المجموعة الفردانية Q
مراجع

↑  Estes, Roberta (12 Sep 2020). "Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches". DNAeXplained - Genetic Genealogy (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2023-09-21. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Zegura، S. L.؛ Karafet، TM؛ Zhivotovsky، LA؛ Hammer، MF (2004). "High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas". Molecular Biology and Evolution. ج. 21 ع. 1: 164–75. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID:14595095.
↑  Malhi، RS؛ Gonzalez-Oliver، A؛ Schroeder، KB؛ Kemp، BM؛ Greenberg، JA؛ Dobrowski، SZ؛ Smith، DG؛ Resendez، A؛ Karafet، T (2008). "Distribution of Y chromosomes among native North Americans: a study of Athapaskan population history". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. ج. 137 ع. 4: 412–24. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.20883. PMC:2584155. PMID:18618732.
↑  "Frequency Distribution of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q M3". GeneTree. 2010. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-11-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-01-30.
↑  Rasmussen، Morten؛ Li، Yingrui؛ Lindgreen، Stinus؛ Pedersen، Jakob Skou؛ Albrechtsen، Anders؛ Moltke، Ida؛ Metspalu، Mait؛ Metspalu، Ene؛ وآخرون (فبراير 2010). "Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo". Nature. ج. 463 ع. 7282: 757–762. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..757R. DOI:10.1038/nature08835. PMC:3951495. PMID:20148029.
↑  Katharina Olofsson، Jill؛ وآخرون (2015). "Peopling of the North Circumpolar Region – Insights from Y Chromosome STR and SNP Typing of Greenlanders". PLOS ONE. ج. 10 ع. 1: e0116573. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1016573O. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0116573. PMC:4312058. PMID:25635810.
↑  Hammer؛ وآخرون (ديسمبر 2006). "Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases". Forensic Sci. Int. ج. 164 ع. 1: 45–55. DOI:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.013. PMID:16337103.
↑  Vullo، Carlos؛ وآخرون (2014). "Association between Y haplogroups and autosomal AIMs reveals intra-population substructure in Bolivian populations". Int J Legal Med. ج. 129 ع. 4: 673–680. DOI:10.1007/s00414-014-1025-x. PMID:24878616. S2CID:2906322.
↑  Söchtig، Jens؛ وآخرون (2015). "Genomic insights on the ethno-history of the Maya and the 'Ladinos' from Guatemala". BMC Genomics. ج. 16 ع. 1: 131. DOI:10.1186/s12864-015-1339-1. PMC:4422311. PMID:25887241. => Guatemala population consists of about 40% Tribal Natives (Mayans)+60% Native (Spanish Speaking). According to this paper, 89% of Mayan and 25% of Ladinos belong to Y-DNA Q. Thus, 40*0.89+60*0.25=50.6%
1 2 3 4  Battaglia؛ وآخرون (2013). "The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q". PLOS ONE. ج. 8 ع. 8: e71390. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...871390B. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0071390. PMC:3749222. PMID:23990949.
↑  Gaviria، A.؛ وآخرون (2013). "Characterization and Haplotype analysis of 11 Y-STR loci in Ecuadorian population". Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. ج. 4 ع. 1: e310–e311. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.158.
↑  Martínez-Cortés، G؛ وآخرون (2012). "Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages". J. Hum. Genet. ج. 57 ع. 9: 568–74. DOI:10.1038/jhg.2012.67. PMID:22832385.
↑  Lovo-Gómez، J؛ وآخرون (سبتمبر 2007). "The genetic male legacy from El Salvador". Forensic Sci. Int. ج. 171 ع. 2–3: 198–203. DOI:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.005. PMID:16916590.
↑  Grugni (2015). "Exploring the Y Chromosomal Ancestry of Modern Panamanians". PLOS ONE. ج. 10 ع. 12: e0144223. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044223G. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0144223. PMC:4670172. PMID:26636572.
