اضطهاد ديني
مراجع

↑  Affolter، Friedrich W. (2005). "The Specter of Ideological Genocide: The Bahá'ís of Iran" (PDF). War Crimes, Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. ج. 1 ع. 1: 75–114. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2010-01-23.
↑  Online edition نسخة محفوظة 14 أبريل 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  "1984 anti-Sikh riots 'wrong', says Rahul Gandhi". هندوستان تايمز. 18 نوفمبر 2008. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-10-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-05-05.
↑  David T. Smith (12 نوفمبر 2015). Religious Persecution and Political Order in the United States. Cambridge University Press. ص. 26–. ISBN:978-1-107-11731-0. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-03. "Persecution" in this study refers to violence or discrimination against members of a religious minority because of their religious affiliation. Persecution involves the most damaging expressions of prejudice against an out-group, going beyond verbal abuse and social avoidance.29 It refers to actions that are intended to deprive individuals of their political rights and to force minorities to assimilate, leave, or live as second-class citizens. When these actions happen persistently over a period of time, and include large numbers of both perpetrators and victims, we may refer to a "campaign" of persecution that usually has the goal of excluding the targeted minority from the polity.
1 2  Nazila Ghanea-Hercock (11 نوفمبر 2013). The Challenge of Religious Discrimination at the Dawn of the New Millennium. Springer. ص. 91–92. ISBN:978-94-017-5968-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-03.
↑  Bateman, J. Keith. 2013. Don't call it persecution when it's not. Evangelical Missions Quarterly 49.1: 54-56, also p. 57-62.
1 2 3 4  Ken Booth (2012). The Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions. Routledge. ص. 50–51. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-03.
1 2  Adrian Koopman (2016). "Ethnonyms". في Crole Hough (المحرر). The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Oxford University Press. ص. 256. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-12.
↑  Michael Mann (2005). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge University Press. ص. 53–. ISBN:978-0-521-53854-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-13.
↑  Jacob Bercovitch؛ Victor Kremenyuk؛ I William Zartman (3 ديسمبر 2008). "Characteristics of ethno-religious conflicts". The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution. SAGE Publications. ص. 265–. ISBN:978-1-4462-0659-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-03.
↑
ألان بولوك؛ Hitler: A Study in Tyranny; HarperPerennial Edition 1991; p 219: "Once the war was over, [Hitler] promised himself, he would root out and destroy the influence of the Christian Churches, but until then he would be circumspect"
Michael Phayer؛ The Response of the German Catholic Church to National Socialism نسخة محفوظة 20 يناير 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين., published by ياد فاشيم: "By the latter part of the decade of the Thirties church officials were well aware that the ultimate aim of Hitler and other Nazis was the total elimination of Catholicism and of the Christian religion. Since the overwhelming majority of Germans were either Catholic or Protestant this goal had to be a long-term rather than a short-term Nazi objective."
Shirer, William L., Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, p. p 240, Simon and Schuster, 1990: "under the leadership of Rosenberg, Bormann and Himmler—backed by Hitler—the Nazi regime intended to destroy مسيحية in ألمانيا, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists."
أنطون جيل (1994). An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler. Heinemann Mandarin. 1995 paperback ISBN 978-0-434-29276-9, pp. 14–15: "[the Nazis planned to] de-Christianise Germany after the final victory".
ريتشارد جي إيفانز؛ The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press; New York 2009, p. 547
Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London p.661
Ian Kershaw; The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation; 4th Edn; Oxford University Press; New York; 2000"; pp. 173–74
Sharkey, Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity, New York Times, 13 January 2002
روجر غريفين Fascism's relation to religion in Blamires, Cyprian, World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1, p. 10, ABC-CLIO, 2006: "There is no doubt that in the long run Nazi leaders such as Hitler and Himmler intended to eradicate Christianity just as ruthlessly as any other rival ideology, even if in the short term they had to be content to make compromises with it."
Mosse, George Lachmann, Nazi culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich, p. 240, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2003: "Had the Nazis won the war their ecclesiastical policies would have gone beyond those of the German Christians, to the utter destruction of both the Protestant and the Catholic Church."
