تسلسل زمني لتاريخ المثليين
مراجع

↑  Mussi, Margherita (31 October 2001). Earliest Italy: An Overview of the Italian Paleolithic and Mesolithic. Kluwer Academic. pp. 343–344. ISBN 978-0-306-46463-8. نسخة محفوظة 01 أبريل 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Schott، Landon (2016). "In the Beginning: Sexual History". Gay Awareness: Discovering the Heart of the Father and the Mind of Christ On Sexuality. Austin, Texas: Famous Publishing. ISBN:978-1942306481.
↑  A History of the World -7, BBC.co.uk, accessed July 2010 نسخة محفوظة 22 فبراير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3  Wilhelm، Amara Das (8 مايو 2014). "A Timeline of Gay World History". Gay & Lesbian Vaishnava Association. مؤرشف من الأصل في 25 فبراير 2017.
↑  Talalay, Lauren E. (2005). "The Gendered Sea: Iconography, Gender, and Mediterranean Prehistory". The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Blackwell. pp. 130–148, especially p. 136. ISBN 978-0-631-23267-4.
↑  "Grave of stone age transsexual excavated in Prague". Archeology News Network. Czech Positions. 5 أبريل 2011. مؤرشف من الأصل في 4 فبراير 2014.
↑  Greenberg، David F. (2008). The Construction of Homosexuality. University of Chicago Press. ISBN:978-0-226-21981-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Parkinson، R.B. (1995). "'Homosexual' Desire and Middle Kingdom Literature". مجلة علم الآثار المصرية. ج. 81: 57–76. JSTOR:3821808.
↑  Montserrat، Dominic (2000). Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt. Routledge. ISBN:978-1-134-69034-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-07.
↑  When writing about homosexuality, Meskell calls it "Another well documented example" Meskell، Lynn (1999). Archaeologies of Social Life: Age, Sex, Class Etcetra in Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell. ص. 95. ISBN:978-0-631-21298-0.
↑  More details at  &  نسخة محفوظة 16 أغسطس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective, by Martti Nissinen, Fortress Press, 2004, p. 24–28 نسخة محفوظة 30 ديسمبر 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Halsall، Paul. "The Code of the Assura". Internet History Sourcebooks Project. جامعة فوردهام. مؤرشف من الأصل في 11 سبتمبر 2015. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 16 نوفمبر 2015.
↑  The Nature Of Homosexuality, Erik Holland, page 334, 2004
↑  "Internet History Sourcebooks". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-07-08.
↑  "Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-02-09.
↑  Pritchard, p. 181.
↑  Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11
↑  "Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt by Bruce Gerig in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt". epistle.us. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-10-02.
↑  Rose, Jenny (2014). "Appendix 1". Zoroastrianism: An Introduction (بالإنجليزية). I.B.Tauris. ISBN:9780857735485. Archived from the original on 2020-01-11.
↑  Boyce, Mary (2001). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (بالإنجليزية). Psychology Press. p. 40. ISBN:9780415239028. Archived from the original on 2017-10-12.
1 2  "Vendidad: Fargard 8" [Section V (32) Unlawful lusts.]. Avesta. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-02-01.
↑  Kenneth Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Harvard University Press, 1978, 1898), pp. 205-7
↑  Boswell, John (1994). Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe. New York: Vintage Books
↑  Stephan Steingräber, Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting (Getty Publications, 2006), pp. 67, 70, 91–92; Otto Brendel, Etruscan Art, translated by R. Serra Ridgway (Yale University Press, 1978, 1995), pp. 165–170; Fred S. Kleiner, A History of Roman Art (Wadsworth, 2007, 2010), p. xxxii.
↑  Dynes، Wayne R.؛ Donaldson، Stephen (20 أكتوبر 1992). "Homosexuality in the Ancient World". Taylor & Francis. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-07 – عبر Google Books.
↑  Dynes، Wayne R. (22 مارس 2016). "Encyclopedia of Homosexuality". Routledge. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-01 – عبر Google Books.
↑  Dynes، Wayne R. (22 مارس 2016). "Encyclopedia of Homosexuality". Routledge. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-06 – عبر Google Books.
