برنامج الطاقم التجاري
مراجع

↑  ""ستارلاينر" من "بوينغ" تقلع في أول رحلة مأهولة إلى الفضاء". اندبندنت عربية. 5 يونيو 2024. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-06-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2024-06-06.
↑  King، John؛ O'Brien، Miles (15 يناير 2004). "Bush unveils vision for moon and beyond". سي إن إن. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. The initial spurt of new funding will be used to begin work on what a "crew exploration vehicle," which O'Keefe said will "look totally different" from the space shuttle. [...] Lunar missions will begin between 2015 and 2020.
↑  Dinkin، Sam (25 أكتوبر 2004). "Implementing the vision". The Space Review. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. Eleven companies have been selected "to conduct preliminary concept studies for human lunar exploration and the development of the crew exploration vehicle."
↑  Neubek، Deborah J.؛ Rattigan، Jennifer L.؛ Stegemoeller، Charles؛ Thomas، L. Dale (20 مايو 2011). "Constellation program Lessons Learned; Volume I: Executive Summary" (PDF). NASA History Office. ص. 2–3. مؤرشف (PDF) من الأصل في 2019-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. NASA formed the Constellation Program in 2005 [...] The Initial Capability (IC) comprised elements necessary to service the ISS by 2015 with crew rotations: including the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle, the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle, and the supporting ground and mission infrastructure to enable these missions.
↑  BBC News staff (23 أغسطس 2006). "Nasa names new spacecraft 'Orion'". بي بي سي نيوز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. The vehicle will be capable of transporting cargo and up to six crew members to and from the International Space Station. It can carry four astronauts for lunar missions.
↑  Malik، Tariq (19 سبتمبر 2005). "NASA's New Moon Plans: 'Apollo on Steroids'". Space.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. The spacecraft, NASA's Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), could even carry six-astronaut crews to the International Space Station (ISS) or fly automated resupply shipments as needed, NASA chief Michael Griffin said.
↑  Cowing، Keith L.؛ Sietzen, Jr.، Frank (7 أغسطس 2005). "NASA's New Launch Systems May Include the Return of the Space Tug". SpaceRef. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-02-02. Following the Columbia accident in February 2003, planning for the OSP was placed on hold. Eventually, the OSP would be superseded-or morphed into-the requirements for what eventually became the CEV.
↑  Dinerman، Taylor (31 يناير 2005). "What do we do with the ISS?". The Space Review. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. The big question for the next NASA administrator will be whether he going to reverse the decision to delete the ISS service role from the Crew Exploration Vehicle's mission. [...] The CEV was sold at least partly on the basis that it would replace the planned Orbital Space Plane (OSP), which was supposed to be a true multipurpose manned spacecraft.
↑  مركز مارشال لبعثات الفضاء (1 مايو 2003). "Fact sheet number: FS-2003-05-64-MSFC". ناسا. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-08-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. Based largely on existing technologies, the Orbital Space Plane would provide safe, affordable access to the International Space Station. The Orbital Space Plane will be able to support a Space Station crew rotation of four to six months.
↑  Sunseri، Gina (22 أكتوبر 2009). "Augustine Commission: NASA's Plans 'Unsustainable'". إيه بي سي نيوز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-10-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. To get to the moon and then eventually go on to Mars will take much more money and technology than the U.S. space program has now, according to a report released today by an independent panel convened, at White House request [...] Keep Ares and Orion going -- but recognize they probably won't be ready for regular use until 2017. [...] To do all this, the panel said NASA would need substantially more funding -- an additional $3 billion annually starting next year.
↑  Atkinson، Nancy (21 أكتوبر 2009). "NASA Administrator Orders Study of Heavy Lift Alternatives". Universe Today. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. Looking at alternatives to the Constellation program is an apparent reaction to the final Augustine Commission report, which will be made public on Thursday.
↑  Amos، Jonathan (30 سبتمبر 2010). "US politicians cement a new philosophy for Nasa". بي بي سي نيوز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. It authorises $1.3bn over the next three years for commercial companies to begin taxiing crew to the International Space Station (ISS). [...] It brings to an end the Bush-era Constellation programme which had set the agency the task of going back to the Moon.
