عبرنة أسماء الأماكن الفلسطينية
مراجع

↑  Masalha، Nur (15 أغسطس 2018). Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History. Zed Books. ISBN:978-1-78699-275-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-05-05. APPROPRIATION, HYBRIDISATION AND INDIGENISATION: THE APPROPRIATION OF PALESTINE PLACE NAMES BY EUROPEAN ZIONIST SETTLERS. From Palestinian Fuleh to Jewish Afula. The etymology of the Zionist settler toponym Afula is derived from the name of the Palestinian Arab village al‐Fuleh, which in 1226 Arab geographer Yaqut al‐Hamawi mentioned as being a town in the province of Jund Filastin. The Arabic toponym al‐Fuleh is derived from the word ful, for fava beans, which are among the oldest food plant in the Middle East and were widely cultivated by local Palestinians in Marj Ibn 'Amer.
↑  Noga Kadman (7 سبتمبر 2015). "Naming and Mapping the Depopulated Village Sites". Erased from Space and Consciousness: Israel and the Depopulated Palestinian Villages of 1948. Indiana University Press. ص. 91–. ISBN:978-0-253-01682-9.
↑  Benvenisti 2000، صفحة 11.
↑  Study by Palestinian geographer Shukri Arraf (1992), "The Palestinian locations between two eras/maps" (Arabic). Kufur Qari’: Matba’at, Al-Shuruq Al-Arabiya; quoted in Amara 2017، صفحة 106
↑  Sa’di، Ahmad H. (2002). "Catastrophe, Memory and Identity: Al-Nakbah as a Component of Palestinian Identity". Israel Studies. ج. 7 ع. 2: 175–198. DOI:10.2979/ISR.2002.7.2.175. JSTOR:30245590. S2CID:144811289. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-01-18. , Al-Nakbah is associated with a rapid de-Arabization of the country. This process has included the destruction of Palestinian villages. About 418 villages were erased, and out of twelve Palestinian or mixed towns, a Palestinian population continued to exist in only seven. This swift transformation of the physical and cultural environment was accompanied, at the symbolic level, by the changing of the names of streets, neighborhoods, cities, and regions. Arabic names were replaced by Zionist, Jewish, or European names. This renaming continues to convey to the Palestinians the message that the country has seen only two historical periods which attest to its "true" nature: the ancient Jewish past, and the period that began with the creation of Israel.
↑  Conder، C. R. (1881). Palmer، E. H. (المحرر). "Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists". Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund: iv–v. To determine the exact meaning of Arabic topographical names is by no means easy. Some are descriptive of physical features, but even these are often either obsolete or distorted words. Others are derived from long since forgotten incidents, or owners whose memory has passed away. Others again are survivals of older Nabathean, Hebrew, Canaanite, and other names, either quite meaningless in Arabic, or having an Arabic form in which the original sound is perhaps more or less preserved, but the sense entirely lost. Occasionally Hebrew, especially Biblical and Talmudic names, remain scarcely altered.
