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1 2  "ترجمة ومعنى (middle ages ) في قاموس المعاني". قاموس المعاني. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-08-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-08-20.
1 2  Power Central Middle Ages p. 304
1 2  Mommsen "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'" Speculum pp. 236–237
↑  Singman Daily Life p. x
↑  Knox "History of the Idea of the Renaissance" نسخة محفوظة 12 ديسمبر 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2  Bruni History of the Florentine people p. xvii
↑  Miglio "Curial Humanism" Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism p. 112
↑  Albrow Global Age p. 205
1 2  Murray "Should the Middle Ages Be Abolished?" Essays in Medieval Studies p. 4
↑  Flexner (ed.) Random House Dictionary p. 1194
↑  "Middle Ages" Dictionary.com نسخة محفوظة 15 سبتمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  See the titles of Watts Making of Polities Europe 1300–1500 or Epstein Economic History of Later Medieval Europe 1000–1500 or the end date used in Holmes (ed.) Oxford History of Medieval Europe
↑  Davies Europe pp. 291–293
↑  See the title of Saul Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485
↑  Kamen Spain 1469–1714 p. 29
↑  Mommsen "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'" Speculum p. 226
↑  Tansey, et al. Gardner's Art Through the Ages p. 242
↑  Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 391–393
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 3–5
1 2  Heather Fall of the Roman Empire p. 111
1 2  Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 24–25
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 9
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 24
↑  Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 405–406
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 31–33
↑  Brown World of Late Antiquity p. 34
↑  Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 65–68
↑  Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 82–94
↑  Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 47–49
↑  Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 56–59
↑  Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 80–83
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 59–60
1 2  Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans p. 417
↑  James Europe's Barbarians pp. 67–68
↑  Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 117–118
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 79
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 86
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 116–134
↑  Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 122–124
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 95–98
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 100–101
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 100
1 2  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 96–97
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 102–103
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 86–91
↑  Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms p. 261
↑  James Europe's Barbarians pp. 82–85
1 2  James Europe's Barbarians pp. 77–78
↑  James Europe's Barbarians pp. 79–80
↑  James Europe's Barbarians pp. 78–81
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 196–208
↑  Davies Europe pp. 235–238
↑  Adams History of Western Art pp. 158–159
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 81–83
↑  Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 200–202
1 2  Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 206–213
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 126, 130
↑  Brown "Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 8–9
↑  James Europe's Barbarians pp. 95–99
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 140–143
↑  Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 174–175
↑  Brown World of Late Antiquity p. 181
↑  Brown "Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 45–49
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 189–193
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 195–199
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 204
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 205–210
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 211–212
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 215
↑  Brown "Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 24–26
↑  Gies and Gies Life in a Medieval City pp. 3–4
1 2 3 4  Loyn "Jews" Middle Ages p. 191
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 143–145
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 149–151
↑  Reilly Medieval Spains pp. 52–53
↑  Brown "Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 15
↑  Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 427–428
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 218–219
↑  Grierson "Coinage and currency" Middle Ages
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 218–233
↑  Davies Europe pp. 328–332
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 170–172
↑  Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 62–63
↑  Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 10–13
↑  Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 18–24
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 185–187
↑  Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West pp. 43–44
↑  Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 64–65
↑  Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 246–253
↑  Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 347–349
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 158–159
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 164–165
↑  Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 371–378