Fischel, Jack R.  ‏, Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust , p. 123, Scarecrow Press, 2010: "The objective was to either destroy Christianity and restore the German gods of antiquity or to turn Jesus into an Aryan."
Dill, Marshall, Germany: a modern history , p. 365, University of Michigan Press, 1970: "It seems no exaggeration to insist that the greatest challenge the Nazis had to face was their effort to eradicate Christianity in Germany or at least to subjugate it to their general world outlook."
Wheaton, Eliot Barculo The Nazi revolution, 1933–1935: prelude to calamity:with a background survey of the Weimar era, p. 290, 363, Doubleday 1968: The Nazis sought "to eradicate Christianity in Germany root and branch."
Bendersky, Joseph W., A concise history of Nazi Germany, p. 147, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007: "Consequently, it was Hitler's long range goal to eliminate the churches once he had consolidated control over his European empire." "نسخة مؤرشفة" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-11-17.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Onfray، Michel (2007). Atheist manifesto: the case against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Leggatt, Jeremy (translator). Arcade Publishing. ص. 24. ISBN:978-1-55970-820-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-08.
↑  Chadwick، Owen (2003). The Early Reformation on the Continent By. Oxford University Press. ISBN:978-0-19-926578-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-08. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)
↑  "'God Does Not Exist' Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-01-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-01-20.
↑  Religion in the Roman Empire, Wiley-Blackwell, by James B. Rives, page 196
↑  Sharkey, Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity, New York Times, 13 January 2002 نسخة محفوظة 04 مارس 2009 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  The Nazi Master Plan: The Persecution of the Christian Churches, Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion, Winter 2001, publishing evidence compiled by the O.S.S. for the Nuremberg war-crimes trials of 1945 and 1946 نسخة محفوظة 26 سبتمبر 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Julio de la Cueva, <355:RPATAR>2.0.CO;2-O "Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War" Journal of Contemporary History 33.3 (July 1998): 355. نسخة محفوظة 2020-06-17 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Payne, Stanley G., A History of Spain and Portugal p. 647 نسخة محفوظة 08 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities، Armenian Genocide، 2 يوليو 1985، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-11-26.
↑  Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Schaller, Dominik J. (2002), Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah [The Armenian genocide and the Shoah] (بالألمانية), Chronos, p. 114, ISBN:3-0340-0561-X
Walker، Christopher J. (1980)، Armenia: The Survival of A Nation، London: Croom Helm، ص. 200–03
Bryce، Viscount James؛ Toynbee، Arnold (2000)، Sarafian، Ara (المحرر)، The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden (ط. uncensored)، Princeton, NJ: Gomidas، ص. 635–649، ISBN:0-9535191-5-5
↑  Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. ISBN 0-313-34642-9.
↑  Noël, Lise. Intolerance: A General Survey. Arnold Bennett, 1994, ISBN 0-7735-1187-3, p. 101.
↑  Schaefer, T (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2008, p. 90.
↑  Henham، Ralph J؛ Behrens، Paul (2007)، The criminal law of genocide: international, comparative and contextual aspects، ص. 17.
↑  Marashlian، Levon (1991)، Politics and Demography: Armenians, Turks, and Kurds in the Ottoman Empire، Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Zoryan Institute.
↑  Aprim 2005، صفحة 49
↑  Yeor, Kochan & Littman 2001، صفحة 148
↑  Hulse (NYT 2007)
↑  Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire (PDF)، International Association of Genocide Scholars، مؤرشف من الأصل (نسق المستندات المنقولة) في 2012-01-17.
↑  Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006. نسخة محفوظة 17 مارس 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Schaller، Dominik J؛ Zimmerer، Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. ج. 10 ع. 1: 7–14. DOI:10.1080/14623520801950820.