↑  Rainey, 1978, p.230: “What surprised western scholars and explorers the most was the amazing degree to which biblical names were still preserved in the Arabic toponymy of Palestine”
1 2  Mila Neishtadt. 'The Lexical Substrate of Aramaic in Palestinian Arabic,' in Aaron Butts (ed.) Semitic Languages in Contact, BRILL 2015 pp.281-282:'As in other cases of language shift, the supplanting language (Arabic) was not left untouched by the supplanted language (Aramaic) and the existence of an Aramaic substrate in Syro-Palestinian colloquial Arabic has been widely accepted. The influence of the Aramaic substrate is especially evidence in many Palestinian place names, and in the vocabularies of traditional life and industrials: agriculture, flora, fauna, food, tools, utensils etc.' نسخة محفوظة 2023-04-18 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Rainey, 1978, p.231: “In the majority of cases, a Greek or Latin name assigned by Hellenistic or Roman authorities enjoyed an existence only in official and literary circles while the Semitic- speaking populace continued to use the Hebrew or Aramaic original. The latter comes back into public use with the Arab conquest. The Arabic names Ludd, Beisan, and Saffurieh, representing original Lod, Bet Se’an and Sippori, leave no hint concerning their imposing Greco-Roman names, viz., Diospolis, Scythopolis, and Diocaesarea, respectively”
↑  نور الدين مصالحة,Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History, دار زيد للنشر 2018 (ردمك 978-1-786-99275-8)p.46:'Latin remained the official language of the government in the 6th century, whereas the prevalent language of merchants, farmers, seamen and ordinary citizens was Greek. Also, Aramaic -closely related to Arabic - was a prevalent language among the (predominantly Christian) Palestinian peasantry which constituted the majority of population in the country. Greek, however, became the لغة تواصل مشترك of late Byzantine Palestine, shortly before the advent of Islam. Consequently, the هلينة of Palestinian toponyms was not uncommon in Late Antiquity. A well known example of Hellenisation from Late Antiquity is the work of the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and translator Josephus who spoke Aramaic and Greek and who became a Roman citizen. Both he and Greco-Roman Jewish writer فيلون السكندري used the toponym Palestine. He listed local Palestinian toponyms and rendered them familiar to Graeco-Roman audiences. Medieval Muslims and modern Palestinians preserved Greco-Roman toponyms such as نابلس (Greek: Neapolis/Νεάπολις), Palestine, Qaysariah (Caesarea/Καισάρεια), but not Philadelphia.' نسخة محفوظة 2022-04-19 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Cohen، Saul B.؛ Kliot، Nurit (1 ديسمبر 1992). "Place-Names in Israel's Ideological Struggle over the Administered Territories". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. ج. 82 ع. 4: 653–680. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01722.x. ISSN:0004-5608. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-04-18.
1 2  Miller and Hayes, 1986, p. 29.
↑  Swedenburg, 2003, p. 50.
↑  زئيف فيلناي (1954), p. 135 (section 9). Cf. Targum Shir HaShirim 5:4; etc. The reason for the hard-sounding "b" in the Arabic pronunciation of Banias has to do with the fact that, in the Arabic language, there is no hard "p" sound; the "p" being replaced by "b".
↑  Sign welcoming visitors to Siloam (Shiloach), printed both in Hebrew and Arabic with traditional names, بتسيلم, 16 September 2014
↑  Rekhess (2014). "The Arab Minority in Israel: Reconsidering the "1948 Paradigm"". Israel Studies. ج. 19 ع. 2: 187–217. DOI:10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187. JSTOR:10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187. S2CID:144053751. A new trend that has become particularly popular in recent years in mixed Jewish-Arab cities, is attempts to restore original Arabic street names, "Hebraized" after 1948
↑  Ofer Aderet (29 يوليو 2011). "A stir over sign language: A recently discovered trove of documents from the 1950s reveals a nasty battle in Jerusalem over the hebraization of street and neighborhood names. This campaign is still raging today". هاآرتس. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-05-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-12-18.
↑  Rainey, 1978, p.231
↑  Hopkins, I.W.J. (1968), p. 34. Quote: "Conder collected the current Arabic names for the places on his [P.E.F.] maps, which on the face of it makes them appear to be less useful, compared with Jacotin's [map]. In fact, this makes the P.E.F. map even more useful as evidence of the current Arab place name, and the sheets are not cluttered up with doubtful identifications. The Arabic name is often a corruption of the ancient name and this fact has helped enormously in locating Biblical, Classical and Byzantine sites."
↑  Conder, Major C. R. (n.d.), pp. 218–219
1 2  Fields، Gary (5 سبتمبر 2017). Enclosure: Palestinian Landscapes in a Historical Mirror. Univ of California Press. ص. 222. ISBN:978-0-520-29104-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-05-05.
↑  Boaz Neumann (2011). Land and Desire in Early Zionism. UPNE. ص. 167. ISBN:978-1-58465-968-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-04-19.
↑  Fields، Gary (5 سبتمبر 2017). Enclosure: Palestinian Landscapes in a Historical Mirror. Univ of California Press. ص. 222. ISBN:978-0-520-29104-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-05-05.Fields, Gary (5 September 2017). Enclosure: Palestinian Landscapes in a Historical Mirror. Univ of California Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-520-29104-1.
1 2  Bitan 1992.
