الخط الزمني لثقافة الستينات المضادة
مراجع

↑  Hamlin، Jesse (November 26, 1995). "How Herb Caen Named a Generation". sfgate.com. San Fransciso Chronicle/Hearst. مؤرشف من الأصل في 18 يونيو 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ July 31, 2014. Chronicle columnist Herb Caen coined the word "beatnik" on April 2, 1958, six months after the Soviets launched the Sputnik satellite into space. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-06-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-07-17.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  John Hostettler (2012). Dissenters, Radicals, Heretics and Blasphemers: The Flame of Revolt that Shines Through English History. Waterside Press. صفحات 239–. ISBN 978-1-904380-82-5. نسخة محفوظة 19 مارس 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Early defections in march to Aldermaston". theguardian.com. April 5, 1958. مؤرشف من الأصل في 28 أبريل 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ July 31, 2014. The march bore the signs of careful planning. The column with its banners - "Which is to be banned, the H-bomb or the human race?" - got off on time, and the long snake that slid down Piccadilly, Kensington High Street, and Chiswick High Road, managed with only discreet help from the police, not to obstruct what little traffic there was. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-12-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  "Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle: National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE)". stanford.edu. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. مؤرشف من الأصل في 6 أبريل 2015. اطلع عليه بتاريخ August 16, 2014. On 15 November 1957, SANE ran a full-page advertisement in the New York Times warning Americans: We are facing a danger unlike any danger that has ever existed. Inspired by the enthusiastic response to its Times advertisement, SANE redefined itself as a mass membership organization, gaining 130 chapters and 25,000 members by the following summer.  "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-04-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-29.
↑  "SLATE Digital Archives". SLATE Archives Committee. مؤرشف من الأصل في 18 مايو 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ July 31, 2014. SLATE officially organizes. Temporary SLATE Coordinating Committee includes Charleen Rains, Owen Hill Pat Hallinan, Peter Franck, Fritjof Thygeson and Mike Miller. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-05-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  W.J. Rorabaugh Professor of History University of Washington (May 4, 1989). Berkeley at War : The 1960s: The 1960s. Oxford University Press. صفحات 15–. ISBN 978-0-19-802252-7. نسخة محفوظة 19 مارس 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Randall Balmer (May 13, 2014). Redeemer: The Life of Jimmy Carter. Basic Books. صفحات 95–. ISBN 978-0-465-02958-7. نسخة محفوظة 19 مارس 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Robert B. Ekelund, Jr.؛ Robert F. Hébert (August 30, 2013). A History of Economic Theory and Method: Sixth Edition. Waveland Press. صفحات 499–. ISBN 978-1-4786-1106-6. نسخة محفوظة 16 فبراير 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Fidel Castro- Fulgencio Batista (1901-1973)". pbs.org. PBS Online/WGBH/The American Experience. December 21, 2004. مؤرشف من الأصل في 19 مارس 2017. اطلع عليه بتاريخ July 9, 2014. He was called El Hombre, "the Man," and for three decades he was one of Cuba's most controversial leaders. It would take Fidel Castro and the Cuban revolution to unseat him. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-03-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  "CUBA'S REPRESSIVE MACHINERY: Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolution". hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. 1999. مؤرشف من الأصل في 28 أغسطس 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ July 9, 2014. ISBN 1-56432-234-3 ; Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-63561 "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-08-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Kemp، Susan. "Human Rights in Cuba"(PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare (University of Denver). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 28 فبراير 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ July 9, 2014. This section provides General Background information on the recent human rights situation in Cuba. The subcategory of Spanish Resources includes eight books on human rights in Cuba. The Socialism subcategory includes sources discussing the changing political environment in Cuba since the Cold War and the impact of the instability of Cuba's socialist system. "نسخة مؤرشفة" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-26.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Suddath، Claire (February 3, 2009). "The Day the Music Died (A Brief History)". content.time.com. Time Inc. مؤرشف من الأصل في 20 ديسمبر 2017. اطلع عليه بتاريخ May 28, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 16 مايو 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Guitarist who avoided Buddy Holly plane crash dies at 85". Fox News. 2017-01-13. مؤرشف من الأصل في 24 يناير 2017. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 13 يناير 2017. Tommy Allsup was part of Holly's band when the Lubbock, Texas, singer died in the Feb. 3, 1959, plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa. Allsup flipped a coin to see who between him and Valens would get a seat on the plane and who would have to take the bus to the next stop on the tour. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-07-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Moyer، Justin Wm. (2015-04-08). "Gloomy Don McLean reveals meaning of 'American Pie' – and sells lyrics for $1.2 million". Washington Post. مؤرشف من الأصل في 09 مارس 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 17 يناير 2017. Shoved into unheated buses on a "Winter Dance Party" tour in 1959, Holly — tired of rattling through the Midwest with dirty clothes — chartered a plane on Feb. 3 to fly from Clear Lake, Iowa, to Fargo, N.D., where he hoped he could make an appointment with a washing machine. Joining him on the plane were Ritchie Valens and, after future country star Waylon Jennings gave up his seat, J.P. Richardson, a.k.a. "the Big Bopper." Taking off in bad weather with a pilot not certified to do so, the plane crashed, killing everyone aboard. The toll was incalculable: The singers of "Peggy Sue" and "Come On Let's Go" and "Donna" and "La Bamba" were dead. Holly was just 22; incredibly, Valens was just 17. Rock and roll would never be the same. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  "George Reeves Biography". nytimes.com. All Movie Guide via New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 07 مارس 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ June 2, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 7 مارس 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Patterson، John (November 17, 2006). "Who killed Superman?". theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media Limited. مؤرشف من الأصل في 18 نوفمبر 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ June 2, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 26 مايو 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Riedel، Michael (2016-02-01). "Meet the sleezebag agent who inspired the new Coen Bros movie". nypost.com. The New York Post. مؤرشف من الأصل في 22 مايو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 01 فبراير 2016. The real Eddie Mannix was a thug from New Jersey who bribed cops, bedded hundreds of would-be actresses, ran with the mob and may have ordered the killing of "Superman" George Reeves. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-26.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Reid، Jefferson (September–October 2002). "The Revolution Will Be Televised: The top 10 counterculture characters in TV history.". utne.com. Ogden Publications, Inc.,. مؤرشف من الأصل في 4 مارس 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ May 23, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 4 مارس 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Beam، Alex (2008-07-21). "After 49 years, Charles Van Doren talks". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 27 نوفمبر 2015. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 07 فبراير 2016. نسخة محفوظة 7 أكتوبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Lefrak، Mikaela (2014-12-10). "Who Cheats on a Quiz Show? How the 1950s Quiz Show Scandals Shaped TV". Boston.com. The Boston Globe. مؤرشف من الأصل في 17 ديسمبر 2015. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 07 فبراير 2016. نسخة محفوظة 17 ديسمبر 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Kim Howard Johnson (April 1, 2008). The Funniest One in the Room: The Lives and Legends of Del Close. Chicago Review Press. صفحات 262–. ISBN 978-1-56976-436-7. نسخة محفوظة 19 مارس 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Woo، Elaine (1999-03-08). "Del Close - Improvisational Comedy Pioneer". latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 7 مارس 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 30 نوفمبر 2015. Much of Close's own humor on stage was morbidly satirical. A gypsy of the counterculture--he hung out with Ken Kesey and Timothy Leary, was a prolific and proud abuser of drugs, and ran light shows for the Grateful Dead--Close said his comic sensibility was fueled by "social rage." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-12-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-29.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Drury، Jeffrey P. (2006). "Paul Potter, "The Incredible War" (17 April 1965)". مؤرشف من الأصل في 11 نوفمبر 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ September 22, 2014. Although the beginnings of the 1965 March on Washington can be located in a number of places, it is perhaps best to begin with the origins of the chief organization behind the march: the Students for a Democratic Society. As a social movement organization, the SDS grew out of a parent group founded in 1905 called the League for Industrial Democracy (LID). The LID embraced a largely socialist orientation toward democratic governance; the organization was initially called the Intercollegiate Socialist Society before changing its name in 1921. Many prominent political thinkers were members of the LID, including Upton Sinclair, Walter Lippmann, Michael Harrington, and John Dewey (who was president for a short time). Growing out of the larger organization, the student section of the LID--aptly titled the Student League for Industrial Democracy, or SLID--existed in early 1960 on only three campuses: Yale, Columbia, and the University of Michigan. As SDS historian Kirkpatrick Sale notes, the chapters at Columbia and Yale called themselves the "John Dewey Discussion Club," and all three existed with minimal recognition. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-11-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-30.
