العلاقات الدولية (1919-1939)
مراجع

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↑  Charles Loch Mowat, Britain between the Wars 1918-1940 (1955) pp 116-19, 138.
↑  Michael Laird, "Wars Averted: Chanak 1922, Burma 1945–47, Berlin 1948," Journal of Strategic Studies (1996) 19#3 pp 343-364.
↑  Frank Magee, "‘Limited Liability’? Britain and the Treaty of Locarno." Twentieth Century British History 6.1 (1995): 1-22.
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↑  Dragan Bakić, "‘Must Will Peace’: The British Brokering of ‘Central European’ and ‘Balkan Locarno’, 1925–9." Journal of Contemporary History 48.1 (2013): 24-56. in JSTOR نسخة محفوظة 22 ديسمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 1914–1945 (1965) pp 202–3, 335
↑  Patrick O. Cohrs, The unfinished peace after world war 1: America, Britain and the stabilization of Europe, 1919-1932 (2006).
↑  Sally Marks, "The Myths of Reparations", Central European History, (1978) 11#3 pp 231–255
↑  Taylor, English History: 1914-1945  (1965) p 214-17
↑  Henry R. Winkler, "The Emergence of a Labor Foreign Policy in Great Britain, 1918-1929." Journal of Modern History 28.3 (1956): 247-258. in JSTOR نسخة محفوظة 07 أغسطس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Taylor, English History: 1914-1945  (1965) p 217-20, 225-26.
↑  Patrick Finney, "The romance of decline: The historiography of appeasement and British national identity." Electronic Journal of International History 1 (2000). online نسخة محفوظة 05 مايو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  ديفيد فابر, Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II (2010)
↑  Donald Cameron Watt, How War Came: Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–39 (1990)
↑  Peter Jackson, "France and the problems of security and international disarmament after the first world war." Journal of Strategic Studies 29#2 (2006): 247–280.
↑  Nicole Jordan, "The Reorientation of French Diplomacy in the mid-1920s: the Role of Jacques Seydoux." English Historical Review 117.473 (2002): 867–888.
↑  Eugen Weber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s (1996) p. 125
↑  Conan Fischer, The Ruhr Crisis 1923-1924 (2003).
↑  William Allcorn, The Maginot Line 1928–45 (2012).
↑  Martin Thomas, "Appeasement in the Late Third Republic," Diplomacy and Statecraft 19#3 (2008): 566–607.
↑  Reynolds M. Salerno, "The French Navy and the Appeasement of Italy, 1937-9," English Historical Review 112#445 (1997): 66–104.
↑  Stephen A. Schuker, "France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936," French Historical Studies 14.3 (1986): 299–338.
↑  Martin Thomas (1996). Britain, France and Appeasement: Anglo-French Relations in the Popular Front Era. Berg. ص. 137. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Maurice Larkin, France since the Popular Front: Government and People, 1936–1986 (1988) pp 63-81
↑  Nicole Jordan, "Léon Blum and Czechoslovakia, 1936–1938." French History 5#1 (1991): 48–73.
↑  Martin Thomas, "France and the Czechoslovak crisis," Diplomacy and Statecraft 10.23 (1999): 122–159.
↑  Larkin, France since the Popular Front, (1988) pp 45-62
↑  William A. Hoisington Jr, "The Struggle for Economic Influence in Southeastern Europe: The French Failure in Romania, 1940." Journal of Modern History 43.3 (1971): 468-482. online نسخة محفوظة 28 ديسمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 (1995).
↑  Michael Mann. Fascists. Cambridge UP, 2004 p. 65.
↑  John Horne. State, Society and Mobilization in Europe During the First World War. pp. 237–39.
↑  Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 p. 106.
↑  R.A.C. Parker, "The first capitulation: France and the Rhineland crisis of 1936." World Politics 8#3 (1956): 355-373.
↑  R.J. Overy and Andrew Wheatcroft, The road to war (2009).
↑  W.C. Mathews, "The Economic Origins of the Noskepolitik." Central European History 27#1 (1994): 65–86. in JSTOR. نسخة محفوظة 04 أبريل 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 (1978) pp 396-433. online نسخة محفوظة 29 يونيو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Ruth Henig, Versailles and After: 1919–1933 (1984) p. 63.
↑  Alan Sharp. "The Enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919–1923." Diplomacy and Statecraft 16.3 (2005): 423–438.
↑  Patrick O. Cohrs, The Unfinished Peace after World War I: America, Britain and the Stabilisation of Europe, 1919–1932 (2006).
