اضطهاد الهندوس
مراجع

↑  David T. Smith (12 نوفمبر 2015). Religious Persecution and Political Order in the United States. Cambridge University Press. ص. 26–. ISBN:978-1-107-11731-0. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-16. "Persecution" in this study refers to violence or discrimination against members of a religious minority because of their religious affiliation. Persecution involves the most damaging expressions of prejudice against an out-group, going beyond verbal abuse and social avoidance.29 It refers to actions that are intended to deprive individuals of their political rights and to force minorities to assimilate, leave, or live as second-class citizens. When these actions happen persistently over a period of time, and include large numbers of both perpetrators and victims, we may refer to a "campaign" of persecution that usually has the goal of excluding the targeted minority from the polity.
1 2  Nazila Ghanea-Hercock (11 نوفمبر 2013). The Challenge of Religious Discrimination at the Dawn of the New Millennium. Springer. ص. 91–92. ISBN:978-94-017-5968-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-18.
↑  Bateman, J. Keith. 2013. Don't call it persecution when it's not. Evangelical Missions Quarterly 49.1: 54-56, also p. 57-62.
↑  Hindu temples were felled to the ground and for one year a large establishment was maintained for the demolition of the grand Martand temple. But when the massive masonry resisted all efforts, it was set on fire and the noble buildings cruelly defaced.-فريشته، Muhammad Qãsim Hindû Shãh؛ John Briggs  ‏ (translator) (1829–1981 Reprint). Tãrîkh-i-Firishta (History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India). New Delhi
↑  Keay 2000، صفحة 288: "The normally cordial pattern of Hindu–Muslim relations was interrupted in the early fifteenth century. The great Sun temple of Martand was destroyed and heavy penalties imposed on the mainly brahman Hindus".
↑  André Wink (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries. BRILL Academic. ص. 154–161, 203–205. ISBN:978-0391041738. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-04-09.
↑  André Wink (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries. BRILL Academic. ص. 162–163, 184–186. ISBN:978-0391041738. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-04-09.
↑  Victoria Schofield (2010). Afghan Frontier: At the Crossroads of Conflict. Tauris. ص. 25. ISBN:978-1-84885-188-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-18.
↑  Sachau، Edward (1910). Alberuni's India, Vol. 1. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. ص. 22. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-15., Quote: "Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, and performed there wonderful exploits, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people."
↑  Tapan Raychaudhuri؛ Irfan Habib (1982). Cambridge Economic History Of India Vol-1. Cambridge University Press. ص. 91. ISBN:978-81-250-2730-0. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-25., Quote: "When Timur invaded India in 1398-99, collection of slaves formed an important object for his army. 100,000 Hindu slaves had been seized by his soldiers and camp followers. Even a pious saint had gathered together fifteen slaves. Regrettably, all had to be slaughtered before the attack on Delhi for fear that they might rebel. But after the occupation of Delhi the inhabitants were brought out and distributed as slaves among Timur's nobles, the captives including several thousand artisans and professional people."
↑  Farooqui Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson. ص. 105. ISBN:978-81-317-3202-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-05-27.
↑  Hermann Kulke؛ Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. ص. 180. ISBN:978-0-415-32919-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-19.
1 2  David N. Lorenzen (2006). Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History. Yoda. ص. 50. ISBN:978-81-902272-6-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-01-03.
↑  Ayalon 1986، صفحة 271.
↑  Kiyokazu Okita (2014). Hindu Theology in Early Modern South Asia: The Rise of Devotionalism and the Politics of Genealogy. Oxford University Press. ص. 28–29. ISBN:978-0-19-870926-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-19.
↑  Lal 1999، صفحة 343: "I have arrived at the conclusion that the population of India in A.D. 1000 was about 200 million and in the year 1500 it was 170 million."
↑  Lal 1999، صفحة 89
↑  Elst، Koenraad (1995)، "The Ayodhya Debate"، في Gilbert Pollet (المحرر)، Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact : Proceedings of the 8th International Rāmāyaạ Conference, Leuven, 6-8 July 1991، Peeters Publishers، ص. 33، ISBN:978-90-6831-701-5
↑  Miller، Sam (2014). "A Third Intermission". A Strange Kind of Paradise: India Through Foreign Eyes. Random House. ص. 80. ISBN:978-14-4819-220-5.
