نقد اليهودية
مراجع

↑  Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion, 2006, chapter 7
1 2  Rodkinson
↑  Lewis, Bernard, Semites and anti-Semites: an inquiry into conflict and prejudice, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, p. 134
↑  Johnson, Paul, A history of the Jews, HarperCollins, 1988, p. 577
↑  Arab attitudes to Israel, Yehoshafat Harkabi, p. 248, 272
↑  Such as اورييل دا كوستا، إسرائيل شاحاك, and باروخ كيمرلينغ
↑  هيم ماكوبي, Judaism on Trial
↑  ADL report The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics نسخة محفوظة 2010-08-05 على موقع واي باك مشين., رابطة مكافحة التشهير
↑  Student, Gil  ‏ - Rebuttals to criticisms of Talmud نسخة محفوظة 14 أبريل 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Bacher, Wilhelm  ‏, "Talmud", article in Jewish Encyclopedia, Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1901
↑  "TALMUD - JewishEncyclopedia.com". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-09-06.
↑  "TALMUD - JewishEncyclopedia.com". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-09-18.
↑  Fraade, pp. 144-146
↑  باروخ كيمرلينغ, "Images of Gentiles" (book review), مجلة الدراسات الفلسطينية, April 1997, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 96–98
↑  Siedman, p. 137
↑  Cohn-Sherbok, p. 48
↑  Steinsaltz, pp. 268-270
↑  See, for example, Uriel DaCosta, quoted by Nadler, p. 68
↑  Cohn-Sherbok, p. 47
↑  Wilhelm Bacher, "Talmud", article in Jewish Encyclopedia
↑  ADL report, p. 1-2
↑  For examples of some selective quoting and omissions, see:Responses to criticisms by Gil Student:Responses to criticisms by Michael Gruda نسخة محفوظة 14 أبريل 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Nadler، Steven (2001). Spinoza: a life. Cambridge University Press. ص. 66–72, 135–136, 145–146, 274–281. ISBN:0521002931.
1 2  Kertzer, Morris N. (1999) "What is a Jew?" in Introduction to Judaism: A Source Book (Stephen J. Einstein, Lydia Kukoff, Eds.), Union for Reform Judaism, 1999, p. 243
↑  Dawkins، Richard (2006). The God delusion. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ص. 37, 245. ISBN:0618680004. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-03-10.
↑  
Oppenheim، Michael D. (1997). Speaking/writing of God: Jewish philosophical reflections. SUNY press. ص. 107.
↑  Wilhoit، Francis M. (1979). The quest for equality in freedom. Transaction Publishers. ص. 13. ISBN:0878552405.
↑  Goodheart، Eugene (2004). Confessions of a secular Jew: a memoir. Transaction Publishers. ص. xv–xvi, 83. ISBN:0765805995.
↑  
"The Guiding Principles of Reform Judaism, Columbus, Ohio, 1937". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2005-12-17.
↑  Wistrich، Robert S. (2003). Demonizing the other: antisemitism, racism & xenophobia. Taylor & Francis, 1999. ص. 6. ISBN:9057024977.
↑
Eliezer Schwied (2007) "Does the Idea of Jewish Election Have Any Meaning after the Holocaust?". In Wrestling with God: Jewish theological responses during and after the Holocaust, Steven T. Katz, Shlomo Biderman (Eds.); Oxford University Press, p 233.
Gürkan، S. Leyla (2008). The Jews as a Chosen People: Tradition and Transformation. Taylor & Francis. ص. 49–55. ISBN:0415466075.
↑  
Dennis Prager؛ Joseph Telushkin (2003). Why the Jews?: the reason for antisemitism. Touchstone. ص. 27. ISBN:0743246209. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-09.
↑ Writers such as إسرائيل شاحاك have noted that for all the claims that any criticism of Judaism is "anti-Semitic," Judaism's own texts have potions which treat non-Jews differently.
Hertzberg، Arthur (1998). Judaism. Simon and Schuster. ص. 56–57. ISBN:0684852659.
Pasachoff، Naomi E. (2005). A concise history of the Jewish people. Rowman & Littlefield. ص. 276. ISBN:0742543668.
↑  Manfred H. Vogel (2008). "Kant, Immanuel". Virtual Jewish Library. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-10-21.
