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1 2  The Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire...
↑  Turchin، Peter؛ Adams، Jonathan M.؛ Hall، Thomas D (ديسمبر 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of world-systems research. ج. 12 ع. 2: 223. ISSN:1076-156X. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-09-12.
↑  Rein Taagepera (سبتمبر 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. ج. 41 ع. 3: 498. DOI:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. ISSN:0020-8833. JSTOR:2600793.
↑  Dündar, Orhan; Dündar, Erhan, 1.Dünya Savaşı, Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1999, (ردمك 975-11-1643-0)
↑  Erickson، Edward J. (2003). Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913. Greenwood Publishing Group. ص. 59. ISBN:978-0-275-97888-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-03-28.
↑  Quataert، Donald (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 (ط. 2). Cambridge University Press. ص. 4. ISBN:978-0-521-83910-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-11.
↑  From the article on the Ottoman Empire in Oxford Islamic Studies Online نسخة محفوظة 15 أبريل 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Glasse, Cyril, New Encyclopedia of Islam, (Rowman Altamira, 2003), 229.
↑  Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 57.
↑ Hathaway، Jane (2008). The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800. Pearson Education Ltd. ص. 8. ISBN:978-0-582-41899-8. historians of the Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favor of one of crisis and adaptation
Tezcan، Baki (2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period. Cambridge University Press. ص. 9. ISBN:978-1-107-41144-9. Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades, revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles, some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century. Thanks to these works, the conventional narrative of Ottoman history – that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption – has been discarded.
Woodhead، Christine (2011). "Introduction". في Christine Woodhead (المحرر). The Ottoman World. ص. 5. ISBN:978-0-415-44492-7. Ottomanist historians have largely jettisoned the notion of a post-1600 'decline'
↑  Quataert، Donald (1994). "The Age of Reforms, 1812–1914". في İnalcık، Halil؛ Donald Quataert (المحررون). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914. Cambridge University Press. ج. 2. ص. 762. ISBN:0-521-57456-0.
↑  Bertold Spuler. Persian Historiography & Geography Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd (ردمك 9971774887) p 69 نسخة محفوظة 22 مارس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 1, By Stanford Jay Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw, pg. 13
↑  
Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354-1804, By Peter F. Sugar, pg.14
↑  Shaw, S: History of the Ottoman empire and Modern Turkey: I pp.13-14
↑  J.J.Norwich (1996) Byzantium: the Decline and Fall, Penguin, London p.320
↑  Crowley, Roger. 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. New York: Hyperion, 2005. p 31 ISBN 1-4013-0850-3.
↑  Tuchman, 548
↑  The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of latin christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
↑  Michal Biran, The Chaghadaids and Islam: The Conversion of Tarmashirin Khan (1331-34) , Journal of الجمعية الشرقية الأمريكية, Vol. 122, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 2002), 751; "Temur, a non-Chinggisid, tried to build a double legitimacy based on his role as both guardian and restorer of the Mongol Empire.".
↑  Weatherford, J. McIver, Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world, (Random House Inc., 2004), 252. نسخة محفوظة 13 أبريل 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Imber, Colin, The Ottoman Empire. London: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2002. ISBN 0 333 613872
↑  Stone, Norman "Turkey in the Russian Mirror" pages 86-100 from Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 2004 page 94
↑  Duffy, 2006, p. 196.
↑  Egger، Vernon O. (2008). A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community. برنتيس هول . ص. 82. ISBN:0132269694. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-04-13.
↑  Savory، R. M. (1960). <91:TPOOTS>2.0.CO;2-B "The Principal Offices of the Ṣafawid State during the Reign of Ismā'īl I (907-30/1501-24)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. ج. 23 ع. 1: 91–105. DOI:10.1017/S0041977X00149006. مؤرشف من <91:TPOOTS>2.0.CO;2-B الأصل في 2020-03-12.
↑  Hess، Andrew C. (يناير 1973). <55:TOCOE(>2.0.CO;2-# "The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt (1517) and the Beginning of the Sixteenth-Century World War". International Journal of Middle East Studies. ج. 4 ع. 1: 55–76. مؤرشف من <55:TOCOE(>2.0.CO;2-# الأصل في 2020-04-02.
↑  "Encyclopaedia Britannica". Britannica.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-12-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-08-26.
↑  "Encyclopaedia Britannica". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-10-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-08-26.
↑  The Cambridge history of Islam by Peter Malcolm Holt,Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis p.330  نسخة محفوظة 27 مايو 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  تاريخ الترك: معركة بروزة نسخة محفوظة 01 ديسمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Corsari nel Mediterraneo: Hayreddin Barbarossa  نسخة محفوظة 03 مارس 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  L. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire, 206
↑  Lewis Bernard: The emergence of Modern Turkey: p24
↑  Norman Itzkowitz, Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition p.64–65.
↑  Partly based on an entry on Sebastian in The Popular Encyclopedia, or, Conversations Lexicon (London: Blackie & Son, 1864)
↑  Hammer: II p187. Venrad, Marc: Le Monde et son Histoire: V p415
1 2  Kinross, 272.
↑  Norman Itzkowitz, Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition p.67.
