York: Cambridge University Press 1971, p. 165.
↑  Brading, The First America, p. 510.
↑  Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, How to Write the History of the New World. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2001, p. 170.