العبودية في الولايات المتحدة
المصادر

↑  Frank J. Williams, Doing Less and Doing More: The President and the Proclamation—Legally, Militarily and Politically, pag. 74-5, Harold Hozer, 2006.
↑  (EN) Arrival of first Africans to Virginia Colony, pbs.org.
↑  (EN) Lisa Rein, Mystery of Va.'s First Slaves Is Unlocked 400 Years Later in Washington Post, 3 settembre 2006.
↑  David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 124.
↑  Stampp (1956) pp. 194–196. La razza di un individuo era determinata dalla legge in vigore. Solitamente veniva specificato che una persona con un antenato prossimo africano (l'equivalente del nonno o del bisnonno) era considerato negro.
↑  (EN) Tim Hashaw, The First Black Americans in US News, 21 gennaio 2007.
↑  Foner, 2007.
↑  Ronald Segal, The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa, 1995 Farrar, Straus and Giroux ISBN 0-374-11396-3 pag 4 "It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic. [Nota originale Paul E. Lovejoy, "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature," in Journal of African History 30 (1989), p. 368.] ... It is widely conceded that further revisions are more likely to be upward than downward.}.
↑  (EN) Quick guide: The slave trade in BBC News, 15 marzo 2007..
↑  Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, e David Eltis, Harvard University Dati basati sulla registrazione di 27233 viaggi che avevano come scopo il trasporto di schiavi Stephen Behrendt Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, 1999, Basic Civitas Books ISBN 0-465-00071-1 - Capitolo: Transatlantic Slave Trade.
↑  (EN) Social Aspects of the Civil War, National Park Service.
↑  a b "Guide to Black History", Encyclopædia Britannica.
↑  Schneider, Carl and Schneider, Dorothy. Slavery in America, New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007.
↑  Gomez, Michael A: Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South, p. 29. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1998.
↑  Walter C. Rucker, The river flows on: Black resistance, culture, and identity formation in early America, LSU Press, 2006, p. 126, ISBN 0-8071-3109-1..
↑  (EN) Richard Hofstadter, White Servitude, Montgomery College.
↑  Taunya Lovell Banks, "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia", Digital Commons Law, University of Maryland Law School
↑  University of Georgia Press, Thomas Allan Cornerstones of Georgiahistory, ISBN 0-8203-1743-8, 9780820317434.
↑  Thurmond: Why Georgia's founder fought slavery.
↑  Testo originale della petizione: "It is shocking to human Nature, that any Race of Mankind and their Posterity should be sentanc'd to perpetual Slavery; nor in Justice can we think otherwise of it, that they are thrown amongst us to be our Scourge one Day or other for our Sins: And as Freedom must be as dear to them as it is to us, what a Scene of Horror must it bring about! And the longer it is unexecuted, the bloody Scene must be the greater." - Abitanti di New Inverness, petizione contro l'introduzione della schiavitù
↑  "Slavery in America", Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History'.
↑  Trinkley, M. "Crescita della popolazione di schiavi nella Carolina del Sud", South Carolina Information Highway.
↑  Morison e Commager: Growth of the American Republic, pp. 212–220.
↑  Heward (1979) pag. 141
↑  The National Archives - Exhibitions - Black presence - rights, The National Archives.
↑  (EN) La rivoluzione dei soldati neri.
↑  Robert L. Virginia rivoluzionaria, la strada dell'indipendenza, Virginia University, 1983 pag. 24 ISBN 0-8139-0748-9.
↑  Peter Kolchin, American Slavery: 1619–1877, New York: Hill and Wang, 1994, p. 73.
↑  African Americans In The Revolutionary Period, American Revolution.
↑  Dal testo della sezione II dell'Articolo I: "Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states . . . by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.".
1 2  a b Gary Kornblith, Slavery and sectional strife in the early American republic, 1776-1821 (2009) p. 3.
↑  Kolchin p. 96. Nel 1834, Alabama, Mississippi, e Louisiana producevano la metà del cotone della intera nazione, mentre nel 1859, insieme alla Georgia, la percentuale arrivava al 78%. Nel 1859 il cotone delle due Carolina rappresentava il 10% del totale (Berlin, pag. 166). Alla fine della Guerra del 1812 la produzione di cotone era arrivata a 300.000 balle annue, mentre dal 1820 la quantità arrivò a 600.000. Dopo il 1850 la produzione era arrivata a 4.000.000 di balle.
