شعوب البحر
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↑  يظهر التسلسل الذي اكتمل مؤخرًا فقط عند Woudhuizen 2006، صفحات 43–56, إلى جانب الأخبار التي تفيد بأن الفرن الشهير الذي تم تداوله في العديد من المواقع وفي العديد من الكتب، حيث أن الحرف الثاني يعني افتراضيًا يُخبَز عند تدمير مدينة، لم يكن فرنًا ولم تكن المدينة مدمرة في ذلك الوقت، ويوجد حرف ثالث.
↑  Jean Nougaryol et al. (1968) Ugaritica V: 87–90 no. 24
↑  Kitchen, pp. 99 & 140
↑  Kitchen, pp.99–100
↑  RSL I = Nougayril et al., (1968) 86–86, no.23
↑  Rainey، Anson (نوفمبر 2008). "Shasu or Habiru. Who Were the Early Israelites?". Biblical Archaeology Review. ج. 34 ع. 6 (November/December).
↑  Reford p. 292
↑  Ch. 8, a subsection entitled "The Initial Settlement of the Sea Peoples".
↑  Ch. 7
↑  Dothan 1992.
↑  Feldman، Michal؛ Master، Daniel M.؛ Bianco، Raffaela A.؛ Burri، Marta؛ Stockhammer، Philipp W.؛ Mittnik، Alissa؛ Aja، Adam J.؛ Jeong، Choongwon؛ Krause، Johannes (2019). "Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines". Science Advances. ج. 5 ع. 7: eaax0061. Bibcode:2019SciA....5...61F. DOI:10.1126/sciadv.aax0061. PMC:6609216. PMID:31281897.
↑  أنظر تيكر.
↑  Amos 9,7; argument reviewed by Sandars in Ch. 7.
↑  تم الاستشهاد بإحداها تحت كفتور.
↑  "New Evidence Suggests The Need To Rewrite Bronze Age History". Sciencedaily.com. 29 أبريل 2006. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-12-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-11-07.
1 2  Ch. 7, "The Peoples of the Sea."
↑  Odyssey XIV 191–298.
↑  John Noble Wilford (29 Sep 1992). "Philistines Were Cultured After All, Say Archeologists". نيويورك تايمز (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2021-05-20. أنا على استعداد للقول بشكل قاطع أن شعوب البحر ومنهم الفلستيون، كانوا من اليونانيين الميسينيين
↑  Sandars Ch. 5.
↑  Wood Ch. 6.
↑  Barker, Graeme; Rasmussen, Tom (2000). The Etruscans. The Peoples of Europe (بالإنجليزية). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 44. ISBN:978-0-631-22038-1.
↑  Turfa، Jean MacIntosh (2017). "The Etruscans". في Farney، Gary D.؛ Bradley، Gary (المحررون). The Peoples of Ancient Italy. Berlin: De Gruyter. ص. 637–672. DOI:10.1515/9781614513001. ISBN:978-1-61451-520-3.
↑  De Grummond، Nancy T. (2014). "Ethnicity and the Etruscans". في McInerney، Jeremy (المحرر). A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ص. 405–422. DOI:10.1002/9781118834312. ISBN:9781444337341.
↑  Shipley, Lucy (2017). "Where is home?". The Etruscans: Lost Civilizations (بالإنجليزية). London: Reaktion Books. pp. 28–46. ISBN:9781780238623.
↑  Wallace, Rex E. (2010). "Italy, Languages of". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (بالإنجليزية). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 97–102. DOI:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001. ISBN:9780195170726. Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near Kamania on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.
↑  Haarmann, Harald (2014). "Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient Mediterranean". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.). A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean (بالإنجليزية). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 17–33. DOI:10.1002/9781118834312.ch2. ISBN:9781444337341.
↑  Ghirotto، Silvia؛ Tassi، Francesca؛ Fumagalli، Erica؛ Colonna، Vincenza؛ Sandionigi، Anna؛ Lari، Martina؛ Vai، Stefania؛ Petiti، Emmanuele؛ Corti، Giorgio؛ Rizzi، Ermanno؛ De Bellis، Gianluca؛ Caramelli، David؛ Barbujani، Guido (6 فبراير 2013). "Origins and evolution of the Etruscans' mtDNA". PLOS ONE. ج. 8 ع. 2: e55519. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...855519G. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0055519. PMC:3566088. PMID:23405165.
