يهود أشكناز
مراجع

↑  Louis H. Feldman (2006). Judaism And Hellenism Reconsidered. BRILL.
↑  Who are the Jews? | نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-03 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Mosk، Carl (2013). Nationalism and economic development in modern Eurasia. New York: Routledge. ص. 143. ISBN:978-0415605182. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-05. In general the Ashkenazim originally came out of the Holy Roman Empire, speaking a version of German that incorporates Hebrew and Slavic words, Yiddish.
↑  Henry L. Feingold (1995). Bearing Witness: How America and Its Jews Responded to the Holocaust. Syracuse University Press. ص. 36. ISBN:978-0815626701. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-24.
↑  إريك هوبسباوم (2002). Interesting Times: A Twentieth Century Life. Abacus Books. ص. 25.
↑  Glenda Abramson (ed.), Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture, Routledge 2004 p. 20. نسخة محفوظة 29 يونيو 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  T. C. W. Blanning (ed.), The Oxford History of Modern Europe, Oxford University Press, 2000 pp. 147–48 نسخة محفوظة 07 مايو 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Ashkenazi - people". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-22.
↑  Centre، UNESCO World Heritage. "ShUM cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz". whc.unesco.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-20.
↑  Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel, et al (2007). "Germany." Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 518–46 [524].
↑  Mosk (2013), p. 143. "Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."
↑  Harshav, Benjamin (1999). The Meaning of Yiddish. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the center of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."
↑  Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel, et al (2007). "Germany." Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 518–46 [526–28]. "The cultural and intellectual reorientation of the Jewish minority was closely linked with its struggle for equal rights and social acceptance. While earlier generations had used solely the Yiddish and Hebrew languages among themselves, ... the use of Yiddish was now gradually abandoned, and Hebrew was by and large reduced to liturgical usage" (p. 527).
↑  Yaacov Ro'i, "Soviet Jewry from Identification to Identity", in Eliezer Ben Rafael, Yosef Gorni, Yaacov Ro'i (eds.) Contemporary Jewries: Convergence and Divergence, Brill 2003 p. 186. نسخة محفوظة 09 مايو 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Dov Katz, "Languages of the Diaspora", in Mark Avrum Ehrlich (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO 2008 pp. 193ff [195]. نسخة محفوظة 03 يونيو 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Brunner, José (2007). Demographie – Demokratie – Geschichte: Deutschland und Israel (بالألمانية). Wallstein Verlag. p. 197. ISBN:978-3835301351. Archived from the original on 2019-12-16.
↑  "The Jewish Population of the World (2010)". مكتبة اليهود الافتراضية. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-01-24., based on American Jewish Year Book. اللجنة اليهودية الأمريكية. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-05.
↑  "Ashkenazi Jews". الجامعة العبرية في القدس. مؤرشف من الأصل في 20 October 2013. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 29 October 2013.
↑  "First genetic mutation for colorectal cancer identified in Ashkenazi Jews". The Gazette. Johns Hopkins University. 8 سبتمبر 1997. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-03-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-07-24.
↑  سيرجيو ديلا بيرجولا (2008). ""Sephardic and Oriental" Jews in Israel and Countries: Migration, Social Change, and Identification". في Peter Y. Medding (المحرر). Sephardic Jewry and Mizrahi Jews. Oxford University Press. ج. X11. ص. 3–42. ISBN:978-0199712502. Della Pergola does not analyze or mention the Ashkenazi statistics, but the figure is implied by his rough estimate that in 2000, Oriental and Sephardi Jews constituted 26% of the population of world Jewry.
↑  Focus on Genetic Screening Research, ed. Sandra R. Pupecki, p. 58
↑  Costa، Marta D.؛ Pereira، Joana B.؛ Pala، Maria؛ Fernandes، Verónica؛ Olivieri، Anna؛ Achilli، Alessandro؛ Perego، Ugo A.؛ Rychkov، Sergei؛ Naumova، Oksana؛ Hatina، Jiři؛ Woodward، Scott R.؛ Eng، Ken Khong؛ Macaulay، Vincent؛ Carr، Martin؛ Soares، Pedro؛ Pereira، Luísa؛ Richards، Martin B. (8 أكتوبر 2013). "A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages". Nature Communications. ج. 4 ع. 1: 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4E2543C. DOI:10.1038/ncomms3543. PMC:3806353. PMID:24104924. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-11-17.
↑  موسوعة اليهود واليهودية والصهيونية - د.عبد الوهاب المسيرى - الجزء الثانى - الجزء الثانى - الباب الأول - مدخل الأشكناز.