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مراجع

↑  Duhem، Pierre (1913)، "Physics, History of"، في Charles G. Herbermann؛ Edward A. Pace؛ Condé B. Pallen؛ John J. Wynne؛ Thomas J. Shahan (المحررون)، The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, and History of the Catholic Church، New York: Encyclopedia Press، ج. 12، ص. 51، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-01-03
↑  Samsó، Julio (2007). "Biṭrūjī: Nūr al‐Dīn Abū Isḥāq [Abū Jaʿfar] Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al‐Biṭrūjī". في Hockey, Thomas؛ وآخرون (المحررون). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Verlag. ص. 133–134. ISBN:978-0-387-31022-0. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-20. (PDF version)
↑  Aydin Sayili (1987), "Ibn Sīnā and Buridan on the Motion of the Projectile", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 500 (1): 477–482 [477]
↑  "الشّفاء ـ طبيعيّات". books.rafed.net. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-01-14.
↑  Espinoza، Fernando (2005). "An analysis of the historical development of ideas about motion and its implications for teaching". Physics Education. ج. 40 ع. 2: 141. Bibcode:2005PhyEd..40..139E. DOI:10.1088/0031-9120/40/2/002.
↑  حسين نصر & Mehdi Amin Razavi (1996). The Islamic intellectual tradition in Persia. روتليدج. ص. 72. ISBN:978-0-7007-0314-2.
↑  Aydin Sayili (1987). "Ibn Sīnā and Buridan on the Motion of the Projectile". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. ج. 500 ع. 1: 477–482. Bibcode:1987NYASA.500..477S. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37219.x.
↑  Espinoza, Fernando. "An Analysis of the Historical Development of Ideas About Motion and its Implications for Teaching". Physics Education. Vol. 40(2).
↑  Sayili, Aydin. "Ibn Sina and Buridan on the Motion the Projectile". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol. 500(1). p.477-482.
1 2  Gutman, Oliver (2003). Pseudo-Avicenna, Liber Celi Et Mundi: A Critical Edition. Brill Publishers. p. 193. ISBN 90-04-13228-7.
↑  Crombie, Alistair Cameron, Augustine to Galileo 2, p. 67.
↑  Pines، Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī , Hibat Allah". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ج. 1. ص. 26–28. ISBN:0-684-10114-9. (cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (4), p. 521-546 [528].)
↑  Pedersen، Olaf (26 مارس 1993). Early physics and astronomy: a historical introduction. CUP Archive. ص. 210. ISBN:978-0-521-40899-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-06-16.
↑  "Jean Buridan: Quaestiones on Aristotle's Physics". مؤرشف من الأصل في 20 يوليو 2011.
↑  Questions on the Eight Books of the Physics of Aristotle: Book VIII Question 12  English translation in Clagett's 1959 Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages  p536
↑  The distinction between primary motive forces and secondary motive forces such as impetus was expressed by Oresme, for example, in his De Caelo Bk2 Qu13, which said of impetus, "it is a certain quality of the second species...; it is generated by the motor by means of motion,.." [See p552 Clagett 1959]. And in 1494 Thomas Bricot of Paris also spoke of impetus as a second quality, and as an instrument which begins motion under the influence of a principal particular agent but which continues it alone. [See p639 Clagett 1959].
↑  "For the resistance that is in the heavens does not tend to some other motion or to rest, but only to not being moved any faster." Bk2 Ch 3 Treatise on the heavens and the world
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