وظائف تنفيذية
مراجع

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↑  Chan, R. C. K., Shum, D., Toulopoulou, T. & Chen, E. Y. H.، R؛ Shum، D؛ Toulopoulou، T؛ Chen، E (2008). "Assessment of executive functions: Review of instruments and identification of critical issues". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2. ج. 23 ع. 2: 201–216. DOI:10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.010. PMID:18096360.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  Alvarez, J. A. & Emory, E.، Julie A.؛ Emory، Eugene (2006). "Executive function and the frontal lobes: A meta-analytic review". Neuropsychology Review. ج. 16 ع. 1: 17–42. DOI:10.1007/s11065-006-9002-x. PMID:16794878.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  Diamond، Adele (2013). "Executive functions". Annual Review of Psychology. ج. 64: 135–168. DOI:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750. PMC:4084861. PMID:23020641. Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control—resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking "outside the box," seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances). ... EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not. You can see the deleterious effects of stress, sadness, loneliness, and lack of physical health or fitness at the physiological and neuroanatomical level in prefrontal cortex and at the behavioral level in worse EFs (poorer reasoning and problem solving, forgetting things, and impaired ability to exercise discipline and self-control). ...
EFs can be improved (Diamond & Lee 2011, Klingberg 2010). ... At any age across the life cycle EFs can be improved, including in the elderly and in infants. There has been much work with excellent results on improving EFs in the elderly by improving physical fitness (Erickson & Kramer 2009, Voss et al. 2011) ... Inhibitory control (one of the core EFs) involves being able to control one's attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions to override a strong internal predisposition or external lure, and instead do what's more appropriate or needed. Without inhibitory control we would be at the mercy of impulses, old habits of thought or action (conditioned responses), and/or stimuli in the environment that pull us this way or that. Thus, inhibitory control makes it possible for us to change and for us to choose how we react and how we behave rather than being unthinking creatures of habit. It doesn't make it easy. Indeed, we usually are creatures of habit and our behavior is under the control of environmental stimuli far more than we usually realize, but having the ability to exercise inhibitory control creates the possibility of change and choice. ... The subthalamic nucleus appears to play a critical role in preventing such impulsive or premature responding (Frank 2006).Figure 4: Executive functions and related terms
↑  Washburn، DA (2016). "The Stroop effect at 80: The competition between stimulus control and cognitive control". J Exp Anal Behav. ج. 105 ع. 1: 3–13. DOI:10.1002/jeab.194. PMID:26781048. Today, arguably more than at any time in history, the constructs of attention, executive functioning, and cognitive control seem to be pervasive and preeminent in research and theory. Even within the cognitive framework, however, there has long been an understanding that behavior is multiply determined, and that many responses are relatively automatic, unattended, contention-scheduled, and habitual. Indeed, the cognitive flexibility, response inhibition, and self-regulation that appear to be hallmarks of cognitive control are noteworthy only in contrast to responses that are relatively rigid, associative, and involuntary.
↑  Malenka، RC؛ Nestler، EJ؛ Hyman، SE (2009). "Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". في Sydor، A؛ Brown، RY (المحررون). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (ط. 2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ص. 315. ISBN:978-0-07-148127-4. However, damage to the prefrontal cortex has a significant deleterious effect on social behavior, decision making, and adaptive responding to the changing circumstances of life. ... Several subregions of the prefrontal cortex have been implicated in partly distinct aspects of cognitive control, although these distinctions remain somewhat vaguely defined. The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in processes that require correct decision-making, as seen in conflict resolution (eg, the Stroop test, see in Chapter 16), or cortical inhibition (eg, stopping one task and switching to another). The medial prefrontal cortex is involved in supervisory attentional functions (eg, action-outcome rules) and behavioral flexibility (the ability to switch strategies). The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the last brain area to undergo myelination during development in late adolescence, is implicated in matching sensory inputs with planned motor responses. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex seems to regulate social cognition, including empathy. The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in social decision making and in representing the valuations assigned to different experiences.
↑  Malenka، RC؛ Nestler، EJ؛ Hyman، SE (2009). "Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". في Sydor، A؛ Brown، RY (المحررون). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (ط. 2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ص. 313–321. ISBN:978-0-07-148127-4.  ·  Executive function, the cognitive control of behavior, depends on the prefrontal cortex, which is highly developed in higher primates and especially humans.
 ·  Working memory is a short-term, capacity-limited cognitive buffer that stores information and permits its manipulation to guide decision-making and behavior. ...
 These diverse inputs and back projections to both cortical and subcortical structures put the prefrontal cortex in a position to exert what is often called "top-down" control or cognitive control of behavior. ... The prefrontal cortex receives inputs not only from other cortical regions, including association cortex, but also, via the thalamus, inputs from subcortical structures subserving emotion and motivation, such as the amygdala (Chapter 14) and ventral striatum (or nucleus accumbens; Chapter 15). ...
In conditions in which prepotent responses tend to dominate behavior, such as in drug addiction, where drug cues can elicit drug seeking (Chapter 15), or in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; described below), significant negative consequences can result. ... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression). ... Functional neuroimaging in humans demonstrates activation of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus (part of the striatum) in tasks that demand inhibitory control of behavior. Subjects with ADHD exhibit less activation of the medial prefrontal cortex than healthy controls even when they succeed in such tasks and utilize different circuits. ... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.
↑  Solomon، Marjorie (13 نوفمبر 2007). "Cognitive control in autism spectrum disorders". International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. ج. 26 ع. 2: 239–47. DOI:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.11.001. PMC:2695998. PMID:18093787.
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↑  Clark، L؛ Bechara، A؛ Damasio، H؛ Aitken، MRF؛ Sahakian، BJ؛ Robbins، TW (2008). "Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision making". Brain. ج. 131 ع. 5: 1311–1322. DOI:10.1093/brain/awn066. PMC:2367692. PMID:18390562.
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↑  Shallice، T (1988). From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN:978-0-521-31360-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-31.
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التصنيفات الطبية:  نظام فهرسة المواضيع الطبية (MeSH): D056344  
المعرفات الخارجية:  نظام اللغة الطبية الموحدة (UMLS CUI): C0935584  
بوابة علوم عصبية
بوابة علم النفس
بوابة العقل والدماغ
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ضبط استنادي: وطنية :  المكتبة القومية الإسرائيلية (J9U)  مكتبة الكونغرس (LCNAF)