العبودية في البرتغال
مراجع

↑  Peter C. Mancall, Omohundro Institute of Early American History & Culture (2007). The Atlantic world and Virginia, 1550-1624. UNC Press Books. ص. 228. ISBN:978-0-8078-5848-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-06-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-10-14.
↑  James Lockhart؛ Stuart B. Schwartz (1983). Early Latin America: a history of colonial Spanish America and Brazil. Cambridge University Press. ص. 18. ISBN:978-0-521-29929-9. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-07-14.
↑  A. Saunders (2010). A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441-1555. Cambridge University Press. ص. 75. ISBN:978-0-521-13003-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-07-14.
↑  Geoffrey Vaughn Scammell (1989). The First Imperial Age: European Overseas Expansion C. 1400-1715. Psychology Press. ص. 70. ISBN:978-0-415-09085-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-05-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-11-14.
↑  Ernest S. Dodge (1976). Islands and Empires: Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia. U of Minnesota Press. ج. Volume 7 of Europe and the World in Age of Expansion. ص. 226. ISBN:978-0-8166-0853-9. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-10-18. The Portuguese, who considered all Eastern peoples legitimate prey, established trading settlements at Ningpo and in Fukien, but both were wiped out by massacres in 1545 and 1549. For some years the Portuguese were second only to the {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)
↑  Kenneth Scott Latourette (1964). The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2 (ط. 4, reprint). Macmillan. ص. 235. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-18. A settlement which the Portuguese established near Ningpo was wiped out by a massacre (1545), and a similar fate overtook a trading colony in Fukien (1549). For a time the Portuguese retained a precarious tenure only on islands south of Canton(the University of Michigan)
↑  Kenneth Scott Latourette (1942). The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2 (ط. 2). Macmillan. ص. 313. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-18. A settlement which the Portuguese established near Ningpo was wiped out by a massacre (1545), and a similar fate overtook a trading colony in Fukien (1549). For a time the Portuguese retained a precarious tenure only on islands south of Canton(the University of Michigan)
↑  John William Parry (1969). Spices: The story of spices. The spices described. Chemical Pub. Co. ج. Volume 1 of Spices. ص. 102. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-18. The Portuguese succeeded in establishing a settlement near Ningpo which was wiped out by massacre in 1545; another Portuguese settlement in Fukien province met a similar fate in 1549, but they finally succeeded in establishing a {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)(the University of California)
↑  Witold Rodziński (1983). A history of China, Volume 1 (ط. illustrated). Pergamon Press. ص. 203. ISBN:978-0-08-021806-9. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-18. A further attempt was made by the Portuguese in 1 522 by Affonso de Mello Coutinho which also suffered defeat. In spite of these initial setbacks the Portuguese succeeded, probably by bribing local officials, in establishing themselves in Ningpo (Chekiang) and in Ch'uanchou (Fukien), where considerable trade with the Chinese was developed. In both cases, however, the unspeakably brutal behaviours of the Portuguese caused a revulsion of Chinese feeling against the newcomers. In 1545 the Portuguese colony in Ningpo was completely wiped out after three years of existence and later, in 1549, the same fate met the settlement in Ch'iianchou. Somewhat later, the Portuguese did succeed finally in gaining(the University of Michigan)
↑  A.J. Johnson Company (1895). Charles Kendall Adams (المحرر). Johnson's universal cyclopedia: a new edition. NEW YORK: D. Appleton, A.J. Johnson. ج. Volume 6 of Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia. ص. 202. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-18. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)(Original from the University of California)
