on the influence of HPA, including the relation between HPA-3 and susceptibility to acute cellular rejection after liver transplantation, and the association between HPA-2 and febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction, and this can influence our future decisions.^(^ [@B30] ^,^ [@B31] ^)^

CONCLUSION
==========

We described the allele and haplotype frequencies of HLA genes at the -A, -B *loci* and HPA genes for HPA-1 to 9, 11 and 15. This is the first study presenting HPA and HLA data together. Clinically, our results can contribute to prepare a database to help find the best donor, even when there is alloimmunization or refractoriness. Rare genotypes or antibody associations can make patient management difficult and having data from genotyped donors can help ensure an adequate post-transfusion platelet count increment.

Therefore, our information can serve as aPrev Dent 1976;3:38�49.

Horowitz HS, Heifetz SB, Poulsen S. Retention and effectiveness of a single application of an adhesive sealant in preventing occlusal caries: final report after five years of a study in Kalispell, Montana. J Am Dent Assoc 1977;95:1133�9.

U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. Available on the Web site: http://www.health.gov/healthypeople/document/html/volume2/21oral.htm#_Toc489700409

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Oral Health in America: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 2000.


The transduction of light-energy into a receptor potential in the rod photoreceptor of the vertebrate retina is initiated with the absorption of light by the membrane bound visual pigment Rhodopsin. Upon absorption of light, Rhodopsin undergoes a series of conformational changes which trigger a change in the ionic conductance of the rod plasma membrane. The project proposed herein investigates the mechanism which couples the excitation of Rhodopsin to changes in plasma membrane conductance by studying the effects of light on ionic permeabilities in the rhopdopsin-containing disc membranes of the rod cell. Ionic permeabilities are studied by measuring disc membrane potentials with a method that records the voltage-dependent distribution of hydrophobic ions between the inside and outside of the discs. The project further investigates whether Rhodopsin is directly involvedphotograph on the street probably don’t want to have to stand still for a few minutes while I set up a shot so I’ve been searching for a camera that I can hand hold and operate quite fast. My hope was I had found such a camera in the Graflex Speed Graphic which was a favourite among press photographers as far back as the 1920’s but the rangefinder focusing and approximate framing guide never really worked very well for me so my search continued. Once I came across the Graflex Super D which was designed as a large format SLR it looked like my search was over. I’ve wanted one of these cameras for a long time and now I finally have one. It’s a big wooden box


2010 Fotuali'i chose to represent Samoa for their 2010 end-of-year tour. He made his debut for them against Japan where he scored Samoa's only try to win the game 13-10 and was man of the match.

He signed a two-year deal with Welsh side Ospreys ahead of the 2011/12 season. He scored his first try for the Ospreys against Glasgow Warriors in a 20-26 defeat.

Early in 2013, he was still with Ospreys, but there was speculation that he might join another club in Europe. He rejected a new deal by the Ospreys and signed for Northampton Saints on 24 January 2013. In 2014 he started as Northampton beat Saracens to win the Premiership final.

Towards the end of the 2015/16 season, whilst at Northampton Saints it was rumoured that he1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the field of communications. More particularly, this invention relates to a system and method for audio delivery of caller identification information to wireless communications devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Telecommunications has experienced explosive growth, and more growth is planned as telecommunication access and numerous communications devices improve. This explosive growth is revolutionizing special services offered to subscribing customers. Of the special service offerings, the most relevant to this invention is the caller identification or Caller ID service. A customer or a user of a telephone that is served by the Caller ID service is able to screen incoming calls by knowing what telephone number is calling before the user answers the phone. Presently available Caller ID systems provide a


