العلم والتنجيم
مراجع

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Zarka، Philippe (2011). "Astronomy and astrology". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. ج. 5 ع. S260: 420–425. DOI:10.1017/S1743921311002602.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Bennett، Jeffrey؛ Donohue، Megan؛ Schneider، Nicholas؛ Voit، Mark (2007). The cosmic perspective (ط. 4th). San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Addison-Wesley. ص. 82–84. ISBN:0-8053-9283-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-12-22.
↑ Hansson، Sven Ove؛ Zalta، Edward N. "Science and Pseudo-Science". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-07-06 .
"Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List". Astronomical Society of the Pacific. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-09-15.
↑  Hartmann، P؛ Reuter, M.؛ Nyborga, H. (مايو 2006). "The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study". Personality and Individual Differences. ج. 40 ع. 7: 1349–1362. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017. To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book Astrology: Science or superstition? by Eysenck and Nias (1982).
↑  Vishveshwara، S.K.؛ Biswas, D.C.V.؛ Mallik, C.V.، المحررون (1989). Cosmic perspectives : essays dedicated to the memory of M.K.V. Bappu (ط. 1. publ.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN:0-521-34354-2.
↑ Peter D. Asquith، المحرر (1978). Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1. Dordrecht u.a.: Reidel u.a. ISBN:978-0-917586-05-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-04-24.
"Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding". science and engineering indicators 2006. National Science Foundation. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-05-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-07-28. About three-fourths of Americans hold at least one pseudoscientific belief; i.e., they believed in at least 1 of the 10 survey items[29]" ..." Those 10 items were extrasensory perception (ESP), that houses can be haunted, ghosts/that spirits of dead people can come back in certain places/situations, telepathy/communication between minds without using traditional senses, clairvoyance/the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future, astrology/that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives, that people can communicate mentally with someone who has died, witches, reincarnation/the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, and channeling/allowing a "spirit-being" to temporarily assume control of a body.
1 2  Arjomand، Kamran (1997). "The Emergence of Scientific Modernity in Iran: Controversies Surrounding Astrology and Modern Astronomy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century". Iranian Studies. تايلور وفرانسيس, for the International Society for Iranian Studies. ج. 30: 5–24. DOI:10.1080/00210869708701857.
1 2 3 4  Kuhn، Thomas (1970). Imre Lakatos؛ Alan Musgrave (المحررون). Proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science [held at Bedford college, Regent's Park, London, from July 11th to 17th 1965] (ط. Reprint.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN:0521096235. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-09.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Thagard، Paul R. (1978). "Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience". Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. The University of Chicago Press. ج. 1: 223–234.
1 2 3 4  Dean G.؛ Kelly, I. W. (2003). "Is Astrology Relevant to Consciousness and Psi?". Journal of Consciousness Studies. ج. 10 ع. 6–7: 175–198.
↑  Matthews، Robert (17 أغسطس 2003). "Astrologers fail to predict proof they are wrong". The Telegraph. London. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-07-13.
↑  Benski، Claude؛ Nienhuys، Jan Willem؛ وآخرون (1995). The "Mars effect": a French test of over 1,000 sports champions. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN:0-87975-988-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-22.
↑  Plait، Phil. "Astrology". Bad Astronomy. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-03-13.
1 2 3  Nickerson، Raymond S. Nickerson (1998). "Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises". Review of General Psychology. 2. ج. 2 ع. 2: 175–220. DOI:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175.
↑  Eysenck، H.J.؛ Nias, D.K.B. (1984). Astrology : science or superstition?. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN:0-14-022397-5.
↑  Wunder، Edgar (1 ديسمبر 2003). "Self-attribution, sun-sign traits, and the alleged role of favourableness as a moderator variable: long-term effect or artefact?". Personality and Individual Differences. ج. 35 ع. 8: 1783–1789. DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00002-3. The effect was replicated several times (Eysenck & Nias 1981,1982; Fichten & Sunerton, 1983; Jackson, 1979; Kelly, 1982; Smithers and Cooper, 1978), even if no reference to astrology was made until the debriefing of the subjects (Hamilton, 1995; Van Rooij, 1994, 1999), or if the data were gathered originally for a purpose that has nothing to do with astrology (Clarke, Gabriels, and Barnes, 1996; Van Rooij, Brak, & Commandeur, 1988), but the effect is stronger when a cue is given to the subjects that the study is about astrology (Van Rooij 1994). Early evidence for sun-sign derived self-attribution effects has already been reported by Silverman (1971) and Delaney & Woodyard (1974). In studies with subjects unfamiliar with the meaning of the astrological sun-sign symbolism, no effect was observed (Fourie, 1984; Jackson & Fiebert, 1980; Kanekar & Mukherjee, 1972; Mohan, Bhandari, & Meena, 1982; Mohan and Gulati, 1986; Saklofske, Kelly, & McKerracher, 1982; Silverman & Whitmer, 1974; Veno & Pamment, 1979).