↑  Universal cyclopædia and atlas, Volume 8. NEW YORK: D. Appleton and Company. 1909. ص. 490. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-18.(Original from the New York Public Library)
↑  Charles Kendall Adams (1895). Johnson's universal cyclopaedia, Volume 6. NEW YORK: A.J. Johnson Co. ص. 202. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-18.(Original from Princeton University)
↑  Charles Kendall Adams؛ Rossiter Johnson (1902). Universal cyclopaedia and atlas, Volume 8. NEW YORK: D. Appleton and Company. ص. 490. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-18.(Original from the New York Public Library)
1 2  George Bryan Souza (2004). The Survival of Empire: Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea 1630-1754 (ط. reprint). Cambridge University Press. ص. 32. ISBN:978-0-521-53135-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. 5000 slaves 20000 Chinese 1643 2000 moradores (Portuguese civil citizens) 1644
↑  Stephen Adolphe Wurm؛ Peter Mühlhäusler؛ Darrell T. Tryon (1996). Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas. Walter de Gruyter. ص. 323. ISBN:978-3-11-013417-9. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. The Portuguese population of Macao was never very large. Between the period 1601 -1669, a typical cross section of the population consisted of about 600 casados, 100-200 other Portuguese, some 5000 slaves and a growing number of Chinese
↑  Trevor Burnard (2010). Gad Heuman؛ Trevor Burnard (المحررون). The Routledge history of slavery (ط. illustrated). Taylor & Francis. ص. 57. ISBN:978-0-415-46689-9. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. South Asia also exported bondspeople: Indians, for example, were exported as slaves to Macao, Japan, Indonesia
↑  Annabel Jackson (2003). Taste of Macau: Portuguese Cuisine on the China Coast (ط. illustrated). Hong Kong University Press. ص. x. ISBN:978-962-209-638-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02.
↑  João de Pina-Cabral (2002). Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao (ط. illustrated). Berg. ج. Volume 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology. ص. 39. ISBN:978-0-8264-5749-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-01. To be a Macanese is fundamentally to be from Macao with Portuguese ancestors, but not necessarily to be of Sino-Portuguese descent. The local community was born from Portuguese men. ... but in the beginning the woman was Goanese, Siamese, Indo-Chinese, Malay - they came to Macao in our boats. Sporadically it was a Chinese woman. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة) و|archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)
↑  C. A. Montalto de Jesus (1902). Historic Macao (ط. 2). Kelly & Walsh, Limited. ص. 41. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02.
↑  Austin Coates (2009). A Macao Narrative. Hong Kong University Press. ج. Volume 1 of Echoes: Classics of Hong Kong Culture and History. ص. 44. ISBN:978-962-209-077-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)
↑  Stephen A. Wurm؛ Peter Mühlhäusler؛ Darrell T. Tryon، المحررون (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Walter de Gruyter. ص. 323. ISBN:978-3110819724. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02.
↑  Frank Dikötter (2015). The Discourse of Race in Modern China. Oxford University Press. ص. 11. ISBN:978-0190231132. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02.
↑  Frank Dikotter (1992). The Discourse of Race in Modern China: Hong Kong Memoirs. Hong Kong University Press. ص. 17. ISBN:978-9622093041. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02.
↑  Francisco Bethencourt (2014). Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press. ص. 209. ISBN:978-1400848416. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02.
↑  Kaijian Tang (2015). Setting Off from Macau: Essays on Jesuit History during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. BRILL. ص. 93. ISBN:978-9004305526. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02.
