بومة أثينا
مراجع

↑  Grabham، Sue (1995). "Greece: People and History". Encyclopedia of Lands & Peoples. London: مكميلان للنشر. ص. 105. ISBN:1-85697-292-5.
↑  Eason، Cassandra (2008). Fabulous Creatures, Mythical Monsters, and Animal Power Symbols: A Handbook. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. ص. 71. ISBN:9780275994259. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-14. The Roman goddess of wisdom Minerva has the owl as her sacred creature, as does her ancient Greek counterpart Athena. Athena was often depicted with an owl, which was considered a symbol of wisdom in both cultures. The best known image of Athena's owl, the Little Owl, is seen on ancient Athenian coins dating from the fifth century BCE. To the Romans an owl feather placed near sleeping people would prompt them to speak in their sleep and reveal their secrets. However, in Rome the owl was considered a harbinger of death if it perched on a roof or on a public building and hooted. The deaths of several Roman emperors, including the assassination of Julius Caesar, were signaled by an owl landing on the roof and hooting.
↑  Berger، Cynthia (2005). Owls. Mechanicsburg, PA, USA: Stackpole Books. ص. X. ISBN:9780811732130. Minerva's owl wisdom.
↑  Deacy، Susan J.؛ Villing، Alexandra (2001). Athena in the Classical World. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. ISBN:978-9004121423.
↑  Kinsley، David (1989). The goddesses' mirror: visions of the divine from East and West. New York: SUNY Press. ص. 141. ISBN:9781438409139. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-14.
↑  Nilsson، Martin Persson (1950). "The Minoan-Mycenaean religion and its survival in Greek religion". Acta Regiae Societatis Humaniorum Litterarum Lundensis. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. ج. 9: 491. ISBN:9780819602732. ISSN:0347-5123. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-05-19.
↑  Gimbutas، Marija (1982). The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe, 6500-3500 B.C.: Myths and Cult Images (ط. 2). Berkeley: University of California Press. ص. 147–150. ISBN:9780520253988. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-05-19.
↑  Gimbutas، Marija (2001). Robbins Dexter، Mirijam (المحرر). The living goddesses. Berkeley: University of California Press. ص. 157–158. ISBN:9780520927094. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-05-19.
1 2  Berger، Cynthia (2005). Owls. Mechanicsburg, PA, USA: Stackpole Books. ص. X. ISBN:9780811732130. Minerva's owl wisdom.Berger, Cynthia (2005). Owls. Mechanicsburg, PA, USA: Stackpole Books. p. X. ISBN 9780811732130. Minerva's owl wisdom.
↑  Arnott، William Geoffrey (2007). Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z. London: Routledge. ص. 84–85. ISBN:9780415238519. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-14.
1 2  Arnott، William Geoffrey (2007). Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z. London: Routledge. ص. 84–85. ISBN:9780415238519. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-14.Arnott, William Geoffrey (2007). Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z. London: Routledge. pp. 84–85. ISBN 9780415238519.
↑  Sacks، David (1995). Murray، Oswyn (المحرر). A dictionary of the ancient Greek world. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ص. 41. ISBN:9780195112061. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-05-20. athens name owl athena.
↑  Palagia، Olga (1998). "The Pediments of the Parthenon". Monumenta Graeca et Romana. Brill. ج. 7: 40. ISBN:9004111980. ISSN:0169-8850. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-05-19.
↑  Philochorus: Scholion to Aristophanes, Birds 1106.
↑  Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth. A glossary of Greek birds. Oxford, Clarendon Press 1895, pp 45–46.
↑  Philip Harding: The story of Athens: The Fragments of the Local Chronicles of Attika.
↑  Kraay, C.M. The archaic owls of Athens: classification and chronology.
↑  Rich، John؛ Rich، John؛ Shipley، Graham، المحررون (2012). War and Society in the Greek World. London: Routledge. ISBN:9781134807833.
↑  Anderson، William Scovil (1998). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1-5. Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press. ص. 301. ISBN:9780806128948. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-14.
