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مراجع

↑  How Can Blood Save Your Life?. Watch Tower Society. ص. 3–7.
↑  "Be Guided by the Living God", The Watchtower, June 15, 2004, page 22.
↑  "Godly Respect for Blood", The Watchtower, September 1, 1986, page 25.
↑  "Jehovah's Witnesses—The Surgical/Ethical Challenge". American Medical Association from The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). 246, No. 21: 2471, 2472. 27 نوفمبر 1981.
↑  Muramoto، O (ديسمبر 1999). "Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 3. A proposal for a don't-ask-don't-tell policy". Journal of Medical Ethics. ج. 25 ع. 6: 463–8. DOI:10.1136/jme.25.6.463. PMC:479294. PMID:10635499.
1 2 3  Muramoto، O. (6 يناير 2001). "Bioethical aspects of the recent changes in the policy of refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses". BMJ. ج. 322 ع. 7277: 37–39. DOI:10.1136/bmj.322.7277.37. PMC:1119307. PMID:11141155. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-09-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-04-25.
↑  Little، Jane (14 يونيو 2000). "Jehovah's Witnesses drop transfusion ban". BBC News. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2004-06-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-05-11.
1 2  Jehovah's Witnesses Public Affairs Office press release, June 14, 2000.
↑  Lee Elder, The Associated Jehovah's Witnesses for Reform on Blood, "Why some Jehovah's Witnesses accept blood and conscientiously reject official Watchtower Society blood policy", Journal of Medical Ethics, 2000, Vol 26, pages 375-380.
↑  "Tom Blackwell, "Without fanfare, Jehovah's Witnesses quietly soften position on blood transfusions", National Post, 20 December 2012". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-01-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-12-28.
↑  How Can Blood Save Your Life, published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1990 p. 24, "God told all mankind that they must not eat blood. Why? Because blood represents life."
↑  Awake!, August 2006 p. 11, "He also gave them his reason, equating blood with the soul, or life, of the creature. He later said: 'The soul [or life] is in the blood.' In the eyes of the Creator, blood is sacred. It represents the precious gift of life that each living soul possesses."
↑  The Watchtower, June 15, 2004 p. 21
↑  The Watchtower, February 1, 1997 p. 29
↑  The Watchtower, June 1, 1969 pp. 326, 327
↑  The Watchtower, September 1, 1986 p. 25
↑  October 15, 2000 Watchtower, p. 31
↑  The Watchtower, June 15, 2004 P.24 par. 16
↑  The Watchtower, March 1, 1989, p. 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  The Watchtower, June 15, 2000 pp. 29-31
↑  Jehovah's Witness letter to Cliff Roche, July 30, 2001 (Published in the book Three Dissertations on the Teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses, by Greg Stafford, 2002 (ردمك 0-9659814-2-8))
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  The Watchtower, October 15, 2000 pp. 30-31
↑  Instructions for Filling in The Advance Decision Document, published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 2005 p.1.
↑  West, James. "Informed refusal — the Jehovah's Witness patient", Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology: A Case-Based Textbook, Cambridge University Press, 2011 pp. 19-26.
↑  Farmer S, Webb D, Your Body Your Choice: The Layman's Complete Guide to Bloodless Medicine and Surgery, 2000; pages 11, 14, 75
1 2 3  Ariga et al., Legal Medicine, 5 (2003) S72-S75
↑  "New Jersey Health System". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2005-08-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2006-03-01., "Archived copy". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2006-04-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2006-03-01.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: الأرشيف كعنوان (link), "Archived copy". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2006-05-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2006-03-01.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: الأرشيف كعنوان (link), and نسخة محفوظة 2004-04-05 على موقع واي باك مشين. - successful cases of bloodless surgery
↑  Pattakos، Gregory؛ Koch، Colleen G.؛ Brizzio، Mariano E.؛ Batizy، Lillian H.؛ Sabik، Joseph F.؛ Blackstone، Eugene H.؛ Lauer، Michael S. (2012). "Outcome of Patients Who Refuse Transfusion After Cardiac Surgery". JAMA Internal Medicine. ج. 172 ع. 15: 1154–60. DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2449. PMID:22751620.
