محاكمات قانون سميث لقادة الحزب الشيوعي
الحواشي

↑  Murray, Robert K. (1955), Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920, University of Minnesota Press, pp 82–104, 150–169,
↑  Walker, pp 128–133.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Levin, p 1488, available online, accessed June 13, 2012 نسخة محفوظة 15 مايو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3  The Smith Act was officially called the Alien Registration Act of 1940. Text of 1940 version. The Act has been amended since then: Text of 2012 version. The portion of the 1940 Act that was relevant to the CPUSA trials was: "Sec. 2. (a) It shall be unlawful for any person—
(1) to knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise, or teach the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence, or by the assassination of any officer of any such government;
(2) with the intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of any government in the United States, to print, publish, edit, issue, circulate, sell, distribute, or publicly display any written or printed matter advocating, advising, or teaching the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence.
(3) to organize or help to organize any society, group, or assembly of persons who teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow or destruction of any government in the United States by force or violence; or to be or become a member of, or affiliate with, any such society, group, or assembly of persons, knowing the purposes thereof...." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-06-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-22.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Kennedy, David M., The Library of Congress World War II Companion, Simon and Schuster, 2007, p 86, (ردمك 978-0-7432-5219-5).
↑  Belknap (1994), p 179. President Roosevelt insisted on the prosecution because the SWP had challenged a Roosevelt ally.
↑  Smith, Michael Steven, "Smith Act Trials, 1949", in Encyclopedia of the American Left, Oxford University Press, 1998, p 756.
↑  Belknap (1994), pp 196, 207. 
 See also: Ribuffo, Leo, "United States v. McWilliams: The Roosevelt Administration and the Far Right", in Belknap (1994), pp 179–206.
1 2 3 4 5  Belknap (1994), p 209.
↑  Hoover, J. Edgar, Masters of Deceit: the Story of Communism in America and How to Fight It, Pocket Books, 1958, p 5 (80,000 peak in 1944).
1 2 3  Belknap (1994), p 210.
↑  Belknap (1994), p 210. Truman quoted by Belknap. Belknap writes that Truman considered the CPUSA to be "a contemptible minority in a land of freedom".
↑  Theoharis, Atahn, The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p 27, (ردمك 978-0-89774-991-6).
↑  Haynes, pp 8–22.
↑  Redish, pp 81–82, 248. Redish cites Schrecker and Belknap. 
 Belknap (1994), p 210. 
 Powers, p 214.
↑  Tyler, G. L., "House Un-American Activities Committee", in Finkelman, p 780.
↑  Belknap (1994), p 210. 
 Redish, pp 81–82.
1 2 3  Redish, pp 81–82.
1 2  Belknap (1994), p 211.
↑  Belknap (1977), p 51. 
 Belknap (1994), p 207. 
 Lannon, p 122. 
 Morgan, p 314. 
 Powers, p 215.
↑  Powers, p 215.
↑  Morgan, p 314. Hoover quoted by Morgan. 
 Powers, p 215.
1 2  Morgan, p 314. 
 Sabin, p 41.
↑  Cramer v. United States, 325 U.S. 1, 1945.
1 2 3  Oakes, p 1460.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  "Communist Trial Ends with 11 Guilty", Life, October 24, 1949, p 31. نسخة محفوظة 26 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Morgan, p 315.
↑  Longer trials have been held since then, for example a 20-month trial in 1988 (Longest Mob Trial Ends, Los Angeles Times, August 27, 1988. Retrieved June 10, 2012). نسخة محفوظة 22 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Walker, p 185. 
 Morgan, p 315. 
 Sabin, pp 44–45. "Circus-like" are Sabin's words.
1 2  "Communists: The Little Commissar" نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين., Time, April 25, 1949 (Cover photo: Eugene Dennis). 
 "Communists: The Presence of Evil" نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين., Time: October 24, 1949. (Cover photo: Harold Medina). 