↑  ”Estimates of the total number all Christian martyrs in the former Soviet Union are about 12 million.”, James M. Nelson, "Estimates%20of%20the%20total%20number%20all%20Christian%20martyrs%20in%20the%20former%20Soviet%20Union%20are%20about%2012%20million"&f=false “Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality”, Springer, 2009, ISBN 0-387-87572-7, p. 427 نسخة محفوظة 10 مايو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  ”In all, it is estimated that some 15 to 20 million Christians were martyred under the Soviet regime”, David Barrett, “World Christian Trends”, Pasadena: William Carey Library, 2001, cited by David Taylor, "In%20all,%20it%20is%20estimated%20that%20some%2015%20to%2020%20million%20Christians%20were%20martyred%20under%20the%20Soviet%20regime"&f=false ”21 Signs of His Coming: Major Biblical Prophecies Being Fulfilled In Our Generation”, Taylor Publishing Group, 2009, ISBN 0-9762933-4-X, p. 220 نسخة محفوظة 10 مايو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  ”over 20 million were martyred in Soviet prison camps”, Todd M. Johnson, “Christian Martyrdom: A global demographic assessment“, p. 4 نسخة محفوظة 03 مارس 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "37 Muslim nations persecuting Christians". WND. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-19.
↑  Richard Palmer. "Prince Charles urges Muslim leaders to 'show tolerance' over persecution of Christians". Express.co.uk. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-13.
1 2  "Report: Persecution of Christians reveals most abuse in Muslim countries". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-08-14.
↑  Christians in Muslim Countries. Wake Up, Westeners! This Is Your Legacy for Your Children نسخة محفوظة 23 نوفمبر 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  'Open Doors' World Watch List نسخة محفوظة 25 يناير 2010 على موقع واي باك مشين., صحيفة فرانكفورتر العامة 23 January 2010. Jonathan Fox and Shmuel Sandler, Separation of Religion and State in the Twenty-First Century: Comparing the Middle East and Western Democracies, 2005, The City University of New York. (dead link) "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-08-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-11-14.
↑  Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the World – Report 2010; Conference Persecution of Christians
↑  "Statement by the Holy See at the 16th Ordinary Session of the Human Rights Council on Religious Freedom". Vatican.va. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-08-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-06-29.
↑  Alexander, Ruth (12 Nov 2013). "How many Christians die for their faith?". BBC News (بالإنجليزية البريطانية). Archived from the original on 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
↑  20TH CENTURY SAW 65% OF CHRISTIAN MARTYRS, 10 May 2002 -- Zenit News Agency نسخة محفوظة 24 سبتمبر 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Vallely، Paul (27 يوليو 2014). "Christians: The world's most persecuted people - Comment - Voices - The Independent". London: independent.co.uk. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-09-14.
↑  المسيحية: تقرير بريطاني يقول إن اضطهاد المسيحيين بلغ حد "الإبادة الجماعية" نسخة محفوظة 05 مايو 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  تقرير بريطاني يحذر من خطر يواجه الديانة المسيحية في العالم نسخة محفوظة 29 ديسمبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Christian persecution 'at near genocide levels' نسخة محفوظة 06 مايو 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3 4 5  "Arab Spring Adds to Global Restrictions on Religion". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). 20 Jun 2013. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
↑  Bruce Thornton (25 يوليو 2013). "Christian Tragedy in the Muslim World". Defining Ideas. Hoover institution. مؤرشف من الأصل في 28 يوليو 2013. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 23 يوليو 2013.
↑  Tieszen، Charles (2018). Theological Issues in Christian-Muslim Dialogue. Wipf and Stock Publishers Publishers. ISBN:9781532610592. .Christians are persecuted, sometimes in majority Muslim countries... Many of these countries are predominantly Muslim have been experiencing increasing persecution. .
↑  Radical Islam's Existential Threat to Christianity Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow؛ ""Christians have been harassed in more countries than any other religious group and have suffered harassment in many of the heavily Muslim countries of the Middle East and North Africa," says the Pew Research Center's Katayoun Kishi" "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-11-19.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Religious Persecution Rising: Islam Threatens Religious Minorities, Especially In Middle East نسخة محفوظة 19 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  J. Grim، Brian (2010). The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN:9781139492416. the high rates of religious persecution present in many Muslim-majority societies
↑  Christians come under threat in Pakistan: ‘No one accused of blasphemy is ever safe’ نسخة محفوظة 19 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Why are Pakistan's Christians targeted? نسخة محفوظة 20 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  This the End End of Christianity in the Middle East?  نسخة محفوظة 13 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  How When Muslims become Christians. نسخة محفوظة 20 يونيو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Buhl، F.؛ Welch، A.T. (1993). "Muḥammad". دائرة المعارف الإسلامية (ط. 2nd). دار بريل للنشر. ج. 7. ص. 360–376. ISBN:9004094199.