↑  Nelson-Pallmeyer، Jack (2005). Is Religion Killing Us?: Violence in the Bible and the Quran. Continuum International Publishing Group. ص. 136. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-09.
↑  Feiler، Bruce S. (2005). Where God was born: a journey by land to the roots of religion. HarperCollins. ص. 4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-10.
↑  Burggraeve، Roger؛ Vervenne، Marc (1991). Swords into plowshares: theological reflections on peace. Peeters Publishers. ص. 82, 109. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-09.
↑  Heft, James، المحرر (2004). Beyond violence: religious sources of social transformation in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Fordham University Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-09.
↑  R. Kendall Soulen. The God of Israel and Christian Theology. Fortress Press (June 11, 1996) (ردمك 978-0800628833).
↑  Fighting the War and the Peace: Battlefield Ethics, Peace Talks, Treaties, and Pacifism in the Jewish Tradition. Michael J. Broyde, 1998, p. 1
↑  Reuven Firestone (2004), "Judaism on Violence and Reconciliation: An examination of key sources" in Beyond violence: religious sources of social transformation in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Fordham University Press, 2004, pp. 77, 81.
↑  Goldsmith (Ed.)، Emanuel S. (1991). Dynamic Judaism: the essential writings of Mordecai M. Kaplan. Fordham University Press. ص. 181. ISBN:0-8232-1310-2.
↑  Spero، Shubert (1983). Morality, Halakha, and the Jewish Tradition. Ktav Publishing House, Inc. ص. 137–318. ISBN:0-87068-727-1.
↑  
Saleh Abdel Jawad (2007) "Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War" in Israel and the Palestinian refugees, Eyal Benvenistî, Chaim Gans, Sari Hanafi (Eds.), Springer, p. 78:
".. the Zionist movement, which claims to be secular, found it necessary to embrace the idea of 'the promised land' of Old Testament prophecy, to justify the confiscation of land and the expulsion of the فلسطينيون. For example, the speeches and letters of حاييم وايزمان, the secular Zionist leader, are filled with references to the biblical origins of the Jewish claim to Palestine, which he often mixes liberally with more pragmatic and nationalistic claims. By the use of this premise, embraced in 1937, Zionists alleged that the Palestinians were usurpers in the Promised Land, and therefore their expulsion and death was justified. The Jewish-American writer Dan Kurzman, in his book Genesis 1948 ... describes the view of one of the Deir Yassin's killers: 'The Sternists followed the instructions of the Bible more rigidly than others. They honored the passage (Exodus 22:2): 'If a thief be found ...' This meant, of course, that killing a thief was not really murder. And were not the enemies of Zionism thieves, who wanted to steal from the Jews what God had granted them?'
↑  Carl. S. Ehrlich (1999) "Joshua, Judaism, and Genocide", in Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century, Judit Targarona Borrás, Ángel Sáenz-Badillos (Eds). 1999, Brill. pp. 117–124.
↑  
Masalha، Nur (2000). Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: The politics of expansion. Pluto Press. ص. 129–131. ISBN:978-0-7453-1615-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-07-25. Frequently Jewish fundamentalists refer to the Palestinians as the 'Amalekites' ... of today.... According to the Old Testament, the Amalek ... were regarded as the Israelites' inveterate foe, whose 'annihilation' became a sacred duty and against whom war should be waged until their 'memory be blotted out' forever (Ex 17:16; Deut 25:17–19).... Some of the [modern] political messianics insist on giving the biblical commandment to 'blot out the memory of the Amalek' an actual contemporary relevance in the conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians. In February 1980, Rabbi Israel Hess ... published an article [titled] 'The Genocide Commandment in the Torah' ... which ends with the following: 'The day is not far when we shall all be called to this holy war, this commandment of the annihilation of the Amalek'. Hess quotes the biblical commandment ... 'Do not spare him, but kill man and woman, baby and suckling, ox and sheep, camel, and donkey'.... In his book On the Lord's Side Danny Rubinstein has shown that this notion permeates the غوش ايمونيم movement's bulletins [one of which] carried an article ... which reads 'In every generation there is an Amalek.... The Amalekism of our generation finds expression in the deep Arab hatred towards our national revival ...'... Professor Uriel Tal ... conducted his study in the early 1980s ... and pointed out that the totalitarian political messianic stream refers to the Palestinian Arabs in three stages or degrees: ... [stage] (3) the implementation of the commandment of Amalek, as expressed in Rabbi Hess's article 'The Commandment of Genocide in the Torah', in other words 'annihilating' the Palestinian Arabs'
↑  See also Hunter, p. 103
↑  Also describing Palestinians as targets of violence due to their association with Amalek is: Geaves, Ron, Islam and the West post 9/11, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004, p. 30
↑  Hastings, p 619
↑  "The Talmud". BBC Religion. BBC. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-07-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-12-18.
