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↑  ينظر كتابه : الاستمالة والثرثرة وتطور اللغة. Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language
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↑  Bickerton, Adam's Tongue (2009).
↑  Olson، Steve (2002). Mapping Human History. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN:0-618-35210-4. Any adaptations produced by evolution are useful only in the present, not in some vaguely defined future. So the vocal anatomy and neural circuits needed for language could not have arisen for something that did not yet exist
↑  Ruhlen، Merritt (1994). Origin of Language. New York, NY: Wiley. ص. 3. ISBN:0-471-58426-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-06-13. Earlier human ancestors, such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus, would likely have possessed less developed forms of language, forms intermediate between the rudimentary communicative systems of, say, chimpanzees and modern human languages
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↑  Johansson, Sverker (أبريل 2006). "Constraining the Time When Language Evolved" (PDF). Evolution of Language: Sixth International Conference, Rome: 152. DOI:10.1142/9789812774262_0020. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2017-08-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-09-10. Hyoid bones are very rare as fossils, as they are not attached to the rest of the skeleton, but one Neanderthal hyoid has been found (Arensburg et al., 1989), very similar to the hyoid of modern Homo sapiens, leading to the conclusion that Neanderthals had a vocal tract similar to ours (Houghton, 1993; Bo¨e, Maeda, & Heim, 1999).
↑  Sverker, Johansson. "Origins of Language — Constraints on Hypotheses" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2007-08-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-09-10.
↑  Lindsay، Robert (1728). The history of Scotland: from 21 February 1436. to March, 1565. In which are contained accounts of many remarkable passages altogether differing from our other historians; and many facts are related, either concealed by some, or omitted by others. Baskett and company. ص. 104. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-09-17.
↑  Linguistics 201: First Language Acquisition نسخة محفوظة 20 يوليو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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