ترانزستور ثنائي القطب
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1 2  Maysam Ghovanloo; Paul Hasler; Sheng-Yu Peng (21 May 2000). "1.4 - SMALL SIGNAL MODEL OF THE BJT" (PDF). Georgia Institute of Technology (بالإنجليزية). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-18. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
1 2 3  Farrokh Najmabadi. "BJT as an amplifier: Biasing and Small Signal Model" (PDF). Regents of the University of California (بالإنجليزية). p. 77-78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
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1 2  Tarun Agarwal. "How To Use Transistor As A Switch". elprocus (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
1 2  Joel Schesser. "Frequency Response Lesson #12 Small Signal Equivalent Circuits for the BJT" (PDF). New Jersey Institute of Technology (بالإنجليزية). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-19. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
1 2  Deborah L. Sharer (Apr 2012). "Section H3: Low-frquency amplifier response" (PDF). The University of North Carolina at Charlotte (بالإنجليزية). p. 2. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2017-03-22.
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1 2  D. Grover (Dec 2013). "Understanding a Digital Transistor Datasheet" (PDF). ON Semiconductor (بالإنجليزية). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
1 2  Sastry CBSE (3 Dec 2016). "To use a multimeter to (a) identify base of transistor, (b) distinguish between npn and pnp type transistors, (c) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED, (d) check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode, transistor or IC) is in working order". learncbse.in (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
↑  B. Van Zeghbroeck (28 Oct 1998). "5. The bipolar junction transistor" (PDF). The Regents of the University of Colorado (بالإنجليزية). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-11. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
↑  315-1975 - IEEE Standard American National Standard Canadian Standard Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams (Including Reference Designation Letters) (بالإنجليزية). IEEE. 1993. p. 113-112. DOI:10.1109/IEEESTD.1993.93397. ISBN:0738109479. Archived from the original on 2019-12-16.
↑  Maysam Ghovanloo؛ Paul Hasler؛ Sheng-Yu Peng (12 مايو 2000). "LARGE-SIGNAL BEHAVIOR OF BJTS" (PDF). Georgia Institute of Technology. ص. 3. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 17 فبراير2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 17 فبراير 2019. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ أرشيف= (مساعدة)
↑  "Lecture -10: BIpolar Junction Transistor". National program on technology enhanced learning NPTEL (بالإنجليزية). p. 1. Archived from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
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↑  Ralph Bray. "An outline of the history of the transistor". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2018-11-10. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
↑  Ralph Bray. "The Origin of Semiconductor Research at Purdue". Purdue (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2018-11-10.
↑  "The Big Announcement". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-04-03. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
↑  Fumio Shimura (2017). Single-Crystal Silicon: Growth and Properties (PDF) (بالإنجليزية). Springer. p. 294. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-48933-9_13. ISBN:978-3-319-48931-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-30.
↑  D. R. Lane; Robert A. Lane (1994). Transistor Radios: A Collector's Encyclopedia and Price Guide (بالإنجليزية) (الأولى ed.). Wallace-Homestead Book Co. p. 2-7. ISBN:0870697129. Archived from the original on 2021-10-09.
↑  Suzanne Deffree (18 Oct 2017). "TI announces 1st transistor radio, October 18, 1954". IEEE (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
↑  Donald A. Neamen (2003). Semiconductor Physics and Devices Basic Principles (PDF) (بالإنجليزية) (الثالثة ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 2. ISBN:0072321075. Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2019-05-09.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Alexander Zaitsev. "RESISTIVITY" (PDF). The City University of New York (بالإنجليزية). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-27. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
↑  Anne Helmenstine (16 Jan 2019). "Table of Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity". Science Notes and Projects (بالإنجليزية). p. 7. Archived from the original on 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
↑  B. Van Zeghbroeck (أغسطس 2007). "Chapter 2: Semiconductor Fundamentals. 2.2. Crystals and crystal structures". University of Colorado Boulder (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 07 فبراير2018. Retrieved 6 أبريل 2019. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ أرشيف= (help)
1 2  "Intrinsic Semiconductors". University of Illinois (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-06-09. Retrieved 2019-04-06. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
↑  "Semiconductor materials". Harvey Mudd College (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2017-05-08. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
↑  "Drift velocity". SchoolScience.co.uk (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-01-02. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
↑  "Band Theory of Solids". hyperphysics.phy (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-01-21. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
↑  "Chapter 2: Semiconductor Fundamentals - 2.3 Energy bands". University of Colorado Boulder (بالإنجليزية). Aug 2007. Archived from the original on 2018-06-02. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
↑  "Fermi Level". HyperPhysics (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-03-22. Retrieved 2018-12-28.