329 F.Supp. 72, 77 (E.D.Pa.1971). These cases hold that the scope of a judicial complaint is defined not by the allegations in the EEOC charge, but by the scope of the EEOC investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination. Applying this standard, the new factual allegations which plaintiff seeks to add in her proposed amended complaint might reasonably have been the subject of an EEOC investigation growing out of plaintiff's original charge of religious discrimination. Therefore, this Court has jurisdiction to hear these new factual allegations.
The next question presented is whether the proposed amended complaint would violate the requirement that suit must be filed within 90 days after receiving a right-to-sue letter. Since the 90-day period is in effect a statuteit is now. While every defendant, by being a defendant, is "prejudiced" thereby, this is hardly the type of prejudice that would convince this Court to deny the motion to amend which seeks to add class action allegations.
Concerning that portion of plaintiff's motion to amend which seeks *715 to add NLIC's parent corporation, National Liberty Corporation ("NLC"), as a party defendant, it is clear that the Court need not grant a motion to amend if the complaint, as amended, could not withstand a motion to dismiss. DeLoach v. Woodley, 405 F.2d 496, 497 (5th Cir. 1968); Sackett v. Beaman, 399 F.2d 884, 892 (9th Cir. 1968); Hodnik v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 54 F.R.D. 184, 186 (W.D.Pa.1972). Assuming, arguendo, that the addition of NLC would relate back to


save it for tomorrow, because we’ve had lots of posts today and I don’t wish to overwhelm. (Edited Saturday PM to add: I’m SORRY, I’m SO sorry, but it will be Sunday. I just keep obsessing and editing. It’s just such a fraught topic, so personal to me yet so prone to giving offense, and I already gave offense once before… blah blah, anyway, if I don’t put it up by tomorrow night then give me grief for it because that will mean I’m really obsessing way too much. ) And if you need something you can email me at teenageradiostar at gmail.

and

2. Let’s talk about cozy interiors! (Er, the connection was that B&B’s often have cozy interiors. Was that clear?)

See, we are moving to a new citycarpet, it gets blown around and forms colonies the size of small satellites).

And my stuff….I like clutter. Not so much I drown in it, but every time I tour a professionally “decorated” house I feel like I’m touring a very fancy hotel room. I know a lot of people would look at my computer table and wonder how I get anything done here, but I look around at this stuff – MY stuff – and feel comforted.

I don’t understand buying stuff because it “goes”. I have more than enough stuff already, and you want me to throw out the stuff that actually means something to me and replace it with stuff that just looks good? That seems so wasteful and out there to me.

One small bookcase? We have


lined with books, and it’s really pleasant … bamboo floors, a window looking out into the garden, two rocking-chairs, and, usually, a couple of the cats as well.

It was hugely valuable to us when we painted our house (warning, we ended up using almost 30 different shades on the walls and trim!)

I hadn’t painted anywhere I’d lived since I was a kid, and it made such a huge difference in making the place feel like it is ours. We aren’t living there at the moment, we’re living in another city, and it was a huge shock to go back to white walls!

I love the idea of orange somewhere! It’s one of my favorite colors and it comes in some of the most interesting shades. I helped my Auntpainted her smaller bedroom a dark pink and all I can think when I go in there is that line from Steel Magnolias – “Looks like it’s been hosed down with Pepto Bismol.”

Like others have said, I feel like it’s home when I unpack my books and hang my art. I’m a big believer in setting up the bedroom first so I have a put together space to relax in as I get everything else pulled together. It takes time though. I still have boxes I never unpacked in my garage from moving last year.

About orange and black. I love orange. I have no orange walls, but lots of orange pillows and accents (and clothes.) My in-laws painted their kitchen a creamy yellow-orange last year and they have


you decide you hate it…) And do peruse the wallpaper books — you might find something you love, and it’s easy to hang if you realize that “pre-pasted” is as much a lie as “waterproof,” “the check’s in the mail” and “but honey, I’m allergic to latex.” (Not that these aren’t sometimes true, but…)

OMG I LOVE YOU SNIPER! I FOUND ONE THAT’S A SIBLING OF GRANDMA’S COOKIE JAR!! THANK YOU THANK YOU!!