↑  Brown "Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 20
1 2  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 109
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 117–120
↑  Davies Europe p. 241
↑  Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 66–70
↑  Loyn "Language and dialect" Middle Ages p. 204
1 2  Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 427–431
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 139
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 356–358
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 397
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 141–144
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 144–145
↑  Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 147–149
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 378–385
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 387
↑  Davies Europe p. 309
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 394–404
↑  Davies Europe p. 317
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 435–439
↑  Whitton "Society of Northern Europe" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 152
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 439–444
↑  Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 385–389
↑  Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 500–505
↑  Davies Europe pp. 318–320
↑  Davies Europe pp. 321–326
↑  Crampton Concise History of Bulgaria p. 12
↑  Curta Southeastern Europe pp. 246–247
↑  Nees Early Medieval Art p. 145
↑  Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 29–35
↑  Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 43–44
↑  Cosman Medieval Wordbook p. 247
↑  Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 45, 49
↑  Kitzinger Early Medieval Art pp. 36–53, 61–64
↑  Henderson Early Medieval pp. 18–21, 63–71
↑  Henderson Early Medieval pp. 36–42, 49–55, 103, 143, 204–208
↑  Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 41–49
↑  Lasko Ars Sacra pp. 16–18
↑  Henderson Early Medieval pp. 233–238
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 28–29
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 30
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 30–31
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 34
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 39
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 58–59
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 76
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 67
1 2  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 80
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 88–91
↑  Whitton "Society of Northern Europe" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 134
↑  Gainty and Ward Sources of World Societies p. 352
↑  Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 5–12
1 2 3  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 156
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 164–165
↑  Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 52–53
↑  Pounds, N. J. G. (1990), An Historical Geography of Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 166
↑  "Open-field System", Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/topic/open-field-system, accessed 19 Jul 2018 نسخة محفوظة 2019-06-29 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Barber Two Cities pp. 37–41
↑  Cosman Medieval Wordbook p. 193
1 2  Davies Europe pp. 311–315
↑  Singman Daily Life p. 3
1 2  Singman Daily Life p. 8
↑  Hamilton Religion on the Medieval West p. 33
↑  Singman Daily Life p. 143
↑  Barber Two Cities pp. 33–34
↑  Barber Two Cities pp. 48–49
↑  Singman Daily Life p. 171
↑  Epstein Economic and Social History p. 54
↑  Singman Daily Life p. 13
1 2  Singman Daily Life pp. 14–15
↑  Singman Daily Life pp. 177–178
↑  Epstein Economic and Social History p. 81
↑  Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 82–83
↑  Barber Two Cities pp. 60–67
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 160
↑  Barber Two Cities pp. 74–76
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 283–284
↑  Barber Two Cities pp. 365–380
↑  Davies Europe p. 296
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 262–279
↑  Barber Two Cities pp. 371–372
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 181–186
↑  Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 143–147
↑  Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 250–252
↑  Denley "Mediterranean" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 235–238
↑  Davies Europe p. 364
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 187–189
↑  Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 59–61
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 189–196
↑  Davies Europe p. 294
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 263
↑  Barlow Feudal Kingdom pp. 285–286
↑  .Loyn "Eleanor of Aquitaine" Middle Agesp. 122
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 289–293
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 286–289
↑  Davies Europe pp. 355–357
↑  Hallam and Everard Capetian France p. 401
1 2  Davies Europe p. 345
↑  Barber Two Cities p. 341
↑  Barber Two Cities pp. 350–351
↑  Barber Two Cities pp. 353–355
↑  Kaufmann and Kaufmann Medieval Fortress pp. 268–269
↑  Davies Europe pp. 332–333
↑  Davies Europe pp. 386–387
1 2 3  Riley-Smith "Crusades" Middle Ages pp. 106–107
↑  Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 397–399
1 2  Barber Two Cities pp. 145–149
↑  Payne Dream and the Tomb pp. 204–205
↑  Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 353–356
↑  Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 156–161
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 299–300
↑  Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades p. 122
