المجموعة الفردانية I2
مراجع

1 2  Underhill PA، Myres NM، Rootsi S، Chow CT، Lin AA، Otillar RP، وآخرون (2007). "New phylogenetic relationships for Y-chromosome haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory". Rethinking the Human Evolution. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ص. 33–42. ISBN:978-1-902937-46-5.
1 2 3 4 5 6  Rootsi S, Magri C, Kivisild T, Benuzzi G, Help H, Bermisheva M, et al. (July 2004). "Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in europe". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (1): 128–137. doi:10.1086/422196. PMC 1181996. PMID 15162323. نسخة محفوظة 2024-02-13 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijevic B, Rudan I, et al. (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964–1975. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443. نسخة محفوظة 2023-09-02 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Jones ER، Gonzalez-Fortes G، Connell S، Siska V، Eriksson A، Martiniano R، وآخرون (نوفمبر 2015). "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians". Nature Communications. ج. 6: 8912. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J. DOI:10.1038/ncomms9912. PMC:4660371. PMID:26567969.
↑   نسخة محفوظة 2017-04-30 على موقع واي باك مشين. Mesolithic Western Eurasian DNA
↑  Sazzini M، Sarno S، Luiselli D (2014). "The Mediterranean Human Population: An Anthropological Genetics Perspective". The Mediterranean Sea. ص. 529–551. DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-6704-1_31. ISBN:978-94-007-6703-4.
↑  Rootsi S (31 ديسمبر 2006). "Y-Chromosome haplogroup I prehistoric gene flow in Europe". Documenta Praehistorica. ج. 33: 17–20. DOI:10.4312/dp.33.3.
↑  Francalacci P، Morelli L، Angius A، Berutti R، Reinier F، Atzeni R، وآخرون (أغسطس 2013). "Low-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y-chromosome phylogeny". Science. ج. 341 ع. 6145: 565–569. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..565F. DOI:10.1126/science.1237947. PMC:5500864. PMID:23908240.
↑  Battaglia V، Fornarino S، Al-Zahery N، Olivieri A، Pala M، Myres NM، وآخرون (يونيو 2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. ج. 17 ع. 6: 820–830. DOI:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC:2947100. PMID:19107149.
↑  Luca F، Di Giacomo F، Benincasa T، Popa LO، Banyko J، Kracmarova A، وآخرون (يناير 2007). "Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. ج. 132 ع. 1: 132–139. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.20500. hdl:2108/35058. PMID:17078035.
↑  Mršić G، Gršković B، Vrdoljak A، Popović M، Valpotić I، Anđelinović Š، وآخرون (يوليو 2012). "Croatian national reference Y-STR haplotype database". Molecular Biology Reports. ج. 39 ع. 7: 7727–7741. DOI:10.1007/s11033-012-1610-3. PMID:22391654. S2CID:18011987.
↑  Kovacevic L، Tambets K، Ilumäe AM، Kushniarevich A، Yunusbayev B، Solnik A، وآخرون (2014). "Standing at the gateway to Europe--the genetic structure of Western balkan populations based on autosomal and haploid markers". PLOS ONE. ج. 9 ع. 8: e105090. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j5090K. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0105090. PMC:4141785. PMID:25148043.
1 2  Fóthi E، Gonzalez A، Fehér T، Gugora A، Fóthi Á، Biró O، Keyser C (2020). "Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. ج. 12 ع. 1. DOI:10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0. We looked at 16 loci from 640 I2a-L621 samples in FTDNA's I2a project database and found that 7 individuals were 2 genetic steps away the Karos samples, of whom 1 was a Hungarian from Kunszentmárton, 2 were Ukrainians, 1 was Lithuanian, 1 was Belarusian, 1 was Russian, and 1 was a German from Poland. Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto-Slavic period was later, around 300–500 CE ... The SNP-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50.5% of Croatians, 30.1% of Serbs, 31.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM_5). ... Their genetic haplogroup, I2a-CTS10228, is widespread among Slavs, but it is only present in 7% of Caucasian peoples, namely among the Karachay ... As such, it appears that the I2a-CTS10228 haplogroup in the paternal lineage of the Karos leaders arises from a specific branch in the Northern Caucasus dating to about 400–500 CE. Its modern descendents live among the Karachay, Hungarians, and various other surrounding nationalities.