↑  Herodotus (15 مايو 2010). "The History". University of Chicago Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-01 – عبر Google Books.
↑  Plato. "Symposium". Symposium 189c. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-09-18.
↑  Plato. "Symposium 201d". Symposium. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-26.
↑  Plato. "Symposium 214e". Symposium. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-26.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10  Fone, Byrne R. S. (2000). Homophobia: a history. New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN:0-8050-4559-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-04.
↑  Joseph Roisman, Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexandria, Blackwell, 2011
↑  Haggerty، George E. (2000). Gay histories and cultures: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ص. 418. ISBN:978-0-8153-1880-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-01-24.
↑  ...with whom Darius was intimate and with whom Alexander would later be intimate... "كوينتوس كورتيوس روفوس"(BOOK VI. 5.23)
↑  Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 140–141; Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), pp. 86, 224; John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century (University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 63, 67–68; Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 116.
↑  James L. Butrica, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," in Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition (Haworth Press, 2005), p. 231.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Cantarella، Eva (20 أكتوبر 2017). "Bisexuality in the Ancient World". Yale University Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-01 – عبر Google Books.
↑  Digest 48.6.3.4 and 48.6.5.2.
↑  Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
↑  Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 558–561.
1 2  Suetonius, Augustus 68, 71 نسخة محفوظة 2023-04-09 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Myers، JoAnne (19 سبتمبر 2013). "Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements". Scarecrow Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-07 – عبر Google Books.
↑  Younger، John (7 أكتوبر 2004). "Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z". Routledge. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-03 – عبر Google Books.
↑  Ornamentis Augusta Augustarus: سويتونيوس, Life of Nero 28–29, discussed by Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. pp. 284, 400, 424. نسخة محفوظة 2023-04-09 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  كاسيوس ديو, Epitome of Book 68.6.4; 68.21.2–6.21.3
↑  The "van der Peats": Joan and Darby or John and Darby? نسخة محفوظة 27 October 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Prioreschi، Plinio (20 أكتوبر 1996). "A History of Medicine: Roman medicine". Horatius Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-06-30 – عبر Google Books.
↑  Sextus Empiricus (c. 200 CE): Outlines of Pyrrhonism  نسخة محفوظة 19 October 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Younger، John (7 أكتوبر 2004). "Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z". Routledge. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-01 – عبر Google Books.
↑  Augustan History, Life of Elagabalus 10 نسخة محفوظة 2023-04-09 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3  Varner، Eric (2008). "Transcending Gender: Assimilation, Identity, and Roman Imperial Portraits". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Supplementary volume. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ج. 7: 200–201. ISSN:1940-0977. JSTOR:40379354. OCLC:263448435. Elagabalus is also alleged to have appeared as Venus and to have depilated his entire body. ... Dio recounts an exchange between Elagabalus and the well-endowed Aurelius Zoticus: when Zoticus addressed the emperor as 'my lord,' Elagabalus responded, 'Don't call me lord, I am a lady.' Dio concludes his anecdote by having Elagabalus asking his physicians to give him the equivalent of a woman's vagina by means of a surgical incision.
1 2  Tess deCarlo, Trans History ((ردمك 1387846353)), page 32
↑  Godbout، Louis (2004). "Elagabalus" (PDF). GLBTQ: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. Chicago: glbtq, Inc. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2015-11-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-08-06.
↑  Benjamin، Harry؛ Green، Richard (1966). The Transsexual Phenomenon, Appendix C: Transsexualism: Mythological, Historical, and Cross-Cultural Aspects. New York: The Julian Press, Inc. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2007-07-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-08-03.
↑  3 The Later Roman Empire & The Early Middle Ages نسخة محفوظة 21 January 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Hirschfeld، Magnus (20 أكتوبر 2017). "The Homosexuality of Men and Women". Prometheus Books. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-03 – عبر Google Books.
↑  Gray، Wayne (1 أكتوبر 2012). "Homosexuality, the Bible, the Truth: The Bible Does Not Condemn Homosexuality". Xlibris Corporation. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19 – عبر Google Books.
