كاش (عملة صينية)
مراجع

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↑  Hartill 2005، صفحة v.
↑  Hartill 2005، صفحة xiv.
↑   http://personal.lse.ac.uk/mad1/ma_pdf_files/Ma%20money%20for%20calamoris%20neal%2012-2011.pdf. {{استشهاد ويب}}: الوسيط |title= غير موجود أو فارغ (مساعدة)
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↑  Chen Lianting (陈联廷) – 怎样寻觅花穿钱 – Shouchang Jie, issue 88, 2008 (收藏界, 88, 2008). Quote: "在方孔钱上,盛开着一朵奇异的小花,这就是独树一帜的花穿钱.所谓花穿钱,是指方孔钱的穿廓部位在外形上有些微妙变化.其钱的穿孔呈八角形态,穿似花朵,新颖别致.它改变了方孔钱的单调形式,在表现形式上更具有独特的艺术魅力.这种异形穿孔钱,称之为花穿钱(如图1).".
↑  Zhang Hongming (张宏明) – 花穿钱的时代与成因问题 – China Numismatics (中国钱币), 33–36, 1994. Quote: "有一种被人们称之为"花穿"或"龟甲穿"的穿孔,其钱穿形状六角或八角,极其新颖别致".
↑  "Wayback Machine" (PDF). orient.avcr.cz. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2017-07-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2025-01-26.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  Lars Bo Christensen (2016). "Coins made of other materials than bronze" (بالإنجليزية). Ancient Chinese Coins (Chinesecoins.lyq.dk). Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
↑  Song Shan (嵩山) – Casting lead money begins with swallows (以铅铸钱始于燕) – "China Numismatics", Issue 1, 1990 (《中国钱币》1990年 第1期 – 55–57页 共4页). Quote: "我国是最早以铅铸钱的国家,这己为人们所公认。" (China is the first country to cast money with lead, which has been recognised by people.).
↑  Gan Shuguang (甘曙光) – Newly discovered Qin Dynasty lead "Ban Liang" cash coins in Guangzhou (广州新发现秦代铅质大型 "半两" 钱). – Collection, 106, 2007 (收藏界, 106, 2007).
↑  Zhang Zhichao (张智超) – Exploration of Western Han Dynasty lead cash coins unearthed in Yanchi County, Ningxia (宁夏盐池县出土西汉铅钱探索) – "Xinjiang Numismatics" 2005 No. 3 (《新疆钱币》2005年 第3期: 44–56页 共13页).
↑  Yu Tianyou (余天佑) – Analysis and discussion on the metal composition of ancient lead-zinc cash coins in Vietnam (越南古代铅锌钱金属成分分析与探讨) – Guangxi Financial Research, 3–11, 2007 (广西金融研究, 3–11, 2007: 3–11页 共9页). – Quote: "在唐武宗（公元841年）时期的窖藏钱币中就发现了有少量的铅质开元通宝。" (A small amount of lead Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins were found in the coin hoards dating to the reign of Emperor Wuzong of Tang (841 AD).).
↑  Hartill 2005، صفحة 123–124.
↑  Tang West Market Museum (2023). "Currency of Kaiyuan Period (one in gold, one in gilt bronze, one in silver)" (بالإنجليزية). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Archived from the original on 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-08-24. The characters on the coin were written by the famous calligrapher of early Tang Dynasty, OUYANG Xun,they translate to "circulated treasures at the beginning of the dynasty".
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  Hartill 2005، صفحة 444.
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1 2 3 4 5  Hartill 2005، صفحة iii.
1 2 3  Lin Xuda (林序達) and Dan Keimei (段啓明) ．Dictionary of ancient Chinese cultural knowledge (中國古代文化知識辭典)．- نانتشانغ (南昌)：Jiangxi Education Press (江西教育出版社)，2001：872-872. (in ماندراين الصينية).
↑  "Bronze Kaiyuan tongbao coin". Explore Highlights. British Museum. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-11-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-08-20. The characters Kai yuan mean 'new beginning', while tong bao means 'circulating treasure' or 'coin'.
