حدة الإدراك
مراجع

1 2 3  نور الدين خليل (2008). قاموس الأديان الكبرى الثلاثة: اليهودية والمسيحية والإسلامية (بالعربية والإنجليزية). مراجعة: محمود آدم. الإسكندرية: مؤسسة حورس الدولية للطباعة والنشر. ص. 136. ISBN:978-977-368-087-9. OCLC:166560426. OL:45068455M. QID:Q125055340.
↑  منير البعلبكي؛ رمزي البعلبكي (2008). المورد الحديث: قاموس إنكليزي عربي (بالعربية والإنجليزية) (ط. 1). بيروت: دار العلم للملايين. ص. 227. ISBN:978-9953-63-541-5. OCLC:405515532. OL:50197876M. QID:Q112315598.
↑  منير وهيبة الخازن (1956)، معجم مصطلحات علم النفس: الأول من نوعه في اللغة العربية مرتباً ترتياً هجائياً باللغات الإنجليزية والفرنسية والعربية (بالعربية والإنجليزية)، بيروت: دار النشر للجامعيين، ص. 32، OCLC:1074945986، QID:Q121079600
↑  S. A. Jain 1992، صفحة 16.
↑  Taves, Ann  ‏. (1999). Fits, Trances, and Visions: Experiencing Religion and Explaining Experience from Wesley to James. Princeton University Press. p. 126. (ردمك 0-691-01024-2)
↑  راي هايمان. (1985). A Critical Historical Overview of Parapsychology. In بول كيرتز. A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. pp. 3-96. (ردمك 0-87975-300-5)
↑  Roeckelein, Jon. (2006). Elsevier's Dictionary of Psychological Theories. Elsevier Science. p. 450. (ردمك 0-444-51750-2)
↑  Hansel, C. E. M  ‏. The Search for a Demonstration of ESP. In بول كيرتز. (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. pp. 97-127. (ردمك 0-87975-300-5)
↑  جوزيف مكيب. (1920). Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined. Chapter The Subtle Art of Clairvoyance. London: Watts & Co. pp. 93-108
↑  Tuckett, Ivor Lloyd  ‏. (1911). The Evidence for the Supernatural: A Critical Study Made with "Uncommon Sense". Chapter Telepathy and Clairvoyance. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. pp. 107-142
↑  Cox، W. S. (1936). "An experiment in ESP". Journal of Experimental Psychology. ج. 19 ع. 4: 437. DOI:10.1037/h0054630.
↑  Jastrow, Joseph  ‏. (1938). ESP, House of Cards. The American Scholar. Vol. 8, No. 1. pp. 13-22. "Rhine's results fail to be confirmed. At Colgate University (40, 000 tests, 7 subjects), at Chicago (extensive series on 315 students), at Southern Methodist College (75, 000 tests), at Glasgow, Scotland (6, 650 tests), at London University (105, 000 tests), not a single individual was found who under rigidly conducted experiments could score above chance. At Stanford University it has been convincingly shown that the conditions favorable to the intrusion of subtle errors produce above-chance records which come down to chance when sources of error are eliminated."
↑ Hansel, C. E. M ‏ . The Search for a Demonstration of ESP . In بول كيرتز. (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology . Prometheus Books. pp. 105-127. ( ردمك 0-87975-300-5 )
Adam، E. T. (1938). "A summary of some negative experiments". Journal of Parapsychology. ج. 2: 232–236.
Crumbaugh, J. C. (1938). An experimental study of extra-sensory perception. Masters thesis. Southern Methodist University.
Heinlein، C. P؛ Heinlein، J. H. (1938). "Critique of the premises of statistical methodology of parapsychology". Journal of Parapsychology. ج. 5: 135–148. DOI:10.1080/00223980.1938.9917558.
Willoughby, R. R. (1938). Further card-guessing experiments. Journal of Psychology 18: 3-13.
↑  Gulliksen, Harold  ‏. (1938). Extra-Sensory Perception: What Is It?. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 43, No. 4. pp. 623-634. "Investigating Rhine's methods, we find that his mathematical methods are wrong and that the effect of this error would in some cases be negligible and in others very marked. We find that many of his experiments were set up in a manner which would tend to increase, instead of to diminish, the possibility of systematic clerical errors; and lastly, that the ESP cards can be read from the back."
↑  Wynn, Charles; Wiggins, Arthur. (2001). Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins. Joseph Henry Press. p. 156. (ردمك 978-0-309-07309-7) "In 1940, Rhine coauthored a book, Extrasensory Perception After Sixty Years in which he suggested that something more than mere guess work was involved in his experiments. He was right! It is now known that the experiments conducted in his laboratory contained serious methodological flaws. Tests often took place with minimal or no screening between the subject and the person administering the test. Subjects could see the backs of cards that were later discovered to be so cheaply printed that a faint outline of the symbol could be seen. Furthermore, in face-to-face tests, subjects could see card faces reflected in the tester's eyeglasses or cornea. They were even able to (consciously or unconsciously) pick up clues from the tester's facial expression and voice inflection. In addition, an observant subject could identify the cards by certain irregularities like warped edges, spots on the backs, or design imperfections."
↑  تيرينس هاينز. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 122. (ردمك 978-1573929790) "The procedural errors in the Rhine experiments have been extremely damaging to his claims to have demonstrated the existence of ESP. Equally damaging has been the fact that the results have not replicated when the experiments have been conducted in other laboratories."
↑  Hazelgrove, Jenny. (2000). Spiritualism and British Society Between the Wars. Manchester University Press. p. 204. (ردمك 978-0719055591)
↑  Russell, A. S; Benn, John Andrews. (1938). Discovery the Popular Journal of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press. pp. 305-306
↑  Soal, Samuel  ‏. A Repetition of Dr. Rhine's work with Mrs. Eileen Garrett. Proc. S.P.R. Vol. XLII. pp. 84-85. Also quoted in أنطوني فلو. (1955). A New Approach To Psychical Research. Watts & Co. pp. 90-92.
↑  Rawcliffe, Donovan. (1988). Occult and Supernatural Phenomena. Dover Publications. pp. 367-463. (ردمك 0-486-20503-7)
↑  غراهام ريد. (1988). The Psychology of Anomalous Experience: A Cognitive Approach. Prometheus Books. (ردمك 0-87975-435-4)
↑  Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren. (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 152-168. (ردمك 0-8058-0508-7)
↑  Friedlander, Michael W. (1998). At the Fringes of Science. Westview Press. p. 119. (ردمك 0-8133-2200-6) "Parapsychology has failed to gain general scientific acceptance even for its improved methods and claimed successes, and it is still treated with a lopsided ambivalence among the scientific community. Most scientists write it off as pseudoscience unworthy of their time."
↑  ماسيمو بيجليوتشي؛ Boudry, Maarten  ‏. (2013). Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University Of Chicago Press p. 158. (ردمك 978-0-226-05196-3) "Many observers refer to the field as a "pseudoscience". When mainstream scientists say that the field of parapsychology is not scientific, they mean that no satisfying naturalistic cause-and-effect explanation for these supposed effects has yet been proposed and that the field's experiments cannot be consistently replicated."
↑  توماس غيلوفيتش. (1993). How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. Free Press. p. 160. (ردمك 978-0-02-911706-4)
↑  كريس فرينش؛ Wilson, Krissy. (2007). Cognitive Factors Underlying Paranormal Beliefs and Experiences. In Sala, Sergio. Tall Tales About the Mind and Brain: Separating Fact From Fiction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3-22. (ردمك 978-0198568773)
↑  ديفيد مايرز. (2006). Psychology. Worth Publishers; 8th edition. (ردمك 978-0716764281)
↑  Blom، Jan Dirk (2010). A Dictionary of Hallucinations. New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. ص. 99. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-1223-7. ISBN:978-1-4419-1222-0. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-01-11. Clairvoyance

