هارولد ماكميلان
مراجع

1 2  Encyclopædia Britannica | Harold Macmillan (بالإنجليزية), QID:Q5375741
1 2  Brockhaus Enzyklopädie | Harold Macmillan (بالألمانية), QID:Q237227
1 2  Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana | Harold Macmillan (بالكتالونية), Grup Enciclopèdia, QID:Q2664168
1 2  GeneaStar | Harold Macmillan، QID:Q98769076
1 2  Dalibor Brozović; Tomislav Ladan (1999.), Hrvatska enciklopedija | Harold Macmillan (بالكرواتية), Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, OL:120005M, QID:Q1789619 {{استشهاد}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |publication-date= (help)
1 2 3  Hansard 1803–2005 (بالإنجليزية), QID:Q19204319
↑   هارولد ماكميلان, ص. 422–3.
↑   هارولد ماكميلان, ص. 422.
↑   Peter Hennessy, Having It So Good: Britain in the Fifties (London: Allen Lane, 2006), ص. 533–34.
↑   Richard Lamb, The Macmillan Years 1957–1963: The Emerging Truth (London: John Murray, 1995), ص . 14–15.
↑  Leitch, David (8 December 1996), "The spy who rocked a world of privilege", The Independent, London نسخة محفوظة 07 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Fisher 1982, p. 2.
↑   Horne 2008, p. 9.
↑   Campbell 2009, p.245
↑   Horne 2008, p. 13.
↑   Charles Williams, Harold Macmillan (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2009), p. 15.
1 2   Horne 1988, p. 15
↑   Horne 2008, p. 16.
↑   Simon Ball, The Guardsmen, Harold Macmillan, Three Friends and the World They Made, (London, Harper Collins), 2004, p. 19.
↑   Williams, Macmillan, pp. 19–26.
1 2   Supermac. Author: D.R. Thorpe. Publisher: Chatto & Windus. Published: 9 September 2010. Retrieved: 1 February 2014.
↑   Horne 1988, p22
↑   Thorpe 2010, p41
1 2  Supermac. Author: D.R. Thorpe. Publisher: Chatto & Windus. Published: 9 September 2010. Retrieved: 29 January 2014.
↑   Thorpe 2011, pp.42–5
↑   Thorpe 2011, pp.47–8
↑   "No. 28979". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 November 1914. p. 9505. نسخة محفوظة 24 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   "No. 29500". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 March 1916. p. 2533. نسخة محفوظة 24 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   "No. 29376". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 November 1915. p. 11582. نسخة محفوظة 24 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 57
↑   Lawton, John (1992), 1963: Five Hundred Days, Sevenoaks: Hodder and Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-50846-9
↑   Ball Guardsmen, p. 64.
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 58
↑   [1] Spartacus Educational website biography. نسخة محفوظة 10 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 246-7
↑   Williams 2008, p. 31
↑   Horne 2008, p. 49.
↑   Thorpe 2010, p42-5 "Sent Down" is a university term for "expelled"
↑   Williams 2008, p.49
↑   Thorpe 2010, p.62
↑   Macmillan 1966, pp107-8 This period saw disturbances amongst British troops in France, which was of grave worry to the Government as the Russian and German revolutions had been accompanied by army mutinies. In the end the crisis was resolved by giving priority for demobilisation to men who had served the longest.
↑   Horne 2008, p. 52.
↑   Williams 2008, p.55
↑   "No. 31958". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 June 1920. p. 7073. The London Gazette states that he held and retained the rank of lieutenant. نسخة محفوظة 24 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Thorpe 2010, p.72, 76–7, 88, 109, 118
↑   Horne 1989, p.155
↑   Thorpe 2010, 2467, 2477.
↑   Thorpe 2010, p.95 Thorpe points out that divorce still caused muttering as late as the 1950s. Walter Monckton's divorce may have cost him promotion to the highest legal positions of Lord Chief Justice and Lord Chancellor, whilst Anthony Eden faced criticism for divorcing and remarrying, and talk that he was unfit to make ecclesiastical appointments
↑   Parris, Matthew (1997), Great Parliamentary Scandals: Four Centuries of Calumny, Smear & Innuendo, London: Robson Books, pp. 98–104, ISBN 1-86105-152-2
↑   Horne 1988, p. 67
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 248
↑   Thorpe 2010.
↑   Thorpe 2010, 14116–14121.
↑   Richard Allen Cave, O'Casey, Sean (1880–1964), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, January 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2011. نسخة محفوظة 07 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Garry O'Connor, 'Obituary – Eileen O'Casey', The Guardian (12 April 1995), p. 13.
