بيتكوين في السلفادور
مراجع

↑  Weiss Auberdiac, Pablo (19 Dec 2024). "Adiós a la "nación cripto": El Salvador dejará de usar Bitcoin como moneda de curso legal". iProUP (بالإسبانية). Retrieved 2024-12-22.
↑  Kharpal, MacKenzie Sigalos, Arjun (13 Oct 2022). "El Salvador's bitcoin experiment: $60 million lost, $375 million spent, little to show so far". CNBC (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-05-15.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  Alvarez، Fernando (1 أبريل 2022). "ARE CRYPTOCURRENCIES CURRENCIES? BITCOIN AS LEGAL TENDER IN EL SALVADOR" (PDF). NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH.
↑  "Historic Outline". www.bcr.gob.sv. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-08-14.
↑  Towers، Marcia؛ Borzutzky، Silvia (2004). "The Socioeconomic Implications of Dollarization in El Salvador". Latin American Politics and Society. ج. 46 ع. 3: 29–54. DOI:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2004.tb00284.x. ISSN:1531-426X. JSTOR:4141619. S2CID:232393394. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-15.
↑  "El Salvador marks 20 years of dollarization with weak economic impulse". The Tico Times | Costa Rica News | Travel | Real Estate (بAmerican English). 4 Jan 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  voicesontheborder (8 Jun 2011). "Ten Years Later- The Impact of Dollarization in El Salvador". Voices on the Border (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
↑  Hawkins، John (13 يونيو 2021). "Can Bitcoin become a real currency? Here's what's wrong with El Salvador's crypto plan". The Conversation. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-08-23.
↑  Coker، David (9 يونيو 2021). "Bitcoin: El Salvador's grand experiment". The Conversation. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-08-23.
↑  "El Salvador Is Betting on Bitcoin to Rebrand the Country — and Strengthen the President's Grip". Time (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2024-12-15. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  "Welcome to Cryptoland: How Bitcoin Made it Big in El Salvador". www.vice.com (بالإنجليزية). 30 Dec 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  "In a world first, El Salvador makes bitcoin legal tender". Reuters (بالإنجليزية). 10 Jun 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-08-12. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
↑  Koffman, Tatiana. "This El Salvador Village Adopts Bitcoin As Money". Forbes (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2021-08-10. Retrieved 2021-08-10.
↑  Han, Lisa Kailai. "Inside 'Bitcoin Beach': The town of El Zonte operates the world's first full crypto economy. Its founders shared a behind-the-scenes look at the initiative — and other hot spots to watch for the everyday use of tokens". Business Insider (بAmerican English). Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  "Central America hoped bitcoin would attract tourists. It hasn't worked". Washington Post (بAmerican English). ISSN:0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
↑  "Decreto 57" (PDF).
↑  Griffith, Erin (5 Jun 2021). "Thousands Descend on Miami to Glorify Bitcoin". The New York Times (بAmerican English). ISSN:0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-11-27. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
1 2 3  Barber, Gregory. "In El Salvador, Bitcoin's Libertarian Streak Meets an Autocratic Regime". Wired (بAmerican English). ISSN:1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2024-12-12. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  Merlin Delcid (7 سبتمبر 2021). "El Salvador buys bitcoin as the digital currency becomes legal tender". CNN. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-27.
↑  Ostroff، Caitlin؛ Pérez، Santiago (9 يونيو 2021). "El Salvador Becomes First Country to Approve Bitcoin as Legal Tender". وول ستريت جورنال. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-07-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-08-22.
↑  Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Avelar, Bryan; Livni, Ephrat (7 Oct 2021). "Bitcoin Preaches Financial Liberty. A Strongman Is Testing That Promise". The New York Times (بAmerican English). ISSN:0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-12-25. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  "World Bank rejects El Salvador request for Bitcoin help". بي بي سي نيوز. 17 يونيو 2021. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-08-22.
↑  Pérez، Santiago؛ Ostroff، Caitlin (26 أغسطس 2021). "El Salvador Gets Ready for a Risky Bitcoin Experiment". وول ستريت جورنال. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-12-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-08-26.