1 2  a b Berlin, Generations of Captivity" pp. 168-169. Kolchin p. 96.
↑  Michael Tadman, Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South, 1989.
↑  Berlin, Generations of Captivity", pp. 168–169.
↑  Berlin, Generations of Captivity", pp. 166–169.
1 2  Kolchin, p. 98.
1 2  Berlin, Generations of Captivity", pp. 175–177.
↑  Davis, p 124.
↑  Rodriguez, pp 616-7.
↑  Burke, p 155.
↑  Morris, Thomas D., Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619-1860, p 347
↑  Moore, p 114.
1 2 3  a b c Moon, p 234.
↑  Marable, p 74
↑  "Slaves and the Courts, 1740–1860 Slave code for the
District of Columbia, 1860." Biblioteca del Congresso.
↑  Paul Finkelman, Encyclopedia of American civil liberties (2006) Volume 1 p 845 online.
↑  (EN) Africa Squadron: The U.S. Navy and the Slave Trade, 1842–1861, potomacbooksinc.com.
↑  (EN) Randall M. Miller; John David Smith, Dictionary of Afro-American slavery, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997, p. 471.
↑  "Africans in America" – PBS Series – Part 4 (2007).
1 2  a b A. Jones Maldwyn, Storia degli Stati Uniti d'America dalle prime colonie inglesi ai giorni nostri, Bompiani, 2007, pag. 154, ISBN 978-88-452-3357-9..
↑  Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity. p. 264. Duke University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8223-1992-6.
↑  The People's Chronology, 1994 by James Trager.
↑  Berlin, "Generations of Captivity" p. 104.
↑  Simon Schama, Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution, New York: HarperCollins, 2006, p.406.
↑  Lindsay, Arnett G. "Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Great Britain Bearing on the Return of Negro Slaves, 1783-1828." Journal of Negro History. 5:4 (October 1920); Knight, Charles. The Crown History of England. Oxford, England: Oxford University, 1870
1 2  a b c Marcyliena H. Morgan (2002). Language, discourse and power in African American culture p.20. Cambridge University Press, 2002
↑  a b c Marcyliena H. Morgan (2002). Language, discourse and power in African American culture p.20. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
↑  J. William Frost, Christianity: A Social and Cultural History, (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2008) 446.
1 2  a b c J. William Frost, Christianity: A Social and Cultural History, (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2008) 447.
↑  a b c J. William Frost, Christianity: A Social and Cultural History, (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2008) 447
↑  J. William Frost, Christianity: A Social and Cultural History, (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2008) 448.
↑  a b Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty, Londra, Seagull Edition, 2009, pp. 406–407.
↑  Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty, lodon, Seagull Edition, 2009, pp. 406–407..
↑  a b Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty, Londra, Seagull Edition, 2009, pp. 406–407..
↑  Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty, Londra, Seagull Edition, 2009, pp. 406–407, ISBN 978-0-393-93255-3..
↑  B.D. Basu, History of Education in India under the rule of the East India Company, a cura di Chatterjee, R., Calcutta, Modern Review Office, pp. 3–4. [E]very assemblage of negroes for the purpose of instruction in reading or writing, or in the night time for any purpose, shall be an unlawful assembly. Any justice may issue his warrant to any office or other person, requiring him to enter any place where such assemblage may be, and seize any negro therein; and he, or any other justice, may order such negro to be punished with stripes. If a white person assemble with negroes for the purpose of instructing them to read or write, or if he associate with them in an unlawful assembly, he shall be confined in jail not exceeding six months and fined not exceeding one hundred dollars; and any justice may require him to enter into a recognizance, with sufficient security, to appear before the circuit, county or corporation court, of the county or corporation where the offence was committed, at its next term, to answer therefor[sic], and in the mean time to keep the peace and be of good behaviour. From The Code of Virginia, Richmond, William F. Ritchie, 1849, pp. 747–748.
1 2  a b Alexis de Tocqueville, Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races In The United States in Democracy in America (Volume 1), ISBN 1-4209-2910-0..
