اقتصاد مخطط مركزيا
مراجع

↑  Alec Nove (1987). "Planned Economy". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. vol. 3. p. 879.
↑  Devine، Pat (26 يوليو 2010). Democracy and Economic Planning. Polity. ISBN:978-0745634791.
↑  Gregory، Paul R.؛ Stuart، Robert C. (2003). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ص. 23–24. ISBN:978-0-618-26181-9.
↑  Prychito، David L. (31 يوليو 2002). Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism. Edward Elgar Publishing. ص. 72. ISBN:978-1840645194. Traditional socialism strives to plan all economic activities comprehensively, both within and between enterprises. As such, it seeks to integrate the economic activities of society (the coordination of socially owned property) into a single coherent plan, rather than to rely upon the spontaneous or anarchic ordering of the market system to coordinate plans.
↑  Mandel، Ernest (1986). "In Defence of Socialist Planning" (PDF). New Left Review. ج. 159: 5–37. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-11-12. Planning is not equivalent to 'perfect' allocation of resources, nor 'scientific' allocation, nor even 'more humane' allocation. It simply means 'direct' allocation, ex ante. As such, it is the opposite of market allocation, which is ex post.
↑  Ellman، Michael (31 مارس 1989). Socialist Planning. Cambridge University Press. ص. 327. ISBN:978-0521358668. '[S]ocialist planning', in the original sense of a national economy which replaced market relationships by direct calculation and direct product exchange, has nowhere been established [...].
↑  Cottrell, Allin; Cockshott, W. Paul (1993).
↑  Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown، Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart (أكتوبر 1988). Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Pub. ص. 4. ISBN:978-0-15-512403-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-02. Almost all industry in the Soviet Union is government owned and all production is directed, in theory, by a central plan (though in practice much is left for local discretion and much happens that is unplanned or not under government control).{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  Wilhelm، John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy". Soviet Studies  ‏. ج. 37 ع. 1: 118–130. DOI:10.1080/09668138508411571.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)
↑  Ellman، Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". في Estrin، Saul؛ Kołodko، Grzegorz W.؛ Uvalić، Milica (المحررون). Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ص. 22. ISBN:978-0-230-54697-4. In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population [...].
↑  Rosser، Mariana V.؛ Rosser، J. Barkley (23 يوليو 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. ص. 7. ISBN:978-0-262-18234-8. In a command economy the most important allocation decisions are made by government authorities and are imposed by law.
↑  Mandel، Ernest (سبتمبر–أكتوبر 1986). "In defense of socialist planning". New Left Review. ج. I ع. 159: 5–37. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-16. Planning is not equivalent to 'perfect' allocation of resources, nor 'scientific' allocation, nor even 'more humane' allocation. It simply means 'direct' allocation, ex ante. As such, it is the opposite of market allocation, which is ex post. See also the PDF version.
↑  Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell (1998). "Definitions of Market and Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York: Routledge. pp. 58–59. (ردمك 978-0-415-91967-8). "For an Anti-Stalinist Marxist, socialism is defined by the degree to which the society is planned. Planning here is understood as the conscious regulation of society by the associated producers themselves. Put it differently, the control over the surplus product rests with the majority of the population through a resolutely democratic process. [...] The sale of labour power is abolished and labour necessarily becomes creative. Everyone participates in running their institutions and society as a whole. No one controls anyone else."
↑  Schweickart, David (2007). "Democratic Socialism". In Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G., eds. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. SAGE Publications. p. 448. (ردمك 9781452265650). نسخة محفوظة 17 June 2012 على موقع واي باك مشين.. Retrieved 6 August 2020. "Virtually all socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with socialism (i.e., the Soviet model of a nonmarket, centrally planned economy. [...] Some have endorsed the concept of market socialism, a postcapitalist economy that retains market competition but socializes the means of production and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a nonmarket, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism".
↑  Heichelheim، Friedrich Moritz (1949). "Commerce, Greek and Roman". في Hammond، Nicholas G. L.؛ Scullard، H. H. (المحررون). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (ط. 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press (نُشِر في 1970). ص. 274. ISBN:0198691173.
↑  La Lone, Darrell E. "The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy: Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand". ص. 292. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-12-17.
↑  Blaug، Mark، المحرر (1991). The Early mercantilists: Thomas Mun (1571–1641), Edward Misselden (1608–1634), Gerard de Malynes (1586–1623). Pioneers in economics. E. Elgar Pub. Co. ص. 136. ISBN:9781852784669. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-09-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-09-07. To this approach belongs at least in part an attempt to view mercantilism as economic dirigee, a planned economy with national economic objectives – 'wealth', 'plenty' or simply 'welfare' within the framework of the nation and at the expense of other nations.
↑  Wetzel, Tom. "Workers Power and the Spanish Revolution". نسخة محفوظة 7 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Dolgoff, Sam, ed. (1974). The Anarchist Collectives (1st ed.). Free Life Editions. p. 114. (ردمك 9780914156024).
↑  Feinstein، C. H. (1975). Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth: Essays Presented to Maurice Dobb. Cambridge University Press. ص. 174. ISBN:0-521-29007-4. We have presented the view that planning and market mechanisms are instruments that can be used both in socialist and non-socialist societies. [...] It was important to explode the primitive identification of central planning and socialism and to stress the instrumental character of planning.
↑  Ellman، Michael (2014). Socialist Planning. Cambridge University Press. ص. 372. ISBN:978-1107427327. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-03.
↑  Ellman، Michael (2014). Socialist Planning. Cambridge University Press. ص. 372. ISBN:978-1107427327. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-03. For the USSR, the official Soviet statistics of infant mortality give too favourable a picture. There are two reasons for this. First, the USSR used a definition of 'birth' different from the WHO one (Chapter 8, pp. 321-2). The percentage increase in the infant mortality rate caused by switching from the Soviet definition to the WHO one seems to have ranged from 13 per cent in Moldova to 40 per cent in Latvia. In Poland, which has a much larger population than the two previously mentioned countries, it was about 21 per cent. Secondly, there seems to have been significant under-registration of deaths, particularly in certain regions, such as Central Asia and Azerbaijan. Estimates of 'true' infant mortality in 1987-2000 show very high increases over the official figures in Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Albania, Romania, and Bulgaria. In Russia — which was supposed to have adopted the WHO definition of 'birth' by 1993 and where under-registration is much less than in Central Asia or Azerbaijan — in 1987-2000 the estimated increase of the official figures to measure 'true' infant mortality is 26.5 per cent.
↑  Kennedy، Paul (1987). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Random House. ص. 322–323. ISBN:0-394-54674-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-02.
↑  Zielinski، J. G. (1973). Economic Reforms in Polish Industry. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN:0-19-215323-4.
↑  Von Mises، Ludwig (1990). Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth (PDF). معهد ميزس. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2014-12-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-09-08.
↑  Hayek, Friedrich A. (1945). "استخدام المعرفة في المجتمع  ‏". American Economic Review. XXXV: 4. pp. 519-30.
↑  Machan، Tibor (2002). "Some Skeptical Reflections on Research and Development" (PDF). Liberty and Research and Development: Science Funding in a Free Society. Hoover Press. ISBN:0-8179-2942-8. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2008-06-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-12-03.