↑  Rojas، Win؛ وآخرون (2010). "Genetic Make Up and Structure of Colombian Populations by Means of Uniparental and Biparental DNA Markers". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. ج. 143 ع. 1: 13–20. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.21270. PMID:20734436.=> (DANE, 2006) 86% of the whole Colombian population self-reported as of Mixed Ancestry, 3.4% as Native American, 10.5% as African-Columbian. In this paper, 12% (114/954) of MA, 95.7% (135/141) of NA, and 23.8% (5/21) of AC are turned out to be Y-DNA Q. Thus, 86*0.12+3.4*0.957+10.5*0.238=16.1%
↑  Núñez، Carolina؛ وآخرون (2012). "Y chromosome haplogroup diversity in a Mestizo population of Nicaragua". Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. ج. 6 ع. 6: e192–e195. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.011. PMID:22770600. The author revised his previous paper, genotyping 2 more samples as haplogroup Q by Y-SNP test.
↑  Corach، Daniel؛ وآخرون (2010). "Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA". Annals of Human Genetics. ج. 74 ع. 1: 65–76. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x. hdl:11336/14301. PMID:20059473. S2CID:5908692.
↑  Ramallo؛ وآخرون (ديسمبر 2009). "Comparison of Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies in eight Provinces of Argentina". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. ج. 2 ع. 1: 431–432. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.047.
↑  Villalta، M.؛ Rodriguez، A.؛ González، L.؛ Arce، V.؛ Arrieta، G.؛ Morales، A.؛ Gusmão، L.؛ Espinoza، M. (أغسطس 2008). "Haplotype data for 12 Y-chromosome STR loci from Costa Rica". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. ج. 1 ع. 1: 252–254. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.101.
↑  Palha، T.؛ وآخرون (2012). "Disclosing the Genetic Structure of Brazil through Analysis of Male Lineages with Highly Discriminating Haplotypes". PLOS ONE. ج. 7 ع. 7: e40007. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...740007P. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0040007. PMC:3393733. PMID:22808085.=> about 80 out of 2,024 (3.95%) samples in the paper collected from all the regions of Brazil can be classified as Y-DNA Q.
↑  Jeffrey، T.؛ وآخرون (يناير 2002). "The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. ج. 70 ع. 1: 192–206. DOI:10.1086/338457. PMC:384887. PMID:11731934. The SNPs used in the paper are P-M45, R1a1-M17, Q1a2-M3, and other xP-M45 SNPs. And the author mentions that, among ethnic groups in the paper, R1-M173 is harbored only in some eastern Siberian Udegeys and Koryaks and Native Americans. Also, R2 (distributed in India and its neighbours) cannot be found in far east Siberia. Thus, P-M45 except some samples mentioned above virtually means Q-M242 (xM3). In the paper, 35.3% of Nivkhs and 20.8% of Chukchi people and 18.2% of Siberian Eskimos are shown in P-M45, and 12.5% of Chukchis and 21.2% of Siberian Eskimos are in Q-M3. All of them can be estimated to be in haplogroup Q.
↑  Pakendorf، Brigitte؛ Novgorodov، Innokentij N.؛ Osakovskij، Vladimir L.؛ Danilova، Al’Bina P.؛ Protod’Jakonov، Artur P.؛ Stoneking، Mark (2006). "Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts". Human Genetics. ج. 120 ع. 3: 334–353. DOI:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. PMID:16845541. S2CID:31651899.
↑  Kharkov، V. N.؛ Stepanov، V. A.؛ Medvedeva، O. F.؛ Spiridonova، M. G.؛ Voevoda، M. I.؛ Tadinova، V. N.؛ Puzyrev، V. P. (2007). "Gene Pool Differences between Northern and Southern Altaians Inferred from the Data on Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups". Genetika. ج. 43 ع. 5: 675–687. DOI:10.1134/S1022795407050110. PMID:17633562. S2CID:566825.