 "Communists: the Field Day is Over" نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين., Time, (article, not cover), August 22, 1949. 
 "Communists: Evolution or Revolution?" نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين., Time, April 4, 1949. 
 See also Life magazine articles "Communist trial ends with 11 guilty", Life, October 24, 1949, p 31; and "Unrepentant reds emerge", Life, March 14, 1955, p 30. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-07-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-22.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Belknap (1994), p 217. Belknap quotes an editorial from the left-leaning ذا نيو ريببلك, written after the prosecution rested on May 19, 1949: "[the prosecution] failed to make out the overwhelming case that many people anticipated before the trial began".
1 2 3  Martelle, p 76. Martelle states that Shirer's statement was published in the New York Star.
↑  "The Communist Indictments". The New York Times. 22 يوليو 1948. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
↑  Walker, p 186.
↑  Belknap (1994), p 214. Washington Post quoted by Belknap.
↑  "Indicted Reds Get Wallace Support". New York Times. 22 يوليو 1948. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
↑  Farrell Dobbs (24 يوليو 1948). "Letters to the Times: Indictment of Communists". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.; letter dated July 22, 1948
↑  Belknap (1994), p 212.
1 2 3  Redish, p 82.
1 2  Belknap (1994), p 208.
1 2 3 4  Belknap (1994), p 214.
↑  Belknap (1994), pp 216–217.
↑  Belknap (1994), p 214. 
 Belknap (1994), p 209.
1 2  Mahoney, M.H., Women in Espionage: A Biographical Dictionary, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1993, pp 37–39.
↑  "Girl Official of Party Stuns Reds at Trial", Chicago Daily Tribune, April 27, 1949, p 21.
↑  Martelle, pp.148–149.
↑  Sabin, p 42. 
 Attorney Maurice Sugar participated in an advisory role.
↑  Walker, pp 185–187. Many local affiliates of the ACLU supported second-tier communist defendants in the 1950s.
↑  Walker, p 185. 
 Belknap (1994), p 217. 
 Sabin, pp 44–46.
↑  Belknap (1994), p 213. 
 Walker, p 185. 
 Starobin, p 206. 
 Medina's ruling on the jury selection issue is 83 F.Supp. 197 (1949). The issue was addressed by the appeals court in 183 F.2d 201 (2d Cir. 1950). نسخة محفوظة 16 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Belknap (1994), p 213.
1 2  Belknap (1994), p 219.
↑  Belknap (1994), pp 219–220. 
 Starobin, p 207.
1 2  Belknap (1994), p 220.
1 2 3  Sabin, p 46. "Mutual hostility" is Sabin's characterization.
1 2  Belknap (1994), p 218.
↑  Redish, p 82. 
 Sabin, p 46.
↑  Belknap (1994), p 218. Medina quoted by Belknap.
↑  Sabin, pp 46–47. Sabin writes that only four defendants were cited. 
 Morgan, p 315 (Morgan erroneously quotes Winston as saying 500 – the correct quote is 5,000). 
 Martelle, p 175.
↑  Martelle, p 190.
↑  Belknap (1994), pp 212, 220.
↑  Belknap (2001), p 860.
1 2  Martelle, p 193.
1 2  Sabin, p 45.
↑  Johnson, John W., "Icons of the Cold War: The Hiss–Chambers Case", in Historic U.S. Court Cases: An Encyclopedia (Vol 1), (John W. Johnson, Ed.), Taylor & Francis, 2001, p 79, (ردمك 978-0-415-93019-2) (Hiss in same building).
↑  Martelle, pp 197–204.
↑  Belknap (1977), p 105.
↑  Martelle, pp 204–205.
1 2  Sabin, p 45. 
 Belknap (1994), p 221. 
 Redish, p 87. 
 One instruction from Medina to the jury was "I find as a matter of law that there is sufficient danger of a substantive evil that the Congress had a right to prevent, to justify the application of the statute under the First Amendment of the Constitution."
1 2 3 4 5  Dunlap, William V., "National Security and Freedom of Speech", in Finkelman (vol 1), pp 1072–1074.
1 2  Belknap (1994), p 221.
1 2 3 4 5  Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2014. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
↑  Morgan, p 317.
↑  Belknap (1994), p 221. 
 Morgan, p 317. Thompson quoted by Morgan.
↑  Attorney Maurice Sugar, who participated in an advisory role, was not cited for contempt.
1 2  Sabin, p 47.
↑  The regulation governing the contempt sentences was Rule 42(a) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. 