↑  Robert Fogel, Chapter III: A Flexible, Highly Developed Form of Capitalism in Without Consent or Contract, ISBN 0-393-02792-9..
↑  Risorse e documenti sul compromesso.
↑  Nicole Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era (2006) ch 1.
↑  Scott v. Sandford.
↑  Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
↑  McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom page 495.
↑  McPherson, Battle Cry page 355, 494–6, quote from George Julian on 495.
↑  Lincoln's letter to O. H. Browning, September 22, 1861
↑  Stephen B. Oates, Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myths, page 106.
↑  mages of America: Altoona, by Sr. Anne Francis Pulling, 2001, 10
↑  Letter to Greeley, August 22, 1862
↑  Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865.
↑  Lincoln's Letter to A. G. Hodges, April 4, 1864.
↑  James McPherson, The War that Never Goes Away
↑  James McPherson, Drawn With the Sword, from the article Who Freed the Slaves?.
↑  Bruce Catton, Never Call Retreat, page 335.
↑  James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 791–798.
1 2  b Jay Winik, April 1865. The Month that Saved America, p.51-59.
↑  Charters of Freedom – The Declaration of Independence, The Constitution, The Bill of Rights « Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
↑  Including slaves still held in Tennessee, Kentucky, Kansas, New Jersey, Delaware, West Virginia, Maryland, Missouri, Washington, D.C., and twelve parishes of LouisianaE. Merton Coulter, The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky (1926) pp 268–270.Bobby G. Herring. The Louisiana Tiger, "Juneteenth and Emancipation Proclamation" July 2011, pg. 17.
↑  E. Merton Coulter, The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky (1926) pp 268–270.
↑  Bobby G. Herring. The Louisiana Tiger, "Juneteenth and Emancipation Proclamation" July 2011, pg. 17.
↑  R.R. Palmer, Joel Colton, A History of the Modern World, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp. 572–573, ISBN 0-07-040826-2..
↑  Litwack (1998) p. 271
↑  Blackmon (2008) p. 4
↑  James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988, pp.244–245.
↑  Larry O'Dell, Virginia Apologizes for Role in Slavery, The Washington Post, 25 febbraio 2007..
↑  Congress Apologizes for Slavery, Jim Crow npr.org
↑  Krissah Thompson, Senate Backs Apology for Slavery in The Washington Post, 19 giugno 2009. URL consultato il 21 giugno 2009.
↑  Jefferson, Thomas. "Like a fire bell in the night" Letter to John Holmes, April 22, 1820. Library of Congress.
↑  Lee, R.E. "Robert E. Lee's opinion regarding slavery", letter to president Franklin Pierce, December 27, 1856. civilwarhome.com..
↑  Beard C.A. and M.R. Beard. 1921. History of the United States. No copyright in the United States, p. 316
↑  James Henry Hammond, The Mudsill Theory. URL consultato il 19 luglio 2011.
↑  James Hammond, The Mudsill Theory. URL consultato il 19 luglio 2011.
↑  James Henry Hammond. "The 'Mudsill' Theory". Senate floor speech, 4 marzo 1858.
1 2  George Fitzhugh, Universal law of Slavery. URL consultato il 19 luglio 2011.
↑  "The Universal Law of Slavery" in The Black American: A Documentary History, Third Ed. (Leslie H. Fishel, Benjamin Quarles, ed.). 1970. Retrieved July 21, 2008
1 2 3  a b c Tony Seybert, Slavery and Native Americans in British North America and the United States: 1600 to 1865, New York Life, 2009. URL consultato il 20 giugno 2009.
↑  Gallay, Alan. (2002) The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670-171. Yale University Press: New York. ISBN 0-300-10193-7.
↑  Castillo, E.D. 1998. "Short Overview of California Indian History", California Native American Heritage Commission, 1998. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
↑  "Haida Warfare", civilization.ca. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
↑  a b "Guide to Black History", Encyclopædia Britannica
↑  Tony Seybert, Slavery and Native Americans in British North America and the United States: 1600 to 1865, New York Life, 2009. URL consultato il 20 giugno 2009.