↑   Edward Marriott, 'Obituary – Eileen O'Casey', Evening Standard (London, 18 April 1995).
↑   "Eileen O'Casey; Obituary." The Times (11 April 1995), p. 19.
↑   Horne 1988, p. 69 at that time candidates were often expected to fund their own election campaigns
1 2 3   Campbell 2009, p. 246
1 2   Fisher 1982, pp.32–3
1 2  Horne 1988, p. 243
1 2 3   Horne 1988, p. 103
↑   Horne 1988, p. 100
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 249
↑   Horne 1988, p. 117-8
↑   Horne 1988, p. 119
↑   Horne 1988, p. 134-5
↑   Horne 1988, p. 139
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 252
↑   Fisher 1982, pp. 78–9.
↑   Harold Macmillan, The Blast of War, 1939–45 (London: Macmillan, 1967), p. 161.
↑   Fisher 1982, p. 82.
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 254
1 2  Horne 1988, p. 151-60
↑   Horne 2008, p. 158.
↑   Horne 1988, p. 160
1 2  Horne 1988, p. 170
↑   Horne 1988, p. 195-9
↑   Horne 1988, p. 201
↑   Horne 1988, p. 210
↑   Horne 1988, p. 218-222
↑   Horne 1988, p. 230-40
↑   In 1947 the USA would take over Britain's role as "protector" of Greece and Turkey, to keep the Soviets out of the Mediterranean, the so-called "Truman Doctrine"
↑   Horne 2008, pp. 251–86.
↑   Sir Curtis Keeble, 'Macmillan and the Soviet Union', in Richard Aldous and Sabine Lee (eds), Harold Macmillan: Aspects of a Political Life (London: Macmillan, 1999), pp. 199–200.
↑   Ferdinand Mount (8 September 2011). "Too Obviously Cleverer". London Review of Books. 33 (17). Retrieved 15 January 2012. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-02-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-04-07.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 234-5
↑   Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, p. 29.
↑   Harold Macmillan, Tides of Fortune (London: Macmillan, 1969), pp. 28–29.
↑   Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters, 1945–62. (London, Phoenix) page 32
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 255-6
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 256-7
↑   Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, p. 364.
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 257-8
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 259
↑   Fisher 1982, p. 139.
↑   "The Housing Total Was 318,779". Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail. 5 February 1954. Retrieved 8 March 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)). نسخة محفوظة 09 فبراير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Fisher 1982, p. 143.
↑   The Economist (16 April 1955).
↑   Fisher 1982, pp. 144–5.
↑   Fisher 1982, p. 145.
↑   Horne 1988, p. 353-4 Petain, a successful French general in the First World War, had become senile whilst heading the pro-German Vichy Regime in the Second World War
↑   Horne 1988, p.155
↑   Horne 1989, pp244-5
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 249, 254 Campbell also suggests that Harold Wilson's image change during Macmillan's premiership from "boring young statistician into lovable Yorkshire comic" was made in conscious imitation of Macmillan
↑   Horne 1989, p.122
1 2   Fisher 1982, p. 150.
↑   Edmund Dell, The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (1997) pp 207–22, covers his term as Chancellor.
↑   Campbell 2009, p.261-2, 264
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 264-5
↑   18 April 1956: Macmillan unveils premium bond scheme, BBC News, 'On This Day 1950–2005'. نسخة محفوظة 31 أغسطس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Horne 2008, p. 383.
↑   Harold Macmillan; Unflappable master of the middle way, obituary in The Guardian, by Vernon Bogdanor; 30 December 1986 نسخة محفوظة 06 أبريل 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Horne 2008, p. 441.
↑   Bertjan Verbeek, Decision-making in Great Britain during the Suez crisis (2003) p. 95
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 265
↑   Beckett 2006, p. 74.
↑   Beckett 2006, p. 74.
↑   Beckett 2006, pp. 73–4.
1 2   Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (1991) pp 130–40
↑   Howard 1987 237
↑   Williams, Harold Macmillan (2009) p. 267
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 356
↑   Howard 1987 p239
↑   Howard 1987 p242
↑   Thorpe 2010, p352-3 Eisenhower said these words in a meeting with Treasury Secretary Humphrey (who was pro-Butler), Under Secretary of State Hoover and Staff Secretary Andrew Goodpaster. It is unclear whether there was direct pressure from the US Administration for Macmillan to be chosen, or rather whether being the candidate best placed to rebuild bridges with the Americans was simply another reason why leading Conservatives preferred him to Butler. Published accounts do not agree about the date of the meeting. Williams (2008, p270) lists it as happening on 20 November, a date repeated in Michael Jago's 2015 biography of Rab Butler. Macmillan's other recent biographer D.R.Thorpe gives it as 24 December, presumably an error as the footnote refers to Eisenhower's papers for November 1956, whilst in his biography of Anthony Eden (2003, p539) Thorpe gives it as 24 November.