↑  Spence et al., Transfusion May 2003; Vol. 43 p. 668
↑  Transfusion-Free Medicine, edited by Dr Nicolas Jabbour, 2005 p. 13
↑  "Are You Ready to Face a Faith-Challenging Medical Situation?", Our Kingdom Ministry, November 1990.
↑  "Youths Who Have Power Beyond What Is Normal", Awake!, May 22, 1994, pages 9-15.
↑  Richards، Edward؛ Rathbun، Katharine (1983). "Medical Risk Management: Preventive Legal Strategies for Health Care Providers". http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/Books/aspen/Aspen.html. Aspen Systems Corporation. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-07-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-12. {{استشهاد ويب}}: روابط خارجية في |موقع= (مساعدة)
↑  Hartman، Kurt؛ Liang، Bryan (مارس 1999). "Exceptions to Informed Consent in Emergency Medicine" (PDF). Hospital Physician. ج. 35 ع. 3: 53–55. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2014-10-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-13.
↑  Ohto، Hitoshi؛ Yonemura، Yuji؛ Takeda، Junzo؛ Inada، Eiichi؛ Hanada، Ryoji؛ Hayakawa، Satoshi؛ Miyano، Takeshi؛ Kai، Katsunori؛ Iwashi، Waichiro (يوليو 2009). "Guidelines for managing conscientious objection to blood transfusion". Transfusion Medicine Reviews. ج. 23 ع. 3: 221–28. DOI:10.1016/j.tmrv.2009.03.004. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-22.
↑  American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics (1997). "Religious objections to medical care". Pediatrics. ج. 99 ع. 2: 279–281. DOI:10.1542/peds.99.2.279. PMID:9024462.
↑  Our Kingdom Ministry, September 1988, page 4.
↑  "Jehovah's Witnesses—1998 Yearbook Report", 1998 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, ©1997 Watch Tower, page 23
↑  "Jehovah's Witnesses—1996 Yearbook Report", 1996 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, ©1997 Watch Tower, page 26
↑  "Bridging the Gap Between Doctors and Witness Patients", Awake!, November 22, 1990, page 21
↑  "Are You Ready to Face a Faith-Challenging Medical Situation?", Our Kingdom Ministry, November 1990, page 3.
1 2  "Certificate of Recognition issued by Society for the Advancement of Blood Management". Watch Tower Society. سبتمبر 2002. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-03-06.
1 2  January 3, 2006 Letter from Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses; To all Congregations
↑  Our Kingdom Ministry, November 1990 p. 3
↑  "Service Meeting Schedule", Our Kingdom Ministry, January 2006, page 2
↑  "Argentina", 2001 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, ©2000 Watch Tower, page 212
↑  ""Follow Me Continually"", Our Kingdom Ministry, May 2006, page 1
↑  "No One Has Love Greater Than This", Come Be My Follower, ©2007 Watch Tower, pages 178-179
1 2  "Blood transfusion in adult Jehovah's Witnesses. A case study of one congregation". Arch Intern Med. ج. 142 ع. 3: 606–7. مارس 1982. DOI:10.1001/archinte.142.3.606. PMID:7065795. there is either some lack of understanding or refusal to follow doctrine among some members ... Our research methods are open to sample bias. By surveying only church members, we may not have described the beliefs of less religious Jehovah's Witnesses. Although we stressed the strict confidentiality of the questionnaire, the members knew that the church had cooperated in the study to the point of supplying a list of the names and addresses of its members. This may have influenced their answers. Despite these problems, we believe we adequately described the beliefs of this congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses and demonstrated the need for physicians to be aware of their patients' religious objections to medical treatmentThe article presents the results of a study to determine the medical needs and beliefs of one congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses in Denver by mailing a questionnaire to the 70 adult members. 59 responses were received. Of the 59, 7 stipulated they would accept plasma transfusion (Table 1 on page 607).