↑  Walker، Jack (June 1983). "The Origins and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America". unc.edu. American Political Science Association. مؤرشف من الأصل نسخة محفوظة 25 مارس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين. (pdf) في July 20, 2008. اطلع عليه بتاريخ January 14, 2015. From: The American Political Science Review, Vol. 77, No. 2, (Jun., 1983), pp. 390-406"نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-10-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-06-24.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Whicker، Alan؛ Jones، Wizz؛ وآخرون. (1960). "(Nominal) BBC Interview". youtube.com. BBC. مؤرشف من الأصل في 20 مايو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ September 22, 2014. The original broadcast air date of the report has not been verified. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-30.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Thompson، Nathan (June 8, 2014). "True secrets of psychedelics: Are they everything they're cracked up to be?". salon.com. Salon Media Group. مؤرشف من الأصل في 18 مايو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ July 1, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 18 مايو 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Sigel، Efrem (December 12, 1962). "Psilocybin Expert Raps Leary, Alpert on Drugs". thecrimson.com. The Harvard Crimson, Inc. مؤرشف من الأصل في 3 مارس 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ July 1, 2014. Original article was updated on 2014-01-27 "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-30.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  "Freedom Struggle - Sitting for Justice: Woolworth's Lunch Counter". A collective effort of the staff of the National Museum of American History, Behring Center via Smithsonian Institution. مؤرشف من الأصل في 17 مايو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ September 22, 2014. On February 1, 1960, four African American college students sat down at a lunch counter at Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina, and politely asked for service. Their request was refused. When asked to leave, they remained in their seats. Their passive resistance and peaceful sit-down demand helped ignite a youth-led movement to challenge racial inequality throughout the South. (text and photos) "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-06-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-26.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  "Investigation is Ordered in Sit-In Demonstration"(PDF). March 26, 1960. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 23 ديسمبر 2016. Governor Buford Ellington ordered today a full investigation into the activities of a television network camera crew..."نسخة مؤرشفة" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2016-12-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-30.
↑  "SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)". northcarolinahistory.org. North Carolina History Project via John Locke Foundation. مؤرشف من الأصل في 4 مارس 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ September 22, 2014. SNCC evolved out of that Easter weekend at Shaw University. Students in the SCLC had wished, for some time, for a student-led organization. (There were student chapters within the SCLC, but Martin Luther King, Jr. had not been pushing for an official student organization). Students wanted leadership opportunities and had different strategies than the SCLC leadership, which they believed moved toward progress at a glacial speed. At the 1960 Shaw meeting, students also expressed a fear that a strong centralized organization (even if student-led) would be a foe of democracy. Therefore, Baker and others established SNCC as a decentralized organization, with the national headquarters providing support and literature, including a newspaper, but not the strategy and leadership. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-30.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Volume X, Part 1, Eastern Europe Region, Soviet Union, Cyprus May–July 1960: The U–2 Airplane Incident". history.state.gov. US Department of State. مؤرشف من الأصل في 19 أبريل 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ June 23, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 19 أبريل 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Wise، David؛ Ross، Thomas (1962). The U-2 Affair (الطبعة Bantam, 1962-11). New York: Random House / Bantam. Here, told for the first time, is the remarkable story behind the most explosive espionage case of the 20th century...
↑  "FDA Approves the Pill". History Channel. مؤرشف من الأصل في 17 مايو 2019. نسخة محفوظة 31 مايو 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Fink، Brenda (September 29, 2011). "The pill and the marriage revolution". gender.stanford.edu. Clayman Institute / Stanford University. مؤرشف من الأصل في 13 مارس 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ November 26, 2014. The birth control pill arrived on the market in 1960. Within two years, 1.2 million American women were "on the pill." By 1964, it was the most popular contraceptive in the country. Looking back, Americans credit—or blame—the pill with unleashing the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s. The pill is widely believed to have loosened sexual mores, including the double standard that sanctioned premarital sex for men but not for women. But, according to historian Elaine Tyler May, this idea is largely a myth. As May explained to a Stanford audience, the pill's impact on the sexual revolution is unclear. What is clear is that the drug had a far greater impact within marriage itself.  "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-03-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-26.