↑  Angus Maddison (2001), The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective  ‏, pages 241–242, OECD Development Centre نسخة محفوظة 04 مارس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Colin Clark  ‏ (1977). Population Growth and Land Use. Springer Science+Business Media. ص. 64. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-18.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء عددية: قائمة المؤلفين (link) صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link) صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)
↑  Angus Maddison (2001), The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective  ‏, page 236 نسخة محفوظة 11 نوفمبر 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين., OECD Development Centre "نسخة مؤرشفة" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-03-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-11-17.{{استشهاد ويب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
↑  John D. Durand, 1974, Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation, جامعة بنسيلفانيا, Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10, page 9 نسخة محفوظة 06 أغسطس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Sing C. Chew, J. David Knottnerus (2002). Structure, Culture, and History: Recent Issues in Social Theory. Rowman & Littlefield. ص. 185. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-16.
↑  Guillaume Wunsch, Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin (2005). "Population in Time and Space". Demography: Analysis and Synthesis. Academic Press. ص. 34. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-11-09.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
↑  John D. Durand, 1974, Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation, جامعة بنسيلفانيا, Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10, page 10 نسخة محفوظة 06 أغسطس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Colin McEvedy؛ Richard Jones (1978). Atlas of World Population History (PDF). New York: Facts on File. ص. 182–185. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2019-04-29.
↑  Will Durant. The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage. ص. 459.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}:  صيانة الاستشهاد: url-status (link)
↑  Histoire de l'Inde Broché – 11 mai 1983 نسخة محفوظة 24 يونيو 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  A History of Civilizations Paperback – April 1, 1995 نسخة محفوظة 09 فبراير 2012 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Matthew White (2011). Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements. Canongate Books. ص. 113. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-10-06.
↑  Ikram، S. M. (1964). Muslim Civilization in India. Columbia University Press. ص. 198–199. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-19 – عبر Frances W. Pritchett.
↑  Bharne، Vinayak؛ Krusche، Krupali (2014). Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ص. 76. ISBN:978-1-4438-6734-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-09.
↑  المسلمون في الهند.. عقبة مانعة أم قوة دافعة نسخة محفوظة 04 مارس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
1 2 3 4  der Veer, pg 27–29
1 2 3  Eaton, Richard M. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1993 1993, accessed on 1 May 2007 نسخة محفوظة 06 يناير 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Wagoner, Phillip B. (1999). "Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain. By Kate Brittlebank. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997. xxii, 184 pp. Rs. 450 (cloth)". The Journal of Asian Studies (بالإنجليزية). Cambridge University Press. 58 (2): 541. DOI:10.2307/2659463. Archived from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
↑  Kate Brittlebank (1997). Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain. Oxford University Press. ص. 12, 34–35. ISBN:978-0-19-563977-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-04-09.
↑  Varghese، Alexander (2008). India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World, Volume 1. Atlantic Publishers. ISBN:9788126909032. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-04-30.
↑  Paul، Thomas (1954). Christians and Christianity in India and Pakistan: a general survey of the progress of Christianity in India from apostolic times to the present day. Allen & Unwin. ص. 235. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-14.
↑  Heathcote، T. A. (1995). The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947. Manchester University Press. ص. 62. ISBN:978-0-7190-3570-8.
↑  Chetty، A. Subbaraya (1999). "Tipu's endowments to Hindus and Hindu institutions". في Habib، Irfan (المحرر). Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization under Haidar Ali & Tipu Sultan. New Delhi: Tulika. ص. 111. ISBN:9788185229119.
↑  Bowring، Lewin (1893). Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the south (ط. 1974). Delhi: ADABIYAT-I DELLI. ISBN:978-81-206-1299-0.
↑  Kareem، C.K (1973). Kerala Under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. Kerala History Association: distributors, Paico Pub. House. ص. 322.
↑  Brittlebank، Kate (1997). Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain. Oxford University Press. ص. 1–3. ISBN:978-0-19-563977-3.