 Some of the contempt sentences were postponed pending appeal; for instance, Crockett served four months in an Ashland, Kentucky, Federal prison in 1952. See Smith, Jessie Carney, Notable Black American Men, Volume 1, Gale, 1998, p 236, (ردمك 978-0-7876-0763-0).
↑  George D. Wilkinson (19 أكتوبر 1949). "Letters to the Times: Communism Threat Not Ended". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.; letter dated October 16, 1949
1 2 3 4  "Vigorous and Varied Reactions Mark Result of Communist Trial". New York Times. 15 أكتوبر 1949. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
↑  Mrs. D. Brouwer (19 أكتوبر 1949). "Letters to the Times: Trend Away from Democracy". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-12-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.; letter written October 14, 1949
↑  David D. Driscoll (19 أكتوبر 1949). "Letters to the Times: Political Statutes Queried". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-01-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.; letter written October 16, 1949
1 2  "Verdict Assailed Abroad". New York Times. 16 أكتوبر 1949. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
↑  "McGohey, John F. X.", Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 04 مارس 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Belknap (1994) p 221 (50,000 letters). 
 Oakes, p 1460 ("national hero").
↑  Time, October 24, 1949. Retrieved January 31, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Oakes, p 1460. Medina chose to not run for governor.
1 2  Smith, J. Y., "Harold R. Medina, 102, Dies; Ran 1949 Conspiracy Trial", The Washington Post, March 17, 1990. 
 Sabin, p 79 (Cold War in Dennis case).
↑  Belknap (1977), p 123.
↑  Associated Press, "Justices Uphold Red Conviction", Spokesman-Review, March 28, 1950. 
 The conviction was upheld in Dennis v. United States, 339 U.S. 162 (1950). نسخة محفوظة 10 أبريل 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Belknap (1994), pp 224–225.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Martelle, pp 256–257.
1 2 3 4 5  Gregory, Ross, Cold War America, 1946 to 1990, Infobase Publishing, 2003, pp 48–53, (ردمك 978-1-4381-0798-1). 

 Kort, Michael, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War, Columbia University Press, 2001, (ردمك 978-0-231-10773-0). 

 Walker, Martin, The Cold War: a History, Macmillan, 1995, (ردمك 978-0-8050-3454-7).
↑  "Communists in Government Service, McCarthy Says". United States Senate History Website. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-03-09. 

 McCarthy made the claim in The Wheeling speech.
1 2  Sabin, p 56. 
 See also Fast, Howard, "The Big Finger", Masses & Mainstream, March, 1950, pp 62–68.
↑  Sabin, p 56 (200,000 figure). 
 Navasky, p 26 (32,000 figure).
↑  Heale, M. J., American Anticommunism: Combating the Enemy Within, 1830–1970, JHU Press, 1990, p 162, (ردمك 978-0-8018-4051-7). Hoover quoted by Heale. 

 Sabin, p 56.
↑  Sabin, p 60.
1 2 3 4  Belknap (2005), pp 258–259.
1 2 3  Rabban, pp 132–134, 190–199.
↑  Patterson v. Colorado, 205 U.S. 454 (1907).
1 2  Killian, p 1093.
↑  Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).
↑  Rabban, pp 285–286.
1 2 3  Killian, pp 1096, 1100.

Currie, David P., The Constitution in the Supreme Court: The Second Century, 1888–1986, Volume 2, University of Chicago Press, 1994, p 269, (ردمك 978-0-226-13112-2).

Konvitz, Milton Ridvad, Fundamental Liberties of a Free People: Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Transaction Publishers, 2003, p 304, (ردمك 978-0-7658-0954-4). 

 Eastland, p 47.
↑  The Court would adopt the imminent lawless action test in 1969's Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969), which some commentators view as a modified version of the clear and present danger test.
↑  Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919). 

 The bad tendency test was also used in Frohwerk v. United States, 249 U.S. 204 (1919); Debs v. United States, 249 U.S. 211 (1919); and Schaefer v. United States, 251 U.S. 466 (1920). 

