إنكار الإبادة الجماعية للشعوب الأصلية
مراجع

↑  Hitchcock، Robert K. (2023). "Denial of Genocide of Indigenous People in the United States". في Der Matossian، Bedross (المحرر). Denial of genocides in the twenty-first century. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN:978-1-4962-3554-1. Genocide scholars Susan Chavez Cameron and Loan T. Phan see American Indians as having gone through the ten stages of genocide identified by Stanton. Failure to acknowledge genocide has harmful social and psychological impacts on the victims of genocide, and it leaves the perpetrators in positions of power vis-a-vis others in their societies. As Agnieszka Bienczyk-Missala points out, denial or negation relating to mass crimes consists of denying scientifically proven historical facts by deliberately concealing them and spreading false and misleading information. She goes on to say that the consequences of negationism are of ethical, legal, social, and political character.
1 2  Fontaine، Theodore (2014). Woolford، Andrew؛ Benvenuto، Jeff؛ Hinton، Alexander Laban (المحررون). Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Duke University Press. DOI:10.2307/j.ctv11sn770. ISBN:978-0-8223-5763-6. JSTOR:j.ctv11sn770. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-03-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-12-24. "From Lemarchand's volume, it is clear that what is remembered and what is not remembered is a political choice, producing a dominant narrative that reflects the victor's version of history while silencing dissenting voices. Building on a critical genocide studies approach, this volume seeks to contribute to this conversation by critically examining cases of genocide that have been "hidden" politically, socially, culturally, or historically in accordance with broader systems of political and social power". (p2) ...the U.S. government, for most of its existence, stated openly and frequently that its policy was to destroy Native American ways of life through forced integration, forced removal, and death. An 1881 report of the U.S. commissioner of Indian Affairs on the "Indian question" is indicative of the decades- long policy: "There is no one who has been a close observer of Indian history and the effect of contact of Indians with civilization who is not well satisfied that one of two things must eventually take place, to wit, either civilization or extermination of the Indian. Savage and civilized life cannot live and prosper on the same ground. One of the two must die." (p3) "As such it is important for the peoples of the United States and Canada to recognize their shared legacies of genocide, which have too often been hidden, ignored, forgotten, or outright denied." (p3) "After all, much of North America was swindled from Indigenous peoples through the mythical but still powerful Doctrine of Discovery, the perceived right of conquest, and deceitful treaties. Restitution for colonial genocide would thus entail returning stolen territories". (p9) "Thankfully a new generation of genocide scholarship is moving beyond these timeworn and irreconcilable divisions." (p11)"Variations of the Modoc ordeal occurred elsewhere during the conquest and colonization of Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. Indigenous civilizations repeatedly resisted invaders seeking to physically annihilate them in whole or in part. Many of these catastrophes are known as wars. Yet by carefully examining the intentions and actions of colonizers and their advocates it is possible to reinterpret some of these cataclysms as both genocides and wars of resistance. The Modoc case is one of them" (p120). "Memory, remembering, forgetting, and denial are inseparable and critical junctures in the study and examination of genocide. Absence or suppression of memories is not merely a lack of acknowledgment of individual or collective experiences but can also be considered denial of a genocidal crime (p150). Erasure of historical memory and modification of historical narrative influence the perception of genocide. If it is possible to avoid conceptually blocking colonial genocides for a moment, we can consider denial in a colonial context. Perpetrators initiate and perpetuate denial" (p160).
↑  Evans، Gareth (2008). The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and For All. Brookings Institution Press. ص. 11–13. ISBN:978-0-8157-2504-6. JSTOR:10.7864/j.ctt4cg7fp. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-12-14.
↑  Jones، Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. ص. 208, 230, 791–793. ISBN:978-1-136-93797-2.
↑  "Indian Tribes and Resources for Native Americans". United States Government (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-03-29. The U.S. government officially recognizes 574 Indian tribes in the contiguous 48 states and Alaska.
↑  Totten, Samuel; Hitchcock, Robert K. (2011). Genocide of Indigenous Peoples: A Critical Bibliographic Review (بالإنجليزية). Transaction Publishers. p. 2. ISBN:978-1-4128-4455-0. In Asia, for example, only one country, the Philippines, has officially adopted the term "Indigenous peoples," and established a law specifically to protect Indigenous peoples' rights. Only two countries in Africa, Burundi and Cameroon, have statements about the rights of Indigenous peoples in their constitutions.