↑  Tassi، Francesca؛ Ghirotto، Silvia؛ Caramelli، David؛ Barbujani، Guido؛ وآخرون (2013). "Genetic evidence does not support an Etruscan origin in Anatolia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. ج. 152 ع. 1: 11–18. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.22319. PMID:23900768.
↑  Claassen, Horst; Wree, Andreas (2004). "The Etruscan skulls of the Rostock anatomical collection – How do they compare with the skeletal findings of the first thousand years B.C.?". Annals of Anatomy (بالإنجليزية). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 186 (2): 157–163. DOI:10.1016/S0940-9602(04)80032-3. PMID:15125046. Archived from the original on 2022-12-12. Seven Etruscan skulls were found in Corneto Tarquinia in the years 1881 and 1882 and were given as present to Rostock's anatomical collection in 1882. The origin of the Etruscans who were contemporary with the Celts is not yet clear; according to Herodotus they had emigrated from Lydia in Asia Minor to Italy. To fit the Etruscan skulls into an ethnological grid they were compared with skeletal remains of the first thousand years B.C.E. All skulls were found to be male; their age ranged from 20 to 60 years, with an average age of about thirty. A comparison of the median sagittal outlines of the Etruscan skulls and the contemporary Hallstatt-Celtic skulls from North Bavaria showed that the former were shorter and lower. Maximum skull length, minimum frontal breadth, ear bregma height, bizygomatical breadth and orbital breadth of the Etruscan skulls were statistically significantly less developed compared to Hallstatt-Celtics from North Bavaria. In comparison to other contemporary skeletal remains the Etruscan skulls had no similarities in common with Hallstatt-Celtic skulls from North Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg but rather with Hallstatt-Celtic skulls from Hallstatt in Austria. Compared to chronologically adjacent skeletal remains the Etruscan skulls did not show similarities with Early Bronze Age skulls from Moravia but with Latène-Celtic skulls from Manching in South Bavaria. Due to the similarities of the Etruscan skulls with some Celtic skulls from South Bavaria and Austria, it seems more likely that the Etruscans were original inhabitants of Etruria than immigrants.
↑  Chadwick, p. 178.
↑  See "Mycenaean Society and Its Collapse", a module of Exploring the European Past by Jack Martin Balcer and John Matthew Stockhausen at custom.thomsonlearning.com. They quote passages from the books of several experts to give a spectrum of views. نسخة محفوظة 2007-09-27 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  The History of the Peloponnesian War, Chapter I, Section 5.
1 2  Ugas, Giovanni (2016). Shardana e Sardegna : i popoli del mare, gli alleati del Nordafrica e la fine dei Grandi Regni (XV-XII secolo a.C.) (بالإيطالية). Cagliari: Edizioni della Torre. ISBN:9788873434719. OCLC:976013893.
1 2  Tusa, Sebastiano (2018). I popoli del Grande Verde : il Mediterraneo al tempo dei faraoni (بالإيطالية). Ragusa: Edizioni Storia e Studi Sociali. ISBN:9788899168308. OCLC:1038750254.
1 2  Zorea، Carlos Roberto (2021). Sea peoples in Canaan, Cyprus and Iberia (12th to 10th centuries BC) (PDF). Madrid: جامعة كمبلوتنسي بمدريد. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2022-10-13.
↑  Vagnetti, 2000, p.319: "Furthermore, if we examine the main (or only) connection of the Sherden (Srdn), Shekelesh (Sirs), and Tursha (Trs) with the Central Mediterranean, namely the similarity of those names with Sardinia, Sicily and Tyrrhenian area, we find further difficulties. First, that Greek sources are agreed that the original name of the island was Ichnussa (RE, IA.2: 2482–2484 [1920] s.v. Sardinia; Nicosia 1981:423–426). From other sources we learn that the 'Sikeloi' were not the original inhabitants of Sicily, but migrated there from peninsular Italy (RE, IIA.2:2482-91 [1920] s.v. Sikelia), while the Etruscans called themselves 'Rasenna' (RE, IA.1:253-54 [1914], s.v. Rasennas). Thus the combination of the archaeological evidence with the traditions of the place-name makes it difficult to conclude that Sherden, Shekelesh and Tursha, were of western origin."