↑  Eusebius of Caesarea The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine  نسخة محفوظة 19 October 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  DiMaio, Constans I (337–350 A.D.)
↑  Canduci, pg. 131
↑  "The Historic Origins of Church Condemnation of Homosexuality". Well.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-01-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-06-12.
↑  Theodosian Code 9.7.3: "When a man marries and is about to offer himself to men in womanly fashion (quum vir nubit in feminam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment.
↑  "Internet History Sourcebooks Project". sourcebooks.fordham.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-31.
↑  "LacusCurtius • Ammianus Marcellinus — Book XXIII". penelope.uchicago.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-04-09.
↑  "LacusCurtius • Ammianus Marcellinus — Book XXXI". penelope.uchicago.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-04-09.
↑  (Theodosian Code 9.7.6): All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people.
↑  Dynes، Wayne R. (22 مارس 2016). "Encyclopedia of Homosexuality". Routledge. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-01 – عبر Google Books.
↑  History of Homophobia Part 3  نسخة محفوظة 21 January 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Justinian Novels 77, 144
↑  "Corpus Iuris Civilis: The Digest and Codex: Marriage Laws" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2019-07-01.
↑  Laura Swan, The Forgotten Desert Mothers (2001, (ردمك 0809140160)), pages 72-73
↑  Dale Albert Johnson, Corpus Syriacum Johnsoni I (2015, (ردمك 1312855347)), page 344-8
↑  Conner، Randy P.؛ Sparks، David Hatfield؛ Sparks، Mariya؛ Anzaldúa، Gloria (1997)، Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Lore، Cassell، ص. 57، ISBN:0-304-33760-9
↑  Visigothic Code 3.5.5, 3.5.6؛ "The doctrine of the orthodox faith requires us to place our censure upon vicious practices, and to restrain those who are addicted to carnal offences. For we counsel well for the benefit of our people and our country, when we take measures to utterly extirpate the crimes of wicked men, and put an end to the evil deeds of vice. For this reason we shall attempt to abolish the horrible crime of sodomy, which is as contrary to Divine precept as it is to chastity. And although the authority of the نصوص مقدسة, and the censure of earthly laws, alike, prohibit offences of this kind, it is nevertheless necessary to condemn them by a new decree; lest if timely correction be deferred, still greater vices may arise. Therefore, we establish by this law, that if any man whosoever, of any age, or race, whether he belongs to the clergy, or to the laity, should be convicted, by competent evidence, of the commission of the crime of لواط, he shall, by order of the king, or of any judge, not only suffer خصي, but also the penalty prescribed by دراسات كنسية decree for such offences, and promulgated in the third year of our reign." نسخة محفوظة 19 أكتوبر 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "SGS - Europe and homosexuality". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-09-07.
↑  "Burned for Sodomy". Queer Saints and Martyrs. مؤرشف من الأصل في 13 مارس 2016.
↑  (Fone, 2000)
↑  The Construction of Homosexuality نسخة محفوظة 24 أكتوبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  David Bromell. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History, London, 2000 (Ed. Wotherspoon and Aldrich)
↑  PETRI DAMIANI Liber gomorrhianus, ad Leonem IX Rom. Pon. in Patrologiae Cursus completus...accurante J.P., MIGNE, series secunda, tomus CXLV, col. 161; CANOSA, Romano, Storia di una grande paura La sodomia a Firenze e a Venezia nel quattrocento, Feltrinelli, Milano 1991, pp.13–14
↑  M.J.A. "El primer matrimonio homosexual de Galicia se ofició en 1061 en Rairiz de Veiga". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-07-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-02-27.
↑  Opera Omnia. نسخة محفوظة 22 October 2007 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "storia completa qui". مؤرشف من الأصل في 11 May 2015. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 6 October 2014.
↑  Crompton, Louis. Homosexuality and Civilization. Cambridge & London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003
↑  Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and civilisation, Harvard University, 2003. For more documented detail about Bernardino's lengthy campaign against homosexuality, see Franco Mormando, The Preacher's Demons: Bernardino of Siena and the Social Underworld of Early Renaissance Italy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), Chapter 3: "Even The Devil Flees in Horror at the Sight of This Sin:' Sodomy and Sodomites."
