نسبة الجنس البشري
مراجع

↑  Data from the CIA World Factbook . Map compiled in 2021, data from 2020.
1 2  "World Health Organization, Sex Ratio". SEARO. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-25.
↑  Grech، Victor؛ Savona-Ventura، Charles؛ Vassallo-Agius، P (27 أبريل 2002). "Unexplained differences in sex ratios at birth in Europe and North America". BMJ: British Medical Journal. ج. 324 ع. 7344: 1010–1011. DOI:10.1136/bmj.324.7344.1010. PMC:102777. PMID:11976243.
↑  Chao، Fengqing؛ Gerland، Patrick؛ Cook، Alex R.؛ Alkema، Leontine (7 مايو 2019). "Systematic assessment of the sex ratio at birth for all countries and estimation of national imbalances and regional reference levels". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 116 ع. 19: 9303–9311. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1812593116. PMC:6511063. PMID:30988199.
↑  "How pollution may be changing the ratio of girls to boys". Stir.ac.uk. 18 يونيو 2014. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-01-06.
↑  Davis، D. L.؛ Gottlieb، M. B.؛ Stampnitzky، J. R. (1998). "Reduced ratio of male to female births in several industrial countries: A sentinel health indicator?" (PDF). JAMA. ج. 279 ع. 13: 1018–23. DOI:10.1001/jama.279.13.1018. PMID:9533502. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-01-26.
↑  Very high sex ratios were common in even late medieval Europe, which may indicate sex-selective infanticide. Josiah Cox Russell, 1958, Late Ancient and Medieval Population, pp. 13–17.
↑  "CIA Fact Book". The Central Intelligence Agency of the United States. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-06.
↑  Chao، Fengqing؛ Gerland، Patrick؛ Cook، Alex R.؛ Alkema، Leontine (7 مايو 2019). "Systematic assessment of the sex ratio at birth for all countries and estimation of national imbalances and regional reference levels". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 116 ع. 19: 9303–9311. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1812593116. PMC:6511063. PMID:30988199.
↑  Grech، V؛ Savona-Ventura، C؛ Vassallo-Agius، P (2002). "Unexplained differences in sex ratios at birth in Europe and North America". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). ج. 324 ع. 7344: 1010–1. DOI:10.1136/bmj.324.7344.1010. PMC:102777. PMID:11976243.
↑  James W.H. (يوليو 2008). "Hypothesis:Evidence that Mammalian Sex Ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormonal levels around the time of conception". Journal of Endocrinology. ج. 198 ع. 1: 3–15. DOI:10.1677/JOE-07-0446. PMID:18577567.
↑  Pongou، Roland (2012). "Why Is Infant Mortality Higher in Boys Than in Girls? A New Hypothesis Based on Preconception Environment and Evidence From a Large Sample of Twins". Demography. ج. 50 ع. 2: 421–444. DOI:10.1007/s13524-012-0161-5. PMID:23151996..
↑  Alkema، Leontine؛ Chao، Fengqing؛ You، Danzhen؛ Pedersen، Jon؛ Sawyer، Cheryl C. (1 سبتمبر 2014). "National, regional, and global sex ratios of infant, child, and under-5 mortality and identification of countries with outlying ratios: a systematic assessment". The Lancet Global Health. ج. 2 ع. 9: e521–e530. DOI:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70280-3. PMID:25304419.
↑  Pongou، Roland (14 نوفمبر 2012). "Why Is Infant Mortality Higher in Boys Than in Girls? A New Hypothesis Based on Preconception Environment and Evidence From a Large Sample of Twins". Demography. ج. 50 ع. 2: 421–444. DOI:10.1007/s13524-012-0161-5. PMID:23151996.
↑  "Death Rates for 113 Selected Causes by 5-Year Age Groups, Race, and Sex: the United States, 1999–2006". cdc.gov. 4 مارس 2019. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-16.
↑  "Trend Analysis of the Sex Ratio at Birth in the United States". National Vital Statistics Reports. ج. 53 ع. 20. يونيو 2005.
↑  "Sex ratio in Switzerland". Switzerland Federal Statistics Office. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-01-07.
↑  "UN Sex Ratio Statistics". United Nations Population Division. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-13.
↑  "Sex ratio at birth (per 100 female newborn)". United Nations Data Division. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-25.
