مغنيتيت
مراجع

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↑  Handbook of Mineralogy نسخة محفوظة 24 سبتمبر 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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↑  an alternative visualisation of the crystal structure of Magnetite using JSMol is found here. نسخة محفوظة 24 يناير 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Kesler، Stephen E.؛ Simon، Adam F. (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment (ط. 2nd). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN:9781107074910. OCLC:907621860.
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↑   {{استشهاد بموسوعة}}: استشهاد فارغ! (مساعدة)
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↑  Moriarty، Bob (5 يوليو 2005). "Ferrous Nonsnotus". 321gold. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-11-15.
↑  Leaman، David. "Magnetic Rocks - Their Effect on Compass Use and Navigation in Tasmania" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2017-03-29.
↑  "The mineral Magnetite". Minerals.net. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-11.
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1 2  Wiltschko، Roswitha؛ Wiltschko، Wolfgang (2014). "Sensing magnetic directions in birds: radical pair processes involving cryptochrome". Biosensors. ج. 4 ع. 3: 221–42. DOI:10.3390/bios4030221. PMC:4264356. PMID:25587420. Birds can use the geomagnetic field for compass orientation. Behavioral experiments, mostly with migrating passerines, revealed three characteristics of the avian magnetic compass: (1) it works spontaneously only in a narrow functional window around the intensity of the ambient magnetic field, but can adapt to other intensities, (2) it is an "inclination compass", not based on the polarity of the magnetic field, but the axial course of the field lines, and (3) it requires short-wavelength light from UV to 565 nm Green.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
1 2 3  Kirschvink، Joseph؛ وآخرون (1992). "Magnetite biomineralization in the human brain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. ج. 89 ع. 16: 7683–7687. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.7683K. DOI:10.1073/pnas.89.16.7683. PMC:49775. PMID:1502184. Using an ultrasensitive superconducting magnetometer in a clean-lab environment, we have detected the presence of ferromagnetic material in a variety of tissues from the human brain.
↑  Kirschvink، J L؛ Kobayashi-Kirschvink، A؛ Diaz-Ricci، J C؛ Kirschvink، S J (1992). "Magnetite in human tissues: a mechanism for the biological effects of weak ELF magnetic fields". Bioelectromagnetics. Suppl 1: 101–13. DOI:10.1002/bem.2250130710. PMID:1285705. A simple calculation shows that magnetosomes moving in response to earth-strength ELF fields are capable of opening trans-membrane ion channels, in a fashion similar to those predicted by ionic resonance models. Hence, the presence of trace levels of biogenic magnetite in virtually all human tissues examined suggests that similar biophysical processes may explain a variety of weak field ELF bioeffects.
↑  Nakajima، Ken-ichi؛ Zhu، Kan؛ Sun، Yao-Hui؛ Hegyi، Bence؛ Zeng، Qunli؛ Murphy، Christopher J؛ Small، J Victor؛ Chen-Izu، Ye؛ Izumiya، Yoshihiro (2015). "KCNJ15/Kir4.2 couples with polyamines to sense weak extracellular electric fields in galvanotaxis". Nature Communications. ج. 6: 8532. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8532N. DOI:10.1038/ncomms9532. PMC:4603535. PMID:26449415. Taken together these data suggest a previously unknown two-molecule sensing mechanism in which KCNJ15/Kir4.2 couples with polyamines in sensing weak electric fields.
↑  Lovley، Derek؛ Stolz، John؛ Nord، Gordon؛ Phillips، Elizabeth. "Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism" (PDF). geobacter.org. US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 22092, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2017-03-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-02-09.
↑  Kishkinev، D A؛ Chernetsov، N S (2014). "[Magnetoreception systems in birds: a review of current research]". Zhurnal Obshcheĭ Biologii. ج. 75 ع. 2: 104–23. PMID:25490840. There are good reasons to believe that this visual magnetoreceptor processes compass magnetic information which is necessary for migratory orientation.
↑  Wiltschko، Roswitha؛ Stapput، Katrin؛ Thalau، Peter؛ Wiltschko، Wolfgang (2010). "Directional orientation of birds by the magnetic field under different light conditions". Journal of the Royal Society, Interface. ج. 7 ع. Suppl 2: S163–77. DOI:10.1098/rsif.2009.0367.focus. PMC:2843996. PMID:19864263. Compass orientation controlled by the inclination compass...allows birds to locate courses of different origin
↑  Lowenstam, H.A. (1967). "Lepidocrocite, an apatite mineral, and magnetic in teeth of chitons (Polyplacophora)". Science. ج. 156 ع. 3780: 1373–1375. Bibcode:1967Sci...156.1373L. DOI:10.1126/science.156.3780.1373. PMID:5610118. X-ray diffraction patterns show that the mature denticles of three extant chiton species are composed of the mineral lepidocrocite and an apatite mineral, probably francolite, in addition to magnetite.
↑  Bókkon، Istvan؛ Salari، Vahid (2010). "Information storing by biomagnetites". Journal of Biological Physics. ج. 36 ع. 1: 109–20. arXiv:1012.3368. Bibcode:2010arXiv1012.3368B. DOI:10.1007/s10867-009-9173-9. PMC:2791810. PMID:19728122.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Magnetite Nano-Particles in Information Processing: From the Bacteria to the Human Brain Neocortex - (ردمك 9781-61761-839-0)
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↑  Barbara A. Maher؛ Imad A. M. Ahmed؛ Vassil Karloukovski؛ Donald A. MacLaren؛ Penelope G. Foulds؛ David Allsop؛ David M. A. Mann؛ Ricardo Torres-Jardón؛ Lilian Calderon-Garciduenas (2016). "Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain" (PDF). PNAS. ج. 113 ع. 39: 10797–10801. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11310797M. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1605941113. PMC:5047173. PMID:27601646. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-09-26.
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↑  Barbara A. Maher؛ Imad A. M. Ahmed؛ Vassil Karloukovski؛ Donald A. MacLaren؛ Penelope G. Foulds؛ David Allsop؛ David M. A. Mann؛ Ricardo Torres-Jardón؛ Lilian Calderon-Garciduenas (2016). "Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain" (PDF). PNAS. ج. 113 ع. 39: 10797–10801. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11310797M. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1605941113. PMC:5047173. PMID:27601646. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-09-26.
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1 2  Blaney, Lee (2007). "Magnetite (Fe3O4): Properties, Synthesis, and Applications". The Lehigh Review (بالإنجليزية). 15 (5). Archived from the original on 2020-11-11.
↑  Rajput, Shalini; Pittman, Charles U.; Mohan, Dinesh (2016). "Magnetic magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticle synthesis and applications for lead (Pb 2+ ) and chromium (Cr 6+ ) removal from water". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (بالإنجليزية). 468: 334–346. Bibcode:2016JCIS..468..334R. DOI:10.1016/j.jcis.2015.12.008. PMID:26859095.
↑  Stephen, Zachary R.; Kievit, Forrest M.; Zhang, Miqin (2011). "Magnetite nanoparticles for medical MR imaging". Materials Today (بالإنجليزية). 14 (7–8): 330–338. DOI:10.1016/s1369-7021(11)70163-8. PMC:3290401. PMID:22389583.
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