1 2 3  Maisler et al. 1932.
↑  Adler, Elkan Nathan  ‏ (2014), pp. 225, et al.
↑  Gleichen, Edward  ‏, ed. (1925). Quote: (Preface) "The following List of Names in Palestine, having been submitted through H.M. Secretary of State for the Colonies to the High Commissioner, and referred by him for correction to special Arabic and Hebrew subcommittees, is now published by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official use."
↑  المكتب الاستعماري in Palestine (1931), pp. 1, 13, 37, 52, 54–56, 59, 65. Quote: (p. 2) "The list of geographical names has presented many difficulties. Many place names in Palestine are of Arabic origin while others are of Hebrew, Phoenician, Greek, Latin, or Frankish ancestry –– to mention only the most important sources –– but, as most places are inhabited by Arabic-speaking people, local usage has given them names in Arabicised forms or in colloquial Arabic. To adopt the colloquial forms in transliterating names was not considered consistent with the end in view, and as a general rule an effort has been made to put the names in as literary a garb as possible. In most names of Arabic origin this was comparatively easy; but in some the Arab experts recommended the retention of forms not usually admitted in Arabic grammatical word construction."
↑  Gleichen, Edward  ‏ (1920), p. 309
↑  Benvenisti, M. (2000), pp. 47–48. Quote: "The Arab conquerors who colonized the land following the conquest of 638 C.E. settled among its Jewish, Samaritan, and Christian natives. They easily assimilated the Hebrew-Aramaic geographical and topographical names, and, their language being closely related to the Semitic languages spoken there, they made only slight changes in spelling and pronunciation. They had no difficulty finding Arabic forms for names such as Ashkelon –– which they transformed into Asqalan –– Beit Horon to Beit Ghur, Beersheba to Bir Saba'a, and Eilat to Aila."
↑  Clermont-Ganneau (1896), pp. 67–68, 214, where he wrote: (p. 214) "Tibneh, 'chopped straw', one would swear was Arabic, but it is beyond a doubt that it is the name of the town Timnah, brought into that shape by one of those popular etymologies which are as dear to the peasantry of Palestine as to those of our European countries." On pp. 67–68 he wrote: "One has to beware, however, of these appellations that appear to be of purely Arabic origin, they are often ancient Hebrew names converted by a process of popular etymology into words familiar to the Arabs. In many cases slight phonetic changes assist the process. These, by the bye, are not arbitrary, but are subject to real laws. Thus, for instance, the name of the Bible town of Thimnah has become in fellâh speech Tibneh, 'chopped straw'."
↑  Robinson, E. (1860), p. 17. See alao John William McGarvey (1829–1911) who quotes Conder on the linguistic evidence of the name, saying that, in Arabic, "the substitution of B for M is so common (as in Tibneh for تمنة)..." See: McGarvey, 2002, pp. 246-247؛ cf. Palmer, E.H. (1881), p. 330, s.v. Tibna
↑  Kampffmeyer, Georg (1892), p. 38 (section 15)
↑  Press 2014.
↑  Tilley (2005), p. 190 نسخة محفوظة 2022-11-30 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Ettinger، Y. (25 أغسطس 1925). "Determining the Names of the Settlements acquired by the Jewish National Fund" (بالعبرية). دافار (جريدة إسرائيلية). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-05-01.
↑  Benvenisti 2000.
↑  Maisler et al. 1932 "Just as they write in Hebrew 'Shechem' rather than Nablus; 'Ḥevron' rather than al-Khalil; 'Yerushalayim' rather than al-Quds, so, too, it is necessary to write [in Hebrew] 'Dor' instead of Ṭanṭūrah; 'Adoraim' instead of Dūra; 'ʻAin Ganim' instead of Jenin؛ 'Naḥal Sorek' instead of Wadi eṣ-Ṣarār, etc."
↑  "State of Israel Records"، Collection of Publications, no. 277 (PDF) (بالعبرية)، Jerusalem: Government of Israel، 1953، ص. 630، مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2023-04-19، The names of the settlements were mostly determined at different times by the 'Names Committee for the Settlements,' under the auspices of the الصندوق القومي اليهودي (est. 1925), while [other] names were added by the لجنة التسمية الوطنية.
↑  Benvenisti 2000، صفحة 30.
↑  A British Mandate map, contained at the مكتبة إسرائيل الوطنية (Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, Jaffa: Survey of Palestine 1928 – 1947, "Palestine" (Pal 1157)); an Ottoman period map, the Palestine Exploration Fund Map, published by the هيئة آثار إسرائيل SWP web-site, and which is chiefly studied by archaeologists and historical geographers when trying to determine what Arabic place names are representative of ancient Hebrew toponymy. Other online maps include: George A. Smathers Libraries: Survey of Palestine map؛ The Palestine Exploration Fund Maps, published by The Digital Archaeological Atlas of the Holy Land; McMaster University - Digitalised maps of Palestine / Israel؛ 1944 Map of Palestine, published by the مكتبة إسرائيل الوطنية. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-07-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-05-01.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  Maisler et al. 1932، صفحة 6.
1 2  Benvenisti 2000، صفحة 12.
↑  Nur Masalha (9 أغسطس 2012). The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory. Zed Books Ltd. ص. 72–. ISBN:978-1-84813-973-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-04-25.
1 2  Benvenisti 2000، صفحة 17.
↑  Benvenisti 2000، صفحة 24.
↑  Benvenisti 2000، صفحة 40.
↑  "State of Israel Records"، Collection of Publications, no. 152 (PDF) (بالعبرية)، Jerusalem: Government of Israel، 1951، ص. 845، مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2023-04-19
↑  Bitan 1992، صفحة 367.
↑  Vilnay 1983، صفحة Abstract.
↑  In the Survey of Western Palestine (Arabic and English Name Lists), London 1881, p. 307, إدوارد هنري بالمر describes the site Khŭrbet Jurfa as "the ruin of the perpendicular bank (cut out by the torrent in the débris of a valley)."
↑  Avner, Rina (2006). "Rogelit". هيئة آثار إسرائيل (بالإنجليزية). 118. Archived from the original on 2023-01-08.
↑  Benvenisti 2000، صفحة 49.
↑  Bitan 1992، صفحة 369.
↑  In the case of Kiryat Sefer (now موديعين-مكابيم-ريعوت), a name rejected by the Committee in 1994 on grounds that the biblical Kiryat Sefer was located elsewhere, or in the case of Neveh Tzuf, which name was rejected by the Committee (HCJ 146/81) for حلميش, on grounds that a "historical name is not to be copied elsewhere," these names were decided strictly by the Committee, based on Government Statute No. 258 of March 8, 1951, in which it gave to the Government Naming Committee the sole responsibility for the naming of settlements. This decision states that the aforesaid Committee will act in the Prime Minister's Office and that its decisions will be binding upon state institutions: "The committee is the only competent body for determining names for various localities and sites, including intersections, interchanges, tourist sites, nature and landscape, industrial and employment sites and the like in the State of Israel." The Committee's decisions are made in its plenary and published in "Records".
↑  Rekhess (2014). "The Arab Minority in Israel: Reconsidering the "1948 Paradigm"". Israel Studies. ج. 19 ع. 2: 187–217. DOI:10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187. JSTOR:10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187. A new trend that has become particularly popular in recent years in mixed Jewish-Arab cities, is attempts to restore original Arabic street names, "Hebraized" after 1948Rekhess (2014). "The Arab Minority in Israel: Reconsidering the "1948 Paradigm"". Israel Studies. 19 (2): 187–217. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187. JSTOR 10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187. S2CID 144053751. A new trend that has become particularly popular in recent years in mixed Jewish-Arab cities, is attempts to restore original Arabic street names, "Hebraized" after 1948
↑  Ofer Aderet (29 يوليو 2011). "A stir over sign language: A recently discovered trove of documents from the 1950s reveals a nasty battle in Jerusalem over the hebraization of street and neighborhood names. This campaign is still raging today". هاآرتس. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-05-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-12-18.Ofer Aderet (29 July 2011). "A stir over sign language: A recently discovered trove of documents from the 1950s reveals a nasty battle in Jerusalem over the hebraization of street and neighborhood names. This campaign is still raging today". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 December 2011.