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↑  M. Aubert et al., "Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia", Nature volume 514, pages 223–227 (09 October 2014). "using uranium-series dating of coralloid speleothems directly associated with 12 human hand stencils and two figurative animal depictions from seven cave sites in the Maros karsts of Sulawesi, we show that rock art traditions on this Indonesian island are at least compatible in age with the oldest European art. The earliest dated image from Maros, with a minimum age of 39.9 kyr, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. In addition, a painting of a babirusa ('pig-deer') made at least 35.4 kyr ago is among the earliest dated figurative depictions worldwide, if not the earliest one. Among the implications, it can now be demonstrated that humans were producing rock art by ∼40 kyr ago at opposite ends of the Pleistocene Eurasian world."
1 2  D. L. Hoffmann؛ C. D. Standish؛ M. García-Diez؛ P. B. Pettitt؛ J. A. Milton؛ J. Zilhão؛ J. J. Alcolea-González؛ P. Cantalejo-Duarte؛ H. Collado؛ R. de Balbín؛ M. Lorblanchet؛ J. Ramos-Muñoz؛ G.-Ch. Weniger؛ A. W. G. Pike (2018). "U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art". Science. ج. 359 ع. 6378: 912–915. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..912H. DOI:10.1126/science.aap7778. PMID:29472483. "we present dating results for three sites in Spain that show that cave art emerged in Iberia substantially earlier than previously thought. Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates on carbonate crusts overlying paintings provide minimum ages for a red linear motif in La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in Maltravieso (Extremadura), and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andalucía). Collectively, these results show that cave art in Iberia is older than 64.8 thousand years (ka). This cave art is the earliest dated so far and predates, by at least 20 ka, the arrival of modern humans in Europe, which implies Neandertal authorship."
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↑  Feehly، Conor (6 يوليو 2021). "Beautiful Bone Carving From 51,000 Years Ago Is Changing Our View of Neanderthals". ScienceAlert. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-07-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-07-06.
↑  Leder, Dirk؛ وآخرون (5 يوليو 2021). "A 51,000-year-old engraved bone reveals Neanderthals' capacity for symbolic behaviour". Nature Ecology & Evolution. ج. 594. DOI:10.1038/s41559-021-01487-z. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-07-06.
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↑  Mackay، Alex؛ Welz، Aara (2008). "Engraved ochre from a Middle Stone Age context at Klein Kliphuis in the Western Cape of South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. ج. 35 ع. 6: 1521–1532. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2007.10.015.
↑  Chazan، Michael؛ Horwitz، Liora Kolska (2009). "Milestones in the development of symbolic behaviour: a case study from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". World Archaeology. ج. 41 ع. 4: 521–539. DOI:10.1080/00438240903374506. S2CID:4672735.
↑  d'Errico، Francesco؛ García Moreno، Renata؛ Rifkin، Riaan F (2012). "Technological, elemental and colorimetric analysis of an engraved ochre fragment from the Middle Stone Age levels of Klasies River Cave 1, South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. ج. 39 ع. 4: 942–952. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2011.10.032.
↑  Texier، Pierre-Jean؛ وآخرون (2010). "A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 107 ع. 14: 6180–6185. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.6180T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0913047107. PMC:2851956. PMID:20194764.
↑  Texier, Pierre-Jean, et al. The context, form and significance of the MSA engraved ostrich eggshell collection from Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science.
↑  Lombard، M (2006). "Direct evidence for the use of ochre in the hafting technology of Middle Stone Age tools from Sibudu Cave". Southern African Humanities. ج. 18: 57–67.; Lombard، M (2007). "The gripping nature of ochre: The association of ochre with Howiesons Poort adhesives and Later Stone Age mastics from South Africa". Journal of Human Evolution. ج. 53 ع. 4: 406–419. DOI:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.05.004. PMID:17643475.
↑  Wadley, Lyn, Hodgskiss, Tamaryn & Grant, Michael (2009) Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
↑  Wadley، Lyn (2010). "Compound-Adhesive Manufacture as a Behavioral Proxy for Complex Cognition in the Middle Stone Age". Current Anthropology. ج. 51: S111–S119. DOI:10.1086/649836.
↑  Rifkin, Riaan F. (2012) The symbolic and functional exploitation of ochre during the South African Middle Stone Age. Institute for Human Evolution (IHE). University of the Witwatersrand.
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