تورط الولايات المتحدة في تغيير النظام
المصادر والمراجع

↑  The Washington Post, October 13, 2016, "The Long History of the US Interfering with Elections Elsewhere," https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/10/13/the-long-history-of-the-u-s-interfering-with-elections-elsewhere/ نسخة محفوظة June 16, 2017, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  United Nations Foundation, August 20, 2015, "The American Ratification of the UN Charter," http://unfoundationblog.org/the-american-ratification-of-the-un-charter/ نسخة محفوظة September 10, 2016, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Mansell, Wade and Openshaw, Karen, "International Law: A Critical Introduction," Chapter 5, Hart Publishing, 2014, https://books.google.com/booksid=XYrqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT140 نسخة محفوظة 8 مارس 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state." United Nations, "Charter of the United Nations," Article 2(4), http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html نسخة محفوظة October 28, 2017, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Fox, Gregory, "Regime Change," 2013, Oxford Public International Law, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Sections C(12) and G(53)–(55), نسخة محفوظة November 4, 2016, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Stevenson, Robert Louis (1892). A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa. BiblioBazaar. ISBN:978-1-4264-0754-3.
↑  Gilderhusrt، Mark T. (2000). The Second Century: U.S.–Latin American Relations Since 1889. Rowman & Littlefield. ص. 49.
↑  Becker، Marc. "History of U.S. Interventions in Latin America". www2.truman.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-04-14.
↑  Musicant، Ivan (1990). The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama. New York: MacMillan Publishing. ISBN:978-0-02-588210-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-16.
↑  David Healy, "Gunboat Diplomacy in the Wilson Era: The U.S. Navy in Haiti, 1915–1916," (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976)
↑  Giles A. Hubert, War and the Trade Orientation of Haiti, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1053341.pdf نسخة محفوظة 7 يناير 2022 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  United States Naval Institute (1879). Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute. Annapolis, MD. ص. 239. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-01-01.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان بدون ناشر (link)
↑  Atkins, G. Pope & Larman Curtis Wilson (1998). The Dominican Republic and the United States: From Imperialism to Transnationalism. Athens, GA: Univ. of Georgia Press. ص. 49. ISBN:978-0-8203-1930-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-25.
↑  S.J. Res. 1 : Declaration of War with Germany, WW1, United States Senate نسخة محفوظة 2021-08-18 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Armistice: The End of World War I,1918". EyeWitness to History. 2004. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-26.
↑  "Primary Documents – Kaiser Wilhelm II's Abdication Proclamation, 28 November 1918". First World War.com. 28 نوفمبر 1918. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-04-21.
↑  "Primary Documents – Treaty of Versailles, 28 June 1919". First World War.com. 28 يونيو 1919. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-21.
↑  "Primary Documents – U.S. Peace Treaty with Germany, 25 August 1921". First World War.com. 25 أغسطس 1921. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-07-03.
↑  Jones، Adam (2013). Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity. ISBN:9781848136823. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-15.
↑  E.M. Halliday, When Hell Froze Over (New York City, NY, ibooks, inc., 2000), p. 44
↑  Robert L. Willett, Russian Sideshow, pp. 166–167, 170
↑  Beyer, Rick, "The Greatest Stories Never Told" 2003: A&E Television Networks / The History Channel, pp. 152–153, (ردمك 0060014016)
↑  Clandestine Service History: Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, Mar. 1954: p. iii.
↑  Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. I.B.Tauris. 2007. ص. 775 of 1082. ISBN:978-1-84511-347-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-10.
↑  New York Times, 2000, "Secrets of History: The United States in Iran," https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html نسخة محفوظة 25 يناير 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  CIA declassifies more of "Zendebad, Shah!" – internal study of 1953 Iran coup, Danielle Siegel and Malcolm Byrne, National Security Archive, Feb. 12, 2018. نسخة محفوظة 18 نوفمبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  U.S. foreign policy in perspective: clients, enemies and empire. David Sylvan, Stephen Majeski, p. 121.
↑  "CRS Report: Iraq's Opposition Movements". Fas.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-11-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-08-14.
↑  "CNN Presents The Unfinished War: The Legacy of Desert Storm". CNN. 5 يناير 2001. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-07-03.
↑  Fisk, Robert. The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East. London: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006 p. 646 (ردمك 1-84115-007-X)
↑  Fisk. Great War for Civilisation. ص. 646.
↑  Embry، Jason (4 أبريل 2003). "Uprising in Iraq may be slow because of U.S. inaction in 1991". Seattle Pi. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-11-04.