↑  Malik، Tariq (6 أبريل 2010). "NASA's New Asteroid Mission Could Save the Planet". Space.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. He pledged to revive the Orion spacecraft, initially cancelled along the rest of NASA's Constellation program building new rockets and spacecraft. Now [it will play a role] in deep space missions, Obama said.
↑  Matson، John (1 فبراير 2010). "Phased Out: Obama's NASA Budget Would Cancel Constellation Moon Program, Privatize Manned Launches". ساينتفك أمريكان. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. Obama's blueprint for NASA would cancel the Constellation program, the family of rockets and hardware now in development to replace the aging space shuttle, and would call instead on commercial vendors to fly astronauts to orbit.
↑  Malik، Tariq (1 فبراير 2010). "Obama Budget Scraps NASA Moon Plan for '21st Century Space Program'". Space.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. ...and offers $6 billion over five years to support commercially built spaceships to launch NASA astronauts into space.
↑  Perrotto، Trent؛ Thomas، Candrea (10 ديسمبر 2012). "NASA Awards Contracts In Next Step Toward Safely Launching American Astronauts From U.S. Soil". ناسا. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-03-08. ...the certification products contracts (CPC) [will ensure] crew transportation systems will meet agency safety requirements and standards to launch American astronauts to the International Space Station from the United States, ending the agency's reliance on Russia for these transportation services. [...] This includes data that will result in developing engineering standards, tests and analyses of the crew transportation systems design.
↑  Reichhardt 2018، "A pair of privately owned spaceships, Boeing’s Starliner and SpaceX's Crew Dragon, are set to make their debut within the next few months [...] ending NASA's post-space-shuttle reliance on the Soyuz to ferry astronauts to and from the International Space Station."
↑  أسوشيتد برس (17 سبتمبر 2014). "SpaceX, Boeing land NASA contracts to carry astronauts to space". ذا جابان تايمز. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-21. On Tuesday, the space agency picked Boeing and SpaceX to transport astronauts to the International Space Station [...] NASA will pay Boeing $4.2 billion and SpaceX $2.6 billion to certify, test and fly their crew capsules.
↑  Wall، Mike (17 سبتمبر 2014). "NASA Picks SpaceX and Boeing to Fly U.S. Astronauts on Private Spaceships". ساينتفك أمريكان. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-05-21. SpaceX and Boeing are splitting NASA's $6.8 billion Commercial Crew Transportation Capability award, or CCtCap [...] SpaceX will get $2.6 billion and Boeing will receive $4.2 billion, officials said.
↑  Malik، Tariq (26 يونيو 2019). "This Is SpaceX's 1st Crewed Dragon Spaceship Destined for Space". Space.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-08-21. SpaceX's Crew Dragon, a crewed version of the company's robotic Dragon cargo ship, is one of two commercial space taxis that NASA will use to ferry astronauts to and from the International Space Station. Boeing's CST-100 Starliner is the other. Both spacecraft are designed to carry up to seven astronauts.
↑  Reichhardt 2018، "Although the ships seem like a nod to the past—Apollo-style "capsules" instead of the spaceplanes astronauts rode to orbit for 30 years [...] Both the Starliner and Crew Dragon will travel to the station and dock automatically, with no astronaut input. (The crew can take manual control if something goes wrong.)"
↑  Wall 2018، "("CST," by the way, stands for "crew space transportation.") Starliner also features sleek touch-screen displays and has about the same amount of internal volume as the SpaceX capsule."
↑  Howell 2018، "The Starliner has a diameter of 15 feet (4.5 meters); a length of 16.5 feet (5 m), which includes the service module; and a volume of about 390 cubic feet (11 cubic md)."
↑  Wall 2018، "The gumdrop-shaped cargo Dragon is 14.4 feet tall and 12 feet wide at the base (4.4 by 3.7 meters), with 390 cubic feet (11 cubic meters) of internal volume."
