حضارة
مراجع

1 2  أحمد فاضل العباسي (2021). كتاب الحاضرة. بغداد،العراق.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان بدون ناشر (link)
↑  Redirecting to Civilization Story نسخة محفوظة 17 سبتمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Nikiforuk، Andrew (2012). The Energy of Slaves: Oil and the new servitude. Greystone Books.
↑  Moseley، Michael (1975). The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization. Menlo Park: Cummings. ISBN:978-0-8465-4800-3.
↑  Mann، Charles C. (يونيو 2011). "Göbekli Tepe". ناشونال جيوغرافيك. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-02-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-08.
↑  Grinin, Leonid E (Ed) et al. (2004), "The Early State and its Alternatives and Analogues" (Ichitel)
↑  Bondarenko, Dmitri et al. (2004), "Alternatives to Social Evolution" in Grinin op cit.
↑  Bogucki, Peter (1999), "The Origins of Human Society" (Wiley Blackwell)
↑  Beck، Roger B.؛ Linda Black؛ Larry S. Krieger؛ Phillip C. Naylor؛ Dahia Ibo Shabaka (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, Ill.: McDougal Littell. ISBN:978-0-395-87274-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-07.
↑  Leutwyler، Kristen. "American Plains Indians had Health and Height". Scientific American. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-04-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-04-20.
↑  Cambridge University Historical Series, An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects , p.40:
Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era.
↑  Caltron J.H Hayas, Christianity and Western Civilization (1953),Stanford University Press, p.2:
That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization — the civilization of western Europe and of America— have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo - Graeco - Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.
↑  Horst Hutter, University of New York, Shaping the Future: Nietzsche's New Regime of the Soul And Its Ascetic Practices (2004), p.111:three mighty founders of Western culture, namely Socrates, Jesus, and Plato.
↑  Fred Reinhard Dallmayr, Dialogue Among Civilizations: Some Exemplary Voices (2004), p.22: Western civilization is also sometimes described as "Christian" or "Judaeo- Christian" civilization.
↑  Colburn، Forrest D (2002). Latin America at the End of Politics. دار نشر جامعة برنستون. ISBN:978-0-691-09181-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-16. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)
↑  "Latin America." قاموس أكسفورد الإنجليزي الجديد. Pearsall, J., ed. 2001. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; p. 1040: "The parts of the أمريكتان where Spanish or Portuguese is the main national language (i.e. المكسيك and, in effect, the whole of أمريكا الوسطى and أمريكا الجنوبية including many of the الكاريبي islands)."
↑  Huntington, Samuel P. (1991). Clash of Civilizations (ط. 6th). Washington, DC. ص. 38–39. ISBN:978-0-684-84441-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-17 – عبر http://www.mercaba.org/SANLUIS/Historia/Universal/Huntington,%20Samuel%20-%20El%20choque%20de%20civilizaciones.pdf (in Spanish). The origin of western civilization is usually dated to 700 or 800 AD. In general, researchers consider that it has three main components, in Europe, North America and Latin America. [...] However, Latin America has followed a quite different development path from Europe and North America. Although it is a scion of European civilization, it also incorporates, to varying degrees, elements of indigenous American civilizations, absent from North America and Europe. It has had a corporatist and authoritarian culture that Europe had to a much lesser extent and America did not have at all. Both Europe and North America felt the effects of the Reformation and combined Catholic and Protestant culture. Historically, Latin America has been only Catholic, although this may be changing. [...] Latin America could be considered, or a sub-civilization within Western civilization, or a separate civilization, intimately related to the West and divided as to its belonging to it. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: روابط خارجية في |عبر= (مساعدة)صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان بدون ناشر (link)
↑  Medieval visitors, like the Spanish traveller Pedro Tafur in 1436, viewed them however as "the Granaries of Joseph" (Pedro Tafur, Andanças e viajes نسخة محفوظة 29 June 2011 على موقع واي باك مشين.).