↑  Kaaron Benson, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute Cancer Control Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4, November/December 1995
1 2  "Responses by pregnant Jehovah's Witnesses on health care proxies". Obstet Gynecol. ج. 104 ع. 3: 541–4. سبتمبر 2004. DOI:10.1097/01.AOG.0000135276.25886.8e. PMID:15339766. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-22. This review refutes the commonly held belief that all Jehovah's Witnesses refuse to accept blood or any of its products. In this population of pregnant women, the majority were willing to accept some form of blood or blood products.
↑  "Faith, identity, and leukemia: when blood products are not an option". Oncologist. ج. 7 ع. 4: 371–80. 2002. DOI:10.1634/theoncologist.7-4-371. PMID:12185299."Ms. LF stated that she was a Jehovah's Witness and asserted with an advanced [sic] directive that she did not want blood product support…. The risks and benefits of continuing therapy were discussed with Ms. LF. She remained adamant in her refusal of blood products and repeated that she wanted to continue treatment and to 'die fighting' her disease."
↑  "The Jehovah's Witness blood refusal card: ethical and medicolegal considerations for emergency physicians". Acad Emerg Med. ج. 5 ع. 8: 815–24. أغسطس 1998. DOI:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02510.x. PMID:9715245.Ridley DT (أغسطس 1998). "Honoring Jehovah's Witnesses' advance directives in emergencies: a response to Drs. Migden and Braen". Acad Emerg Med. ج. 5 ع. 8: 824–35. DOI:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02511.x. PMID:9715246.
↑  Kaaron Benson, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute Cancer Control Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4, November/December 1995, "Therefore, while most adult Jehovah's Witness patients were unwilling to accept blood for themselves, most Jehovah's Witness parents permitted transfusions for their minor children, and many of the young adult patients also were willing to accept transfusions for themselves." Available online at http://www.moffitt.org/moffittapps/ccj/v2n6/article13.html نسخة محفوظة 2007-03-13 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Buber, M., Under Two Dictators, 1949 pp. 222, 235-237. Buber states the Jehovah's Witness prisoners all ate blood sausage, until around 1943. At that time she relates that 25 of the 275 Jehovah's Witness prisoners refused to eat blood sausage. She underlines the fact that this occurred in the presence of knowledge of Biblical statements regarding blood.
↑  "How We Came to Be Known as Jehovah's Witnesses — Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY". wol.jw.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-08-06.
↑  The Watch Tower, November 15, 1892 p. 351, "It will be noticed that nothing is said about keeping the ten commandments, nor any part of the Jewish law. It was evidently taken for granted that having received the spirit of Christ the new law of love would be a general regulation for them. The things mentioned were merely to guard against stumbling themselves or becoming stumbling blocks to others."
↑  The Watch Tower, April 15, 1909 pp. 116-117, "These prohibitions had never come to the Gentiles, because they had never been under the Law Covenant; but so deeply rooted were the Jewish ideas on this subject that it was necessary to the peace of the Church that the Gentiles should observe this matter also ... these items thus superadded to the Law of Love should be observed by all spiritual Israelites as representing the Divine will."
↑  The Golden Age, October 15, 1919 p. 47, "A serious difficulty which has been overcome in the use of plywood for airplanes construction was the making from blood of a glue that will stand any quantity of moisture without letting go…. In this plywood, stronger than steel, we have an illustration of how the Lord can take characters, weak in themselves, and surround them with such influence and so fortify them by his promises as to make them "mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds" of error and sin.—2 Cor. 10:4"
↑  The Golden Age, December 17, 1924 p. 163, "Remarkable Tale of Womanly Heroism…. Fearing the death of the child, the woman deliberately cut her arms and breast with glass from the windshield to provide blood to keep the child alive during the cold nights. The child will recover, but the heroine is expected to die."
