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مراجع

1 2 3 4  جوليان باجيني (2009). Atheism. Sterling Publishing. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-07-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-06-28. Militant Atheism: Atheism which is actively hostile to religion I would call militant. To be hostile in this sense requires more than just strong disagreement with religion—it requires something verging on hatred and is characterized by a desire to wipe out all forms of religious beliefs. Militant atheists tend to make one or both of two claims that moderate atheists do not. The first is that religion is demonstrably false or nonsense, and the second is that is is usually or always harmful. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-07-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-11.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Karl Rahner (1975). Encyclopædia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi. Continuum International Publishing Group. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-06-28. Atheism A. In Philosophy I. Concept and incidence. Philosophically speaking, atheism means denial of the existence of God or of any  possibility of knowing God. In those who hold this theoretical atheism, it may be tolerant (and even deeply concerned), if it has no missionary aims; it is "militant" when it regards itself as a doctrine to be propagated for the happiness of mankind and combats every religion as a harmful aberration. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-11.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
1 2  كيري إس. والترز (2010). Atheism. Continuum International Publishing Group. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-07-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-10. Both positive and negative atheism may be further subdivided into (i) militant and (ii) moderate varieties. Militant atheists, such as physicist Steven Weinberg, tend to think that God-belief is not only erroneous but pernicious. Moderate atheists agree that God-belief is unjustifiable, but see nothing inherently pernicious in it. What leads to excess, they argue, is intolerant dogmatism and extremism, and these are qualities of ideologies in general, religious or nonreligious. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-07-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-11.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Phil Zuckerman (2009). Atheism and Secularity: Issues, Concepts, and Definitions. أي بي سي-كليو. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-10. In contrast, militant atheism, as advocated by Lenin and the Russian Bolsheviks, treats religion as the dangerous opium and narcotic of the people, a wrong political ideology serving the interests of antirevolutionary forces; thus force may be necessary to control or eliminate religion.... militant atheism leads to antireligious measures (Dai 2001, 38-57) Militant atheism is so radical and left-leaning that it merely lasted 30 years or so (i.e.1949-1979) and dwindled away... at the end of 1978. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-11.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
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Yang، Fenggang (2004). "Between Secularist Ideology and Desecularizing Reality: The Birth and Growth of Religious Research in Communist China". Sociology of Religion. ج. 65 ع. 2: 101–119. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-04-26. Scientific atheism is the theoretical basis for tolerating  religion while  carrying out atheist  propaganda, whereas militant atheism leads to antireligious measures. In practice, almost as soon as it took power in 1949, the CCP  followed the hard line of militant atheism. Within a decade, all religions were brought under the iron control of the Party: Folk religious practices considered feudalist superstitions  were vigorously suppressed; cultic or heterodox  sects regarded as reactionary  organizations were resolutely banned; foreign  missionaries, considered part of Western imperialism, were expelled; and major world religions, including Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism, were coerced into "patriotic" national associations under close supervision of the Party. Religious believers who dared to challenge these policies were mercilessly banished to labor camps, jails, or execution grounds.
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Yang، Fenggang (2006). "The Red, Black, and Gray Markets of Religion in China" (PDF). The Sociological Quarterly. ج. 47 ع. 1: 93–122. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2012-10-09. In contrast, militant atheism, as advocated by Lenin and the Russian Bolsheviks, treats religion as a dangerous narcotic and a troubling political ideology that serves the interests of antirevolutionary forces. As such, it should be suppressed or eliminated by the revolutionary force. On the basis of scientiﬁc atheism, religious toleration was inscribed in CCP policy since its early days. By reason of militant atheism, however, atheist propaganda became ferocious, and the power of "proletarian dictatorship" was invoked to eradicate the reactionary ideology (Dai 2001)
↑  Karl Rahner (28 ديسمبر 2004). Encyclopædia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi. Continuum International Publishing Group. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-06-28. ATHEISM A. IN PHILOSOPHY I. Concept and incidence. Philosophically speaking, atheism means denial of the existence of God or of any (and not merely of a rational) possibility of knowing God (theoretical atheism). In those who hold this theoretical atheism, it may be tolerant (and even deeply concerned), if it has no missionary aims; it is "militant" when it regards itself as a doctrine to be propagated for the happiness of mankind and combats every religion as a harmful aberration. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-11.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
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Charles Colson, Ellen Santilli Vaughn (2007). "God and Government". Zondervan. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-21. But Nietzsche's atheism was the most radical the world had yet seen. While the old atheism had acknowledged the need for religion, the new atheism was political activist, and jealous. One scholar observed that "atheism has become militant . . . inisisting it must be believed. Atheism has felt the need to impose its views, to forbid competing versions."
