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↑  Shannon Hall (26 Oct 2015). "Exxon Knew about Climate Change Almost 40 Years Ago". Scientific American (بالإنجليزية). ISSN:0036-8733. QID:Q130219690.
↑  Industry Ignored Its Scientists on Climate, New York Times نسخة محفوظة 9 يونيو 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Levy & Rothenberg 1999: On the organizational level, the three major US automobile companies, as well as the American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA) worked largely through the Global Climate Coalition (GCC), which was formed in 1989, initially under the auspices of the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), but reorganized as an independent entity in 1992.
↑  Kolk، Ans؛ Levy، David (2003). "Multinationals and global climate change. Issues for the automotive and oil industries". في Lundan، Sarianna M. (المحرر). Multinationals, Environment and Global Competition. DOI:10.1016/S1064-4857(03)09008-9. ISBN:9780762309665. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-23. This aggressive approach was typified in the activities of The Global Climate Coalition (GCC), an industry association formed in 1989 to represent major fossil fuel users and producers, which has strongly challenged the scientific basis for action, questioned the legitimacy of the اللجنة الدولية للتغيرات المناخية (IPCC), and highlighted potential economic costs.
↑  Franz 1998: GCC was established in 1989 to coordinate business participation in the science and policy debate on the climate change issue.
↑  Rahm 2009: In 1989, إكسون موبيل and the معهد البترول الأمريكي (which was twice chaired by لي رايموند) formed the Global Climate Coalition. The Coalition's mission was to oppose policy action on climate change. ExxonMobil and the Coalition argued that global warming was a natural phenomenon and that human actions were not contributing to it.
↑  Mooney 2005: In 1989, the petroleum and automotive industries and the National Association of Manufacturers forged the Global Climate Coalition to oppose mandatory actions to address global warming.
↑  Lee 2003: Exxon's backing of third-party groups is a marked contrast to its more public role in the Global Climate Coalition, an industry group formed in 1989 to challenge the science around global warming.
↑  Dunlap، Riley E.؛ McCright، Aaron M. (2011). "Organized climate change denial" (PDF). The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society. ص. 144–160. ISBN:9780199566600. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2016-03-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-23. The Global Climate Coalition (GCC), formed in 1989 in reaction to the establishment of the IPCC, was an early front group designed to combat evidence of climate change and climate policy making.
↑  McGregor 2008: One of the reasons given for its formation was that in 1988 there was a: “very alarmist presentation by James Hansen of NASA to a Senate Committee that climate change was taking place”.
↑  Franz 1998: The GCC began when the federal affairs representatives of five or six companies realized that they had not been organized for the Clean Air Act and its amendments or for the Montreal protocol. By 1989, it seemed clear the climate issue would come to directly address fossil fuels.
↑  Levy & Rothenberg 1999: A senior GCC staff member, discussing motivations for the creation of the GCC, expressed the view that industry had “been caught napping” by the ozone issue, and that there was also considerable dissatisfaction with the Clean Air Act process. As he expressed it, “Boy, if we didn't like the Montreal Protocol, we knew we really wouldn’t like climate change! This is the mother of all issues!”
↑  "Home". Global Climate Coalition. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2001-03-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-18. The Global Climate Coalition is an organization of trade associations established in 1989 to coordinate business participation in the international policy debate on the issue of global climate change and global warming.
↑  Shlaes، John (2 فبراير 1993)، Statement by John Shlaes, executive director, Global Climate Coalition، Global Climate Coalition، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-07-10، اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-18 {{استشهاد}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |agency= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
↑  McGregor 2008: ... GCC’s first chairman Thomas Lambrix, director of government relations for Phillips Petroleum.
↑  Whitman 2015: The company, which in 1999 became Exxon Mobil, helped found the Global Climate Coalition, which from 1989 to 2002 argued the role "of greenhouse gases in climate change is not well understood," the New York Times reported Friday.
↑  Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015: "Exxon helped to found and lead the Global Climate Coalition, an alliance of some of the world's largest companies seeking to halt government efforts to curb fossil fuel emissions."
↑  Van den Hove, Le Menestrel & De Bettignies 2002: Instrumental to the implementation of Exxon’s strategy was its participation in industry and lobby groups. Exxon is a prominent member of the American Petroleum Institute (API), the major US petroleum industry trade association, and was, from the date of its creation in 1989, a board member of the Global Climate Coalition (GCC), one of the most influential US lobbying front group on the climate issue.
↑  Lorenzetti 2015: Exxon has known about climate change for almost 40 years, despite its efforts to continue to promote fossil fuels and deny its existence throughout the 1990s as a leader of the Global Climate Coalition
↑  Vidal 2005: In briefing papers given before meetings to the US under-secretary of state, Paula Dobriansky, between 2001 and 2004, the administration is found thanking Exxon executives for the company's "active involvement" in helping to determine climate change policy, and also seeking its advice on what climate change policies the company might find acceptable. "Potus [president of the United States] rejected Kyoto in part based on input from you [the Global Climate Coalition]," says one briefing note before Ms Dobriansky's meeting with the GCC, the main anti-Kyoto US industry group, which was dominated by Exxon.
↑  Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015: Exxon helped to found and lead the Global Climate Coalition
↑  Mooney 2005: In 1989, the petroleum and automotive industries and the National Association of Manufacturers forged the Global Climate Coalition to oppose mandatory actions to address global warming. Exxon—later ExxonMobil—was a leading member, as was the American Petroleum Institute
↑  Lieberman & Rust 2015: a collection of energy companies, primarily from the coal sector, created the Global Climate Coalition to fight impending climate change regulations. The group approached the American Petroleum Institute for funding and support in the early 1990s. William O’Keefe, executive vice president of the Petroleum Institute at the time, delivered.