Re the orange kitchen… I should say, actually, that what I’m calling the kitchen is part cooking area and part nook, and it’s the cooking area with the black countertops. There isn’t much wall to paint in the cooking area owing to the many cabinets, so in some ways painting the wall orange means painting the nookit better. I saw it in a bathroom with beige and lemon yellow tile that most people would paint beige and you’d just feel sick every time you’d go in, but with the bright blue paint, it works.

Hmmm… I’m renting with limited options for decorating so my advice might not be useful, but I find that the little things make a bigger difference than the colour of paint used in making a place feel homely.

My bedroom is a warm, dark, inviting little cave; dark wood furniture (most of it cheapo stuff that I restained and prettied up to make it look fancy), purple/plum and reddish coloured bedding, curtains and lampshades. Not too many mirrors, since I don’t want it to look like a porn set, but I did


dry are always welcoming.

My aunt had an orange kitchen – bright orange, like the basic Crayola color – and I loved it. It was bright and cheery and welcoming. She did not have black countertops, though, so I don’t know how that would go.

Got to second the paint quality opinion. Buy good paint, preferably eggshell, especially if you have children/pets. Makes for easy cleanup. Oh, and Mr. Clean Magic Erasers are magic on cleaning smudges, hand prints and other smut on walls.

Here are a few pics, including one of the orange kitchen in my previous apartment. I believe the color was “Tangerine.” The color in the bedroom was “Caribbean” (both from Lowe’s, I believe their house brand), and the bathroom color is Benjamin Moore Marlborough Blue. That oneI rinsed the shampoo he’d gotten into off of him. But he did start again when being dried with a towel. Orange ones are cute too, but in a more theoretical way; I find with kittens it’s definitely love the one you’re with.

@piffle: I used to dream of having a white cat with pink ears, but when I went to the shelter to pick out my first cat, I found out that people don’t want the black cats. Always one to love the underdog (ha), now both my cats are black, and I adore them. Plus, I wear a lot of black clothes. That white cat would never have worked out.

Oo decorating. I have always rented, and all but one place had neutral walls. That one had some


Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) information in a table (a VRF table) dictating how to route and forward traffic through the shared physical network to support corresponding Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) for the different customers. Typically, the SP network selectively couples the LANs to each other through links created between its PE routers. For the core network, an ingress PE may use BGP functions to determine the egress PE. The ingress PE can put the packet in a two-level Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) stack. The top label is used to tunnel packets to the egress PE to accomplish MPLS forwarding through the core network. The bottom label is used by the egress PE to identify the outgoing route for the packet. VPNs provide a secured means fortransmitting and receiving data between network nodes even though a corresponding physical network supporting propagation of the data is shared by many users (and VPNs). In a typical networking environment used for routing data, the environment may include a number of Customer Edge (CE) routers, a number of Provider Edge (PE) routers and a packet-switched network (PSN). Data, encapsulated in layer-2 frames, may be forwarded from a first CE router to a first PE router, from the first PE router across the PSN to a second PE router, and from the second PE router to a second CE router.
In particular conventional systems, a PDU (e.g., a frame) traverses the networking environment beginning at a first CE router and ending up at a second CE router. The first CE


were transferred into Library Efficiency DH5α Competent Cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) by the heat shock method as described by the manufacturer for confirming recombination and making glycerol stock for further uses. Confirmed clones were used for recombinant protein production.

Recombinant protein production was performed as previously described \[[@pone.0135479.ref030]\]. Briefly, pDest17/TAT-SOX2 and TAT-EGFP expression vector were transformed into *E*. *coli* strain BL21 competent cells (DE3; Novagen,WI, US). The transformed cells were cultured to reach an OD 600 \~ 0.8 and then induced by 1 mM isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG, Fermentas, Lithuania). His6 was also used for protein purification. The His6-TAT-SOX2 and His6-TAT-EGFP proteins were purified by the Ni-NTA Fast Start Kit (Qiagen, USA) in denature condition. Immobilized SOX2 proteins eluted with 8 M urea (pH 3.5), then desalted by Tris (5Fig](#pone.0135479.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). These results demonstrated that TAT was capable of delivering EGFP as an active protein into human fibroblasts under 3D sphere culture conditions.

