إدوين هوارد آرمسترونغ
مراجع

↑   https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/awards/recipients/edison-rl.pdf. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |url= بحاجة لعنوان (مساعدة) والوسيط |title= غير موجود أو فارغ (من ويكي بيانات) (مساعدة)
↑   https://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/achievement-awards/holley-medal. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |url= بحاجة لعنوان (مساعدة) والوسيط |title= غير موجود أو فارغ (من ويكي بيانات) (مساعدة)
↑   https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/awards/recipients/moh-rl.pdf. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |url= بحاجة لعنوان (مساعدة) والوسيط |title= غير موجود أو فارغ (من ويكي بيانات) (مساعدة)
↑   https://www.ulaval.ca/notre-universite/prix-et-distinctions/doctorats-honoris-causa-de-luniversite-laval/liste-complete-des-recipiendaires-de-1864-a-aujourdhui.html. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |url= بحاجة لعنوان (مساعدة) والوسيط |title= غير موجود أو فارغ (من ويكي بيانات) (مساعدة)
1 2  "Major Armstrong Goes to Columbia". The New York Times. 7 أغسطس 1934. ص. 20. ISSN:0362-4331. The appointment of Major Edwin Howard Armstrong as Professor of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University yesterday by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, president of the university.
↑  283 U.S. 664(May 25, 1931). Fleming and Lilenfeld had advocated high vacuum. "Of critical importance in the present controversy is the effect of the presence of gas within the tube." "In consequence, the low vacuum tube is more sensitive both as a detector and as an amplifier than a tube of high vacuum." "August 20, 1912, the earliest date claimed for Langmuir, was rejected rightly, we think, by the District Court, which held that Langmuir was anticipated by Arnold in November, 1912. But before the earlier date, De Forest sought and obtained a high vacuum in the audions used as amplifiers, and observed that when the vacuum was too low the blue glow effect occurred at from 15 to 20 volts. In order to secure higher voltages from the audions used as amplifiers and to procure the requisite high vacuum, he had some of the bulbs re-exhausted while superheated. By August 1912, the Telegraph Company used De Forest amplifying audions at 54 volts, and by November, they were used by another at 67 1/2 volts. This was possible only because the tubes had thus been exhausted of gas, which would otherwise have ionized with blue glow at from 20 to 30 volts." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-12-16.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  INS (27 Jun 1945). "395,000 FM Radio Sets Must Be Replaced". Journal Gazette (بالإنجليزية). p. 6. Archived from the original on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2017-08-14 – via Newspapers.com.
↑  Man of High Fidelity by Lawrence Lessing (1956) p. 22
↑  Lessing 1956, p. 23
↑  Lessing 1956, p. 26
↑  Lessing 1956, p. 24
↑  Lessing 1956, p. 27
↑  Wu 2010، صفحة 126
↑  "What Everyone Should Know About Radio History: Part II" by Prof. J. H. Morecroft, Radio Broadcast, August 1922, pages 294-302. نسخة محفوظة 20 سبتمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Empire of the Air by Tom Lewis, 1991, pages 60-61.
1 2  Who Was Who in American History - the Military. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1975. ص. 15. ISBN:0837932017. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-05-22.
↑  The Legacies of Edwin Howard Armstrong, "E. H. Armstrong" by Thomas Sykes, 1990, page 22.
↑  DeForest Radio Co. v. General Electric Co., 283 U.S. 664 (May 25, 1931). Fleming and Lilenfeld had advocated high vacuum. "Of critical importance in the present controversy is the effect of the presence of gas within the tube." "In consequence, the low vacuum tube is more sensitive both as a detector and as an amplifier than a tube of high vacuum." "August 20, 1912, the earliest date claimed for Langmuir, was rejected rightly, we think, by the District Court, which held that Langmuir was anticipated by Arnold in November, 1912. But before the earlier date, De Forest sought and obtained a high vacuum in the audions used as amplifiers, and observed that when the vacuum was too low the blue glow effect occurred at from 15 to 20 volts. To secure higher voltages from the audions used as amplifiers and to procure the requisite high vacuum, he had some of the bulbs re-exhausted while superheated. By August 1912, the Telegraph Company used De Forest amplifying audions at 54 volts, and by November, they were used by another at 67.5 volts. This was possible only because the tubes had been exhausted of gas, which would otherwise have ionized with blue glow at from 20 to 30 volts." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-12-16.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  "Operating Features of the Audion" by E. H. Armstrong, Electrical World, December 12, 1914, pages 1149-1152. نسخة محفوظة 16 ديسمبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Armstrong، E. H. (2 أغسطس 1917). "Operating Features of the Audion". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. ج. 27 ع. 1: 215–243. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1916.tb55188.x. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-20.
↑  Lewis (1991), pages 77, 87.
↑  Ibid., page 192.
↑  Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry by W. Rupert Maclaurin, 1949, page 122.
↑  Radio Manufacturers of the 1920s: Volume 3 by Alan Douglas, 1991, page 3. Organized broadcasting barely existed when the initial amateur and experimental licenses where granted. By 1922 a broadcast boom in the US saw tremendous growth in the sale of radio receivers to the general public. Westinghouse tried to claim that these sales infringed on its rights, as they should be considered "commercial", but the courts disagreed. Thus, the companies that held these "amateur and experimental" license rights found they now had a valuable asset.