الحرب الأهلية النيجيرية
مراجع

↑  "The Literary Magazine - the Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-08-20.
↑  Shadows : Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970, by Michael I. Draper ((ردمك 1-902109-63-5))
↑  Nigerian Civil War نسخة محفوظة 17 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Nigeria Since Independence: The First Twenty-five Years : International Relations, 1980. Page 204
↑  Sadleman، Stephen (2000). The Ties That Divide. ص. 86. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-06-08.
↑  Biafra Revisited, 2006. Page 5.
↑  The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History, by Spencer C. Tucker ((ردمك 9781440842948))
1 2 3 4 5  "The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-03-12.
↑  "Biafran Airlift: Israel’s Secret Mission to Save Lives." Press, Eitan. United With Israel. www.unitedwithisrael.org Published 13 October 2013. Accessed 13 January 2017. نسخة محفوظة 11 سبتمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Genocide and the Europeans, 2010. Page 71.
↑  There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture, 2007. Page 213.
↑  The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945–1980, 1986. Page 91
↑  Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 122. "Starting in October 1967, there were also direct Czech arms flights, by a network of pilots led by Jack Malloch, a Rhodesian in contact with Houphouët-Boigny and Mauricheau-Beupré."
↑  "Republic of Biafra 1967-1970". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-09-03.
↑  Malcolm MacDonald: Bringing an End to Empire, 1995. Page 416.
↑  Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, 2001. Page 54.
↑  Africa 1960–1970: Chronicle and Analysis, 2009. Page 423
1 2 3  "Nigeria – Independent Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
↑  Daly، Samuel Fury Childs (2020). "A Nation on Paper: Making a State in the Republic of Biafra". Comparative Studies in Society and History. ج. 62 ع. 4: 868–894. DOI:10.1017/S0010417520000316. S2CID:224852757. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-17.
↑  Plotnicov، Leonard (1971). "An Early Nigerian Civil Disturbance: The 1945 Hausa-Ibo Riot in Jos". The Journal of Modern African Studies. ج. 9 ع. 2: 297–305. DOI:10.1017/S0022278X00024976. ISSN:0022-278X. JSTOR:159448.
↑  Campbell, Colin (29 Mar 1987). "STARVATION WAS THE POLICY". The New York Times (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN:0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-05-05. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
↑  "ICE Case Studies: The Biafran War". American University: ICE Case Studies. American University. 1997. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-02-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-11-06.
↑  "Igbo | people". Encyclopedia Britannica (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2021-09-22. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
↑  Orji I.، Ema. "Issues on ethnicity and governance in Nigeria: A universal human Right perspectives". Fordham International Law Journal. ج. 25 ع. 2 2001 Article 4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-12.
1 2  "Sokoto Caliphate" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-03-08.
↑  Olawoyin, Historical Analysis of Nigeria–Biafra Conflict (1971), pp. 32–33. "The Ibo like the Hausa and Yoruba, are found in hundreds in all towns and cities throughout the Federation. Even at the period of the Civil War, they numbered more than 5,000 in Lagos alone."
↑  Nwafor-Ejelinma, Ndubisi (Aug 2012). Ndi-Igbo of Nigeria: Identity Showcase (بالإنجليزية). Trafford Publishing. ISBN:978-1-4669-3892-2. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06.
↑  "The particularity of the problem with Nigeria @ 59". TheCable (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). 1 Oct 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
↑  Ijeaku, Nnamdi، صفحة. 25, في كتب جوجل
↑  Abutu, Dan. "THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR" (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (help)
↑  Olawoyin, Historical Analysis of Nigeria–Biafra Conflict (1971), pp. 34–35. "In principle, authority in the local community was formerly exercised by a body of elders which met in council presided over by the head of the senior lineage and included heads of other lineage and sub-lineage. Councils were concerned mainly with offences, religion and public issues likely to break up the solidarity of the group, village or town. Men of influence, particularly men of wealth, who held titles, and members of local Ozo and Eze lodges, frequently dominated the lineage heads, but there was no formal concentration of authority in a single individual. Among the Ibo, even where there was no title taking, a man of wealth could attain considerable political power, apart from any authority derived from his place in a kinship system. [...] New laws which affected the community required the consent of the community concerned as expressed at a public meeting."