↑  Goldenberg, David M. (2003). The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11465-1.
↑  Struggles in the Promised Land: Towards a History of Black-Jewish Relations ... - كتب Google نسخة محفوظة 14 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Oscar Reiss (2 يناير 2004). The Jews in Colonial America. McFarland. ص. 85. ISBN:978-0-7864-1730-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-04-02.
↑  "YIVO | Trade". www.yivoencyclopedia.org (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-05-19. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
1 2  Reviewed Work: Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight by Eli Faber by Paul Finkelman. Journal of Law and Religion, Vol 17, No 1/2 (2002), pp 125-28 نسخة محفوظة 08 يوليو 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 Refutations of charges of Jewish prominence in slave trade:
"Nor were Jews prominent in the slave trade. Of the 40 slave merchants in South Carolina, only 1 minor trader was a Jew." [paragraph goes on to list similar breakdowns for other US states] - Marvin Perry, Frederick M. Schweitzer: Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, p. 245. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002; (ردمك 0-312-16561-7)
"In no period did Jews play a leading role as financiers, shipowners, or factors in the transatlantic or Caribbean slave trades. They possessed far fewer slaves than non-Jews in every British territory in North America and the Caribbean. Even when Jews in a handful of places owned slaves in proportions slightly above their representation among a town's families, such cases do not come close to corroborating the assertions of The Secret Relationship." - Wim Klooster (University of Southern Maine): Review of Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight by Eli Faber (2000). "Reappraisals in Jewish Social and Intellectual History", William and Mary Quarterly Review of Books. Volume LVII, Number 1. Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture
"Medieval Christians greatly exaggerated the supposed Jewish control over trade and finance and also became obsessed with alleged Jewish plots to enslave, convert, or sell non-Jews... Most European Jews lived in poor communities on the margins of Christian society; they continued to suffer most of the legal disabilities associated with slavery. ... Whatever Jewish refugees from Brazil may have contributed to the northwestward expansion of sugar and slaves, it is clear that Jews had no major or continuing impact on the history of New World slavery." - Professor David Brion Davis of Yale University in Slavery and Human Progress (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 89 (cited in Shofar FTP Archive File: orgs/american/wiesenthal.center//web/historical-facts نسخة محفوظة 1 أكتوبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.)
"The Jews of Newport seem not to have pursued the [slave trading] business consistently ... [When] we compare the number of vessels employed in the traffic by all merchants with the number sent to the African coast by Jewish traders ... we can see that the Jewish participation was minimal. It may be safely assumed that over a period of years American Jewish businessmen were accountable for considerably less than two percent of the slave imports into the West Indies" - Professor Jacob R. Marcus of Hebrew Union College in The Colonial American Jew (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970), Vol. 2, pp. 702-703 (cited in Shofar FTP Archive File: orgs/american/wiesenthal.center//web/historical-facts نسخة محفوظة 1 أكتوبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.)
"None of the major slave-traders was Jewish, nor did Jews constitute a large proportion in any particular community. ... probably all of the Jewish slave-traders in all of the Southern cities and towns combined did not buy and sell as many slaves as did the firm of Franklin and Armfield, the largest Negro traders in the South." - Bertram W. Korn, Jews and Negro Slavery in the Old South, 1789-1865, in The Jewish Experience in America, ed. Abraham J. Karp (Waltham, Massachusetts: American Jewish Historical Society, 1969), Vol 3, pp 197-198 (cited in Shofar FTP Archive File: orgs/american/wiesenthal.center//web/historical-facts نسخة محفوظة 1 أكتوبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.)