1 2  Hammer، Michael F.؛ Karafet، Tatiana M.؛ Park، Hwayong؛ Omoto، Keiichi؛ Harihara، Shinji؛ Stoneking، Mark؛ Horai، Satoshi (2005). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. ج. 51 ع. 1: 47–58. DOI:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID:16328082.
↑  Wen B، Li H، Lu D، وآخرون (سبتمبر 2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature. ج. 431 ع. 7006: 302–5. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..302W. DOI:10.1038/nature02878. PMID:15372031. S2CID:4301581. – Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations
↑  Su، Bing؛ Xiao، Chunjie؛ Deka، Ranjan؛ Seielstad، Mark T.؛ Kangwanpong، Daoroong؛ Xiao، Junhua؛ Lu، Daru؛ Underhill، Peter؛ وآخرون (2000). "Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas". Human Genetics. ج. 107 ع. 6: 582–90. DOI:10.1007/s004390000406. PMID:11153912. S2CID:36788262.
1 2  Gayden، Tenzin؛ وآخرون (مايو 2007). "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow". The American Journal of Human Genetics. ج. 80 ع. 5: 884–894. DOI:10.1086/516757. PMC:1852741. PMID:17436243.
↑  Kim، Soon-Hee؛ وآخرون (2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. ج. 2 ع. 1: 10. DOI:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC:3087676. PMID:21463511.
↑  Karafet، Tatiana M.؛ Hallmark، Brian؛ Cox، Murray P.؛ وآخرون (2010). "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. ج. 27 ع. 8: 1833–1844. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msq063. PMID:20207712.
↑  Trejaut، J.A. (2014). "Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia". BMC Genetics. ج. 15: 77. DOI:10.1186/1471-2156-15-77. PMC:4083334. PMID:24965575.
1 2  "The Y Chromosome Consortium 2008". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-09-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-07-17.
↑  Cristofaro؛ وآخرون (2013). "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge". PLOS ONE. ج. 8 ع. 10: e76748. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...876748D. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. PMC:3799995. PMID:24204668.
↑  Grugni، Viola؛ وآخرون (2012). "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians". PLOS ONE. ج. 7 ع. 7: e41252. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741252G. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC:3399854. PMID:22815981.
1 2  Regueiro، M.؛ Cadenas، A.M.؛ Gayden، T.؛ Underhill، P.A.؛ Herrera، R.J. (2006). "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration". Human Heredity. ج. 61 ع. 3: 132–143. DOI:10.1159/000093774. PMID:16770078. S2CID:7017701.
1 2 3  Bekada، Asmahan؛ وآخرون (2013). "Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape". PLOS ONE. ج. 8 ع. 2: e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. PMC:3576335. PMID:23431392.
↑  The frequency of Q is 4% (6/150, all Q-M25) in Regueiro 2006, in which it is 9.1% (3/33) in north Iran and 2.6% (3/117) in south Iran. But, since more people live in the northern regions, if recalculated by population weights, the frequency will reach about 6%. It is also 6.2% (35/566) in Bekada 2013 with a large-scale sampling.
↑  Al-Zahery، Nadia؛ وآخرون (2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology. ج. 11 ع. 1: 288. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..288A. DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. PMC:3215667. PMID:21970613.
↑  Cadenas AM، Zhivotovsky LA، Cavalli-Sforza LL، Underhill PA، Herrera RJ (مارس 2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. ج. 16 ع. 3: 374–86. DOI:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID:17928816.
1 2  Abu-Amero، Khaled K.؛ Hellani، Ali؛ Gonzalez، Ana M.؛ Larruga، Jose M؛ Cabrera، Vicente M؛ Underhill، Peter A (2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions". BMC Genetics. ج. 10 ع. 1: 59. DOI:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC:2759955. PMID:19772609.