 See Rabban, David, "Clear and Present Danger Test", in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, p 183, 2005, (ردمك 978-0-19-517661-2) .
↑  Killian, p. 1094. 
 Rabban, p 346.
Redish, p 102.
↑  Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925).
↑  Redish, p 102. 
 Kemper, p 653.
↑  Whitney v. California 274 U.S. 357 (1927).
↑  Redish pp 102–104. 
 Killian, p 1095.
↑  Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359 (1931). 
 Killian, p 1096. 
 Another case from that era that used the bad tendency test was Fiske v. Kansas, 274 U.S. 380 (1927).
↑  Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940).
↑  Including Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940): "When clear and present danger of riot, disorder, interference with traffic upon the public streets, or other immediate threat to public safety, peace, or order appears, the power of the State to prevent or punish is obvious.… we think that, in the absence of a statute narrowly drawn to define and punish specific conduct as constituting a clear and present danger to a substantial interest of the State, the petitioner's communication, considered in the light of the constitutional guarantees, raised no such clear and present menace to public peace and order as to render him liable to conviction of the common law offense in question."

And Bridges v. California, 314 U.S. 252 (1941): "And, very recently [in Thornhill] we have also suggested that 'clear and present danger' is an appropriate guide in determining the constitutionality of restrictions upon expression … What finally emerges from the 'clear and present danger' cases is a working principle that the substantive evil must be extremely serious, and the degree of imminence extremely high, before utterances can be punished."
↑  Antieu, Chester James, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 1998, p 219, (ردمك 978-1-57588-443-1). Antieu names Feiner v. New York, 340 U.S. 315 (1951); Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire 315 U.S. 568 (1942); and Kovacs v. Cooper, 335 U.S. 77 (1949).
↑  Eastland, p 47. 
 Killian, p 1101. 
 American Communications Association v. Douds 339 U.S. 382 (1950).
1 2  Belknap (1994), p 222.
↑  Eastland, pp 96, 112–113. 

 Sabin, p 79. 

 O'Brien, pp 7–8. 

 Belknap (1994), p 222. 

 Walker, p 187. 

 Belknap, Michal, The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy, ABC-CLIO, 2004, p 109, (ردمك 978-1-57607-201-1). 

 Kemper, p 655.
↑  United States v. Dennis et al (183 F.2d 201) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 16 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Belknap (1994), p 223. Vinson quoted by Belknap.
1 2 3  Dennis v. United States – 341 U.S. 494 (1951) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 04 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Killian, p 1100. 
 Kemper, pp 654–655.
1 2 3  O'Brien, pp 7–8
↑  Sabin, p 84. Black quoted by Sabin. 
 Morgan, pp 317–318.
↑  Killian, p 1103. 
 Eastland, p 112.
↑  Associated Press, "Contempt Sentences Upheld For Six Who Defended 11 Communist Leaders", The Toledo Blade, March 11, 1952. Douglas quoted in article. 
 Full text of Douglas' opinion is at: Sacher v. United States, 343 U.S. 1 (1952). Dissenting opinion. Justia. Retrieved January 30, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 09 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Rule 42(a), Fed.Rules Crim.Proc., 18 U.S.C.A.
1 2 3  Sacher v. United States 343 U.S. 1 (1952). Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 05 أغسطس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  From Sacher's majority opinion: "We are urged that these sentences will have an intimidating effect on the legal profession, whose members hereafter will decline to appear in trials where 'defendants are objects of hostility of those in power,' or will do so under a 'cloud of fear' which "threatens the right of the American people to be represented fearlessly and vigorously by counsel'."
↑  The appeals case was United States v. Sacher, 2 Cir., 182 F.2d 416.
↑  The initial appeal was 341 U.S. 952, 71 S.Ct. 1010, 95 L.Ed. 1374.
↑  Sacher v. United States. Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 09 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Sabin p 59 (the 132 were in addition to the twelve from 1949). Belknap (1994) p 226 (126 of the 132 were conspiracy charges, 6 or 7 were membership clause charges).
1 2 3 4 5  Belknap (1994), p 225–226.
↑  Edson, Peter, "New Anti-Red Laws Requested", Lawrence Journal-World, July 15, 1954, p 4. 
 Navasky, p 33. 
 Belknap (1994) p 225.
↑  Other CPUSA members indicted included: Robert Klonsky (Philadelphia); and Alexander Bittelman، Alexander Trachtenberg، في. جي. جيروم, and بيتى جاريت (New York).
↑  Sabin, pp 47–48.
↑  Sabin, p 48. 
 Auerbach, p 245–248. 
 Rabinowitz, Victor, A History of the National Lawyers Guild: 1937–1987, National Lawyers Guild Foundation, 1987, p 28.
↑  Auerbach, p 248.
↑  Auerbach, p 249.
↑  Navasky, p 37.
↑  Brown, Sarah Hart, Standing Against Dragons: Three Southern Lawyers in an Era of Fear, LSU Press, 2000, pp 21–22, (ردمك 978-0-8071-2575-5). 

