ختان قسري
مراجع

↑  Charlesworth، James H.؛ Dunn، James D. G. (2002). "Paul and the Mosaic Law". Journal of Law and Religion. ج. 17 ع. 1/2: 345. DOI:10.2307/1051448. ISSN:0748-0814. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-14.
↑  Natan. Religion, Secular Beliefs and Human Rights. Brill. ص. 13–55. ISBN:9789004232167. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-12.
↑  Christopher. Male and Female Circumcision. Boston, MA: Springer US. ص. 425–454. ISBN:9780306461316. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-06-03.
↑  Papu، J؛ Verster، P (14 ديسمبر 2009). "A biblical, cultural and missiological critique of traditional circumcision among Xhosa-speaking Christians". Acta Theologica. ج. 26 ع. 2. DOI:10.4314/actat.v26i2.49044. ISSN:1015-8758. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-18.
↑  Matthew (11 أغسطس 2011). Contesting Conversion. Oxford University Press. ص. 43–64. ISBN:9780199793563. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-12.
↑  "Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSenatusconsulta. Decrees concerning the Jews in Josephus' Antiquities". Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-11-03.
↑  Weitzman، Steven (1999-01). "Forced Circumcision and the Shifting Role of Gentiles in Hasmonean Ideology". Harvard Theological Review. ج. 92 ع. 1: 37–59. DOI:10.1017/s0017816000017843. ISSN:0017-8160. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-18. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ= (مساعدة)
↑  "Hellenism". Religion Past and Present. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-11-03.
↑  See, e.g., Fiensy, New Testament Introduction, p. 19.
↑  Charlesworth, "Why Evaluate Twenty-five Years," pp. 10-11.
↑  Juvenal 14.103–104; Tacitus, Historia 5.5.1–2; Martial 7.30.5, 7.35.3–4, 7.82.5–6, 11.94; Margaret Williams, "Jews and Jewish Communities in the Roman Empire," in Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire (Routledge, 2000), p. 325; Mary Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian (Brill, 1976), p. 431; Jack N. Lightstone, "Roman Diaspora Religion," in A Companion to Roman Religion(Blackwell, 2007), p. 362. ^
↑  Acts 15: 5-21
↑  Josephus, Life 23 §113; see also Goodman, "Galilean Judaism," p. 602; Donaldson, Paul and the Gentiles, p. 323.
↑  Peter Schäfer, The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World(Routledge, 1983, 2003), p. 150, and Judeophobia: Attitudes toward Jews in the Ancient World (Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 103, pointing out this depends on a single note on the ban as a cause for the Bar Kokhba revolt in the Historia Augusta, the historical credibility of which is often cast in doubt. Cassius Dio mentions nothing about circumcision in his account of the revolt. See also Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule, pp. 430–431, who thinks the ban makes more sense as a punitive measure after the revolt, since it "ran completely counter to the long established Roman policy of guaranteeing Jewish religious liberty." ^
↑  Schäfer, The History of the Jews, p. 150; Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule, p. 467.
↑  Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule, p. 470.
↑  Schäfer, Judeophobia, p. 103. Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule, p. 469, takes Origen as meaning that circumcision was "a solely Jewish rite" by his time.
↑  Peter Schäfer, The History of the Jews, p. 185.
↑  Several Greco-Roman writers, such as Strabo, regarded the Jews as of Egyptian descent, in what was apparently their understanding of the Exodus: Schäfer, Judeophobia, pp. 93–94.
↑  Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule, p. 430; Schäfer, Judeophobia, pp. 93–94.
↑  Lightstone, "Roman Diaspora Judaism," p. 363.
↑  Hezser, Jewish Slavery in Antiquity, p. 42; see also Hezser, "Slaves and Slavery."
↑  Schorsch, Jews and Blacks, p. 378, n. 24.