↑  Leonard Gomes, German Reparations, 1919–1932: A Historical Survey (Springer, 2010).
↑  Pierre Brouâe (2005). The German Revolution, 1917–1923. BRILL. ص. 350–51. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑
Nekrich, Aleksandr M. et al. Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941 (1997).
↑  Robert Himmer, "Rathenau, Russia, and Rapallo." Central European History 9#2 (1976): 146–183.
↑  Gordon H. Mueller, "Rapallo Reexamined: a new look at Germany's secret military collaboration with Russia in 1922." Military Affairs 40#3 (1976): 109–117. in JSTOR نسخة محفوظة 29 أكتوبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Hans W. Gatzke, "Russo-German military collaboration during the Weimar Republic." American Historical Review 63.3 (1958): 565–597. online نسخة محفوظة 03 أبريل 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Richard Evans, The Third Reich in Power (2006)
↑  Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (2008)
↑  Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–36 (1970) pp 25–56
↑  Jeffrey Record (2007). The Specter of Munich: Reconsidering the Lessons of Appeasing Hitler. Potomac Books, Inc. ص. 106. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Gaynor Johnson, "Sir Eric Phipps, the British government, and the appeasement of Germany, 1933–1937." Diplomacy and Statecraft 16.4 (2005): 651–669.
↑  Aaron L. Goldman, "Sir Robert Vansittart's Search for Italian Cooperation against Hitler, 1933–36," Journal of Contemporary History 9#3 (1974), pp. 93–130 in JSTOR نسخة محفوظة 20 مارس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany pp 57–74
↑  G.M. Gathorne-Hardy, Short History of International Affairs, 1920‐1939 (3rd ed. 1942) pp 347–364.
↑  Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Starting World War II, 1937–1939 (1980)
↑  Kenneth Moss, "George S. Messersmith and Nazi Germany: the diplomacy of limits in Central Europe." in Kenneth Paul Jones ed., US Diplomats in Europe: 1919–1941 (2nd ed. 1983) pp 113–126.
↑  Hugh Seton-Watson, Eastern Europe Between the Wars, 1918-1941 (1945)
↑  E. Garrison Walters, The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945 (Syracuse UP, 1988) covers seven countries.
↑  Graham Smith, ed. (2016). The Baltic States: The National Self-Determination of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. ص. 7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |مؤلف= باسم عام (مساعدة)
↑  Piotr Łossowski, "National Minorities in the Baltic States 1919-1940." Acta Poloniae Historica 25 (1972): 87-107.
↑  Olav Fagelund Knudsen, "The Foreign Policies of the Baltic States: Interwar Years and Restoration' Cooperation and Conflict (1993) 28#1 pp 47-72; DOI10.1177/0010836793028001003
↑  Smith, ed., The Baltic States: The National Self-Determination of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (1996) pp 1-69 excerpt نسخة محفوظة 02 مايو 2008 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Richard Clogg (2013). A Concise History of Greece (ط. 3rd). Cambridge University Press. ص. 96–101. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-13.
↑  Istvan Deak, "Budapest and the Hungarian Revolutions of 1918-1919." Slavonic and East European Review 46.106 (1968): 129-140. in JSTOR نسخة محفوظة 02 أبريل 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Thomas L. Sakmyster, Hungary's Admiral on Horseback: Miklós Horthy, 1918-1944 (1994)
↑  E. G. Walters, The Other Europe: Eastern Europe To 1945 (1988) pp 205-18.
↑  Emily R. Gioielli, "'White Misrule': Terror and Political Violence During Hungary’s Long World War I, 1919-1924. (PhD Diss. Central European University, 2015) online نسخة محفوظة 02 أبريل 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Deborah S. Cornelius, "The Impact of Trianon: Intellectual and Activist Movements." Hungarian Studies Review. 39.1-2 (2012): 75+.
↑  Donald Cameron Watt, How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938-1939 (1989) pp 362-84.
↑  G. Bruce Strang, "John Bull in Search of a Suitable Russia: British Foreign Policy and the Failure of the Anglo-French-Soviet Alliance Negotiations, 1939." Canadian Journal of History 41.1 (2006): 47-84.
↑  Michael Jabara Carley, 1939: The Alliance That Never Was and the Coming of World War II (2009)
↑  Adam B. Ulam, Expansion and coexistence: Soviet foreign policy, 1917–73 (1974) pp 147-208.
