جدول الأمم لأجيال نوح وفقا للكتاب المقدس العبري
مراجع

↑  Reynolds، Susan (أكتوبر 1983). "Medieval Origines Gentium and the Community of the Realm". وايلي-بلاكويل  ‏. Chichester, West Sussex. ج. 68 ع. 224: 375–390. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1983.tb02193.x. JSTOR:24417596.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)
1 2  Rogers 2000.
↑  Guido Zernatto؛ Alfonso G. Mistretta (يوليو 1944). "Nation: The History of a Word". Cambridge University Press. ج. 6 ع. 3: 351–366. DOI:10.1017/s0034670500021331. JSTOR:1404386.
↑  "Biblical Geography," Catholic Encyclopedia: "The ethnographical list in Genesis 10 is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of the old general geography of the East, and its importance can scarcely be overestimated." نسخة محفوظة 2023-06-27 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Johnson، James William (أبريل 1959). "The Scythian: His Rise and Fall". دار نشر جامعة بنسلفانيا  ‏. فيلادلفيا. ج. 20 ع. 2: 250–257. DOI:10.2307/2707822. JSTOR:2707822.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)
1 2 3 4  Blenkinsopp 2011.
↑  Saadia Gaon 1984b.
↑  Ben Maimon 1956.
1 2  Towner 2001.
↑  Gmirkin 2006.
↑  Brodie 2001.
↑  Sadler 2009.
1 2  Scott 2005.
↑  Machiela 2009.
↑  Ruiten 2000.
↑  Alexander 1988.
↑  Pietersma & Wright 2005.
↑  Strawn 2000a.
↑  Mungello، David E. (1989). Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology. University of Hawaii Press. ص. 179, 336–337. ISBN:0-8248-1219-0. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-29. there are more references in that book on the early Jesuits' and others' opinions on Noah's Connection to China
↑  "History Collection - Collection - UWDC - UW-Madison Libraries". search.library.wisc.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-03-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-06-21.
↑  Shalev، Zur (2003). "Sacred Geography, Antiquarianism and Visual Erudition: Benito Arias Montano and the Maps in the Antwerp Polyglot Bible" (PDF). Imago Mundi. ج. 55: 71. DOI:10.1080/0308569032000097495. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-02-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-01-17.
↑  "1770s–1840s: early ideas – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-12-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-06-21.
↑  Strawn 2000b.
↑  Thompson 2014.
↑  Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (1974)
↑  Josephus 1998.
↑  التلمود اليروشلمي, Megillah 1:9 [10a]؛ التلمود البابلي, Yoma 10a
↑  Saadia Gaon 1984.
↑  Josippon 1971.
↑  Abarbanel 1960.
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس, Gomer's descendants settled in Galatia. According to سوزومن؛ فيلوستورغيوس (1855), pp. 431–432, "Upper Galatia and the district lying around the Alps were later called Gallia, or Gaul by the Romans." Cf. التلمود البابلي (Yoma 10a) where it associates Gomer with the land of Germania. According to 2nd-century author, أريتايوس القبادوقي, the قلط were thought to be an offshoot of the غاليون.
↑  His progeny were initially called by the Greeks "سكوثيون" (هيرودوت, Book IV. 3–7; pp. 203–207), a people that originally inhabited those lands stretching between the Black and Aral Seas (S.E. Europe and Asia), although some of which people later went as far eastward as the جبال ألتاي. Abarbanel (1960:173) alleges that Magog was also the progenitor of the قوط, a Germanic race. The Goths have a history of migration where they are known to have settled among other nations, such as among the inhabitants of Italy and of France and of Spain. See إيزيدور الإشبيلي (1970:3). The التلمود اليروشلمي, Leiden MS. (Megillah 1:9 [10a]) uses the word غيتيون to describe the descendants of Magog. According to Isidore of Seville (2006:197), the داتشيون (the ancient people inhabiting رومانيا - formerly Thrace) were offshoots of the Goths.
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.1.), Madai's posterity inhabited the country of the Medes, the capital city of which, according to هيرودوت, was إكباتان.
