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↑  Six pots of thirty-nine litres each = 234 liters = 61.8 gallons, according to Seesemann, p. 163.
1 2  B. S. Easton (1915b).
1 2  Broshi (1984), p. 33.
↑  Broshi (1986), p. 46: "In the biblical description of the agricultural products of the Land, the triad 'cereal, wine, and oil' recurs repeatedly (Deut. 28:51 and elsewhere). These were the main products of ancient Palestine, in order of importance. The fruit of the vine was consumed both fresh and dried (raisins), but it was primarily consumed as wine. Wine was, in antiquity, an important food and not just an embellishment to a feast.... Wine was essentially a man's drink in antiquity, when it became a significant dietary component. Even slaves were given a generous wine ration. Scholars estimate that in ancient Rome an adult consumed a liter of wine daily. Even a minimal estimate of 700g. per day means that wine constituted about one quarter of the caloric intake (600 out of 2,500 cal.) and about one third of the minimum required intake of iron."
↑  Waltke (2005), p. 505.
↑  "Ghawl Translation, Google Translate". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-16. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)|title=Ghawl translation, Google translate
↑  The firewater trail, Manuel Regueiro y González-Barros, European Geologist, Dec 2016
↑  Message from the head of the Chemistry Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Dr. Muataz bin Hashim bin Sulaiman Murad, 2020
↑  "Ghawla translation, Google Translate". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-16. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
↑  “Bogeyman.” Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/bogeyman. Accessed 20 Sep. 2020. نسخة محفوظة 2021-11-10 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  The Arab roots of European Medicine, David W. Tschanz, 1997
↑  "What is the most dangerous drug?". The Economist. 25 يونيو 2019. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-27.
↑  Waltke (2005), p. 127.
↑  Fitzsimmonds, p. 1255: "These two aspects of wine, its use and its abuse, its benefits and its curse, its acceptance in God's sight and its abhorrence, are interwoven into the fabric of the [Old Testament] so that it may gladden the heart of man (Ps. 104:15) or cause his mind to err (Is. 28:7), it can be associated with merriment (Ec. 10:19) or with anger (Is. 5:11), it can be used to uncover the shame of Noah (Gn. 9:21) or in the hands of Melchizedek to honor Abraham (Gn. 14:18).... The references [to drinks that can contain alcohol] in the [New Testament] are very much fewer in number, but once more the good and the bad aspects are equally apparent...."
↑  Raymond, p. 25: "This favorable view [of wine in the Bible], however, is balanced by an unfavorable estimate.... The reason for the presence of these two conflicting opinions on the nature of wine [is that the] consequences of wine drinking follow its use and not its nature. Happy results ensue when it is drunk in its proper measure and evil results when it is drunk to excess. The nature of wine is indifferent."
↑  McClintock and Strong, p. 1016: "But while liberty to use wine, as well as every other earthly blessing, is conceded and maintained in the Bible, yet all abuse of it is solemnly condemned."
↑  Maynard (1997b), pp. 374–376.
↑  Macdonald، Nathan (2008). What Did the Ancient Israelites Eat?. ص. 22–23.
1 2  M. G. Easton (1897b).
↑  Maynard (1997a), p. 114: "Excessive drinking was not uncommon in the ancient Near East."
↑  Raymond, p. 26.
↑  Raymond, p. 90: Drunkenness "is not merely a disgusting personal habit and social vice, but a sin which bars the gates of Heaven, desecrates the body, which is now in a special sense the dwelling-place of the Holy Spirit, and stains the mystical body of Christ, the Church."
↑  Waltke (2005), p. 507: "A total prohibition [of wine for kings], says Ross [Proverbs, p. 1128.], 'would be unheard of in the ancient courts,' and v. 6 assumes that the king has wine cellars."
↑  Wesley's Notes on the Bible CCEL نسخة محفوظة 2021-01-15 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3  "Archived copy". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2006-12-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-06-01.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: الأرشيف كعنوان (link)
1 2  John Gill's Exposition of the Bible Classic Bible Commentaries نسخة محفوظة 2015-06-30 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Waltke (2005), p. 508.
↑  "Biblical Horizons » No. 48: Concerning Wine and Beer, Part 1". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-11.
↑  Seesemann, p. 164.
↑  http://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/works/files/war-5.htm 5.13.6 نسخة محفوظة 2021-04-11 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  cf Waltke on Proverbs 31:4–7: "v. 6 assumes that the king has wine cellars."
↑  See translation and marginal note in the ESV for SS 2:4. نسخة محفوظة 2008-04-08 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Chronicles 12:38–40, John 2:1–11, Job 1:13, Job 1:18, Nehemiah 8:9–12 – New International Version". Bible Gateway. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-13.
↑  Pr 9:2,5; Est 1:7f; 5:6; compare those of the unfaithful in Is 65:11–12 نسخة محفوظة 2016-04-08 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Bible Gateway passage: Deuteronomy 14:22–29 – New International Version". Bible Gateway. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-07-26.
↑  "Bible Hub passage: John 2:1-11". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-01.
↑  "Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels, Volume 2 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-01.
↑  Seesemann, p. 162: "Wine is specifically mentioned as an integral part of the passover meal no earlier than كتاب اليوبيلات 49:6 ['... all Israel was eating the flesh of the paschal lamb, and drinking the wine ...'], but there can be no doubt that it was in use long before." P. 164: "In the accounts of the Last Supper the term [wine] occurs neither in the Synoptists nor Paul. It is obvious, however, that according to custom Jesus was proffering wine in the cup over which He pronounced the blessing; this may be seen especially from the solemn [fruit of the vine] (Mark 14:25 and par.) which was borrowed from Judaism." Compare "fruit of the vine" as a formula in the Mishnah, Tractate Berakoth 6.1.
↑  "Commentary on Matthew, Mark, Luke – Volume 3 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-27.
↑  http://thirdmill.org/newfiles/kei_mathison/TH.Mathison.Prot.Transub.1.html, see also http://wineinthelordssupper.net and Yelton نسخة محفوظة 2021-06-09 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Raymond, p. 80: "All the wines used in basic religious services in Palestine were fermented."
↑  "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Corinthians 11:20–22 – New International Version". Bible Gateway. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-13.
↑  Gregory of Nyssa. "Funeral Oration on Meletius". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-19.
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