↑  Harold Joseph Berman (1993). Faith and Order: The Reconciliati oyn of Law and Religion. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-09. One fundamental element of that system was its propagation of a doctrine called Marxism-Leninism, and one fundamental element of that doctrine was militant atheism. Until only a little over three years ago, militant atheism was the official religion, one might say, of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party was the established church in what might be called an atheocratic state.
↑  J. D. Van der Vyver, John Witte (1996). Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives. دار بريل للنشر. ص. 289. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-09. For seventy years, from the Bolshevik Revolution to the closing years of the Gorbachev regime, militant atheism was the official religion, one might say, of the Soviet Union, and the Communist Party was, in effect, the established church. It was an avowed task of the Soviet state, led by the Communist Party, to root out from the minds and hearts of the Soviet state, all belief systems other than Marxism-Leninism. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-11.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
1 2 3 4  ليستر ماكغراث. The Twilight of Atheism: The Rise and Fall of Disbelief in the Modern World. راندوم هاوس. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-05. So was the French Revolution fundamentally atheist? There is no doubt that such a view is to be found in much Christian and atheist literature on the movement. Cloots was at the forefront of the dechristianization movement that gathered around the militant atheist Jacques Hébert. He "debaptised" himself, setting aside his original name of Jean-Baptiste du Val-de-Grâce. For Cloots, religion was simply not to be tolerated.
↑  Gerhard Simon (1974). Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R. دار نشر جامعة كاليفورنيا. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-04-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-09. On the other hand the Communist Party has never made any secret of the fact, either before or after 1917, that it regards 'militant atheism' as an integral part of its ideology and will regard 'religion as by no means a private matter'. It therefore uses 'the means of ideological influence to educate people in the spirit of scientific materialism and to overcome religious prejudices..' Thus it is the goal of the C.P.S.U. and thereby also of the Soviet state, for which it is after all the 'guiding cell', gradually to liquidate the religious communities.
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Simon Richmond (2006). Russia & Belarus. بي بي سي ورلد وايد  ‏. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-04-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-09. Soviet 'militant atheism' led to the closure and destruction of nearly all the mosques and madrasahs (Muslim religious schools) in Russia, although some remained in the Central Asian states. Under Stalin there were mass deportations and liquidation of the Muslim elite.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)
1 2 3 4 5  The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics). مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-05. Seeking a complete annihilation of religion, places of worship were shut down; temples, churches, and mosques were destroyed; artifacts were smashed; sacred texts were burnt; and it was a criminal offence even to possess a religious artifact or sacred text. Atheism had long been the official doctrine of the Chinese Communist Party, but this new form of militant atheism made every effort to eradicate religion completely.
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Strahan، A. (1882). The Contemporary review. ج. 42. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-01-21. In Germany, a new Protestant Caesarism has essayed the part of jailer of human souls to its Catholic subjects; while in France, Jacobinism, which is identical in its ethos with Caesarism—the tyrant being legion instead of one, and clad in blouse instead of in imperial purple—is labouring, with all the fanaticism of militant atheism, to overthrow and destroy the rights of the spiritual side of man's nature.
↑  رودني ستارك؛ روجر فينكه (2000). "Acts of Faith: explaining the human side of religion". دار نشر جامعة كاليفورنيا. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-16. The militant atheism of the early social scientists was motivated partly by politics. As Jeffrey Hadden reminds us, the social sciences emerged as part of a new political "order that was at war with the old order" (1987, 590).
↑  Elaine A. Heath (2008). "Mystic Way of Evangelism". Baker Academic. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-02-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-19. Richard Dawkins's Foundation for Reason and Science is out to debunk religion, which Dawkins calls "the God delusion." His book of the same title is a best seller, and Dawkins is not alone. Sam Harris, Daniel C. Den-nett, Victor J. Stenger, and Christopher Hitchens are only a handful of militant atheists who are convinced Christianity is toxic to human life.
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Marcelo Gleiser (2010). "A Tear at the Edge of Creation". سايمون وشوستر. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-26. Scientists such as Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris, philosopher Daniel Dennett, and British journalist and polemicist Christopher Hitchens, a group sometimes referred to as "the Four Horsemen," have taken the offensive, deeming religious belief a form of "delusion," a dangerous kind of collective madness that has wreaked havoc upon the world for millennia. Their rhetoric is the emblem of a militant radical atheism, a view I believe is as inflammatory and intolerant as that of the religious fundamentalists they criticize.
