المجموعة الفردانية R
مراجع

↑  Zhao، Zhongming؛ Khan، Faisal؛ Borkar، Minal؛ Herrera، Rene؛ Agrawal، Suraksha (2009). "Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: A study of 560 Y chromosomes". Annals of Human Biology. ج. 36 ع. 1: 46–59. DOI:10.1080/03014460802558522. ISSN:0301-4460. PMC:2755252. PMID:19058044. Figure 3
↑  Wells, Spencer (20 Nov 2007). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past (بالإنجليزية). National Geographic Books. p. 79. ISBN:978-1-4262-0211-7. Archived from the original on 2024-01-31. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan."
↑  Karafet TM، Mendez FL، Sudoyo H، Lansing JS، Hammer MF (مارس 2015). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. ج. 23 ع. 3: 369–73. DOI:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC:4326703. PMID:24896152. "This pattern leads us to hypothesize a southeastern Asian origin for P-P295 and a later expansion of the ancestor of subhaplogroups R and Q into mainland Asia. An alternative explanation would involve an extinction event of ancestral P-P295* chromosomes everywhere in Asia. These scenarios are equally parsimonious. They involve either a migration event (P* chromosomes from Indonesia to mainland Asia) or an extinction event of P-P295* paragroup in Eurasia."
↑  Wells, Spencer (20 Nov 2007). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past (بالإنجليزية). National Geographic Books. p. 79. ISBN:978-1-4262-0211-7. Archived from the original on 2024-01-31.Wells, Spencer (20 November 2007). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past. National Geographic Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan."
↑  Karafet TM، Mendez FL، Sudoyo H، Lansing JS، Hammer MF (مارس 2015). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. ج. 23 ع. 3: 369–73. DOI:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC:4326703. PMID:24896152.Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (March 2015). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (3): 369–73. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152. "This pattern leads us to hypothesize a southeastern Asian origin for P-P295 and a later expansion of the ancestor of subhaplogroups R and Q into mainland Asia. An alternative explanation would involve an extinction event of ancestral P-P295* chromosomes everywhere in Asia. These scenarios are equally parsimonious. They involve either a migration event (P* chromosomes from Indonesia to mainland Asia) or an extinction event of P-P295* paragroup in Eurasia."
↑  Raghavan, M. et al. 2014. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans, Nature, 505, 87–91. نسخة محفوظة 2023-09-06 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  ISOGG, Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades – 2016 (12 December 2016). نسخة محفوظة 2023-10-07 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Lbova، Liudmila (2021). "The Siberian Paleolithic site of Mal'ta: a unique source for the study of childhood archaeology". Evolutionary Human Sciences. ج. 3: 8, Fig. 6-1. DOI:10.1017/ehs.2021.5. PMC:10427291. PMID:37588521.
↑  Bolnick، Deborah؛ Bolnick، Daniel؛ Smith، David (2006). "Asymmetric Male and Female Genetic Histories among Native Americans from Eastern North America". Molecular Biology and Evolution. ج. 23 ع. 11: 2161–2174. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msl088. PMID:16916941. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-04-18. "In most cases, there is widespread agreement about whether a particular haplogroup represents an ancient Native American lineage or post-1492 admixture, but the status of haplogroup R-M173 has recently been subject to some debate. Some authors have argued that this haplogroup represents a founding Native American lineage (Lell et al. 2002; Bortolini et al. 2003), whereas others suggest that it instead reflects recent European admixture (Tarazona-Santos and Santos 2002; Bosch et al. 2003; Zegura et al. 2004). In eastern North America, the pattern of haplotype variation within this haplogroup supports the latter hypothesis: R-M173 haplotypes do not cluster by population or culture area, as haplotypes in the other founding haplogroups do, and most match or are closely related to R-M173 haplotypes that are common in Europe but rare in Asia. This pattern is opposite than expected if the Native American R-M173 haplotypes were descended from Asian haplotypes and suggests that recent European admixture is responsible for the presence of haplogroup R-M173 in eastern North America."
↑  Bolnick, Deborah Ann (2005). The Genetic Prehistory of Eastern North America: Evidence from Ancient and Modern DNA (بالإنجليزية). University of California, Davis. p. 83. Archived from the original on 2023-11-13. "Haplogroup R - M173 likely represents recent (post 1492) European admixture, as may P-M45* (Tarazona-Santos and Santos 2002; Bosch et al. 2003..."
↑  Raff, Jennifer (8 Feb 2022). Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas (بالإنجليزية). Grand Central Publishing. pp. 59–60. ISBN:978-1-5387-4970-8. Archived from the original on 2023-05-27. "Y chromosome founder haplogroups in Native Americans include Q-M3 (and its sub-haplogroups, Q-CTS1780), and C3-MPB373 (potentially C- P39-Z30536). Other haplogroups found [sic] Native American populations, like R1b, were likely the result of post-European contact admixture (44)."
↑  Malhi، Ripan Singh؛ Gonzalez-Oliver، Angelica؛ Schroeder، Kari Britt؛ وآخرون (ديسمبر 2008). "Distribution of Y chromosomes among Native North Americans: A study of Athapaskan population history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. ج. 137 ع. 4: 412–424. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.20883. PMC:2584155. PMID:18618732. "All individuals that did not belong to haplogroup Q and C were excluded from the Haplotype data set because these haplotypes are likely the result of non-native admixture (Tarazona-Santos and Santos, 2002; Zegura et al., 2004; Bolnick et al, 2006)...The frequency of haplogroup C is highest in Northwestern North America and the frequency of haplogroup R, the presence of which is attributed to European admixture, reaches its maximum in Northeastern North America."
بقايا فتى مالطا (MA-1) مع قطع أثرية مقبرة، متحف الأرميتاج، سانت بطرسبرغ.
خريطة تظهر توزع السُّلالة R في مُحيطها من السُّلالات الأخرى.