قائمة الأنظمة الشمولية
مراجع

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  "Totalitarianism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-04.
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↑  Rutland، Peter (1993). The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management. Cambridge University Press. ص. 9. ISBN:978-0-521-39241-9. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-06-11. after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one.
↑  Krupnik، Igor (1995). "4. Soviet Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". في Ro'i، Yaacov (المحرر). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. ISBN:978-0-714-64619-0. The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself.
↑  von Beyme، Klaus (2014). On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics. Springer. ص. 65. ISBN:978-3-319-01559-0. The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.
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↑  Morgan, Philip (2004), Morgan, Philip (ed.), "The Construction of the 'Totalitarian' State, 1925–29", Italian Fascism, 1915–1945, The Making of the 20th Century (بالإنجليزية), London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 96–124, DOI:10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_4, ISBN:978-0-230-80267-4, Archived from the original on 2021-11-19, Retrieved 2021-08-20
↑  Roberts، David D. (2009). "'Political Religion' and the Totalitarian Departures of Inter-War Europe: On the Uses and Disadvantages of an Analytical Category". Contemporary European History. ج. 18 ع. 4: 381–414. ISSN:0960-7773. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-20.
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↑  "Kim Jong Un's North Korea: Life inside the totalitarian state". Washington Post. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-17.
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↑  Bihari, Mihály (2013). "Magyarországi pártrendszerek (Történeti és analitikus bemutatás)" [Party systems of Hungary (historical and analytical presentation)]. Politológia: a politika és a modern állam: pártok és ideológiák [Political Science: Politics and the Modern State: Parties and Ideologies] (بالمجرية). Budapest: Nemzedékek Tudása Tankönyvkiadó. p. 367. ISBN:978-963-197-628-1. OCLC:1081799738. Az egypárti diktatúra első szakasza 1949 nyarától 1953 nyaráig (az első Nagy Imre-kormány kinevezéséig) tartott. Ennek az időszaknak azegypártrendszere olyan totalitárius egypártrendszer, amely összekapcsolódott Rákosi Mátyás despotikus személyi hatalmával. [The first phase of the one-party dictatorship lasted from the summer of 1949 to the summer of 1953 (until the appointment of the first Imre Nagy government). The one-party system of this period is a totalitarian one-party system connected with the despotic personal power of Mátyás Rákosi.]
↑  Mezey, Barna; Gosztonyi, Gergely, eds. (2003). "A szovjet típusú államberendezkedés Magyarországon (1949–1956)" [The Soviet-type state system in Hungary (1949–1956)]. Magyar alkotmánytörténet [Hungarian Constitutional History] (بالمجرية). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. pp. 467–468. ISBN:963-389-532-4. OCLC:1014875954. ... a párt nemcsak megszervezni igyekezett a társadalmat, hanem megpróbálta saját képére és hasonlatosságára formálni, s ellenőrzése alá vonta a termelést és az elosztást. ... A magyar társadalom ellenállása csupán néhány évig biztosította a valóban totalitárius berendezkedést. [... the party not only sought to organize society, but also to shape it in its own image and likeness, bringing production and distribution under its control. ... The resistance of the Hungarian society ensured a truly totalitarian system for only a few years.]
↑  Körösényi, András; Tóth, Csaba; Török, Gábor (2007). "A kommunista korszak tradíciója" [The tradition of the communist era]. A magyar politikai rendszer [The Hungarian Political System] (بالمجرية). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 21. ISBN:978-963-389-963-2. OCLC:1088039656. A politikai hatalom totális jellegűvé vált ... A rendszer totalitárius jellege abban ragadható meg, hogy a pártállami kontroll a politikai szférán messze túlmenően minden létszférára – a gazdaságtól a kultúrán keresztül egészen az iskolai és ifjúsági szocializációig – kiterjedt. [Political power has become total in nature ... The totalitarian nature of the system can be grasped in the fact that party-state control extended far beyond the political sphere to all spheres of existence, from the economy through culture to school and youth socialization.]
↑  Romsics, Ignác (2010). "A rákosista diktatúra" [The Rákosist dictatorship]. Magyarország története a XX. században [History of Hungary in the 20th Century] (بالمجرية). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 337. ISBN:978-963-276-179-4. OCLC:1081699371. Nem kétséges, hogy az 1949-re kialakult magyar rendszer ... kimeríti a totalitarianizmus fogalmát. [There is no doubt that the Hungarian system formed by 1949 ... exhausts the concept of totalitarianism.]
↑  Pei, Minxin. “China: Totalitarianism’s Long Shadow.” Journal of Democracy 32, no. 2 (2021): 5–21. نسخة محفوظة 14 يوليو 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Roger Garside, "Totalitarian China: Outwardly Strong, Inwardly Weak", Journal of Political Risk, Vol. 9, No. 5, May 2021 نسخة محفوظة 2021-06-29 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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1 2  Rummel، R.J. (1994). "Democide in totalitarian states: Mortacracies and megamurderers.". في Charney، Israel W. (المحرر). Widening circle of genocide. Transaction Publishers. ص. 5. There is much confusion about what is meant by totalitarian in the literature, including the denial that such systems even exist. I define a totalitarian state as one with a system of government that is unlimited constitutionally or by countervailing powers in society (such as by a church, rural gentry, labor unions, or regional powers); is not held responsible to the public by periodic secret and competitive elections; and employs its unlimited power to control all aspects of society, including the family, religion, education, business, private property, and social relationships. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was thus totalitarian, as was Mao's China, Pol Pot's Cambodia, Hitler's Germany, and U Ne Win's Burma
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↑  Whine، Michael (1 سبتمبر 2001). "Islamism and Totalitarianism: Similarities and Differences". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. ج. 2 ع. 2: 54–72. DOI:10.1080/714005450. S2CID:146940668.
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