الموثوقية التاريخية للأناجيل
المراجع والملاحظات

↑  أوزوريس-ديونيسوس هو مصطلح يستخدم للإشارة إلى مجموعة من الآلهة التي كانت تعبد في جميع أنحاء البحر المتوسط في القرون التي سبقت ظهور المسيحية. كانت تلك الآلهة ترتبط ارتباطا وثيقًا ومشتركًا في العديد من الصفات، وأبرزها أن يكون ذكر، ونصف-إله، وابن عذراء، وخالد، وعادة ما يكون له أتباع مثل التلاميذ الإثني عشر.
↑  هناك اتفاق عام بين المؤرخين أن يسوع وتلاميذه فالأساس كانوا يتحدثون اللغة الآرامية (الآرامية الفلسطينية اليهودية) التي كانت لغة التواصل المشترك في مقاطعة يهودا الرومانية، غالبًا بلهجة جليلية تختلف عن لهجة إيلياء في وقتها. كما كانت مدن الناصرة وكفرناحوم في منطقة الجليل، حيث عاش يسوع معظم حياته، مجتمعات تتحدث الآرامية.
↑  يقول موريس بوكاي: «وإذا كان إنجيل مرقس معترفًا به كلية كإنجيل كنسي، فإن هذا لا يقلل من أن الكُتّاب المحدثين يعدون خاتمته (الإصحاح 16، العدد 9-20) كمؤلف مضاف، وهذه الخاتمة غير موجودة في أقدم مخطوطتين كاملتين للأناجيل المعروفتين باسمي Codex Sinaiticus وCodex Vaticanus اللذين يرجع تاريخهما إلى القرن الرابع.»
1 2 3 4 5  Sanders، E. P. (1993). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-01.
↑  The Myth about Jesus, Allvar Ellegard 1992,
↑  Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology," Theological Studies 54 (1993) p. 5,
1 2  Charles H. Talbert, What Is a Gospel? The Genre of Canonical Gospels pg 42 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977).
1 2  Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word (Vol. II): Meditations on the Gospel According to St. Matthew – Dr Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis, Ignatius Press, Introduction
1 2 3  Grant, Robert M., "A Historical Introduction to the New Testament" (Harper and Row, 1963) نسخة محفوظة 24 يونيو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, بارت إيرمان (a secular agnostic) wrote: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees" B. Ehrman, 2011 Forged : writing in the name of God (ردمك 978-0-06-207863-6). page 285
↑  Robert M. Price (an atheist) who denies the existence of Jesus agrees that this perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars: Robert M. Price "Jesus at the Vanishing Point" in The Historical Jesus: Five Views edited by James K. Beilby & Paul Rhodes Eddy, 2009 InterVarsity, ISBN 0-8308-3868-6 page 61
↑  Michael Grant (a classicist) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." in Jesus by Michael Grant 2004 ISBN 1-898799-88-1 page 200
↑  Richard A. Burridge states: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more." in Jesus Now and Then by Richard A. Burridge and Graham Gould (Apr 1, 2004) ISBN 0-8028-0977-4 page 34
↑  Powell، Mark Allan (1998). Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee. ISBN:0-664-25703-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-13. page 181
↑  Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 339 states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".
↑  Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus by William R. Herzog (Jul 4, 2005) ISBN 0-664-22528-4 pages 1-6
↑  Crossan, John Dominic (1995). Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. HarperOne. ص. 145. ISBN:0-06-061662-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-31. That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus...agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.
↑  Who is Jesus? Answers to your questions about the historical Jesus, by John Dominic Crossan, Richard G. Watts (Westminster John Knox Press 1999), page 108
↑  James G. D. Dunn, Jesus Remembered, (Eerdmans, 2003) page 779-781.
↑  Rev. John Edmunds, 1855 The seven sayings of Christ on the cross Thomas Hatchford Publishers, London, page 26
↑  Stagg, Evelyn and Frank. Woman in the World of Jesus. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978 ISBN 0-664-24195-6
↑  Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Empty Tomb, Appearances & Ascension" p. 449-495.
↑  Bruce M. Metzger's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: Luke 24:51 is missing in some important early witnesses, Acts 1 varies between the Alexandrian and Western versions.