↑  Eason، Cassandra (2008). Fabulous Creatures, Mythical Monsters, and Animal Power Symbols: A Handbook. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. ص. 71. ISBN:9780275994259. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-14. The Roman goddess of wisdom Minerva has the owl as her sacred creature, as does her ancient Greek counterpart Athena. Athena was often depicted with an owl, which was considered a symbol of wisdom in both cultures. The best known image of Athena's owl, the Little Owl, is seen on ancient Athenian coins dating from the fifth century BCE. To the Romans an owl feather placed near sleeping people would prompt them to speak in their sleep and reveal their secrets. However, in Rome the owl was considered a harbinger of death if it perched on a roof or on a public building and hooted. The deaths of several Roman emperors, including the assassination of Julius Caesar, were signaled by an owl landing on the roof and hooting.Eason, Cassandra (2008). Fabulous Creatures, Mythical Monsters, and Animal Power Symbols: A Handbook. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 71. ISBN 9780275994259. The Roman goddess of wisdom Minerva has the owl as her sacred creature, as does her ancient Greek counterpart Athena. Athena was often depicted with an owl, which was considered a symbol of wisdom in both cultures. The best known image of Athena's owl, the Little Owl, is seen on ancient Athenian coins dating from the fifth century BCE. To the Romans an owl feather placed near sleeping people would prompt them to speak in their sleep and reveal their secrets. However, in Rome the owl was considered a harbinger of death if it perched on a roof or on a public building and hooted. The deaths of several Roman emperors, including the assassination of Julius Caesar, were signaled by an owl landing on the roof and hooting.
↑  Smith، John E. (30 أكتوبر 2009). "When Dusk Is Only Dusk". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-02-28. Hegel's claim, however, bestows no special importance on a closing phase; it refers instead to the end of an era, which is confirmed as such by the appearance of philosophical critique and appraisal that involves making explicit the ideas and beliefs that drove that era but could not be fully articulated until it was over
↑  Vieweg، Klaus (2019). Hegel. Der Philosoph der Freiheit. (= The Philosopher of Freedom.). München. ص. 470.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان بدون ناشر (link)
↑  Jörg Hüttner and Martin Walter. "Die Eule der Minerva aus vorhegelscher Perspektive: Obereits Avertissement (1795) an Goethe. (= The Owl of Minerva from a pre-hegelian perspective: Obereit´s Avertissement 1795 to Goethe.)". Hegel-Studies (2020). 53/54: 301–318. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-14.
| ع ن الميثولوجيا والدين في روما القديمة | ع ن الميثولوجيا والدين في روما القديمة |
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آلهة:  أبولو  بونا ديا  كاستور و بولوكس  سيريس  كيوبيد  ديانا  ديس باتر  فونا  فانوس  فلورا  هرقل  يانوس  جونو  يوبيتر  لار  ليبر  مارس  ميركوري  مينيرفا  أوركوس  نيبتون  بلوتو  بريابس  بيناتس  كويرينوس  ساتورن  سلوانس  سول إنفكتوس  فينوس  فستا  أفيرونكوس  فولكانوس 
آلهة مجردة:  كونكورديا  فيدس  فورتونا  بيتيس  سبياس  روما  تيرا  تالاسيوس 
مؤسسون أسطوريون:  أينياس  رومولوس ورموس  نوما بومبيليوس  سيرفيوس توليوس  أنكوس ماركيوس 
نصوص:  فيرجيل الإنيادة  أوفيد التحولات  بروبرتيوس  لوكيوس أبوليوس الحمار الذهبي 
مفاهيم وممارسة:  الدين في روما القديمة  أعياد رومانية  العبادة الإمبراطورية في روما القديمة  معابد 
انظر أيضاً:  أساطير الإغريق  الأساطير الكلاسيكية 
في كومنز مواد ذات صلة بـ بومة أثينا.
بوابة اليونان القديمة
بوابة الأساطير
بوابة فلسفة
بوابة طيور
الإلهة أثينا تحمل خوذة ورمحًا وبومة. لوحة منسوبة إلى الرسام بريجوس (490-480 ق.م). متحف متروبوليتان للفنون .