نظرية مرض إدمان الكحول
مراجع

↑  Andreas J. Bartsch؛ György Homola؛ Armin Biller؛ Stephen M. Smith؛ Heinz-Gerd Weijers؛ Gerhard A. Wiesbeck؛ Mark Jenkinson؛ Nicola De Stefano؛ László Solymosi؛ Martin Bendszus (2007). "Manifestations of early brain recovery associated with abstinence from alcoholism". Brain. Oxford University Press. ج. 130 ع. 1: 36–47. DOI:10.1093/brain/awl303. PMID:17178742.
↑  Morse، RM؛ Flavin، DK (26 أغسطس 1992). "The definition of alcoholism, The Joint Committee of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism". The Journal of the American Medical Association. ج. 268 ع. 8: 1012–4. DOI:10.1001/jama.1992.03490080086030. PMID:1501306.
↑  Dick، DM؛ Bierut، LJ (2006). "The Genetics of Alcohol Dependency". Current Psychiatry Reports. ج. 8 ع. 2: 151–7. DOI:10.1007/s11920-006-0015-1. PMID:16539893.
↑  McLellan، AT؛ Lewis، DC؛ O'Brien، CP؛ Kleber، HD (2000). "Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. ج. 284 ع. 13: 1689–95. DOI:10.1001/jama.284.13.1689. PMID:11015800.
1 2 3 4  Carlson، Neil R.؛ Buskist، William؛ Enzle، Michael E.؛ Heth، C. Donald (2005). Psychology: The Science of Behaviour 3rd Canadian Edition. Pearson. ص. 75–76. ISBN:978-0-205-45769-4.
↑  Lumeng, Murphy, McBride, & Li, 1995
↑  Elkins، Chris (22 يونيو 2016). "Born To Do Drugs: Overcoming A Family History Of Addiction". DrugRehab.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-09-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-07-11.
↑  Trotter, T. (Porter, R., ed.), An Essay, Medical, Philosophical, and Chemical, on Drunkenness and Its Effects on the Human Body, Routledge, (London), 1988. (This a facsimile of the first (1804) London edition. The book itself was based on the thesis "De ebrietate, ejusque effectibus in corpus humanum" that Trotter had presented to جامعة إدنبرة in 1788.)
1 2 3  Levine, H.G., "The Discovery of Addiction: Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America", Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Vol.39, No.1, (January 1978), pp.143-174. (Reprint: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, Vol.2, No.1, (1985), pp.43-57.) Available at  نسخة محفوظة 15 أبريل 2008 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Valverde (1998, p.2)
↑  Rush, B., An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind: With an Account of the Means of Preventing, and of the Remedies for Curing Them, Thomas Dobson, (Philadelphia), 1808.
↑  Valverde, M., Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1998.
↑  Hasso Spode has championed the work of C. von Brühl-Cramer on addiction (Trunksucht) from 1819 to be seen as the first consistent "paradigm" of alcohol addiction. See the discussion in the ADHS Forum in the Social History of Alcohol and Drugs: An Interdisciplinary Journal 20 (2005): 105-40 where several addiction historians discuss the changing attitudes of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs and the origins of their ideas
↑  Along with Levine, see Roy Porter ("Drinking Man's Disease: the 'Pre-History' of Alcoholism in Georgian Britain," British Journal of Addiction 80 (1985): 385-96) who places the idea to emerge with Trotter, Jessica Warner ["'Resolved to Drink No More': Addiction as a preindustrial construct" Journal of Studies on Alcohol 55 (1994): 685-91] who uses a narrow reading of 17th century sermons to place it in the 1600s, Peter Ferentzy ["From Sin to Disease: Differences and similarities between past and current conceptions on 'chronic drunkenness'" Contemporary Drug Problems 28 (2001): 362-90] who successfully challenges Warner's argument by showing that the term "disease" was applied to many conditions that had little to do with physical debility, and James Nicholls ["Vinum Britannicum: The 'Drink Question' in Early Modern England" Social History of Alcohol and Drugs: An interdisciplinary Journal 22 (2008): 6-25] who draws it together and argues that the idea emerged at different times in different places.
↑  Davies، D.L. (1962). "Normal drinking in recovered alcohol addicts". Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol. ج. 23: 94–104. PMID:13883819.