↑  An Introduction to the Quran (1895), p. 185
↑  Ben-Sasson, H.H., editor. A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press, 1976, p.588-590
↑  S.P. Scott: History;Vol II, op cit;p.259
↑  These trials, specifically those of Valladolid, form the basis of the plot of The Heretic: A novel of the Inquisition by Miguel Delibes (Overlook: 2006)
↑  Stallaert, C. 1998
↑  Stuart B. Schwartz، All Can Be Saved: Religious Tolerance and Salvation in the Iberian Atlantic، ص. 62، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-15
↑  Vassberg، David E. (28 نوفمبر 2002). The Village and the Outside World in Golden Age Castile: Mobility and Migration in Everyday Rural Life. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج. ص. 142. ISBN:9780521527132. We know that many of the Moriscos were well acculturated to Christian ways, and that many had even become sincere Roman Catholics.
↑  T. Akcam: A Shameful Act: The Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility, pp. 327–29; "Acts of revenge were first carried out by the advancing Russian forces in 1916, assisted by Armenian volunteers."
↑  G. Lewy:The Armenian massacres in Ottoman Turkey: a disputed genocide, pp. 115–22
↑  Mann, Michael (2005). The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. (ردمك 0521538548). "In the Balkans all statistics of death remain contested. Most of the following figures derive from McCarthy (1995: 1, 91, 161-4, 339), who is often viewed as a scholar on the Turkish side of the debate. Yet even if we reduced his figures by as much as 50 percent, they would still horrify. He estimates that between 1811 and 1912, somewhere around 5 1/2 million Muslims were driven out of Europe and million more were killed or died of disease or starvation while fleeing. Cleansing resulted from Serbian and Greek independence in the 1820s and 1830s, from Bulgarian independence in 1877, and from the Balkan wars culminating in 1912." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-11-16.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Bloxham. The Great Game of Genocide, p. 210. "Some of McCarthy's work considers the great population changes of the period, including extensive examination of the expulsion of Muslims from the new Balkan states and the overall demographic catastrophes of 1912–23... McCarthy's work has something to offer in drawing attention to the oft-unheeded history of Muslim suffering and embattlement that shaped the mindset of the perpetrators of 1915. It also shows that vicious ethnic nationalism was by no means the sole preserve of the CUP and its successors." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-11-16.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Beachler, Donald W. (2011). The genocide debate: politicians, academics, and victims. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 123. (ردمك 978-0-230-33763-3). "Justin McCarthy has, along with other historians, provided a necessary corrective to much of the history produced by scholars of the Armenian genocide in the United States. McCarthy demonstrates that not all of the ethnic cleansing and ethnic killing in the Ottoman Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries followed the model often posited in the West, whereby all the victims were Christian and all the perpetrators were Muslim. McCarthy has shown that there were mass killings of Muslims and deportations of millions of Muslims from the Balkans and the Caucasus over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. McCarthy, who is labeled (correctly in this author's estimation) as being pro- Turkish by some writers and is a denier of the Armenian genocide, has estimated that about 5.5 million Muslims were killed in the hundred years from 1821–1922. Several million more refugees poured out of the Balkans and Russian conquered areas, forming a large refugee (muhajir) community in Istanbul and Anatolia." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-11-16.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Biondich، Mark (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press. ص. 93. ISBN:9780199299058. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-08. "In the period between 1878 and 1912, as many as two million Muslims emigrated voluntarily or involuntarily from the Balkans. When one adds those who were killed or expelled between 1912 and 1923, the number of Muslim casualties from the Balkan far exceeds three million. By 1923 fewer than one million remained in the Balkans."
↑  J. Gibney، Matthew (2005). Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. ص. 437. ISBN:9781576077962. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-16.
