مستشفى
المصادر

↑  "Here is My Hope: A Book of Healing and Prayer: Inspirational Stories of Johns Hopkins Hospital: Randi Henderson,Richard Marek: Books". Amazon.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-10-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-01-08.
↑  "Hospitals". World Health Organization (بBritish English). Archived from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
1 2 3  "India's 'production line' heart hospital". bbcnews.com. 1 أغسطس 2010. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-04-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-10-13.
↑  Hall، Daniel (ديسمبر 2008). "Altar and Table: A phenomenology of the surgeon-priest". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. ج. 81 ع. 4: 193–8. PMC:2605310. PMID:19099050. Although physicians were available in varying capacities in ancient Rome and Athens, the institution of a hospital dedicated to the care of the sick was a distinctly Christian innovation rooted in the monastic virtue and practise of hospitality. Arranged around the monastery were concentric rings of buildings in which the life and work of the monastic community was ordered. The outer ring of buildings served as a hostel in which travellers were received and boarded. The inner ring served as a place where the monastic community could care for the sick, the poor and the infirm. Monks were frequently familiar with the medicine available at that time, growing medicinal plants on the monastery grounds and applying remedies as indicated. As such, many of the practicing physicians of the Middle Ages were also clergy.
↑  Lovoll، Odd (1998). A Portrait of Norwegian Americans Today. U of Minnesota Press. ص. 192. ISBN:0-8166-2832-7.
1 2 3 4 5  "Our Background". District Hospital Leadership Forum. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-10.
1 2 3 4 5  Knox، Dennis. "District Hospitals' Important Mission". Payers &–° Providers. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-10-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-10.
↑  Eggleston et al., 2008
K. Eggleston, L. Li, Q. Meng, M. Lindelow, A. Wagstaff
Health service delivery in China: a literature review
Health Economics, 17 (2008), pp. 149-165
1 2  "Narayana Hrudayalaya Hospitals". fastcompany.com. 7 فبراير 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-10-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-10-13.
↑  Risse, G.B.  ‏ Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals. 1990. p. 56
↑  Risse, G.B.  ‏ Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals. Oxford University Press, 1990. p. 56 Books.Google.com نسخة محفوظة 21 مارس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Roderick E. McGrew, Encyclopaedia of Medical History (Macmillan 1985), pp.134–5.
↑  Legge، James (1965). A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fâ-Hien of his Travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399–414) in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline.
1 2  The Nurses should be able to Sing and Play Instruments – Wujastyk, Dominik; كلية لندن الجامعية. "نسخة مؤرشفة" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-02-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-06-28.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Prof. Arjuna Aluvihare, "Rohal Kramaya Lovata Dhayadha Kale Sri Lankikayo" Vidhusara Science Magazine, November 1993.
↑  Resource Mobilisation in Sri Lanka's Health Sector – Rannan-Eliya, Ravi P. & De Mel, Nishan, كلية تي أتش تشان للصحة العامة في جامعة هارفارد & Health Policy Programme, Institute of Policy Studies, February 1997, Page 19. Accessed 22 February 2008. نسخة محفوظة 07 يوليو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Heinz E Müller-Dietz, Historia Hospitalium (1975).
↑  Ayurveda Hospitals in ancient Sri Lanka نسخة محفوظة 7 June 2008 على موقع واي باك مشين. – Siriweera, W. I., Summary of guest lecture, Sixth International Medical Congress, Peradeniya Medical School Alumni Association and the Faculty of Medicine
↑  The Roman military Valetudinaria: fact or fiction – Baker, Patricia Anne، جامعة نيوكاسل, Sunday 20 December 1998 نسخة محفوظة 12 مايو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Catholic Encyclopedia –  (2009) Accessed April 2011. نسخة محفوظة 28 يونيو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Roderick E. McGrew, Encyclopedia of Medical History (Macmillan 1985), p.135.
↑  James Edward McClellan and Harold Dorn, Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), p.99,101.
↑  طب بيزنطي
↑  The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 22:2 Mehmet Mahfuz Söylemez, The Gundeshapur School: Its History, Structure, and Functions, p.3.
↑  Gail Marlow Taylor, The Physicians of Gundeshapur, (University of California, Irvine), p.7.
↑  Cyril Elgood, A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate, (Cambridge University Press, 1951), p.7.
↑  Cyril Elgood, A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate, (Cambridge University Press, 1951), p.3.
↑  Husain F. Nagamia, [Islamic Medicine History and Current practise], (2003), p.24.
↑  Sir Glubb، John Bagot (1969)، A Short History of the Arab Peoples، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-23، اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-01-25
↑  Guenter B. Risse, Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals, (دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد, 1999), p.125  نسخة محفوظة 21 مارس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  The Hospital in Islam, [Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Science, An Illustrated Study], (World of Islam Festival Pub. Co., 1976), p.154.
1 2  Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts: Hospitals, المكتبة الوطنية لعلم الطب  تتضمّنُ هذه المقالة نصوصًا مأخوذة من هذا المصدر، وهي في الملكية العامة. نسخة محفوظة 23 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "The Islamic roots of modern pharmacy". aramcoworld.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-05-28.
1 2 3 4  
Rise and spread of Islam. Gale. 2002. ص. 419. ISBN:9780787645038. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-04-07.
↑  "The Islamic Roots of the Modern Hospital". aramcoworld.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-03-20.
↑  Medicine And Health, "Rise and Spread of Islam 622–1500: Science, Technology, Health", World Eras, جيل. نسخة محفوظة 15 يونيو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Alatas، Syed Farid (2006). "From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue". Current Sociology. ج. 54 ع. 1: 112–32. DOI:10.1177/0011392106058837.