↑  Reichhardt 2018، "Seating Capacity: Up to 7 NASA required that each vehicle be able to transport four people to and from the station. A fifth seat is available on both vehicles. Each company advertises a seating capacity of seven."
↑  Szondy، David (4 أبريل 2019). "First manned flight test of Boeing's Starliner to the ISS extended, but launch delayed". New Atlas. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-08-21. The Starliner is designed to be flown up to 10 times before it needs replacement [...] the new NASA Docking System (NDS) that will be used to dock with the ISS...
↑  Speed، Richard (4 مارس 2019). "SpaceX Crew Dragon: Launched and docked. Now, about that splashdown..." السجل. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-08-21. Another very important difference is the nose cone, which hinges to reveal the NASA Docking System (NDS). The cargo-only Dragon uses the larger Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) for docking...
↑  Howell 2018، "Once the Starliner is attached to the space station, it's designed to stay there for 210 days — ample time to allow for the usual crew stays of six months, or 180 days."
↑  Etherington، Darrell (18 أبريل 2020). "NASA and SpaceX set historic first astronaut launch for May 27". تك كرانش. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-05-26. That Crew Dragon, which is the fully operational version, is designed for stays of at least 210 days, and the crew complement of four astronauts, including three from NASA and one from Japan's space agency, is already determined.
↑  Burghardt، Michael؛ Ingham، Jay؛ Lembeck، Michael F.؛ Reiley، Keith؛ Wood، Michael (1 مايو 2013). "Design Considerations for a Commercial Crew Transportation System" (PDF). The Boeing Company. ص. 3. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2013-05-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-05-26. The CST 100 can operate autonomously for up to 60 hours of free-flight [...] The vehicle can stay docked to a host complex for up to 210 days...
↑  Reichhardt 2018، "Designers are working to a challenging safety standard: a 1-in-270 chance of a fatal accident, as compared to the 1-in-90 chance calculated for the space shuttle by the time it retired in 2011."
↑  Wall 2018، "Crew Dragon is a modified version of its cargo counterpart, and will also launch atop the Falcon 9."
↑  Gray، Tyler (9 مارس 2020). "CRS-20 – Final Dragon 1 arrives at the ISS". NASASpaceFlight.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-05-25. The first iteration of SpaceX's Dragon has successfully flown twenty missions to the ISS to date [...] CRS-20 is the last flight of the first-generation Dragon spacecraft, with the cargo version of the upgraded Dragon 2 spacecraft expected to take over services next year as part of Phase 2 of the CRS program, also known as CRS2.
↑  Reichhardt 2018، "Diameter: 12.1 ft. Height: 23.6 ft. Dimensions include Dragon’s cargo "trunk.""
↑  Wall 2018، "Reusable?: Yes, Dragons are reusable, although test flights will fly new vehicles. Cargo trunk is discarded after each flight."
↑  Sheetz، Michael (10 مارس 2020). "SpaceX on track to launch first NASA astronauts in May, president says". سي إن بي سي. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-05-25. Shotwell also noted that SpaceX is planning to reuse its Crew Dragon capsules. That was in doubt previously, as the leader of NASA's Commercial Crew program said in 2018 that SpaceX would use a new capsule each time the company flew the agency's astronauts. "We can fly crew more than once on a Crew Dragon," Shotwell said. "I'm pretty sure NASA is going to be okay with reuse."
↑  Clark، Stephen (23 مايو 2020). "Astronauts have a surprise name for their Crew Dragon spacecraft". Spaceflight Now. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-05-25. So far, NASA has approved plans to reuse the Dragon 2 vehicles for cargo missions. SpaceX says the Dragon 2 capsules can fly to the space station and back up to five times, and the company hopes to eventually reuse the spaceships for crewed missions.
↑  Ralph، Eric (6 مارس 2019). "DeepSpace: SpaceX takes huge step towards Mars with flawless Crew Dragon performance". Teslarati. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-05-26. ...Crew Dragon does not need a significant number of systems critical for longer stays in space, as it is only designed to support humans for approximately one week in free-flight.