↑  Herodotus (1971). E.H. Warmington (ed.). Herodotus: The Persian Wars (بالإنجليزية). Translated by A.D. Godley. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann Ltd. Vol. 3 (Books V–VII). p. 377 (Book VII). ISBN:0-674-99133-8. The Medes were in old time called by all men Arians (Aryan) ((ردمك 0-434-99119-8) - British)
↑  According to Josippon (1971:1), the descendants of Javan inhabited مقدونيا. According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.1.), from Javan were derived the Ionians and all the Grecians.
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.1), the descendants of Tuval settled in the شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية. Abarbanel (1960:173), citing Josippon, concurs with this view, who adds that, besides Spain, some of his descendants had also settled in بيزا (of Italy), as well as in France along the السين (نهر), and in Britain. The التلمود اليروشلمي (Megillah 10a), following the Aramaic Targum, ascribes the descendants of Tuval to the region of بيثينيا. Alternatively, Josephus may have been referring to the Caucasian Iberians, the ancestors of modern جورجيون.
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.1), Meshech was the father of the indigenous peoples of كبادوكيا in Central Anatolia, Turkey, where they had built the city Mazaca. This view is followed by Abarbanel (1960:173), although he seemed to confound Cappadocia with another place by the same name in أرمينيا الكبرى, near the Euphrates River. R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:32 - note 5) opined that the descendants of Meshech had also settled in Khorasan. The التلمود اليروشلمي (Megillah 10a), following the Aramaic Targum, ascribes the descendants of Meshech to the region of مويسيا.
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.1) and the التلمود اليروشلمي (Megillah 10a), the descendants of Tiras are said to have originally settled in the country of تراقيا (Thracians). In the التلمود البابلي (Yoma 10a), one rabbi holds that some of his descendants settled in إيران, a view held also by R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:32). According to Josippon (1971:1), Tiras was the ancestor of the Russian people (perhaps كييف روس), as well as of those peoples who first settled in البوسنة والهرسك, and in إنجلترا (perhaps referring to the ancient Britons, the بيكتيون, and the Scots – a Celtic race). This opinion seems to be followed by Abarbanel (1960:173) who wrote that Tiras was the ancestor of the Russian people and of the native peoples of England. As for the early Britons and Picts, according to The Saxon Chronicles, they were joined by the Angles and Jutes (Denmark) from the ساكسون. The Jutes had established colonies in Kent and Wight, whilst the Angles had established colonies in مرسيا and in all the نورثمبريا in about 449 CE.
↑  Historians and anthropologists note that the entire region east of the راين was known by the Romans as Germania (Germany), or what is transcribed in some sources as Germani, Germanica. The region, though now settled by a multitude of mixed peoples, was resettled some 4,500 years ago (based on a study presented in 2013 by Professor Alan J. Cooper, from the Australian Center for Ancient DNA, and by fellow co-worker Dr. Wolfgang Haak, who carried out research on early العصر الحجري الحديث skeletons discovered during an excavation in Sweden, and published in the article, "Ancient Europeans Mysteriously Vanished 4,500 Years Ago"); being resettled by a group of peoples comprising the Germanic Tribes, which group is largely thought to include the قوط, whether قوط شرقيون or قوط غربيون, the وندال and the فرنجة، برغنديون، ألان، لومبارديون، Angles، ساكسون، يوت، سويبيون and ألامانيون.
↑  According to Pausanias, in his Description of Greece (on Arcadia 8.9.7.), "the Bithynians are by descent Arcadians of مانتينيا," that is to say, Grecians by origin; the descendants of Javan. نسخة محفوظة 2023-06-20 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Considered by many to be the progenitor of the ancient غاليون (the people of بلاد الغال, meaning, from Austria, France and Belgium, although this view is not conclusive. According to سعيد الفيومي's Tafsir (a لهجات عربية يهودية translation of the Pentateuch), Ashkenaz was the progenitor of the سلاف (Slovenes, etc.). According to Gedaliah ibn Jechia  ‏'s seminal work, Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah (p. 219), who cites in the name of أبراهام زاكوتو, the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled in what was then called بوهيميا, which today is the present-day جمهورية التشيك. This view is corroborated by native Czech historian and chronicler ديفيد غانس (1541–1613), author of a book published in Hebrew, entitled Tzemach Dovid (Part II, p. 71; 3rd edition pub. in Warsaw, 1878), who, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, writes that the Czech Republic was formerly called Bohemia (Latin: Boihaemum). يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.1) simply writes for Ashkenaz that he was the progenitor of the people whom the Greeks call Rheginians, a people which إيزيدور الإشبيلي (2006:193) identified with سارماتيون. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the سفر إرميا in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Ashkenaz in Jeremiah 51:27 is Hurmini (Jastrow: "probably a province of أرمينيا"), and حدياب, suggesting that the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled there.