↑   Howard 1987 p240-1
↑   Thorpe 2010, p353-4
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 269
↑   Howard 1987 p244
↑   Thorpe 2010, p358
↑   Beckett 2006, pp. 77–8.
↑   Thorpe 2010, p361-2
↑   Harold Macmillan, The Macmillan Diaries, The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957, ed. Peter Catterall (London: Macmillan, 2003).
↑   Horne 1989, p5, 13
↑   David Butler, Twentieth Century British Political Facts 1900–2000, Macmillan, 8th edition, 2000.
↑   Gyles Brandreth. Brief encounters: meetings with remarkable people (2001) p. 214
↑   Colin Seymour-Üre, Prime ministers and the media: issues of power and control (2003) p 261
↑   Edmund Dell, The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (1997) pp 223–303.
1 2   Thorpe 2010, pp401-7
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 407
↑   OCR A Level History B: The End of Consensus: Britain 1945–90 by Pearson Education
↑   P overty, Inequality and Health in Britain, 1800–2000: A Reader – Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2013. نسخة محفوظة 10 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   T he Many Concepts of Social Justice in European Private Law – Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2013. نسخة محفوظة 10 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   H ow Social Security Works: An Introduction to Benefits in Britain – Paul Spicker – Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2013. نسخة محفوظة 10 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe
↑   Fisher 1982, p. 214.
↑   Fisher 1982, p. 193.
↑   Horne, Macmillan, Volume II, pp. 94–95.
↑   Horne, Macmillan, Volume II, pp. 419.
↑   Nick Rufford, 'A-bomb links kept secret from Queen', Sunday Times (3 January 1988).
↑   'Windscale: Britain's Biggest Nuclear Disaster', broadcast on Monday, 8 October 2007, at 2100 BST on BBC Two.
↑   Paddy Shennan, 'Britain's Biggest Nuclear Disaster', Liverpool Echo (13 October 2007), p. 26.
↑   John Hunt. 'Cabinet Papers For 1957: Windscale Fire Danger Disclosed', Financial Times (2 January 1988).
↑   David Walker, 'Focus on 1957: Macmillan ordered Windscale censorship', The Times (1 January 1988).
↑   Jean McSorley, 'Contaminated evidence: The secrecy and political cover-ups that followed the fire in a British nuclear reactor 50 years ago still resonate in public concerns', The Guardian (10 October 2007), p. 8.
↑   John Gray, 'Accident disclosures bring calls for review of U.K. secrecy laws', Globe and Mail (Toronto, 4 January 1988).
↑   Richard Gott, 'The Evolution of the Independent British Deterrent', International Affairs, 39/2 (April 1963), p. 246.
1 2  Gott, 'Independent British Deterrent', p. 247.
↑   Harold Macmillan, Speech in Bedford, 20 July 1957, BBC News, 20 July 1974, retrieved 31 January 2010 نسخة محفوظة 07 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Lamb, Macmillan Years, p. 62.
↑  BBC NEWS | UK | UK Politics | The Basics | past_elections | 1959: Macmillan wins Tory hat trick نسخة محفوظة 24 أغسطس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   "General Election 2010 – A century of Daily Mirror front pages". mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 7 June 2011. نسخة محفوظة 19 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2   http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk: Cabinet Papers – Strained consensus and Labou r نسخة محفوظة 17 يوليو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 518
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 520
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 524
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 525
↑   Garry Keenor. "The Reshaping of British Railways – Part 1: Report". The Railways Archive. Retrieved 2010-07-25. نسخة محفوظة 19 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 275
↑   "Harold Macmillan begins his "winds of change" tour of Africa". South Africa History Online. South Africa History Online. نسخة محفوظة 10 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Toye, Richard Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (2010) p. 306
↑   Fisher 1982, p. 230.
↑   George Wilkes, Britain's failure to enter the European community 1961–63: the enlargement negotiations and crises in European, Atlantic and Commonwealth relations (1997) p 63 online نسخة محفوظة 10 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Lamb, Macmillan Years, pp. 164–65; Chapters 14 and 15.
