ماكانيون
مراجع

↑  Minahan، James B (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. أي بي سي-كليو. ص. 169. ISBN:978-1-61069-017-1.
↑  Porter، Jonathan (1996). Macau, the imaginary city: culture and society, 1557 to the present. ص. 78. ISBN:9780813328362. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-21. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |عمل= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
↑  Teixeira, Manuel (1965),Os Macaenses, Macau: Imprensa Nacional; Amaro, Ana Maria (1988), Filhos da Terra, Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau, pp. 4–7; and Pina-Cabral, João de and Nelson Lourenço (1993), Em Terra de Tufões: Dinâmicas da Etnicidade Macaense, Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau, for three varying, yet converging discussions on the definition of the term Macanese. Also particularly helpful is Review of Culture No. 20 July/September (English Edition) 1994, which is devoted to the ethnography of the Macanese.
↑  Marreiros, Carlos (1994), "Alliances for the Future" in Review of Culture, No. 20 July/September (English Edition), pp. 162–172.
↑  Annabel Jackson (2003). Taste of Macau: Portuguese Cuisine on the China Coast (ط. illustrated). Hong Kong University Press. ص. x. ISBN:962-209-638-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02.
↑  João de Pina-Cabral (2002). Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao (ط. illustrated). Berg. ج. Volume 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology. ص. 39. ISBN:0-8264-5749-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-01. To be a Macanese is fundamentally to be from Macao with Portuguese ancestors, but not necessarily to be of Sino-Portuguese descent. The local community was born from Portuguese men. ... but in the beginning the woman was Goanese, Siamese, Indo-Chinese, Malay – they came to Macao in our boats. Sporadically it was a Chinese woman. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)
↑  C. A. Montalto de Jesus (1902). Historic Macao (ط. 2). Kelly & Walsh, Limited. ص. 41. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02. macao Japanese women.
↑  Austin Coates (2009). A Macao Narrative. Hong Kong University Press. ج. Volume 1 of Echoes: Classics of Hong Kong Culture and History. ص. 44. ISBN:978-962-209-077-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)
↑  Stephen A. Wurm؛ Peter Mühlhäusler؛ Darrell T. Tryon، المحررون (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Walter de Gruyter. ص. 323. ISBN:3110819724. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02.
↑  Camões Center (Columbia University. Research Institute on International Change) (1989). Camões Center Quarterly, Volume 1. The Center. ج. Volume 1 of Echoes: Classics of Hong Kong Culture and History. ص. 29. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-02-02. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)
↑  João de Pina-Cabral (2002). Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao (ط. illustrated). Berg. ج. Volume 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology. ص. 164. ISBN:0-8264-5749-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-01. I was personally told of people that, to this day, continue to hide the fact that their mothers had been lower-class Chinese women - often even tanka (fishing folk) women who had relations with Portuguese sailors and soldiers. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)
↑  João de Pina-Cabral (2002). Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao (ط. illustrated). Berg. ج. Volume 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology. ص. 165. ISBN:0-8264-5749-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-01. In fact, in those days, the matrimonial context of production was usually constituted by Chinese women of low socio-economic status who were married to or concubies of Portuguese or Macanese men. Very rarely did Chinese women of higher status agree to marry a Westerner. As Deolinda argues in one of her short stories,"8 should they have wanted to do so out of romantic infatuation, they would not be allowed to {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)
↑  João de Pina-Cabral (2002). Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao (ط. illustrated). Berg. ج. Volume 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology. ص. 164. ISBN:0-8264-5749-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-01. Henrique de Senna Fernandes, another Macanese author, wrote a short story about a tanka girl who has an affair with a Portuguese sailor. In the end, the man returns to his native country and takes their little girl with him, leaving the mother abandoned and broken-hearted. As her sailorman picks up the child, A-Chan's words are: 'Cuidadinho ... cuidadinho' ('Careful ... careful'). She resigns herself to her fate, much as she may never have recovered from the blow (1978). {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)
↑  Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). Macau: a cultural Janus (ط. illustrated). Hong Kong University Press. ص. 173. ISBN:962-209-486-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-01. Her slave-like submissiveness is her only attraction to him. A-Chan thus becomes his slave/mistress, an outlet for suppressed sexual urges. The story is an archetypical tragedy of miscegenation. Just as the Tanka community despises A-Chan's cohabitation with a foreign barbarian, Manuel's colleagues mock his 'bad taste' ('gosto degenerado') (Senna Fernandes, 1978: 15) in having a tryst with a boat girl.
↑  Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). Macau: a cultural Janus (ط. illustrated). Hong Kong University Press. ص. 173. ISBN:962-209-486-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-01. As such, the Tanka girl is nonchalantly reified and dehumanized as a thing ( coisa). Manuel reduces human relations to mere consumption not even of her physical beauty (which has been denied in the description of A-Chan), but her 'Orientalness' of being slave-like and submissive.
↑  Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). Macau: a cultural Janus (ط. illustrated). Hong Kong University Press. ص. 170. ISBN:962-209-486-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-01. We can trace this fleeting and shallow relationship in Henrique de Senna Fernandes' short story, A-Chan, A Tancareira, (Ah Chan, the Tanka Girl) (1978). Senna Fernandes (1923-), a Macanese, had written a series of novels set against the context of Macau and some of which were made into films.
↑  Of interest is the role that the amah plays in Macanese society. It is well known that local Cantonese women were often hired by the Catholic Church in Macau to act as wet-nurses for orphans in the Church's charge. These women were also hired by Macanese families to clean their houses, cook meals and care for their children. It is in these early encounters that Macanese children are first introduced to the Cantonese language and culture. Families are known to keep long-standing friendships with their amahs and in the past, young brides would sometimes bring them along with them to their new home. Nowadays Filipinas fill the role. c.f. Soares, José Caetano (1950), Macau e a Assistência (Panorama médico-social), Lisbon, Agência Geral das Colónias Divisão de Publicações e Biblioteca, and Jorge, Edith de (1993), The Wind Amongst the Ruins: A childhood in Macao, New York: Vantage Press.
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دولية:  المُعرِّف مُتعدِّد الأوجه (FAST) 
وطنية:  المكتبة القومية الإسرائيلية (J9U)  مكتبة الكونغرس (LCNAF)  قاعدة البيانات الوطنية التشيكية (NLCR AUT) 
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