1 2 3  Sultan، Tipu (2001). "War and Peace. Tipu Sultan's Account of the last Phase of the Second War with the English, 1783-4". في Habib، Irfan (المحرر). State and Diplomacy Under Tipu Sultan. ترجمة: Kirkpatrick، William. Delhi: Tulika. ص. 5. ISBN:9789382381488.; Mohibbul Hasan writes "The reasons why Tipu was reviled are not far to seek. Englishmen were prejudiced against him because they regarded him as their most formidable rival and an inveterate enemy and because, unlike other Indian rulers, he refused to become a tributary of the English Company. Many of the atrocities of which he has been accused were allegedly fabricated either by persons embittered and angry on account of the defeats which they had sustained at his hands, or by the prisoners of war who had suffered punishments which they thought they did not deserve. He was also misrepresented by those who were anxious to justify the wars of aggression which the Company's Government had waged against him. Moreover, his achievements were deliberately belittled and his character blackened in order that the people of Mysore might forget him and rally round the Raja, thus helping in the consolidation of the new regime" Hasan، Mohibbul (1971) [First published 1951]. The History of Tipu Sultan (ط. 2nd). Calcutta: World Press. ص. 368. OCLC:576783501.
↑  Sampath، Vikram (4 أكتوبر 2006). "He stuck to his dream of a united Mysore". Panorama. Deccan Herald. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-11-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2006-10-17.
↑  Machado 1999، صفحات 94–96
↑  Funso S. Afọlayan (2004). Culture and Customs of South Africa. Greenwood. ص. 78–79. ISBN:978-0-313-32018-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-18.
↑  Singh، Sherry-Ann (2005). "Hinduism and the State in Trinidad". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. ج. 6 ع. 3: 353–365. DOI:10.1080/14649370500169987. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-07-15.
↑  Derek R. Peterson؛ Darren R. Walhof (2002). The Invention of Religion: Rethinking Belief in Politics and History. Rutgers University Press. ص. 82. ISBN:978-0-8135-3093-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-02-28.
1 2  Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D., in Saraiva, Antonio Jose. The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765 (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–7.
↑  "'Goa Inquisition was most merciless and cruel'". Rediff.com. 14 سبتمبر 2005. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-05-17.
↑  Rao، R.P (1963). Portuguese Rule in Goa: 1510-1961. Asia Publishing House. ص. 43. OCLC:3296297. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-03-08.
↑  "Goa Inquisition". The New Indian Express. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-09-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-05-17.
1 2  de Souza، Teotonio (1994). Discoveries, Missionary Expansion, and Asian Cultures. Concept Publishing Company. ص. 80. ISBN:9788170224976. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-01-30.
↑  Paul A. Marshall (2000). Religious Freedom in the World. Rowman & Littlefield. ص. 88–89. ISBN:978-0-7425-6213-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-12.
↑  Grim، B. J.؛ Finke، R. (2007). "Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies?". American Sociological Review. ج. 72 ع. 4: 633–658. DOI:10.1177/000312240707200407. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-10-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-06-21., Quote: "Hindus are fatally persecuted in Bangladesh and elsewhere."
↑  "Hindus from Pakistan flee to India, citing religious persecution". Washington Post. 15 أغسطس 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-10-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-07-15.
↑  White، Matthew. "Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-10-01.
↑  Hasan، Arif؛ Raza، Mansoor (2009). Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan. IIED. ISBN:9781843697343. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-14.
↑  "Bajrang Dal launches campaign". The Tribune. 21 أكتوبر 2002. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-10-12.
↑  Mahurkar، Uday (22 يوليو 2002). "Fuelling the Fire". India Today. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-12-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-04-13.
↑  Dasgupta، Manas (6 مارس 2011). "It was not a random attack on S-6 but kar sevaks were targeted, says judge". The Hindu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-01-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-05-22.
↑  "Godhra verdict: 31 convicted, 63 acquitted". NDTV. 1 مارس 2011. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-11-29.
↑  "Hindu preacher killed by Tripura rebels". BBC News. 28 أغسطس 2000. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-03-30.
↑  "National Liberation Front of Tripura, India". South Asia Terrorism Portal. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-04-01.
↑  "Christianity threat looms over Bhuvan Pahar". Assam Times. 23 يونيو 2009. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-06-26.
↑  "Gunment Slaughter 38 on Bus in India in Bloodiest Attack of Sikh Campaign". فيلادلفيا انكوايرر. 7 يوليو 1987. ص. A03.