↑  Sengar, Bina; Adjoumani, A. Mia Elise (7 Mar 2023). Indigenous Societies in the Post-colonial World: Responses and Resilience Through Global Perspectives (بالإنجليزية). Springer Nature. p. 318. ISBN:978-981-19-8722-9. Archived from the original on 2023-12-20. Retrieved 2023-12-12. Indigenous populations are communities that live within, or are attached to, geographically distinct traditional habitats or ancestral territories, and who identify themselves as being part of a distinct cultural group, descended from groups present in the area before modern states were created and current borders defined. They generally maintain cultural and social identities, and social, economic, cultural and political institutions, separate from the mainstream or dominant society or culture.
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↑  Englert، Sai (نوفمبر 2020). "Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession". Antipode. ج. 52 ع. 6: 1647–1666. Bibcode:2020Antip..52.1647E. DOI:10.1111/anti.12659. hdl:1887/3220822. S2CID:225643194.
↑  Adhikari, Mohamed (2 Jan 2017). "Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders". African Historical Review (بالإنجليزية). 49 (1): 1–26. DOI:10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863. ISSN:1753-2523. S2CID:165086773.
↑  Adhikari، Mohamed (2022). Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. ص. 1–32. ISBN:978-1-64792-054-8.
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↑  Bartrop، Paul R. (2012). "Punitive Expeditions and Massacres: Gippsland, Colorado, and the Question of Genocide". في Moses، A. Dirk (المحرر). Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History (ط. 1). Berghahn Books. ج. 6. ص. 194–214. DOI:10.2307/j.ctt9qdg7m. ISBN:978-1-57181-411-1. JSTOR:j.ctt9qdg7m. S2CID:265474265. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-03-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-12-24. Much colonization proceeded without genocidal conflict ... But the effects of colonial settlement were quite variable, dependent on a variety of factors, such as the number of settlers, the forms of the colonizing economy and competition for productive resources, policies of the colonizing power, and attitudes to intermarriage or concubinage ... Some of the annihilations of indigenous peoples arose not so much by deliberate act, but in the course of what may be described as a genocidal process: massacres, appropriation of land, introduction of diseases, and arduous conditions of labor.
↑  Kanu, Hassan (18 May 2022). "U.S. confronts 'cultural genocide' in Native American boarding school probe". رويترز (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2022-11-20. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
↑  Farrell, Justin; Burow, Paul Berne; McConnell, Kathryn; Bayham, Jude; Whyte, Kyle; Koss, Gal (29 Oct 2021). "Effects of land dispossession and forced migration on Indigenous peoples in North America". Science (بالإنجليزية). 374 (6567): eabe4943. DOI:10.1126/science.abe4943. ISSN:0036-8075. PMID:34709911. S2CID:240153327. Archived from the original on 2022-05-15. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
↑  Maybury-Lewis, David (15 Aug 2002). "Genocide against Indigenous Peoples". In Alexander Laban, Alexander (ed.). Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide (بالإنجليزية). University of California Press. p. 47. ISBN:978-0-520-23029-3. Archived from the original on 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2023-12-02. Imperialist genocide against indigenous peoples was thus of two kinds. It was practiced in order to clear lands that invading settlers wished to occupy. It was also practiced as part of a strategy to seize and coerce labor that the settlers could not or would not obtain by less drastic means.
↑  Dunbar-Ortiz، Roxanne (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Beacon Press. ص. 9. ISBN:978-0-8070-0041-0. Settler colonialism is inherently genocidal in terms of the genocide convention. In the case of the British North American colonies and the United States, not only extermination and removal were practiced but also the disappearing of the prior existence of Indigenous peoples, and this continues to be perpetuated in local histories.
↑  Ostler, Jeffrey (2 Mar 2015), "Genocide and American Indian History", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History (بالإنجليزية), DOI:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.3, ISBN:978-0-19-932917-5, Archived from the original on 2023-02-04, Retrieved 2023-11-25
↑  Comas، Juan (1971). "Historical reality and the detractors of Father Las Casas". في Friede، Juan؛ Keen، Benjamin (المحررون). Bartolomé de las Casas in History: Toward an Understanding of the Man and his Work. Collection spéciale: CER. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. ص. 487–539. ISBN:978-0-87580-025-7. OCLC:421424974.