↑  Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 205–213
↑  Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 213–224
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 232–237
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 247–252
1 2  Loyn "Scholasticism" Middle Ages pp. 293–294
↑  Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 295–301
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 252–260
1 2  Davies Europe p. 349
↑  Saul Companion to Medieval England pp. 113–114
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 237–241
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 241–246
↑  Ilardi, Renaissance Vision, pp. 18–19
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 246
↑  Ilardi, Renaissance Vision, pp. 4–5, 49
1 2  Epstein Economic and Social History p. 45
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 156–159
↑  Barber Two Cities p. 68
↑  Barber Two Cities p. 73
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 125
↑  Singman Daily Life p. 124
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 130
1 2  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 296–298
↑  Benton Art of the Middle Ages p. 55
↑  Adams History of Western Art pp. 181–189
↑  Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 58–60, 65–66, 73–75
↑  Dodwell Pictorial Arts of the West p. 37
↑  Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 295–299
↑  Lasko Ars Sacra pp. 240–250
↑  Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 91–92
↑  Adams History of Western Art pp. 195–216
↑  Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 185–190; 269–271
↑  Benton Art of the Middle Ages p. 250
↑  Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 135–139, 245–247
↑  Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 264–278
↑  Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 248–250
↑  Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West p. 47
1 2  Rosenwein Rhinoceros Bound pp. 40–41
↑  Barber Two Cities pp. 143–144
↑  Morris "Northern Europe" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 199
↑  Barber Two Cities pp. 155–167
↑  Barber Two Cities pp. 185–192
↑  Loyn "Famine" Middle Ages p. 128
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 373–374
↑  Epstein Economic and Social History p. 41
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 370
1 2  Schove "Plague" Middle Ages p. 269
↑  Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 171–172
↑  Singman Daily Life p. 189
↑  Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 374–380
↑  Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 184–185
↑  Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 246–247
1 2  Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 234–237
↑  Vale "Civilization of Courts and Cities" Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 346–349
↑  Loyn "Jews" Middle Ages p. 192
↑  Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 237–239
↑  Watts Making of Polities pp. 201–219
↑  Watts Making of Polities pp. 224–233
↑  Watts Making of Polities pp. 233–238
↑  Watts Making of Polities p. 166
↑  Watts Making of Polities p. 169
↑  Loyn "Hundred Years' War" Middle Ages p. 176
↑  Barber Edward pp. 242–243
↑  Davies Europe p. 545
↑  Watts Making of Polities pp. 180–181
↑  Watts Making of Polities pp. 317–322
↑  Davies Europe p. 423
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 186
↑  Watts Making of Polities pp. 170–171
↑  Watts Making of Polities pp. 173–175
↑  Watts Making of Polities p. 173
↑  Watts Making of Polities pp. 327–332
1 2  Watts Making of Polities p. 340
↑  Davies Europe pp. 425–426
↑  Davies Europe p. 431
↑  Davies Europe pp. 408–409
↑  Davies Europe pp. 385–389
↑  Davies Europe p. 446
↑  Thomson Western Church pp. 170–171
↑  Loyn "Avignon" Middle Ages p. 45
↑  Loyn "Great Schism" Middle Ages p. 153
↑  Thomson Western Church pp. 184–187
↑  Thomson Western Church pp. 197–199
↑  Thomson Western Church p. 218
↑  Thomson Western Church pp. 213–217
↑  Loyn "Knights of the Temple (Templars)" Middle Ages pp. 201–202
↑  Davies Europe pp. 436–437
↑  Davies Europe pp. 433–434
1 2 3  Davies Europe pp. 438–439
↑  Singman Daily Life p. 224
↑  Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 282–283
↑  Davies Europe p. 445
↑  Davies Europe p. 451
↑  Davies Europe pp. 454–455
↑  Davies Europe p. 511
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 180
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 183
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 188
↑  Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom p. 185
↑  Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 193–194
↑  Singman Daily Life p. 36
↑  Singman Daily Life p. 38
↑  Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 200–201
↑  Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 203–204
↑  Epstein Economic and Social History p. 213
↑  Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 253–256
↑  Lightbown Secular Goldsmiths' Work p. 78
↑  Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 257–262
↑  British Library Staff "Incunabula Short Title Catalogue" British Library نسخة محفوظة 28 مارس 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Griffiths Prints and Printmaking pp. 17–18; 39–46
↑  Lindberg "Medieval Church Encounters" When Science & Christianity Meet p. 8
↑  Davies Europe pp. 291–293
↑  Grant God and Reason p. 9
↑  Quoted in Peters "Science and Religion" Encyclopedia of Religion p. 8182
1 2  Russell Inventing the Flat Earth pp. 49–58
↑  Grant Planets, Stars, & Orbs pp. 626–630
↑  Lindberg and Numbers "Beyond War and Peace" Church History p. 342
↑  Numbers "Myths and Truths in Science and Religion: A historical perspective" Lecture archive نسخة محفوظة 11 أكتوبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.