↑  Inalcik, An Economic And Social History Of The Ottoman Empire, Vol 1 1300–1600 p.24.
↑  Pouqueville, François Charles H.L.: Travels through the Morea, Albania, and several other parts of the Ottoman Empire, page 113-114, published 1806
↑  E. van Donzel, Islamic Desk Reference: Compiled from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Academic Publishers, p 219
↑  Akın Alıcı, Hayata Yön Veren Sözler, 2004
↑  Norman Itzkowitz, Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition p.77–81.
↑  Norman Itzkowitz, Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition p.80–81.
↑  Norman Itzkowitz, Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition p.83–84.
↑  Stone, Norman "Turkey in the Russian Mirror" pages 86-100 from Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 2004 page 97
↑  Davison: Reform in the Ottoman Empire: p21
↑  Sicker, Martin (2001), The Islamic world in decline: from the Treaty of Karlowitz to the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, pp. 83-85. Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-275-96891-X
↑  Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi (2007), A history of Egypt: from the Arab conquest to the present, pp. 57-59. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج, ISBN 0-521-70076-0
1 2  Amira K. Bennison, "Muslim Universalism and Western Globalization," in Globalization in World History, ed. A.G. Hopkins, p. 89.
↑  Goodwin, Jason: "Lords of the Horizons", Chapter 24: The Auspicious Event, 1998
↑  Davis، Claire (1970). The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ص. 213–217. ASIN B000NP64Z2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-05-01.
↑  Davis، Claire (1970). The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ص. 214–217. ASIN B000NP64Z2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-05-01.
↑  "Liberation, Independence and Union". Njegos.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-10-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-08-26.
↑  Berend, Tibor Iván, History derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the long nineteenth century, (دار نشر جامعة كاليفورنيا Ltd, 2003), 127.
↑  Alistair Horne، (2006). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 (New York Review Books Classics). 1755 Broadway, New York, NY 10019: NYRB Classics. ص. 29–30. ISBN:978-1-59017-218-6.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان (link)
↑  Laffin, John, Brassey's Dictionary of Battles, (Barnes & Noble Inc., 1995),.227
↑  Grant, R.G., Battle: A Visual Journey through 5,000 years of combat, (DK Publishing Inc., 2005), 263.
↑  BAŞ,Ersan:Çeşme, Navarin, Sinop Baskınları ve Sonuçları  Türk Deniz Harp Tarihinde İz Bırakan Gemiler, Olaylar ve Şahıslar Sayı: 8, Piri Reis Araştırma Merkezi Yayını, Deniz Basımevi, 2007, İstanbul, ISBN 975-409-452-7
↑  Joseph، J (2000). The modern Assyrians of the Middle East: encounters with Western Christian missions, archaeologists, and colonial powers. BRILL. ص. 82. ISBN:978-9004116412. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-19.
↑  Stone, Norman "Turkey in the Russian Mirror" pages 86-100 from Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 2004 page 95.
↑  Albertini، Luigi (1952). The Origins of the War of 1914, Volume I. Oxford University Press. ص. 20.
↑  de Courtois، S (2004). The forgotten genocide: eastern Christians, the last Arameans. Gorgias Press LLC. ص. 99. ISBN:978-1593330774. مؤرشف من الأصل في 17 أبريل 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أكتوبر 2020. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)
↑  Hovannisian. "The Armenian Question", p. 217.
↑  Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
↑  Andrieu، C؛ Sémelin، J؛ Gensburger، S (2010). Resisting Genocide: The Multiple Forms of Rescue. Columbia University Press. ص. 212–213. ISBN:9780231701723. مؤرشف من الأصل في 17 أبريل 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أكتوبر 2020. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)
↑  Greek and Turkish refugees and deportees 1912–1924. جامعة لايدن.  نسخة محفوظة 16 يوليو 2007 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  'Castles' p.22-23
↑  'Castles' p. 48–49
↑  The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; "Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire..".
↑  Encyclopædia Britannica. "Encyclopædia Britannica: Armenian massacres (Turkish-Armenian history)". Britannica.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-03-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-08-26.
↑  Balakian, Peter. The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: Perennial, 2003. ISBN 0-06-019840-0
↑  Christopher J. Walker. "World War I and the Armenian Genocide" in The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II, pp. 239–273.
↑  Mustafa Kemal Pasha's speech on his arrival in Ankara in November 1919
↑  League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 28, pp. 12-113.
↑  Bilefsky, Dan. "Weary of Modern Fictions, Turks Glory in Splendor of Ottoman Past," New York Times. December 5, 2009.
↑  "Political Obituaries: Ertugrul Osman". The Daily Telegraph. 27 سبتمبر 2009. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-10-26.
↑  "'Last Ottoman' dies in Istanbul". BBC. 24 سبتمبر 2009. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-07-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-09-24.
↑  "Atatürk hayatımızı kurtardı (in Turkish)". Vatan. 3 أكتوبر 2009. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-07-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-10-26.