1 2  See, for example, books with such telling titles as John Edwards Todd, Drunkenness, a Vice--not a Disease (1882).
↑  Caddy، G. R.؛ Lovibond، S. H. (1976). "Self-regulation and discriminated aversive conditioning in the modification of alcoholics' drinking behavior". Behavior Therapy. ج. 7 ع. 2: 223–230. DOI:10.1016/S0005-7894(76)80279-1.
↑  Goodwin، D. W.؛ Crane، J. B.؛ Guze، S. B. (1971). "Felons who drink: An 8-year follow-up". Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol. ج. 32 ع. 1: 136–147. PMID:5546040.
↑  Pattison، E. M.؛ Sobell، M. B.؛ Sobell، L. C. (1977). "Emerging concepts of alcohol dependence. New York: Springer; Schaefer, H. H. (1971). A cultural delusion of alcoholics". Psychological Reports. ج. 29 ع. 2: 587–589. DOI:10.2466/pr0.1971.29.2.587. PMID:5126763.
↑  Miller، W. R.؛ Caddy، G. R. (1977). "Abstinence and controlled drinking in the treatment of problem drinkers". Journal of Studies on Alcohol. ج. 38 ع. 5: 986–1003. DOI:10.15288/jsa.1977.38.986. PMID:329004.
↑  Sobell، M. B.؛ Sobell، L. C. (1973). "Alcoholics treated by individualized behavior therapy: One year treatment outcomes". Behaviour Research and Therapy. ج. 11 ع. 4: 599–618. DOI:10.1016/0005-7967(73)90118-6. PMID:4777652.
↑  Schuckit، M. A.؛ Winokur، G. A. (1972). "A short-term followup of women alcoholics". Diseases of the Nervous System. ج. 33 ع. 10: 672–678. PMID:4648267.
↑  Vogler، R. E.؛ Compton، J. V.؛ Weissbach، J. A. (1975). "Integrated behavior change techniques for alcoholism". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. ج. 43 ع. 2: 233–243. DOI:10.1037/h0076533. PMID:1120834.
↑  Sobell، M. B.؛ Sobell، L. C. (1976). "Second year treatment outcome of alcoholics treated by individualized behavior therapy: Results". Behaviour Research and Therapy. ج. 14 ع. 3: 195–215. DOI:10.1016/0005-7967(76)90013-9. PMID:962778.
↑  Armor, D. J., Polich, J. M., & Stambul, H. B. (1976). Alcoholism and treatment. Rand Corporation
↑  Polich، J. M.؛ Armor، D. J.؛ Braiker، H. B. (1981). "The course of alcoholism: Four years after treatment. New York: Wiley". {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
↑  Heather, N., & Robertson, I. (1981). Controlled drinking. London: Methuen
↑  Robertson، I. H.؛ Heather، N. (1982). "A survey of controlled drinking treatment in Britain". British Journal on Alcohol and Alcoholism. ج. 17: 102–105.
↑  Nordström، G.؛ Berglund، M. (1987). "A prospective study of successful long-term adjustment in alcohol dependence: Social drinking versus abstinence". Journal of Studies on Alcohol. ج. 48 ع. 2: 95–103. DOI:10.15288/jsa.1987.48.95. PMID:3560955.
↑  Mendelson، J.H.؛ Mello، N.K. (1985). The Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism (ط. 2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-04-07.
↑  NIH/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 2001–2002 Survey Finds That Many Recover From Alcoholism: Researchers Identify Factors Associated with Abstinent and Non-Abstinent Recovery. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism press release, January 19, 2005; Dawson، DA؛ Grant، BF؛ Stinson، FS؛ Chou، PS؛ Huang، B؛ Ruan، WJ. (2005). "Recovery from DSM-IV alcohol dependence: United States, 2001–2002". Addiction. ج. 100 ع. 3: 281–92. DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00964.x. PMID:15733237.
↑  Edwards، G (1994). "D.L. Davies and 'Normal drinking in recovered alcohol addicts': the genesis of a paper". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. ج. 35 ع. 3: 249–59. DOI:10.1016/0376-8716(94)90082-5. PMID:7956756.
↑  Vaillant GE (أغسطس 2003). "A 60-year follow-up of alcoholic men". Addiction. ج. 98 ع. 8: 1043–51. DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00422.x. PMID:12873238.