↑  Alex، Bridget. "Which Ancient City is Considered the Oldest in the World?". Discover. Kalmbach Media CO. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  Johandi، Andreas (2012). "Mesopotamian Influences on the Old Persian Royal Ideology and Religion: The Example of Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions" (PDF). ENDC Proceedings. ج. 16: 159–179. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-06-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  Jacobsen، Thorkild. "Mesopotamian Religion". Britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-07-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  David، Katie (2014). "From Babylon to Crete, a Millennium of Influence: The Creation of the Gortyn Law Code" (PDF). Brandeis.edu. Brandeis University. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2017-08-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  Papakitsos، Evangelos C. (2020). "Inquiring into the Origin of the Minoan Civilization via Systems Modelling in Humanities". Social Science and Humanities Research. ج. 3 ع. 5: 40–58. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  "Ancient Mathematical Sources". Britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-07-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  Marvin Perry؛ Myrna Chase؛ James Jacob؛ Margaret Jacob؛ Theodore H. Von Laue (1 يناير 2012). Western Civilization: Since 1400. Cengage Learning. ص. XXIX. ISBN:978-1-111-83169-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-01-11.
↑  Spielvogel، Jackson J. (2016). Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715 (ط. Cengage Learning). ص. 156. ISBN:978-1-305-63347-6.
↑  Neill، Thomas Patrick (1957). Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2 (ط. Newman Press). ص. 224.
↑  O'Collins، Gerald؛ Farrugia، Maria (2003). Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity. Oxford University Press. ص. v (preface). ISBN:978-0-19-925995-3.
↑  Roman Catholicism نسخة محفوظة 6 May 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين., "Roman Catholicism, Christian church that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization". موسوعة بريتانيكا
↑  Caltron J.H Hayas, Christianity and Western Civilization (1953), Stanford University Press, p. 2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo–Graeco–Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.
↑  Cameron 2009.
↑  Meyendorff 1982.
1 2  Heinle & Schlaich 1996
↑  Meyendorff 1982، صفحة 19.
↑  Anastos 1962، صفحة 409.
↑  Netton, Ian Richard (19 Dec 2013). Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization and Religion (بالإنجليزية). Routledge. pp. 80–81. ISBN:978-1-135-17967-0. Archived from the original on 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
↑  "Largest Buddhist Temple". Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-04-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  Zakharov، Anton O. (2012). "The Śailendras Reconsidered" (PDF). ISEAS. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-08-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
1 2  Dellios، Rosita؛ Ferguson، James R. (2015). "Thinking Through Srivijaya: Polycentric Networks in Traditional Southeast Asia" (PDF). Bond University, Australia. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-08-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  Takakasu، Junjiro (1896). "A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago". Oxford University Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  Takakusu، Junjiro (1896). "An Introduction to I-Tsing's Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671-695)". Oxford, The Clarendon press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  Sen، Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. ص. 34. ISBN:978-9-38060-734-4.
↑  Takakasu، Junjiro (1896). "A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago". Oxford University Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  "St Basil's Cathedral". لونلي بلانيت. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-03-10.
↑  "Largest Religious Structure". Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  Bang، Peter Fibiger؛ Bayly، C. A.؛ Scheidel، Walter (2020). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires (ط. Volume Two). Oxford University Press. ص. 430–448. ISBN:978-0-19-753278-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-06-06.
↑  Evans، Damian؛ Pottier، Christophe؛ Fletcher، Roland؛ Hensley، Scott؛ Tapley، Ian؛ Milne، Anthony؛ Barbetti، Michael (4 سبتمبر 2007). "A Comprehensive Archaeological Map of the World's Largest Preindustrial Settlement Complex at Angkor, Cambodia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. ج. 104 ع. 36: 14277–14282. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10414277E. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0702525104. PMC:1964867. PMID:17717084.
↑  A. Leo Oppenheim (1964). Ancient Mesopotamia (PDF). The University of Chicago Press. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-08-15.
↑  Curry، Deborah A.؛ Blandy، Susan Griswold؛ Martin، Lynne M. (20 فبراير 1994). Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Academic Libraries: Multicultural Issues. Haworth Press. ISBN:9781560246565. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-17 – عبر Google Books.
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