↑  Tinker, George E. (1993). Missionary Conquest: The Gospel and Native American Cultural Genocide (بالإنجليزية). Fortress Press. ISBN:978-0-8006-2576-4. Archived from the original on 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
↑  Ginzberg، Eitan (4 سبتمبر 2020). "Genocide and the Hispanic-American Dilemma". Genocide Studies and Prevention. ج. 14 ع. 2: 122–152. DOI:10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1666. ISSN:1911-0359. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-12-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-12-08. The testimonies on which رفائيل ليمكين relied led him to conclude that the 'radical accumulation' of the causes of oppression, and the physical, psychological, and spiritual impairment of the Indians–war, so-called 'pacification', robbery, enslavement, exploitation, invasions, feelings of worthlessness, political delegitimization, systematic religious conversion, cultural annihilation, uprooting and displacement–overwhelmed the Indians' entire array of self-protective norms and measures, and ultimately broke their spirits.
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↑  Aranda, Dario (2010). Aboriginal Argentina: Genocide, Loot and Resistance (Argentina Originaria: Genocidios, Saqueos y Resistencias) (بالإسبانية) (1st ed.). IWGIA – International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. ISBN:978-987-21900-6-4. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
↑  Rosenbaum, Ron (Mar 2013). "The Shocking Savagery of America's Early History". Smithsonian Magazine (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2023-04-15. Retrieved 2023-04-15. It's a grand drama in which the glimmers of enlightenment barely survive the savagery, what Yeats called "the blood-dimmed tide", the brutal establishment of slavery, the race wars with the original inhabitants that Bailyn is not afraid to call "genocidal", the full, horrifying details of which have virtually been erased.
↑  Allard-Tremblay, Yann; Coburn, Elaine (May 2023). "The Flying Heads of Settler Colonialism; or the Ideological Erasures of Indigenous Peoples in Political Theorizing". Political Studies (بالإنجليزية). 71 (2): 359–378. DOI:10.1177/00323217211018127. ISSN:0032-3217. S2CID:236234578. Since the publication of Wolfe's (2006: 388) Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native, the idea that settler colonialism is 'a structure not an event' has taken root and is now foundational to scholarship in settler-colonial studies.
↑  Gigoux, Carlos (2 Jan 2022). ""Condemned to Disappear": Indigenous Genocide in Tierra del Fuego". Journal of Genocide Research (بالإنجليزية). 24 (1): 1–22. DOI:10.1080/14623528.2020.1853359. ISSN:1462-3528. S2CID:230565181. Archived from the original on 2023-10-02. Retrieved 2023-09-18. Nation state building, competing sovereign claims, the capitalist drive for land and resources fuelled by international market forces and prevalent racial ideologies can be identified as major structural factors that leads to the dispossession of indigenous lands and in many cases to the physical destruction of indigenous peoples. In this context settler colonial studies continues to work towards a theory of settler colonialism.
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↑  "Genocide Background". United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-04-17.
↑  White, Richard (17 Aug 2016). "Naming America's Own Genocide" (بAmerican English). Archived from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2023-03-29. In defining genocide, Madley relies on the criteria of the United Nations Genocide Convention, which has served as the basis for the genocide trials of defendants from Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia and has been employed at the International Criminal Court in The Hague.
↑  Charny, Israel W. (Feb 1997). "Toward a Generic Definition of Genocide". In Andreopoulos, George J. (ed.). Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions (بالإنجليزية). University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 74–76. ISBN:978-0-8122-1616-5. Charny offeres a definition of colonial genocide: "Genocide that is undertaken or even allowed in the course of or incidental to the purposes of achieving a goal of colonization or development of a territory belonging to an indigenous people, or any other consolidation of political or economic power through mass killing of those perceived to be standing in the way." {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |مسار-الفصل= تم تجاهله (help)صيانة الاستشهاد: التاريخ والسنة (link)
↑  "Pueblos indígenas como víctimas de los genocidios pasados y actuales". Opera (بالإسبانية) (25): 29–54. 17 Jun 2019. DOI:10.18601/16578651.n25.03. ISSN:2346-2159. S2CID:197689643. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
↑  Herman، Edward S.؛ Chomsky، Noam (1988). Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. Pantheon Books. ص. 37. ISBN:978-0-394-54926-2.
↑  Jones، Adam (7 مايو 2020). "Chomsky and Genocide". Genocide Studies and Prevention. ج. 14 ع. 1: 76–104. DOI:10.5038/1911-9933.14.1.1738. S2CID:218959996.
↑  Campbell, Bradley (Jun 2009). "Genocide as Social Control". Sociological Theory (بالإنجليزية). 27 (2): 150–172. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01341.x. ISSN:0735-2751. Archived from the original on 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2023-12-24. [G]enocide varies directly with immobility, cultural distance, relational distance, functional independence, and inequality; and it is greater in a downward direction than in an upward or lateral direction. This theory of genocide can be applied to numerous genocides throughout history, and it is capable of ordering much of the known variation in genocide - such as when and where it occurs, how severe it is, and who participates.