1 2  "The Course of Alcoholism: Four Years After Treatment". 7 سبتمبر 1980. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-20. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
↑  Heather، Nick؛ Robertson، Ian (1981). Controlled Drinking. Methuen young books. ISBN:978-0-416-71970-3. (أمازون 0416719708). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-17.
↑  Podymow T، Turnbull J، Coyle D، Yetisir E، Wells G (2006). "Shelter-based managed alcohol administration to chronically homeless people addicted to alcohol". CMAJ. ج. 174 ع. 1: 45–9. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.1041350. PMC:1319345. PMID:16389236. Harm_reduction#Alcohol
↑  Tina Rosenberg (26 أبريل 2016). "The shelter that gives wine to alcoholics Giving free booze to homeless alcoholics sounds crazy. But it may be the key to helping them live a stable life". The Guardian. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-26. She poured a measured amount of wine into each cup: maximum seven ounces at 7.30am for the first pour of the day, and five ounces each hour after that. Last call is 9.30pm.
1 2   https://web.archive.org/web/20090205074734/http://www.abanet.org/subabuse/07report_with_recommendation.pdf. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2009-02-05. {{استشهاد ويب}}: الوسيط |title= غير موجود أو فارغ (مساعدة)
↑  "Alcoholics lose some VA benefits – Veterans Administration". Science News. 1988. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-02-05.
1 2  Nestler EJ (ديسمبر 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. ج. 15 ع. 4: 431–443. PMC:3898681. PMID:24459410. DESPITE THE IMPORTANCE OF NUMEROUS PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, AT ITS CORE, DRUG ADDICTION INVOLVES A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type NAc neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type NAc neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.41 Many other ΔFosB targets have been shown to mediate the ability of certain drugs of abuse to induce synaptic plasticity in the NAc and associated changes in the dendritic arborization of NAc medium spiny neurons, as will be discussed below.
↑  Kanehisa Laboratories (29 أكتوبر 2014). "Alcoholism – Homo sapiens (human) + Disease/drug". KEGG Pathway. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-06-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-04-06.
↑  Ruffle JK (نوفمبر 2014). "Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about?". Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. ج. 40 ع. 6: 428–437. DOI:10.3109/00952990.2014.933840. PMID:25083822. Using control drugs implicated in both ΔFosB induction and addiction (ethanol and nicotine), similar ΔFosB expression was apparent when propofol was given ...
ΔFosB as a therapeutic biomarker
The strong correlation between chronic drug exposure and ΔFosB provides novel opportunities for targeted therapies in addiction (118), and suggests methods to analyze their efficacy (119). Over the past two decades, research has progressed from identifying ΔFosB induction to investigating its subsequent action (38). It is likely that ΔFosB research will now progress into a new era – the use of ΔFosB as a biomarker. If ΔFosB detection is indicative of chronic drug exposure (and is at least partly responsible for dependence of the substance), then its monitoring for therapeutic efficacy in interventional studies is a suitable biomarker (Figure 2). Examples of therapeutic avenues are discussed herein. ...

Conclusions
ΔFosB is an essential transcription factor implicated in the molecular and behavioral pathways of addiction following repeated drug exposure. The formation of ΔFosB in multiple brain regions, and the molecular pathway leading to the formation of AP-1 complexes is well understood. The establishment of a functional purpose for ΔFosB has allowed further determination as to some of the key aspects of its molecular cascades, involving effectors such as GluR2 (87,88), Cdk5 (93) and NFkB (100). Moreover, many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the structural, physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure (60,95,97,102). New frontiers of research investigating the molecular roles of ΔFosB have been opened by epigenetic studies, and recent advances have illustrated the role of ΔFosB acting on DNA and histones, truly as a molecular switch (34). As a consequence of our improved understanding of ΔFosB in addiction, it is possible to evaluate the addictive potential of current medications (119), as well as use it as a biomarker for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions (121,122,124). Some of these proposed interventions have limitations (125) or are in their infancy (75). However, it is hoped that some of these preliminary findings may lead to innovative treatments, which are much needed in addiction.
↑  FAQs for the General Public نسخة محفوظة 9 مايو 2008 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Heavy Drinking, Fingarette, Herbert, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 1998 (ردمك 0-520-06754-1)
↑  Peele, S. (1989, 1995), Diseasing of America: How we allowed recovery zealots and the treatment industry to convince us we are out of control. Lexington, MA/San Francisco: Lexington Books/Jossey-Bass.
