فريغيون
مراجع

↑  Henry, Roger (2003). Synchronized Chronology: Rethinking Middle East Antiquity (بالإنجليزية). Algora Publishing. p. 116. ISBN:978-0-87586-185-2. Archived from the original on 2022-01-18. The Phrygians (a people closely related to the Greeks) moved into central Asia Minor in the ninth century BC.
↑  Oreshko، Rostislav (2020). "The onager kings of Anatolia: Hartapus, Gordis, Muška and the steppe strand in early Phrygian culture". Kadmos. De Gruyter. ج. 59 ع. 1/2: 77–128. DOI:10.1515/kadmos-2020-0005. S2CID:235451836. pp. 82–83.
↑  Drews، Robert (1995). The end of the Bronze Age: changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton University Press. ص. 65. ISBN:9780691025919. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-30.
↑  Kopanias، Konstantinos (2015)، "The Mushki/Phrygian Problem from the Near Eastern Point of View"، In: Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia During the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the International Conference Istanbul 2011, Edited by Ν. Stampolides, C. Maner, and K. Kopanias. Istanbul: Koç University Press، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-04-18
↑  Brixhe, Cl. "Le Phrygien". In Fr. Bader (ed.), Langues indo-européennes, pp. 165-178, Paris: CNRS Editions.
↑  Hajnal, Ivo. ""Urgriechisch": Eine Herausforderung für die Methode der Rekonstruktion?" (PDF). Institut für Sprachwissenschaft (بالألمانية). Innsbruck, Austria: Universität Innsbruck. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
↑  Swain, Simon؛ Adams, J. Maxwell؛ Janse, Mark (2002). Bilingualism in ancient society: language contact and the written word. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ص. 246–266. ISBN:0-199-24506-1.
↑  JG MacQueen, The Hittites and their contemporaries in Asia Minor, 1986, p. 157.
1 2 3  Kopanias، Konstantinos (2015)، "The Mushki/Phrygian Problem from the Near Eastern Point of View"، In: Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia During the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the International Conference Istanbul 2011, Edited by Ν. Stampolides, C. Maner, and K. Kopanias. Istanbul: Koç University Press، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-07-09
↑  Sevin، Veli (1991)، "The Early Iron Age in the Elazıǧ Region and the Problem of the Mushkians"، Anatolian Studies، ج. 41، ص. 87–97، DOI:10.2307/3642931، JSTOR:3642931، S2CID:164050075
↑  Kossian، Aram V. (1997)، The Mushki Problem Reconsidered، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-07-19
↑  Drews، Robert (1995). The end of the Bronze Age: changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton University Press. ص. 65. ISBN:9780691025919. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-09-20.
↑  Obrador-Cursach، Bartomeu (2018). Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions (PDF). جامعة برشلونة. ص. 101. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2024-08-29. Scholars have long debated the exact position of Phrygian in the Indo-European language family. Although this position is not a closed question because of the fragmentary nature of our current knowledge, Phrygian has many important features which show that it is somehow related to Greek and Armenian.…Indeed, between the 19th and the first half of the 20th c. BC Phrygian was mostly considered a satəm language (a feature once considered important to establishing the position of a language) and, especially after Alf Torp's study, closer to Armenian (and Thracian), whereas it is now commonly considered to be closer to Greek.…Brixhe (1968), Neumann (1988) and, through an accurate analysis, Matzinger (2005) showed the inconsistency of the Phrygo-Armenian assumption and argued that Phrygian was a language closely related to Greek.
↑  Obrador-Cursach، Bartomeu (2019). "On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages". Journal of Language Relationship. مطبعة جورجياس  ‏. ج. 17 ع. 3–4: 234. DOI:10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407. ISSN:2219-4029. 2.1.4. Phrygian belongs to the centum group of IE languages (Ligorio and Lubotsky 2018: 1824). Together with Greek, Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian, Phrygian merged the old palatovelars with plain velars in a first step: NPhr. (τιτ-)τετικμενος 'condemned' < PIE *deiḱ-; NPhr. γεγαριτμενος 'devoted, at the mercy of' < PIE *ǵhr̥Hit-; NPhr. γλουρεος 'golden' < PIE *ǵhl̥h3-ro-. However, two shifts affected this language. Phrygian merged the old labiovelar with the plain velar (the etymological and the resulting ones): OPhr. ke(y), NPhr. κε (passim) 'and' < PIE *ku̯e; OPhr. knais (B-07), NPhr. κ̣ναικαν 'wife' (16.1 = 116) < *gu̯neh2i-. Secondly, in contact with palatal vowels (/e/ and /i/, see de Lamberterie 2013: 25–26), and especially in initial position, some consonants became palatalised:PIE *ǵhes-r- 'hand' > OPhr. ↑iray (B-05),7NPhr. ζειρα (40.1 = 12) 'id.' (Hämmig 2013: 150–151). It also occurs in glosses: *ǵheu̯-mn̻ >ζευμαν 'fount, source' (Hesychius ζ 128). These two secondary processes, as happened in Tocharian and the Romance languages, lend Phrygian the guise of a satəm language.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)
↑  Obrador-Cursach، Bartomeu (2019). "On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages". Journal of Language Relationship. مطبعة جورجياس  ‏. ج. 17 ع. 3–4: 243. DOI:10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407. ISSN:2219-4029. With the current state of our knowledge, we can affirm that Phrygian is closely related to Greek. This is not a surprising conclusion: ancient sources and modern scholars agree that Phrygians did not live far from Greece in pre-historic times. Moreover, the last half century of scientific study of Phrygian has approached both languages and developed the hypothesis of a Proto-Greco-Phrygian language, to the detriment to other theories like Phrygio-Armenian or Thraco-Phrygian.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)
↑  Obrador-Cursach، Bartomeu (2019). "On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages". Journal of Language Relationship. مطبعة جورجياس  ‏. ج. 17 ع. 3–4: 238–239. DOI:10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407. ISSN:2219-4029. To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:…The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44).{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)
↑  Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990, (ردمك 0-691-00880-9), p. 65. "What can be established, despite an extremely slight archaeological record (especially along the slopes of Mt. Vermion), is that two streams of Lusatian peoples moved south in the later Bronze Age, one to settle in Hellespontine Phrygia, the other to occupy parts of western and central Macedonia."
↑  The Gordion Excavations 1950-1973: Final Reports Volume 4, Rodney Stuart Young, Ellen L. Kohler, Gilbert Kenneth, p. 53.
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