عادم الديزل
المراجع والملاحظات

1 2 3  وصلة مرجع: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0207.html.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10  Lippmann، Morton، المحرر (2009). Environmental Toxicants (PDF). ص. 553, 555, 556, 562. DOI:10.1002/9780470442890. ISBN:9780470442890. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2025-01-13. composition can vary markedly with fuel composition, engine type, operating conditions ... combustion of petroleum fuel produces primarily carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen ... The health risks lie in the small, invisible or poorly visible particles ... carbon (EC) core of diesel soot ... serves as a nucleus for condensation of organic compounds from unburned or incompletely burned fuel ... it still appears that nitrated PAHs are the most predominant bacterial mutagens
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↑  Lean، Geoffrey (19 يوليو 2013). "Why is killer diesel still poisoning our air?". The Telegraph. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-10-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-06-05. Much of the problem is down to EU emission standards, which have long allowed diesel engines to emit much more nitrogen dioxide than petrol ones.
↑  Carslaw D., Beevers؛ S., Westmoreland E.؛ Williams, M.؛ Tate, J.؛ Murrells, T.؛ Stedman, J.؛ Li, Y.؛ Grice, S.؛ Kent A & Tsagatakis, I. (2011). Trends in NOX and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK. London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. However, vehicles registered from 2005–2010 emit similar or higher levels of NOx compared with vehicles before 1995. In this respect, NOx emissions from diesel cars have changed little over a period of about 20 years.
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1 2  Pearce, Fred. "Devil in the diesel – Lorries belch out what may be the most". New Scientist (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2018-12-05. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
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↑  Pubchem. "4-Nitrobiphenyl | C6H5C6H4NO2 - PubChem". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-05-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-10-11. Acute (short-term) exposure ... results in irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes, ... Chronic (long-term) exposure ... has resulted in effects on the peripheral and central nervous systems and the liver and kidney.
1 2 3 4 5  Report on Carcinogens Background Document for Diesel Exhaust Particulates (PDF). National Toxicology Program. 3 ديسمبر 1998. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2022-10-02. Concentration (ng/mg extract) ... Concentration (μg/g of particles)
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↑  "The health costs of air pollution from cars and vans". Global Action Plan (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2024-07-30. Retrieved 2024-09-29. the health damage associated with diesel vehicle emissions are …… at least 5 times greater than those associated with petrol vehicles.
1 2  "Diesel exhausts do cause cancer, says WHO - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. 12 يونيو 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-09-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-22.
1 2  "WHO: Diesel Exhaust Causes Lung Cancer". Medpage Today. 12 يونيو 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-06-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-22.
1 2  Nawrot، TS؛ Perez، L؛ Künzli، N؛ Munters، E؛ Nemery، B (2011). "Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: comparative risk assessment". The Lancet. ج. 377 ع. 9767: 732–740. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62296-9. PMID:21353301. S2CID:20168936. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-04-11.: "Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%)... "

"... [O]dds ratios and frequencies of each trigger were used to compute population-attributable fractions (PAFs), which estimate the proportion of cases that could be avoided if a risk factor were removed. PAFs depend not only on the risk factor strength at the individual level but also on its frequency in the community. ... [T]he exposure prevalence for triggers in the relevant control time window ranged from 0.04% for cocaine use to 100% for air pollution. ... Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%) ...
1 2  Power؛ Weisskopf؛ Alexeeff؛ Coull؛ Spiro؛ Schwartz (مايو 2011). "Traffic-related air pollution and cognitive function in a cohort of older men". Environmental Health Perspectives. ج. 119 ع. 5: 682–7. Bibcode:2011EnvHP.119..682P. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1002767. PMC:3094421. PMID:21172758. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-11-21.
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↑  "IARC: DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST CARCINOGENIC" (PDF). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 12 يونيو 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل (Press release) في 2018-10-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-08-14. The scientific evidence was reviewed thoroughly by the Working Group and overall it was concluded that there was sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of diesel exhaust. The Working Group found that diesel exhaust is a cause of lung cancer (sufficient evidence) and also noted a positive association (limited evidence) with an increased risk of bladder cancer
↑  "Report on Carcinogens: Diesel Exhaust Particulates" (PDF). National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services. 2 أكتوبر 2014. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2023-05-22. Exposure to diesel exhaust particulates is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans and supporting evidence from studies in experimental animals and mechanistic studies.
↑  "Diesel engine exhaust; CASRN N.A." (PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 28 فبراير 2003. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2025-01-10. Using U.S. EPA's revised draft 1999 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), diesel exhaust (DE) is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhalation from environmental exposures.
↑  Silverman، Debra T.؛ Samanic، Claudine M.؛ Lubin، Jay H.؛ Blair، Aaron E.؛ Stewart، Patricia A.؛ Vermeulen، Roel؛ Coble، Joseph B.؛ Rothman، Nathaniel؛ Schleiff، Patricia L. (6 يونيو 2012). "The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a nested case-control study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. ج. 104 ع. 11: 855–868. DOI:10.1093/jnci/djs034. ISSN:1460-2105. PMC:3369553. PMID:22393209.
↑  Attfield، Michael D.؛ Schleiff، Patricia L.؛ Lubin، Jay H.؛ Blair، Aaron؛ Stewart، Patricia A.؛ Vermeulen، Roel؛ Coble، Joseph B.؛ Silverman، Debra T. (6 يونيو 2012). "The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. ج. 104 ع. 11: 869–883. DOI:10.1093/jnci/djs035. ISSN:1460-2105. PMC:3373218. PMID:22393207.
↑  IARC. "Diesel Engine Exhaust Carcinogenic" (PDF). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). مؤرشف من الأصل (Press release) في 2018-10-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-06-12. After a week-long meeting of international experts, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), today classified diesel exhaust as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on enough evidence that exposure is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer.
↑  Attfield، M. D.؛ Schleiff, P. L.؛ Lubin, J. H.؛ Blair, A.؛ Stewart, P. A.؛ Vermeulen, R.؛ Coble, J. B.؛ Silverman, D. T. (5 مارس 2012). "The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: A Cohort Mortality Study With Emphasis on Lung Cancer". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. ج. 104 ع. 11: 869–883. DOI:10.1093/jnci/djs035. PMC:3373218. PMID:22393207.
↑  Silverman، D. T.؛ Samanic, C. M.؛ Lubin, J. H.؛ Blair, A. E.؛ Stewart, P. A.؛ Vermeulen, R.؛ Coble, J. B.؛ Rothman, N.؛ Schleiff, P. L.؛ Travis, W. D.؛ Ziegler, R. G.؛ Wacholder, S.؛ Attfield, M. D. (5 مارس 2012). "The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: A Nested Case-Control Study of Lung Cancer and Diesel Exhaust". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. ج. 104 ع. 11: 855–868. DOI:10.1093/jnci/djs034. PMC:3369553. PMID:22393209.
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