انقطاعات التيار الكهربائي في فنزويلا عام 2019
المصادر والمراجع

↑ Angulo, Nataly and Cesar Batiz (10 Mar 2019). "¿Por qué ocurrió el apagón nacional que provocó el caos en Venezuela? Los expertos explican" [ Why did the national blackout that caused the chaos in Venezuela happen? The experts explain] . Univision (بالإسبانية). Archived from the original on 2022-11-24. Retrieved 2019-03-17 . Especialistas venezolanos en el tema eléctrico explican que el corte masivo de electricidad se debió a la falta de mantenimiento, desprofesionalización constante del sector en los últimos años del chavismo, falta de inversión y la gran vulnerabilidad que representa depender de un solo embalse: el de Guri, ubicado en el sur del país, en el estado Bolívar. and as analyzed at
"Desmontan versión de ataque cibernético: 'Es como hackear una nevera'" [Dismantling cyberattack version: 'It's like hacking a fridge']. El Nacional (بالإسبانية). 9 Mar 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-05-19. Retrieved 2019-03-17. Expertos aseguran que el sistema de El Guri se creó antes de que existiera Internet, por lo que no depende de dicho tipo de conexiones para funcionar.
Brassesco, Javier and Fernando Nunez-Noda. "Expediente: Las causas del apagón en Venezuela" [File: The causes of the blackout in Venezuela]. Verifikado (بالإسبانية). Archived from the original on 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2019-03-14. Univision recogió opiniones de expertos ...
↑  Molina Guzmán, Julio (12 Mar 2019). "Origen de la falla eléctrica en Venezuela". جامعة فنزويلا المركزية (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
↑  "No end in sight to Venezuela's blackout, experts warn". New York Times. 11 مارس 2019. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-18. Energy experts, Venezuelan power sector contractors and current and former Corpoelec employees have dismissed accusations of sabotage, saying the blackout was the result of years of underinvestment, corruption and brain drain. (...) Restarting the turbines requires skilled operators who can synchronize the speed of rotation on as many as nine of Guri's operational turbines. Experts said the most experienced operators had long left the company because of meager wages and an atmosphere of paranoia fed by Mr. Maduro's ever-present secret police.
↑  "Venezuela crisis: Fresh power cuts black out Caracas". BBC. 26 مارس 2019. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-26.
↑  "Thousands join rival protests on streets of Venezuela as power cuts continue". MSN. 10 مارس 2019. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-15.
↑  "Conformarán una comisión presidencial para investigar el ciberataque y mostrar la verdad". Prensa MPP (بالإسبانية). 12 Mar 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-09-13. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
↑  Angulo, Nataly. "Los cuatro apagones que oscurecen a Venezuela" (بالإسبانية). El Pitazo. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
1 2  Rodríguez Rosas, Ronny (9 Mar 2019). "A Motta Domínguez se le cumplió el plazo y no cumplió" [Motta Domínguez's deadline was met and he did not comply]. Efecto Cocuyo (بالإسبانية). Archived from the original on 2019-03-13. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
↑  "Venezuela: power returns after blackout but normal service may be a long way off". The Guardian. 14 مارس 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-17.
↑  "Four dead, hundreds detained after Venezuela blackout: rights groups". Reuters. 14 مارس 2019. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-17.
1 2 3  Dube, Ryan and Maolis Castro (8 مارس 2019). "Venezuela Blackout Plunges Millions Into Darkness; Maduro, without evidence, blames sabotage by local opponents and the U.S. for power outage". Wall Street Journal. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-10. One company, Derwick Associates, formed by a number of well connected young businessmen with scant experience in the power business, received about $1.8 billion in contracts from Venezuelan state companies to buy and install turbines, paying a U.S. company about $1 billion to do the work. Derwick officials said they paid no bribes to any Venezuelan officials and the prices charged by the company reflected the high costs of doing business in Venezuela.
1 2  Jones, Sam (13 مارس 2019). "Venezuela blackout: what caused it and what happens next?". The Guardian. ISSN:0261-3077. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-13.
↑  Foggin، Sophie (26 مارس 2019). "Why Venezuela's power outage is also a Brazilian problem". Latin America Reports. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-06-17.
↑  "Blackout darkens much of Venezuela in latest taste of economic woes". Buenos Aires Times. 8 مارس 2019. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-06-17.