↑  "Countries That Defied Odds in Terms of Crypto Acceptance". 9 نوفمبر 2022. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2024-12-24.
↑  "Majority of Salvadorans do not want bitcoin, poll shows". Reuters (بالإنجليزية). 2 Sep 2021. Archived from the original on 2023-03-13. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  Sigalos, Arjun Kharpal, MacKenzie (7 Sep 2021). "El Salvador bought $21 million of bitcoin as it becomes first country to make it a legal currency". CNBC (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-01-30.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  Lopez, Oscar; Livni, Ephrat (7 Sep 2021). "In Global First, El Salvador Adopts Bitcoin as Currency". The New York Times (بAmerican English). ISSN:0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-12-03. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
↑  Smith, Zachary Snowdon. "El Salvador Buys $15 Million Worth Of Bitcoin 'Really Cheap,' President Crows, As Selloff Continues". Forbes (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  "Scepticism grows in El Salvador over pioneering Bitcoin gamble". the Guardian (بالإنجليزية). 30 Aug 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
↑  "Factbox: Pros and cons for El Salvador, the first bitcoin nation". Reuters (بالإنجليزية). 7 Sep 2021. Archived from the original on 2023-10-15. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
↑  O'Grady, Mary Anastasia (12 Sep 2021). "Opinion | El Salvador Runs a Bitcoin Scam". Wall Street Journal (بAmerican English). ISSN:0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2024-12-25. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Avelar, Bryan; Livni, Ephrat (7 Oct 2021). "Bitcoin Preaches Financial Liberty. A Strongman Is Testing That Promise". The New York Times (بAmerican English). ISSN:0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-12-25. Retrieved 2022-01-27.Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Avelar, Bryan; Livni, Ephrat (2021-10-07). "Bitcoin Preaches Financial Liberty. A Strongman Is Testing That Promise". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  "A 'Bitcoin City' in El Salvador inspired by ancient Greeks? Here's a reality check". NBC News (بالإنجليزية). 30 Nov 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  "Moody's downgrades El Salvador's rating to Caa1, maintains negative outlook". Moodys.com (بالإنجليزية). 30 Jul 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
↑  Dossett, Julian. "Panama unveils bill to make Bitcoin legal tender". CNET (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  Geron, Tomio (8 Sep 2021). "What happens when a whole country switches to bitcoin?". Protocol — The people, power and politics of tech (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-01-31.
↑  "El Salvador's government is gambling on bitcoin". The Economist. ISSN:0013-0613. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-03-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-07-09.
↑  "ANALYSIS: Crypto Critics Should Examine El Salvador Bitcoin Use". news.bloomberglaw.com (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-01-31.
↑  McDonald، Michael D.؛ Vizcaino، Maria Elena (30 ديسمبر 2021). "El Salvador's Leader Loved by Crypto Faithful, But Not by Bondholders". www.bloomberg.com. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-31.
↑  Kinosian, Sarah; Campos, Rodrigo (26 Nov 2021). "'Feel the Bit': El Salvador president gets mixed reaction to Bitcoin drive". The Japan Times (بAmerican English). Retrieved 2022-01-30.
↑  Gurdus, Lizzy (8 Jun 2021). "Bitcoin 2021: One development could be 'huge' for cryptocurrency's acceptance, fund manager says". CNBC (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-01-31.
↑  "El Salvador Is Betting on Bitcoin to Rebrand the Country — and Strengthen the President's Grip". Time (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2024-12-15. Retrieved 2022-01-27."El Salvador Is Betting on Bitcoin to Rebrand the Country — and Strengthen the President's Grip". Time. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  Bristow، Matthew (8 سبتمبر 2021). "Starbucks, Pizza Hut and McDonald's Take Bitcoin in El Salvador". www.bloomberg.com. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-31.