↑  Barbara Jelavich, St. Petersburg and Moscow: tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814–1974 (1974) pp 301-11.
↑  Jonathan Haslam, "Comintern and Soviet foreign policy, 1919–1941" in Ronald Suny, ed. The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 3, The Twentieth Century (2006) pp. 636-61.
↑  J. Gooding (2001). Socialism in Russia: Lenin and His Legacy, 1890–1991. ص. 107. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Christopher Andrew, "Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of Mi5"(London, 2009), p. 155.
↑  For an account of the break in 1927, see Roger Schinness, "The Conservative Party and Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1925–27", European History Quarterly 7, 4 (1977): 393–407.
↑  Brian Bridges, "Red or Expert? The Anglo–Soviet Exchange of Ambassadors in 1929." Diplomacy & Statecraft 27.3 (2016): 437-452.
↑  John H. Kautsky (2001). Social Democracy and the Aristocracy: Why Socialist Labor Movements Developed in Some Industrial Countries and Not in Others. ص. 118. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Jelavich, St. Petersburg and Moscow (1974) pp 311–340.
↑  Joan H. Wilson, "American Business and the Recognition of the Soviet Union." Social Science Quarterly (1971): 349-368. in JSTOR نسخة محفوظة 11 سبتمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Trond Gilberg (1989). Coalition Strategies of Marxist Parties. ص. 72–74. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Kevin McDermott, and Jeremy Agnew, The Comintern: A History of International Communism from Lenin to Stalin (1996).
↑  Julian Jackson, The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934–38 (1990).
↑  Helen Graham and Paul Preston, eds. The Popular Front in Europe (1988).
↑  François Furet (1999). The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century. ص. 315. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Peter Oxley (2001). Russia, 1855-1991: From Tsars to Commissars. Oxford UP. ص. 4–5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Vladyslav Verstiuk, "Conceptual Issues in Studying the History of the Ukrainian Revolution." Journal of Ukrainian Studies 24.1 (1999): 5-20.
↑  Natalya Yakovenko, "Ukraine in British strategies and concepts of foreign policy, 1917–1922 and after." East European Quarterly 36.4 (2002): 465.
↑  Graham Tan, "Transformation versus Tradition: Agrarian Policy and Government–Peasant Relations in Right-Bank Ukraine 1920–1923." Europe-Asia Studies 52.5 (2000): 915–937.
↑  Elias Tcherikower, The Pogroms in the Ukraine in 1919 (1965)
↑  Wolfram Dornik and Peter Lieb. "Misconceived realpolitik in a failing state: the political and economical fiasco of the Central Powers in the Ukraine, 1918." First World War Studies 4.1 (2013): 111–124.
↑  Oleksandr Pavliuk, "Ukrainian-Polish relations in Galicia in 1918–1919." Journal of Ukrainian Studies 23.1 (1998)
↑  Orest Subtelny (2000). Ukraine: A History. U of Toronto Press. ص. 344–379. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-03-20.
↑  Paul Kubicek, The History of Ukraine (2008) p 79
↑  Orest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History. ص. 359. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-03-20.
↑  Zara Steiner, The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939 (2013), pp 181–251.
↑  Emanuel Adler and Vincent Pouliot (2011). International Practices. Cambridge University Press. ص. 184–85. DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511862373. ISBN:9781139501583. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Daniel Kowalsky, "The Soviet Union and the International Brigades, 1936–1939." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 19.4 (2006): 681-704.
↑  Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, International Communism and the Spanish Civil War: Solidarity and Suspicion (2015).
↑  Robert Colls (2013). George Orwell: English Rebel. ص. 258. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Christopher Andrew (2000). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. ص. 73. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Robert W. Pringle (2015). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence. Rowman & Littlefield. ص. 288–89. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Burnett Bolloten (2015). The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution. U of North Carolina Press. ص. 145–58. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 (1963). pp. 203–10.
↑  Paulo Drinot and Alan Knight,  The Great Depression in Latin America (2014)
↑  Rosemary Thorp, Latin America in the 1930s: the role of the periphery in world crisis (2000)
↑  Glen Barclay, Struggle for a Continent: The Diplomatic History of South America, 1917-1945 (1972)
↑  Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith, Modern Latin America (6th ed. 2005)
↑  Stanley E. Hilton, "The Argentine Factor in Twentieth-Century Brazilian Foreign Policy Strategy." Political Science Quarterly 100.1 (1985): 27-51.