↑  Jones، Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. ص. 224. ISBN:978-1-136-93797-2.
1 2  Stanton، Gregory (2020). "The Ten Stages of Genocide". Genocide Watch. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-14.
↑  John Cox؛ Amal Khoury؛ Sarah Minslow، المحررون (22 سبتمبر 2021). Denial: The Final Stage of Genocide?. London: Routledge. DOI:10.4324/9781003010708. ISBN:978-1-003-01070-8. S2CID:238785913. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-12-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-12-22. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |صحيفة= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
↑  Stannard، David E. (1993). American Holocaust: the conquest of the New World. Internet Archive. New York: Oxford University Press. ص. 218. ISBN:978-0-19-508557-0. If the assertions of Ortiz and others regarding the habits of the Indians were fabrications, they were not fabrications without design. From the Spaniards' enumerations of what they claimed were the disgusting food customs of the Indians (including cannibalism, but also the consumption of insects and other items regarded as unfit for human diets) to the Indians' supposed nakedness and absence of agriculture, their sexual deviance and licentiousness, their brutish ignorance, their lack of advanced weaponry and iron, and their irremediable idolatry, the conquering Europeans were purposefully and systematically dehumanizing the people they were exterminating.
↑  Kuper، Leo (1991). "When Denial Becomes Routine". Social Education. ج. 55 ع. 2: 121–23. OCLC:425009321. قالب:ERIC بروكويست 210628314. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: templatestyles stripmarker في |المعرف= في مكان 16 (مساعدة)
↑  Hitchcock, Robert (2014). "Indigenous Populations". In Bartrop, Paul R.; Jacobs, Steven Leonard (eds.). Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection [4 volumes]: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection (بالإنجليزية). ABC-CLIO. pp. 4239–4246. ISBN:978-1-61069-364-6. Archived from the original on 2023-03-16. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
↑  Leach، Colin Wayne؛ Zeineddine، Fouad Bou؛ Čehajić - Clancy، Sabina (مارس 2013). "Moral Immemorial: The Rarity of Self-Criticism for Previous Generations' Genocide or Mass Violence". Journal of Social Issues. ج. 69 ع. 1: 34–53. DOI:10.1111/josi.12002.
1 2  Stanley، Michelle A. (2021)، "Beyond erasure: Indigenous genocide denial and settler colonialism"، في Cox، John (المحرر)، Denial: The Final Stage of Genocide?، London: Routledge، ص. 131, 135، DOI:10.4324/9781003010708-8، ISBN:978-1-003-01070-8، S2CID:238796035، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-12-24، اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-12-25
↑  Slocum, Melissa Michal (30 Dec 2018). "INTRODUCTION: There Is No Question of American Indian Genocide". Transmotion (بالإنجليزية). 4 (2): 1–30. DOI:10.22024/UniKent/03/tm.651. ISSN:2059-0911. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10.
↑  Clarke، Alan W.؛ Whitt، Laurelyn، المحررون (2019)، "North American Genocide Denial"، North American Genocides: Indigenous Nations, Settler Colonialism, and International Law، Cambridge: Cambridge University Press، ص. 8–25، DOI:10.1017/9781108348461.002، ISBN:978-1-108-42550-6، S2CID:242597726، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-10، اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-05-15
↑  Blackhawk, Ned; Kiernan, Ben; Madley, Benjamin; Taylor, Rebe, eds. (2023). Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One. Pp 38,44. The Cambridge World History of Genocide. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48643-9.
↑  Hitchcock، Robert K. (2023). "Denial of Genocide of Indigenous People in the United States". في Der Matossian، Bedross (المحرر). Denial of genocides in the twenty-first century. [Lincoln]: University of Nebraska Press. ص. 33, 35, 36, 43, 44, 46, 47. ISBN:978-1-4962-3554-1. OCLC:1374189062. Genocide scholars Susan Chavez Cameron and Loan T. Phan see American Indians as having gone through the ten stages of genocide identified by Stanton. Failure to acknowledge genocide has harmful social and psychological impacts on the victims of genocide, and it leaves the perpetrators in positions of power vis-a-vis others in their societies. As Agnieszka Bienczyk-Missala points out, denial or negation relating to mass crimes consists of denying scientifically proven historical facts by deliberately concealing them and spreading false and misleading information. She goes on to say that the consequences of negationism are of ethical, legal, social, and political character.