1 2  "The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus" "Jesus Christ." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 27 November 2010 . نسخة محفوظة 03 مايو 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3  Vermes, Geza. The authentic gospel of Jesus. London, Penguin Books. 2004.
↑  Bart D. Ehrman: Misquoting Jesus - The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why, p. 90 (review). نسخة محفوظة 23 سبتمبر 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Paul Rhodes Eddy & Gregory A. Boyd, The Jesus Legend:A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. (2008, Baker Academic).309-262.
1 2  The Gospel of Matthew claims, the title Nazarene for Jesus was derived from the prophecy "He will be called a Nazorean" (Matthew 2:22-23), despite the lack of any Old Testament source. نسخة محفوظة 25 ديسمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Historicity", The Oxford English Dictionary. نسخة محفوظة 01 فبراير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Craig L. Blomberg, Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey (2nd Edition).425.
↑  Craig L. Blomberg, Historical Reliability of the Gospels (1986, Inter-Varsity Press).19-72.
↑  Paul Rhodes Eddy & Gregory A. Boyd, The Jesus Legend:A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. (2008, Baker Academic).237-308.
↑  Craig L. Blomberg, Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey (2nd Edition).424.
↑  Graham Stanton, Jesus and Gospel. p.192.
↑  Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN 0-86012-006-6 pages 730-741
↑  Examples of authors who argue the Jesus myth hypothesis: Thomas L. Thompson The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David  (Jonathan Cape, Publisher, 2006); Michael Martin, The Case Against Christianity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 36–72; John Mackinnon Robertson
↑  The Jesus Mysteries: Was the "Original Jesus" a Pagan God? by Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy, ISBN 0-7225-3677-1, p. 5.
↑  Freke, Timothy and Gandy, Peter (1999) The Jesus Mysteries. London: Thorsons (Harper Collins)
↑  Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses. 117.
↑  James D.G. Dunn, "Messianic Ideas and Their Influence on the Jesus of History," in The Messiah, ed. James H. Charlesworth. pp. 371-372. Cf. James D.G. Dunn, Jesus Remembered.
↑  , retrieved 15nov2010 نسخة محفوظة 24 مايو 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Norman Perrin, Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus 43.
↑  Christopher Tuckett, "Sources and Method" in The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. ed. Markus Bockmuehl. 132.
↑  Meier, John P., A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Doubleday: 1991. vol 1: pp. 168–171.
↑  Bart D. Ehrman, The New Testament:A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings.194-5.
↑  The criteria for authenticity in historical-Jesus research: previous discussion and new proposals, by Stanley E. Porter, pg. 118
↑  The criteria for authenticity in historical-Jesus research: previous discussion and new proposals, by Stanley E. Porter, pg. 119
↑  Allen C. Myers، المحرر (1987). "Aramaic". The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans. ص. 72. ISBN:0-8028-2402-1. It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Palestine in the first century AD. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73)
↑  Aramaic language - Encyclopedia Britannica نسخة محفوظة 27 أبريل 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Bart D. Ehrman, The New Testament:A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings.193.
↑  Stanley E. Porter, The Criteria for Authenticity in Historical-Jesus Research: previous discussion and new proposals.127.
↑  Ehrman 2004, pp. 479-480
1 2  Complete photographic facsimile in Allen, T. W., Codex Oxoniensis Clarkianus 39 Phototypice editus, 2 vols. Leiden 1898–9.
↑  Howell، Martha C.؛ Prevenier، Walter (2001). From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods. Cornell University Press. ص. 19. ISBN:0-8014-8560-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-20. Historians must thus always consider the conditions under which a source was produced—the intentions that motivated it—but they must not assume that such knowledge tells them all they need to know about its "reliability." They must also consider the historical context in which it was produced—the events that preceded it, and those that followed.
↑  Willker، Wieland (17 أبريل 2008). "Complete List of Greek NT Papyri". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-05-18.
↑  Peter، Kirby (2001–2007). "Early Christian Writings: Gospel of Mark". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-01-15.
↑  Achtemeier، Paul J. (1992). "The Gospel of Mark". The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York, New York: Doubleday. ج. 4. ص. 545. ISBN:0-385-19362-9.
