الجدل حول إكسون موبيل وتغير المناخ
مراجع

↑  Jennings, Grandoni & Rust 2015
↑  Jerving et al. 2015: Since the late 1970s and into the 1980s, Exxon had been at the forefront of climate change research, funding its own internal science as well as research from outside experts at Columbia University and MIT.
↑  Gillis & Schwartz 2015: From the time the scientific community first began worrying about the climate issue in the 1970s, the company financed research on the topic, with its scientists generally supporting an emerging consensus that غاز المداخن could pose risks for society. Company scientists have contributed to dozens of scientific papers that supported this view and explored the extent of the risks.
↑  Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015b: "ExxonMobil scientists have been involved in climate research and related policy analysis for more than 30 years, yielding more than 50 papers in peer-reviewed publications."
↑  Cohen، Ken. "When it Come to Climate Change, Read the Documents". ExxonMobil Perspectives. ExxonMobil. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-31.
↑  Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015b: "By 1977... he made a presentation to the company's leading executives warning that carbon dioxide accumulating in the upper atmosphere would warm the planet and if the CO2 concentration continued to rise, it could harm the environment and humankind."
↑  Black 1978 What is considered the best presently available climate model for treating the Greenhouse Effect predicts that a doubling of the C02 concentration in the atmosphere would produce a mean temperature increase of about 2 °C to 3 °C over most of the earth.
↑  Hall 2015: ...the company's knowledge of climate change dates back to July 1977, when its senior scientist James Black delivered a sobering message on the topic. "In the first place, there is general scientific agreement that the most likely manner in which mankind is influencing the global climate is through carbon dioxide release from the burning of fossil fuels," Black told Exxon's management committee. A year later he warned Exxon that doubling CO2 gases in the atmosphere would increase average global temperatures by two or three degrees—a number that is consistent with the scientific consensus today. He continued to warn that "present thinking holds that man has a time window of five to 10 years before the need for hard decisions regarding changes in energy strategies might become critical."
↑  Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015a: Exxon budgeted more than $1 million over three years for the tanker project to measure how quickly the oceans were taking in CO2.
↑  Garvey، Edward؛ Prahl، Fred؛ Nazimek، Kenneth؛ Shaw، Henry (مارس 1982). "Exxon Global CO2 Measurement System". IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. ج. 31: 32–36.
↑  Cushman Jr.، John H. (8 أكتوبر 2015). "Highlighting the Allure of Synfuels, Exxon Played Down the Climate Risks". InsideClimate News. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-20.
↑  Shaw & McCall 1980
↑  Banerjee، Neela؛ Song، Lisa (8 أكتوبر 2015). "Exxon's Business Ambition Collided with Climate Change Under a Distant Sea". InsideClimate News. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-25.
↑  Song، Lisa؛ Banerjee، Neela؛ Hasemyer، David (22 سبتمبر 2015). "Exxon Confirmed Global Warming Consensus in 1982 with In-House Climate Models". InsideClimate News. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-25.
↑  Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015a
↑  Jerving et al. 2015: An extended open water season, Croasdale said in 1992, could potentially reduce exploratory drilling and construction costs by 30% to 50%...he advised the company to consider and incorporate potential "negative outcomes," including a rise in the sea level, which could threaten onshore infrastructure; bigger waves, which could damage offshore drilling structures; and thawing permafrost, which could make the earth buckle and slide under buildings and pipelines.
↑  Whitman 2015: Croasdale said global warming could lower the costs but increase the length of time it would be possible to explore for oil in the Beaufort Sea, north of Alaska and Canada's يوكون (إقليم) Territory. He and his team of researchers had developed models that showed with climate change, drilling in the Beaufort Sea could grow from two months per year to as many as five, with costs cut by as much as half. At the same time, rising sea level due to climate change could hurt infrastructure
1 2  Lieberman، Amy؛ Rust، Susanne (31 ديسمبر 2015). "Big Oil braced for global warming while it fought regulations". لوس أنجلوس تايمز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-04-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-24.
↑  Schwartz، John (14 أبريل 2016). "Pressure on Exxon Over Climate Change Intensifies With New Documents". نيويورك تايمز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-15. The documents, according to the environmental law center's director, Carroll Muffett, suggest that the industry had the underlying knowledge of climate change even 60 years ago. "From 1957 onward, there is no doubt that Humble Oil, which is now Exxon, was clearly on notice" about rising CO2 in the atmosphere and the prospect that it was likely to cause global warming, he said. ... Alan Jeffers, a spokesman for Exxon Mobil, called the new allegations absurd. "To suggest that we had definitive knowledge about human-induced climate change before the world's scientists is not a credible thesis," he said.
