تاريخ دستور المملكة المتحدة
مراجع

↑  The قوانين الاتحاد لعام 1800 unified the مملكة بريطانيا العظمى and the مملكة أيرلندا, while the قانونا الاتحاد 1707 unified England and Wales with Scotland, but did not yet officially use the name ‘United Kingdom’.
↑  See AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight, Constitutional and Administrative Law (2018) ch 2, 32-48, on historic structure, and devolution.
↑  "What is the UK Constitution??". UCL Constitution Unit. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-11-11.
↑  "What is the British Constitution??". The Constitution Society. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-12-11. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-11-15.
↑  "The Big Question: Why doesn't the UK have a written constitution, and does it matter??". The Independent. 14 فبراير 2008. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-09-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-11-15.
↑  (13 March 2015)."Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change". History and Policy.Retrieved on 28 April 2015.
↑  See F Pollock and فريدرك وليم ميتلاند, The history of English law before the time of Edward I (1899) Book I, ch I, 1, ‘Such is the unity of all history that anyone who endeavours to tell a piece of it must feel that his first sentence tears a seamless web.’ نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Pollock and Maitland (1899) 4-5 نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  cf إدوارد جيبون, تاريخ ضعف وسقوط الإمبراطورية الرومانية (1789) arguing Christianity led to weakness that caused Rome’s fall.
↑  Pollock and Maitland (1899) 5-6 نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  فريدرك وليم ميتلاند, The constitutional history of England (1909) 6 نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  Feilden, p.2
↑  DD McGarry, Medieval History and Civilization (1976) 242, 12% free, 30% serfs, 35% bordars and cottars, 9% slaves.
↑  T Purser, Medieval England, 1042-1228 (2004) 161, this included a 25% tax on income and property, all the year's wool, and all churches gold and silver, to pay a ransom after Richard I was captured when returning from the crusades by هنري السادس (إمبراطور روماني مقدس).
↑  الوثيقة العظمى clauses 12 (Parliament), 17 (court), 39 (fair trial), 41 (free movement), 47 (common land).
↑  See W Langland, Piers Plowman (1370) Passus 5, 3278, "But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood" is the first mention of the tales, notably in the run up to the ثورة الفلاحين. As ballads and poems evolved, see John Stow, Annales of England (1592)
↑  Charter of the Forest 1217. This allowed, for example, in clause 9, ‘Every freeman shall at his own pleasure provide agistment' or grazing rights, and in clause 12, ‘Henceforth every freeman, in his wood or on his land that he has in the forest, may with impunity make a mill, fish-preserve, pond, marl-pit, ditch, or arable in cultivated land outside coverts, provided that no injury is thereby given to any neighbour.’
↑  Pollock and Maitland (1899) Book I, 173 نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  J Froissart, The Chronicles of Froissart (1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895) 250–52, "What have we deserved, or why should we be kept thus in servage? We be all come from one father and one mother, آدم وحواء: whereby can they say or shew that they be greater lords than we be, saving by that they cause us to win and labour for that they dispend? They are clothed in مخمل and camlet furred with grise, and we be vestured with poor cloth: they have their wines, spices and good bread, and we have the drawing out of the chaff and drink water: they dwell in fair houses, and we have the pain and travail, rain and wind in the fields; and by that that cometh of our labours they keep and maintain their estates: we be called their bondmen, and without we do readily them service, we be beaten؛ and we have no sovereign to whom we may complain, nor that will hear us nor do us right." نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
↑  EP Cheyney, ‘The Disappearance of English Serfdom’ (1900) 15(57) English Historical Review 20 and A Fitzherbert, Surueyenge (1546) 31, servitude was ‘the greatest inconvenience that nowe is suffred by the lawe. That is to have any christen man bounden to an other, and to have the rule of his body, landes, and goodes, that his wyfe, children, and servantes have laboured for, all their life tyme, to be so taken, lyke as it were extorcion or bribery’.
↑  See Inclosure Acts and Vagrancy Act 1547. cf توماس مور, Utopia (1516) Book I, "wherever it is found that the sheep of any soil yield a softer and richer wool than ordinary, there the nobility and gentry, and even those holy men, the abbots not contented with the old rents which their farms yielded... stop the course of agriculture, destroying houses and towns, reserving only the churches, and enclose grounds that they may lodge their sheep in them... Stop the rich from cornering markets and establishing virtual monopolies. Reduce the number of people who are kept doing nothing. Revive agriculture and the wool industry, so that there is plenty of honest, useful work for the great army of unemployed – by which I mean not only existing thieves, but tramps and idle servants who are bound to become thieves eventually."
↑  On his behalf إدوارد سيمور ruled as Lord Protector until he was replaced and executed by جون دادلي. Somerset House was transferred to the crown, and Elizabeth was allowed to live there by ماري ملكة اسكتلندا as she killed ليدي جين غراي (1554) and ruled until 1558. Mary then died without children, after killing hundreds of protestants.
↑  The title "الحاكم الأعلى لكنيسة إنجلترا" not "supreme head", was intended to indicate no control over the church's doctrine, or usurping the primacy of Jesus. John Aylmer, a Greek scholar, saw an immediate resemblance of the Tudor constitution to that of the الجمهوريانية الكلاسيكية of أسبرطة, a الحكومة المختلطة  from كلاسيكية قديمة. جيوفري إلتون, who wrote The Tudor Constitution approves Aylmer's conclusions.
↑  Sir John Neale identified a unified bloc of 43 members, whereas revisionists have suggested that this is an exaggeration.
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