↑  "The Demographic and Health Survey Program – Quality information to plan, monitor and improve population, health, and nutrition programs". measuredhs.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-26.
↑  Garenne M (ديسمبر 2002). "Sex ratios at birth in African populations: a review of survey data". Hum. Biol. ج. 74 ع. 6: 889–900. DOI:10.1353/hub.2003.0003. PMID:12617497.
↑  Sen, Amartya (1990), More than 100 million women are missing, New York Review of Books, 20 December, pp. 61–66
↑  Michel Garenne, Southern African Journal of Demography, Vol. 9, No. 1 (June 2004), pp. 91–96
↑  Michel Garenne, Southern African Journal of Demography, Vol. 9, No. 1 (June 2004), page 95
↑  "Trend Analysis of the Sex Ratio at Birth in the United States" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-08-10.
↑  James WH (1987). "The human sex ratio. Part 1: A review of the literature". Human Biology. ج. 59 ع. 5: 721–752. PMID:3319883. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-24.
↑  James WH (1987). "The human sex ratio. Part 2: A hypothesis and a program of research". Human Biology. ج. 59 ع. 6: 873–900. PMID:3327803. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-24.
1 2  James W.H. (يوليو 2008). "Hypothesis:Evidence that Mammalian Sex Ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormonal levels around the time of conception". Journal of Endocrinology. ج. 198 ع. 1: 3–15. DOI:10.1677/JOE-07-0446. PMID:18577567.James W.H. (July 2008). "Hypothesis:Evidence that Mammalian Sex Ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormonal levels around the time of conception". Journal of Endocrinology. 198 (1): 3–15. doi:10.1677/JOE-07-0446. PMID 18577567.
↑  Jacobsen، R؛ Møller، H؛ Mouritsen، A (1999). "Natural variation in the human sex ratio". Human Reproduction. ج. 14 ع. 12: 3120–3125. DOI:10.1093/humrep/14.12.3120. PMID:10601107.
↑  Branum، A. M.؛ Parker، J. D.؛ Schoendorf، K. C. (2009). "Trends in US sex ratio by plurality, gestational age and race/ethnicity". Reproductive Epidemiology. ج. 24 ع. 11: 2936–2944 (see p. 2941 Figure 2). DOI:10.1093/humrep/dep255. PMID:19654108. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-25.
↑  Helle، Samuli؛ Helama، Samuli؛ Lertola، Kalle (نوفمبر 2009). "Evolutionary ecology of human birth sex ratio under the compound influence of climate change, famine, economic crises and wars". Journal of Animal Ecology. ج. 78 ع. 6: 1226–1233. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01598.x. PMID:19719518.
↑  "Ambient temperature predicts sex ratios and male longevity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ج. 105 ع. 6: 2244–7. فبراير 2008. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.2244C. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0710711104. PMC:2538905. PMID:18250336.
↑  Helle، Samuli؛ Helama، Samuli؛ Lertola، Kalle (نوفمبر 2009). "Evolutionary ecology of human birth sex ratio under the compound influence of climate change, famine, economic crises and wars". Journal of Animal Ecology. ج. 78 ع. 6: 1226–1233. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01598.x. PMID:19719518.Helle, Samuli; Helama, Samuli; Lertola, Kalle (November 2009). "Evolutionary ecology of human birth sex ratio under the compound influence of climate change, famine, economic crises and wars". Journal of Animal Ecology. 78 (6): 1226–1233. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01598.x. PMID 19719518.
↑  Helle et al., 2009, p. 1228: "an increase of 1 °C in ambient temperature anomaly was related to a 0.06% increase in annual birth sex ratio". Sex ratio in this work is defined as boys/(boys+girls), so, this increase corresponds to 1.2 additional males for every 1,000 females.
↑  "Is maternal malnutrition associated with a low sex ratio at birth?". Hum. Biol. ج. 70 ع. 6: 1101–6. ديسمبر 1998. PMID:9825599.
↑  "Ambient temperature predicts sex ratios and male longevity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ج. 105 ع. 6: 2244–7. فبراير 2008. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.2244C. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0710711104. PMC:2538905. PMID:18250336.Catalano R, Bruckner T, Smith KR (February 2008). "Ambient temperature predicts sex ratios and male longevity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (6): 2244–7. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.2244C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710711104. PMC 2538905. PMID 18250336.
