ثقافة مسيحية
مراجع

↑  Religion in the Roman Empire, Wiley-Blackwell, by James B. Rives, page 196
↑  Catholic encyclopedia New Advent نسخة محفوظة 18 مايو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, pp. 301–03.
↑  Meyendorff 1982، صفحة 19.
↑  Caltron J.H Hayas, Christianity and Western Civilization (1953), Stanford University Press, p.2: "That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization – the civilization of western Europe and of America— have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo – Graeco – Christianity, Catholic and Protestant."
↑  Pacini، Andrea (1998). Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East. ISBN:9780198293880. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-29.
↑  "The historical march of the Arabs: the third moment." نسخة محفوظة 13 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  The Culture of Kerala نسخة محفوظة 16 سبتمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Cambridge University Historical Series, An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects, p. 40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era.
↑  Caltron J.H Hayas, Christianity and Western Civilization (1953), Stanford University Press, p. 2: "That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo – Graeco – Christianity, Catholic and Protestant."
↑  Dawson، Christopher؛ Glenn Olsen (1961). Crisis in Western Education (ط. reprint). ص. 108. ISBN:9780813216836.
↑  "Review of How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization by Thomas Woods, Jr". National Review Book Service. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2006-08-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2006-09-16.
↑  Ware 1993، صفحة 8.
1 2  Koch، Carl (1994). The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission. Early Middle Ages: St. Mary's Press. ISBN:978-0-88489-298-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-22.
↑  Koch، Carl (1994). The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission. The Age of Enlightenment: St. Mary's Press. ISBN:978-0-88489-298-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-22.
↑  Dawson، Christopher؛ Olsen، Glenn (1961). Crisis in Western Education (ط. reprint). ISBN:978-0-8132-1683-6.
1 2  Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, (ردمك 0-521-36105-2), pp. xix–xx
↑  Verger 1999
↑  "Valetudinaria". broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
↑  Risse، Guenter B (أبريل 1999). Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals. Oxford University Press. ص. 59. ISBN:0-19-505523-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-27.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: التاريخ والسنة (link)
↑  Karl Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, 11. Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326
↑  Encyclopædia Britannica Forms of Christian education نسخة محفوظة 1 نوفمبر 2014 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Verger, Jacques [بالفرنسية] (1999). Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles (بالفرنسية) (1st ed.). Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes. ISBN:286847344X. Archived from the original on 2020-03-13. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
↑  Susan Elizabeth Hough, Richter's Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man, Princeton University Press, 2007, (ردمك 0691128073), p. 68.
↑  Encyclopædia Britannica Jesuit نسخة محفوظة 3 مايو 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Encyclopædia Britannica Church and social welfare نسخة محفوظة 7 مايو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Encyclopædia Britannica Care for the sick نسخة محفوظة 23 أبريل 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Encyclopædia Britannica Property, poverty, and the poor, نسخة محفوظة 7 مايو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Weber، Max (1905). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.
↑  Cf. Jeremy Waldron (2002), God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), (ردمك 978-0-521-89057-1), pp. 189, 208
↑  Encyclopædia Britannica Church and state نسخة محفوظة 5 نوفمبر 2014 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Sir Banister Fletcher, History of Architecture on the Comparative Method.
↑  Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp. 409–445 (416, table 1)
↑  Eveleigh, Bogs (2002). Baths and Basins: The Story of Domestic Sanitation. Stroud, England: Sutton.
1 2   Christianity in Action: The History of the International Salvation Army p.16
↑  Encyclopædia Britannica The tendency to spiritualize and individualize marriage نسخة محفوظة 26 سبتمبر 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Chadwick, Owen p. 242.
↑  Hastings, p. 309.
↑  Gilley، Sheridan (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C.1815-c.1914. Brian Stanley. Cambridge University Press. ص. 164. ISBN:0521814561. ... Many of the scientists who contributed to these developments were Christians...
↑  Steane، Andrew (2014). Faithful to Science: The Role of Science in Religion. OUP Oxford. ص. 179. ISBN:978-0191025136. ... the Christian contribution to science has been uniformly at the top level, but it has reached that level and it has been sufficiently strong overall ...