1 2  Madley، Benjamin (2015). "Reexamining the American Genocide Debate: Meaning, Historiography, and New Methods". The American Historical Review. ج. 120 ع. 1: 106,107,110,111,120,132,133,134. DOI:10.1093/ahr/120.1.98. JSTOR:43696337. The study of massacres defined here as predominantly one-sided intentional killings of five or more noncombatants or relatively poorly armed or disarmed combatants, often by surprise and with little or no quarter.Madley, Benjamin (2015). "Reexamining the American Genocide Debate: Meaning, Historiography, and New Methods". The American Historical Review. 120 (1): 106,107,110,111,120,132,133,134. doi:10.1093/ahr/120.1.98. JSTOR 43696337. The study of massacres defined here as predominantly one-sided intentional killings of five or more noncombatants or relatively poorly armed or disarmed combatants, often by surprise and with little or no quarter.
↑  Barkan، Elazar (2003). "Chapter 6. Genocides of Indigenous Peoples". في Gellately، Robert؛ Kiernan، Ben (المحررون). The specter of genocide : mass murder in historical perspective. Internet Archive. New York : Cambridge University Press. ص. 131, 138–139. ISBN:978-0-521-82063-9. The United States had its own long-standing boarding schools for Native American children with a similar extent of abuse. However, the term Education for Extinction is yet to capture public attention as a human rights issue. The American indigenous dilemma is far less central to U.S. mainstream politics than in any of the other ex-British colonies. The notion of genocide, while warranted as much or more than in those other countries, is still confined to radical writers. It is intriguing, indeed, that no mainstream American historians have written about the fate of the Native Americans as genocide. (p131) Thus, the European guilt was at least a collective myopia, a deep failure to acknowledge the equality of indigenous people and the vast number and varied array of atrocities and genocides inflicted upon them. More likely this has been a willful denial of responsibility and guilt, hiding behind the structural explanation of biological agents. It is time to reverse course and acknowledge the responsibility and extent of the destruction purposefully inflicted by colonialism, although not upon all indigenous peoples, and not in similar fashion. (p138-139)
↑  Hixson, Walter L. (5 Dec 2013). American Settler Colonialism: A History (بالإنجليزية) (1st ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 8, 11, 12, 62. ISBN:978-1-137-37426-4. Archived from the original on 2023-12-22. Retrieved 2023-12-02. Historical distortion and denial are endemic to settler colonies. In order for the settler colony to establish a collective usable past, legitimating stories must be created and persistently affirmed as a means of naturalizing a new historical narrative. A national mythology displaces the indigenous past...Becoming the indigene required not only cleansing of the land, either through killing or removing, but sanitizing the historical record as well.
↑  Stannard، David E. (1992). "Genocide in the Americas". The Nation. ج. 255 رقم  12. ص. 430–434.
↑  Gamarekian، Barbara (10 أبريل 1991). "Grants Rejected; Scholars Grumble". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-03-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-03-30.
↑  Stannard، David (2009). Rosenbaum، Alan S؛ Charny، Israel W (المحررون). Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Abingdon, England: روتليدج (دار نشر). ص. 330–331. DOI:10.4324/9780429495137. ISBN:978-0-8133-3686-2. The willful maintenance of public ignorance regarding the genocidal and racist horrors against indigenous peoples that have been and are being perpetrated by many nations of the Western Hemisphere, including the United States—which contributes to the construction of a museum to commemorate genocide only if the killing occurred half a world away—is consciously aided and abetted and legitimized by the actions of the Jewish uniqueness advocates we have been discussing....and so all people of conscience must be on guard against Holocaust deniers who, in many cases, would like nothing better than to see mass violence against Jews start again. By that same token, however, as we consider the terrible history and the ongoing campaigns of genocide against the indigenous inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere...