↑  "Reduced ratio of male to female births in several industrial countries: a sentinel health indicator?". JAMA. ج. 279 ع. 13: 1018–23. أبريل 1998. DOI:10.1001/jama.279.13.1018. PMID:9533502.
↑  Oster، Emily؛ Chen، Gang؛ Yu، Xinsen؛ Lin، Wenyao (2008). "Hepatitis B Does Not Explain Male-Biased Sex Ratios in China" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2017-02-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-05-19.
↑  Man-made chemicals blamed many more girls than boys are born in Arctic, The Guardian, 12 September 2007. نسخة محفوظة 2 سبتمبر 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Lean, Geoffrey (7 ديسمبر 2008). "It's official: Men really are the weaker sex". ذي إندبندنت. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-10-27.
↑  "Maternal social status and birth sex ratio in domestic pigs: an analysis of mechanisms". Animal Behaviour. ج. 50 ع. 5: 1361–70. 1995. DOI:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80051-4.
↑  "Social status and the secondary sex ratio: new evidence on a lingering controversy". Soc Biol. ج. 49 ع. 1–2: 35–43. 2002. DOI:10.1080/19485565.2002.9989047. PMID:14652908.
↑  Norberg, Karen (نوفمبر 2004). "Partnership Status and the Human Sex Ratio at Birth". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. NBER Working Paper Series. ج. 271 ع. 1555: 2403–10. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2004.2857. PMC:1691865. PMID:15556894. SSRN:622634. w10920.
↑  Navara KJ (أغسطس 2009). "Humans at tropical latitudes produce more females". Biol. Lett. ج. 5 ع. 4: 524–7. DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0069. PMC:2781905. PMID:19364717.
↑  Vartiainen، T؛ Kartovaara، L؛ Tuomisto، J (1999). "Environmental chemicals and changes in sex ratio: analysis over 250 years in finland". Environmental Health Perspectives. ج. 107 ع. 10: 813–815. DOI:10.1289/ehp.99107813. PMC:1566625. PMID:10504147.
↑  Check, Erika (21 Oct 2005). "Pollution makes for more girls". Nature News (بالإنجليزية): news051017–16. DOI:10.1038/news051017-16. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26.
↑  Mittelstaedt, Martin (15 Nov 2005). "Pollution debate born of Chemical Valley's girl-baby boom". The Globe and Mail (بالإنجليزية الكندية). Archived from the original on 2021-03-06. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
↑  China's sex ratio declines for two straight years Xinhua, China (16 August 2011) – "Li Bin, director of the National Population and Family Planning Commission, made the remarks at a press conference (...). China's sex ratio at birth was 118.08 males for every 100 females in 2010, according to census data, Li said." نسخة محفوظة 2017-02-10 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  India at Glance – Population Census 2011 – Final Census of India, Government of India (2013) نسخة محفوظة 3 سبتمبر 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Trend Analysis of the Sex Ratio at Birth in the United States" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-08-10."Trend Analysis of the Sex Ratio at Birth in the United States" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics.
↑  Mesle, France؛ Vallin, Jacques؛ Badurashvili, Irina (2007). A Sharp Increase in Sex Ratio at Birth in the Caucasus. Why? How? (PDF). Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography. ص. 73–89. ISBN:978-2-910053-29-1. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-02-24.
↑  "Trends in the sex ratio of California births, 1960–1996". J Epidemiol Community Health. ج. 59 ع. 12: 1047–53. ديسمبر 2005. DOI:10.1136/jech.2005.036970. PMC:1732975. PMID:16286492.
↑  Ruder, Avima (1985f). "Paternal-Age and Birth-Order Effect on the Human Secondary Sex Ratio". American Journal of Human Genetics. ج. 37 ع. 2: 362–372. PMC:1684568. PMID:3985011.
↑  Jacobsen؛ وآخرون (1999). "Natural Variation in the Human Sex Ratio". Human Reproduction. ج. 14 ع. 12: 3120–3125. DOI:10.1093/humrep/14.12.3120. PMID:10601107.