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Fiala، Andrew. "Militant atheism, pragmatism, and the God-shaped hole". International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. ج. 65 ع. 3: 139–51. مؤرشف من الأصل في 26 أبريل 2020. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أغسطس 2020. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)
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Michael Babcock (2008). "Unchristian America". Tyndale House. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-26. MILITANT ATHEISM The change in tone is most evident in the writings of the so-called New Atheists-Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens-men who have been trying to accelerate a process that's been under way for centuries.
↑  Dave Niose (1894). "The Myth of Militant Atheism". سايكولوجي توداي . اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-09. When the media and others refer to a "militant atheist," the object of that slander is usually an atheist who had the nerve to openly question religious authority or vocally express his or her views about the existence of God.
↑  Baggini 2009 p. 131 نسخة محفوظة 07 سبتمبر 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Christopher Marsh. "Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival". Continuum International Publishing Group. ص. 18. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. Religious belief is quite distinct from a philosophical viewpoint, however, meaning that almost all previous studies have avoided serious consideration of the theological roots of militant atheism. While it is with Hegel that one must begin to understand Marxist philosophy, one must take a detour through the thought of Schleiermacher, Strauss, and Feuerback before coming to an understanding of Marx's and Engels's critique of religion. {{استشهاد ويب}}: الوسيط |الفصل= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
↑  C. M. Hann (1993). "Socialism: ideals, ideologies, and local practice". تايلور وفرانسيس. ص. 8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. It may disappear from view during the apogee of Marxism-Leninism, when the old temples are likely to be sacred (though only Albania and Cambodia went so far as formally to ban traditional religion per se). When the wave of militant atheism passes and conditions permit the expression of grassroots identities once again, traditional religion may reappear with undiminished strength.
↑  NMI (2011). "Likvidácia kláštorov v komunistickom Československu – Barbarská noc  ("Eradication of monasteries in communist Czechoslovakia – Barbaric night")". Nation's Memory Institute. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-04-28. {{استشهاد ويب}}: روابط خارجية في |ناشر= (مساعدة)
↑  NMI (2011). "Likvidácia kláštorov v komunistickom Československu – Barbarská noc, výpovede svedkov ("Eradication of monasteries in communist Czechoslovakia – Barbaric night, reports of witnesses")". Nation's Memory Institute. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-06-27. {{استشهاد ويب}}: روابط خارجية في |ناشر= (مساعدة)
↑  Slavka, M.؛ وآخرون (1994). Naše korene. Bratislava: Nádej. ص. 187. ISBN:80-7120-029-8. In 1957 الأمن القومي التشيكوسلوفاكي arrested Miloš Rataj, undergraduate student in Košice. He was a son of teacher and poet Ján Rataj. Miloš Rataj together with his fellow students held private Bible Study and prayer meetings at the hostel belonging to university campus. Somebody reported their activities to authorities what triggered investigations and later leaded to a lawsuit. In the newspaper „Východoslovenské Noviny" there were consequently published articles „Poison in gold-foil" (No.41 in 1959), „Sects are eradicating the thinking of youth"  and „Report on trial with blue crusaders". It was just a preparation for more thorough trial at court in Bratislava, where prior to that trial further church members had been arrested, namely Ing. O. Lupták, Ing. Vl. Matej, J. Rosa and J. Hollý from Stará Turá. The hearings during the trial were behind the closed doors excluding the public (sep 1959). The main guilt of accused was that they as members of blue cross „spread hostile Christian ideology" that is „contradicting scientific Marxist ideology". They were sentenced pursuant to paragraph on subversion of republic. At the same time their personal correspondence, typing machines and Christian literature was confiscated, mainly the one written by national author Kristína Royová. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |الأخير= (مساعدة)
↑  Trúsik، Pavol (2/2011). "Kristína Royová – slovenský Kierkegaard? (Kristína Royová – Slovak Kierkegaard?)". Ostium, Internet journal for humanitarian science. مؤرشف من الأصل في 21 يناير 2015. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-08-19. We can conclude that (Kristína) Royová was sort of Slovak version of Kierkegaard. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |سنة= (مساعدة)
1 2  Mark Avrum Ehrlich (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. أي بي سي-كليو. ج. 1. ص. 1138. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. 1929 Soviet authorities establish a branch of the Militant Atheist-Marxist Association in Kyrgyzstan. More than 1,800 clerics – priests, rabbis, and mullahs – are denied their electoral rights. Nevertheless, Jews attempt to observe Jewish religious traditions in secret. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Mihaela Robila (2004). Families in Eastern Europe. مجموعه الزمرد للنشر. ص. 181. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. During several decades of state-sponsored 'militant atheism,' drastic methods were used to suppress and prohibit any expression of religious life. There was a forcible destruction of religious monuments, liquidation of churches, and mass deportation to Siberia of religious people and believers of different religions. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Mark Bevir (2010). Encyclopedia of Political Theory, Volume 1. SAGE Publications. ص. 329. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. Moreover, materialism simultaneously was expected to undermine religious faith, and the philosophes, despite their wide variety of religious views, were charged with a militant atheism bent on the destruction of church and throne alike. As these pillars of traditional society were under attack, Counter-Enlightenment writers predicted horrific scenes of anarchy, chaos, perversion, and bloodshed. When the French Revolution culminated in regicide and the Reign of Terror, the bloody warnings of the anti-philosophes suddenly appeared prophetic. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Timothy Ferris (2008). The Science of Liberty: Democracy, Reason, and the Laws of Nature. هاربر كولنز. ص. 86. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. Locked up in the Luxembourg prison, he passed the time debating religion with his friend Anacharsis Cloots, a militant atheist, until Cloots was guillotined on March 24.
