مملوك (تاريخ)
مراجع

↑  Isichei، Elizabeth (1997). A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press. ص. 192. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-11-08.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  Thomas Philipp & Ulrich Haarmann. The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society.
↑  McGregor، Andrew James (2006). A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War. Greenwood Publishing Group. ص. 15. ISBN:9780275986018. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-25.
↑  А.Ш.Кадырбаев, Сайф-ад-Дин Хайр-Бек - абхазский "король эмиров" Мамлюкского Египта (1517-1522), "Материалы первой международной научной конференции, посвященной 65-летию В.Г.Ардзинба". Сухум: АбИГИ, 2011, pp. 87-95
↑  Thomas Philipp, Ulrich Haarmann (eds), The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 115-116.
↑  Jane Hathaway, The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of the Qazdaglis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 103-104.
↑  "Relations of the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt with Their Homeland in the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Century". Daniel Crecelius and Gotcha Djaparidze. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 45, No. 3 (2002), pp. 320—341. ISSN 0022-4995.
↑  Basra, the failed Gulf state: separatism and nationalism in southern Iraq، صفحة. 19, في كتب جوجل By Reidar Visser
↑  Hathaway، Jane (فبراير 1995). "The Military Household in Ottoman Egypt". International Journal of Middle East Studies. ج. 27 ع. 1: 39–52. DOI:10.1017/s0020743800061572.
↑  István Vásáry (2005) Cuman and Tatars, Cambridge University Press.
↑  T. Pavlidis, A Concise History of the Middle East, Chapter 11: Turks and Byzantine Decline, 2011
↑  Ayalon، David (1979). The Mamlūk military society. Variorum Reprints. ISBN:978-0-86078-049-6.
↑  Asbridge، Thomas. "The Crusades Episode 3". BBC. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-02-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-02-05.
1 2 3  Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and Its Culture. New York: Macmillan, 2008.
↑  See D. Sourdel's "Ghulam" in the Encyclopedia of Islam and David Ayalon's "Mamluk" in the Encyclopedia of Islam. Ayalon uses "mamluk" to refer to military slaves in Egypt and Syria, and "ghulam" (sing. of ghilman) to refer to military slaves elsewhere.
↑  D. Sourdel. "Ghulam" in the Encyclopedia of Islam.
↑  See E. de la Vaissière, Samarcande et Samarra, 2007, and also M. Gordon, The Breaking of a Thousand Swords, 2001.
↑  See for instance the review in Der Islam 2012 of de la Vaissière's book by Christopher Melchert: 'Still, de la Vaissière’s dating of the Mamluk phenomenon herewith becomes the conventional wisdom'
↑  Walker, Paul E. Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources (London, I. B. Tauris, 2002)
↑  Eric Hanne. Putting the Caliph in His Place.)
↑  "Relations of the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt with Their Homeland in the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Century." Daniel Crecelius and Gotcha Djaparidze. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 45, No. 3 (2002), pp. 320–341. ISSN 0022-4995.
↑  David Nicole The Mamluks 1250–1570
↑  Madden, Thomas F. Crusades: The Illustrated History. 1st ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005. 159
↑  István Vásáry (2005), Cumans and Tatars, Cambridge University Press
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