↑  M.G. Easton, Easton's Bible Dictionary (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1996, c1897), "Luke, Gospel According To"
↑  Meier، John P. (1991). A Marginal Jew. New York, New York: Doubleday. ج. 2. ص. 955–6. ISBN:0-385-46993-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-02.
↑  Helms، Randel (1997). Who Wrote the Gospels?. Altadena, California: Millennium Press. ص. 8. ISBN:0-9655047-2-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-02.
↑  Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" p. 302-310
↑  Bart Ehrman - The History of the Bible: The Making of the New Testament Canon The Teaching Company, Lesson 12. نسخة محفوظة 10 مارس 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Carr، David M.؛ Conway، Colleen M. (8 مارس 2010). An Introduction to the Bible: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts. John Wiley & Sons. ص. 233. ISBN:978-1-4051-6738-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-31.
↑  Mark Allan Powell (editor), The New Testament Today, p. 50 (Westminster John Knox Press, 1999). ISBN 0-664-25824-7
↑  Stanley E, Porter (editor), Handbook to Exegisis of the New Testament, p. 68 (Leiden, 1997). ISBN 90-04-09921-2
↑  '[A]s the earliest Gospel, [Mark] is the primary source of information about the ministry of Jesus.' "The Gospel According to Mark." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 November 2010 . نسخة محفوظة 18 ديسمبر 2014 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  ...Overall, then, the internal evidence is not unfavorable to the tradition that Rome was the place of provenance for Mark....Antioch and Rome:New Testament cradles of Catholic Christianity By Raymond Edward Brown, John P. Meier,p197,
↑  Mack, Burton L “Who Wrote the New Testament: The Making of the Christian Myth” (Harper Collins)
↑  "Messianic secret." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
↑  "Wrede, William." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
1 2  "Mark, Gospel of St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
↑  "form criticism." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
↑  Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). Chapter 1. Quest of the historical Jesus. p. 1-16
↑  Bernd Kollmann, Joseph Barnabas (Liturgical Press, 2004), page 30.
↑  Paul L. Maier, The Church History, Kregel Publications, 2007 p 114 نسخة محفوظة 15 أغسطس 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  F. L. Cross & E. A. Livingstone, The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 1989 pp. 874-875
↑  Thomas Patrick Halton, On illustrious men, Volume 100 of Fathers of the Church, CUA Press, 1999 pp.17-19  and the Early Church Fathers نسخة محفوظة 09 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Senior، Donald P. (1998). "Mark". في Ferguson، Everett (المحرر). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity (ط. 2nd). New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. ص. 719. ISBN:0-8153-3319-6.
↑  Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). p. 24-27.
↑  Funk، Robert W.؛ Hoover، Roy W.؛ The Jesus Seminar (1993). The five Gospels: the search for the authentic words of Jesus: new translation and commentary. New York, New York: Macmillan. ISBN:0-02-541949-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-04-06.
↑  Crossan، John Dominic (1991). The historical Jesus: the life of a Mediterranean Jewish peasant. San Francisco, California: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN:0-06-061629-6.
↑  Eisenman، Robert H. (1998). James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Penguin Books. ص. 56. ISBN:0-14-025773-X. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-06.
1 2  Bauckham، Richard. "The Gospels as Eyewitness Accounts" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2018-12-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-03-21.
↑  C. E. B. Cranfield, The Gospel According to St Mark, page 250 (Cambridge University Press, 1959). "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-07-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-09-05.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Dennis Nineham, The Gospel of St Mark, pages 40, 203 (New York: Seabury, 1968).
↑  Mary Healy, The Gospel of Mark (Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture), page 146 (Baker Academic, 2008). (ردمك 978-0-8010-3586-9)
↑  ...Modern scholarship has tended to place Matthew in Syria, especially in Antioch.....Matthew: a shorter commentary By Dale C. Allison,Introduction,pXIII
↑  Mack, Burton L, op cit
1 2  "Matthew, Gospel acc. to St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
↑  Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "Matthew" p. 129-270
1 2  'The clearest cases of invention are in the birth narratives.' Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. p. 85
↑  '[T]he order to proclaim the good news of salvation to all the nations must be struck out from the list of the authentic sayings of Jesus.' Vermes, Geza. The authentic gospel of Jesus. London, Penguin Books. 2004. Chapter 10: Towards the authentic gospel. p. 376–380.