↑  Wall 2018، "Crew Dragon is also outfitted with an emergency escape system, which consists of eight SuperDraco engines built into the capsule's walls. If something goes wrong at any point during a Crew Dragon flight, these engines can fire up and carry the spacecraft and its passengers to safety."
↑  Seedhouse, Erik (2015). Cressy, Christine (ed.). SpaceX's Dragon: America's Next Generation Spacecraft (بالإنجليزية). دايتونا بيتش: Springer. p. 132. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-21515-0. ISBN:978-3-319-21515-0. Archived from the original on 2020-10-16. Retrieved 2020-05-25. The first test of the SuperDraco [...] was an impressive demonstration of what the engine could do, not only sustaining its 71,000 newtons (16,000 pounds) of thrust...
↑  Weitering، Hanneke (24 أبريل 2019). "The Emergency Launch Abort Systems of SpaceX and Boeing Explained". Space.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-05-25. SpaceX has built the thrusters into the capsule's outer walls. Eight SuperDraco engines are embedded in the hull and will "push" the capsule away from the rocket in an emergency. [...] Boeing's CST-100 Starliner uses a similar launch escape system as the one on the Crew Dragon, but instead of eight SuperDraco engines, it uses four RS-88 engines, which are built by Aerojet Rocketdyne.
↑  Leone، Dan (29 مايو 2014). "SpaceX's SuperDraco Thruster for Manned Dragon Spacecraft Passes Big Test (Video)". Space.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-05-25. Besides launch abort, SuperDraco thrusters will allow SpaceX's spacecraft to land propulsively on the ground, the company says. Propulsive Dragon landing tests are slated to begin at McGregor under the DragonFly program
↑  Bergin، Chris (21 أكتوبر 2015). "SpaceX DragonFly arrives at McGregor for testing". NASASpaceFlight.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-05-25. SpaceX's DragonFly test vehicle has arrived at its test facility in McGregor, Texas. DragonFly will be attached to a large crane, ahead of a series of test firings of its SuperDraco thrusters to set the stage towards the eventual goal of propulsive landings.
↑  Wall 2018، "It makes parachute-aided splashdowns in the ocean when its work on orbit is done. [...] SpaceX founder and CEO Elon Musk had previously stated that Crew Dragon would eventually be capable of touchdowns on terra firma, using parachutes and retrorocket firings [...] But that option is apparently no longer in the works."
↑  Reichhardt 2018، "Landing Site: Atlantic Ocean"
↑  Dreier، Casey (19 مايو 2020). "NASA's Commercial Crew Program is a Fantastic Deal". الجمعية الكوكبية. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-06-27. Crew Dragon $60 - $67 million; Starliner $91 - $99 million [...] Starliner and Crew Dragon per-seat costs use the total contract value for operations divided by the maximum 24 seats available. The upper range reflects the inclusion of NASA's program overhead.
↑  McCarthy، Niall (4 يونيو 2020). "Why SpaceX Is A Game Changer For NASA [Infographic]". فوربس (مجلة). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-06-27. According to the NASA audit, the SpaceX Crew Dragon's per-seat cost works out at an estimated $55 million while a seat on Boeing's Starliner is approximately $90 million...
↑  McFall-Johnsen، Morgan؛ Mosher، Dave؛ Secon، Holly (26 يناير 2020). "SpaceX is set to launch astronauts on Wednesday. Here's how Elon Musk's company became NASA's best shot at resurrecting American spaceflight". بيزنس إنسايدر. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-06-27. Eventually, a round-trip seat on the Crew Dragon is expected to cost about $US55 million. A seat on Starliner will cost about $US90 million. That's according to a November 2019 report from the NASA Office of Inspector General.
↑  Wall، Mike (16 نوفمبر 2019). "Here's How Much NASA Is Paying Per Seat on SpaceX's Crew Dragon & Boeing's Starliner". Space.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-06-27. NASA will likely pay about $90 million for each astronaut who flies aboard Boeing's CST-100 Starliner capsule on International Space Station (ISS) missions, the report estimated. The per-seat cost for SpaceX's Crew Dragon capsule, meanwhile, will be around $55 million, according to the OIG's calculations.
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