↑  Makiya، Kanan (1998). Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition. University of California Press. ص. XX. ISBN:9780520921245. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-12-13.
↑  A Long-Awaited Apology for Shiites, but the Wounds Run Deep نسخة محفوظة April 26, 2017, على موقع واي باك مشين., The New York Times, November 8, 2011
↑  "Uprising in Iraq may be slow because of U.S. inaction in 1991". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 4 أبريل 2003. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-02-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-08-12.
↑  McDonald، Dian (4 أبريل 1991). "US Forces Won't Intervene in Iraq's Civil War. "President Bush firmly reiterated that he does not want US military forces to be involved in Iraq's internal turmoil"". Federation of American Scientists (نُشِر في 30 مايو 2008). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-11-17.
↑  United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 of adopted 6 August 6, 1991, https://fas.org/news/un/iraq/sres/sres0661.htm نسخة محفوظة September 7, 2012, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  |Rieff، David (27 يوليو 2003). "Were Sanctions Right?". نيويورك تايمز Magazine. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-14.
↑  United Nations, UN Security Council Resolution 687, April 8, 1991, http://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/documents/687.pdf نسخة محفوظة October 20, 2014, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Makiya، Kanan (1998). Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition. University of California Press. ص. xv. ISBN:978-0-520-92124-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-12-13.
↑  cf. "A Gulf War Exclusive: President Bush Talking with David Frost". يوتيوب. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-02-26. George H. W. Bush: Everybody felt that Saddam Hussein could not stay in office—certainly not stay in office as long as he's stayed in office. I miscalculated—I thought he'd be gone. But I wasn't alone! People in the Arab world felt, with unanimity, that he would be out of there. I think all observers felt that (event occurs at 45:14).
↑  United Press International, May 20, 1991, "U.S. Taking Tough Stand Against Saddam Hussein," http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/05/20/US-taking-tough-stand-against-Saddam-Hussein/1946674712000/ نسخة محفوظة October 19, 2016, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Tyler، Patrick E. (21 مايو 1991). "AFTER THE WAR; Bush Links End of Trading Ban To Hussein Exit". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-08-07. My view is we don't want to lift these sanctions as long as Saddam Hussein is in power," said President George H. W. Bush
↑  Additional U.S. government officials' statements setting Saddam Hussein's ouster as the precondition for the cessation of sanctions against Iraq, including statements by Robert Gates, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, are provided in Gordon, Joy, 2010 "Invisible War: The United States and the Iraq Sanctions," Harvard University Press, http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=978-0674035713 نسخة محفوظة April 27, 2018, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Autopsy of a Disaster: The U.S. Sanctions Policy on Iraq". Institute for Public Accuracy. 13 نوفمبر 1998. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-02-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-02-26. For example, وزير الخارجية الأمريكي مادلين أولبرايت stated in March 1997 that "Our view, which is unshakable, is that Iraq must prove its peaceful intentions. It can only do that by complying with all of the Security Council resolutions to which it is subjected"; مستشار الأمن القومي الأمريكي ساندي بيرغر stated in November 1997 that "It's been the U.S. position since the Bush administration that Saddam Hussein comply—has to comply with all of the relevant Security Council resolutions"; and سفير الولايات المتحدة إلى الأمم المتحدة بيل ريتشاردسون stated in December 1997 that "Our policy is clear. We believe that Saddam Hussein should comply with all the Security Council resolutions, and that includes 1137, those that deal with the UNSCOM inspectors, those that deal with human rights issues, those that deal with prisoners of war with Kuwait, those that deal with the treatment of his own people. We think that there are standards of international behavior."
↑  Iraq surveys show 'humanitarian emergency' نسخة محفوظة August 6, 2009, على موقع واي باك مشين. يونيسف Newsline August 12, 1999
↑  Rubin، Michael (ديسمبر 2001). "Sanctions on Iraq: A Valid Anti-American Grievance?". Middle East Review of International Affairs. ج. 5 ع. 4: 100–15. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-10-28.
↑  Spagat، Michael (سبتمبر 2010). "Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions" (PDF). Significance. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-08-12.
↑  Dyson، Tim؛ Cetorelli، Valeria (1 يوليو 2017). "Changing views on child mortality and economic sanctions in Iraq: a history of lies, damned lies and statistics". BMJ Global Health. ج. 2 ع. 2: e000311. DOI:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000311. ISSN:2059-7908. PMC:5717930. PMID:29225933.
↑  "Saddam Hussein said sanctions killed 500,000 children. That was 'a spectacular lie.'". The Washington Post. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-08-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-08-04.