↑  "Más del 91 % de los salvadoreños prefieren el dólar sobre el Bitcoin, según nueva encuesta". Noticias de El Salvador - elsalvador.com (بالإنجليزية). 22 Nov 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  "El Salvador's plan to create the first Bitcoin-powered nation is tanking the economy—and is a mess by every measure". Fortune (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  "IMF Executive Board Concludes 2021 Article IV Consultation with El Salvador". IMF (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-01-26.
↑  Sigalos, MacKenzie (25 Jan 2022). "Drop bitcoin as legal tender, IMF urges El Salvador". CNBC (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-01-26.
↑  "IMF urged El Salvador to remove bitcoin's legal tender status". Reuters (بالإنجليزية). 25 Jan 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-10-15. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
↑  Bukele، Nayib (3 مارس 2023). "Nayib Bukele Tucker Carlson Interview". x.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-03-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2024-04-30.
↑  Renteria, Nelson; Esposito, Anthony (8 Sep 2021). "El Salvador's world-first adoption of bitcoin endures bumpy first day". Reuters (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2024-10-03. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
↑  Anders Anglesey (7 Sep 2021). "Chivo wallet disabled as people in El Salvador rush to use Bitcoin". Newsweek (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  McDonald، Michael D. (25 أكتوبر 2021). "El Salvador's Bitcoin Speculators Are Stifled in Chivo Scalping Crackdown". www.bloomberg.com. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-27.
↑  Gerard, David. "Bitcoin Failed in El Salvador. The President Says the Answer Is More Bitcoin". Foreign Policy (بAmerican English). Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  Murray، Christine (10 سبتمبر 2021). "El Salvador endures bumpy first week with bitcoin as legal tender". Financial Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-12-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-31.
↑  Livni, Ephrat (26 Jan 2022). "The I.M.F. urges El Salvador to end its embrace of crypto as Bitcoin tumbles". The New York Times (بAmerican English). ISSN:0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-12-25. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  "Ditch Bitcoin: IMF Urges El Salvador to Rethink Crypto". Bloomberg.com. 25 يناير 2022. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-10-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-27.
↑  "Analysis | Nayib Bukele trades bitcoin naked. El Salvador is paying the price". Washington Post (بAmerican English). ISSN:0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2024-04-24. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  Smith, Zachary Snowdon. "El Salvador Buys $15 Million Worth Of Bitcoin 'Really Cheap,' President Crows, As Selloff Continues". Forbes (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-01-31.
↑  "Here's how El Salvador's Bitcoin experiment is playing out so far — the good, the bad and the ugly". Business Insider. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-27.
↑  "El Salvador to use energy from volcanoes for bitcoin mining". ذي إندبندنت (بالإنجليزية). 10 Jun 2021. ISSN:0951-9467. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
↑  "El Salvador Bitcoin city planned at base of Conchagua volcano". BBC News (بBritish English). 21 Nov 2021. Archived from the original on 2024-12-02. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
↑  Maki، Sydney (22 نوفمبر 2021). "Bitcoin Bond Plan Sends El Salvador's Dollar Debt Diving". www.bloomberg.com. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-31.
↑  McDonald، Michael D.؛ Vizcaino، Maria Elena (30 ديسمبر 2021). "El Salvador's Leader Loved by Crypto Faithful, But Not by Bondholders". www.bloomberg.com. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-31.McDonald, Michael D.; Vizcaino, Maria Elena (December 30, 2021). "El Salvador's Leader Loved by Crypto Faithful, But Not by Bondholders". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
↑  Nahar، Pawan. "Driving to Bitcoin City: El Salvador drafts 20 bills for Bitcoin bonds". The Economic Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-04-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-27.
↑  Kinosian, Sarah; Campos, Rodrigo (26 Nov 2021). "'Feel the Bit': El Salvador president gets mixed reaction to Bitcoin drive". The Japan Times (بAmerican English). Retrieved 2022-01-30.Kinosian, Sarah; Campos, Rodrigo (2021-11-26). "'Feel the Bit': El Salvador president gets mixed reaction to Bitcoin drive". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
↑  "El Salvador: 70% de la población desconfía del bitcóin, según sondeo" (بالإسبانية الأوروبية). دويتشه فيله. 15 Jan 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-15.