↑  Bernstein، M. E. (1958). "Studies in The Human Sex Ratio 5. A Genetic Explanation of the Wartime Secondary Sex Ratio". American Journal of Human Genetics. ج. 10 ع. 1: 68–70. PMC:1931860. PMID:13520702.
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↑  For example, the number of births reported to family planning and other administrative agencies has been significantly lower than the number determined in population surveys and the census. See Zhang, Guangyu (April 2004) "Very Low Fertility in China in the 1990s: Reality or An Illusion Arising from Birth Underreporting?" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America. نسخة محفوظة 2021-07-05 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  For studies reveal underreporting or delayed reporting of female births in China, see "Are births underreported in rural China? Manipulation of statistical records in response to China's population policies". Demography. ج. 37 ع. 1: 109–26. فبراير 1990. DOI:10.2307/2648100. JSTOR:2648100. PMID:10748993. and Cai, Yong؛ Lavely, William (2003). "China's Missing Girls: Numerical Estimates and Effects on Population Growth" (PDF). The China Review. ج. 3 ع. 2: 13–29. JSTOR:23461902. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2017-02-10.
↑  Catalano, Ralph (2003). "Sex ratios in the two Germanies: a test of the economic stress hypothesis". Human Reproduction. ج. 18 ع. 9: 1972–1975. DOI:10.1093/humrep/deg370. PMID:12923159.
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↑  James W.H. (مايو 2010). birth/ "The Inconstancy of Human Sex Ratios at Birth". Fertil. Steril. ج. 94 ع. 3: e53. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.05.044. PMID:20598299. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-07-05. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: تحقق من قيمة |مسار أرشيف= (مساعدة)
1 2  Kristof, Nicholas and Sheryl WuDunn. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunities for Women Worldwide. Knopf, 2009. (ردمك 978-0-307-26714-6)
↑  Jian Lee, Deborah؛ Subramanian, Sushma (15 نوفمبر 2011). "A Single Man: One Chinese Bachelor's Search for Love". Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-11-30.
↑  Kristof, Nicholas and Sheryl WuDunn. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunities for Women Worldwide. Knopf, 2009. (ردمك 978-0-307-26714-6)ISBN 978-0-307-26714-6
↑  Bauer، David (يناير 2015). "A story of drinkers, genocide and unborn girls". Quartz. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-22.
↑  Florida، Richard (30 مارس 2008). "A singles map of the United States of America". The Boston Globe. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-08.
↑  Kvasnicka، Michael؛ Bethmann، Dirk (1 أكتوبر 2007). "World War II, Missing Men, and out-of-wedlock childbearing" (PDF). The Institute of Economic Research, Korea University. 07-30. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-02-24.
↑  "CIA Fact Book". The Central Intelligence Agency of the United States. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-06."CIA Fact Book". The Central Intelligence Agency of the United States.
↑  Clutton-Brock، T. (2007). "Sexual Selection in Males and Females". Science. ج. 318 ع. 5858: 1882–1885. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1882C. DOI:10.1126/science.1133311. PMID:18096798.
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↑  Sutter، John D. "Opinion: Nope, not too many men in Alaska". CNN. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-07-05.
↑  Dynamics of Indigenous Demographic Fluctuations: Lessons from Sixteenth-Century Cusco, Peru R. Alan Covey, Geoff Childs, Rebecca Kippen Source: Current Anthropology, Vol. 52, No. 3 (June 2011), pp. 335–360: The University of Chicago Press نسخة محفوظة 30 أغسطس 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Heer، David M.؛ Grossbard-Shechtman، Amyra (1981). "The Impact of the Female Marriage Squeeze and the Contraceptive Revolution on Sex Roles and the Women's Liberation Movement in the United States, 1960 to 1975". Journal of Marriage and the Family. ج. 43 ع. 1: 49–65. DOI:10.2307/351416. JSTOR:351416.
↑  Shoshana Grossbard-Shechtman (1993), On the Economics of Marriage – A Theory of Marriage, Labor and Divorce. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
↑  Guttentag, Marcia and Secord, Paul F. (1983), Too Many Women: The Sex Ratio Question. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications
↑  Grossbard-Shechtman, Shoshana and Granger, Clive W. (September 1998). "Women's Jobs and Marriage, Baby-Boom versus Baby-Bust," Population, 53: 731–52 (in French) نسخة محفوظة 2021-05-13 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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