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مراجع

↑  "Aztec Two-Step". [[ديسكوجز (قاعدة بيانات)|]]. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-07-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-05-30.
↑  The Beat Generation – Literature Periods & Movements. نسخة محفوظة 10 يوليو 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Kakutani, Michiko (10 Nov 2008). "A Jack Kerouac-William S. Burroughs Collaboration: 'And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks'". The New York Times (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN:0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2017-09-12.
↑  Charters (1992) The Portable Beat Reader.
↑  Ann Charters, introduction, to Beat Down to Your Soul, Penguin Books (2001) (ردمك 978-0-14100-151-7) p. xix "[...] the conclusion of the obscenity trial in San Francisco against Lawrence Ferlinghetti for publishing Ginsberg's Howl and Other Poems [...] in which Judge Clayton W. Horn concluded for the defendant that 'Howl' had what he called 'redeeming social content.'", p. xxxiii "After the successful Howl trial, outspoken and subversive literary magazines sprung up like wild mushrooms throughout the United States."
↑  Ted Morgan, Literary Outlaw, New York: Avon, 1988. p. 347, trade paper edition (ردمك 0-380-70882-5): "The ruling on Naked Lunch in effect marked the end of literary censorship in the United States."
↑  "Beat movement (American literary and social movement) – Encyclopædia Britannica". britannica.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-04-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-11-30.
↑  "Beat to his socks, which was once the black's most total and despairing image of poverty, was transformed into a thing called the Beat Generation..." James Baldwin, "If Black English Isn't a Language, Then Tell Me, What is it?," The New York Times, July 29, 1979.
↑  "The word 'beat' was primarily in use after World War II by jazz musicians and hustlers as a slang term meaning down and out, or poor and exhausted. The jazz musician Mezz Mezzrow combined it with other words, like 'dead beat' ..." Ann Charters, The Portable Beat reader, 1992, (ردمك 0-670-83885-3), (ردمك 978-0-670-83885-1).
↑  "Hebert Huncke picked up the word [beat] from his show business friends on of Near North Side of Chicago, and in the fall of 1945 he introduced the word to William Burroughs, Allen Ginsberg, and Jack Kerouac." Steve Watson, "The Birth of the Beat Generation" (1995), p. 3, (ردمك 0-375-70153-2).
↑  The exuberance is much stronger in the published On the Road, than in its manuscript (in scroll-form). Luc Sante: "In the scroll the use of the word "holy" must be 80 percent less than in the novel, and psalmodic references to the author's unique generation are down by at least two-thirds; uses of the word "beat", for that matter, clearly favor the exhausted over the beatific." New York Times Book Review, August 19, 2007. نسخة محفوظة 24 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Beard, Rick, and Leslie Berlowitz. 1993. Greenwich Village: Culture and Counterculture. New Brunswick, N.J. Published for the Museum of the City of New York by Rutgers University Press. 167.
↑  "In this essay "Beat" includes those American poets considered avant-garde or anti-academic from c. 1955 – 1965.", Lee Hudson, "Poetics in Performance: The Beat Generation" collected in Studies in interpretation, Volume 2, ed Esther M. Doyle, Virginia Hastings Floyd, 1977, Rodopi, (ردمك 90-6203-070-X), 9789062030705, p. 59.
↑  "... resistance is bound to occur in bringing into the academy such anti-academic writers as the Beats.", Nancy McCampbell Grace, Ronna Johnson, Breaking the rule of cool: interviewing and reading women beat writers, 2004, Univ. Press of Mississippi, (ردمك 1-57806-654-9), (ردمك 978-1-57806-654-4), p. x.
↑  "The Black Mountain school originated at the sometime Black Mountain College of Asheville, North Carolina, in the 1950s and gave rise to an anti-academic academy that was the center of attraction for many of the disaffiliated writers of the period, including many who were known in other contexts as the Beats or the Beat generation and the San Francisco school." Steven R. Serafin, Alfred Bendixen, The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature, 2005, Continuum International Publishing Group, (ردمك 0-8264-1777-9), (ردمك 978-0-8264-1777-0), p. 901.
↑  "Pacific Northwest Seasons: Ross Lake: Paddling in the Path of Beat Poets". pacificnwseasons.blogspot.com. 22 سبتمبر 2008. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-11-30.
