التوسعات المبكرة لأشباه البشر خارج إفريقيا
مراجع

↑  The term "Out of Africa I" is informal and somewhat rare. The phrase Out of Africa used on its own generally refers to "Out of Africa II", the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Eurasia. "Out of Africa I" is used in 2004, in Marco Langbroek,  'Out of Africa': an investigation into the earliest occupation of the Old World, p. 61, and as the title of a collection of essays, J. G. Fleagle et al. (eds.), Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia (2010). see also: Herschkovitz, Israel؛ وآخرون (26 يناير 2018). "The earliest modern humans outside Africa". Science. ج. 359 ع. 6374: 456–459. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..456H. DOI:10.1126/science.aap8369. PMID:29371468.; Hurtley، Stella؛ Szuromi، Phil (2005). "Out of Africa Revisited". Science. ج. 308 ع. 5724: 922. DOI:10.1126/science.308.5724.921g.
1 2 3  Zhu Zhaoyu (朱照宇)؛ Dennell، Robin؛ Huang Weiwen (黄慰文)؛ Wu Yi (吴翼)؛ Qiu Shifan (邱世藩)؛ Yang Shixia (杨石霞)؛ Rao Zhiguo (饶志国)؛ Hou Yamei (侯亚梅)؛ Xie Jiubing (谢久兵)؛ Han Jiangwei (韩江伟)؛ Ouyang Tingping (欧阳婷萍) (2018). "Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago". Nature. ج. 559 ع. 7715: 608–612. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..608Z. DOI:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4. ISSN:0028-0836. PMID:29995848. "Eight major magnetozones are recorded in the Shangchen section, four of which have normal polarity (N1 to N4) and four of which have reversed polarity (R1 to R4). By comparison with the geomagnetic polarity timescale [...] magnetozone N4 corresponds to the Réunion excursion (2.13–2.15 Ma) in L28."
↑  Bar-Yosef، O.؛ Belfer-Cohen، A. (2001). "From Africa to Eurasia — early dispersals". Quaternary International. ج. 75 ع. 1: 19–28. DOI:10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00074-4.
1 2  Lahr، M. M. (2010). "Saharan Corridors and Their Role in the Evolutionary Geography of 'Out of Africa I'". في Baden، A.؛ وآخرون (المحررون). Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia. Springer Netherlands. ص. 27–46. ISBN:978-90-481-9035-5.
↑  Straus، L. G.؛ Bar-Yosef، O. (2001). "Out of Africa in the Pleistocene: an introduction". Quaternary International. ج. 75 ع. 1: 2–4. DOI:10.1016/s1040-6182(00)00071-9.
↑  Semaw، S (2000). "The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution Between 2·6–1·5 Million Years Ago". Journal of Archaeological Science. ج. 27 ع. 12: 1197–1214. DOI:10.1006/jasc.1999.0592.
↑  Dembo, M., Matzke, N. J., Mooers, A. Ø. and Collard, M. (2015). "Bayesian analysis of a morphological supermatrix sheds light on controversial fossil hominin relationships". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. ج. 282 ع. 1812: 20150943. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2015.0943. PMC:4528516. PMID:26202999.
↑  Van Arsdale، A. P. (2013). "Homo erectus - A Bigger, Smarter, Faster Hominin Lineage". Nature Education Knowledge. ج. 4 ع. 1: 2.
↑  Spoor، F.؛ Leakey، M. G.؛ Gathogo، P. N.؛ Brown، F. H.؛ Antón، S. C.؛ McDougall، I.؛ Leakey، L. N. (2007). "Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya". Nature. ج. 448 ع. 7154: 688–91. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..688S. DOI:10.1038/nature05986. PMID:17687323.
↑  1.85-1.78 Ma مجال ثقة. Ferring، R.؛ Oms، O.؛ Agusti، J.؛ Berna، F.؛ Nioradze، M.؛ Shelia، T.؛ Tappen، M.؛ Vekua، A.؛ Zhvania، D.؛ Lordkipanidze، D. (2011). "Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85-1.78 Ma". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 108 ع. 26: 10432–10436. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10810432F. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1106638108. PMC:3127884. PMID:21646521.
↑  Garcia، T.؛ Féraud، G.؛ Falguères، C.؛ de Lumley، H.؛ Perrenoud، C.؛ Lordkipanidze، D. (2010). "Earliest human remains in Eurasia: New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Dmanisi hominid-bearing levels, Georgia". Quaternary Geochronology. ج. 5 ع. 4: 443–451. DOI:10.1016/j.quageo.2009.09.012.
↑  Bauer، H. R. (1977). "Chimpanzee Bipedal Locomotion in the Gombe National Park, East Africa". Primates. ج. 18 ع. 4: 913–921. DOI:10.1007/bf02382940.
↑  Kimbel، William H.؛ Villmoare، Brian (2016). "From Australopithecus to Homo: the transition that wasn't". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. ج. 371 ع. 1698: 20150248. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2015.0248. PMC:4920303. PMID:27298460.
↑  Sahnouni، M.؛ Hadjois، D.؛ van der Made، J.؛ Derradji، A. Canals؛ Medig، M.؛ Belahrech، H.؛ Harichane، Z.؛ Rabhi، M. (2002). "Further research at the Oldowan site of Ain Hanech, North-eastern Algeria". Journal of Human Evolution. ج. 43 ع. 6: 925–937. DOI:10.1006/jhev.2002.0608. PMID:12473489.
↑  Geraads، D.؛ Raynal، J.-P.؛ Eisenmann، V. (2004). "The earliest occupation of North Africa: a reply to Sahnouni et al. (2002)". Journal of Human Evolution. ج. 46 ع. 6: 751–761. DOI:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.01.008. PMID:15183674. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-08.
↑  Rightmire، G. P. (2001). "Patterns of hominid evolution and dispersal in the Middle Pleistocene". Quaternary International. ج. 75 ع. 1: 77–84. DOI:10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00079-3.
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