↑  See, e.g., Lerner, Religion, Secular Beliefs, and Human Rights, p. 142; Ye'or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity, pp. 88-91; Stark, God's Battalions, p. 28; Clarence-Smith, Islam, p. 39, passim; Misra, Identity and Religion, p. 91, passim. ^
↑  Firestone, An Introduction to Islam, p. 58; see also Misra, Identity and Religion, p. 172. ^
↑  Darby, A Surgical Temptation, pp. 32-33; see also Oddy, Religion in South Asia, p. 42, passim.
↑  Colley, Captives, p. 288.
↑  Lawrence, Captives of Tipu, p. 35.
↑  Yazdani، Kaveh (2014-08). "Haidar 'Ali and Tipu Sultan: Mysore's Eighteenth-century Rulers in Transition". Itinerario. ج. 38 ع. 2: 101–120. DOI:10.1017/s0165115314000370. ISSN:0165-1153. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-18. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ= (مساعدة)
↑  See, e.g., Naravane, Battles, p. 175.
↑  Daiya, Violent Belongings, pp. 69-70.
↑  "Former sex worker's tale spurs rescue mission". Gulf Times. Gulf-Times.com. 10 April 2005. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2010. "A Muslim man ran the flesh trade there in young boys and girls, most of them lured from Nepal. For two years, Raju was kept locked up, taught to dress as a girl and circumcised. Many of the other boys there were castrated."
↑  See, e.g., Lupieri, The Mandaeans.
↑  Buckley, The Great Stem of Souls, pp. 149-150.
↑  Nickerson et al., "The impact of fear"; see also Nickerson et al., "Fear of Cultural Extinction."
↑  C.G. Häberl. "The Rape of Basra: Cleansing the Iraqi Mandaeans".The Arab Washingtonian. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2010."In the city of Falluja, one of the most ancient seats of Mandaeism in the country, the thirty-five families who composed the community were ordered at gunpoint to adopt Islam shortly after the fall of the Saddam regime. The men were forcibly circumcised and the women were married off to Muslim men. Those who resisted were summarily executed."
↑  Testimony of Dr Suhaib Nashi at the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Hearing on Threats to Iraq's Communities of Antiquity, 25 July 2007; see USCIRF press release "USCIRF Hearing: Threats to Iraq's Communities of Antiquity," July 25, 2007 (issued by Judith Ingram).
↑  "fiftyplus.com" [en]. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-06-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-01-25.
↑  Jacques, The Albanians, p. 222.
↑  The Greek War of Independence the struggle for freedom from Ottoman oppression pg. 110
↑  See, e.g., Bobelian, Children of Armenia, pp. 28-29.
↑  "Armenians in Turkey 1915-1918 1,5000,000" The History Place. 2000. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
↑  Zayas, "The Istanbul Pogrom"; see also Vryonis, The Mechanism of Catastrophe, pp. 224-226, passim.
↑  Dr Tessa Hofmann (October 2002). "Armenians in Turkey Today: A critical assessment of the situation of the Armenian minority in the Turkish Republic"
↑  Zabus, Between Rites and Rights, p. 233.
↑  Carlier, Who Is a Refugee, p. 150, n. 203; see also Jwaideh, The Kurdish National Movement, p. 20.
↑  Martin van Bruinessen, Utrecht University (July 1999). "The nature and uses of violence in the Kurdish conflict". Paper presented at the International colloquium "Ethnic Construction and Political Violence", organized by the Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Cortona, July 2–3, 1999. Universiteit Utrecht. Archived from the originalon 2011-06-05. Retrieved 3 October 2010. "The Yezidi religious minority has suffered similar but perhaps even more severe forms of oppression than the Christian communities. Despised by Muslims as"devil-worshippers" and not protected by any form of official recognition, they constituted the most vulnerable community. Adult men were forcibly circumcised, their unshaven moustaches — symbol of their religious identity — cut, their property destroyed and, inevitably, many of their women abducted, forcibly Islamised and married by Muslim neighbours."
↑  Fuller, "John Rawlins"; see also DiPiero, White Men Aren't, p. 69.
↑  Quoted in Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters, p. 22.