↑  Indrani Chatterjee؛ Richard Maxwell Eaton (2006). Indrani Chatterjee؛ Richard Maxwell Eaton (المحررون). Slavery and South Asian history (ط. illustrated). Indiana University Press. ص. 238. ISBN:978-0-253-21873-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. Portuguese,"he concluded;"The Portuguese beat us off from Macao with their slaves."10 The same year as the Dutch ... an English witness recorded that the Portuguese defense was conducted primarily by their African slaves, who threw
↑  Middle East and Africa. Taylor & Francis. 1996. ص. 544. ISBN:978-1-884964-04-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. A miscellaneous assemblage of Portuguese soldiers, citizens, African slaves, friars, and Jesuits managed to withstand the attack. Following this defeat, the Dutch made no further attempts to take Macau, although they continued to harass
↑  Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). Macau: a cultural Janus (ط. illustrated). Hong Kong University Press. ص. 159. ISBN:978-962-209-486-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. invaded Macau on 24 June 1622 but was defeated by a handful of Portuguese priests, citizens and African slaves
↑  Steven Bailey (2007). Strolling in Macau: A Visitor's Guide to Macau, Taipa, and Coloane (ط. illustrated). ThingsAsian Press. ص. 15. ISBN:978-0-9715940-9-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. On June 24, 1622, a Dutch fleet under Captain Kornelis Reyerszoon assembled a landing force of some 800 armed sailors, a number thought more than sufficient to overpower Macau's relatively weak garrison. Macau's future as a Dutch colony seemed all but assured, since the city's ... still remained under construction and its defenders numbered only about 60 soldiers and 90 civilians, who ranged from Jesuit priests to African slaves
↑  Ruth Simms Hamilton، المحرر (2007). Routes of passage: rethinking the African diaspora, Volume 1, Part 1. Michigan State University Press. ج. Volume 1 of African diaspora research. ص. 143. ISBN:978-0-87013-632-0. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. Jan Coen, who had been sent to establish a Dutch base on the China coast, wrote about the slaves who served the Portuguese so faithfully: "It was they who defeated and drove away our people last year." {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)(the University of California)
↑  Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos (1968). Studia, Issue 23. Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos. ص. 89. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. 85, quotes a report from the Dutch governor-general, Coen, in 1623: «The slaves of the Portuguese at Macao served them so well and faithfully, that it was they who defeated and drove away our people last year».(University of Texas)
↑  Themba Sono؛ Human Sciences Research Council (1993). Japan and Africa: the evolution and nature of political, economic and human bonds, 1543-1993. HSRC. ص. 23. ISBN:978-0-7969-1525-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. A year later, Captain Coen was still harping on the same theme: "The slaves of the Portuguese at Macao served them so well and faithfully, that it was they who defeated and drove away our people there last year". Captain Coen was
↑  Charles Ralph Boxer (1968). Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770 (ط. 2, illustrated, reprint). Oxford U.P. ص. 85. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. The enemy, it was reported, "had lost many more men than we, albeit mostly slaves. Our people saw very few Portuguese". A year later he was still harping on the same theme. "The slaves of the Portuguese at Macao served them so well and faithfully, that it was they who defeated and drove away our people there last(the University of Michigan)
↑  P. D. Coates (1988). The China consuls: British consular officers, 1843-1943 (ط. 2, illustrated). Oxford University Press. ص. 124. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. a Portuguese slave trade in male and female children aged between 5 and 8, whom Portuguese bought for $3 to $4(the University of Michigan)
↑  Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). Macau: a cultural Janus (ط. illustrated). Hong Kong University Press. ص. 159. ISBN:978-962-209-486-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. Apart from being a centre of coolie-slave trade, Macau was also known as the Oriental Monte Carlo
↑  W. G. Clarence-Smith (1985). The third Portuguese empire, 1825-1975: a study in economic imperialism (ط. illustrated). Manchester University Press ND. ص. 71. ISBN:978-0-7190-1719-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-04. As the African slave trade declined the Portuguese became involved in a form of trade in Chinese labour which was in effect a Chinese slave trade.
↑  Robert Samuel Maclay (1861). Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China. Carlton & Porter. ص. 336. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-06.
↑  Boxer، Charles Ralph؛ Pereira، Galeote؛ Cruz، Gaspar da؛ Rada، Martín de (1953)، South  in the sixteenth century: being the narratives of Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P. [and] Fr. Martín de Rada, O.E.S.A. (1550-1575)، Issue 106 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society، Printed for the Hakluyt Society، ص. 149–152، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-10 (Includes an translation of Gaspar da Cruz's entire book, with C.R. Boxer's comments)
| 0 | 1 |
| --- | --- |
ضبط استنادي: وطنية :  المكتبة القومية الإسرائيلية (J9U) 
بوابة البرتغال