ليبرالية كلاسيكية
مراجع

↑  Team, Almaany. "ترجمة ومعنى لبرالية بالإنجليزي في قاموس المعاني. قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1". www.almaany.com (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
↑  Richard Hudelson (1999). Modern Political Philosophy. pp. 37–38. نسخة محفوظة 01 فبراير 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Steven M. Dworetz (1994). The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution.
1 2 3 4 5  Gerald F. Gaus and Chandran Kukathas (2004). Handbook of Political Theory. p. 422.
↑  Joyce Appleby (1992). Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination. p. 58.
↑  Hunt، صفحة 44.
↑  Hunt، صفحات 44–46.
↑  Hunt، صفحات 49–51.
↑  Alan Ryan, "Liberalism", in A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, ed. Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1995), p. 293.
↑  Evans, M. ed. (2001): Edinburgh Companion to Contemporary Liberalism: Evidence and Experience, London: Routledge, 55 ((ردمك 1-57958-339-3)).
↑  Dickerson & Flanagan O'Neill، صفحة 132.
↑  Smith, A. (1776): Wealth of Nations, Book I, ch. 8.
↑  Hunt، صفحات 46–47.
↑  Hunt، صفحات 51–53.
↑  Kelly, D. (1998): A Life of One's Own: Individual Rights and the Welfare State, Washington, DC: Cato Institute.
↑  Ryan, A. (1995): "Liberalism", In: Goodin, R. E. and Pettit, P., eds.: A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 293.
↑  James Madison, Federalist No. 10 (22 November 1787), in Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison, The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States, ed. Henry Cabot Lodge (New York, 1888), p. 56. نسخة محفوظة 26 مايو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Mayne, p. 124.
↑  F. A. Hayek, 'Individualism: True and False', in Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 1–32.
↑  De Ruggiero، صفحة 71.
1 2  De Ruggiero، صفحة 81.
↑  De Ruggiero، صفحات 81–82.
↑  Lieber، صفحة 377.
↑  Lieber، صفحات 382–383.
1 2  Vincent، صفحات 28-29.
↑  Turner، Michael J. (1999). British Politics in an Age of Reform. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. ص. 86. ISBN:978-0-7190-51869.
↑  Vincent، صفحات 29–30.
↑  Gray، صفحات 26–27.
↑  Gray، صفحة 28.
↑  Gray، صفحة 32.
↑  Ishiyama Breuning، صفحة 596.
↑  Ishiyama Breuning، صفحة 603.
↑  See the studies of Keynes by هارولد روي فور، Robert Skidelsky، Donald Moggridge and Donald Markwell.
↑  Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (1955), ch. 1.
↑  Paul Kahan (3 يناير 2014). The Homestead Strike: Labor, Violence, and American Industry. Routledge. ص. 28. ISBN:978-1-136-17397-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. Called the "Jacksonian Era," this era was characterized by greater voting rights for white men, a hands-off approach to economic issues, and a desire to spread U.S. culture and government west (an outlook called "القدر المتجلي").
↑  Kathleen G. Donohue (2005). Freedom from Want: American Liberalism and the Idea of the Consumer. Johns Hopkins University Press. ص. 2. ISBN:9780801883910. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21.
↑  Eric Voegelin, Mary Algozin, and Keith Algozin, "Liberalism and Its History", Review of Politics 36, no. 4 (1974): 504–520. نسخة محفوظة 13 أبريل 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Arthur Schelesinger Jr., "Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans", in The Politics of Hope (Boston: Riverside Press, 1962). نسخة محفوظة 12 فبراير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Alan Wolfe,"A False Distinction", The New Republic, 2009. نسخة محفوظة 7 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  D. Conway (5 أكتوبر 1998). Classical Liberalism: The Unvanquished Ideal. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ص. 26. ISBN:978-0-230-37119-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21.Richman، Sheldon (12 أغسطس 2012). "Classical Liberalism vs. Modern Liberalism". Reason. Reason Foundation. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-10-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-11-04.Faria, Jr.، Miguel A. (21 مارس 2012). "Classical Liberalism vs Modern Liberalism (Socialism) – A Primer". haciendapublishing.com. Hacienda Publishing. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-11-04.Alan Ryan (5 أغسطس 2012). The Making of Modern Liberalism. Princeton University Press. ص. 23–26. ISBN:1-4008-4195-X. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21.Andrew Heywood (12 مارس 2012). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. ص. 59. ISBN:978-0-230-36994-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-08.