↑  Zinn، Howard (2005). A People's History of the United States. Internet Archive. HarperPerennial Modern Classics. ISBN:978-0-06-083865-2. From first grade to graduate school, I was given no inkling that the landing of Christopher Columbus in the New World initiated a genocide, in which the indigenous population of Hispaniola was annihilated. Or that this was just the first stage of what was presented as a benign expansion of the new nation (Louisiana "Purchase," Florida "Purchase," Mexican "Cession"), but which involved the violent expulsion of Indians, accompanied by unspeakable atrocities, from every square mile of the continent, until there was nothing to do with them but herd them into reservations. (Afterword)
↑  Cameron، Susan Chavez؛ Phan، Loan T. (2018). "Ten stages of American Indian genocide". Revista Interamericana de Psicología. ج. 52 ع. 1: 28. DOI:10.30849/rip/ijp.v52i1.876 (غير نشط 1 نوفمبر 2024). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-11-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-03-28.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: وصلة دوي غير نشطة منذ 2024 (link)
↑  Dyck, Kirsten. (2016) Confronting genocide denial in US history textbooks. In History Can Bite : History Education in Divided and Postwar Societies. Denise Bentrovato / Karina V. Korostelina / Martina Schulze (eds.) pp 201. V&R unipres. "Minimizing the violence of the European conquest, as some of these textbook authors do, is simply genocide denial." نسخة محفوظة 2023-12-30 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Reséndez, Andrés (2016). The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (بالإنجليزية). HarperCollins. pp. 12, 16, 262. ISBN:978-0-544-60267-0. Archived from the original on 2023-12-22. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
↑  Jones, Adam (2008). Crimes Against Humanity: a Beginner's Guide (بالإنجليزية). Oxford: Oneworld. pp. 33. ISBN:9781851686018. Through a devastating combination of genocidal massacre, disease, malnutrition, and slave labor, perhaps ninety-five percent of the indigenous population of the Americas was wiped out following the arrival of Spanish, Portuguese, British, French, Danish, Dutch, and Russian forces. In some places, such as Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), the obliteration of the native population – partly purposive, partly unexpected via infectious disease – was nearly total. The killing was rationalized by myths of civilizational superiority and the inevitability of indigenous peoples' disappearance. Sometimes the historical revisionism was so radical as to depict colonized territories as virgin lands, effectively free of indigenous populations at the time of Western 'discovery'.
↑  Stannard، David (2009). Rosenbaum، Alan S؛ Charny، Israel W (المحررون). Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Abingdon, England: روتليدج (دار نشر). ص. 298. DOI:10.4324/9780429495137. ISBN:978-0-8133-3686-2. To Hitchens, anyone who refused to join him in celebrating with "great vim and gusto" the annihilation of the native peoples of the Americas was (in his words) self-hating, ridiculous, ignorant, and sinister. People who regard critically the genocide that was carried out in America's past, Hitchens continued, are simply reactionary since such grossly inhuman atrocities "happen to be the way history is made". And thus "to complain about them is as empty as complaint about climatic, geological or tectonic shift". Moreover, he added, such violence is worth glorifying since it more often than not has been for the long-term betterment of humankind, as in the United States today, where the extermination of the Native Americans has brought about "a nearly boundless epoch of opportunity and innovation".
↑  Hitchcock، Robert K. (2023). "Denial of Genocide of Indigenous People in the United States". في Der Matossian، Bedross (المحرر). Denial of genocides in the twenty-first century. [Lincoln]: University of Nebraska Press. ص. 33, 35, 36, 43, 44, 46, 47. ISBN:978-1-4962-3554-1. OCLC:1374189062. Genocide scholars Susan Chavez Cameron and Loan T. Phan see American Indians as having gone through the ten stages of genocide identified by Stanton. Failure to acknowledge genocide has harmful social and psychological impacts on the victims of genocide, and it leaves the perpetrators in positions of power vis-a-vis others in their societies. As Agnieszka Bienczyk-Missala points out, denial or negation relating to mass crimes consists of denying scientifically proven historical facts by deliberately concealing them and spreading false and misleading information. She goes on to say that the consequences of negationism are of ethical, legal, social, and political character.
↑  Fenelon، James V.؛ Trafzer، Clifford E. (4 ديسمبر 2013). "From Colonialism to Denial of California Genocide to Misrepresentations: Special Issue on Indigenous Struggles in the Americas". American Behavioral Scientist. ج. 58 ع. 1: 3–29. DOI:10.1177/0002764213495045. S2CID:145377834.
↑  Trafzer, Clifford E.; Lorimer, Michelle (Jan 2014). "Silencing California Indian Genocide in Social Studies Texts". American Behavioral Scientist (بالإنجليزية). 58 (1): 64–82. DOI:10.1177/0002764213495032. ISSN:0002-7642. S2CID:144356070. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
↑  Schilling، Vincent (12 سبتمبر 2015). "Native Student and Family Disappointed After Meeting With University President Re Native Genocide". Indian Country Today Media Network.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-12-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-12-05.
↑  "Double Erasure". George Monbiot (بBritish English). 18 Nov 2013. Archived from the original on 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2023-12-05.