↑  "En el tercer día de apagón en Venezuela, reportan que murieron 17 pacientes por falta de diálisis" [On the third day of the blackout in Venezuela, it is reported that 17 patients died due to lack of dialysis]. Infobae (بالإسبانية). 9 Mar 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
↑  Arroyo, Lorena (12 مارس 2019). "Denuncian ONGs: apagón deja al menos 43 pacientes muertos en Venezuela" [NGOs denounce: blackout leaves at least 43 patients dead in Venezuela]. Univisión. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-13.
↑  "Venezuela, blaming U.S. for six-day blackout, orders diplomats to leave". Reuters. 12 مارس 2019. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-12.
↑  "Servicio eléctrico sigue sin restituirse totalmente tras el apagón nacional". El Nacional (بالإسبانية). 18 Mar 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-07-22. Retrieved 2019-03-18.
↑  Phillips, Tom (25 مارس 2019). "'No more hope': fresh blackout leaves half of Venezuela without power". The Guardian. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-25.
↑  Sequera, Vivian؛ Cohen, Luc (29 مارس 2019). "Venezuela blocks Guaido from office as the opposition scoffs". Reuters. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-29.
↑  Altuve, Armando (29 Mar 2019). "Médicos por la Salud contabiliza cuatro muertes por segundo apagón nacional" [Doctors for Health counts four deaths per second national blackout]. El Pitazo (بالإسبانية). Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
↑  "New round of power cuts hits major cities in Venezuela". Al Jazeera. 29 مارس 2019. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-09-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-30.
↑  "Nuevo apagón afectó a Venezuela este sábado" [New blackout affected Venezuela this Saturday]. El Nacional (بالإسبانية). 30 Mar 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
↑  "Venezuela sufre el tercer apagón en solo tres semanas". Telemundo 51 (بالإسبانية). 29 Mar 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
↑  Pons, Corina and Brian Ellsworth (29 مارس 2019). "International Red Cross ready for Venezuela humanitarian aid operation". Reuters. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-11-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-30.
↑  Bermudez, Margioni (1 أبريل 2019). "Maduro announces 30 days of electricity rationing in Venezuela". Yahoo. AFP. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-04-01.
↑  "Guaido: Will work with Japanese government". إن إتش كي وورلد. 31 مارس 2019. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-04-01.
↑  Sánchez، Fabiola؛ Goodman، Joshua (23 يوليو 2019). "Much of Venezuela in the dark again after massive blackout". Associated Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-06-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-07-23.
↑  Newman, Lily Hay (12 مارس 2019). "Why it's so hard to restart Venezuela's power grid". Wired. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-13.
1 2 3  Peñaloza, Pedro Pablo (10 Mar 2019). "Más de una década de corrupción e improvisación dejan a Venezuela a oscuras" [More than a decade of corruption and improvisation leave Venezuela in the dark]. Univision (بالإسبانية). Archived from the original on 2021-10-24. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
1 2  Nagel, Juan Cristóbal (1 أبريل 2016). "In Venezuela, the Lights Are Going Out". Foreign Policy. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-04-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-10. U.S. and Swiss authorities launched probes into Derwick Associates, a Venezuelan firm that builds power plants for the government. No criminal charges have yet been filed, but the firm is being investigated for laundering money and paying bribes to the state-owned oil giant, PDVSA, using international financial institutions. Venezuelan investigative journalists and bloggers have been on Dewick's (sic) case, finding more examples of bad behavior. They claim that its contracts were overpriced and awarded without public tender, and that the firm passed off used power plants as brand new. Derwick denies all these allegations, claiming that it is being subjected to a "witch hunt." Derwick is just one firm, but the saga appears to confirm that much of what ails Venezuela's electricity sector has to do with massive government corruption. It would be simplistic to say that corruption is the only problem, however. In addition to tackling corruption, sorting out this mess for good would involve undoing the country's disastrous energy policies – privatizing electricity generation and raising prices.
↑  Rendon, Moises (14 مارس 2019). "Venezuela's man-made power outage". Center for Strategic and International Studies. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-14.
↑  Sequera, Vivian and Brian Ellsworth (8 مارس 2019). "WrapUp: Venezuela crippled by power blackout, China warns over foreign meddling". CNBN. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-14.
↑  Grant، Will (14 مارس 2019). "Entrevista de Juan Guaidó con la BBC: "Ninguno de los organismos de seguridad que el gobierno controla se ha atrevido a apresarme"". BBC. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-18.
↑  "Los montos que recibieron de Corpoelec Jesús Ramón Veroes y Luis Alberto Chacín, acusados por EEUU de corrupción" [The amounts received by Jesús Ramón Veroes and Luis Alberto Chacín, accused by the US of corruption, from Corpoelec]. La Patilla (بالإسبانية). 19 Mar 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
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