↑  Stanley E. Hilton, "Brazilian Diplomacy and the Washington-Rio de Janeiro 'Axis' during the World War II Era," Hispanic American Historical Review (1979) 59#2 pp. 201-231 in JSTOR نسخة محفوظة 16 سبتمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Including the Leticia Incident in 1932-33 and الحرب الإكوادورية-البيروفية in 1941.
↑  Elizabeth Shesko, "Mobilizing Manpower for War: Toward a New History of Bolivia's Chaco Conflict, 1932–1935." Hispanic American Historical Review 95.2 (2015): 299-334.
↑  Bruce Farcau, The Chaco War: Bolivia and Paraguay, 1932–1935 (1996).
↑  P.J. Vatikiotis, The History of Modern Egypt (4th ed., 1992).
↑  Andy Dailey, Move to Global War (2015) 205pp; pp 9-53 on Japan's expansion نسخة محفوظة 31 مارس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Roy Hidemichi Akagi, Japan's Foreign Relations 1542-1936: A Short History (1979) pp, 481-550 online نسخة محفوظة 10 يناير 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  James B. Crowley, Japan's quest for autonomy: National security and foreign policy, 1930-1938 (2015) ch 1.
↑  Kenneth Henshall, A History of Japan (2012) pp 114–115.
↑  Peter Duus et al. eds. The Japanese informal empire in China, 1895-1937 (2014).
↑  Henshall, 119–120.
↑  S. C. M. Paine, The Wars for Asia, 1911-1949 (2012) pp 123-70.
↑  Henshall, 123–124.
↑  Mark Weston, Giants of Japan: The Lives of Japan's Greatest Men and Women (2002) pp 201–203.
↑  Greg Kennedy, "Filling the Void?: Anglo-American Strategic Relations, Philippine Independence, and the Containment of Japan, 1932–1937." The International History Review (2017): 1-24.
↑  Conrad Totman, A History of Japan (2005). pp 554–556.
↑  Jay Taylor, The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China (2011) pp 141-93
↑  James B. Crowley, "A Reconsideration of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident." Journal of Asian Studies 22.03 (1963): 277-291.
↑  David M. Gordon, "The China–Japan War, 1931–1945" Journal of Military History (2006) 70#1, pp. 137–82. evaluates the major books. نسخة محفوظة 14 مارس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Ryoko Techika, "The basic structure of Chiang Kai-shek's diplomatic strategy." Journal of Modern Chinese History 7.1 (2013): 17-34.
↑  Michael Schaller, The US Crusade in China, 1938-1945 (1979).
↑  Bradford A. Lee, Britain and the Sino-Japanese war, 1937-1939: a study in the dilemmas of British decline (1973).
| ع ن علاقات دولية | ع ن علاقات دولية |
| --- | --- |
المنظمات:  بريكس  منظمة معاهدة الأمن الجماعي  المحكمة الجنائية الدولية  عصبة الأمم  حركة عدم الانحياز  شمال الأطلسي  منظمة شانغهاي للتعاون  الأمم المتحدة  حلف وارسو 
التاريخ:  1648–1814  1814–1919  1919–1939  التاريخ الدبلوماسي للحرب العالمية الثانية  الحرب الباردة  العلاقات الدولية منذ عام 1989 
المفاهيم:  التسوية  أمن مشترك  استعمارية  منطقة رمادية  هيمنة  مثالية  المجتمع الدولي  أممية  مؤسسية  إمبريالية  سلام  القوة  سيادة  ولاية  معاهدة  حرب 
النظرية:  بنائية  ليبرالية  الماركسية  الواقعية 
مجالات مرتبطة:  دبلوماسية  جيوسياسية  قانون دولي 
بوابة عقد 1920
بوابة عقد 1930
بوابة علاقات دولية
وقعت 14 دولة كبرى على ميثاق كيلوغ برييان في باريس 1928.
احتلال القوات اليونانية منطقة أزمير بالإضافة إلى مناطق شمال اسطنبول.
ستالين مصافحا ريبنتروب بعد توقيع الاتفاقية في موسكو في أغسطس 1939.
رئيس البرازيل جيتوليو فارجاس (يسار) في لقائه بالرئيس الأمريكي فرانكلين روزفلت (يمين) سنة 1936 على أمل أن العلاقة الجيدة مع الولايات المتحدة سوف تردع هجومًا من الأرجنتين.
مستعمرات الولايات المتحدة وبريطانيا وهولندا في منطقة شرق آسيا الكبرى سنة 1942 بعد احتلال اليابان لها.