معاداة السامية في أوروبا
مراجع

↑  Bennett, Gillian (2005), "Towards a revaluation of the legend of 'Saint' William of Norwich and its place in the blood libel legend". Folklore, 116(2), pp 119-21.
↑  See Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, La plus grande épidémie de l'histoire ("The greatest epidemics in history"), in L'Histoire magazine, n°310, June 2006, p.47 باللغة الفرنسية
↑  Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel (2007). "Black Death." Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 731-734; here: p. 731.
↑  "Strasbourg" (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Vol. 19. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 243-245; here: p. 244.
↑  آرثر هيرتزبيرغ and Hirt-Manheimer, Aron. Jews: The Essence and Character of a People, HarperSanFrancisco, 1998, p.84. (ردمك 0-06-063834-6)
↑  Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel, et al (2007). "Germany." Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 518-546; here: p. 522.
↑  Breuer, Mordechai (1996). "Prologue: The Jewish Middle Ages." In: Michael A. Meyer (Ed.), German-Jewish History in Modern Times, Volume 1: Tradition and Enlightenment, 1600-1780. Translated from the German by William Templer. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 81-103; here: p. 12. Concerning exceptions: "The fact that the Jews nonetheless managed to acquire land in some regions is only further evidence of the frequent contradiction that existed between theory and practice in their treatment." نسخة محفوظة 20 يناير 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Bein, Alex (1990). The Jewish Question: Biography of a World Problem. Translated from the German by Harry Zohn. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 89. Concerning exceptions: "Nevertheless, until well into the Middle Ages there still were Jews in rural settlements, and even beyond the period of the Crusades Jews owned lands, vineyards, and fields here or there in the small country towns and even cultivated them; our chief source for this is the Responsa." نسخة محفوظة 31 يناير 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Lateran 4 - 1215". www.ewtn.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أكتوبر 2020. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)
↑  "Lateran Council - Roman Catholicism". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-22.
↑  "Jewish Identification: Jewish Badge." The Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2016-04-14. نسخة محفوظة 27 أكتوبر 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Gay, Ruth. The Jews of Germany: A Historical Portrait. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. p. 20-21. Gay refers to historian هاينريش جرايتز as her source, without a specific citation.
↑  Stow, Kenneth (2005). "Expulsions, High Middle Ages." In: Richard S. Levy (Ed.), Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 216-218; here: p. 216. نسخة محفوظة 14 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Starr-Lebeau, Gretchen D. (2004). "Jews, Expulsions of (Spain; Portugal)." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World; via www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2016-04-14. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-06-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-01-20.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~ikalmar/illustex/orijed.intro.htm
↑  "Jud Suss The most successful anti-Semitic film ever made. Us www.HolocaustResearchProject.org". www.holocaustresearchproject.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-06-22.
↑  "The anti-Jewish pogrom in the Khmelnytsky uprising. [Archive] - The Phora". www.thephora.net. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-06.
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