↑  Volker Quaschning (2005). Understanding Renewable Energy Systems (بالإنجليزية). Earthscan. p. 120. ISBN:1844071367.
↑  "Band structure and carrier concentration". The Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2019-04-06. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
↑  J.-P. Colinge; C.A. Colinge (2005). Physics of Semiconductor Devices (بالإنجليزية) (الأولى ed.). Springer. p. 19. ISBN:0387285237.
↑  Mark Redekopp (Mar 2017). "SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY - Silicon Lattice and Dopant Atoms" (PDF). University of Southern California (بالإنجليزية). p. 7. Archived from the original on 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
↑  S. M. Sze (2002). Semiconductor Devices Physics Technology (بالإنجليزية) (الثانية ed.). John Wiley Sons, Inc. p. 1. ISBN:0471333727. Archived from the original on 2019-04-07.
1 2  Chenming Hu (12 Feb 2009). "Chapter 1: Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors" (PDF). Berkeley University of California (بالإنجليزية). p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
1 2  "The Doping of Semiconductors". hyperphysics (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
1 2  Bart J. Van Zeghbroeck, (1997). "2.7 Doped Semiconductors". University of Colorado Boulder (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2019-04-10.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)
↑  "Bands for Doped Semiconductors". HyperPhysics (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
1 2  Fundamentals of Solid-state Electronics; P.188
↑  Chenming Hu (12 Feb 2009). "The Doping of Semiconductors" (PDF). University of California Berkeley (بالإنجليزية). p. Chapter1: Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
1 2  
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↑  Rashid A. Ganeev (2013). Laser - Surface Interactions (بالإنجليزية). Springer. p. 13. DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-7341-7. ISBN:9789400773400.
↑  "Lecture 7 - Carrier Drift and Diffusion" (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology (بالإنجليزية). 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2019-02-16. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
↑  "Majority & minority carriers". Physics and Radio-Electronics (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2017-07-01. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
↑  Y. Baghzouz. "EE 495/695 - Semiconductors II" (PDF). University of Nevada, Las Vegas  - UNLV (بالإنجليزية). p. 1-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2019-04-11. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
↑  Y. Baghzouz (Mar 2009). "The pnJunction". www.academia.edu (بالإنجليزية). p. 3-5. Archived from the original on 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
↑  Octavian Florescu (Jun 2006). "Lecture 11: The pn Junction Diode" (PDF). University of California Berkeley (بالإنجليزية). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2019-04-16. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
↑  J. S. Smith (Mar 2004). "Lecture 19: Review, PN junctions, Fermi levels, forward bias" (PDF). University of California Berkeley (بالإنجليزية). p. 10-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
↑  Doris Jeanne Wagner. "The p-n junction - 25". Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
1 2  Semiconductor Devices & Circuits; P.100
↑  "P-N Energy Bands". hyperphysics (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
↑  Abdelhalim Zekry (1996). Electronic devices: A University text book (بالإنجليزية). Dar El Hakeem Press. p. 97. Archived from the original on 2019-04-19.
↑  "Lecture 11: pn junctions under bias" (PDF). جامعة النجاح الوطنية، نابلس (بالإنجليزية). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
↑  CMOS Electronics: How It Works, How It Fails; P.49
↑  Semiconductor Devices & Circuits, P.103
↑  CMOS Electronics: How It Works, How It Fails P.49-50
↑  Lecture 11: pn junctions under bias, P.9
1 2  Pavan Yadav; Ashish Dixit; Rakesh Kumar Garg (2008). Basic Electronics (بالإنجليزية). Firewall Media. p. 43. ISBN:9788131803028.