↑  "The Sixties: House Un-American Activities Committee" at PBS.org نسخة محفوظة 08 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Carl Nolte (May 13, 2010). "'Black Friday,' birth of U.S. protest movement". سان فرانسيسكو كرونيكل. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-01-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-30.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Stack، Barbara. "HUAC Black Friday Police Riot - May 13, 1960 (Archival Material: Free Speech Movement)". btstack.com. Barbara Toby Stack. مؤرشف من الأصل في 20 يونيو 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ June 12, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 20 يونيو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Timeline". Peace Action. مؤرشف من الأصل في 11 يوليو 2017. نسخة محفوظة 11 يوليو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Mejia، Paula (2016-02-19). "Harper Lee, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Dies at 89". newsweek.com. Newsweek. مؤرشف من الأصل في 28 مارس 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 20 فبراير 2016. Lee became a literary phenomenon upon the publication of Mockingbird on July 11, 1960. It was a best-seller and earned the author the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1961—an astonishing feat for a debut novel. "No book in years has commanded the kind of volunteer claque which is now pushing an unassuming first novel toward the best-seller list's summit," wrote Newsweek in its profile of Lee that same year. The following year the Mockingbird film adaptation, starring Gregory Peck as the white lawyer Atticus Finch who defends a black man wrongfully accused of rape, was released. The film was also hailed an instant classic. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-26.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Wooley، John؛ Peters، Gerhard. "Election of 1960". presidency.ucsb.edu. Gerhard Peters - The American Presidency Project via University of California-Santa Barbara. مؤرشف من الأصل في 6 أكتوبر 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ June 12, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 6 أكتوبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Key Counties May Indicate Closest Election Since 1916". AP via The Milwaukee Journal (Google capture). October 20, 1960. اطلع عليه بتاريخ June 12, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 11 مايو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Shribman، David (October 24, 2010). "Nixon v. Kennedy: 50 years ago America chose between two men who were dramatically different -- and eerily similar". post-gazette.com. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette/PG Publishing Co. مؤرشف من الأصل في 11 يوليو 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ June 12, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 16 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  White، Theodore H. (1961). The Making of the President 1960 (الطبعة First). New York: Atheneum House. صفحة 386. ISBN 9780689708039.
↑  Jones، Carolyn (January 7, 2010). "Human potential pioneer George Leonard dies". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle/Hearst. مؤرشف من الأصل في 10 يوليو 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ May 20, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 16 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Martin، Douglas (January 18, 2010). "George Leonard, Voice of '60s Counterculture, Dies at 86". nytimes.com. The New York Times Co. مؤرشف من الأصل في 10 أكتوبر 2017. اطلع عليه بتاريخ May 20, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 10 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Farewell Address (1961): On January 17, 1961, in this farewell address, President Dwight Eisenhower warned against the establishment of a "military-industrial complex."". ourdocuments.gov. The National Archives and Records Administration, et al (US). مؤرشف من الأصل في 1 أغسطس 2017. اطلع عليه بتاريخ June 4, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 1 أغسطس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "President John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address (1961)". ourdocuments.gov. The National Archives and Records Administration, et al (US). مؤرشف من الأصل في 1 أغسطس 2017. اطلع عليه بتاريخ June 4, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 1 أغسطس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Kennedy، John. "John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address". Transcription as posted by جامعة كاليفورنيا (سانتا باربرا). مؤرشف من الأصل في 17 أغسطس 2018.نسخة محفوظة 17 أغسطس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Executive Order 10924: Establishment of the Peace Corps. (1961)". Ourdocuments.gov. مؤرشف من الأصل في 28 أبريل 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ October 16, 2011. نسخة محفوظة 30 ديسمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Gunston، Bill (1973). Bombers of the West. New York: Scribner. صفحة 254. ISBN 978-0684136233.