 Navasky, p 37.
1 2 3 4  Sabin, pp 49–50.
↑  The California defendants challenged their $50,000 bail ($487٬281 in 2020 dollars) as excessively high, and won in the Stack v. Boyle 342 U.S. 1 (1951) Supreme Court case.
↑  Oshinsky, David M., A Conspiracy So Immense: the World of Joe McCarthy, Oxford University Press, 2005, p 149, (ردمك 978-0-02-923490-7) (discusses Budenz's income, which includes revenue from lectures and books, as well as compensation from the government for testifying). 

 Navasky, pp 33, 38. 

 Sabin, pp 62–63.
↑  Starobin, p 208. 
 Levin, p 1488.
↑  Belknap (2001), p 869 (defines the term "Red Monday"; on that day, a companion case, Watkins v. United States, was also decided). 

 Sabin, p 10. 

 Parker، Richard A. (2003). "Brandenburg v. Ohio". في Parker, Richard A. (ed.) (المحرر). Free Speech on Trial: Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions. University of Alabama Press. ص. 145–159. ISBN:978-0-8173-1301-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-15. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |محرر1= باسم عام (مساعدة)
↑  Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 04 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  In a concurring opinion Justice Black wrote: "Doubtlessly, dictators have to stamp out causes and beliefs which they deem subversive to their evil regimes. But governmental suppression of causes and beliefs seems to me to be the very antithesis of what our Constitution stands for. The choice expressed in the First Amendment in favor of free expression was made against a turbulent background by men such as Jefferson, Madison, and Mason – men who believed that loyalty to the provisions of this Amendment was the best way to assure a long life for this new nation and its Government.... The First Amendment provides the only kind of security system that can preserve a free government – one that leaves the way wide open for people to favor, discuss, advocate, or incite causes and doctrines however obnoxious and antagonistic such views may be to the rest of us." – Black quoted by Mason, Alpheus Thomas, The Supreme Court from Taft to Burger, LSU Press, 1979, pp 37, 162, (ردمك 978-0-8071-0469-9). Original decision: Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957). Justia. Retrieved February 12, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 04 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Killian, p 1100.
Redish pp 103–105.
↑  Patrick, John J.; Pious, Richard M., The Oxford Guide to the United States Government, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp 722–723, (ردمك 978-0-19-514273-0).
1 2  Belknap, Michal, "Communism and Cold War", in Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court, Oxford University Press, 2005, p 199, (ردمك 978-0-19-517661-2).
1 2  Noto v. United States 367 U.S. 290 (1961) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. 
 The preceding federal appeals case, which upheld the conviction, was United States v. John Francis Noto, 262 F.2d 501 (2d Cir. 1958) نسخة محفوظة 30 يونيو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3 4  Konvitz, "Noto v. United States", p 697: "There must be substantial evidence, direct or circumstantial, of a call to violence 'now or in the future' that is both 'sufficiently strong and sufficiently persuasive' to lend color to the 'ambiguous theoretical material' regarding Communist party teaching ... and also substantial evidence to justify the reasonable inference that the call to violence may fairly be imputed to the party as a whole and not merely to a narrow segment of it."
↑  Noto v. United States – 367 U.S. 290 (1961) Justia. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 30 يونيو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Scales was initially convicted in 1955, but the sentence was overturned on appeal due to procedural mistakes by the prosecution; and he was retried in 1958. The 1957 reversal is Scales v. U. S., 355 U.S. 1, 78 S.Ct. 9, 2 L.Ed.2d 19 FindLaw. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 18 مايو 2004 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Goldstein, Robert Justin, Political Repression in Modern America, (University of Illinois Press, 1978, 2001) p.417, (ردمك 978-0-252-06964-2). Other CPUSA leaders, such as Noto, were convicted under the membership clause, but Scales was the only one whose conviction was not overturned on appeal.
↑  Scales v. United States, 367 U.S. 203 (1961), Oyez. Retrieved March 20, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 23 سبتمبر 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  The federal appeals case preceding the Supreme Court appeal was 260 F.2d 21 (1958).
↑  Willis, Clyde, Student's Guide to Landmark Congressional Laws on the First Amendment, Greenwood, 2002, p 47, (ردمك 978-0-313-31416-2).
↑  Konvitz, "Scales v. United States", p 882: "Since the Communist party was considered an organization that engaged in criminal activity, the Court saw no constitutional obstacle to the prosecution of a person who actively and knowingly works in its ranks with intent to contribute to the success of its illegal objectives. Even though the evidence disclosed no advocacy for immediate overthrow of the government, the Court held that present advocacy of future action satisfied statutory and constitutional requirements no less than advocacy of immediate action."
↑  Ari L. Goldman (7 أغسطس 2002). "Junius Scales, Communist Sent to Prison, Dies at 82". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.. See also: "Clemency for Scales". New York Times. 28 ديسمبر 1962. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13. and Sabin, p 60.
↑  Tate, Cindy L., Mersky, Roy M., Hartman, Gary R., "Scales v. United States", in Landmark Supreme Court Cases, Infobase Publishing, 2004, pp 428–429, (ردمك 978-1-4381-1036-3).
↑  Walker, pp 240–242.
↑  Belknap (1994), pp 225–226. 
 Sabin, p 60. 
 Not all indictments led to convictions: ten were acquitted, one died, three did not go to trial due to ill health, and one had a hung jury (Belknap (1994) p 225).
↑  Wolf, Adam B., "Anti-Anarchy and Anti-Syndicalism Statutes", in Finkelman (vol 1), p 68. 