↑  French، Howard W. (18 ديسمبر 1990). "Haitians Overwhelmingly Elect Populist Priest to the Presidency". The New York Times. ISSN:0362-4331. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-12-04.
↑  Whitney، Kathleen Marie (1996). "Sin, Fraph, and the CIA: U.S. Covert Action in Haiti". Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas. ج. 3 ع. 2: 303–32 [p. 320].
↑  Whitney 1996، صفحة 321
↑  Association of Former Intelligence Officers (19 مايو 2003)، US Coup Plotting in Iraq، Weekly Intelligence Notes 19-03، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-11-22
↑  "The CIA And the Coup That Wasn't". The Washington Post. 16 مايو 2003. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-17.
↑  "With CIA's Help, Group in Jordan Targets Saddam; U.S. Funds Support Campaign To Topple Iraqi Leader From Afar". The Washington Post. 23 يونيو 1996. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-02-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-22.
1 2  Brinkley، Joel (9 يونيو 2004). "Ex-C.I.A. Aides Say Iraq Leader Helped Agency in 90's Attacks". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-29. The Iraqi government at the time claimed that the bombs, including one it said exploded in a movie theater, resulted in many civilian casualties ... One former Central Intelligence Agency officer who was based in the region, روبرت بير, recalled that a bombing during that period 'blew up a حافلة مدرسية؛ school children were killed.' Mr. Baer ... said he did not recall which resistance group might have set off that bomb. Other former intelligence officials said Dr. Allawi's organization was the only resistance group involved in bombings and sabotage at that time. But one former senior intelligence official recalled that 'bombs were going off to no great effect.' 'I don't recall very much killing of anyone,' the official said.
↑  "Archived copy". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2005-09-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2004-08-01.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: الأرشيف كعنوان (link)
↑  Dowd، Maureen (21 سبتمبر 1994). "MISSION TO HAITI: THE DIPLOMAT; Despite Role as Negotiator, Carter Feels Unappreciated". ny times.com. New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-22.
↑  Walter E. Kretchik, Robert F. Baumann, John T. Fishel. "A Concise History of the U.S. Army in Operation Uphold Democracy." U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Press. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 1998. p. 96.
↑  Kretchik et al., p. 98.
↑  Von Hippel، Karin (2000). Democracy by Force. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ص. 96. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-19.
↑  "U.S. secretly backed Syrian opposition groups, cables released by WikiLeaks show". The Washington Post. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-08-26.
↑  Bandeira, Luiz Alberto Moniz (30 May 2017). The Second Cold War: Geopolitics and the Strategic Dimensions of the USA (بالإنجليزية). Springer. pp. 54–55. ISBN:978-3-319-54888-3. Archived from the original on 2020-02-25.
↑  "Assad must go, U.S. Republicans say". Newspapers.com (بالإنجليزية). Agence France Presse. 29 Apr 2011. Archived from the original on 2019-12-28. Retrieved 2019-12-28. We urge President Obama to state unequivocally, as he did in the case of (Libyan leader Moammar) Gadhafi and Egyptian president Hosni) Mubarak — that it is time for Assad to go.
↑  مجلس العلاقات الخارجية, August 18, 2011, "Calling for Regime Change in Syria," http://www.cfr.org/syria/calling-regime-change-syria/p25677 نسخة محفوظة November 13, 2016, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  وول ستريت جورنال, August 19, 2011, "World Leaders Urge Assad to Resign: Obama Imposes New Embargo on Syrian Oil Sales as Europe Considers Similar Measures; Crackdown on Protests Persists," https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903639404576516144145940136 نسخة محفوظة November 19, 2017, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  الغارديان, January 25, 2015, "US Changes Its Tune on Syrian Regime Change as Isis Threat Takes Top Priority, Washington Still Hopes Bashar al-Assad Will Be Removed from Power, But Is No Longer Insisting on It As A Precondition for Peace, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/25/us-syrian-regime-change-isis-priority نسخة محفوظة 2016-11-13 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  الإذاعة الوطنية العامة, April 23, 2014, "CIA Is Quietly Ramping Up Aid To Syrian Rebels, Sources Say," https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/04/23/306233248/cia-is-quietly-ramping-up-aid-to-syrian-rebels-sources-say نسخة محفوظة April 18, 2018, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  The Guardian, March 8, 2013, "West Training Syrian Rebels in Jordan Exclusive: UK and French Instructors Involved in US-Led Effort to Strengthen Secular Elements in Syria's Opposition, Say Sources," https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/08/west-training-syrian-rebels-jordan نسخة محفوظة December 10, 2016, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Abouzeid، Rania (26 سبتمبر 2013). "Syrian Opposition Groups Stop Pretending". The New Yorker. ISSN:0028-792X. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-03-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-05-09.