↑  Firasat، Sadaf؛ Khaliq، Shagufta؛ Mohyuddin، Aisha؛ Papaioannou، Myrto؛ Tyler-Smith، Chris؛ Underhill، Peter A؛ Ayub، Qasim (2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. ج. 15 ع. 1: 121–126. DOI:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC:2588664. PMID:17047675.
↑  Sengupta، Sanghamitra؛ Zhivotovsky، Lev A.؛ King، Roy؛ Mehdi، S.Q.؛ Edmonds، Christopher A.؛ Cheryl-، Cheryl-Emiliane T.؛ Chow، Emiliane T.؛ Lin، Alice A.؛ وآخرون (2006). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". The American Journal of Human Genetics. ج. 78 ع. 2: 202–221. DOI:10.1086/499411. PMC:1380230. PMID:16400607.
↑  Malyarchuk، B. A.؛ وآخرون (2008). "Gene Pool Structure of Russian Populations from the European Part of Russia Inferred from the Data on Y Chromosome Haplogroups Distribution". Russian Journal of Genetics. ج. 44 ع. 2: 187–192. DOI:10.1134/S1022795408020105. S2CID:28165493.
↑  Khar'kov، VN؛ وآخرون (أغسطس 2005). "Frequencies of Y chromosome binary haplogroups in Belarussians". Genetika. ج. 41 ع. 8: 1132–6. DOI:10.1007/s11177-005-0182-x. PMID:16161635. S2CID:1357824.
↑  "Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-01.
↑  Ehler، Edvard؛ وآخرون (يونيو 2011). "Y-chromosomal diversity of the Valachs from the Czech Republic: model for isolated population in Central Europe". Croat Med J. ج. 52 ع. 3: 358–367. DOI:10.3325/cmj.2011.52.358. PMC:3131682. PMID:21674832.
↑  "Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-04-20.
↑  "Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-04-20.
↑  Varzari، Alexander؛ وآخرون (2013). "Paleo-Balkan and Slavic Contributions to the Genetic Pool of Moldavians: Insights from the Y Chromosome". PLOS ONE. ج. 8 ع. 1: e53731. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...853731V. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0053731. PMC:3547065. PMID:23341985.
↑  Karachanak، Sena؛ وآخرون (2013). "Y-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry". PLOS ONE. ج. 8 ع. 3: e56779. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856779K. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. PMC:3590186. PMID:23483890.
↑  Csányi، B.؛ وآخرون (يوليو 2008). "Y-Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian-Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin". Annals of Human Genetics. ج. 72 ع. 4: 519–534. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x. PMID:18373723. S2CID:13217908.
↑  Hungarian Bukovina نسخة محفوظة 2023-04-25 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Q-L712 Subclades of haplogroup Q-M25: Q-L712, Q-L715, Q-L713, Q-YP789 نسخة محفوظة 2023-04-25 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-01-19.
1 2  David K. Faux, 2007, The Genetic Link of the Viking – Era Norse to Central Asia: An Assessment of the Y Chromosome DNA, Archaeological, Historical and Linguistic Evidence, http://www.davidkfaux.org/CentralAsiaRootsofScandinavia-Y-DNAEvidence.pdf نسخة محفوظة 2024-01-22 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-12-03.
↑  Allison Mann, Vikings, merchants, and pirates at the top of the world : Y-chromosomal signatures of recent and ancient migrations in the Faroe Islands, MA Thesis of University of Louisville, 2012.
↑  Shetland Islands Haplogroups R1a & Q نسخة محفوظة 2023-12-03 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-12-01.
↑  "Family Tree DNA - My FamilyTree DNA Latvia Project Website". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-04-20.
↑  "Family Tree DNA - LITHUANIAN DNA". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-07-09.
1 2 3 4  Maciamo. "Eupedia". Eupedia (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2024-02-13. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
ج. روبرت أوبينهايمر، عالم الفيزياء الأمريكي الذي قاد فريق من العُلماء لتطوير السلاح الذَّري ضمن مشروع مانهاتن، ينتمي للسُّلالة Q