↑  "Reed Magazine: When the Beats Came Back (1/6)". reed.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-11-30.
↑  "Reed Digital Collections : Search Results". cdm.reed.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-12-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-11-30.
↑  Ginsberg, Allen A Definition of the Beat Generation, from Friction, 1 (Winter 1982), revised for Beat Culture and the New America: 1950–1965.
↑  Morgan، Bill (2011). The Type Writer Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint.
1 2  Prothero، Stephen (1991). "On the Holy Road: The Beat Movement as Spiritual Protest". The Harvard Theological Review. ج. 84 ع. 2: 205–222. DOI:10.1017/S0017816000008166.
↑  Hemmer، Kurt، المحرر (2007). Encyclopedia of Beat Literature. Facts On File, Inc. ص. 111. ISBN:978-0-8160-4297-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-31. These early books, too, are windows into the poet's efforts to find a place for his homosexual identity in the repressive pre-Stonewall United States.
↑  Hemmer، Kurt، المحرر (2007). Encyclopedia of Beat Literature. Facts On File, Inc. ص. 32. ISBN:978-0-8160-4297-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-31. And then, before the end of the decade, Burroughs had gone—leaving cold-war America to escape his criminalization as a homosexual and drug addict, to begin 25 years of expatriation.
↑  "Hetero- and Homo-Social Relationships in Jack Kerouac's On the Road". Not-So-Gentle Reader blog. 23 يوليو 2009. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-11-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-11-30.
↑  Lundberg، John (16 أكتوبر 2011). "The Great Drug-Induced Poems". Huffington Post. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-10-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-09-12.
↑  Allen Ginsberg, The Essential Ginsberg, Penguin UK, 2015. نسخة محفوظة 26 ديسمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Substance Use". Beatdom. 14 سبتمبر 2010. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-09-12.
↑  McClure, Michael. Scratching the Beat Surface.
↑  "Throughout these interviews [in Spontaneous Mind] Ginsberg returns to his high praise of William Blake and Walt Whitman. Ginsberg obviously loves Blake the visionary and Whitman the democratic sensualist, and indeed Ginsberg's own literary personality can be construed as a union of these forces." Edmund White, Arts and letters (2004), p. 104, (ردمك 1-57344-195-3), (ردمك 978-1-57344-195-7).
↑  "Ginsberg's intense relationship to Blake can be traced to a seemingly mystical experience he had during the summer of 1948." ibid, p. 104.
↑  Ted Morgan, Literary Outlaw (1988), p.36-37 of trade paper edition, "When Billy [William Burroughs] was thirteen, he came across a book that would have an enormous impact on his life and work. Written by someone calling himself Jack Black, You Can't Win was the memoirs of a professional thief and drug addict."
↑  "In 'Author's Introduction,' which is included in Lonesome Traveler (1960), Kerouac ... goes on to mention Jack London, William Saroyan, and Ernest Hemingway as early influences and mentions Thomas Wolfe as a subsequent influence." William Lawlor, Beat culture: lifestyles, icons, and impact, 2005, (ردمك 1-85109-400-8), (ردمك 978-1-85109-400-4) p. 153. "And if one considers The Legend of Dulouz, one must acknowledge the influence of Marcel Proust. Like Proust, Kerouac makes his powerful memory the source of much of his writing and again like Proust, Kerouac envisions his life's literary output as one great book." Lawlor, p. 154.
↑  Garton-Gundling، Kyle. "Beat Buddhism and American freedom". thefreelibrary.com. Johns Hopkins University Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-12-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-11.
↑  Collected in The Norman Podhoretz Reader by Norman Podhoretz, Thomas L. Jeffers, Paul Johnson. Free Press, 2007. (ردمك 978-1-4165-6830-8).
↑  In: Spontaneous Mind.
↑  Ginsberg, Allen, Spontaneous Mind: Selected Interviews, 1958–1996, p. 5, (ردمك 0-06-093082-9).
↑  Knight, Arthur Winfield. Ed. The Beat Vision (1987), Paragon House. (ردمك 0-913729-40-X); (ردمك 0-913729-41-8) (pbk).
↑  Charters (2001) Beat Down to Your Soul.