↑  Lipton, Religious Freedom in Asia, p. 124.
1 2  "Fairfax, Sir James Oswald, (1863–1928), a Director of The Sydney Morning Herald and Sydney Mail". Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. 1 ديسمبر 2007. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-26.
↑  Guest، Gerald (13 نوفمبر 2003). "Gerald B. Guest. Review of "Saracens, Demons, and Jews:  Making Monsters in Medieval Art"  by Debra Higgs Strickland". caa.reviews. DOI:10.3202/caa.reviews.2003.103. ISSN:1543-950X. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-18.
↑  See, e.g., Glazier, Land and the Uses of Traditions, p. 25.
↑  "Man Forcibly Circumcised As Crowd Watches". www.cirp.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-11-03.
↑  Savula, Ayub. "Six ministers on violence List of Shame"
↑  Dixon, Robyn (2008-01-09). "Forced circumcision reported in Kenya"
↑  "AFP: 'Forced circumcision': the latest weapon in Kenya's ethnic strife". web.archive.org. 6 أكتوبر 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-11-03.
↑  http://www.westfm.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=183%3Apolice-save-man-from-forceful-cut&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=37c نسخة محفوظة 2012-03-13 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Boy Threatened with Death after Investigation into Circumcision Camps". www.cirp.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-11-03.
↑  "Rastafarian circumcised against his will | IOL News". www.iol.co.za (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-11-03. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
↑  "Wife held after husband's forced circumcision | IOL News". www.iol.co.za (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-11-03. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
↑  "Centre for Constitutional Rights - South Africa". web.archive.org. 19 يوليو 2011. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-11-03.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  "Forced circumcision: Son takes parents on | IOL News". www.iol.co.za (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-11-03. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
↑  "Legalbrief Today Home Page". legalbrief.co.za. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-11-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-11-03.
↑  Kepe, "'Secrets' that kill."
↑  Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Sudan: Reports of Catholic residents of Khartoum or elsewhere in Sudan being forcefully converted to Islam". Refworld (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-11-03. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
↑  Slavery in the Sudan. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN:9781137286031. مؤرشف من الأصل في 12 مايو 2020. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أكتوبر 2020. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)
↑  Otiso, Culture and Customs of Uganda, p. xvii.
↑  Heald, Manhood and Morality, p. 13.
↑  Anthony؛ Watkin، Nick (2019). Complications in Male Circumcision. Elsevier. ص. 21–23. ISBN:9780323681278. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-18.
↑  "Bagisu flee circumcision", The Monitor, Kampala, 25 August 2004. Accessed at http://allafrica.com/stories/200408250493.html "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-07-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-11-17.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Laidler، P. W. (1922-01). "7. Bantu Ritual Circumcision". Man. ج. 22: 13. DOI:10.2307/2839617. ISSN:0025-1496. مؤرشف من الأصل في 25 يناير 2020. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ= (مساعدة)
1 2  Chennells، Anthony (2007-01). "SOME VERSIONS OF RHODESIAN PASTORAL". English Studies in Africa. ج. 50 ع. 1: 13–23. DOI:10.1080/00138390709487844. ISSN:0013-8398. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-18. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ= (مساعدة)
↑  "Culture vs law: On forced circumcision," Sunday Vision, 29 June 2008
↑  Godfrey Kimono and Ronnie Kijjambu, "Mujoroto now a 'total man,'" New Vision Uganda, 27 June 2008,
↑  See, e.g., DeMello, Encyclopedia, p. 64.
↑  Sutton, The Politics of Suffering, p. 112.
↑  "Court awards AU$10,000 for wrongful circumcision". www.cirp.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-03-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-11-03.
↑  Bookman, "War and Peace."
↑  Fourth Report on War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia: Part II—Torture of Prisoners, US Department of State Dispatch, vol. 3, no. 52, 28 December 1992, quoted in Kohlmann, Al-Qaida's Jihad in Europe, p. 30. The report is available online:
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