↑  L. Johnson، Eric (2009). Foundations for Soul Care: A Christian Psychology Proposal. InterVarsity Press. ص. 63. ISBN:978-0830875276. ... . Many of the early leaders of the scientific revolution were Christians of various stripes, including Roger Bacon, Copernicus, Kepler, Francis Bacon, Galileo, Newton, Boyle, Pascal, Descartes, Ray, Linnaeus and Gassendi...
↑  "100 Scientists Who Shaped World History". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-29.
↑  "50 Nobel Laureates and Other Great Scientists Who Believe in God". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-29.
↑  S. Kroger، William (2016). Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis in Medicine, Dentistry and Psychology. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN:978-1787203044. Many prominent Catholic physicians and psychologists have made significant contributions to hypnosis in medicine, dentistry, and psychology.
↑  "Religious Affiliation of the World's Greatest Artists". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-29.
1 2  "Wealthy 100 and the 100 Most Influential in Business". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-29.
1 2 3  E. McGrath، Alister (2006). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. ص. 336. ISBN:1405108991. Virtually every major European composer contributed to the development of church music. Monteverdi, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Rossini, and Verdi are all examples of composers to have made significant contributions in this sphere. The Catholic church was without question one of the most important patrons of musical developments, and a crucial stimulus to the development of the western musical tradition.
↑  A. Spinello، Richard (2012). The Encyclicals of John Paul II: An Introduction and Commentary. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ص. 147. ISBN:978-1442219427. ... The insights of Christian philosophy "would not have happened without the direct or indirect contribution of Christian faith" (FR 76). Typical Christian philosophers include St. Augustine, St. Bonaventure, and St. Thomas Aquinas. The benefits derived from Christian philosophy are twofold....
↑  Roy Vincelette، Alan (2009). Recent Catholic Philosophy: The Nineteenth Century. Marquette University Press. ISBN:978-0874627565. ... .Catholic thinkers contributed extensively to philosophy during the Nineteenth Century. Besides pioneering the revivals of Augustinianism and Thomism, they also helped to initiate such philosophical movements as Romanticism, Traditionalism, Semi-Rationalism, Spiritualism, Ontologism, and Integralism...
↑  Hyman، J.؛ Walsh، J.J. (1967). Philosophy in the Middle Ages: The Christian, Islamic, and Jewish Traditions. New York: Harper & Row. OCLC:370638. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-17.
↑  Brown، J. (24 يوليو 2014). Encyclopaedia Perthensis, Or, Universal Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, Literature, Etc. : Intended to Supersede the Use of Other Books of Reference, Volume 18. University of Minnesota. ص. 179. ISBN:978-0191025136. ... Christians has also contributed greatly to the abolition of slavery, or at least to the mitigation of the rigour of servitude.
↑  Hillerbrand، Hans J. (2016). Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set. Pickle Partners Publishing. ص. 174. ISBN:978-1787203044. ... In the centuries succeeding the REFORMATION the teaching of Protestantism was consistent on the nature of work. Some Protestant theologians also contributed to the study of economics, especially the nineteenth-century Scottish minister THOMAS CHALMERS....
↑  "Religion of History's 100 Most Influential People". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2003-12-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-29.
↑  "Religion of Great Philosophers". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-29.
↑  Baruch A. Shalev, 100 Years of Nobel Prizes (2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p.57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religions. Most (65.4%) have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. (ردمك 978-0935047370)
↑  Hill, Donald. Islamic Science and Engineering. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. (ردمك 0-7486-0455-3), p.4
↑  Brague, Rémi (15 أبريل 2009). The Legend of the Middle Ages. ص. 164. ISBN:9780226070803. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-11.
↑  Ferguson, Kitty Pythagoras: His Lives and the Legacy of a Rational Universe Walker Publishing Company, New York, 2008, (page number not available – occurs toward end of Chapter 13, "The Wrap-up of Antiquity"). "It was in the Near and Middle East and North Africa that the old traditions of teaching and learning continued, and where Christian scholars were carefully preserving ancient texts and knowledge of the ancient Greek language." نسخة محفوظة 22 يونيو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Rémi Brague, Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization نسخة محفوظة 26 مايو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Britannica, Nestorian نسخة محفوظة 10 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, (ردمك 0-19-860575-7)
↑  Ducher 1988، صفحات 46–62.