↑  Lieberman & Rust 2015: William O’Keefe, executive vice president of the Petroleum Institute at the time, delivered. The major oil companies, he recalled, decided “something has to be done.” By 1993, he was sitting on the board, and within a few years, he was chairman.
↑  "Global Warming Deniers Well Funded". نيوزويك. 12 أغسطس 2007. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-06. There is too much "scientific uncertainty" to justify curbs on greenhouse emissions, William O'Keefe, then a vice president of the American Petroleum Institute and leader of the Global Climate Coalition, suggested in 1996.
↑  McGregor 2008: The initial GCC members included major fossil fuel industry organisations (American Petroleum Institute, National Coal Association), major generators and industrial users of electricity (most generators in US use coal) and more general Business Interest NGOs (BINGOs) - US Chamber of Commerce, American Paper Institute and others... Executive Director...John Shlaes, was previously director of government relations at Edison Electric Institute (EEI), the association of investor-owned electric utilities. EEI was a founding member of the GCC.
↑  Hammond 1997: The Global Climate Coalition (GCC), run by Washington P.R. firm Ruder Finn, represents the big oil, gas, coal, and auto corporations.
↑  Levy، David L.؛ Egan، Daniel (1998). "Capital contests: National and transnational channels of corporate influence on the climate change negotiations". Politics and Society  ‏. ج. 26 ع. 3: 337–361. DOI:10.1177/0032329298026003003. S2CID:154879490. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-23.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)
↑  Levy & Rothenberg 1999: The GCC represented about 40 companies and industry associations
↑  Levy، David L.؛ Kolk، Ans (2002). "Strategic responses to global climate change: Conflicting pressures on multinationals in the oil industry". Business and Politics. ج. 4 ع. 3: 275–300. DOI:10.1080/1369525021000158391. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-15.
↑  Levy 1997: the Global Climate Coalition (GCC), which represents more than 50 companies and trade associations in the oil, coal, utility, chemicals, and auto industries. These industries stand to lose out if curbs are placed on fossil fuels
↑  Revkin 2009: The coalition was financed by fees from large corporations and trade groups representing the oil, coal and auto industries, among others.
1 2  Jones & Levy 2007
1 2  "DaimlerChrysler Leaving Climate Coalition". نيويورك تايمز. 7 يناير 2000. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-08.
1 2  Brown 2000
↑  Karliner، Joshua (1 ديسمبر 1998). "Petroleum Weather". Earth Island Journal. ج. 14: 48.
↑  Levy 2001: The GCC was weakened by a series of defections
↑  Frey، Darcy (8 ديسمبر 2002). "How Green Is BP?". نيويورك تايمز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-02-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-08.: In 1996, BP resigned from the Global Climate Coalition, then offered its support of the Kyoto Protocol
↑  Bradsher، Keith (7 ديسمبر 1999). "Ford Announces Its Withdrawal From Global Climate Coalition". نيويورك تايمز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-08.
↑  "Briefly: Autos; Also". لوس أنجلوس تايمز. 15 مارس 2000. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-21. General Motors Corp. said it has quit the Global Climate Coalition, a lobbying group that has led the opposition to a 1997 global warming treaty reached in Kyoto, Japan.
↑  Gelbspan، Ross. "GCC Suffers Technical Knockout, Industry defections decimate Global Climate Coalition". The Heat is Online. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-08. Between December, 1999 and early March, 2000, the GCC was deserted by Ford, Daimler-Chrysler, Texaco, the Southern Company and General Motors...The defeat of the Global Climate Coalition reflects, among other things, a student divestiture campaign which urged universities to divest their holdings in companies that belonged to the GCC. It also represents a sustained effort by the Interfaith Center for Corporate Responsibility, which has mounted shareholder actions against a number of intransigent corporations.
↑  Mulvey & Shulman 2015
↑  Adam، David (7 ديسمبر 2005). "Oil industry targets EU climate policy". الغارديان. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-08. During the 1990s US oil companies and other corporations funded a group called the Global Climate Coalition, which emphasised uncertainties in climate science and disputed the need to take action. It was disbanded when President Bush pulled the US out of the Kyoto process.
↑  May 2005: The GCC was "deactivated" in 2001, once President Bush made it clear he intended to reject the Kyoto protocol.
↑  Levy 2001: Without the participation of the United States, which accounts for nearly one-quarter of global emissions, the Kyoto Protocol is meaningless.
↑  "Home". Global Climate Coalition. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2002-10-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-18.
↑  Mulvey & Shulman 2015: With key members bowing out, the GCC announced in 2000 that it would undergo a “strategic restructuring” much as the tobacco industry, under growing pressure, gave up its lobbying arm (the Tobacco Institute) and its wing devoted to promoting misleading science about the links between tobacco and disease (the Council for Tobacco Research) as part of the 1998 master settlement agreement with U.S. states.
↑  Rahm 2009: The strategy drew on tactics pioneered by the tobacco industry in the 1960s - to promote doubt and uncertainty in the minds of the public that human actions were not contributing to global warming.
↑  McKibben، Bill (مايو 2005). "Climate of Denial". ماذر جونز (مجلة). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-05-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-10.
↑  Lieberman & Rust 2015: O’Keefe said no one in the coalition denied the existence of global warming, but there was uncertainty about how well the models could project its future impact. What coalition members felt certain about, he said, was that any government-mandated emission reductions would have “a clear negative impact,” including unemployment, higher energy prices and a drop in the U.S. standard of living. When it came to their own investments, though, coalition members relied on scientific projections — from rising sea levels to thawing permafrost — to design and protect multibillion-dollar investments in pipelines, gas developments and offshore oil rigs.
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