↑  Balagangadhar G Bathula. "Lecture-5 Bibolar Junction Transistor" (PDF). Columbia University (بالإنجليزية). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2019-01-05.
↑  Rekha Singh; B. P. Singh (2006). Electronic Devices and Integrated Circuits (بالإنجليزية) (الثالثة ed.). Digital electronics. p. 173. ISBN:9788177586381.
↑  Jianjun Gao (2015). Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors for Circuit Design: Microwave Modeling and Parameter Extraction (بالإنجليزية) (الثالثة ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 70. ISBN:9781118921524.
↑  Deborah L. Sharer (Apr 2012). "Section C2: BJT Structure and Operational Modes" (PDF). UNC Charlotte (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2019-02-16. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
↑  Charlie Curtsinger (2017). "Transistors - Relating to the PNP". Grinnell College (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
1 2  Suketu Naik. "Chapter 6: Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)" (PDF). Weber state university (بالإنجليزية). p. 6-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-21. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
↑  "PNP Transistor". AspenCore (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2017-03-14. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
1 2 3  Microelectronic Circuit Design; P.223
↑  Microelectronic Circuit Design; P.226
1 2  "Physical Constants". PVEducation (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-04-01. Retrieved 2019-01-05.
↑  David Cory; Ian Hutchinson; Manos Chaniotakis (Mar 2006). "Transistors: Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)" (PDF). MIT (بالإنجليزية). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
1 2 3 4  Microelectronic Circuit Design; P.221
↑  Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, P118
1 2  Michael H. Tooley (2006). Electronic Circuits: Fundamentals and Applications (بالإنجليزية) (الثالثة ed.). Routledge. p. 98-99. ISBN:0750669233.
↑  W. Marshall Leach, Jr (2010). "The BJT" (PDF). Georgia Institute of Technology (بالإنجليزية). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-21. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
↑  Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, P.123
↑  Prof. C.G. Sodini (Mar 2007). "Chapter 8: Bipolar Transistor" (PDF). Lecture 18: The Bipolar Junction Transistor (II) (بالإنجليزية). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-12.
↑  Neil Goldsman (Mar 2019). "Bipolar Junction Transistor Concepts - Forward Active NPN BJT Operatio". University of Maryland (بالإنجليزية). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-04-21. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
↑  Ming C. Wu (Sep 2014). "Microelectronic Devices and Circuits" (PDF). University of California Berkeley (بالإنجليزية). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
↑  U.A.Bakshi; A.V.Bakshi (2009). Electronic Measurement Systems (بالإنجليزية). Technical Publications. p. 9-3. ISBN:9788184316032.
↑  Simon M. Sze; Kwok K. Ng (2006). Physics of Semiconductor Devices (بالإنجليزية). John Wiley & Sons. p. 256. ISBN:0471143235.
↑  Saeid Ghassemi (2008). Development of a 24GHz fully integrated VCO (بالإنجليزية). diplom.de. p. 23. ISBN:9783836620444.
↑  Adel S Sedra; Kenneth C Smith (2016). Circuits microélectroniques (بالفرنسية). De Boeck Superieur. p. 238. ISBN:9782804177775.
↑  "Chapter 2 Bipolar Junction Transistor" (PDF). semanticscholar (بالإنجليزية). p. 44. Archived from the original on 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2019-01-15.
1 2  "difference between CB,CE,CC transistor configurations". RF Wireless World (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2019-02-02.
↑  The Electronics Handbook, P.474
↑  R. VICTOR JONES (2001). "Basic BJT Amplifier Configurations". Harvard College (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-07-22. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
↑  A.P.Godse; U.A.Bakshi (2009). Basic Electronics (بالإنجليزية). Technical Publications. p. 17-6. ISBN:9788184317077.
↑  Electronic Devices and Circuit , P.115-116
↑  Afzal Khan (2005). Introduction to Electrical , Electronics and Communication Engineering (بالإنجليزية). Firewall Media. p. 201. ISBN:8170086396.