↑  Lee، Jongsoo (2008). The Allure of Nezahualcoyotl: Pre-Hispanic History, Religion, and Nahua Poetics. ISBN:0826343376. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Nezahualcoyotl's Law Code (1431) نسخة محفوظة 27 February 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  世宗實錄 [Veritable Records of Sejong  ‏]. ج. 75. 1454. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-25.
1 2  Dynes، Wayne R. (22 مارس 2016). "Encyclopedia of Homosexuality". Routledge. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-02 – عبر Google Books.
↑  della Chiesa، Angela Ottino (1967). The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci. ص. 83.
↑  Diarmaid MacCulloch (2003). Reformation: A History. pg. 95. MacCulloch says "he fell in love" and further adds in a footnote "There has been much modern embarrassment and obfuscation on Erasmus and Rogerus, but see the sensible comment in J. Huizinga, Erasmus of Rotterdam (London, 1952), pp. 11–12, and from Geoffrey Nutuall, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 26 (1975), 403"
↑  Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male culture in Renaissance Florence, Oxford University Press, 1996
↑  Alfonso G. Jiménez de Sandi Valle, Luis Alberto de la Garza Becerra and Napoleón Glockner Corte. LGBT Pride Parade in Mexico City. National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), 2009. 25 p.
↑  I. Arnaldi, La vita violenta di Benvenuto Cellini, Bari, 1986
↑  Michelangelo Buonarroti، 1475-1564؛ Symonds، John Addington (1904). Sonnets. now for the first time translated into rhymed English. Cornell University Library. London, Smith, Elder, & Co.; New York, C. Scribner's Sons. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-02-19. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط |الأول= يحوي أسماء رقمية (مساعدة)
↑  Buonarroti, Michelangelo (1904). Sonnets. now for the first time translated into rhymed English. Trans. John Addington Symonds. p. 26. https://archive.org/details/cu31924014269975
↑  R v Jacobs (1817) Russ & Ry 331 confirmed that buggery related only to intercourse جنس شرجي by a man with a man or woman or intercourse per anum or جماع by either بهيمية. Other forms of "unnatural intercourse" may amount to indecent assault or gross indecency, but do not constitute buggery. See generally, Smith & Hogan, Criminal Law (10th ed), (ردمك 0-406-94801-1)
↑  Lewandowski، Piotr (2014). Grzech sodomii w przestrzeni politycznej, prawnej i społecznej Polski nowożytnej. e-bookowo. ISBN:9788378594239.
1 2 3  "The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States - Virginia". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-29.
↑  Godbeer, Richard (2002). Sexual revolution in early America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN:0-8018-6800-9. p.123
1 2  "Looking back at Quebec queer life since the 17th century" نسخة محفوظة 14 December 2014 على موقع واي باك مشين.. Xtra!, 15 December 2009.
↑  Borris, Kenneth (2004). Same-sex desire in the English Renaissance: a sourcebook of texts, 1470–1650. New York: Routledge. ISBN:0-8153-3626-8. p.113
↑  Foster, Thomas (2007). Long Before Stonewall: Histories of Same-Sex Sexuality in Early America. New York University Press.
↑  "DENMARK, PIONEER IN RIGHTS FOR THE LGBT". Denmark Today. مؤرشف من الأصل في 9 فبراير 2016.
↑  オトコノコのためのボーイフレンド (1986)
↑  Norton، Rictor (5 فبراير 2005). "The Raid of Mother Clap's Molly House". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-09-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-02-12.
↑  Gunther, Scott (2009). "The Elastic Closet: A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942–present" نسخة محفوظة 3 June 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين. Book about the history of homosexual movements in France (sample chapter available online). Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009. (ردمك 0-230-22105-X).
↑  Jan Wong's China: Reports From A Not-So-Foreign Correspondent, Jan Wong. Doubleday Canada, 2011.  نسخة محفوظة 13 أبريل 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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