↑  "Numerous textual indications point to an author who was a Jewish Christian writing for Christians of similar background." "Gospel According to Matthew." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 27 November 2010 . نسخة محفوظة 29 أبريل 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Ehrman 2004, p. 110 and Harris 1985 both specify a range c. 80-85; Gundry 1982, Hagner 1993, and Blomberg 1992 argue for a date before 70.
↑  The Gospel of Matthew p 1 نسخة محفوظة 28 يوليو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Gospel of Matthew نسخة محفوظة 20 يونيو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Brown 1997, p. 172
↑  كتاب الإنجيل: كيف كُتِبَ؟ وكيف وصل إلينا؟ - القمص عبد المسيح بسيط أبو الخير، شهادة القديس بابياس أسقف هيرابوليس لوحي الإنجيل نسخة محفوظة 30 مايو 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  حول موثوقية الأناجيل، محمد السعدي، منشورات رسالة الجهاد، طرابلس، ليبيا، الطبعة الأولى، 1985 م، ص15
↑  Eusebius, "History of the Church" 3.39.14-17, c. 325 CE, Greek text 16: "ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἱστόρηται τῷ Παπίᾳ περὶ τοῦ Μάρκου· περὶ δὲ τοῦ Ματθαῖου ταῦτ’ εἴρηται· Ματθαῖος μὲν οὖν Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ τὰ λόγια συνετάξατο, ἡρμήνευσεν δ’ αὐτὰ ὡς ἧν δυνατὸς ἕκαστος. Various English translations published, standard reference translation by Philip Schaff at CCEL: "[C]oncerning Matthew he [Papias] writes as follows: 'So then(963) Matthew wrote the oracles in the Hebrew language, and every one interpreted them as he was able.'(964)" (Online version includes footnotes 963 and 964 by Schaff). نسخة محفوظة 11 يوليو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Harrington, Daniel J. (1991). The Gospel of Matthew. Liturgical Press. (ردمك 9780814658031)
↑  James R. Edwards, The Hebrew Gospel & the Development of the Synoptic Tradition, 2009 Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co, 2009. pp 121
↑  "Luke will have been composed in a large city west of Palestine." Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide. Fortress Press. 1998. Translated from German (1996 edition). p. 32.
1 2  Mack, Burton L. op cit
↑  "Biblical Literature." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 November 2010 . نسخة محفوظة 26 أبريل 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "Luke" p. 271-400
↑  Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "Luke" p. 297-301
↑  '[T]he order to proclaim the good news of salvation to all the nations must be struck out from the list of the authentic sayings of Jesus.' Vermes, Geza. The authentic gospel of Jesus. London, Penguin Books. 2004. Chapter 10: Towards the authentic gospel. p. 370-397.
↑  The tradition "has been widely accepted." "Luke, Gospel of." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
↑  The tradition is "occasionally put forward." Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). p. 32.
↑  The author was "certainly not a companion of Paul." Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The Historical Jesus: a Comprehensive Guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). p. 32.
↑  "Introduction to the New Testament", chapter on Luke, by D. Carson and D. Moo, Zondervan Books (2005)
↑  Brown، Raymond E. (1997). Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Anchor Bible. ص. 226. ISBN:0-385-24767-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-06.
↑  Meier, John P., A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus. Doubleday, 1991, v. 1, pp. 43
↑  Guthrie، Donald (1970). "Nine". New Testament Introduction (ط. third). Downer's Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. ص. 340–345. ISBN:0-87784-953-6.
↑  Horrell, DG, An Introduction to the study of Paul, T&T Clark, 2006, 2nd Ed.,p.7; cf. W. L. Knox, The Acts of the Apostles (1948), p. 2-15 for detailed arguments that still stand.
↑  On linguistics, see A. Kenny, A stylometric Study of the New Testament (1986).
↑  Udo Schnelle. The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings, p. 259.
↑  F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles (1952), p2.
↑  Aune، David. The Westminster dictionary of New Testament and early Christian literature. ص. 243. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-21.
