معركة كارهاي
مراجع

↑  CARRHAE on Encyclopedia Iranica نسخة محفوظة 27 يونيو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Shahbazi 1990.
↑  Plutarch's Lives: Crassus, Perseus tufts نسخة محفوظة 2016-03-16 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Both Pompeius and Crassus held their first consulship in 70 BC, fifteen years earlier.
↑  This political overview primarily derives from إريك إس. غروين, "Pompey, the Roman Aristocracy, and the Conference of Luca," Historia 18 (1969) 71–108, especially 107–08. The literature on the triumvirate's political deal-making in 56 BC is vast. Other works consulted include رونالد سيم, The Roman Revolution (Oxford University Press, 1939, reissued 2002), limited preview online, particularly Chapter 3, "The Domination of Pompeius"; J.P.V.D. Balsdon, "Consular Provinces under the Late Republic, II," Journal of Roman Studies 29 (1939) 167–83; G.R. Elton, "The Terminal Date of Caesar's Gallic Proconsulate," Journal of Roman Studies 36 (1946) 18–42; Thomas N. Mitchell, "Cicero before Luca (September 57–April 56 BC)," Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 100 (1969) 295–320; Colm Luibheid, "The Luca Conference," Classical Philology 65 (1970) 88–94; Anthony J. Marshall, review of Crassus: A Political Biography by B.A. Marshall (Amsterdam 1976) and Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic by A.M. Ward (University of Missouri Press, 1977), Phoenix 32 (1978) 261–66; Christian Meier, Caesar, translated by David McLintock (BasicBooks, 1982), pp. 270–73. To balance an historical tradition generally hostile toward Crassus, see T.J. Cadoux, "Marcus Crassus: A Revaluation," Greece & Rome 3 (1956) 153–61. نسخة محفوظة 2020-06-27 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mithradates". Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 620–622.
↑  De Ruggiero، Paolo (2014). Mark Antony: A Plain Blunt Man. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ص. 44–45. ISBN:9781473834569. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-07-19.
↑  فلوطرخس, Crassus 2 on greed, 14.4 on greed and envy, 16 on Crassus's eagerness for the Parthian campaign; see Bill Thayer's edition of the Loeb Classical Library translation at LacusCurtius online. نسخة محفوظة 2023-05-25 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  إريك إس. غروين, "M. Licinius Crassus: A Review Article," American Journal of Ancient History 2 (1977), p. 125.
↑  RedRampant – The Battle of Carrhae نسخة محفوظة August 30, 2005, على موقع واي باك مشين., Retrieved 10 May 2007
↑  Plutarch, Crassus 16.3.
↑  Plutarch, Crassus 18.4.
↑  Rawson, “Crassorum funera,” pp. 540–49. See also Ronald Syme, "The Sons of Crassus," Latomus 39 (1980) 403–08, and article on Publius Licinius Crassus (son of triumvir).
↑  شيشرون, De finibus 3.75.
↑  F.E. Adcock, "The Legal Term of Caesar's Governorship in Gaul," Classical Quarterly 26 (1932), pp. 23–24; on omens and curses, see article Gaius Ateius Capito (tribune).
↑  Date based on شيشرون, Ad Atticum 4.13.2.
↑  Debevoise 1938.
↑  Plutarch. Life of Crassus, 20.1
↑  Plutarch, Life of Crassus, 19.1.
↑  Plutarch, Life of Crassus, 21: "Nor was Surena an ordinary man at all, but in wealth, birth, and consideration, he stood next the king, while in valour and ability he was the foremost Parthian of his time, besides having no equal in stature and personal beauty. He used to travel on private business with a baggage train of a thousand camels, and was followed by two hundred waggons for his concubines, while a thousand mail-clad horsemen and a still greater number of light-armed cavalry served as his escort; and had altogether, as horsemen, vassals, and slaves, no fewer than ten thousand men."
↑  Plutarch. Life of Crassus, 21.2
↑  Plutarch. Life of Crassus, 22.3
↑  Plutarch. Life of Crassus, 23.3
↑  Plutarch. Life of Crassus, 23.5.
↑  Plutarch. Life of Crassus, 24.3.
↑  Goldsworthy, Adrian. The Roman Army at War 100 BC–200 AD.
1 2  Dio, Cassius. Roman History: Book 40, 22.2.
↑  Dio, Cassius. Roman History: Book 40, 22.3.
↑  Plutarch. Life of Crassus, 25.1.
↑  Plutarch. Life of Crassus, 25.7–12.
↑  Plutarch. Life of Crassus, 28.1.
↑  Plutarch. Life of Crassus, 28.2.
↑  Sampson، Gareth (2008). The Defeat of Rome in the East: Crassus, the Parthians, and the Disastrous battle of Carrhae, 52BC. Philadelphia: Casemate. ص. 140.
↑  Dio, Cassius. Roman History: Book 40, 26.1.
↑  Plutarch. Life of Crassus, 30.5.
↑  Dio, Cassius. Roman History: Book 40, 26.3.
↑  "Plutarch, Crassus, chapter 33". www.perseus.tufts.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-08-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-08.
↑  Braund، David (1993). "Dionysiac Tragedy in Plutarch, Crassus". The Classical Quarterly. ج. 43 ع. 2: 468–474. DOI:10.1017/S0009838800040003. JSTOR:639187. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-11-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-08.
↑  Plutarch. Life of Crassus, 31.7.
↑  The Deadly Banners of Carrhae نسخة محفوظة 2015-08-31 على موقع واي باك مشين., Robert Collins, Silkroad Foundation. Retrieved 10 May 2007
↑  Plutarch, 'Life Of Crassus,' p 418: "That one of his captives who bore the greatest likeness to Crassus, Caius Paccianus, put on a woman's royal robe, and under instructions to answer to the name of Crassus and the title of Imperator when so addressed, was conducted along on horseback."
↑  Plutarch, 'Life Of Crassus,' p 418: "That one of his captives who bore the greatest likeness to Crassus, Caius Paccianus, put on a woman's royal robe, and under instructions to answer to the name of Crassus and the title of Imperator when so addressed, was conducted along on horseback".
↑  Sheldon، Rose Mary (2010). Rome's Wars in Parthia. London: Vallentine Mitchell. ص. 42–43.
↑  http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/deportations نسخة محفوظة 2020-05-26 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Pompeius Trogus  ‏, in the epitome of Justin, 42.4.6.
↑  The Romans: From Village to Empire, Mary T. Boatwright
↑  “The Ides of March, Why They Killed Julius,” public lecture, Berkeley, 2 March 2008
↑  Schippmann، Klaus (15 ديسمبر 1986). Yarshater، Ehsan (المحرر). ARSACIDS ii. The Arsacid dynasty. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, Inc. ج. II. ص. 526–536. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-11-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-01-23. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |عمل= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
↑  Mclaughlin, William (31 Aug 2015). "Romans in China: The Lost Legions of Carrhae". WAR HISTORY ONLINE (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2018-04-29. Retrieved 2018-05-31.