"[There were] Jewish owners of plantations, but altogether they constituted only a tiny proportion of the Southerners whose habits, opinions, and status were to become decisive for the entire section, and eventually for the entire country. ... [Only one Jew] tried his hand as a plantation overseer even if only for a brief time." - Bertram W. Korn, "Jews and Negro Slavery in the Old South, 1789-1865", The Jewish Experience in America, ed. Abraham J. Karp (Waltham, Massachusetts: American Jewish Historical Society, 1969), Vol 3, p. 180 (cited in Shofar FTP Archive File: orgs/american/wiesenthal.center//web/historical-facts) نسخة محفوظة 01 أكتوبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Davis، David Brion (1984). "Slavery and Human Progress". New York: Oxford University Press: 89. مؤرشف من الأصل في 1 أكتوبر 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أكتوبر 2020. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة) وتحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)
↑  Anti-Semitism. Farrakhan In His Own Words. On Jewish Involvement in the Slave Trade نسخة محفوظة 2007-09-21 على موقع واي باك مشين. and Nation of Islam. Jew-Hatred as History نسخة محفوظة 2007-08-08 على موقع واي باك مشين.. adl.org (December 31, 2001).
↑  Wim Klooster (University of Southern Maine): Review of Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight by Eli Faber. "Reappraisals in Jewish Social and Intellectual History", William and Mary Quarterly Review of Books. Volume LVII, Number 1, Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture (2000)  نسخة محفوظة 27 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  سفر اللاويين 20:13
↑  MLjewish.org نسخة محفوظة 05 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  What is Shechita? chabad.org نسخة محفوظة 16 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 23:2 | Sefaria". www.sefaria.org. Rama's commentary on Shulchan Aruch 23-2 requires strict adherence to disqualifying any pause. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-16.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: آخرون (link)
↑  "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 24:12 | Sefaria". www.sefaria.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-16.
1 2 3  Melzer، Emanuel (1997). No way out: the politics of Polish Jewry, 1935–1939. Hebrew Union College Press. ص. 81–90. ISBN:0-87820-418-0. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-09.
↑  Poliakov، Léon (1968). The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner. University of Pennsylvania Press. ص. 153. ISBN:0-8122-3766-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-06.
↑  Collins، Kenneth (نوفمبر 2010). "A Community on Trial: The Aberdeen Shechita Case, 1893". Journal of Scottish Historical Studies. ج. 30: 75. DOI:10.3366/jshs.2010.0103. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-09.
1 2  Chabad.org نسخة محفوظة 06 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  
"Halal, Kosher Slaughter Unacceptable, say German Vets". Deutsche Welle. 10 يوليو 2008. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-08-08.
1 2  
Runyan، Tamar (5 مايو 2011). "Dutch Jews Mobilize Against Attempt to Outlaw Kosher Slaughter". Chabad.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-13.
↑  Religious slaughter and animal welfare: a discussion for meat scientists نسخة محفوظة 06 سبتمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑ See also Tabory and Erez, "Circumscribed Circumcision", pages 161-167, in this book.
Cohen، Shaye J. D. (2005). Why aren't Jewish women circumcised?: gender and covenant in Judaism. University of California Press. ص. 207–224. ISBN:0520212509.
Glick، Leonard B. (2005). Marked in your flesh: circumcision from ancient Judea to modern America. Oxford University Press. ص. 115–148. ISBN:019517674X.
Mark، Elizabeth Wyner (2003). The covenant of circumcision: new perspectives on an ancient Jewish rite. UPNE. ص. 157–160. ISBN:1584653078.
Silverman، Eric Kline (2006). From Abraham to America: a history of Jewish circumcision. Rowman & Littlefield. ص. 177–212. ISBN:0742516695. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط |مسار أرشيف= بحاجة لـ |مسار= (مساعدة)
↑  Feldman، Louis (1996). Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-18.