↑  O.M. Utevska (2017). Генофонд українців за різними системами генетичних маркерів: походження і місце на європейському генетичному просторі [The gene pool of Ukrainians revealed by different systems of genetic markers: the origin and statement in Europe] (PhD thesis) (بالأوكرانية). National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم في أوكرانيا. pp. 219–226, 302. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04.
↑  "I-PH908 YTree v8.06.01". YFull.com. 27 يونيو 2020. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-12-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-07-17.
1 2  Neparáczki E، Maróti Z، Kalmár T، Maár K، Nagy I، Latinovics D، وآخرون (نوفمبر 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. Nature Research. ج. 9 ع. 1: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC:6851379. PMID:31719606. Hg I2a1a2b-L621 was present in 5 Conqueror samples, and a 6th sample form Magyarhomorog (MH/9) most likely also belongs here, as MH/9 is a likely kin of MH/16 (see below). This Hg of European origin is most prominent in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, especially among Slavic speaking groups. It might have been a major lineage of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture and it was present in the Baden culture of the Calcholitic Carpathian Basin24 ... The identical I2a1a2b Hg-s of Magyarhomorog individuals appears to be frequent among high-ranking Conquerors, as the most distinguished graves in the Karos2 and 3 cemeteries also belong to this lineage.
↑  Mathieson I، Alpaslan-Roodenberg S، Posth C، Szécsényi-Nagy A، Rohland N، Mallick S، وآخرون (مارس 2018). "The genomic history of southeastern Europe". Nature. ج. 555 ع. 7695: 197–203. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..197M. DOI:10.1038/nature25778. PMC:6091220. PMID:29466330.
↑  Gelabert P، Schmidt RW، Fernandes DM، Karsten JK، Harper TK، Madden GD، وآخرون (مايو 2022). "Genomes from Verteba cave suggest diversity within the Trypillians in Ukraine". Scientific Reports. Nature Research. ج. 12 ع. 1: 7242. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.7242G. DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-11117-8. PMC:9068698. PMID:35508651.
↑  Lipson M، Szécsényi-Nagy A، Mallick S، Pósa A، Stégmár B، Keerl V، وآخرون (نوفمبر 2017). "Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers". Nature. ج. 551 ع. 7680: 368–372. Bibcode:2017Natur.551..368L. DOI:10.1038/nature24476. PMC:5973800. PMID:29144465.
↑  Patterson N، Isakov M، Booth T، Büster L، Fischer CE، Olalde I، وآخرون (يناير 2022). "Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age". Nature. ج. 601 ع. 7894: 588–594. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..588P. DOI:10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4. PMC:8889665. PMID:34937049. S2CID:245509501.
↑  Fóthi E، Gonzalez A، Fehér T، Gugora A، Fóthi Á، Biró O، Keyser C (2020). "Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. ج. 12 ع. 1. DOI:10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0. We looked at 16 loci from 640 I2a-L621 samples in FTDNA's I2a project database and found that 7 individuals were 2 genetic steps away the Karos samples, of whom 1 was a Hungarian from Kunszentmárton, 2 were Ukrainians, 1 was Lithuanian, 1 was Belarusian, 1 was Russian, and 1 was a German from Poland. Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto-Slavic period was later, around 300–500 CE ... The SNP-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50.5% of Croatians, 30.1% of Serbs, 31.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM_5). ... Their genetic haplogroup, I2a-CTS10228, is widespread among Slavs, but it is only present in 7% of Caucasian peoples, namely among the Karachay ... As such, it appears that the I2a-CTS10228 haplogroup in the paternal lineage of the Karos leaders arises from a specific branch in the Northern Caucasus dating to about 400–500 CE. Its modern descendents live among the Karachay, Hungarians, and various other surrounding nationalities.Fóthi E, Gonzalez A, Fehér T, Gugora A, Fóthi Á, Biró O, Keyser C (2020). "Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 12 (1). doi:10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0. We looked at 16 loci from 640 I2a-L621 samples in FTDNA's I2a project database and found that 7 individuals were 2 genetic steps away the Karos samples, of whom 1 was a Hungarian from Kunszentmárton, 2 were Ukrainians, 1 was Lithuanian, 1 was Belarusian, 1 was Russian, and 1 was a German from Poland. Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto-Slavic period was later, around 300–500 CE ... The SNP-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50.5% of Croatians, 30.1% of Serbs, 31.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM_5). ... Their genetic haplogroup, I2a-CTS10228, is widespread among Slavs, but it is only present in 7% of Caucasian peoples, namely among the Karachay ... As such, it appears that the I2a-CTS10228 haplogroup in the paternal lineage of the Karos leaders arises from a specific branch in the Northern Caucasus dating to about 400–500 CE. Its modern descendents live among the Karachay, Hungarians, and various other surrounding nationalities.