Also known as lucidity, telesthesia, and cryptestesia. Clairvoyance is French for seeing clearly. The term is used in the parapsychological literature to denote a * visual or * compound hallucination attributable to a metaphysical source. It is therefore interpreted as * telepathic, * veridical or at least * coincidental hallucination.

Reference
Guily, R.E. (1991) Harper's encyclopedia of mystical and paranormal experience. New York, NY: Castle Books.
| ع ن ما وراء علم النفس | ع ن ما وراء علم النفس |
| --- | --- |
الخطوط العريضة: الخطوط العريضة
مواضيع:  Apparitional experience  الإسقاط النجمي  الهالة  Bilocation  حدة الإدراك  Deathbed phenomena  Dermo-optical perception  Dream telepathy  الإكتوپلازم  ظاهرة الصوت الإلكتروني  إدراك خارج الحواس  تجربة الحقل الكامل  الأشباح  هالة كيرليان  التحليق  Materialization  الوساطة الروحية  تجربة الاقتراب من الموت  Orb  تجربة الخروج من الجسد  حالة پام رينولدز  Parapsychology research at SRI  Past life regression  Plant perception (paranormal)  الروح الشريرة  بصيرة  الوسيط الروحاني  Psychic detective  Psychic reading  الجراحة الوهمية  التحريك العقلي  Psychometry  Pyrokinesis  تناسخ الأرواح  الرؤية عن بعد  الاستبصار بالماضي  إدراك خارج الحواس  التسرب الحسي  Spoon bending  التخاطر  التصوير الفكري  الزينوجلوسيا  بطاقات زينر 
منظمات نشطة:  الجمعية الأمريكية للأبحاث النفسية  Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena  College of Psychic Studies  Institut Métapsychique International  Institute of Noetic Sciences  International Association for Near-Death Studies  Koestler Parapsychology Unit  Parapsychological Association  Parapsychology Foundation  Rhine Research Center  جمعية الأبحاث النفسية  The Ghost Club 
منظمات سابقة:  American Psychical Institute  British College of Psychic Science  International Club for Psychical Research  International Institute for Psychical Research  London Dialectical Society  Metropolitan Psychical Society  National Laboratory of Psychical Research  Oxford Phasmatological Society  Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory  Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures 
أشخاص:  قائمة المتخصصين في ما وراء علم النفس  المشككون في ما وراء علم النفس 
منشورات:  An Experiment with Time  Extrasensory Perception  Irreducible Mind  Journal of Near-Death Studies  Journal of Parapsychology  Journal of Scientific Exploration  Life After Life (book)  Life Before Life  Mental Radio  Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence For Past Lives  Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind  The Roots of Coincidence  Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation  Varieties of Anomalous Experience 
  التصنيف   كومنز :   التصنيف   كومنز 
بوابة خوارق
| 0 | 1 |
| --- | --- |
ضبط استنادي :   
صورة لمستبصر وقارئ شخصيات في عرض متنقل بريطاني في أربعينيات القرن الماضي ضمن مجموعة آرثر جيمس فينويك (1878-1957).