↑  Jewish Encyclopedia: Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature: "Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena [which involved عري], made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by استعادة القلفة ("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of أنطيوخوس الرابع prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons."; "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-08-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-11-13.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
1 2  Hodges، Frederick, M. (2001). "The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme". The Bulletin of the History of Medicine. ج. 75 ع. Fall 2001: 375–405. DOI:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119. PMID:11568485. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2018-11-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-07-24.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Goldman، Ronald (1997). "Circumcision: A Source of Jewish Pain". Jewish Circumcision Resource Center. Jewish Spectator. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-02-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-07-28.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Kimmel، Michael S. (مايو–يونيو 2001). "The Kindest Un-Cut: Feminism, Judaism, and My Son's Foreskin". Tikkun. ج. 16 ع. 3: 43–48. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-08-01.
↑  Chernikoff، Helen (3 أكتوبر 2007). "Jewish "intactivists" in U.S. stop circumcising". Reuters. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-12-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-11-03.
1 2 3  Schonfeld، Victor (2014). "Jewish voices against circumcision getting stronger". Circinfo.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-11-04.
↑  Kasher, Rani (23 Aug 2017). "It's 2017. Time to Talk About Circumcision". Haaretz (بالإنجليزية). Tel Aviv. Archived from the original on 2017-09-04. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
1 2  Oryszczuk، Stephen (28 فبراير 2018). "The Jewish parents cutting out the bris". تايمز إسرائيل. القدس. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-08-04.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Goodman، Jason (1999). "Jewish circumcision: an alternative perspective". The Circumcision Reference Library. BJU International. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-08-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-07-28.
↑  Reiss, MD، Dr. Mark (2006). "Celebrants of Brit Shalom". Brit Shalom. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-12-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-10-03.
↑  Goldman, PhD، Ron (2006). "Providers of Brit Shalom". بريت ميلاه. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2007-09-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-10-03.
↑  جماعة أجوداث إسرائيل في أمريكا, "The Conservative Lie", Moment, February 2001. نسخة محفوظة 5 أكتوبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Joe Berkofsky, "Death of Conservative Judaism? Reform leader’s swipe sparks angry rebuttals", j., March 5, 2004. نسخة محفوظة 09 20يوليو على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Laurie Goodstein,
Conservative Jews Allow Gay Rabbis and Unions, نيويورك تايمز, 2006. نسخة محفوظة 13 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3  
Zetterholm، Magnus. Approaches to Paul: A Student's Guide to Recent Scholarship. Fortress Press. ص. 4–8, 98–105. ISBN:978-0-8006-6337-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-05.
↑  
Sanders، E. P. (1977). Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion. Fortress Press. ص. 4, 8, 549. ISBN:0-8006-0499-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-06-01.
↑  
Hacker، Klaus (2003). "Paul's Life". The Cambridge companion to St. Paul. Cambridge University Press: 23, 28. ISBN:0-521-78155-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-11.
1 2  
Sanders، E. P. (1983). Paul the Law, and the Jewish People. Fortress  Press. ص. 159. ISBN:0-8006-1878-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-09.
↑
Sanders، E. P. (1999). "Reflections on Anti-Judaism in the New Testament and in Christianity". في Farmer، William Reuben (المحرر). Anti-Judaism and the Gospels. Continuum International Publishing Group. ص. 272–276.
Klinghoffer، David (2006). Why the Jews Rejected Jesus: The Turning Point in Western History. Random House, Inc. ص. 2–3. ISBN:0-385-51022-5.
Theissen، Gerd (1998). The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. ص. 440. ISBN:0-8006-3122-6.
↑  انظر المجمع الفاتيكاني الثاني، في عصرنا بيان في علاقات الكنيسة مع الأديان غير المسيحية، المادة عدد 42 نسخة محفوظة 31 يناير 2012 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  فيما يخص الاعتراضات على تبرئة اليهود من دم المسيح والردود عليها انظر تبرئة اليهود من دم المسيح بقلم: الأب الدكتور يوأنس لحظي جيد للأقباط الكاثوليك نسخة محفوظة 15 مارس 2009 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Encyclopedia of Islam, Uzayr
↑  Hava Lazarus-Yafeh, Tahrif, دائرة المعارف الإسلامية
↑  Busse, Heribert. Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: theological and historical affiliations, Princeton series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, 1998, p. 57.
↑  سورة المائدة:82
لوحة لإيفان ستيبانوفيتش سينوفونتوف لنوح وهو يؤنب إبنه حام.
رسم للشحيطه (ذبح يهودي).
طقوس الختان في اليهودية.