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↑  Ulrich Theobald (25 May 2016). "Silver Ingots as Money in Premodern China. Silver ingots (yinding 銀錠, yinkuai 銀塊, yinliang 銀兩) were one of the common currencies in imperial China. Since the Han period 漢 (206 BCE-220 CE) they served as a means of payment, but were not very widespread in contrast to the standard type of money, copper cash" (بالإنجليزية). Chinaknowledge – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art. Archived from the original on 2023-06-09. Retrieved 2023-08-20. Silver ingots were cast in the shape of small "boats" called baoyuan 元寶 or baoyin 寶銀. Still today, this shape is used as a symbol for wealth and prosperity, and seen in New Year's prints, as well as used for lavish wedding gifts of precious metals.
↑  Hartill 2005، صفحة 109.
1 2  Peng Zeyi (彭澤益). ‘1853–1868 nian de Zhongguo tonghuo pengzhang 1853–1868 (年的中國通貨膨脹)’, in Peng Zeyi (彭澤益) (ed.), Shijiu shiji houbanqi Zhongguo de caizheng yu jingji (十九世紀后半期中國的財政與經濟) (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1983). Page 88. (in ماندراين الصينية).
↑  Xiao Yihe (肖以和) – A brief discussion on the characteristics of Annan White Lead (Zinc) cash coins (略谈安南白铅(锌)钱的特色). – "Regional Finance Research", Issue S1, 1999 (《区域金融研究》1999年 第S1期: 40–41页 共2页).
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1 2 3  Hartill 2005، صفحة 436.
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↑  Zelin, Madeleine (1984) The Magistrate's Tael: Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Eighteenth-Century Ch’ing China. Berkeley: دار نشر جامعة كاليفورنيا. pp. 264–301
↑  Lin Man-houng (2006) China upside down: currency, society and ideologies. دار نشر جامعة هارفارد، Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 1808–1856, pp. 29–30
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1 2 3  Hartill 2005، صفحة 237.
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↑  Sun, E-tu Zen, and Sun Shiou-chuan. T’ien-Kung K’ai-Wu: Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century, by Sung Ying-Hsing. (University Park and London: [[Pennsylvania State University Press]], 1966).
↑  Michael Cowell, Joe Cribb, Sheridan Bowman and Yvonne Shashoua. The Chinese Cash: Composition and Production in Wang, Helen et al (ed.) (2005), p. 63.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Ulrich Theobald (13 Apr 2016). "Qing Period Money" (بالإنجليزية). Chinaknowledge.de. Archived from the original on 2018-09-15. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
↑  “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed. نسخة محفوظة 2019-07-30 على موقع واي باك مشين. by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, Leiden: Brill, 2015, 343–395.
↑  Ulrich Theobald (13 Apr 2016). "Qing Period Paper Money" (بالإنجليزية). Chinaknowledge.de. Archived from the original on 2019-03-16. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
عملات نقدية سُكَّت بين عام 330 قبل الميلاد وعام 1912 ميلادي.
عملات نقدية مختلفة صدرت في بداية عهد جمهورية الصين.
قالب برونزي لسك عملات بان ليانغ ، اُستُخدِمَ القالب خلال فترة الدول المتحاربة (475-221 قبل الميلاد) من قبل دولة تشين، من حفريات في مقاطعة تشي شان  ‏، باوجي، شنشي.
"شجرة العملات" المستخدمة في صنع العملات النقدية
عملات نقدية سُكَّت آليًا وأصدرت في عهد الإمبراطور جوانجشو في غوانجو، غوانغدونغ.
ثلاث عملات نقدية مختلفة من عهد أسرة سونغ الشمالية، العملة الأولى مكتوبة في اتجاه عقارب الساعة بينما العملات الأخرى مكتوبة من الأعلى إلى الأسفل إلى اليمين إلى اليسار، والعملتان الأولى والثانية مكتوبتان بالخط العادي  ‏ بينما العملة الثالثة مكتوبة بنص مختوم  ‏.
رجل من سيتشوان يحمل 13500 قطعة نقدية على كتفيه (1917).
يوان فينغ تونغ باو (元豐通寶) من عهد أسرة سونغ الشمالية مع "ثقب زهرة (أو "وُرَيدة")" في المنتصف
"عملة كاش حمراء" أنتجتها دار سك العملة في أكسو في عهد الإمبراطور داوجوانج  ‏