↑  "Revisiting Late Bronze Age oxhide ingots: Meanings, questions and perspectives". Serena Sabatini, University of Gothenburg. 2016. نسخة محفوظة 2022-10-15 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Minoja, Marco; Usai, Alessandro (2014). Le sculture di Mont'e Prama - Contesto, scavi e materiali [Mont'e Prama's sculptures - Context, excavations & materials] (بالإيطالية). Roma: Gangemi Editore. p. 80. ISBN:978-88-492-9958-8. OCLC:907638763. Archived from the original on 2022-12-25. Retrieved 2019-07-19. Si aggiunge ora la individuazione di un vaso a collo con anse a gomito rovescio, nuragico della Sardegna occidentale o nord occidentale, frammetario, restaurato ab antiquo con una duplice placca di piombo dell'iglesiente, presso Pyla-Kokkinokremos, un centro fortificato cipriota nell'entroterra del golfo di Larnaka (Kition), vissuto mezzo secolo fra il 1200 e il 1150 a.C. (Now the identification of a neck vase with inverted elbow handles is added, Nuragic from western or north-western Sardinia, fragmentary, restored from the outside with a double-lead plaque of the Iglesiente, near Pyla-Kokkinokremos, a fortified Cypriot center inland of the Gulf of Larnaka (Kition), lived half a century between 1200 and 1150 BC.)
↑  Bretschneider، Joachim؛ Jans، Greta؛ Claeys، Thérèse؛ Jusseret، Simon؛ Kanta، Athanasia؛ Driessen، Jan؛ Boschloos، Vanessa. "PYLA-KOKKINOKREMOS: Short report of the 2017 campaign". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-12-23 – عبر www.academia.edu. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
↑  Bretschneider، Joachim؛ Driessen، Jan؛ Jusseret، Simon؛ Claeys، Thérèse؛ Jans، Greta. "Pyla-Kokkinokremos: Short report of the 2016 campaign". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-12-23 – عبر www.academia.edu. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
↑  V. Karageorghis, J. Karageorghis, "L'Isola di Afrodite", Archeologia Viva, 2013, No. 159 pp. 40–53
↑  INTERCONNESSIONI FRA MEDITERRANEO E ATLANTICO NELL’ETÀ DEL BRONZO: IL PUNTO DI VISTA DELLA SARDEGNA Fulvia Lo Schiavo, ISMA-CNR. نسخة محفوظة 2018-04-23 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Karageorghis, Vassos (2011). "Handmade Burnished Ware in Cyprus and elsewhere in the Mediterranean". On cooking pots, drinking cups, loomweights and ethnicity in bronze age Cyprus and neighbouring regions: an international archaeological symposium held in Nicosia, November 6th-7th, 2010 (بالإنجليزية). p. 90. ISBN:978-9963-560-93-6. OCLC:769643982.
↑  Drews, 1995, p. 59
↑  Vermeule, 1972, p. 271.
↑  Cline, 2014, p 183.
↑  Bryce, 2005, p 348.
↑
↑  Drews 1992.
1 2  Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Roman Antiquities. Book I, Chapters 30 1.
↑  Wood p. 221 summarizes that a general climatological crisis in the البحر الأسود and Danubian regions as known through pollen analysis and علم تحديد أعمار الأشجار existed about 1200 BCE and could have caused migration from the north.
↑  Weiss، Barry (1982). "The decline of Late Bronze Age civilization as a possible response to climatic change". Climatic Change. ج. 4 ع. 2: 173–198. Bibcode:1982ClCh....4..173W. DOI:10.1007/bf00140587. ISSN:0165-0009. S2CID:154059624.
↑  Fagan, Brian M. (2003), The Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilization (Basic Books)
↑  Grant, The Ancient Mediterranean, page 79.
1 2  Finley, page 58.
↑  Drews 1995، صفحة 8–9.