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↑  Ruggie, John Gerard (1982). "International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order". International Organization 36(2). The term was later used by many international political economy scholars and economic historians, with an early example occurring in Stephen Krasner ed. International Regimes.
↑  As World War II was drawing to a close, there was more political support for redistributive policies than ever before. The working classes had increased influence due to the recent expansion of the حق التصويت and the wealthier classes were generally more sympathetic due to the shared experience of participating in the war and as moderate Keynesian policies were seen as the best measure to stabilise liberal democracy by reducing poverty and unemployment, thus forestalling the rise of extremists such as fascists.
↑  This had recently happened to France after the Popular Front came to power in 1936. As Keynes said at the Bretton Woods Conference: "Surely in the post-war years there is hardly a country in which we ought not to expect keen political discussions affecting the position of the wealthier classes and the treatment of private property. If so, there will be a number of people constantly taking fright because they think that the degree of leftism in one country looks for the time being likely to be greater than somewhere else". Quoted in Helleiner (1995) at p. 35.
↑  The word liberal has a special meaning here and should not be confused with the modern United States sense of the word which can be associated with left-leaning politics. As is common in most اقتصاد سياسي دولي topics, the word in this article generally means supportive of free trade.
↑  Though not as a result of Polanyi's direct influence, many others, most notably Keynes, had independently reached parallel conclusions.
↑  In addition to chapter 3–6 of Polanyi (1944), for a wide-ranging and easily digestible discussion of these restrictions see chapter 1 of The Worldly Philosophers by Robert Heilbroner.
↑  Polanyi 1944، p. 45.
↑  Quoted by Ruggie in the 1982 paper where the term embedded liberalism was coined. نسخة محفوظة 2021-01-29 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Polanyi 1944، passim, especially chapters 7–12.
↑  Ravenhill 2005، pp. 12, 156–163.
↑  Full abolition of outdoor relief was only completed by the early 1840s, but it was largely accomplished with the 1834 Act.
↑  Though Polyani notes that a few were still able to receive charity from Lords, Ladies or clergy who offered it in defiance of the Law.
↑  Polanyi 1944، chapters 3–4.
↑  Cockett 1944، pp. 321–333.
↑  Polanyi 1944، pp. 148–154.
↑  Polanyi cites The Man Versus the State (1884) where Spencer provides a long list of what he saw as undesirable state interventions into economic affairs. Polyani goes on to says Spencer was wrong to blame socialism, arguing that the interventions resulted from pragmatic reactions by policy makers to the stresses caused by the free market, thus socialism was not to become a powerful political force until a few decades later.
↑  The link between progressive developments in the United States and Europe is covered in Polyani's Great Transformation (1944), but for a much more detailed account see Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (2000) by Daniel Rodgers.
↑  Polanyi 1944، passim, especially p. 1–7.
↑  Blyth 2002، p. 3–5.
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