↑  R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:32) in his translation of Genesis 10:3 thought Rifath to be the progenitor of the فرنجة, whom he called in لهجات عربية يهودية פרנגה. In contrast, Abarbanel (1960:173), like يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.1), opined that the descendants of Rifath settled in بافلاغونيا, a region corresponding with Cappadocia (Roman province) in Asia Minor. Abarbanel added that some of these people (from Paphlagonia) eventually made their way into البندقية, in Italy, while others went to France and to Lesser Britain (برطانية (فرنسا)) where they settled along the لوار river. According to Josippon (1971:1), Rifath was the ancestor of the indigenous peoples of برطانية (فرنسا). The author of the Midrash Rabba (on Genesis Rabba §37) takes a different view, alleging that the descendants of Rifath settled in حدياب.
↑  Togarmah is considered by medieval Jewish scholars as being the progenitor of the original Turks, of whom were the فريغيون, according to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.1). According to R. يهوذا اللاوي in his الحجة والدليل في نصرة الدين الذليل, and according to the book Josippon (book I), Togarmah fathered ten sons, who were these: 1. Kuzar (Khazar; Cusar), actually the seventh son of Togarmah, and whose progeny became known as خزر. In a letter written by King Joseph of the Khazar to حسداي بن شبروط, he claimed that he and his people are descended from Japheth, through son Togarmah; 2. Pechineg (Pizenaci), the ancestor of a people that settled along the Danube River. Some Pechenegs had also settled along the river Atil (فولغا), and likewise on the river Geïch (Ural), having common frontiers with the Khazars and the so-called Uzes؛ 3. Elikanos; 4. Bulgar, the ancestor of the early inhabitants of بلغاريا. Descendants of these people also settled along the lower courses of the دانوب, as well as in the region of قازان, in تتارستان؛ 5. Ranbina; 6. Turk, perhaps the ancestor of the فريغيون of Asia Minor (Turkey); 7. Buz; 8. Zavokh; 9. Ungar, the ancestor of the early inhabitants of المجر. These also settled along the Danube River; 10. Dalmatia, the ancestors of the first inhabitants of كرواتيا.
↑  According to R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:32 - note 9), some of Togarmah's descendants settled in طاجيكستان in central Asia. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the سفر حزقيال in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Togarmah in Ezekiel 27:14 is the province of Germamia (var. Germania), suggesting that his descendants had originally settled there. The same view is taken by the author of the Midrash Rabba (Genesis Rabba §37).
↑  Asia, the sense being to الأناضول. In the language employed by Israel's Sages, this place is always associated with the western part of Turkey, the largest city of which region during the period of Israel's sages being أفسس, situated on the coast of Ionia, near present-day Selçuk, Izmir Province, in west Turkey (cf. Josephus, Antiquities 14.10.11).
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.1), and R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:32), Kitim was the father of the indigenous peoples who inhabited the isle of قبرص. According to Josippon (1971:2), Kitim was also the forebear of the Romans who settled along the التيبر, in the Campus Martius سهل فيضي. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the سفر حزقيال in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that the Kitim in Ezekiel 27:6 is the province of بولية (إيطاليا), suggesting that his descendants had originally settled there.
↑  According to R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:32 - note 13), the descendants of Dodanim settled in أضنة, a city in southern Turkey, on the Seyhan River. According to Josippon (1971:2), Dodanim was the forebear of the كروات and the سلوفينيون, among other nations. Abarbanel (1960:173) held that the descendants of Dodanim settled the isle of رودس.
↑  Now called Ilida (in southern Greece on the بيلوبونيز).
↑  This place is distinguished by being the northwestern part of the بيلوبونيز peninsula.
