معاداة السامية في الإمبراطورية الروسية
مراجع

↑  Steven Beller (2007) Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction: 14
↑  Levitats، Isaac (1943). The Jewish Community in Russia, 1772-1844. New York: Columbia University Press. ص. 20–21.
↑  Steven Beller (2007) Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction: 28
↑  Weiner، Rebecca. "The Virtual Jewish History Tour". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-08.
↑  "Russia Virtual Jewish History Tour". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-04-21. A 1791 decree confirmed the right of Russian Jews to live in the territory annexed from Poland and permitted Jews to settle there. Subsequent conquests and annexations helped ferment the area known of as "The Pale of Settlement," created in 1791 to rid Moscow of Jews. Its borders were finalized in 1812 with the annexation of Bessarabia.
1 2 3 4 5  "Russia Virtual Jewish History Tour". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-04-21. Czar Nicholas I (reign: 1825-1855) sought to destroy all Jewish life in Russia and his reign constitutes a painful part of European Jewish history. In 1825, he ordered the conscription of Jewish youth into the Russian military beginning at age 12. Many of the youngsters were kidnapped by "snatchers" ("khapers") in order to get them to spend their formative years in the Russian military. This had a significant effect in lowering the morale of the Russian Jewish community. The Jews that were not forced to spend decades in the military were often expelled from their towns and villages. Some Jews escaped this persecution, however, as the government encouraged agricultural settlement among Jews. These Jews were exempt from forced conscription. Many Jewish agricultural settlements were established in southern Russia and the rest of the Pale of Settlement. In the 1840s, a network of special schools was created for the Jews, although since 1804 the Jews had permission to study in regular schools. These Jewish schools were paid for by a special tax imposed on the Jews. In 1844, a decree was established that the teachers would be both Christians and Jews. The Jewish community viewed the government's attempt to set up these schools as a way of secularizing and assimilating the younger generation. Their fears were not unfounded, as the decree to require Christian teachers was accompanied by the declaration that "the purpose of the education of the Jews is to bring them nearer to the Christians and to uproot their harmful beliefs which are influenced by the Talmud." In 1844, the Polish-style communities were disbanded but they were replaced by a new communal organizational structure. A law was instituted prohibiting Jews from growing pe'ot ("sidelocks") and wearing traditional clothes. Nicholas I than divided Jews into two groups – "useful" and "not useful." The wealthy merchants and those essential for commerce were deemed "useful," all others "non-useful." The order was met with opposition from the Jewish communities of Western Europe and worldwide, but was instituted in 1851. The Crimean War delayed implementation of the order, but the war only led to increased kidnappings of children and young adults into military service; often never to be seen again.
↑  "Lone Stars of David: 'The Immigrant': from czarist Russia to small-town Texas". Texas Jewish Post. 14 أغسطس 2008. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-04-21.
1 2 3 4 5  "www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/russia-virtual-jewish-history-tour". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-04-21.
↑  Volf، Miroslav (2008). "Christianity and Violence". في Hess، Richard S.؛ Martens، E.A. (المحررون). War in the Bible and terrorism in the twenty-first century. Eisenbrauns. ص. 13. ISBN:978-1-57506-803-9. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-04-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-06-01.
↑  Lambroza، Shlomo (1992). Klier، John D.؛ Lambroza، Shlomo (المحررون). Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge University Press. ص. 205. ISBN:0-521-40532-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-08. pogroms Easter.
↑  Jewish Chronicle, May 6, 1881, cited in Benjamin Blech, Eyewitness to Jewish History
↑  Odessa pogroms نسخة محفوظة 2007-01-21 على موقع واي باك مشين. at the Center of Jewish Self-Education "Moria".
↑  Pogrom (Virtual Jewish Encyclopedia) باللغة الروسية نسخة محفوظة 2017-11-15 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Richard Rubenstein and John Roth. Approaches to Auschwitz. (London, SCM Press, 2003) p. 96
1 2  John Doyle Klier, Shlomo Lambroza, Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History, Cambridge University Press, 2004, (ردمك 0-521-52851-8), p.182
↑  I. Michael Aronson, "The Attitudes of Russian Officials in the 1880s toward Jewish Assimilation and Emigration." Slavic Review 34.1 (1975): 1-18. online نسخة محفوظة 2021-03-11 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "This day, May 15, in Jewish history". Cleveland Jewish News. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-27.
↑  I. Michael Aronson, "The Prospects for the Emancipation of Russian Jewry during the 1880s." Slavonic and East European Review (1977): 348-369. online نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-25 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  A. Dirk Moses (2008). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Berghahn Books. ص. 364. ISBN:9781845454524. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-01.
↑  Ronnie S. Landau (1992) The Nazi Holocaust. IB Tauris, London and New York: 57
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