↑  Colin Lawson؛ Robin Stowell، المحررون (16 فبراير 2012). The Cambridge History of Musical Performance. Cambridge University Press. ص. 590. ISBN:978-1-316-18442-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-31.
↑  Goldberger، Paul (28 يناير 1991). "Barcelona". National Geographic. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2010-02-07.
↑  Lewis, Bernard. Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire. 1, University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.
↑  Ibrahim, Raymond. Sword and Scimitar. Da Capo Press, New York, (ردمك 978-0-306-82555-2)
↑  Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, Cambridge 1966 [1954], vol 3
↑  John Harvey, The Gothic World.
↑  A companion to medieval art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe. Rudolph, Conrad, 1951-. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2006. ISBN:978-1405102865. OCLC:62322358.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: آخرون (link)
↑   "Symbolism". الموسوعة الكاثوليكية. نيويورك: شركة روبرت أبيلتون. 1913.
↑  T. Mathews, The early churches of Constantinople: architecture and liturgy (University Park, 1971); N. Henck, "Constantius ho Philoktistes?", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 55 (2001), 279–304 (available online نسخة محفوظة 27 March 2009 على موقع واي باك مشين.).
↑  
Hall, p. 100.
↑  Murray, p. 45.
↑  "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-29.
↑  Marvin Perry (1 يناير 2012). Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789. Cengage Learning. ص. 33–. ISBN:978-1-111-83720-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-29.
↑  "When the King Saved God". فانيتي فير. 2011. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-08-10.
↑  "Why I want all our children to read the King James Bible". الغارديان. 20 مايو 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-08-10.
↑  "Best selling book of non-fiction". Guinness World Records. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-12-09.
↑  Ryken، Leland. "How We Got the Best-Selling Book of All Time". The Wall Street Journal. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-12-09.
↑  "The battle of the books". The Economist. 22 ديسمبر 2007. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-06-22.
↑  Ash, Russell (2001). Top 10 of Everything 2002. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN:0-7894-8043-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-31.
↑  Mango 2007، صفحات 275–276.
↑  Ross, James F., "Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae (ca. 1273), Christian Wisdom Explained Philosophically", in The Classics of Western Philosophy: A Reader's Guide, (eds.) Jorge J. E. Gracia, Gregory M. Reichberg, Bernard N. Schumacher (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003), p. 165.  f ross philosopher&pg=PA165 نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-29 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Christmas Markets in Germany and Europe". The German Way & More. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-10-30.
1 2  Fortescue، Adrian (1912). "Christian Calendar". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-18.
↑  Hickman. Handbook of the Christian Year.
↑  "The Global Religious Landscape | Christians". Pew Research Center. 18 ديسمبر 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-03-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-05-23.
↑  "Christmas Strongly Religious For Half in U.S. Who Celebrate It". Gallup, Inc. 24 ديسمبر 2010. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-12-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-12-16.
↑  Canadian Heritage – Public holidays نسخة محفوظة 24 November 2009 على موقع واي باك مشين. – Government of Canada. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
↑  2009 Federal Holidays نسخة محفوظة 16 January 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين. – U.S. Office of Personnel Management. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
↑  Bank holidays and British Summer time نسخة محفوظة 15 May 2011 على موقع واي باك مشين. – HM Government. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
↑  Ehorn، Lee Ellen؛ Hewlett، Shirely J.؛ Hewlett، Dale M. (1 سبتمبر 1995). December Holiday Customs. Lorenz Educational Press. ص. 1. ISBN:978-1-4291-0896-6.
↑  Nick Hytrek, "Non-Christians focus on secular side of Christmas" نسخة محفوظة 14 November 2009 على موقع واي باك مشين., Sioux City Journal, 10 November 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
↑  "Poll: In a changing nation, Santa endures". Associated Press. 22 ديسمبر 2006. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-12-24.
↑  Gamman، Andrew؛ Bindon، Caroline (2014). Stations for Lent and Easter. Kereru Publishing Limited. ص. 7. ISBN:978-0473276812. Easter Day, also known as Resurrection Sunday, marks the high point of the Christian year. It is the day that we celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead.
