تصادفية
مراجع

↑  "Stochastic". OxfordDictionaries.com. OUP.
↑  Paul C. Bressloff (22 أغسطس 2014). Stochastic Processes in Cell Biology. Springer. ISBN:978-3-319-08488-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-12.
↑  N.G. Van Kampen (30 أغسطس 2011). Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry. Elsevier. ISBN:978-0-08-047536-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-12.
↑  Russell Lande؛ Steinar Engen؛ Bernt-Erik Sæther (2003). Stochastic Population Dynamics in Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press. ISBN:978-0-19-852525-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-12.
↑  Carlo Laing؛ Gabriel J Lord (2010). Stochastic Methods in Neuroscience. OUP Oxford. ISBN:978-0-19-923507-0. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-12.
↑  Wolfgang Paul؛ Jörg Baschnagel (11 يوليو 2013). Stochastic Processes: From Physics to Finance. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN:978-3-319-00327-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-12.
↑  Edward R. Dougherty (1999). Random processes for image and signal processing. SPIE Optical Engineering Press. ISBN:978-0-8194-2513-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-12.
↑  Thomas M. Cover؛ Joy A. Thomas (28 نوفمبر 2012). Elements of Information Theory. John Wiley & Sons. ص. 71. ISBN:978-1-118-58577-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-11-24.
↑  Michael Baron (15 سبتمبر 2015). Probability and Statistics for Computer Scientists, Second Edition. CRC Press. ص. 131. ISBN:978-1-4987-6060-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-12.
↑  Jonathan Katz؛ Yehuda Lindell (31 أغسطس 2007). Introduction to Modern Cryptography: Principles and Protocols. CRC Press. ص. 26. ISBN:978-1-58488-586-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-27.
↑  François Baccelli؛ Bartlomiej Blaszczyszyn (2009). Stochastic Geometry and Wireless Networks. Now Publishers Inc. ص. 200–. ISBN:978-1-60198-264-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-04-27.
↑  J. Michael Steele (2001). Stochastic Calculus and Financial Applications. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN:978-0-387-95016-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-12.
↑  Marek Musiela؛ Marek Rutkowski (21 يناير 2006). Martingale Methods in Financial Modelling. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN:978-3-540-26653-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-12.
↑  Steven E. Shreve (3 يونيو 2004). Stochastic Calculus for Finance II: Continuous-Time Models. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN:978-0-387-40101-0. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-12.
↑  Douglas Hubbard "How to Measure Anything: Finding the Value of Intangibles in Business" pg. 46, John Wiley & Sons, 2007
↑  Hänggi، P. (2002). "Stochastic Resonance in Biology How Noise Can Enhance Detection of Weak Signals and Help Improve Biological Information Processing". ChemPhysChem. ج. 3 ع. 3: 285–90. DOI:10.1002/1439-7641(20020315)3:3<285::AID-CPHC285>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID:12503175.
↑  Newmeyer, Frederick. 2001. "The Prague School and North American functionalist approaches to syntax" Journal of Linguistics 37, pp. 101-126."Since most American functionalists adhere to this trend, I will refer to it and its practitioners with the initials `USF'. Some of the more prominent USFs are Joan Bybee, William Croft (linguist)|William Croft, Talmy Givon, John Haiman, Paul Hopper, Marianne Mithun and Sandra Thompson (linguist)|Sandra Thompson. In its most extreme form (Hopper 1987, 1988), USF rejects the Saussurean dichotomies such as langue vs. parôle. For early interpretivist approaches to focus, see Chomsky (1971) and Jackendoff (1972). parole and synchrony vs. diachrony. All adherents of this tendency feel that the Chomskyan advocacy of a sharp distinction between competence and performance is at best unproductive and obscurantist; at worst theoretically unmotivated.
"
↑  Bybee, Joan. "Usage-based phonology." p. 213 in Darnel, Mike (ed). 1999. Functionalism and Formalism in Linguistics: General papers. John Benjamins Publishing Company
↑  Chomsky (1959). Review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior, Language, 35: 26-58
↑  Manning and Schütze, (1999) Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing, MIT Press. Cambridge, MA
↑  Bybee (2007) Frequency of use and the organization of language. Oxford: Oxford University Press
| 0 | 1 |
| --- | --- |
ضبط استنادي: وطنية :  الملف الاستنادي المتكامِل (GND) 
بوابة ألعاب
بوابة رياضيات
بوابة علوم
بوابة فلسفة
حركة برونية لحبيبات لاتكس فلورية (قطر 20 نانومتر) في الماء، تشاهد بالميكروسكوب.