↑  John Keane (2003). Tom Paine: A Political Life. هاربر كولنز. ص. 86. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. nvariably, their conversations turned into heated arguments, with Paine resisting the militant atheism of Cloots, who regularly called himself "Jesus Christ's personal enemy" and berated Paine "for his credulity in still indulging so many religious and political prejudices."
↑  Jean-Pierre Gross (1997). Fair Shares for All: Jacobin Egalitarianism in Practice. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج. ص. 23. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. It is not without significance in this regard that, while many of the confirmed terrorists were militant atheists, who took naturally to blasphemy and adhered to the dechristianisation movement in the autumn and winter of 1793, the moderates were often deists who shared Robespierre's and Tom Paine's belief in the usefulness of religion.
↑  Christine L. Krueger; George Stade; Karen Karbiener; Book Builders Llc (COR). Encyclopædia of British Writers: 19th and 20th Centuries. Infobase Publishing. ص. 164. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. Holcroft, Thomas (1745–1809) playwright, novelist A militant atheist and a fervent believer in the individual's capacity for self-improvement, he was drawn into a circle of political and social radicals that included Thomas Paine, John Tooke, William Godwin, and Mary Wollstonecraft.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link) "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
1 2  James Gray. "The French Revolution and the London Stage 1789-1805 – EBRO: Eighteenth-Century Book Reviews Online" (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج. Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2022-07-01. In two chapters devoted to reactions of the English stage to the Reign of Terror in France, Taylor notes that Thomas Holcroft (1745–1809), a militant atheist and a pro-Revolutionary zealot, helped to found in 1792 the London Corresponding Society, whose main aim was to connect with radical elements in Paris in the same year.
↑  China in the 21st century. دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد. ص. 108. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. China is still officially an atheist country, but many religions are growing rapidly, including evangelical Christianity (estimates of how many Chinese have converted to some form of Protestantism range widely, but at least tens of millions have done so) and various hybrid sects that combine elements of traditional creeds and belief systems (Buddhism mixed with local folk cults, for example). "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  The state of religion atlas. Simon & Schuster. 1993. ص. 108. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-07-01. Atheism continues to be the official position of the governments of China, North Korea and Cuba.
1 2 3  The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion. Wiley-Blackwell. ص. 432. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. As soon as the PRC was established, militant atheism compelled the party to impose control and limitations on religious suppliers. Foreign missionaries, who were considered a part of Western imperialism, were expelled, and cultic or heterodox sects that were regarded as reactionary organizations (fandong hui dao men), were banned. Further, major religions – Buddhism, Daoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism, which were difficult to eliminate and possesed diplomatic value for the isolated regime – were co-opted into national associations. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
1 2  Bryan S. Turner. Religion and Modern Society: Citizenship, Secularisation and the State. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج. ص. 129. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. The contrast between religion in American and militant atheism in China could not have been more stark or profound. While the Red Guards under Mao Zedong's leadership were busy destroying Buddhist pagodas, Catholic churches and Daoist temples, the Christian Right were equally busy condemning the communists. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Julie Ching (1 يناير 2001). "The Falun Gong: Religious and political implications". American Asian Review. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-08-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-28. Now, Jiang is emphasizing the need for people, especially party members, to study politics. He accepts the threat of Falun Gong as an ideological one: spiritual beliefs against militant atheism and historical materialism. He wishes to purge the government and the military of such beliefs. His decision is in line with the suspicion of religious protest by the traditional Chinese state. As it turns out, the government's campaign against "evil cults" includes popular folk cults, as well as underground Christians-Catholics and Protestants who meet at house churches.