↑  Boda، Mark J.؛ Smith، Gordon T. (2006). Repentance in Christian Theology. Liturgical Press. ص. 316. ISBN:978-0814651759. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-04-19. Orthodox, Catholic, and all Reformed churches in the Middle East celebrate Easter according to the Eastern calendar, calling this holy day "Resurrection Sunday," not Easter.
↑  Bernard Trawicky; Ruth Wilhelme Gregory (2000). Anniversaries and Holidays. جمعية المكتبات الأمريكية. ISBN:978-0838906958. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-12. Easter is the central celebration of the Christian liturgical year. It is the oldest and most important Christian feast, celebrating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. The date of Easter determines the dates of all movable feasts except those of Advent.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  Aveni، Anthony (2004). "The Easter/Passover Season: Connecting Time's Broken Circle", The Book of the Year: A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays. دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد. ص. 64–78. ISBN:0-19-517154-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-08.
↑  Anne Jordan (2000). Christianity. Nelson Thornes. ISBN:978-0748753208. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-04-07. Easter eggs are used as a Christian symbol to represent the empty tomb. The outside of the egg looks dead but inside there is new life, which is going to break out. The Easter egg is a reminder that Jesus will rise from His tomb and bring new life. Eastern Orthodox Christians dye boiled eggs red to represent the blood of Christ shed for the sins of the world.
↑  The Guardian, Volume 29. H. Harbaugh. 1878. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-04-07. Just so, on that first Easter morning, Jesus came to life and walked out of the tomb, and left it, as it were, an empty shell. Just so, too, when the Christian dies, the body is left in the grave, an empty shell, but the soul takes wings and flies away to be with God. Thus you see that though an egg seems to be as dead as a stone, yet it really has life in it; and also it is like Christ's dead body, which was raised to life again. This is the reason we use eggs on Easter. (In olden times they used to color the eggs red, so as to show the kind of death by which Christ died, – a bloody death.)
↑  Gordon Geddes, Jane Griffiths (2002). Christian belief and practice. هينمان. ISBN:978-0435306915. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-04-07. Red eggs are given to Orthodox Christians after the Easter Liturgy. They crack their eggs against each other's. The cracking of the eggs symbolizes a wish to break away from the bonds of sin and misery and enter the new life issuing from Christ's resurrection.
↑  Collins، Cynthia (19 أبريل 2014). "Easter Lily Tradition and History". The Guardian. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-04-20. The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Churches of all denominations, large and small, are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet-like shape on Easter morning.
↑  Schell، Stanley (1916). Easter Celebrations. Werner & Company. ص. 84. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-08. We associate the lily with Easter, as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection.
↑  Vicki K. Black (2004). The Church Standard, Volume 74. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN:978-0819225757. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-04-07. In parts of Europe, the eggs were dyed red and were then cracked together when people exchanged Easter greetings. Many congregations today continue to have Easter egg hunts for the children after the services on Easter Day.
↑  The Church Standard, Volume 74. Walter N. Hering. 1897. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-04-07. When the custom was carrierd over into Christian practice the Easter eggs were usually sent to the priests to be blessed and sprinked with holy water. In later times the coloring and decorating of eggs was introduced, and in a royal roll of the time of Edward I., which is preserved in the Tower of London, there is an entry of 18d. for 400 eggs, to be used for Easter gifts.
↑  Brown، Eleanor Cooper (2010). From Preparation to Passion. ISBN:978-1609577650. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-04-07. So what preparations do most Christians and non-Christians make? Shopping for new clothing often signifies the belief that Spring has arrived, and it is a time of renewal. Preparations for the Easter Egg Hunts and the Easter Ham for the Sunday dinner are high on the list too.
↑  Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1210 نسخة محفوظة 9 June 2011 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3  Cross/Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. p. 1435f.
↑  Cross، Frank Leslie؛ Elizabeth A. Livingstone (2005). "Baptism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. أكسفورد: دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد. ص. 151–154. ISBN:0-19-280290-9. OCLC:58998735.
↑  Slosar، J.P.؛ D. O'Brien (2003). "The Ethics of Neonatal Male Circumcision: A Catholic Perspective". American Journal of Bioethics. ج. 3 ع. 2: 62–64. DOI:10.1162/152651603766436306. PMID:12859824. S2CID:38064474.
