1159
مراجع

↑  Barlow، Frank (أبريل 1936). "The English, Norman, and French Councils Called to Deal with the Papal Schism of 1159". The English Historical Review. ج. 51 ع. 202: 264–268. DOI:10.1093/ehr/LI.CCII.264. ISSN:0013-8266. JSTOR:553521. In September 1159 Pope Adrian IV died, and a double election was made to the Papacy. The imperialist faction chose Octavian, cardinal-priest of St. Cecilia, who took the title of Victor IV, and the church party Roland, the chancellor, who became known as Alexander III.
↑  Dolan, Terence (2002) [1999]. "Chapter 8: Writing in Ireland". In Wallace, David (ed.). The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature (بالإنجليزية). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 208. ISBN:9780521890465.
↑  Barnum, Samuel Weed (1876). Romanism as it is: An Exposition of the Roman Catholic System, for the Use of the American People Embracing a Full Account of Its Origin and Development at Rome and from Rome, Its Distinctive Features in Theory and Practice, Its Characteristic Tendencies and Aims, Its Statistical and Moral Position, and Its Special Relations to American Institutions and Liberties; the Whole Drawn from Official and Authentic Sources, and Enriched with Numerous Illustrations, Documentary, Historical, Descriptive, Anecdotical and Pictorial: Together with a Full and Complete Index, and an Appendix of Matters from 1871 to 1876 (بالإنجليزية). Hartford, CT: Connecticut Publishing Company. p. 11. Archived from the original on 2024-03-01.
↑  Febbraro, Flavio; Shwetje, Burkhard (2010). How To Read World History in Art: From the Code of Hammurabit to September 11 (بالإنجليزية). New York: Abrams Books. p. 100. ISBN:9780810996830. Archived from the original on 2023-06-09.
↑  Matsunami، Yoshihiro (1979). "Conflict within the Development of Buddhism". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. ج. 6 ع. 1/2: 329–345. DOI:10.18874/jjrs.6.1-2.1979.329-345. ISSN:0304-1042. JSTOR:30233204. Wars, beginning with the Hogen rebellion of 1156 and the Heiji rebellion of 1159, occurred in rapid succession, bringing confusion and chaos to the people.
↑  Selinger, Vyjayanthi R. (2013). "Chapter 1: Genpei Jōsuiki and the Historical Narration of the Genpei War". Authorizing the Shogunate: Ritual and Material Symbolism in the Literary Construction of Warrior Order (بالإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 1. ISBN:9789004255333.
↑  Abels, Richard Philip; Bachrach, Bernard S. (2001). The Normans and Their Adversaries at War: Essays in Memory of C. Warren Hollister (بالإنجليزية). Woodbridge, UK, Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. p. 99. ISBN:9780851158471. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
↑  Perkins, Kenneth J. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Tunisia (بالإنجليزية) (Third ed.). Lanham, MA, Boulder, CO, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 197. ISBN:9781442273184. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
↑  Jacobs, Daniel; Morris, Peter (2001). The Rough Guide to Tunisia (بالإنجليزية). London and New York: Rough Guides. p. 432. ISBN:9781858287485. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
↑  Tout, Thomas Frederick (1920). Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England: The Wardrobe, the Chamber and the Small Seals (بالإنجليزية). Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. Vol. 1. p. 88. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
↑  Abbey, Chatteris (1999). The Cartulary of Chatteris Abbey (بالإنجليزية). Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. p. 29. ISBN:9780851157504. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
↑  Karn, Nicholas (2007). "Nigel, bishop of Ely, and the restoration of the exchequer after the 'anarchy' of King Stephen's reign*". Historical Research (بالإنجليزية). 80 (209): 299–314. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00392.x. ISSN:1468-2281. The author of the Liber Eliensis indicates that Richard was appointed in 1159, during the preparations for the Toulouse campaign
↑  Carter, Steven D. (2014). The Columbia Anthology of Japanese Essays: Zuihitsu from the Tenth to the Twenty-First Century (بالإنجليزية). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 162. ISBN:9780231537551. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
↑  Henshall, K. (2012) [1999]. A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower (بالإنجليزية). London and New York: Springer. p. 32. ISBN:9780230369184. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
↑  Miyawaki–okada, Junko (1 Jan 2006). "The Japanese Origin of the Chinggis Khan Legends". Inner Asia (بالإنجليزية). 8 (1): 123–34. DOI:10.1163/146481706793646819. ISSN:2210-5018. Minamoto no Yoshitsune, or Gen Gikei as his name is in Sino-Japanese pronunciation, was born in 1159 as a half brother of Minamoto no Yoritomo
↑  Salamon, Maciej; Hardt, Matthias; Kruk, Mirosław Piotr; Sulikowska, Aleksandra (2012). "The Archetypal Crusader. Henry of Sandomierz, the Second Youngest Son of Bolesław III by Darius Von Güttner-Sporzyński". Rome, Constantinople and Newly-converted Europe: Archaeological and Historical Evidence (بالإنجليزية). Kraków, Leipzig, Rzeszów, Warszawa: Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas. p. 215. ISBN:9788389499851. Within the decade of his birth Henry's father died, and Henry's elder half-brother Władysław ii Wygnaniec (the exile [1105-1159]) ascended the Polish throne.
↑  Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c.1300. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks (بالإنجليزية). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN:9781107651395. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
↑  Garland, Lynda (1999). Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204 (بالإنجليزية). London and New York: Routledge. p. 201. ISBN:9781134756391. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
↑  Runciman, Steven (1954). A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187 (بالإنجليزية). University Press. p. 359. ISBN:9780521061636. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23. About the end of the year 1159 the Empress Irene, born Bertha of Sulzbach, had died leaving only a daughter behind her.
↑  Eden, Bradford Lee (2004). Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia (بالإنجليزية). New York and London: Routledge. p. 487. ISBN:9781135948801. Archived from the original on 2024-03-01.
↑  Williams, George L. (2004). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes (بالإنجليزية). Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland. p. 25. ISBN:9780786420711. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
↑  Steinberg, S. H. (1991) [1939]. Historical Tables 58 BC – AD 1990 (بالإنجليزية) (12th ed.). London and Basigstoke: Springer. p. 45. ISBN:9781349127467. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
↑  Lingard, John (1874). "Chapter VIII: William I, Surnamed The Conqueror". The History of England: From the First Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary in 1688 (بالإنجليزية). Dublin: James Duffy & Sons. p. 216.
↑  McDougall, Sara (2017). Royal Bastards: The Birth of Illegitimacy, 800-1230 (بالإنجليزية). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 202. ISBN:9780198785828. Archived from the original on 2024-03-01. In 1159 William "Longsword", count of Boulogne, earl of Warenne by right of his wife, the son of King Stephen of England and his wife Matilda of Boulogne, died without issue.
↑  Hillenbrand, Carol (2003). "The Imprisonment of Reynald at Châtillon". In Robinson, Chase F. (ed.). Texts, documents, and artefacts [electronic resource]: Islamic studies in honour of D.S. Richards (بالإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 91. ISBN:9789004128644.
↑  Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (2011). The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335) (بالإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 36. ISBN:9789004186354. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
↑  Slack, Corliss K. (2003). The A to Z of the Crusades (بالإنجليزية). Lanham, MD and Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 84. ISBN:9780810863316. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23.
في كومنز مواد ذات صلة بـ 1159.
بوابة العصور الوسطى
بوابة تقويم
بوابة زمن