1 2 3  Cary J. Nederman؛ James Wray Goulding (Winter 1981). "Popular Occultism and Critical Social Theory: Exploring Some Themes in Adorno's Critique of Astrology and the Occult". Sociological Analysis. ج. 42. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |lastauthoramp= تم تجاهله يقترح استخدام |name-list-style= (مساعدة)
"Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists". The Humanist, September/October 1975. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-03-18.
The Humanist, volume 36, no.5 (1976).
Bok, Bart J.؛ Lawrence E. Jerome؛ Paul Kurtz (1982). "Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists". في Patrick Grim (المحرر). Philosophy of Science and the Occult. Albany: State University of New York Press. ص. 14–18. ISBN:0-87395-572-2.
"Ariz. Astrology School Accredited". The Washington Post. 27 أغسطس 2001. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-06.
Allum، Nick (13 ديسمبر 2010). "What Makes Some People Think Astrology Is Scientific?". Science Communication. ج. 33 ع. 3: 341–366. DOI:10.1177/1075547010389819. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-12-02. This underlies the "Barnum effect". Named after the 19th-century showman Phineas T. Barnum, whose circus act provided "a little something for everyone", it refers to the idea that people believe a statement about their personality that is vague or trivial if they think that it derives from some systematic procedure tailored especially for them (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Rogers & Soule, 2009; Wyman & Vyse, 2008). For example, the more birth detail is used in an astrological prediction or horoscope, the more credulous people tend to be (Furnham, 1991). However, confirmation bias means that people do not tend to pay attention to other information that might disconfirm the credibility of the predictions.
Stephen Thornton؛ Edward N. Zalta (older edition). "Karl Popper". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-04.
Popper، Karl (2004). Conjectures and refutations : the growth of scientific knowledge (ط. Reprint). London: Routledge. ISBN:0-415-28594-1.
The relevant piece is also published in, Schick Jr، Theodore (2000). Readings in the philosophy of science : from positivism to postmodernism. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Pub. ص. 33–39. ISBN:0-7674-0277-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-01-28.
Cogan، Robert (1998). Critical thinking : step by step. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. ISBN:0761810676. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-04-07.
Smith، Jonathan C. (2010). Pseudoscience and extraordinary claims of the paranormal : a critical thinker's toolkit. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN:978-1-4051-8123-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-07-17.
Carlson، Shawn (1985). "A double-blind test of astrology" (PDF). Nature. ج. 318 ع. 6045: 419–425. Bibcode:1985Natur.318..419C. DOI:10.1038/318419a0. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2019-02-16.
Gauquelin، Michel (1955). L'influence des astres : étude critique et expérimentale. Paris: Éditions du Dauphin.
Pont، Graham (2004). "Philosophy and Science of Music in Ancient Greece". Nexus Network Journal. ج. 6 ع. 1: 17–29. DOI:10.1007/s00004-004-0003-x.
Carroll، Robert Todd (2003). The skeptic's dictionary : a collection of strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN:0-471-27242-6.
Giomataris، Ioannis. "Nature Obituary Georges Charpak (1924–2010)". Nature. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-07-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-05-13.
Charpak، Georges؛ Holland, Henri Broch (2004). Debunked! : ESP, telekinesis, and other pseudoscience. ترجمة: Bart K. Baltimore u.a.9: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. ص. 6, 7. ISBN:0-8018-7867-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-16.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان (link)
"British Physicist Debunks Astrology in Indian Lecture". Associated Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-09-28.
Chris، French (7 فبراير 2012). "Astrologers and other inhabitants of parallel universes". 7 February 2012. London: The Guardian. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-07-08.
Randi، James. "UK MEDIA NONSENSE — AGAIN". 21 May 2004. Swift, Online newspaper of the مؤسسة جيمس راندي التربوية. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-07-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-07-08.