↑  Customary in some Coptic and other churches:
1 2  Gruenbaum، Ellen (2015). The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. University of Pennsylvania Press. ص. 61. ISBN:9780812292510. Christian theology generally interprets male circumcision to be an Old Testament rule that is no longer an obligation ... though in many countries (especially the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa, but not so much in Europe) it is widely practiced among Christians
↑  Hunting، Katherine (2012). Essential Case Studies in Public Health: Putting Public Health Into Practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ص. 23-24. ISBN:9781449648756. Neonatal circumcision is the general practice among Jews, Christians, and many, but not all Muslims.
↑  R. Wylie، Kevan (2015). ABC of Sexual Health. John Wiley & Sons. ص. 101. ISBN:9781118665695. Although it is mostly common and required in male newborns with Moslem or Jewish backgrounds, certain Christian-dominant countries such as the United States also practice it commonly.
↑  R. Peteet، John (2017). Spirituality and Religion Within the Culture of Medicine: From Evidence to Practice. Oxford University Press. ص. 97-101. ISBN:9780190272432. male circumcision is still observed among Ethiopian and Coptic Christians, and circumcision rates are also high today in the Philippines and the US.
↑  Kanel, Danny Von (2005). Building Sunday School by the Owner's Design (بالإنجليزية). CSS Publishing. p. 69. ISBN:978-0-7880-2353-8.
↑  Rawson، Beryl Rawson (2010). A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds. John Wiley & Sons. ص. 111. ISBN:9781444390759. ...Christianity placed great emphasis on the family and on all members from children to the aged...
↑  "The Collapse of Marriage by Don Browning – The Christian Century". Religion-online.org. 7 فبراير 2006. ص. 24–28. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2007-09-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-07-10.
↑  Pritchard، Colin Pritchard (2006). Mental Health Social Work: Evidence-Based Practice. Routledge. ص. 111. ISBN:9781134365449. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-09-04. ... in cultures with stronger 'extended family traditions', such as Asian and Catholic countries...
↑  Major Branches of Religions Ranked by Number of Adherents نسخة محفوظة 2019-10-08 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Thomas Riggs (2006). "Christianity: Coptic Christianity". Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations. Thomson Gale. ISBN:978-0-7876-6612-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-29.
↑  Vivian C. Fox, "Poor Children's Rights in Early Modern England," Journal of Psychohistory, Jan 1996, Vol. 23 Issue 3, pp 286–306
↑  "Children of the Reformation". Touchstone. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-01-11.
↑  "Onan's Onus". Touchstone. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-03-20.
↑  Brinley، Douglas E. (1998)، Together forever: Gospel perspectives for marriage and family، Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft، ص. 48، ISBN:1-57008-540-4، OCLC:40185703، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-02
1 2 3  [Religion and Living Arrangements Around the World: Muslims and Hindus have larger households than Christians and religious ‘nones,’ in patterns influenced by regional norms], مركز بيو للأبحاث, 12 December 2019
↑  Wright، Professor Robin M؛ Vilaça، Aparecida (28 مايو 2013). Native Christians: Modes and Effects of Christianity among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ص. 171. ISBN:978-1-4094-7813-3. Before Christianity, they could not eat certain things from certain animals (uumajuit), but after eating they can now do anything they want to.
↑  Geisler، Norman L. (1 سبتمبر 1989). Christian Ethics: Contemporary Issues and Options. Baker Books. ص. 334. ISBN:978-1-58558-053-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-02. The eating of animals is not forbidden. The Scriptures do not forbid the eating and partaking of animals. This does not mean that all animals are to be eaten (Mark 7:19; Acts 11:9; 1 Tim. 4:4). It is clear in the Scriptures that we are not supposed to eat animals that are alive or with blood (Gen. 9:2–4; Deut. 12:16, 23–24).
↑  Ehrman، Bart D. (1 مايو 2006). Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Oxford University Press. ص. 60. ISBN:978-0-19-974113-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-05-02. In the meantime, Peter in Joppa has a middday vision in which he sees a sheet containing animals of every description lowered from the sky. He hears a voice from heaven telling him to "kill and eat." Peter is naturally taken aback, because eating some of these animals would mean breaking the Jewish rules about kosher foods. But then he hears a voice that tells him, "What God has cleansed, you must not call common [unclean]" (that is, you do not need to refrain from eating nonkosher foods; 10: 15). The same sequence of events happens three times.