1 2  Thorpe 2010, p. 551-2
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 504-5
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 613
↑  BBC ON THIS DAY | 18 | 1963: Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell dies نسخة محفوظة 25 مارس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  BBC Democracy Live - 1963: a year to remember نسخة محفوظة 26 أبريل 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Sandford 2005, pp. 664
↑  SECURITY (MR. PROFUMO'S RESIGNATION) (Hansard, 17 June 1963) نسخة محفوظة 08 مارس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Lamb 1995, pp. 488
1 2  Campbell 2009, p. 284-5
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 565
↑   Lamb 1995, pp.491
1 2   Thorpe 2010, p. 566-7
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 569-70 the quote appears in "The Queen" 1996, p335
↑   the "soundings" and the accompanying political intrigues are discussed in detail in Rab Butler's biography
↑   Anthony Bevins, 'How Supermac Was "Hounded Out of Office" by Band of 20 Opponents', The Observer (1 January 1995), p. 1.
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 619
1 2   Fisher 1982, p.369
↑   Fisher 1982, p.364
↑   Fisher 1982, p.365
↑   Fisher 1982, p.367
↑   John Vincent, "Macmillan, Harold" in Fred M. Leventhal, ed., Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia (Garland, 1995) p 488.
↑   Horne 1989, p.214
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 292
1 2   Sandford 2005, pp. 711–2
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 614-7
↑   Lamb 1995, pp.14–15
↑   "News: 15 October 1964". BBC News. نسخة محفوظة 07 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3 4   Fletcher, Martin (31 December 1986), "' World pays tribute to Stockton – Death of former Conservative premier", The Times
↑   Thorpe 2010, p.587
↑   Richard Vinen: Thatcher's Britain. The Politics and Social Upheaval of the 1980s. (Simon & Schuster, London 2009), p. 316
↑   Howard 1987, p.353
↑   Campbell 2009, p. 266
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 605
↑   'The Wit and Wisdom Inside No 10', Daily Express (27 March 2008), p. 13.
↑   "No. 46872". The London Gazette. 9 September 1976. p. 5299.
↑   Fisher 1982, pp. 359–60.
↑   Fisher 1982, p. 355.
↑   "1975: Tories choose first woman leader". BBC News. 11 February 1975. نسخة محفوظة 07 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   "1979: Election victory for Margaret Thatcher". BBC News. 4 May 1979. نسخة محفوظة 19 سبتمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Fisher 1982, p.362
1 2   Apple, R. W. (14 November 1984), "Macmillan, at 90, Rouses the Lords", New York Times
↑   Thorpe 2010, p. 663
↑   Richard Vinen: Thatcher's Britain. The Politics and Social Upheaval of the 1980s. (Simon & Schuster, London 2009), p. 148
↑   Moore, pp.679–80
↑   Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 188.
↑   "No. 49660". The London Gazette. 29 February 1984. p. 2951. نسخة محفوظة 02 أغسطس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Thatcher, Downing Street Years, p. 370.
↑   "Lord Stockton has condemned Oxford University's decision not to give Mrs Thatcher an honorary degree", The Guardian, p. 28., 4 February 1985
↑   Alan Watkins, A Conservative Coup (London: Duckworth, 1992), p. 105.
↑   468 H.L. Deb., cc.390–1, 14 November 1985. Quoted in Watkins, p. 106.
↑   Fisher 1982, p.361-2
1 2 3   Foster, Howard (6 January 1987), "'I think I will go to sleep now.' Funeral of former premier Harold Macmillan", The Times, p. 23.
1 2   "British leaders mourn Harold Macmillan", Toronto Star, p. A10., 6 January 1987
↑   Fletcher, Martin (31 December 1986), "World pays tribute to Stockton. Death of former Conservative premier", The Times
1 2 3   "Macmillan Funeral Held – Thatcher Attends Services", San Francisco Chronicle, p. 23., 6 January 1987
1 2   Johnson, Frank (13 January 1987), "Tributes to the master of timing", The Times
↑   Memorial service for Harold Macmillan, First Earl of Stockton, O.M., P.C.: Tuesday 10 February 1987 12, noon (London: Westminster Abbey, 1987).
↑   bodley.ac.uk: "Catalogue of the papers of Harold Macmillan, 1889–1987" نسخة محفوظة 05 ديسمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   Bodleian.ox.ac.uk: "Catalogue of the papers of Harold Macmillan, 1889–1987 – now online" نسخة محفوظة 09 فبراير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   iu.edu: "Honoree – Harold MacMillan" نسخة محفوظة 09 فبراير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   DePauw.edu: "Britain's Harold Macmillan to Meet with President Eisenhower the Day After Visiting DePauw" نسخة محفوظة 21 أغسطس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   "Macmillan & Eisenhower – British Pathé"  نسخة محفوظة 4 يناير 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   itnsource.com: "UK: PRIME MINISTER MACMILLAN RECEIVES HONORARY DOCTOR OF LAW DEGREE AT CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY"