أوامر عليا
مراجع

↑  See L.C. Green, Superior Orders in National and International Law, (A. W. Sijthoff International Publishing Co., Netherlands, 1976)
↑  Mark J. Osiel, Obeying Orders: Atrocity, Military Discipline, and the Law of War, (Transactions Publishers, New Brunswick, N.J., 1999).
↑  See James B. Insco, Defense of Superior Orders Before Military Commissions, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 13 DUKEJCIL 389 (Spring, 2003). Asserting in the author's view that a respondeat superior approach to superior orders is an "underinclusive extreme".
↑  H. T. King Jr., The Legacy of Nuremberg, Case Western Journal of International Law, Vol. 34. (Fall 2002) at p. 335.e
↑  "Situation In The Democratic Republic Of The Congo In The Case Of The Prosecutor V. Bosco Ntaganda" (PDF).
1 2  "ICRC | INTERNATIONALES KOMITEE VOM ROTEN KREUZ". www.icrc.org. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2025-01-23.
↑  "HLS: Alumni Bulletin: Exhibit highlights the first international war crimes tribunal". www.law.harvard.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2007-12-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2025-01-23.
1 2  "An Introduction to the International Criminal Court" (PDF).
↑  "Command Responsibility". archive.globalpolicy.org. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2025-01-23.
↑  "Judge and master".
↑  "The Perennial Conflict Between International Criminal Justice and Realpolitik" (PDF).
↑  Copyright; 1921; Times, by the New York Times Company Special Cable To the New York (5 Jun 1921). "FREE MAN WHO SANK A HOSPITAL SHIP; Leipsic Judges Acquit Neumann on the Ground That He Acted Under Orders. HE ADMITTED TORPEDOING Prosecutor Demanded Acquittal, Calling Dover Castle Culpable in Carrying Wounded Soldiers". The New York Times (بAmerican English). ISSN:0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-23. {{استشهاد بخبر}}: الوسيط |مؤلف2= يحوي أسماء رقمية (help)
↑  "Royal Canadian Naval Medical Service". www.gwpda.org. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2025-01-23.
↑  German War Trials: Judgement in Case of Commander Karl Neumann. The American Journal of International Law. 14 أكتوبر 1922. ص. 704–708.
↑  Superior Orders and War Crimes. The American Journal of International Law. 07-1921. ص. 440-445. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ= (مساعدة)
↑  "German War Trials: Judgment in Case of Lieutenants Dithmar and Boldt". The American Journal of International Law, vol. 16, no. 4, 1922, pp. 708–724.
↑  de Zayas، Alfred-Maurice. The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945. University of Nebraska Press. ص. 5. ISBN:0-8032-9908-7.
↑  "Churchill: execute Hitler without trial". www.thetimes.com (بالإنجليزية). 1 Jan 2006. Retrieved 2025-01-24.
↑  Moghalu, K. C. (2006). Global Justice: The Politics of War Crime Trials. Greenwood.
↑  Militär-Strafgesetzbuch für das Deutsche Reich, § 47. The difference to the present regulation, as found in the Wehrstrafgesetz § 5, is only marginal, at least as far as the letter of the law is concerned.
↑  Taylor, Telford (1970). Nuremberg and Vietnam: An American Tragedy. New York: The New York Times Group. p. 15. The claim that American intervention in Vietnam is itself an aggressive war and therefore criminal - the so-called 'Nuremberg defense' - has been put forward by draft card burners, draftees facing induction and soldiers about to be shipped to Vietnam.
↑  "The Secret in Their Eyes: Historical Memory, Production Models, and the Foreign Film Oscar".
↑  Conadep, Nunca Más Report, Chapter II, Section One:Advertencia, [1] (in Spanish)
↑  "Atrocities in Argentina (1976–1983)". www.hmh.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2025-01-24.
↑  "Sven Felix Kellerhoff". Wikipedia (بالإنجليزية). 26 Dec 2024. Archived from the original on 2025-01-21.
↑  M. R. Lippman, "Humanitarian Law: The Development and Scope of the Superior Orders Defense", Penn State International Law Review, Fall 2001.

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↑  "Itai Haviv - Black Flag". web.archive.org. 4 أكتوبر 2018. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2025-01-24.
↑  Burke; Goldstein, Joseph (2 April 1976). "Learning From My Lai: A Proposal on War Crimes". The New York Times. p. 26.
↑  "Parliament's humiliation, Canada has to reckon with its past treatment of Nazis, experts say".
↑  "NOW Magazine // News // AWOL GIs dealt legal blow". web.archive.org. 5 يونيو 2011. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2025-01-24.
↑  "Federal Courts Reports". web.archive.org. 16 فبراير 2009. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2025-01-24.
↑  "Hinzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) - Federal Court". decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2025-01-24.
↑  "Supreme Court of Canada - Decisions - Bulletin of November 16, 2007". web.archive.org. 16 فبراير 2009. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2025-01-24.
↑  "Soldier's Iraq war stance backed: Watada has right to refuse to go, retired officer says", Seattle Post-Intelligencer".
↑  ""Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development of International Criminal Law"" (PDF).
↑  "Justice & The Generals: Around The World - Command Responsibility | PBS". web.archive.org. 8 نوفمبر 2012. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2025-01-24.
↑  "Command, superior and ministerial responsibility".
↑  AFP (20 May 2022). "Lawyer asks Kyiv war crimes trial to acquit Russian soldier". Times of Malta (بBritish English). Retrieved 2025-01-24.
↑  ""Russian soldier in Ukraine war crimes trial says he did not want to kill"". رويترز. 20 مايو 2022.
↑  "Ukraine war: Russian soldier Vadim Shishimarin jailed for life over war crime" (بBritish English). 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 2025-01-18. Retrieved 2025-01-24.
↑  International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) References Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nüremberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, 1950: Introduction نسخة محفوظة 2016-03-14 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Kiddushin 42b. Qtd. in Telushkin, The Book of Jewish Values, 330.

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↑  See, e.g., Superior Growers, 982 F.2d at 177–78; United States v. Campa, 679 F.2d 1006, 1013 (lst Cir. 1982).

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