↑  Misrayim was the progenitor of the indigenous Egyptians, from whom are descended the أقباط. Misrayim's sons were لوديم، عناميم، Lehabim، قائمة الشخصيات الثانوية في الكتاب المقدس ، من z إلى z، فتروسيم، كسلوحيم (out of whom came فلستيون), and كفتور.
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.2), and Abarbanel (1960:173), Fūṭ is the progenitor of the indigenous peoples of ليبيا. R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:32 - note 15) writes in لهجات عربية يهودية that Fūṭ's name has been preserved as an معطي اسم in the town called תפת, and which يوسف قافيه thought may have been the town תוות mentioned by ابن بطوطة, a town in the Sahara bounded by present-day المغرب.
↑  The reference here is to Canaan, who became the father of eleven sons, the descendants of whom leaving the names of their fathers as معطي اسم in their respective places where they came to settle (e.g. Ṣīdon، Yəḇūsī, etc. See Descendants of Canaan). The children of Canaan had initially settled the regions south of the جبال طوروس (Amanus) stretching as far as the border of Egypt. During the Israelite's conquest of Canaan under Joshua, some of the Canaanites were expelled and went into شمال إفريقيا, settling initially in and around قرطاج؛ on this account see Epiphanius (1935), p. 77 (75d - §79) and Midrash Rabba (Leviticus Rabba 17:6), where, in the latter case, Joshua is said to have written three letters to the Canaanites, requesting them to either take leave of the country, or make peace with Israel, or engage Israel in warfare. The Gergesites took leave of the country and were given a country as beautiful as their own in مقاطعة أفريكا. The Tosefta (Shabbat 7 [8]:25) mentions the country in respect to the Amorites who went there.
↑  Not identified. Possibly a region in Libya. Jastrow has suggested that the place may have been an Egyptian eparchy or nomos, probably Heracleotes. The name also appears in Rav Yosef's Aramaic Targum of I Chronicles 1:8–ff.
↑  Sebā is thought to have left his name to the town of Saba, which name, according to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 2.10.2.), was later changed by Cambyses the Persian to مروي (مدينة تاريخية), after the name of his own sister. Sebā's descendants are thought to have originally settled in Meroë, along the banks of the upper Nile River.
↑  According to R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:32), this man's descendants are said to have settled in Zawilah, a place explained by medieval traveler بنيامين التطيلي as being "the land of Gana (فزان south of Tripoli)," situated at a distance of a 62-day caravan-journey, going westward from أسوان in Egypt, and passing through the great desert called الصحراء الكبرى. See Adler (2014), p. 61). The Arab chronicler and geographer, Ibn Ḥaukal (travelled 943-969 CE), says of Zawilah that it is a place in the eastern part of the المغرب العربي, adding that "from القيروان (Tunis) to Zawilah is a journey of one month." Abarbanel (1960:174), like يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.2.), explains this strip of country to be inhabited by the قيتول, and which place is described by Pliny in his Natural History as being between Libya and a stretch of desert as one travels southward. The 10th-century Karaite scholar, يفيت بن علي (p. 114 - folio A), identified "the land of Havilah" in Genesis 2:11 with "the land of Zawilah," and which he says is a land "encompassed by the Pishon river," a river which he identified as the Nile River, based on an erroneous, medieval-Arab geographical perspective where the نهر النيجر was thought to be an extension of the Nile River. See ابن خلدون (1958:118). In contrast, Yefet ben Ali identified the جيحون (توراة) of Genesis 2:13 with that of جيحون (نهر) (al-Jiḥān / Jayhon of the Islamic texts), and which river encircled the entire هندوكوش. Ben Ali's interpretation stands in direct contradiction to Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, where it assigns the "land of Havilah" (in Gen. 2:11) to the "land of India." نسخة محفوظة 2022-06-19 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  According to R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:32 - note 18), Savtah was the forebear of the peoples who originally settled in Zagāwa, a place thought to be identical with Zaghāwa in the far-western regions of Sudan, and what is also called Wadai. According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.2.), the descendants of Savtah were called by the Grecians "Astaborans," a northeastern Sudanic people.