↑  Pamjav H, Fehér T, Németh E, Koppány Csáji L (2019). Genetika és őstörténet (بالمجرية). Napkút Kiadó. p. 58. ISBN:978-963-263-855-3. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Az I2-CTS10228 (köznevén „dinári-kárpáti") alcsoport legkorábbi közös őse 2200 évvel ezelőttre tehető, így esetében nem arról van szó, hogy a mezolit népesség Kelet-Európában ilyen mértékben fennmaradt volna, hanem arról, hogy egy, a mezolit csoportoktól származó szűk család az európai vaskorban sikeresen integrálódott egy olyan társadalomba, amely hamarosan erőteljes demográfiai expanzióba kezdett. Ez is mutatja, hogy nem feltétlenül népek, mintsem családok sikerével, nemzetségek elterjedésével is számolnunk kell, és ezt a jelenlegi etnikai identitással összefüggésbe hozni lehetetlen. A csoport elterjedése alapján valószínűsíthető, hogy a szláv népek migrációjában vett részt, így válva az R1a-t követően a második legdominánsabb csoporttá a mai Kelet-Európában. Nyugat-Európából viszont teljes mértékben hiányzik, kivéve a kora középkorban szláv nyelvet beszélő keletnémet területeket.
↑  Olalde، Iñigo؛ Carrión، Pablo (7 ديسمبر 2023). "A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations". Cell. ج. 186 ع. 25: P5472-5485.E9. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018. PMC:10752003. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-01-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-12-08.
↑  Underhill PA، Myres NM، Rootsi S، Chow CT، Lin AA، Otillar RP، وآخرون (2007). "New phylogenetic relationships for Y-chromosome haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory". Rethinking the Human Evolution. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ص. 33–42. ISBN:978-1-902937-46-5.Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Chow CT, Lin AA, Otillar RP, et al. (2007). "New phylogenetic relationships for Y-chromosome haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory". In Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, Stringer C (eds.). Rethinking the Human Evolution. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 33–42. ISBN 978-1-902937-46-5.
↑  "I-M223 YTree". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-04-18.
↑  Chiaroni J، Underhill PA، Cavalli-Sforza LL (ديسمبر 2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. ج. 106 ع. 48: 20174–20179. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10620174C. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMC:2787129. PMID:19920170.
↑  YFull, 2021, I-M284 نسخة محفوظة 2023-05-21 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  McEvoy BP، Bradly DG (2010). "Irish Genetics and Celts". Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language, and Literature. Oxbow Books. ص. 107–120. ISBN:978-1-84217-410-4.
1 2  Maciamo. "Eupedia". Eupedia (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2024-02-13. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
التوزيع التقريبي للتكرار والتباين لمجموعات هابلوغروب I-P37، للسلف "دنيبر-كارباثيان" (DYS448=20) ومشتقة "البلقان" (DYS448=19: ممثلة بـ SNP I-PH908 واحد)، في أوروبا الشرقية لكل OM Utevska (2017).
مارتن لوثر، من أبرز رموز الإصلاح البروتستانتي ضد الكنيسة الكاثوليكية والسُّلطة البابويَّة في القرن السادس عشر، ينتمي للسُّلالة I2
بيل غيتس، مُؤسس شركة مايكروسوفت الشهيرة، ينتمي للسُّلالة I2
إلفيس بريسلي، أيقونة موسيقى الروك في القرن العشرين، ينتمي إلى سُلالة نادرة من المجموعة الفردانيَّة I2