↑  Fengang Yang (2004). "Sociology of Religion Spring 2004: Vol 65 Iss 1". Sociology of religion (بالإنجليزية). 65: 101. Retrieved 2022-07-01. Under the ride of the Chinese Communist Party, the scholarship of religious research in China has changed from virtual nonexistence in the first thirty years (1949–1979) to flourishing in the reform era (1979–present). Moreover, the predominant view on religion has moved away from militant atheism to a more scientific, objective and consequently more balanced approach to religion. This paper attempts to trace this intellectual history in China and to examine the role of academia in the religious scene. There are three distinct periods in this development: the domination of atheism from 1949 to 1979, the birth of religious research in the 1980s, and the growth of the scholarship in the 1990s, despite political restrictions. Religious research was intended by the government to serve atheist propaganda, but it grew into an independent academic discipline responsive to the desecularizing reality.
↑  رودني ستارك "Atheism, Faith and the Social Scientific Study of Religion" Journal of Contemporary Religion Vol 14 No 1 1999, pp. 41–62.
↑  Laurel Brake, Marysa Demoor (2009). Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in Great Britain and Ireland. Academia Press. ص. 566. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. A well-set Sunday weekly* selling for 1 d, the Secular Review's stance was representative of a relatively moderate style of Secularism, sympathetic to socialism and aligned against the individualism and militant atheism of Charles Bradlaugh and his National Reformer. In its discussion of religion, philosophy, ethics, science and history, and in reviewing Secularism and 'what purports to be so, and is not', the title's stated domain of inquiry was 'this world, without implying disregard or denial of another' (Holyoake 1876). "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Craig Ott; Harold A. Netland (2006). Globalizing Theology: Belief and Practice in an Era of World Christianity. Baker Academic. ص. 190. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. She was a close friend and coworker of Charles Bradlaugh, the militant atheist and first president of the National Secular Society (set up in 1866), and helped to edit his journal, the National Reformer.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link) "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  James Richard Moore (2002). History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج. ص. 286. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. Though at first allied with the militant atheist Charles Bradlaugh (1833–91) and his National Secular Society (NSS), the elder Watts refused in 1877 to defend Bradlaugh's right to republish Knowlton's Fruits of Philosophy, a pamphlet on on birth control. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Bryan S. Turner (2011). Religion and Modern Society: Citizenship, Secularisation and the State. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج. ص. 129. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. Secularism, when under the inspiration of militant atheists such as Charles Bradlaugh, Member of Parliament for Northhampton in Great Britan, assumed a more striden, uncrompromising and critical relationship to religious belief. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  
Madalyn Murray O'Hair. "Agnostics". American Atheist Online Services. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-05. Charles Bradlaugh was the first militant Atheist in the history of Western civilization. He was elected to the British parliament six times, and each time that body refused to seat him because he was an Atheist – and because he would not swear his allegiance to queen and country, so help him "God." Everyone in England knew Bradlaugh and his fight, and he raised the issue of Atheism to every person in public life as he sought allies.
↑  Ian Hill Nish, Hugh Cortazzi (2003). Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits. تايلور وفرانسيس. ص. 335. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. At South Place, Robert Young also came to know Charles Bradlaugh (1833–91), the first militant Atheist. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  The Debate Between Feuerbach and Stirner: An Introduction, in The Philosophical Forum 8, numbers 2–4, (1976) – available on the web here 
نسخة محفوظة 2020-05-26 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Annie Wood Besant (2003). Theosophist Magazine Collection 1920–1955. Kessinger Publishing. ص. 155. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. Madame Blavatsky, a Russian, suspected of being a spy, converted Anglo-Indians to a passionate belief in her Theosophy mission, even when the Jingo fever was the hottest, and in her declining years she succeeded in winning over to the new-old religion Annie Besant, who had for years fought in the forefront of the van of militant atheism. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Joel H. Spring (2001). Globalization and educational rights: an intercivilizational analysis. تايلور وفرانسيس. ص. 127. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. Annie Besant had an important influence on Nehru's family and on social reform in India. Born in 1847, she was known in England as 'Red Annie' because of her activities as a militant atheist, socialist, and trade union organizer. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-14.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  S. W. Jackman, Sydney Wayne Jackman (2003). Deviating voices: women and orthodox religious tradition. James Clarke & Co. ص. 139. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-07. The final chapter of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky's life was to be shared with the individual who probably became her most famous disciple, namely, Annie Besant, who had had two children while married to an Anglican clergyman, but was now a militant atheist and radical.