↑  According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32), Savteḫā was the progenitor of the inhabitants of Demas, probably the ancient port city and harbour in Tunisia, mentioned by Pliny, now an extensive ruin along the Barbary Coast called Ras ed-Dimas, located ca. 15 كيلومتر (9.3 ميل) from the island of Lampedusa, and ca. 200 كيلومتر (120 ميل) southeast of Carthage.
↑  يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.2.) calls the descendants of Dedan "a people of western Aethiopia" and which place "they founded as a colony" (Αἰθιοπικὸν ἔθνος τῶν ἑσπερίων οἰκίσας). R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:32 - note 22), in contrast, thought that the children of Dedan came to settle in الهند.
↑  Also known as Byzacium, or what is now called تونس.
↑  Mezağ is now الجديدة (المغرب) in Morocco.
↑  According to R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:33 - note 47), the descendants of Elam settled in محافظة خوزستان (عيلام), and which, according to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.4.) were "the ancestors of the ancient Persians."
↑  According to R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:33 - note 48), Ashur was the progenitor of the Assyrian race, whose ancestral territory is around الموصل in northern Iraq, near the ancient city of نينوى. The same view was held by يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.4.).
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.4.), Arphaxad's descendants became known by the Greeks as Chaldeans (خالدي), who inhabited the region known as Chaldea, in present-day Iraq.
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.4.), Lud was the forebear of the ليديون. The Asatir describes the descendants of two of the sons of Shem, viz. Laud (Ld) and Aram, as also having settled in a region of Afghanistan formerly known as Khorasan (Charassan), but known by the Arabic-speaking peoples of Afrikia (North Africa) as simply "the isle" (Arabic: Al-gezirah). (see: Moses Gaster (ed.), The Asatir: The Samaritan Book of the "Secrets of Moses", The Royal Asiatic Society: London 1927, p. 232)
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.4.), Aram was the progenitor of the سوريون, a people who originally settled along the الفرات and, later, all throughout سوريا الكبرى. R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:33 - note 49), dissenting, thought that Aram was the progenitor of the أرمن.
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.4.), the descendants of Uz founded the cities of اللجاة and دمشق. R. سعيد الفيومي (1984:33 - note 50) possessed a tradition that Uz's descendants also settled the region in Syria known as غوطة دمشق.
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.4.), the descendants of Hul (Ul) founded أرمينيا. Ishtori Haparchi (2007:88), dissenting, thought that Hul's descendants settled in the region known as Hulah, south of دمشق and north of الصنمين (Ba'al Maon).
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.4.), the descendants of Mash settled the region known in classical antiquity as خاراكس.
↑  Whose posterity were known as the "Hebrews", after the name of their forebear.
↑  From Peleg's line descended the بنو إسرائيل, the descendants of Esau, and the Arabian nations (Ishmaelites), among other peoples - all sub-nations.
↑  In the South Arabian tradition, he is today known by the name Qaḥṭān, the progenitor of the Sabaean-Himyarite tribes of South Arabia. See سعيد الفيومي (1984:34) and Luzzatto, S.D.  ‏ (1965:56).
↑  According to نثنائيل بن أشعيا (1983:74), Almodad's descendants settled along the "coastal plains," without naming the country.
↑  According to نثنائيل بن أشعيا (1983), p. 74, Sheleph's descendants settled along the "coastal plains," without naming the country.
↑  نثنائيل بن أشعيا (1983:74), a place now called in southern اليمن by the name حضرموت. Pliny, in his Natural History, mentions this place under the name Chatramotitae.
↑  نثنائيل بن أشعيا (1983:74) calls the place inhabited by Jerah's descendants "Ibn Qamar" ("the son of Moon") – an inference to the word "Jerah" (Heb. ירח) which means "moon," and where he says are now the towns of ظفار (محافظة) in Yemen, and Qalhāt in Oman, and al-Shiḥr (ash-Shiḥr).
1 2  Nethanel ben Isaiah 1983.
↑  The old appellation given to the city of صنعاء in Yemen was Uzal. Uzal's descendants are thought to have settled there. See نثنائيل بن أشعيا (1983:74); Luzzatto, S.D.  ‏ (1965:56); and see Al-Hamdāni (1938:8, 21), where it was later known under its Arabic equivalent Azāl.
