فرضية التدهور العثماني
مراجع

1 2 Hathaway، Jane (2008). The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800. Pearson Education Ltd. ص. 7–8. ISBN:978-0-582-41899-8. One of the most momentous changes to have occurred in Ottoman studies since the publication of Egypt and the Fertile Crescent [1966] is the deconstruction of the so-called 'Ottoman decline thesis' – that is, the notion that toward the end of the sixteenth century, following the reign of Sultan Suleyman I (1520–66), the empire entered a lengthy decline from which it never truly recovered, despite heroic attempts at westernizing reforms in the nineteenth century. Over the last twenty years or so, as Chapter 4 will point out, historians of the Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favor of one of crisis and adaptation
Kunt، Metin (1995). "Introduction to Part I". في Kunt، Metin؛ Christine Woodhead (المحررون). Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World. London and New York: Longman. ص. 37–38. students of Ottoman history have learned better than to discuss a "decline" which supposedly began during the reigns of Süleyman's "ineffectual" successors and then continued for centuries.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: التاريخ والسنة (link)
Tezcan، Baki (2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period. Cambridge University Press. ص. 9. ISBN:978-1-107-41144-9. Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades, revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles, some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century. Thanks to these works, the conventional narrative of Ottoman history – that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption – has been discarded.
Woodhead، Christine (2011). "Introduction". في Christine Woodhead (المحرر). The Ottoman World. ص. 5. ISBN:978-0-415-44492-7. Ottomanist historians have largely jettisoned the notion of a post-1600 'decline'
Ehud R. Toledano (2011). "The Arabic-speaking world in the Ottoman period: A socio-political analysis". في Woodhead، Christine (المحرر). The Ottoman World. Routledge. ص. 457. ISBN:978-0-415-44492-7. In the scholarly literature produced by Ottomanists since the mid-1970s, the hitherto prevailing view of Ottoman decline has been effectively debunked.
Leslie Peirce, "Changing Perceptions of the Ottoman Empire: the Early Centuries," Mediterranean Historical Review 19/1 (2004): 22.
Cemal Kafadar, "The Question of Ottoman Decline," Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 4/1–2 (1997–98), pp. 30–75.
M. Fatih Çalışır, "Decline of a 'Myth': Perspectives on the Ottoman 'Decline'," The History School 9 (2011): 37–60.
Donald Quataert, "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline,'" History Compass 1 (2003)
↑ Linda Darling, Revenue Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560–1660 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996), [1].
Günhan Börekçi, "Factions and Favorites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617) and His Immediate Predecessors," PhD dissertation (The Ohio State University, 2010), 5.
↑ Suraiya Faroqhi, The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It (I. B. Tauris, 2004; 2011), pp. 42–43.
Virginia Aksan, "Ottoman to Turk: Continuity and Change," International Journal 61 (Winter 2005/6): 19–38.
↑  Howard, Douglas A. "Genre and myth in the Ottoman advice for kings literature," in Aksan, Virginia H. and Daniel Goffman eds. The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire (Cambridge University Press, 2007; 2009), 143.
↑ Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy , 4.
Abou-El-Haj, Formation of the Modern State, pp. 3–4.
Karen Barkey, Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization, (Cornell University Press, 1994), ix.
↑  Finkel، Caroline (1988). The Administration of Warfare: The Ottoman Military Campaigns in Hungary, 1593–1606. Vienna: VWGÖ. ص. 143. ISBN:3-85369-708-9.
↑  Kunt، Metin (1995). "Introduction to Part I". في Kunt، Metin؛ Christine Woodhead (المحررون). Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World. London and New York: Longman. ص. 37–38. students of Ottoman history have learned better than to discuss a "decline" which supposedly began during the reigns of Süleyman's "ineffectual" successors and then continued for centuries.
↑  Ehud Toledano (2011). "The Arabic-speaking world in the Ottoman period: A socio-political analysis". في Woodhead، Christine (المحرر). The Ottoman World. Routledge. ص. 457. ISBN:978-0-415-44492-7. In the scholarly literature produced by Ottomanists since the mid-1970s, the hitherto prevailing view of Ottoman decline has been effectively debunked. However, only too often, the results of painstaking research and innovative revisions offered in that literature have not yet percolated down to scholars working outside Ottoman studies. Historians in adjacent fields have tended to rely on earlier classics and later uninformed surveys which perpetuate older, now deconstructed, views.
↑  Dana Sajdi refers on the one hand to nationalists in post-Ottoman regions of the world, and on the other, to the supporters of imperialistic intervention in the Middle East among some politicians in the West. Sajdi، Dana (2007). "Decline, its Discontents, and Ottoman Cultural History: By Way of Introduction". في Sajdi، Dana (المحرر). Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman Coffee: Leisure and Lifestyle in the Eighteenth Century. London: I.B. Taurus. ص. 38–9.
↑  Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, 3.
↑  Howard, "Genre and Myth," pp. 137–139.
↑  Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, pp. 283–84.
↑  Cornell Fleischer. Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire: The Historian Mustafa Âli, 1541–1600, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986).
↑  Fleischer, Bureaucrat and Intellectual, 103.
↑  Douglas Howard, "Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of 'Decline' of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century," Journal of Asian History 22 (1988), pp. 52–77.
↑  Abou-El-Haj, Formation of the Modern State, pp. 20–40.
↑  Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte des Osmanisches Reiches, (in German) 10 vols. (Budapest: Ca. H. Hartleben, 1827–35).
↑  Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, pp. 3–4.
↑  Lockman، Zachary (2010). Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism (ط. 2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ص. 62–3.
↑  Lockman، Zachary (2010). Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism (ط. 2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ص. 104-12, 130-3.
↑  Howard, "Ottoman Advice for Kings," pp. 143–44; Edward Said, Orientalism, (New York: Pantheon, 1978).
↑  Douglas Howard, "Ottoman Historiography," pp. 52–77.
↑  Abou-El-Haj, Formation of the Modern State, pp. 23–26.
↑  Cemal Kafadar, "The Myth of the Golden Age: Ottoman Historical Consciousness in the post-Süleymanic Era," in Süleyman the Second [sic] and His Time, eds. Halil İnalcık and Cemal Kafadar (Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1993), pp. 44.
↑  Rhoads Murphey, "The Veliyüddin Telhis: Notes on the Sources and Interrelations between Koçu Bey and Contemporary Writers of Advice to Kings," Belleten 43 (1979), pp. 547–571.
↑  Pál Fodor, "State and Society, Crisis and Reform, in a 15th–17th Century Ottoman Mirror for Princes," Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 40 (1986), pp. 217–240.
↑  Cemal Kafadar, "On the Purity and Corruption of the Janissaries," Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 15 (1991): 273–280.
↑  Günhan Börekçi, "A Contribution to the Military Revolution Debate: The Janissaries' Use of Volley Fire During the Long Ottoman-Habsburg War of 1593–1606 and the Problem of Origins." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59 (2006): 407–438.
بوابة التاريخ
بوابة الدولة العثمانية
بوابة تركيا
سليمان القانوني