الديانات الإفريقية التقليدية
ملاحظة

↑  see e.g. Leo Frobenius on African History, Art, and Culture: An Anthology, 2007. ISBN 1-55876-425-9, or, e.g. An African Story بي بي سي نسخة محفوظة 27 يوليو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Encyclopedia of African Religion (Sage, 2009) Molefi Asante
↑  Encyclopedia of African Religion (Sage, 2009) موليفي كيتي أسانتي
↑  Juergensmeyer, Mark (2006). The Oxford Handbook Of Global Religions. (ردمك 0-19-513798-1).
↑  S. Mbiti, John (1991). Introduction to African religion. (ردمك 0-435-94002-3).
↑  "African Traditional Religion | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-10-31.
↑  "The spirituality of Africa". Harvard Gazette (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). 6 Oct 2015. Archived from the original on 2019-06-19. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
↑  Britannica Book of the Year (2003), Encyclopædia Britannica (2003) (ردمك 978-0-85229-956-2) p.306 
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 480,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. Ian S. Markham, A World Religions Reader (1996) Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers نسخة محفوظة March 4, 2016, على موقع واي باك مشين. is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture (see Amadu Jacky Kaba). The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, (June 2005), discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedias, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed on figure. Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here نسخة محفوظة March 5, 2016, على موقع واي باك مشين., as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions, Foreign Policy, May 2007.
↑  Lugira, Aloysius M., African Traditional Religions (New York: Chealsea House, 2009), p. 36 [in] Varghese, Roy Abraham, Christ Connection: How the World Religions Prepared the Way for the Penomenon of Jesus, Paraclete Press (2011), p. 1935, (ردمك 9781557258397)  (Retrieved 24 March 2019) نسخة محفوظة 28 يناير 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Mbiti، John S (1992). Introduction to African religion. ISBN:9780435940027. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-28.When Africans are converted to other religions, they often mix their traditional religion with the one to which they are converted. In this way they are not losing something valuable, but are gaining something from both religious customs
↑  Riggs، Thomas (2006). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations. ص. 1. ISBN:9780787666125. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-03.Although a large proportion of Africans have converted to Islam an Christianity, these two world religions have been assimilated into African culture, and many African Christians and Muslims maintain traditional spiritual beliefs
↑  Gottlieb، Roger S (9 نوفمبر 2006). The Oxford handbook of religion and ecology. ISBN:9780195178722. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-28.Even in the adopted religions of Islam and Christianity, which on the surface appear to have converted millions of Africans from their traditional religions, many aspect of traditional religions are still manifest
↑  "US study sheds light on Africa's unique religious mix". AFP. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2010-04-25.t doesn't seem to be an either-or for many people. They can describe themselves primarily as Muslim or Christian and continue to practice many of the traditions that are characteristic of African traditional religion," Luis Lugo, executive director of the Pew Forum, told AFP.
↑  Quainoo، Samuel Ebow (1 يناير 2000). In Transitions and consolidation of democracy in Africa. ISBN:9781586840402. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-28.Even though the two religions are monotheistic, most African Christians and Muslims convert to them and still retain some aspects of their traditional religions
↑  Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003) (ردمك 9780852299562) p.306. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. Ian S. Markham,(A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here نسخة محفوظة 5 مارس 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين., as being an outlier. The World Book Encyclopedia has estimated that in 2002 Christians formed 40% of the continent's population, with Muslims forming 45%. It was also estimated in 2002 that Christians form 45% of Africa's population, with Muslims forming 40.6%. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-12-08.
↑  "Ancient African Religion Finds Roots In America". NPR.org (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-12-07. Retrieved 2019-11-02.
↑  Ehret, C. The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800, University Press of Virginia. 2000.
↑  Major Religions Ranked by Size نسخة محفوظة 16 يناير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Clark, Andrew F., & Phillips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical Dictionary of Senegal". ed: 2, Metuchen, New Jersey : Scrarecrow Press (1994) p 265
↑  Anne C. Bailey, African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame. نسخة محفوظة 16 أغسطس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  M. Darrol Bryant, Rita H. Mataragnon, The Many faces of religion and society (1985), Page 100, https://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nAAAAYAAJ:"African traditional religion went through and survived this type of persecution at the hands of Christianity and Islam..." نسخة محفوظة 20 فبراير 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Garrick Bailey, Essentials of Cultural Anthropology, 3rd ed. (2013), Page 268, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1133603564:"Later, during the nineteenth century, Christian missionaries became active in Africa and Oceania. Attempts by Christian missionaries to convert nonbelievers to Christianity took two main forms: forced conversions and proselytizing." نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-18 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam, Towards and Understanding of the African Experience (1990), p. 161, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0819179418:"The role of Christian missionaries are a private interest group in European colonial occupation of Africa was a significant one...Collectively their activities promoted division within traditional African societies into rival factions...the picture denigrated African culture and religion..." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-12-30.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Toyin Falola et al., Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa (2010), p. 7, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=031335972:"A religion of Middle Eastern origin, Islam reached Africa via the northern region of the continent by means of conquest. The Islamic wars of conquest that would lead to the Islamization of North Africa occurred first in Egypt, when in about 642 CE the country fell to the invading Muslim forces from Arabia. Over the next centuries, the rest of the Maghreb would succumb to Jihadist armies...The notion of religion conversion, whether by force or peaceful means, is foreign to indigenous African beliefs...Islam, however, did not become a religion of the masses by peaceful means. Forced conversion was an indispensable element of proselytization." نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-18 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Black God: The Afroasiatic Roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Religions, Julian Baldick
↑  "African traditional religion in the modern world", p. 125, by Douglas E. Thomas
↑  موليفي كيتي أسانتي، Mazama, Ama, Encyclopedia of African Religion, SAGE Publications (2008), p. 846, (ردمك 9781506317861)  نسخة محفوظة 18 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  أنتا ديوب، The origin of civilization : Myth or reality, (edited and translated by Mercer Cook) Laurence Hill Books (1974), p. 191-9, (ردمك 978-1-55652-072-3)
↑  "The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to African Religions", 325, by Elias Kifon Bongmba
↑  Warfare in African History (New Approaches to African History) Richard J. Reid, Kindle Edition, location 617
↑  "Visions & Revisions: Selected Discourses on Literary Criticism", p. 176, by Emeka Nwabueze
↑  "Education for Renaissance in Africa- Large Format" by Raphael J.Njoroge, p. 314
↑  "African Traditional Religion Encounters Christianity: The Resilience of a Demonized Religion" by John Chitakure, p. 77
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ضبط استنادي: وطنية :  قاعدة البيانات الوطنية التشيكية (NLCR AUT) 
"رجل الطب" إيجبو في أوائل القرن العشرين في نيجيريا، غرب إفريقيا.
الدوائر الميغاليثية في سينيغامبيا، كان أتباع الديانة سيريرية التقليدية أهدافًا للجهاد الإسلامي والاضطهاد منذ القرن الحادي عشر إلى القرن التاسع عشر.