↑  International Handbook of Alcohol Dependence and Problems, Nick Heather, Editor, Timothy J. Peters, Editor, Tim Stockwell, Editor, Wiley, 2001, (ردمك 978-0-471-98375-0)
↑  White، W. (2000). "The Rebirth of the Disease Concept of Alcoholism in the 20th Century" (PDF). Counselor. ج. 1 ع. 2: 62–66. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2011-07-19.
↑  "Robin Room". robinroom.net. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-25.
↑  Vaillant، George Eman (مارس 1990). "We should retain the disease concept of alcoholism". Harvard Medical School Mentul Health Letter. ج. 6: 4–6.
↑  Heather، Nick؛ Robertson، Ian (1997). Problem Drinking. Oxford Medical Publications. ISBN:978-0-19-262861-9. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |سنة= لا يطابق |تاريخ= (مساعدة)
↑  "Alcoholism: A disease of speculation". Baldwinresearch.com. 14 أبريل 2002. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-05-30.
↑  Miller WR، Westerberg VS، Harris RJ، Tonigan JS (1996). "What predicts relapse? Prospective testing of antecedent models". Addiction. ج. 91 ع. Supplement: S151–S171. DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.91.12s1.7.x. PMID:8997790.
↑  Mignon، S.I. (1996). "Physicians' Perceptions of Alcoholics: The Disease Concept Reconsidered". Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. ج. 14 ع. 4: 33–45. DOI:10.1300/j020v14n04_02.
↑  Barrier to Treatment. Alcoholmd – Information About Alcohol and Medicine
↑  T.R. Hobbs. Managing Alcoholism as a Disease. Physician's News Digest, 1998
↑  "Alcoholics Anonymous. What Is Alcoholism?". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-03-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-10-13.
↑  Lynn M. Appleton. Rethinking medicalization. Alcoholism and anomalies. Chapter in editor Joel Best's Images of Issues. Typifying Contemporary Social Problems. NY: Aldine De Gruyter, 1995, page 65 and page 69. 2nd edition
1 2  Hathaway, William Headache pill eases alcohol cravings Hartford Courant, October 10, 2007 نسخة محفوظة 24 ديسمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Opioid Antagonists for Alcohol Dependence, Srisurapanont M and Jarusuraisin N, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) 2005 Jan 25;(1):CD001867
↑  Esser، M. B.؛ Hedden، S. L.؛ Kanny، D.؛ Brewer، R. D.؛ Gfroerer، J. C.؛ Naimi، T. S. (2014). "Prevalence of Alcohol Dependence Among US Adult Drinkers, 2009–2011". Preventing Chronic Disease. ج. 11: E206. DOI:10.5888/pcd11.140329. PMC:4241371. PMID:25412029.
| ع ن مدمنو الكحول المجهولون | ع ن مدمنو الكحول المجهولون |
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 تاريخ  مدمنو الكحول المجهولون :  تاريخ  مدمنو الكحول المجهولون 
مفاهيم:  برنامج الاثنتي عشرة خطوة  Twelve Traditions  Higher Power  دعاء الطمأنينة 
أدب:  الكتاب الكبير  Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions  The Little Red Book  Day by Day 
أشخاص:  بيل دبليو.  بوب سميث  Jim Burwell  Sister Ignatia  مارتي مان  كارل يونغ  لويس دبليو.  William Duncan Silkworth  Rowland Hazard III  Ebby Thacher 
متعلقات:  Al-Anon/Alateen  كحولية  Bill Wilson House  نظرية مرض إدمان الكحول  Hazelden Foundation  The Oxford Group  Stepping Stones  Charles B. Towns 
دراما:  Bill W. and Dr. Bob  My Name Is Bill W.  When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story  Bill W. (2012) 
  تصنيف:مدمنو الكحول المجهولون :   تصنيف:مدمنو الكحول المجهولون 
بوابة طب
بوابة علم الاجتماع
| 0 | 1 |
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التصنيفات الطبية:  رموز المراجعة التاسعة للتصنيف الدولي للأمراض (ICD-9): 303  رموز المراجعة العاشرة للتصنيف الدولي للأمراض (ICD-10): F10  
المعرفات الخارجية:  نظام اللغة الطبية الموحدة (UMLS CUI): C0349096