↑  Atwan، Abdel Bari (8 سبتمبر 2015). Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate. Univ of California Press. ISBN:9780520289284. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-25 – عبر Google Books.
↑  Nelson, Colleen McCain (19 Nov 2015). "Obama Says Syrian Leader Bashar al-Assad Must Go". WSJ (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2019-10-21. Retrieved 2019-12-28.
↑  The New Yorker, July 8, 2008, Seymour Hersh, "Preparing the Battlefield, The Bush Administration Steps Up Its Secret Moves Against Iran," http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/07/07/preparing-the-battlefield نسخة محفوظة December 4, 2014, على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Orkaby، Asher (25 مارس 2015). "Houthi Who?". Foreign Affairs. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-03-27.
↑  "Yemen in Crisis". Council on Foreign Relations. 8 يوليو 2015. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-05-09.
↑  Saudi Arabia and al-Qaeda Unite in Yemen نسخة محفوظة February 10, 2017, على موقع واي باك مشين., Huffington Post, "Despite the international community's condemnation of Saudi Arabia's bombing of civilian areas in Yemen, ..."
↑  Oakford، Samuel (5 يناير 2016). "The Saudi Coalition Bombed A Rehabilitation Center for Blind People in Yemen". فايس نيوز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-10-02.
↑  MacDonald، Alex (5 يناير 2016). "Yemen centre for blind 'hit in Saudi coalition air raid'". ميدل إيست آي. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-01-07.
↑  "Saudi Arabia launches air attacks in Yemen". واشنطن بوست. 25 مارس 2015. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-11.
↑  "U.S. Backs Saudi-Led Yemeni Bombing With Logistics, Spying" نسخة محفوظة April 6, 2017, على موقع واي باك مشين., بلومبيرغ نيوز, March 26, 2015
↑  "Yemen conflict: US boosts arms supplies for Saudi-led coalition" نسخة محفوظة July 2, 2018, على موقع واي باك مشين.. بي بي سي نيوز. April 8, 2015.
↑  "US steps up arms for Saudi campaign in Yemen" نسخة محفوظة July 10, 2015, على موقع واي باك مشين., الجزيرة, April 8, 2015
↑  "Yemen: Saudi Arabia used cluster bombs, rights groups says" نسخة محفوظة July 4, 2018, على موقع واي باك مشين.. بي بي سي نيوز. May 3, 2015.
↑  Nichols، Michelle (22 ديسمبر 2015). "U.N. blames Saudi-led coalition for most attacks on Yemeni civilians". Reuters UK. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-12-24.
↑  Cooper، Helene؛ Gibbons-Neff، Thomas؛ Schmitt، Eric (3 مايو 2018). "Army Special Forces Secretly Help Saudis Combat Threat From Yemen Rebels". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-21.
↑  "Saudi airstrikes in Yemen violate laws of war, rights group says". McClatchy DC. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-11-08.
↑  Norton، Ben (17 مارس 2016). "'Look like war crimes to me': Congressman raises concerns over U.S. support for Saudi war in Yemen". صالون. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Steve Visser (21 أغسطس 2016). "US military distances itself from Saudi-led war in Yemen". CNN. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-19.
↑  Warren Strobel, Jonathan Landay (10 أكتوبر 2016). "Exclusive: As Saudis bombed Yemen, U.S. worried about legal blowback". رويترز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-12.
↑  Nathalie Weizmann (27 مارس 2015). "International Law on the Saudi-Led Military Operations in Yemen". Just Security. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-18.
↑  "Yemen: Embargo Arms to Saudi Arabia" نسخة محفوظة January 31, 2017, على موقع واي باك مشين. هيومن رايتس ووتش, March 21, 2106
1 2  Wintour، Patrick (3 سبتمبر 2019). "UK, US and France may be complicit in Yemen war crimes – UN report". الغارديان. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-10-19.
↑  "Congress Votes to Say It Hasn't Authorized War in Yemen, Yet War in Yemen Goes On نسخة محفوظة 2018-01-07 على موقع واي باك مشين.", The Intercept, November 14, 2017
↑  "PBS Report from Yemen: As Millions Face Starvation, American-Made Bombs Are Killing Civilians". الديمقراطية الآن!. 19 يوليو 2018. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-08-05.
↑  "Yemen could be 'worst famine in 100 years'". BBC. 15 أكتوبر 2018. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-10-15.