![Assessment of TAT recombinant protein transduction.\
(A) Visualization of fusion proteins in in suspension cultured HFFs transduced with 10 μg/ml TAT-EGFP for 24 h. Scale bars represent 200 μM. (B) To determine protein stability, 10 μg/ml of TAT-EGFP proteins were added to HFFs for 24, 48 and 72 h, and the presence of transduced protein in the cells were analyzed by flow cytometery (M; monolayer and S; 3D sphere culture). (C) The uptake and stability of the TAT fusion protein were visualized by TAT immunostaining of transduced human fibroblasts after 24 and 48 h post-TAT-SOX2 transduction (Scale bars: 200 μm). (D) The middle panels represent double staining


TAT and SOX2 with higher magnification in transduced cells at 24 h post-transduction (50 μm). The nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. (E) Determining the time required for protein transduction. Relative expression of neural markers (*SOX2* and *PAX6*) induced by 10 μg/ml TAT-SOX2 with a 48 h transduction interval (d0: Non-transduced cells).](pone.0135479.g001){#pone.0135479.g001}

We employed the recombinant SOX2 protein to address whether it was possible to generate iNPCs from human fibroblasts without DNA vectors by TAT-mediated protein transduction. The recombinant TAT-fusion proteins were synthesized by utilizing a bacterial expression vector. Cellular uptake of the TAT-SOX2 protein was visualized by probing for the presence of recombinant protein. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the proteins appeared to be sustained inside the cells for up to 24 h as the majority of cells stained positive ([Figcells in the induced colonies (right). (C) Quantitative-PCR analysis of pluripotency markers (*Oct4*, *Nanog*, *Rex1* and *Bmi1*). (D) Real-time RT-PCR analysis of iNPCs in NSC expansion medium (M2) and embryoid body (EB)-like conditions (spheroid differentiation) for neural and non-neural lineages. All sample data (d, e and f) are normalized to that of non-treated human fibroblasts, which is considered as 1. (E) The induced colonies were NCAM, and Nestin positive. The nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. (F) Real-time analysis of neural progenitor markers: *SOX1*, *SOX2*, *PAX6*, *Nestin*, and *OLIG2*. ES-derived neural stem cells (ES-NPCs) were used as the positive control.](pone.0135479.g002){#pone.0135479.g002}

Under this modified condition (+SOX2/+SM), small colonies were observed at approximately 30 to 40 days (\~35±8 days in different independent experiments) post-protein transduction ([Fig 2B](#pone.0135479.g002){ref-type="fig"}). We also obtained 2.2 ±


brains of neonatal rat pups. After 10 days, we analyzed the fate of the transplanted cells in brain slices by staining against neural marker TUJ1 and a human-specific GFAP antibody, which indicated the cells had differentiated into astrocytes ([Fig 5A and 5B](#pone.0135479.g005){ref-type="fig"}). This study showed that iNPCs had the capability to generate differentiated neural cells (neurons and astrocytes) *in vivo*.

![*In Vivo* transplantation of iNPCs.\
(A) Transplanted GFP^+^ protein iNPCs were TUJ^+^ at 10 days post-transplantation into the brain of a rat pup. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. (B) GFAP^+^ astrocytes were derived from GFP^+^ iNPCs *in vivo*.](pone.0135479.g005){#pone.0135479.g005}

Discussion {#sec020}
==========

In this study we developed a protocol to generate genetic material-free iNPCs directly from human fibroblasts. This was achieved by SOX2 protein transduction in combination with a cocktail of SM in avoice was just the same as the inner voice they used for thoughts.

Nearly all those who said they had an inner reading voice or voices referred to it being “audible” in some way, for example they spoke of its volume or depth or accent. Another issue that came up was the controllability of the inner reading voice. Some contributors spoke of the voice as distracting or even scary, while others said they deliberately chose the voice they used. You can see why this paper was published in the journal Psychosis. Indeed, Vilhauer said that the insights from her analysis provided some support for theories that say auditory hallucinations are inner voices that are incorrectly identified as not belonging to the self.