↑  "Religious Politics and Communal Violence: Critical Issues in Indian Politics" (PDF). yale.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDf) في 2009-04-19.
↑  Indian Social Institute (2002). The Gujarat pogrom: compilation of various reports. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-11-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-12-06.
↑  "Myanmar, Bangladesh leaders 'to discuss Rohingya'". AFP. 29 يونيو 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-07-18.
↑  Peter Ford (12 يونيو 2012). "Why deadly race riots could rattle Myanmar's fledgling reforms". Csmonitor.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-06-12.
↑  الجزيرة نت. الصين تمنع مسلمي الإيغور من الصيام نسخة محفوظة 27 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  الصراع في أفريقيا الوسطى: اغتيال برلماني في أعقاب انتقاده للهجمات على المسلمين؛ بي بي سي، 10 فبراير 2014. نسخة محفوظة 21 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  الصراع الطائفي يعود من جديد إلى جمهورية إفريقيا الوسطى؛ يورونيوز، 11 فبراير 2014. نسخة محفوظة 19 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "CAR: Muslims forced to convert to Christianity" (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2018-09-29.
↑  "CAR: Unprotected Muslims forced to abandon religion". www.amnesty.org (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2017-03-13. Retrieved 2018-09-29.
↑  eDuzeNet. "Muslims forced to convert to Christianity or hide". Bulawayo24 News (بالإنجليزية البريطانية). Archived from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2018-09-29.
↑  "The Auschwitz Album". ياد فاشيم. Retrieved 24 September 2012. نسخة محفوظة 10 يناير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Seleucidæ". JewishEncyclopedia.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2007-05-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-22.
↑  Flannery, Edward H. The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism. Paulist Press, first published in 1985; this edition 2004, pp. 11–2. (ردمك 0-8091-2702-4). Edward Flannery
↑  النزعات الأصولية، مرجع سابق، ص.22
↑  Lewis (1984), p. 28
↑  Lewis (1999), p. 131
↑  Snyder 2010، صفحة 45.
↑  Laursen، John Christian؛ Nederman, Cary J. (1997). Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration Before the Enlightenment. University of Pennsylvania Press. ص. 142. ISBN:978-0-8122-1567-0. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-08.
↑  Deuteronomy 13:6-11
↑  "'God Does Not Exist' Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-01-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-01-20.
↑  Robert Evans (9 ديسمبر 2013). "Atheists face death in 13 countries, global discrimination: study". رويترز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-11-23.
↑  "International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU),". 2015. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-23.
↑  Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. Taylor & Francis. 2002. ص. 46. ISBN:1857431375. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-03-20.
↑  A Dictionary of Atheism By Lois Lee, Stephen Bullivant نسخة محفوظة 16 ديسمبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Latreille, A. FRENCH REVOLUTION, New Catholic Encyclopedia v. 5, pp. 972–973 (Second Ed. 2002 Thompson/Gale) (ردمك 0-7876-4004-2).
↑  
"Soviet Union: Policy toward nationalities and religions in practice". www.country-data.com. مايو 1989. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-12-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-03-29. Marxism-Leninism has consistently advocated the control, suppression, and, ultimately, the elimination of religious beliefs.
1 2  
Daniel، Wallace L. (Winter 2009). "Father Aleksandr Men and the struggle to recover Russia's heritage". Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization. Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies (George Washington University). ج. 17 ع. 1. ISSN:1940-4603. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-03-29. Continuing to hold to one's beliefs and one's view of the world required the courage to stand outside a system committed to destroying religious values and perspectives.