↑  Olawoyin, Historical Analysis of Nigeria–Biafra Conflict (1971), p. 30. "Bonny, which became one of the principal slave markets on the coast, was largely peopled by Ibo. In 1790, according to Adams, 16,000 out of the 20,000 slaves sold there annually were Ibos. The last British slaver sailed from Bonny in 1808, though the trade continued until 1841."
↑  Biafra Story, Frederick Forsyth, Leo Cooper, 2001 (ردمك 0-85052-854-2)
↑  Pierri, A New Entry into the World Oil Market (2013), p. 108. "The North had developed very differently from the rest of the country, for it lagged far behind the South in terms of European-educated population. Hence, Northerners feared that incorporation into an independent and unitary Nigerian State molded according to European standards would cause their cultural and political submission to the South."
↑  Wahab, E. O.; Odunsi, S. O.; Ajiboye, O. E. (2012). "Causes, and Consequences of Rapid Erosion of Cultural Values in a Traditional African Society". Journal of Anthropology (بالإنجليزية). 2012: 1–7. DOI:10.1155/2012/327061.
↑  Audrey Chapman, "Civil War in Nigeria," Midstream, Feb 1968
↑  Oliver, Roland and Atmore, Anthony. Africa Since 1800. 1994, p. 270
↑  Jeyifo، Biodun (2013). "First, There Was A Country; Then There Wasn't: Reflections on Achebe's New Book". Journal of Asian and African Studies. ج. 48 ع. 6: 683–697. DOI:10.1177/0021909613506483. S2CID:147590538.
↑  Stremlau 2015، صفحات 72–73.
↑  Uche, Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War (2008), pp. 120–124.
↑  Stremlau 2015، صفحة 66.
↑  Uche, "Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War" (2008), pp. 125–127. "The Nigerian government subsequently made it explicit to Shell-BP that it expected the company to pay the outstanding oil royalty immediately. Once the oil flow stopped, sitting on a fence ceased to be an option for the British government. Britain subsequently decided to back Nigeria, partly because it was advised that, in the event of war, the odds were 'slightly in favour of the Federal Military Government'. Perhaps more importantly, the British government calculated that supporting Nigeria was its safest option if it were to preserve its oil interests in the country, largely because the Cold War and the rivalry among some Western European states made it likely that other foreign powers would wade into the conflict."
↑  O'Sullivan, "Humanitarian Encounters" (2014), p. 302. "It took time, however, for popular attention to focus on the crisis. In Britain that occurred only after 12 June 1968, when a film broadcast on ITV and a press campaign led by the Sun newspaper sparked the humanitarian response into life."
↑  Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), pp. 116–117. "The Katanga secession (1960–1963) was in many ways a precursor to the Biafran War for France. French mercenaries went to Katanga to support the Belgian intervention. The Belgians were helping Tshombé fight Congolese forces loyal to Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, who was supported by the Soviet Union. [...] The Katangan secession was ultimately unsuccessful, and thus it is a surprise that de Gaulle's government would support another secession in Biafra four years later. A number of other countries also drew a link between the two conflicts, and Ojukwu released a statement on 11 January 1969 called 'Biafra: the antithesis of Katanga', to reassure foreign powers. [...] Katanga gave France experience in using mercenaries to fight a war in which the consequences of failure were minimal."
↑  Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015)
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ضبط استنادي: وطنية :  المكتبة القومية الإسرائيلية (J9U)  مكتبة الكونغرس (LCNAF)  قاعدة البيانات الوطنية التشيكية (NLCR AUT) 
بوابة الحرب
بوابة القوات المسلحة المصرية
بوابة عقد 1960
بوابة عقد 1970
بوابة نيجيريا
خريطة بيافرا