 The provision requiring registration was revoked in 1982. See Murphy, Paul, "Alien Registration Act 54 Stat. 670 (1940)", in Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, Volume 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2000, p 68, (ردمك 978-0-02-865582-6).
↑  Including cases such as Konigsberg v. State Bar of California, 366 U.S. 36 (1961). 
 Killian, pp 1101–1103.
↑  Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).
↑  Redish pp 104–106. 
 Killian, pp 1109–1110.
↑  E.g. in cases such as Hess v. Indiana, 414 U.S. 105 (1973). 
 Redish, p 105. 
 Kemper, p 653.
↑  Powers, p 216.
↑  Belknap (1994), p 226.
↑  Martelle, p 255.
↑  Gentry, Kurt, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets, W. W. Norton & Company, 1991, p 442, (ردمك 978-0-393-02404-3).
↑  Martelle, p 255. Gates quoted by Martelle. 
 Mike Wallace interview of John Gates, January 18, 1958. University of Texas at Austin. نسخة محفوظة 22 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Carl Winter, Imprisoned by U.S. As Communist Leader, Dies at 85". New York Times. 20 نوفمبر 1991. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-05-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-13.
↑  Buhle, Mari Jo, The American Radical, Psychology Press, 1994, p 202, (ردمك 978-0-415-90804-7).
1 2  Martelle, p 254.
↑  Martelle, p 244.
↑  408 F.2d 154, 132 U.S.App.D.C. 351 Sylvia H. Thompson, Appellant, v. Clark M. Clifford, as Secretary of Defense, et al., Appellees. Retrieved May 2, 2012. نسخة محفوظة 26 مارس 2012 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Schrecker, Ellen, The Age of McCarthyism: a Brief History with Documents, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, p 203, (ردمك 978-0-312-29425-0).