↑  Golden Age, July 29, 1925 p. 683
↑  "One Reason for God's Vengeance", The Watchtower, December 15, 1927, p. 371.
↑  Consolation: 19. 25 ديسمبر 1940. one of the attending physicians in the great emergency gave a quart of his own blood for transfusion, and today the woman lives and smiles gaily over what happened to her in the busiest 23 minutes of her life. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط |title= غير موجود أو فارغ (مساعدة)
↑  "The Stranger's Right Maintained", The Watchtower, December 1, 1944, p. 362
↑  The Blood Transfusion Taboo of Jehovah's Witnesses: Origin, Development and Function of a Controversial Doctrine, Social Science Medicine, Singelenbreg, R., 1990, Vol. 31, No. 4, p. 516.)
↑  The Watchtower, July 1, 1945, p. 198-201
↑  "Assume Your Christian Obligations", The Watchtower, March 1, 1966, p. 142, "In the counsel from the pages of this magazine there has been a note of increased strictness with regard to pure worship, the placing of additional obligations on each one individually, strict counsel on morals, honesty, neutrality and such requirements as showing respect for the sanctity of blood."
↑  The Watchtower, January 15, 1961, p. 63.
↑  Blood, Medicine, and the Law of God, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1961, p. 54
1 2  Awake!, September 8, 1956 p. 20
1 2  The Watchtower, September 15, 1961, p. 558
1 2  The Watchtower, November 1, 1961, p. 670
1 2  Durable Power of Attorney form, published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, January 2001 p. 1
↑  The Watchtower, June 15, 1982, p. 31
↑  The Watchtower, March 1, 1989 p. 30
↑  The Watchtower, June 15, 2000, p. 29-31
↑  The Watchtower, October 15, 2000, p. 31
↑  Letter to All Presiding Overseers and Secretaries in the United States, Watchtower May 3, 2001, and Enclosure
↑  Letter to All Presiding Overseers and Secretaries in the United States, Watchtower December 20, 2001
↑  The Watchtower, July 1, 1951, p. 414
↑  Awake!, July 8, 1969, p. 30
↑  Awake!, May 22, 1974, page 18.
↑  Awake!, August 2006.
↑  Lee Elder, "Why some Jehovah's Witnesses accept blood and conscientiously reject official Watchtower Society blood policy", Journal of Medical Ethics, 2000, Vol.26, pages 375-380.
↑  "Rightly Value Your Gift of Life," The Watchtower, June 15, 2004, page 15.
↑  United in Worshop of the Only True God, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1983, page 160.
↑  "What Does Jehovah Ask of Us Today?" The Watchtower, September 15, 1999, page 21.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  "Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 1. Should bioethical deliberation consider dissidents' views?". J Med Ethics. ج. 24 ع. 4: 223–230. أغسطس 1998. DOI:10.1136/jme.24.4.223. PMC:1377670. PMID:9752623.
↑  F. F. Bruce, Commentary on Acts, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1955, R.C.H. Lenski, The Interpretation of the Acts of the Apostles, Wartburg Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1944.
↑  Hoekema، Anthony A. (1963). The Four Major Cults. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. ص. 249, 250. ISBN:978-0-8028-3117-0.
1 2  "Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 3. A proposal for a don't-ask-don't-tell policy". J Med Ethics. ج. 25 ع. 6: 463–8. 1999. DOI:10.1136/jme.25.6.463. PMC:479294. PMID:10635499.
↑  "Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 2. A novel approach based on rational non-interventional paternalism". J Med Ethics. ج. 24 ع. 5: 295–301. 1998. DOI:10.1136/jme.24.5.295. PMC:1377601. PMID:9800583.
↑  "ECHR Point number 136, 139". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-05-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-06-12.