↑  "International Drug Control Conventions". unodc.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. مؤرشف من الأصل في 21 مايو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ June 4, 2014. نسخة محفوظة 21 مايو 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Glines, Jr.، Carroll V (1963). The Compact History of the United States Air Force (الطبعة New & Revised, May 1973). New York: Hawthorn Books. صفحات 319–320. ISBN 0-405-12169-5.
↑  "The Bay of Pigs". jfklibrary.org. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. مؤرشف من الأصل في 18 سبتمبر 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ September 22, 2014. Before his inauguration, John F. Kennedy was briefed on a plan by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) developed during the Eisenhower administration to train Cuban exiles for an invasion of their homeland. The plan anticipated that the Cuban people and elements of the Cuban military would support the invasion. The ultimate goal was the overthrow of Castro and the establishment of a non-communist government friendly to the United States. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-09-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-26.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Cia History Office Staff؛ Jack B. Pfeiffer (September 2011). CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Volume IV: The Taylor Committee Investigation of the Bay of Pigs. Military Bookshop. ISBN 978-1-78039-476-3. نسخة محفوظة 19 مارس 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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↑  "Berlin Crises". مؤرشف من الأصل في 4 مارس 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ September 22, 2014. At the Vienna Summit in June 1961, Khrushchev reiterated his threat to sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany if the West did not come to terms over Berlin by the end of the year. Rather than submit to such pressure, President John F. Kennedy replied that it would be a "cold winter." When he returned to the United States, Kennedy faced instead a summer of decision. On July 25 he announced plans to meet the Soviet challenge in Berlin, including a dramatic buildup of American conventional forces and drawing the line on interference with Allied access to West Berlin. This warning, in fact, contained the basis for resolving the crisis. On August 13 the East German Government, supported by Khrushchev, finally closed the border between East and West Berlin by erecting what eventually became the most concrete symbol of the Cold War: the Berlin Wall. Although the citizens of Berlin reacted to the wall with outrage, many in the West--certainly within the Kennedy administration--reacted with relief. The wall interfered with the personal lives of the people but not with the political position of the Allies in Berlin. The result was a "satisfactory" stalemate--the Soviets did not challenge the legality of Allied rights, and the Allies did not challenge the reality of Soviet power. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-30.
↑  Kennedy، John F. "Report on the Berlin Crisis (July 25, 1961) by John F. Kennedy". millercenter.org. Miller Center / University of Virginia. مؤرشف من الأصل في 28 أبريل 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ September 22, 2014. So long as the Communists insist that they are preparing to end by themselves unilaterally our rights in West Berlin and our commitments to its people, we must be prepared to defend those rights and those commitments. We will at all times be ready to talk, if talk will help. But we must also be ready to resist with force, if force is used upon us. Either alone would fail. Together, they can serve the cause of freedom and peace."نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-04-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-30.
↑  "Amnesty International: Where it All Began". amnesty.org. Amnesty International. مؤرشف من الأصل في 24 مايو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 29 أبريل 2016. In 1961, British lawyer Peter Benenson was outraged when two Portuguese students were jailed just for raising a toast to freedom. He wrote an article in The Observer newspaper and launched a campaign that provoked an incredible response. Reprinted in newspapers across the world, his call to action sparked the idea that people everywhere can unite in solidarity for justice and freedom. This inspiring moment didn't just give birth to an extraordinary movement, it was the start of extraordinary social change. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-07-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-30.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  "The Nobel Peace Prize 1977 Amnesty International". nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. مؤرشف من الأصل في 8 أبريل 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 30 أبريل 2016. Amnesty International was founded in 1961 by Peter Benenson, a British lawyer. It was originally his intention to launch an appeal in Britain with the aim of obtaining an amnesty for prisoners of conscience all over the world. The committee working for this cause soon found that a detailed documentation of this category of prisoners would be needed. Gradually they realized that the work would have to be carried out on a more permanent basis; the number of prisoners of conscience was enormous and they were to be found in every part of the world. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-04-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-30.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  "The construction of the Berlin Wall". berlion.de. Governing Mayor of Berlin – Senate Chancellery. مؤرشف من الأصل في 16 نوفمبر 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 12 يناير 2017. Around 2.7 million people left the GDR and East Berlin between 1949 and 1961, causing increasing difficulties for the leadership of the East German communist party, the SED. Around half of this steady stream of refugees were young people under the age of 25. Roughly half a million people crossed the sector borders in Berlin each day in both directions, enabling them to compare living conditions on both sides. In 1960 alone, around 200,000 people made a permanent move to the West. The GDR was on the brink of social and economic collapse. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-26.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Brian J. Collins (January 2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. صفحات 73–. ISBN 978-0-313-35491-5. نسخة محفوظة 19 مارس 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  File:EUCOM Checkpoint Charlie Standoff 1961.jpg
↑  "Women Strike for Peace". jwa.org. Jewish Women's Archive. مؤرشف من الأصل في 28 مارس 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ September 22, 2014. On November 1, 1961, Women Strike For Peace (WSP) was inaugurated with a day-long strike by an estimated 50,000 women in 60 cities, all pressing for nuclear disarmament. The organization was composed primarily of mothers who feared the effects of nuclear proliferation on the short- and long-term health of their children. They were particularly concerned with levels of irradiation in milk and the increase in nuclear testing. WSP had the slogan "End the Arms Race – Not the Human Race," as well as "Pure Milk, Not Poison." Bella Abzug joined the group in its early organizational stages as an active participant in the New York contingent and as creator and chairperson of WSP's legislative committee. By pushing the organization to incorporate legislative lobbying into its efforts, she helped it to become an effective political force. By 1964, the emphasis of Women Strike for Peace had shifted to focus as much on the Vietnam War as on disarmament, protesting against the draft and the war's effects on Vietnamese children. Abzug remained active in WSP until she was elected to Congress in 1970. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-26.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Marder، Dorothy. Marder/MarderExhibit1A_files/MarderExhibit1A.html "Photographs of Dorothy Marder - Women Strike for Peace, 1961-1975". swarthmore.edu. Elizabeth Matlock and Wendy Chmielewski via Swarthmore College (Swarthmore College Peace Collection). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-10-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-09-22. Women Strike for Peace (WSP) was formed in 1961 after over 50,000 women across the country marched for peace and against above ground testing of nuclear weapons. By the mid 1960s the focus of the organization shifted to working against the Vietnam war. Dorothy Marder took photographs at many WSP demonstrations on the East Coast and her images appeared in WSP publications. Her photographs show the women behind WSP who wanted to protect their families from nuclear testing and a male-dominated militarism. Leaders of the organization include Dagmar Wilson, Bella Abzug, Amy Swerdlow, Cora Weiss, and many more are featured in Dorothy Marder's photography. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من قيمة |مسار أرشيف= (مساعدة)
↑  "Inspector General's Survey of the Cuban Operation and Associated Documents" (PDF). 16 فبراير 1962. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2014-06-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-11-26.
↑  Lansdale (20 فبراير 1962). "[Internal Memo] The Cuba Project". ص. 1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-10-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-11-26.
↑  Weiner، Tim (23 نوفمبر 1997). "Stupid Dirty Tricks ; The Trouble With Assassinations". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-07-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-11-30. Editor's Note: October 30, 1998, Friday An article on Sept. 29 discussed the release of 60,000 secret documents on the killing of President John F. Kennedy. Their declassification occurred over a period, leading up to the final report of a citizens' commission created by Congress six years ago to dispel lingering suspicions that the truth had been hidden. Discussing criticism of the Warren Commission, which investigated the assassination at the time, the article said that one member, Allen W. Dulles, a former Director of Central Intelligence, had failed to tell fellow members that Kennedy had ordered the C.I.A. to assassinate Castro. The article did not cite evidence or authority for the assertion about the President. Earlier articles, on July 20, 1997, and Nov. 23, 1997, also declared without qualification that Kennedy ordered Fidel Castro's assassination. A number of prominent historians and officials with knowledge of intelligence matters in that era have asserted in interviews that President Kennedy gave such an order. But others, also close to the President, dispute their account. The Times's practice is to attribute or qualify information that it is unable to report firsthand. That should have been done in these cases.