↑  Türk, Abdulhamid Fan Piyanist Piyano (17 Oct 2016). "Şehzade Abdülkadir Harun Osmanoğlu Kimdir?". Osmanlı Sultanı 2. Abdülhamid Bilgi Haber Müzik Marş Video Musiki Beste Sitesi (بtr-TR). Archived from the original on 2019-07-17. Retrieved 2020-02-15.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: لغة غير مدعومة (link)
↑  Halil İnalcık, Studies in the economic history of the Middle East : from the rise of Islam to the present day / edited by M. A. Cook.
London University Press, Oxford U.P. 1970, p. 209 ISBN 0-19-713561-7
↑  Halil İnalcık, Studies in the economic history of the Middle East : from the rise of Islam to the present day / edited by M. A. Cook.
London University Press, Oxford U.P. 1970, p. 217 ISBN 0-19-713561-7
↑  Antony Black (2001), "The state of the House of Osman (devlet-ı al-ı Osman)" in The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present, p. 199
↑  Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1971), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914, p. 120
↑  Norman Itzkowitz, Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition p.38.
↑  Antony Black, ibid, page 197
↑  "طغراء سليمان القانوني". المتحف البريطاني. 14 مايو 2010. 1949,0409,0.86. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-11-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-06-05.
↑  İlhan Akşit. The Mystery of the Ottoman Harem. Akşit Kültür Turizm Yayınları. ISBN 975-7039-26-8
↑  Hourani، Albert Habib (1991). A History of the Arab Peoples. كامبريدج (ماساتشوستس): Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-05-01.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: ref duplicates default (link)
↑  George Walter Gawrych (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913. I.B.Tauris. ص. p.95. ISBN:1845112873. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |صفحة= يحتوي على نص زائد (مساعدة)
↑  Findley. Vaughn Carter: Ottoman Civil Officialdom: pp.132, 133
↑  "مسيرة التعليم في تركيا". موقع ترك بريس التركي. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-11-21.
↑  Joel S. Migdal (2004). Boundaries and Belonging: States and Societies in the Struggle to Shape Identities and Local Practices. Cambridge University Press. ص. p.46. ISBN:0521835666. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |صفحة= يحتوي على نص زائد (مساعدة)
↑  "Supply of Slaves". Coursesa.matrix.msu.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-05-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-08-26.
↑  Ottomans against Italians and Portuguese about (white slavery). نسخة محفوظة 13 أبريل 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Islam and slavery: Sexual slavery". Bbc.co.uk. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-05-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-08-26.
↑  Thomas M. Prymak, "Roxolana: Wife of Suleiman the Magnificent," Nashe zhyttia/Our Life, LII, 10 (New York, 1995), 15–20. A nicely illustrated popular-style article in English with a bibliography
↑  Von Gabriel Piterberg, An Ottoman Tragedy: History and Historiography at Play, pp.98–103, Books.Google.de نسخة محفوظة 19 فبراير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Von Helen Gardner, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, Gardner's Art Through the Ages, p. 263, ISBN 0-15-503758-7,Books.google.de نسخة محفوظة 19 فبراير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  "Eli Shah. The Ottoman Artistic Legacy". Mfa.gov.il. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-08-26.
↑  Gibb, E.J.W. Ottoman Literature: The Poets and Poetry of Turkey. ISBN 0-89875-906-4
↑  Tanpınar, Ahmet Hamdi. 19'uncu Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi. İstanbul: Çağlayan Kitabevi, 1988
↑  Ersin Alok, "Karagöz-Hacivat: The Turkish Shadow Play", Skylife - Şubat (Turkish Airlines inflight magazine), February 1996, p. 66–69.
↑  Bert Fragner, "From the Caucasus to the Roof of the World: a culinary adventure", in Sami Zubaida and Richard Tapper, A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East, London and New York, p. 52
↑  Behar, Cem, ed. 1996. Osmanlı Đmparatorluğu'nun ve Türkiye'nin nüfusu, 1500-1927.
Ankara: T.C. Basbakanlık Devlet Đstatistik Enstitüsü
↑  M. Kabadayı, Inventory for the Ottoman Empire / Turkish Republic 1500–2000 نسخة محفوظة 20 أغسطس 2011 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Persian historiography and geography, Bertold Spuler,M. Ismail Marcinkowski, page 69, 2003
↑  "The Divinely-Protected, Well-Flourishing Domain: The Establishment of the Ottoman System in the Balkan Peninsula", Sean Krummerich, Loyola University New Orleans, The Student Historical Journal, volume 30 (1998–99 نسخة محفوظة 10 يونيو 2009 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Turkish Toleration, The American Forum for Global Educationنسخة محفوظة 04 أبريل 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Daniela Kalkandjieva, “The Restoration of the Patriarchal Dignity of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church,” Bulgarian Historical Review, Sofia, vol. 4, (1994): 101-105.
↑  "Mecelle" in Oxford Islamic Studies Online نسخة محفوظة 15 أبريل 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Norman Itzkowitz, Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition p.96.
↑  Shaw. II p29> Lewis, Bernard: The Emergence of Modern Turkey: pp 79, 80
↑  Ellesmerereportstandard.co.uk, The standard - Petition created for submarine name نسخة محفوظة 29 أغسطس 2008 على موقع واي باك مشين.