↑  "Evaluación de año 2021 | Iudop" (PDF). uca.edu.sv. ص. 34–37. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-15.
↑  García, Marcela. "Nayib Bukele's failed Bitcoin experiment in El Salvador - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com (بAmerican English). Retrieved 2022-07-09.
↑  "El Salvador's government is gambling on bitcoin". The Economist. ISSN:0013-0613. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-03-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-07-09."El Salvador's government is gambling on bitcoin". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
1 2  Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Avelar, Bryan (5 Jul 2022). "A Poor Country Made Bitcoin a National Currency. The Bet Isn't Paying Off". The New York Times (بAmerican English). ISSN:0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2025-01-09. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
↑  "Cryptocurrency makes up just 1.9 pct. of remittances in El Salvador - La Prensa Latina Media" (بAmerican English). 25 May 2022. Archived from the original on 2024-05-18. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
↑  "Central America hoped bitcoin would attract tourists. It hasn't worked". Washington Post (بAmerican English). ISSN:0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2022-07-09."Central America hoped bitcoin would attract tourists. It hasn't worked". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
1 2  "Bitcoin: Will El Salvador's big crypto gamble pay off?". BBC News (بBritish English). 16 Jun 2022. Archived from the original on 2024-11-26. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
↑  Renteria, Nelson (22 Mar 2022). "El Salvador postpones bitcoin bond issue, expects better conditions". Reuters (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2023-10-15. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
↑  "El Salvador's Bitcoin bonds not going as planned for crypto-mad millennial president". Fortune (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-07-09.
1 2  Sigalos, MacKenzie (25 Jun 2022). "El Salvador's $425 million bitcoin experiment isn't saving the country's finances". CNBC (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-07-09.
↑  "What the crypto collapse means for El Salvador's economy". NPR.org (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2023-12-06. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
↑  "Grab Your Sunblock, Your Digital Assets, and Head to Bitcoin Beach". Bloomberg.com (بالإنجليزية). 22 Jun 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-06-22. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
↑  "El Salvador's Bitcoin-boosting leader buys $1.5 million more". ABC News (بالإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-07-09.
↑  "Bitcoin: Will El Salvador's big crypto gamble pay off?". BBC News (بBritish English). 16 Jun 2022. Archived from the original on 2024-11-26. Retrieved 2022-07-09."Bitcoin: Will El Salvador's big crypto gamble pay off?". BBC News. 2022-06-16. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
↑  Cota، Isabella (2 سبتمبر 2023). "Two years of bitcoin in Bukele's El Salvador: An opaque experiment with a little-used currency". إل باييس. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-12-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2024-01-24.
↑  Cota، Isabella (2 سبتمبر 2023). "Two years of bitcoin in Bukele's El Salvador: An opaque experiment with a little-used currency". إل باييس. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-12-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2024-01-24.Cota, Isabella (2023-09-02). "Two years of bitcoin in Bukele's El Salvador: An opaque experiment with a little-used currency". El País. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
↑  "Bitcoin rally: Is El Salvador's Bitcoin bet paying off?". بي بي سي. 6 ديسمبر 2023. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-12-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2024-01-30.
↑  Cuthbertson، Anthony (4 مارس 2024). "'We won't sell': Bitcoin holdings of El Salvador up 50%, president reveals". The Independent. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-11-19.
↑  "Nayib Bukele Portfolio Tracker". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2024-06-03.
↑  Pérez, Santiago. "El Salvador Made Bitcoin an Official Currency. Now It's Backtracking for IMF Loan". WSJ (بAmerican English). Retrieved 2024-12-19.
↑  Renteria، Nelson (19 ديسمبر 2024). "El Salvador says it will keep buying bitcoin despite IMF warning". رويترز.
بوابة الاقتصاد
بوابة السلفادور
بوابة السياسة
صراف آلي للبيتكوين من أثينا في السلفادور