1 2  "Marad report slams Muslim League". The Indian Express. 27 سبتمبر 2006. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-09-24.
↑  62 get life term for Marad killings The Indian Express, 16 January 2009 نسخة محفوظة 25 فبراير 2011 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  International Commission Of Jurists, "The Events In Pakistan: A Legal Study By The Secretariat Of The International Commission Of Jurists" 9 (1972), p. 56–57., cited in S. Linton, "Completing the Circle: Accountability for the Crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh War of Liberation," Criminal Law Forum (2010) 21:191–311, p. 243.
↑  Jones، Owen Bennett (2003). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. Yale University Press. ص. 170. ISBN:0-300-10147-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-26.
↑  Bose، S. (2011). Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War. London: Hurst and Co. ص. 73, 122.
1 2  U.S. State Department, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XI, "South Asia Crisis, 1971", page 165
↑  Tinker، Hugh Russell. "History (from Bangladesh)". Encyclopædia Britannica. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-10-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-06-11.
↑  Kennedy, Senator Edward, "Crisis in South Asia – A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee", 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, "Field reports to the U.S. Government, countless eye-witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal (East Pakistan). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked 'H'. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad."
↑   26 Hindus beheeaded by Islamist militants in Kashmir نسخة محفوظة 17 فبراير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Sinha, Dinesh Chandra, ed. (2012). [1950: Bloodstained Dhaka Barisal and more] (بالبنغالية). Kolkata: Codex. pp. 72–77. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |trans-title= بحاجة لـ |title= أو |script-title= (help) and الوسيط |عنوان أجنبي= and |عنوان مترجم= تكرر أكثر من مرة (help)
↑  Roy، Tathagata (2002). "Appendix: Letter of Resignation of Jogendra Nath Mandal, dated 8 October 1950, Minister of Law and Labour, Government of Pakistan". My People, Uprooted. Kolkata: Ratna Prakashan. ص. 362. ISBN:81-85709-67-X.
1 2  Sharlach، Lisa (2000). "Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda". New Political Science. ج. 22 ع. 1: (89–102), 92–93. DOI:10.1080/713687893.
1 2  Sajjad 2012، صفحة 225.
1 2  Ghadbian 2002، صفحة 111.
1 2  Mookherjee 2012، صفحة 68.
↑  "Birth of Bangladesh: When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-04-06.
↑  Herbert L. Bodman, Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi 1998، صفحة 208.
↑  D'Costa 2011، صفحات 108.
↑  Syed، Anwar (18 يونيو 2006). "State of minorities" (Opinion). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2010-10-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2006-08-18.
↑  25 Hindu girls abducted every month, claims HRCP official The News, Tuesday, 30 March 2010 نسخة محفوظة 22 أبريل 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Farooq Khan، Omer (14 مايو 2014). "5,000 Hindus flee Pak every year due to persecution". The Times of ndia. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-05-21.
↑  "Bhutan (10/08)". U.S. Department of State. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-03-14.
↑  "Bhutan: International Religious Freedom Report 2007". وزارة الخارجية. 2007. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-01-28.  تتضمّنُ هذه المقالة نصوصًا مأخوذة من هذا المصدر، وهي في الملكية العامة.
1 2 3 4  Singh, Sherry-Ann, Hinduism and the State in Trinidad, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Volume 6, Number 3, September 2005, pp. 353–365(13)
1 2  "International Religious Freedom Report 2002: Trinidad and Tobago". U.S. Department of State. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-08-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-05-05.
↑  Fraenkel، Jonathan؛ Firth، Stewart (2007). From Election to Coup in Fiji: The 2006 Campaign and Its Aftermath. ANU E Press. ص. 306. ISBN:978-1-921313-36-3.
صورة لأطلال معبد الشمس ببهاوان، تم تدمير المعبد بالكامل بناءاً على أوامر السلطان إسكندر بوتشيكان في أوائل القرن الخامس عشر، ودام تدمير المعبد لمدة عام.
طلب فرنسيس كسفاريوس إنشاء محاكم التفتيش في عام 1545.
البقايا المحترقة في مطعم جوفيندا في سوفا: تم نهب أكثر من 100 متجر وشركة في المنطقة التجارية المركزية في سوفا في 19 مايو من عام 2000.