↑  Nathan Schlueter؛ Nikolai Wenzel (2 نوفمبر 2016). Selfish Libertarians and Socialist Conservatives?: The Foundations of the Libertarian-Conservative Debate. Stanford University Press. ص. 8. ISBN:978-1-5036-0029-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-08. American conservatism is a form of classical liberalism.John Micklethwait؛ Adrian Wooldridge (2004). The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America. Penguin. ص. 343. ISBN:978-1-59420-020-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-07. Whichever way you look at it, American conservatism has embraced a great chunk of classical liberalism-so much of it that many observers have argued that American conservatism was an oxymoron; that it is basically classical liberalism in disguise.James R. Kirth (17 مايو 2016). "A History of Inherent Contradictions: The Origins and Ends of American Conservatism". في Sanford V. Levinson (المحرر). American Conservatism: NOMOS LVI. Melissa S. Williams, Joel Parker. NYU Press. ص. 26. ISBN:978-1-4798-6518-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. Of course, the original conservatives had not really been conservatives either. They were merely classical liberals. It seems to be the case in American that most so-called conservatives have really been something else. This has confused not only external observers of American conservatism (be they on the European Right or on the American Left), but it has confused American conservatives as well.Robert C. Smith (9 سبتمبر 2010). Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same. SUNY Press. ص. 3. ISBN:978-1-4384-3234-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. Locke's classical liberalism is American conservatism, a conservatism whose core ideas went virtually unchallenged until the New Deal.Robert Lerner؛ Althea K. Nagai؛ Stanley Rothman (1996). American Elites. Yale University Press. ص. 41. ISBN:978-0-300-06534-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. Moreover, Americans do not use the term liberalism in the same way that Europeans do. In fact, classical European liberalism more closely resembles what we (and what Americans generally) call conservatism.
↑  Deepak Lal (16 ديسمبر 2010). Reviving the Invisible Hand: The Case for Classical Liberalism in the Twenty-first Century. Princeton University Press. ص. 51. ISBN:1-4008-3744-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. The major votaries of classical liberalism today are American conservatives. For as Hayek noted: "It is the doctrine on which the American system of government is based. "But, contemporary American conservatism is a novel brew which Micklethwait and Wooldridge rightly note is a mixture of the individualism of classical liberalism and "ubertraditionalism." It represents adherence to the bourgeois organization of society epitomized by that much-maligned word, "Victorian": with its faith in individualism, capitalism, progress, and virtue. Having been silenced by the seemingly endless march of "embedded liberalism" since the New Deal, American conservatism has, since the late 1960s, regrouped, and under Presidents Reagan and George W. Bush created a new powerful political movement. Thus, apart from the brief period of Margaret Thatcher's ascendancy in Britain, it is only in the United States that the classical liberal tradition continues to have political force.
↑  Steven M. Dworetz, The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution (1989).
↑  Richardson، صفحات 22–23.
↑  Richardson، صفحة 23.
↑  Richardson، صفحات 23–24.
↑  Richardson، صفحة 24.
↑  Mills، صفحات 63, 68.
1 2  Mills، صفحة 64.
↑  The Wealth of Nations, Strahan and Cadell, 1778. نسخة محفوظة 21 مارس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Mills، صفحة 65.
↑  Mills، صفحة 66.
↑  Mills، صفحة 67.
↑  Mills، صفحة 68.
1 2  Mills، صفحة 69.
1 2  Mills، صفحة 76.
↑  Mills، صفحة 70.
↑  Mills، صفحة 71.
↑  Mills، صفحات 71–72.
↑  Mills، صفحة 72.
↑  Mills، صفحات 73–74.
↑  Mills، صفحات 74–75.
↑  Mills، صفحة 75.
↑  Richardson، صفحة 32.
↑  Richardson، صفحة 31.
1 2 3 4  Richardson، صفحة 33.
↑  George Miller. On Fairness and Efficiency. The Policy Press, 2000. (ردمك 978-1-86134-221-8) p. 344.
↑  Christine Kinealy. A Death-Dealing Famine:The Great Hunger in Ireland. Pluto Press, 1997. (ردمك 978-0-7453-1074-9). p. 59.
↑  Oneal، J. R.؛ Russet، B. M. (1997). "The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950–1985". International Studies Quarterly. ج. 41 ع. 2: 267–294. DOI:10.1111/1468-2478.00042.
↑  Michael Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism (New York: Norton, 1997), p. 237 ((ردمك 0-393-96947-9)).
↑  Edward P. Stringham, "Commerce, Markets, and Peace: Richard Cobden's Enduring Lessons", Independent Review 9, no. 1 (2004): 105, 110, 115. نسخة محفوظة 08 أبريل 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  إيمانويل كانت, The Perpetual Peace.
↑  Donald Markwell, John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press, 2006, ch. 1. نسخة محفوظة 01 سبتمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace Donald Markwell (2006), reviewed by M S Lawlor (February 2008). نسخة محفوظة 05 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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