↑  
Froese, Paul. "'I am an atheist and a Muslim': Islam, communism, and ideological competition." Journal of Church and State 47.3 (2005)
1 2  Paul Froese. Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2004), pp. 35-50
↑  Haskins, Ekaterina V. "Russia's postcommunist past: the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the reimagining of national identity." History and Memory: Studies in Representation of the Past 21.1 (2009)
↑  ”Estimates of the total number all Christian martyrs in the former Soviet Union are about 12 million.”, James M. Nelson, “Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality”, Springer, 2009, ISBN 0-387-87572-7, p. 427 نسخة محفوظة 10 مايو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  ”In all, it is estimated that some 15 to 20 million Christians were martyred under the Soviet regime”, David Barrett, “World Christian Trends”, Pasadena: William Carey Library, 2001, cited by David Taylor, ”21 Signs of His Coming: Major Biblical Prophecies Being Fulfilled In Our Generation”, Taylor Publishing Group, 2009, ISBN 0-9762933-4-X, p. 220 نسخة محفوظة 10 مايو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  John Shelton Curtis, The Russian Church and the Soviet State (Boston: Little Brown, 1953); Jane Ellis, The Russian Orthodox Church: A Contemporary History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Dimitry V. Pospielovsky, The Russian Church Under the Soviet Regime 1917-1982 (St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1984); idem., A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies (New York; St. Martin’s Press, 1987); Glennys Young, Power and the Sacred in Revolutionary Russia: Religious Activists in the Village (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997); Daniel Peris, Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); William B. Husband, “Godless Communists”: Atheism and Society in Soviet Russia DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000; Edward Roslof, Red Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution, 1905-1946 (Bloomington, Indiana, 2002)
↑  International Federation for Human Rights (1 أغسطس 2003). "Discrimination against religious minorities in Iran" (PDF). fdih.org. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2019-04-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2006-10-20.
↑  Affolter، Friedrich W. (2005). "The Specter of Ideological Genocide: The Bahá'ís of Iran" (PDF). War Crimes, Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. ج. 1 ع. 1: 75–114. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2016-10-19.
↑  International Federation of Human Rights August 2003.
↑  United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (26 أكتوبر 2009). "Iraq: International Religious Freedom Report". U.S. State Department. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-01-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-04-20.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (26 أكتوبر 2001). "Indonesia: International Religious Freedom Report". U.S. State Department. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-01-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-03-03.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (26 أكتوبر 2009). "Indonesia: International Religious Freedom Report". U.S. State Department. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-01-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-04-19.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  Smith، Peter؛ Momen, Moojan (1989). "The Bahá'í Faith 1957-1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments". Religion. ج. 19: 63–91. DOI:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-30.
↑  Phillip K. Hitti (2002). History of The Arabs. Palgrave Macmillan. ص. 213. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-29.
↑  Lars Fogelin. An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. ص. 230. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-10.
↑  Bryan S. Turner. Religion and Modern Society: Citizenship, Secularisation and the State. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج. ص. 129. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-08. The contrast between religion in American and militant atheism in China could not have been more stark or profound. While the Red Guards under Mao Zedong's leadership were busy destroying Buddhist pagodas, Catholic churches and Daoist temples, the Christian Right were equally busy condemning the communists. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-11-16.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  James Edward Ketelaar, Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan; (ردمك 0-691-02481-2)
↑  Brian Victoria, Zen War Stories, (ردمك 0-7007-1581-9)
↑  Gettleman, pp. 280–82.
↑  "South Vietnam: Whose funeral pyre?". ذا نيو ريببلك. 29 يونيو 1963. ص. 9.
↑  Warner, p. 210.
↑  Topmiller, p. 2.
↑  Karnow, p. 295.
↑  Moyar, pp. 212-13.
↑  "Chronology, 1994-2004 - Cambodian Genocide Program - Yale University". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-07-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-08-08.
↑  "Nie: Remembering the deaths of 1.7-million Cambodians". Sptimes.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-09-27.
1 2  Philip Shenon, Phnom Penh Journal; Lord Buddha Returns, With Artists His Soldiers نيويورك تايمز - January 2, 1992 "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-02-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-09-05.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Geoffrey Blainey؛ A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p.543
↑  Wessinger, Catherine (2000). Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases (بالإنجليزية). Syracuse University Press. pp. 282–283. ISBN:9780815628095. Khmer Buddhist influences still persisted and they are also recognizable in the Khmer Rouge's worldview, particularly in their notions of time, authority, and normative ethics ... Though the Khmer Rouge was officially nonreligious, its worldview, especially its notions of time, authority and its normative ethics can be understood as having structural parallels with the Buddhist worldview.
↑  Human rights abuses up as Olympics approach Asia News - August 7, 2007 نسخة محفوظة 07 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.