↑  A history of the descendants of the slaves of Cherokee can be found at Sturm, Circe. Blood Politics, Racial Classification, and Cherokee National Identity: The Trials and Tribulations of the Cherokee Freedmen. American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1/2. (Winter – Spring, 1998), pp. 230–258. In 1835, 7.4% of Cherokee families held slaves. In comparison, nearly one-third of white families living in Confederate states owned slaves in 1860. Further analysis of the 1835 Federal Cherokee Census can be found in Mcloughlin, WG. "The Cherokees in Transition: a Statistical Analysis of the Federal Cherokee Census of 1835". 'Journal of American History, Vol. 64, 3, 1977, p. 678. A discussion on the total number of Slave holding families can be found in Olsen, Otto H. "Historians and the extent of slave ownership in the Southern United States", Civil War History, December 2004 (Accessed here [2]).
↑  Duncan, J.W. 1928. "Interesting ante-bellum laws of the Cherokee, now Oklahoma history". Chronicles of Oklahoma 6(2):178–180.
↑  Davis, J. B. 1933. "Slavery in the Cherokee nation". Chronicles of Oklahoma 11(4):1056–1072.
↑  "Black Indians", ColorQWorld
↑  Page 124, Donald J. Berthrong, The Cheyenne and Arapaho Ordeal: Reservation and Agency Life in the Indian Territory, 1875 to 1907, University of Oklahoma (1976), hardcover, 402 pages, ISBN 0-8061-1277-8.
↑  Stampp p. 194. Oakes pp.47–48
↑  Franklin and Schweninger p. 201
↑  Berlin, "Generations of Captivity" p. 9.
↑  Mason pp. 19–20.
↑  Berlin, Generations of Captivity, p. 138.
↑  Oakes pp. 47–48
↑  Oakes pp. 47–49
↑  Larry Koger, Black Slaveowners: Free Black Masters in South Carolina, 1790–1860, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1985, Foreword.
↑  Distribution of Slaves in US History. URL consultato il 13 maggio 2010.
↑  Total Slave Population in US, 1790–1860, by State
| ع ن سكة حديدية تحت الأرض | ع ن سكة حديدية تحت الأرض | ع ن سكة حديدية تحت الأرض |
| --- | --- | --- |
| أشخاص |  جون براون  Owen Brown  ليفي كوفين  Richard Dillingham  فريدريك دوغلاس  Calvin Fairbank  Thomas Garrett  فرانسيس هاربر  لورا سميث هافيلاند  David Hudson  Daniel Hughes  Peg Leg Joe  ويليام كوبر نيل  هارييت فورتين بورفيس  روبرت بورفيس  جون رانكين  هيتي ريكليس  غيريت سميث  وليام ستيل  Calvin Stowe  Charles Turner Torrey  هاريت توبمان  Delia Webster  |  |
| أماكن |  List of Underground Railroad sites houses  churches  Levi Coffin House  Bialystoker Synagogue  Bilger's Rocks  Wilson Bruce Evans House  Cyrus Gates Farmstead  Sites in Indiana Allen Chapel  Town Clock Church  Kelton House  F. Julius LeMoyne House  Liberty Farm  John Rankin House  Gerrit Smith Estate  John Freeman Walls Historic Site  |  |
| أحداث |  Pearl incident (1848)  Christiana Riot (1851)  Jerry Rescue (1851)  كوخ العم توم (رواية، 1852)  Joshua Glover rescue (1854)  Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (كتاب، 1856)  Oberlin–Wellington Rescue (1858)  التعديل الثالث عشر لدستور الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية (1865)  |  |
| مواضيع |  الإبطالية في الولايات المتحدة التحرير من العبودية  opponents of slavery  African-American opponents  منشورات  Fugitive slaves  Fugitive slave laws 1850  Quilts  Reverse Underground Railroad  Signals lawn jockey  Slave catcher  Songs of the Underground Railroad  The Underground Railroad Records (1872 book)  |  |