↑  According to نثنائيل بن أشعيا (1983:74), Diklah's posterity were said to have founded the city of بيحان.
↑  A place which نثنائيل بن أشعيا (1983:74), calls in لهجات عربية يهودية אלאעבאל = al-iʻbāl.
↑  According to نثنائيل بن أشعيا (1983:74), Abimael's posterity inhabited the place called Al-Jawf.
↑  نثنائيل بن أشعيا (1983:74) calls the land settled by Havilah's posterity as being "a land inhabited in the east". Targum Pseudo-Jonathan ascribes the "land of Havilah" in Genesis 2:11 to the "land of India." يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.1.3.), writing on the same verse, says that "Havilah" is a place in India, traversed by the Ganges River.
↑  نثنائيل بن أشعيا (1983:74), calls the land settled by Jobab's posterity as being "a land inhabited in the east".
↑  According to يوسيفوس فلافيوس (Antiquities 1.6.4. [1.147]), the posterity of Joktan settled all those regions "proceeding from the river نهر كابل (a tributary of the نهر السند), inhabiting parts of الهند (Ἰνδικῆς) and of the adjacent country Seria (Σηρίας)." Of this last country, إيزيدور الإشبيلي (2006:194) wrote: "The Serians (i.e. Chinese, or East Asians generally), a nation situated in the far East, were allotted their name from their own city. They weave a kind of wool that comes from trees, hence this verse 'The Serians, unknown in person, but known for their cloth'."
↑  D'Souza (1995), p. 124
↑  According to يوسابيوس القيصري' Onomasticon, after the Hivites were destroyed in Gaza, they were supplanted by people who came there from كبادوكيا. See Notley, R.S., et al. (2005), p. 62
↑  According to an ancient Jewish teaching in مشناه (Yadayim 4:4), سنحاريب, the king of Assyria, came up and put all the nations in confusion. Therefore, Judah, a person who thought he was of Ammonite descent, was permitted to marry a daughter of Israel.
↑  A case study are the Bulgar tribes who, in the 7th-century, migrated to the lower courses of the rivers دانوب، دنيستر and دنيبر. Being influenced by the Goths, they at one time spoke a Germanic language, evidenced by the 4th-century translation of the Wulfila Bible by a small Gothic community in Nicopolis ad Istrum (a place in northern Bulgaria). Later, because of an influx of south Slavs in the region from the 6th century, they adopted a common language on the basis of Slavonic.
↑  A case in point is Bethuel the Aramean ("Syrian") in Gen. 25:20, who was called an "Aramean", not because he was descended from Aram, but because he lived in the country of the Aramaeans (Syrians). So explains نثنائيل بن أشعيا (1983:121–122).
↑  التلمود البابلي, Yebamot 62a, RASHI, s.v. חייס; ibid. Baba Bathra 109b. Cf. موسى بن ميمون، مشناه توراة (Hil. Nahalot 1:6).
↑  This was observed as early as 1734, in جورج سيل's Commentary on the Quran.
↑  Klijn، Albertus (1977). Seth: In Jewish, Christian and Gnostic Literature. BRILL. ISBN:90-04-05245-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-06-16., page 54
↑  S.P. Brock notes that the earliest Greek texts of Pseudo-Methodius read Moneton, while the Syriac versions have Ionţon (Armenian Apocrypha, p. 117) نسخة محفوظة 2023-07-16 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Gascoigne، Mike. "Travels of Noah into Europe". www.annomundi.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-03-18.
↑  Whiston، William (1708). "A New Theory of the Earth: From Its Original, to the Consummation of All Things. Wherein the Creation of the World in Six Days, the Universal Deluge, and the General Conflagration, as Laid Down in the Holy Scriptures, are Shewn to be Perfectly Agreeable to Reason and Philosophy. With a Large Introductory Discourse Concerning the Genuine Nature, Stile, and Extent of the Mosaick History of the Creation". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-07-16.
↑  Hutton، Christopher (2008). "Human diversity and the genealogy of languages: Noah as the founding ancestor of the Chinese". Language Sciences. ج. 30 ع. 5: 512–528. DOI:10.1016/j.langsci.2007.07.004. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-07-16.
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