Michael Shermer، المحرر (2002). The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ص. 241. ISBN:1-57607-653-9.
Samuels، Andrew (1990). Jung and the post-Jungians. London: Tavistock/Routledge. ص. 80. ISBN:0-203-35929-1.
Jean-Paul Caverni؛ Jean-Marc Fabre؛ Michel Gonzalez، المحررون (1990). Cognitive biases. Amsterdam: North-Holland. ISBN:0-444-88413-0.
Paul، Annie Murphy (2005). The cult of personality testing : how personality tests are leading us to miseducate our children, mismanage our companies, and misunderstand ourselves (ط. 1st pbk.). New York, N.Y.: Free Press. ISBN:0-7432-8072-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-09.
Rogers، P.؛ Soule, J. (5 مارس 2009). "Cross-Cultural Differences in the Acceptance of Barnum Profiles Supposedly Derived From Western Versus Chinese Astrology". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. ج. 40 ع. 3: 381–399. DOI:10.1177/0022022109332843. The Barnum effect is a robust phenomenon, having been demonstrated in clinical, occupational, educational, forensic, and military settings as well as numerous ostensibly paranormal contexts (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Snyder, Shenkel & Lowery, 1977; Thiriart, 1991). In the first Barnum study, Forer (1949) administered, astrological believers deemed a Barnum profile supposedly derived from astrology was a better description of their own personality than did astrological skeptics. This was true regardless of the respondent's ethnicity or apparent profile source. This reinforces still further the view that individuals who endorse astrological beliefs are prone to judging the legitimacy and usefulness of horoscopes according to their a priori expectations.
Theodor W. Adorno (Spring 1974). "The Stars Down to Earth: The Los Angeles Times Astrology Column". Telos. ج. 1974 ع. 19: 13–90. DOI:10.3817/0374019013. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-06.
Science and Technology Indicators 2014 (PDF). National Science Foundation. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2019-02-16.
Muller، Richard (2010). "Web site of Richard A. Muller, Professor in the Department of Physics at the University of California at Berkeley,". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-08-02.My former student Shawn Carlson published in Nature magazine the definitive scientific test of Astrology.

Maddox، Sir John (1995). "John Maddox, editor of the science journal Nature, commenting on Carlson's test". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-09-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-08-02. "... a perfectly convincing and lasting demonstration."
Hoskin، Michael، المحرر (2003). The Cambridge concise history of astronomy (ط. Printing 2003.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN:0521572916.
Evans، James (1998). The history & practice of ancient astronomy. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN:9780195095395. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-12-03.
Wright، Peter (1975). "Astrology and Science in Seventeenth-Century England". Social Studies of Science. ج. 5: 399–422. DOI:10.1177/030631277500500402.
Hurley، Patrick (2005). A concise introduction to logic (ط. 9th). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. ISBN:0534585051.
James، Edward W. (1982). Patrick Grim (المحرر). Philosophy of science and the occult. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN:0873955722.
Jackson، T. (20 ديسمبر 2011). "When balance is bias". BMJ. ج. 343 ع. dec19 2: d8006–d8006. DOI:10.1136/bmj.d8006.
Robbins، Martin (24 يناير 2011). "Astrologers angered by stars". الغارديان. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-12-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-09-07.
Pigliucci، Massimo (2010). Nonsense on stilts : how to tell science from bunk (ط. [Online-Ausg.].). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN:9780226667850.
Pigliucci، Massimo؛ Boudry، Maarten (2013). Philosophy of pseudoscience : reconsidering the demarcation problem. Chicago [u.a.]: Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN:9780226051796.
مخطوطة آيسلندي في القرن الثامن عشر يظهر المنازل الفلكية ورموز الكواكب.
يقترح بوبرز القابلية للتفسير والدحض كأفكار تميز ما هو علمي مما هو غير علمي، مستخدماً علم التنجيم كمثال لفكرة لم تنجح في اختبار قابلية التفسير والدحض أثناء التجربة.
نتائج تأثير المريخ الأولي، موضحًا التواتر النسبي للموضع النهاري للمريخ وتأثيرها في المخططات الولادية للرياضيين البارزين (N = 570) (الخط الأحمر المتصل) مقارنة بنتائج ميشيل جاكلين 1955
يظهر في الصورة كوكب بلوتو وأقماره الصناعية. كان يزعم أن علم التنجيم يعمل قبل اكتشاف نبتون وأورانوس وبلوتو.