↑  'John, however, is so different that it cannot be reconciled with the Synoptics except in very general ways (e.g., Jesus lived in Palestine, taught, healed, was crucified and raised). . . The greatest differences, though, appear in the methods and content of Jesus’ teaching. . . Scholars have unanimously chosen the Synoptic Gospels’ version of Jesus’ teaching.' "Jesus Christ." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 November 2010 . نسخة محفوظة 03 مايو 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Robinson 1977 p. 125.
↑  "To most modern scholars direct apostolic authorship has therefore seemed unlikely." "John, Gospel of." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
↑  Gospel According to John, Encyclopædia Britannica نسخة محفوظة 05 يونيو 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "John, Gospel of." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
↑  Brown، Raymond E. (1997). Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Anchor Bible. ص. 164. ISBN:0-385-24767-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-06.
↑  Kirby, Peter. "Gospel of Mark" earlychristianwritings.com Retrieved January 30, 2010. نسخة محفوظة 24 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Thompson, M.M. “John, Gospel of.” In Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, edited by Joel B. Green, 370. Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 2013.
↑  ستيفن هاريس, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
↑  Bruce, F.F. The New Testament Documents: Are they Reliable? p.7
↑  Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus (2005), p. 46
↑  Ehrman, Bart D.. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperCollins, 2005, p. 265. (ردمك 978-0-06-073817-4)
↑  Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus Ch 3, (2005)
1 2  Strobel, Lee. ”The Case for Christ”. 1998. Chapter three, when quoting biblical scholar Bruce Metzger
↑  Guy D. Nave, The role and function of repentance in Luke-Acts,p. 194
↑  John Shelby Spong, "The Continuing Christian Need for Judaism", Christian Century September 26, 1979, p. 918. see http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1256 نسخة محفوظة 2017-07-06 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Feminist companion to the New Testament and early Christian writings, Volume 5, by Amy-Jill Levine, Marianne Blickenstaff, pg. 175
↑  حول موثوقية الأناجيل، محمد السعدي، منشورات رسالة الجهاد، طرابلس، ليبيا، الطبعة الأولى، 1985 م، ص18
↑  "NETBible: John 7". Bible.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2007-02-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-10-17. See note 139 on that page.
↑  Keith، Chris (2008). "Recent and Previous Research on the Pericope Adulterae (John 7.53—8.11)". Currents in Biblical Research. ج. 6 ع. 3: 377–404. DOI:10.1177/1476993X07084793.
↑  'Pericope adulterae', in FL Cross (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
↑  Ehrman 2006, p. 166
↑  Bruce Metzger "A Textual Commentary on the New Testament", Second Edition, 1994, German Bible Society
1 2  Bruce, F.F. (1981). P 14. The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?. InterVarsity Press
1 2  K. Aland and B. Aland, "The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions & to the Theory & Practice of Modern Textual Criticism", 1995, op. cit., p. 29-30.
↑  Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus, Ch 3, (2005)
1 2  Heide، K. Martin (2011). "Assessing the Stability of the Transmitted Texts of the New Testament and the Shepherd of Hermas". في Stewart، Robert B. (المحرر). Bart D. Ehrman & Daniel B. Wallace in Dialogue: The Reliability of the New Testament. Fortress Press. ص. 134–138, 157–158. ISBN:9780800697730.
↑  Brown، Raymond Edward (18 مايو 1999). The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke (The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library). Yale University Press. ص. 36. ISBN:0-300-14008-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-02-23.
↑  W.D Davies and E. P. Sanders, 'Jesus from the Jewish point of view', in The Cambridge History of Judaism ed William Horbury, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984.
↑  Vermes، Géza (2 نوفمبر 2006). The Nativity: History and Legend. Penguin Books Ltd. ص. 64. ISBN:0-14-102446-1.
↑  Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. Sanders discusses both birth narratives in detail, contrasts them, and judges them not historical on pp. 85–88.
↑  Marcus Borg, 'The Meaning of the Birth Stories' in Marcus Borg, N T Wright, The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions (Harper One, 1999) page 179: "I (and most mainline scholars) do not see these stories as historically factual."