↑  "The Weaker Brother". Third Way Magazine. ج. 25 ع. 10: 25. ديسمبر 2002. Christ came for the Gentiles as well as the Jews (the real meaning of that vision in Acts 10:9;16) but he also calls us to look out for each other and not do things that will cause our brothers and sisters to stumble. In Corinthians Paul urges the believers to consider not eating meat when with people who assume that meat must be offered to idols before consumption: 'Food will not bring us close to God,' he writes. 'We are no worse off if we do not eat, and no better off if we do. But take care that this liberty of yours does not somehow become a stumbling block for the weak.' (1 Corinthians 8:8–9)
↑  Binder، Stephanie E. (14 نوفمبر 2012). Tertullian, On Idolatry and Mishnah Avodah Zarah. دار بريل للنشر. ص. 87. ISBN:978-90-04-23478-9. Clement of Alexandria and Origen also forbid eating meat dedicated to idolatry and partaking in meals with demons, which, by association, are the meals of fornicators and idolatrous adulterers. Marcianus Aristides merely testifies that Christians do not eat what has been sacrificed to idols; and Hippolytus only notes the interdiction against eating such food.
↑  Deem، Rich (21 يونيو 2008). "Should Christians Eat Meat or Should We Be Vegetarians??". Evidence for God from Science. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-05-02. Later, laws were instituted that declared certain meats to be "clean" and others to be "unclean." The system provided a means of proving one's obedience to God and had some health benefits. After Jesus Christ came, God declared all meats to be clean. Current slaughterhouse practices comply with the dictate to remove the blood, so virtually all meat today is acceptable to eat according to God.
↑  Salamon, Hagar (7 Nov 1999). Ethiopian Jews in Christian Ethiopia (بالإنجليزية). University of California Press. p. 101. ISBN:978-0-520-92301-0. The Christians do "Basema ab wawald wamanfas qeeus ahadu amlak" [in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit one God] and then slaughter. The Jews say "Baruch yitharek amlak yisrael" [Blessed is the King (God) of Israel].
↑  Efron, John M. (1 Oct 2008). Medicine and the German Jews: A History (بالإنجليزية). Yale University Press. p. 206. ISBN:978-0-300-13359-2. By contrast, the most common mode of slaughtering four-legged animals among Christians in the nineteenth century was through the deliverance of a stunning blow to the head, usually with a mallet or poleax.
↑  Grumett, David; Muers, Rachel (26 Feb 2010). Theology on the Menu: Asceticism, Meat and Christian Diet (بالإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 121. ISBN:978-1-135-18832-0. The Armenian and other Orthodox rituals of slaughter display obvious links with shechitah, Jewish kosher slaughter.
↑  Norman L. Geisler (1989). Christian Ethics. Baker Book. ص. 206. ISBN:978-0-8010-3832-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-02.
↑  Phelps, Norm (2002). The Dominion of Love: Animal Rights According to the Bible (بالإنجليزية). Lantern Books. p. 171. ISBN:978-1-59056-009-9. Nevertheless, toward the end of the chapter, Paul suggests that even Christians with strong faith may want to abstain from eating meat offered to pagan deities if any chance that their example will tempt fellow Christians of weaker faith into inadvertent idolatry. He concludes by saying, "Therefore, if food causes my brother to stumble, I will never eat meat again, so that I will not cause my brother to stumble." (1 Corinthians 8:13)
↑  Walters, Peter; Byl, John (2013). Christian Paths to Health and Wellness (بالإنجليزية). Human Kinetics. p. 184. ISBN:978-1-4504-2454-7. Traditional Hindus and Trappist monks adopt vegetarian diets as a practice of their faith.
↑  Daugherty, Helen Ginn (1995). An Introduction to Population (بالإنجليزية). Guilford Press. pp. 150. ISBN:978-0-89862-616-2. Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Seventh-Day Adventists are also urged, but not required, to avoid eating meat and highly spiced food (Snowdon, 1988).
↑  "What does The United Methodist Church say about fasting??" (بالإنجليزية). The United Methodist Church. Archived from the original on 2014-04-27. Retrieved 2014-05-02.