↑  Herrick، Thaddeus (29 أغسطس 2001). "Exxon CEO Lee Raymond's Stance On Global Warming Causes a Stir". وول ستريت جورنال. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-09.
↑  Pearce، Fred (19 أبريل 2002). "Top climate scientist ousted". نيو ساينتست. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-10-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-07-24.
↑  Borger، Julian (20 أبريل 2002). "US and Oil Lobby Oust Climate Change Scientist". الغارديان. London. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-29.
↑  Randol، Arthur G. "Randy" (6 فبراير 2001). "Regarding: Bush Team for IPCC Negotiations" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-09-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-30.
↑  "Climate scientist ousted". بي بي سي نيوز. 19 أبريل 2002. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-30.
↑  Revkin، Andrew (15 يونيو 2005). "Former Bush Aide Who Edited Reports Is Hired by Exxon". نيويورك تايمز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-02.
↑  "Ex-Bush Aide Plans to Join ExxonMobil". واشنطن بوست. أسوشيتد برس. 15 يونيو 2005. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-02-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-02.
↑  "Climate Change Research Distorted and Suppressed". Union of Concerned Scientists. 2005. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-09-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-03.
↑  Friedman، Thomas L. (28 مارس 2007). "How Many Scientists?". نيويورك تايمز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-02.
↑  Van den Hove, Le Menestrel & De Bettignies 2002: In terms of delaying international and national actions on climate change, there is no doubt that ExxonMobil's strategy succeeded.
↑  Krugman، Paul (17 أبريل 2006). "Enemy of the Planet". نيويورك تايمز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-02-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-30. Although most governments have done little to curb greenhouse gases, and the Bush administration has done nothing, it's not clear that policies would have been any better even if Exxon Mobil had acted more responsibly. But the fact is that whatever small chance there was of action to limit global warming became even smaller because ExxonMobil chose to protect its profits by trashing good science.
↑  "ExxonMobil: FORM 10-K: ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended". هيئة الأوراق المالية والبورصات الأمريكية. 31 ديسمبر 2007. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-03-27.
↑  Latham، Mark (Summer 2009). "Environmental Liabilities and the Federal Securities Laws: A Proposal for Improved Disclosure of Climate Change Related Risks". Environmental Law. ج. 39 ع. 3: 647. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-03-27.
↑  Krauss، Clifford؛ Mouawad، Jad (14 فبراير 2007). "Exxon Chief Cautions Against Rapid Action to Cut Carbon Emissions". نيويورك تايمز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-05-02.
↑  "Topics shift to the environment as oil executives meet in Texas". Los Angeles Times. 14 فبراير 2007. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-09-12.
↑  "Exxon Mobil Acknowledges Climate Change Risk To Business For First Time". إنترناشيونال بيزنس تايمز. 1 أبريل 2014. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-15.
↑  Dickinson، Tim. "The Logic of Divestment: Why We Have to Kiss Off Big Carbon Now". رولينغ ستون. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-11-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-27.
↑  Cohen، Ken (10 أكتوبر 2014). "Some thoughts on divestment". ExxonMobil. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-27.
↑  Geman، Ben (13 أكتوبر 2014). "Exxon Blasts Movement to Divest From Fossil Fuels". National Journal. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-05-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-27.
↑  "The Economist explains: Why ExxonMobil would support a carbon tax". ذي إيكونوميست. 11 نوفمبر 2015. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-02-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-30. Yet since 2007 ExxonMobil, the world's biggest publicly listed oil company, is proposing a carbon tax, and has already put a shadow price on each tonne of CO2 it emits... a robust carbon price can make it easier to decide where to invest for the future. Like ExxonMobil, many of the oil companies make investment decisions based on proxy carbon prices.
↑  "Use of internal carbon price by companies as incentive and strategic planning tool" (PDF). مشروع الكشف عن الكربون. ديسمبر 2013. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2016-03-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-05-05. In 2013, 29 companies - based or operating in the US - disclosed that that they use an internal price of carbon in their business planning...For example, ExxonMobil is assuming a cost of $60 per metric ton by 2030.
↑  Hasemyer، David؛ Simison، Bob (31 ديسمبر 2015). "Exxon's Support of a Tax on Carbon: Rhetoric or Reality?". InsideClimate News. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-15.
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