↑  SANGEETA. CHAUDHARY (2014). Principles of Electronics (بالإنجليزية). Laxmi Publications,. p. 180. ISBN:9789381159323.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)
1 2 3  Basic Electronics, P.187
↑  Electronics (fundamentals And Applications) ; P.125
↑  Basic Electronics, P.6-21
↑  Electronic Devices and Circuit , P.121
↑  U.A.Bakshi; V.U.Bakshi (2009). Electrical And Electronics Engineering (بالإنجليزية). Technical Publications. p. 8-16. ISBN:9788184316971.
↑  Arora C.L. & Hemne P.S.; Hemne P.S. (2014). Physics for Degree Students for B.Sc. 3rd Year (بالإنجليزية). S. Chand Publishing. p. 865. ISBN:9788121942874.
↑  Electronics (fundamentals And Applications), P.126
↑  Basic Electronics, P.6-29
1 2 3  "Transistor as Switch". Electronicshub.org (بالإنجليزية). 15 Feb 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-11-18. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
↑  Babu V Suresh (2010). Solid State Devices and Technology (بالإنجليزية). Pearson Education India. p. 323-324. ISBN:9788131732366.
↑  Basic Electronics, P.6-26
↑  شابسيغ (2016)، ص. 31.
↑  Michael Reisch (2012). High-Frequency Bipolar Transistors (بالإنجليزية). Springer Science & Business. p. 471. ISBN:9783642632051.
↑  Albert Malvino; David Bates (2007). Basic Electr-Msbte (بالإنجليزية). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 132. ISBN:0070667195.
↑  Basic Electronics, P.6-27
↑  U.A.Bakshi; A.P.Godse (2009). Basic Electronics Engineering (بالإنجليزية). Technical Publications. p. 26-2. ISBN:9788184315806.
↑  C M Kachhava (2003). Solid State Physics, Solid State Device And Electronics (بالإنجليزية). New Age International. p. 10.17. ISBN:8122415008.
↑  Salivahanan (2008). Electronic Devices and Circuits (بالإنجليزية). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 260. ISBN:0070660492.
↑  Semiconductor Devices & Circuits; P.247
1 2  N. N. Bhargava; S. C. Gupta D. C. Kulshreshtha (1983). Basic Electronics and Linear Circuits (بالإنجليزية). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 222. ISBN:0074519654.
1 2  Farrokh Najmabadi (Mar 2002). "BJT as an amplifier: Biasing and Small Signal Model" (PDF). University of California. (بالإنجليزية). p. 78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
↑  Ruye Wang. "DC operating point". Harvey Mudd College (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-06-23. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
↑  الترانزستور ثنائي القطب، القواعد والفوائد، ص.88 نسخة محفوظة 20 ديسمبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  B. Somanathan Nair; S. R. Deepa (2009). Basic Communication and Information Engineering (بالإنجليزية). I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 43. ISBN:9789380026626.
↑  MAHESH B. PATIL (2013). Basic electronic devices and circuits (بالإنجليزية). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 231. ISBN:9788120347298.
↑  Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory; P.128-129
↑  I. J. NAGRATH (2007). Electronic Devices and Circuits (بالإنجليزية). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 88-89. ISBN:9788120331952.
↑  U.A.Bakshi; A.P.Godse (2008). Electronic Devices and Circuits (بالإنجليزية). Technical Publications. p. 11-2. ISBN:9788184313543.
↑  Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory; P.172
↑  Basic Electronics; P.98
↑  Farrokh Najmabadi (Dec 2012). "V. Introduction to Transistors Amplifiers: Bias & Signal Circuits" (PDF). University of California (بالإنجليزية). p. 5-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
↑  Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory; P.149
↑  Basic Electronics; P.101
↑  V. Introduction to Transistors Amplifiers: Bias & Signal Circuits; P.5-5
↑  Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory; P.156
↑  Basic Electronics; P.104
↑  V. Introduction to Transistors Amplifiers: Bias & Signal Circuits; P.5-6
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