| مواضيع متعلقة |  National Underground Railroad Freedom Center  Harriet Tubman Memorial (Boston)  Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park  Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park visitor center  Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center  The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War (كتاب، 1932)  A Woman Called Moses (مسلسل قصير، 1978)  Roots of Resistance (وثائقي، 1989)  The Quest for Freedom (فيلم، 1992)  Freedom: The Underground Railroad (لعبة، 2013)  The North Star (فيلم، 2016)  Underground (مسلسل تلفزيوني، 2016)  Harriet (فيلم، 2019)  |  |
طالع أيضًا: العبودية في كندا والعبودية في الولايات المتحدة: طالع أيضًا: العبودية في كندا والعبودية في الولايات المتحدة
| ع ن تاريخ الولايات المتحدة | ع ن تاريخ الولايات المتحدة |
| --- | --- |
تسلسل الأحداث:  ما قبل التاريخ  قبل كولومبي  الاستعماري  1776–1789  1789–1849  1849–1865  1865–1918  1918–1945  1945–1964  1964–1980  1980-1991  1991-2008  2008–الآن 
الموضوعات:  القرن الأمريكي  المدن  تاريخ دستور الولايات المتحدة  التاريخ الديموغرافي للولايات المتحدة  التاريخ الدبلوماسي "المخطط الزمني للولايات المتحدة"  الاقتصاد  التعليم  الهجرة  الطب  تاريخ البحرية التجارية للولايات المتحدة  القوات المسلحة  الموسيقى  الدين  الرق  الجنوب الأمريكي  التاريخ التكنولوجي والصناعي للولايات المتحدة  التوسع الإقليمي  التطور الإقليمي للولايات المتحدة  التصويت  المرأة 
  تصنيف   بوابة :   تصنيف   بوابة 
| 0 | 1 |
| --- | --- |
ضبط استنادي: وطنية :  المكتبة القومية الإسبانية (BNE)  المكتبة الوطنية الفرنسية (BnF)  المكتبة القومية الإسرائيلية (J9U)  مكتبة الكونغرس (LCNAF) 
بوابة الإمبراطورية البريطانية
بوابة الاقتصاد
بوابة التاريخ
بوابة الولايات المتحدة
بوابة حقوق الإنسان
بوابة علم الاجتماع
بيع العبيد في شارلستون جنوب مقاطعة كارولينا
دفتر عرض بيع 118 عبدا، تشارلستون Charleston.
خريطة توزيع العبيد في الولايات المتحدة1860
رسم لعبيد معروضون للبيع ,ريكاموند فيرجينيا 1853.
كتلة حجرية تستخدم لمزادات العبيد
خريطة توضح الأماكن التي منعت أو لم تمنع الرق في الولايات المتحدة
هنري كلاي (1777-1852)، أحد مؤسسي جمعية الاستعمار الأمريكية، المنظمة التي تكفلت بجلب الأمريكيين السود إلى أفريقيا، أولئك الذين أسسوا ليبيريا حاليا.
سوق الرقيق.أتلانتا، ولاية جورجيا
زراعة البطاطس 1862/63
العم ماريان، عبد له شهرة كبيرة في ولاية كارولينا الشمالية. داجيروتيب 1850.
تظهرة هذة الخريطة1856 مناطق العبيد باللون الرمادى والمناطق المناهضة للرق باللون الأحمر ومقاطعات الولايات المتحدة باللون الأخضر واقليم كانساس بدون لون
الولايات المتحدة في عام 1820. إتفاقية ميسوري التي تنص على تحريم الرق في أراضي السهول العظمى (أخضر داكن)، والسماح به في ولاية ميسوري (الأصفر)، وفي إقليم أركنساس (أزرق)
التصويت للانتخابات الرئاسية من قبل الدولة
أبراهام لنكولن
صورة ربما تعود إلى عام 1870، تمثل اثنين من الأطفال الذين تم تحريرهم أثناء الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية.
سيمون ليجرى والعم توم: مشهد من كوخ العم التوم، أشهر حكاية خرافية في التاريخ عن التحرير.
أربعة أجيال من عبيد، ألتقطت الصورة خلال الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية، بوفورت، كارولاينا الجنوبية
النسبة المئوية للعبيد في كل دولة في عام 1860.
النمو السكاني للعبيد كنسبة مئوية بالنسبة لعدد سكان كل دولة، 1790-1860
رسوم متحركة تظهر الأقاليم والدول، التي تحرم أو تسمح بممارسة الرق في الولايات المتحدة بين عامي 1789-1861.