↑  Mark D. Roberts Can We Trust the Gospels?: Investigating the Reliability of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John  Good News Publishers, 2007 p. 102
↑  Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology by Timothy Wiarda 2010 ISBN 0-8054-4843-8 pp. 75–78
↑  Jesus, the Christ: Contemporary Perspectives by Brennan R. Hill 2004 ISBN 1-58595-303-2 p. 89
↑  The Gospel of Luke by Timothy Johnson 1992 ISBN 0-8146-5805-9 p. 72
↑  Recovering Jesus: the witness of the New Testament Thomas R. Yoder Neufeld 2007 ISBN 1-58743-202-1 p. 111
↑  Warren, Tony. "Is there a Contradiction in the Genealogies of Luke and Matthew?" Created 2/2/95 / Last Modified 1/24/00. Accessed 4 May 2008. نسخة محفوظة 24 سبتمبر 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Geza Vermes, The Nativity: History and Legend, (Penguin, 2006), page 42.
↑  The Seed of The Woman, Arthur C. Custance, Appendix IV, page 10 of 18 نسخة محفوظة 20 سبتمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN 0-86012-006-6 p. 731
↑  Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003
↑  Raymond E. Brown, An Adult Christ at Christmas: Essays on the Three Biblical Christmas Stories, (Liturgical Press, 1988), p. 17.

For example, Dunn, James Douglas Grant (2003), Jesus Remembered, Eerdmans. p. 344. ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 Similarly, Erich S. Gruen, 'The expansion of the empire under Augustus', in The Cambridge ancient history Volume 10, p. 157.

Geza Vermes, The Nativity, Penguin 2006, p. 96.

W. D. Davies and E. P. Sanders, 'Jesus from the Jewish point of view', in The Cambridge History of Judaism ed William Horbury, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984

Anthony Harvey, A Companion to the New Testament (Cambridge University Press 2004), p. 221.

Meier, John P., A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus. Doubleday, 1991, v. 1, p. 213.

Brown, Raymond E. The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke. London: G. Chapman, 1977, p. 554.

A. N. Sherwin-White, pp. 166, 167.

Fergus Millar Millar، Fergus (1990). "Reflections on the trials of Jesus". A Tribute to Geza Vermes: Essays on Jewish and Christian Literature and History (JSOT Suppl. 100) [eds. P.R. Davies and R.T. White]. Sheffield: JSOT Press. ص. 355–81. repr. in Millar، Fergus (2006)، "The Greek World, the Jews, and the East"، Rome, the Greek World and the East، University of North Carolina Press، ج. 3، ص. 139–163، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-08-21، اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-03-08
↑  Archer، Gleason Leonard (أبريل 1982). Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Pub. House. ص. 366. ISBN:0-310-43570-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-06.
↑  Frederick Fyvie Bruce, The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? (1943; republished Eerdman, 2003), pp. 87–88.
↑  Nikos Kokkinos, 1998, in Chronos, kairos, Christos 2 by Ray Summers, Jerry Vardaman ISBN 0-86554-582-0 pp. 121–126
↑  C.F. Evans, Tertullian's reference to Sentius Saturninus and the Lukan Census in the Journal of Theological Studies (1973) XXIV(1): 24–39
↑  The Life of Jesus of Nazareth by Rush Rhees 2007 ISBN 1-4068-3848-9 Section 54
↑  Geza Vermes (2 نوفمبر 2006). The Nativity: History and Legend. Penguin Books Limited. ص. 28–30. ISBN:978-0-14-191261-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-25.
↑  Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament, p.114.
1 2  Alfred Edersheim Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, 5.xiv, 1883. نسخة محفوظة 22 ديسمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Inter-Varsity Press New Bible Commentary 21st Century edition p1071
1 2  Kravitz، Rabbi Zalman. "Misquoting Texts – What does Tanach really say". jewsforjudaism.org. Jews For Judaism. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-07-15.
↑  Joseph Barber Lightfoot in his Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians writes: "At this point Gal 6:11 the apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name (2 Thess 2:2; 3:17) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries… In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr. pelikois grammasin), that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul."
↑  Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (1 مايو 1998). Paul: a critical life. Oxford University Press. ص. 91–. ISBN:978-0-19-285342-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-11-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-07-28.