الشيوعية في فيتنام
مراجع

↑  Turner، Robert F. (1975). Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development. Hoover Institution Publications. ص. 143. ISBN:978-0817964313.
↑  Gittinger، J. Price (1959). "Communist Land Policy in North Viet Nam". Far Eastern Survey. ج. 28 ع. 8: 113–126. DOI:10.2307/3024603. JSTOR:3024603.
↑  Courtois، Stephane؛ وآخرون (1997). The Black Book of Communism. Harvard University Press. ص. 569. ISBN:978-0-674-07608-2.
↑  Dommen, Arthur J. (2001), The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans, Indiana University Press, p. 340, gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions.
↑  "Newly released documents on the land reform". Vietnam Studies Group. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-04-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-07-15. Vu Tuong: There is no reason to expect, and no evidence that I have seen to demonstrate, that the actual executions were less than planned; in fact the executions perhaps exceeded the plan if we consider two following factors. First, this decree was issued in 1953 for the rent and interest reduction campaign that preceded the far more radical land redistribution and party rectification campaigns (or waves) that followed during 1954-1956. Second, the decree was meant to apply to free areas (under the control of the Viet Minh government), not to the areas under French control that would be liberated in 1954-1955 and that would experience a far more violent struggle. Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low-end estimate of the real number. This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper "Land Reform in North Vietnam, 1953-1956" presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies, Center for SE Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley (February 2001). In this paper Moise (7-9) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book (which was 5,000) and accepted an estimate close to 15,000 executions. Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs, but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate. This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more, taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign, the unauthorized killings at the local level, and the suicides following arrest and torture (the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases, however).{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link) cf. Szalontai، Balazs (نوفمبر 2005). "Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam, 1955–56". Cold War History. ج. 5 ع. 4: 395–426. DOI:10.1080/14682740500284630. cf. Vu، Tuong (2010). Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج. ص. 103. ISBN:9781139489010. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-22. Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China. ... Yet the Vietnamese 'land reform' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades elsewhere.
↑  Lewy، Guenter (1980). America in Vietnam. دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد. ص. 272-273. ISBN:9780199874231.
↑  Ghodsee, Kristen Rogheh, 1970-. Red hangover : legacies of twentieth-century communism. Durham. ISBN:978-0-8223-7241-7. OCLC:982394511. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-26.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء عددية: قائمة المؤلفين (link) صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  Milanovic, Branko (4 Mar 2015). "After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism". Challenge (بالإنجليزية). 58 (2): 135–138. DOI:10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402. ISSN:0577-5132. Archived from the original on 2020-08-22.
↑  Riedel, James (1997). "The Vietnamese Economy in the 1990s". Asian-Pacific Economic Literature (بالإنجليزية). 11 (2): 58–65. DOI:10.1111/1467-8411.00016. ISSN:1467-8411. Archived from the original on 2020-08-22.
بوابة شيوعية
بوابة فيتنام