↑  "Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 3. A proposal for a don't-ask-don't-tell policy". J Med Ethics. ج. 25 ع. 6: 467. 1999. DOI:10.1136/jme.25.6.463. PMC:479294. PMID:10635499.
↑  "Honor Godly Marriage!", The Watchtower, March 15, 1983, page 31.
1 2  ""Call for new approach to transfusion refusals", The Irish Times, February 27, 2010". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-01-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-05-31.
1 2 3  Malyon، D (1998). "Transfusion-free treatment of Jehovah's Witnesses: respecting the autonomous patient's motives". J Med Ethics. ج. 24 ع. 6: 376–81. DOI:10.1136/jme.24.6.376. PMC:479136. PMID:9873976.
↑  Donald T. Ridley, "Jehovah's Witnesses' refusal of blood: obedience to scripture and religious conscience", Journal of Medical Ethics, 1999, Vol. 25, page 471. نسخة محفوظة 2012-07-16 at Archive.is
↑  "Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 2. A novel approach based on rational non-interventional paternalism". J Med Ethics. ج. 24 ع. 5: 298–9. 1998. DOI:10.1136/jme.24.5.295. PMC:1377601. PMID:9800583.
1 2  "Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 2. A novel approach based on rational non-interventional paternalism". J Med Ethics. ج. 24 ع. 5: 301. 1998. DOI:10.1136/jme.24.5.295. PMC:1377601. PMID:9800583.
↑  "Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 2. A novel approach based on rational non-interventional paternalism". J Med Ethics. ج. 24 ع. 5: 298. 1998. DOI:10.1136/jme.24.5.295. PMC:1377601. PMID:9800583.
↑  ""Religion Today", New York Times, January 6, 2006". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2010-04-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-04-28.
1 2  "Jehovah's Witnesses, Blood Transfusions and the Tort of Misrepresentation", Journal of Church and State, Autumn 2005, Volume 47, Number 4, p. 808: "[The Watchtower Society] builds a case that other doctors wish all surgeons would become bloodless surgeons, when in fact those doctors recognize the benefits of blood transfusions for those who are in desperate need."
↑  Cults, New Religious Movements, and Your Family: A Guide to Ten Non-Christian Groups Out to Convert Your Loved Ones p. 226
↑  Bearing False Witness? An Introduction to the Christian Countercult p. 146
1 2  Reasoning From the Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, page 73.
↑  How Can Blood Save Your Life?, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1990, page 6.
↑  Reasoning From the Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, page 70.
↑  The analogy is used in The Watchtower, June 1, 1969, page 326, The Truth That Leads to Eternal Life, (1981, pg 167), Reasoning From the Scriptures (1989, pg 73), You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth (1989, pg 216), Yearbook (1989, pg 57), What Does the Bible Teach (2005, pg 130) and Awake!, August 2006, page 11.
↑  "Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 2. A novel approach based on rational non-interventional paternalism". J Med Ethics. ج. 24 ع. 5: 299. 1998. DOI:10.1136/jme.24.5.295. PMC:1377601. PMID:9800583.
↑  "Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 2. A novel approach based on rational non-interventional paternalism". J Med Ethics. ج. 24 ع. 5: 300. 1998. DOI:10.1136/jme.24.5.295. PMC:1377601. PMID:9800583.
↑  The Watchtower November 1, 1961 p. 669 Questions From Readers
↑  What Does The Bible Really Teach? 2005 P.128
↑  "Questions From Readers". The Watchtower: 669. 1 نوفمبر 1961. The important thing is that respect has been shown for the sanctity of blood, regard has been shown for the principle of the sacredness of life. What God's law requires is that the blood be drained from the animal when it is killed, not that the meat be soaked in some special preparation to draw out every trace of it.
↑  "OK Kosher Certification — Salting of Meat". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2007-05-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-02-07.
↑  My Jewish Learning: Making Meat Kosher نسخة محفوظة 2009-02-25 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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