↑  "Pioneer Muslim Physicians". aramcoworld.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-08-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-03-20.
↑  Philip Adler؛ Randall Pouwels (2007). World Civilizations. Cengage Learning. ص. 198. ISBN:9781111810566. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-06-01.
↑  Bedi N. Şehsuvaroǧlu. "Bīmāristān". في P. Bearman؛ Th. Bianquis؛ C.E. Bosworth؛ وآخرون (المحررون). Encyclopaedia of Islam (ط. 2nd). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-11-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-06-05.
↑  Mohammad Amin Rodini (7 يوليو 2012). "Medical Care in Islamic Tradition During the Middle Ages" (PDF). International Journal of Medicine and Molecular Medicine. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2018-07-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-06-09.
↑  Gordon, Benjamin, Medieval and Renaissance Medicine, (New York: Philosophical Library, 1959) , 313. Catholic Encyclopedia, ed. Charles Herberman, et al., Vol. VII, “Hospitals”, (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910), 481-2. By 1715, 150 years after the death of St. John of God, over 250 hospitals had been constructed throughout Europe and the New World through the assistance of the Order he founded. See Grace Goldin, Work of Mercy (Ontario: Boston Mills Press, 1994), 33, 50-57.
↑  Watson Sethina (2006). "The Origins of the English Hospital". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series. ج. 16: 75–94. DOI:10.1017/s0080440106000466. JSTOR:25593861.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17  Orme، Nicholas؛ Webster، Margaret (1995). The English Hospital. Yale University Press. ص. 49. ISBN:0-300-06058-0.
1 2  Bowers، Barbara S. (2007). The Medieval Hospital and Medical Practice. Ashgate Publishing Limited. ص. 79. ISBN:978-0-7546-5110-9.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  Abreu، Laurinda (2013). Hospital Life : Theory and Practice from the Medieval to the Modern. Pieterlen Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. ص. 21–34. ISBN:978-3-0353-0517-3.
1 2 3 4  Rawcliffe، Carole (1999). Medicine for the Soul: The Life, Death and Resurrection of an English Medieval Hospital- St. Giles's Norwich, c. 1249–1550. Sutton Publishing. ص. xvi. ISBN:0-7509-2009-2.
1 2 3  Clay، Rotha Mary (1909). The Medieval Hospitals of England. London: Methuen & Co. ص. 77. ISBN:0-7905-4209-9.
↑  Reinarz, Jonathan. "Corpus Curricula: Medical Education and the Voluntary Hospital Movement". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-12-17.
↑  Roderick E. McGrew, Encyclopedia of Medical History (Macmillan 1985), p.139.
↑  Michael Marks Davis؛ Andrew Robert Warner (1918). Dispensaries, Their Management and Development: A Book for Administrators, Public Health Workers, and All Interested in Better Medical Service for the People. MacMillan. ص. 2–3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-03-21.
↑  Surgeon Vice Admiral A Revell in http://www.histansoc.org.uk/uploads/9/5/5/2/9552670/volume_19.pdf نسخة محفوظة 6 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Waddington Ivan (1975). "The Development of Medical Ethics - A Sociological Analysis". Medical History. ج. 19 ع. 1: 36–51. DOI:10.1017/s002572730001992x. PMC:1081608. PMID:1095851.
↑  Porter، Roy (1999) [1997]. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ص. 316–317. ISBN:978-0-393-31980-4.
↑  Kathy Neeb (2006). Fundamentals of Mental Health Nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. ISBN:9780803620346. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-24.
↑  Nightingale, Florence (أغسطس 1999). Florence Nightingale: Measuring Hospital Care Outcomes. ISBN:0-86688-559-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-03-13.
↑  Erna Lesky, The Vienna Medical School of the 19th Century (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976)
1 2  "Opinion / Are Hospitals Becoming Obsolete?" [en-US] (بAmerican English). Archived from the original on 2020-04-12. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
↑  Fast Facts on U.S. Hospitals, 2018 | AHA نسخة محفوظة 24 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑   https://web.archive.org/web/20190719135227/https://www.cdc.gov/hai/pdfs/hai/infections_deaths.pdf. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2019-07-19. {{استشهاد ويب}}: الوسيط |title= غير موجود أو فارغ (مساعدة)
1 2  Sample, Ian (20 Feb 2012). "Open hospital windows to stem spread of infections, says microbiologist". the Guardian (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
1 2  Hospitals in New Orleans see surge in uninsured patients but not public funds – يو إس إيه توداي, Wednesday 26 April 2006 نسخة محفوظة 30 يونيو 2012 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act (EMTALA)". centres for Medicare & Medicaid Services. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-05-17.
↑  Annmarie Adams, Medicine by Design: The Architect and the Modern Hospital, 1893–1943 (2009)
↑  Healing by design نسخة محفوظة 17 October 2007 على موقع واي باك مشين. – Ode Magazine, July/August 2006 issue. Accessed 10 February 2008.
↑  Bowdler, Neil (26 Apr 2013). "Closed windows 'increase infection'". BBC News (بBritish English). Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
↑  "The psychological and social needs of patients". الرابطة الطبية البريطانية. 7 يناير 2011. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-03-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-14.
↑  Health administrators go shopping for new hospital designs نسخة محفوظة 26 December 2008 على موقع واي باك مشين. – National Review of Medicine, Monday 15 November 2004, Volume 1 NO. 21