حتمية أحيائية
مراجع

↑  de Melo‐Martín, Inmaculada (2003). "When Is Biology Destiny? Biological Determinism and Social Responsibility". Philosophy of Science. 70 (5): 1184–1194. doi:10.1086/377399. JSTOR 10.1086/377399. I will use here 'biology' and 'genetics' ... interchangeably ... because this is the way they are used in most of the literature I analyze here ... Critics accuse those who use biology to explain every possible human trait of presupposing the truth of biological or genetic determinism.
↑  2.	Jump up^ Newman, Stuart A. (2000). "The Role of Genetic Reductionism in Biocolonialism". Peace Review. 12 (4): 517–524. doi:10.1080/10402650020014592
↑  3.	Jump up^ Feminist Frontiers, Ninth Edition, by Taylor, Whittier, and Rupp; How Societies Work, Fourth Edition, by Joanne Naiman
1 2 3  Jump up to:a b c d Allen, Garland E. (1984). "The Roots of Biological Determinism: review of The Mismeasure of Man by Stephen Jay Gould". Journal of the History of Biology. 17 (1): 141–145. doi:10.1007/bf00397505. JSTOR 4330882.
1 2  Jump up to:a b Lewontin, Richard, Steven Rose, and Leon Kamin. Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984. "The Determined Patriarchy", Chapter 6, pp. 131–163
↑  6.	Jump up^ Normile, Dennis (2016). "Nature From Nurture". Science. 351 (6276): 908–910. doi:10.1126/science.351.6276.908.
↑  7.	Jump up^ Powledge, Tabitha M. (2011). "Behavioral Epigenetics: How Nurture Shapes Nature". BioScience. 61 (8): 588–592. doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.8.4
↑  8.	Jump up^ Moore, David S. (2003). The Dependent Gene: The Fallacy of Nature Vs. Nurture. Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-7280-8
↑  9.	Jump up^ Allen, Garland E. (1984). Gould, Stephen Jay, ed. "The Roots of Biological Determinism". Journal of the History of Biology. 17 (1): 141–145.
↑  10.	Jump up^ Weismann, August (1892). Das Keimplasma: eine Theorie der Vererbung [The Germ Plasm: A Theory of Inheritance] (in German). Jena: Fischer.
↑  11.	Jump up^ Huxley, Julian (1942). Evolution, the modern synthesis. Allen and Unwin. p. 17
↑  12.	Jump up^ Turner, J. Scott (2013). Henning, Brian G.; Scarfe, Adam Christian, eds. Biology's Second Law: Homeostasis, Purpose, and Desire. Beyond Mechanism: Putting Life Back Into Biology. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-7391-7436-4. Where Weismann would say that it is impossible for changes acquired during an organism's lifetime to feed back onto transmissible traits in the germ line, the CDMB now added that it was impossible for information encoded in proteins to feed back and affect genetic information in any form whatsoever, which was essentially a molecular recasting of the Weismann barrier.
↑  14.	Jump up^ Allen, Garland Edward (9 December 2015). "Biological determinism". Encyclopædia Britannica.
↑  Jump up to:a b c d Allen, Garland E. (1984). "The Roots of Biological Determinism: review of The Mismeasure of Man by Stephen Jay Gould". Journal of the History of Biology. 17 (1): 141–145. doi:10.1007/bf00397505. JSTOR 4330882
↑  15.	Jump up^ Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The Mismeasure of Man. W. W. Norton
↑  16.	Jump up^ In Pursuit of Difference by Lynda Birke, 1992
↑  17.	Jump up^ Laurie, Timothy (3 June 2015), Bigotry or biology: the hard choice for an opponent of marriage equality, The Drum
↑  18.	Jump up^ Intersex Society of North America
↑  21.	Jump up^ Spanier, Bonnie (1995). "Biological Determinism and Homosexuality". NWSA Journal. 7 (1): 54–71.
↑  22.	Jump up^ Nimmons, David (March 1994). "Sex and the Brain". Discover Magazine.
↑  23.	Jump up^ Fausto-Sterling, Anne, "Of Gender and Genitals" in Sexing the Body, Of Gender and Genitals, Basic Books, 2000, pp. 44–77
↑  25.	Jump up^ Hamilton, W. (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4. PMID 5875341.
↑  26.	Jump up^ Hamilton, W. (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7 (1): 17–52. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6. PMID 5875340.
↑  27.	Jump up^ Thompson, G. J.; Hurd, P. L.; Crespi, B. J. (2013). "Genes underlying altruism". Biol Lett. 9: 20130395. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0395. PMC 3871336. PMID 24132092.
↑  29.	Jump up^ Johnston, Ian (21 July 2016). "Altruism has more of an evolutionary advantage than selfishness, mathematicians say". The Independent.
↑  1.	Jump up^ Constable, George W. A.; Rogers, Tim; McKane, Alan J.; Tarnita, Corina E. (2016-07-22). "Demographic noise can reverse the direction of deterministic selection". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (32): E4745–E4754. arXiv:1608.03471. doi:10.1073/pnas.1603693113.
↑  31.	Jump up^ Ridley, M. (2003). Nature via Nurture: Genes, Experience, & What Makes Us Human. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-200663-4.
↑  32.	Jump up^ Moore, David S. (2015). The Developing Genome: An Introduction to Behavioral Epigenetics (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992234-5
↑  1.	Jump up^ Gutiérrez, Luci (January 24, 2014). "Time to Retire The Simplicity of Nature vs. Nurture". Wall Street Journal.