تاريخ التخطيط العمراني
مراجع

↑  Dalley 1989, p.120.
1 2  Davreu, Robert (1978). "Cities of Mystery: The Lost Empire of the Indus Valley". The World’s Last Mysteries. (second edition). Sydney: Readers’ Digest. pp. 121-129. (ردمك 0-909486-61-1).
↑  Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. (Illustrated edition). New York: Springer. p. 229. (ردمك 978-0-3064-6158-3).
↑  Eran Ben-Joseph, "Codes and Standards"; in Weber & Crane (2012), p. 357: "Other excavations, such as those in the Indus Valley, at Mohenjo-Daro and at Harappa in Punjam, show that the valley had cities planned and built in rectangular blocks lined with two-story houses along broad, straight streets. Such evidence of the pervasive use of orthogonal arrangements tells of an enduring continuity of farm, village, and city. The farmer's custom of long narrow fields and right-angled boundaries carried easily to streets and squares. However, the innovative geometry of towns and cities was influenced more by the mechanics of supplying water and draining sewage than in the imposition of right-angled street corners."
↑  
Smith, Michael E. (مايو 2005). "City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica" (PDF). Journal of Urban History. Beverley Hills, CA: SAGE Publications. ج. 31 ع. 4: 403–434. DOI:10.1177/0096144204274396. OCLC:1798556. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2018-10-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-02-01.
↑  أرسطو, السياسة (أرسطو) II
↑  Urban planning in ancient Egypt
↑  Kolb, Frank (1984). Die Stadt im Altertum. München: Verlag C.H. Beck. pp. 51-141: Morris, A.E.J. (1972). History of Urban Form. Prehistory to the Renaissance. London. pp. 22-23.
↑  Hippodamus is also reported to have played an important role in the (re-)planning of the city of بيرايوس, and he is also associated to Thurii and Rhodes. It seems that the importance of Hippodamus’ ideas was not so much in the orthogonal plan, but rather in the distribution of functions and social classes across the city. (Kolb 1984, pp. 115-120; Cahill, Nicholas (2002). Household and City Organization at Olynthus. New Haven. par. 1.2)
↑  Morris 1972, pp. 39-41, 51-60; Kolb 1984, pp. 169-238; Benevolo, Leonardo (1993). Die Geschichte der Stadt. Frankfurt am Main/New York. pp. 256-267.
↑  Harris, W. (1989). "Invisible Cities: the Beginning of Etruscan Urbanization". Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale Etrusco. Roma, 1989. pp. 375-392. p. 85. The Etruscans were, in their turn, probably also influenced in this respect by Greek and Hellenic culture.
↑  Jerke, Porter & Lassar (2008), pp. 8–9: "In his [Mark Salette of Gehry Partners] view, the core qualities of good design—loosely based on principles laid down by Vitruvius in the first century B.C. and countless reconceptualizations since—generally are functionality and durability, contextual compatibility, and enduring respect and value."
↑  Vitrivius (1914). The Ten Books on Architecture, Bk I. Morris H. Morgan (translator). Harvard University Press.
↑  Demandt, Alexander (1998) ‘’Die Kelten’’. München: Verlag Ch. Beck. In fact, many sites where the Romans created towns, such as Paris, Vienna and Bratislava, had previously been Celtic settlements of more or less urban character.
خريطة تبين بيرايوس، وميناء أثينا، حيث التخطيط الشبكي (المتعامد) للمدينة
خطة إلبورغ في هولندا، استنادا إلى مخطط المساحة عام 1830. تأسست إلبورغ في عام 1392 من قبل أرنت بويكوب، مضيف دوق جيلر. يبدو أن أرنت قد عمل كمنظم خاص. وكان قد اشترى قطعة أرض بجانب البلدة القائمة، وحصل على إذن من سيده لتوسيع وإعادة بناء المدينة، وإعادة توطين سكان المنطقة المحيطة، وبيع الكثير من المنازل للمستوطنين. ويتركز التخطيط المتماثل للغاية على نهر كاناليسد وشارع متقاطع. غير أن التناظر مزعج حيث كانت الكنيسة في الزاوية الشرقية والشارع الموجود سابقاً (الشارع المنحني الوحيد في البلدة بأكملها) على الجانب الشمالي الغربي. تمت إضافة معاقل الزاوية والخندق الخارجي الواسع في أواخر القرن السادس عشر.