Why has this topic been largely overlooked before


in a recent study, my colleagues and I did just that, though we left it to nature to do the cloning. Tim Bates, Robert Plomin, and I analysed data from 1,890 pairs of identical twins who were part of the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). The twins had their reading ability and intelligence tested on multiple measures (averaged into a composite) at ages 7, 9, 10, 12, and 16. For each twin pair at each age, we calculated the difference between one twin and the other on both variables. Since each pair was near-100 per cent identical genetically, and was brought up in the same family, these differences must have been caused purely by the ‘non-shared environment’ (that is, environmental influences experienced by one twin but not theother).

We found that twins who had an advantage over their co-twin on reading at earlier points in their development had higher intelligence test scores later on. Because this analysis controls for initial IQ differences, as well as genetics and socioeconomic circumstances, it is considerably more compelling than previous results that used less well-controlled designs. It’s important to note that we found associations between earlier reading ability and later nonverbal intelligence, as well as later verbal intelligence. So, beyond the not-particularly-surprising finding that being better at reading might help with a child’s vocabulary, we made the pretty-surprising finding that it might also help with a child’s problem solving and reasoning ability. Why?

We now enter the realm of speculation. It might be that reading allows children to practise the skills


the study is the way the texts were presented. It’s not clear if the identity of the passages was hidden or guessed, and related to that, we don’t know if participants developed expectations that their empathy skills would be improved after reading a piece of literary prose. Such expectations could have played a role in the observed effects.

Nonetheless, if replicated and elucidated in further research, there could be important educational and cultural implications to arise from these new findings, especially at a time when many policy-makers are calling for less emphasis on fiction in secondary education. For now however we’re a long way from knowing exactly what aspects of Theory of Mind benefit from reading literary fiction and why. It’s also not yet established how long the benefitsINTRODUCTION
============

System research using the so-called "omics technologies" increasingly reveal unexpected phenomena and new regulated events that simply cannot be determined using either an omics technology alone or traditional methods of analysis. However, the joint analysis of data obtained from the quantitative measurement of RNA or protein and peptide levels inevitably creates a significant number of artifacts due to mistakes in each of the methods used. This fact requires careful cross analysis and additional confirmation of the obtained data using alternative methods or orthogonal processing. For this reason, prokaryotes are used as subjects for testing a common methodology for the analysis of the joint behavior of macromolecules in living systems and their reciprocal impact.

The European Molecular Biology Laboratory has established a project dedicated to studying the causative agent of


within the ribosomes.

In fraction 18, we identified a GCW_03230 protein with a high emPAI value. This conservative protein of unknown function is common in many mycoplasmas. Considering the small size (74 amino acids), the feature of this protein is the extreme pI value (11.0), which makes the protein similar to ribosomal proteins. GCW_03230 is likely a new ribosomal protein. In fraction 18, a number of proteins with a relatively high emPAI value, which were not directly related to the process of translation (e.g., triosephosphate isomerase, thioredoxin, a number of proteins of unknown function), were also detected. On the one hand, their presence can be explained by nonspecific interactions with ribosomes after cell lysis. On the other hand, it has been shown recently that such proteins can modulate ribosomeoriginal play-by-play man for the Oilers. “They realized when that series was over that they probably hadn’t worked as hard as they needed to work. They had to learn how to play better defensively. They had to sacrifice more.

“The Islanders were very much responsible in making the Oilers a better team because they kind of showed them the way. I know, talking to a lot of players as time went on, they said they looked over at the Islanders after the last game when they got swept and the Oilers players said to themselves, ‘We looked at those guys and they’re all battered and bleeding and they’re dead tired.’ That was the one lesson they learned prior to winning the Stanley Cup.”

The Oilers opened with a defensively sound


effort in a 1-0 win in New York before dropping Game 2 by a 6-1 count. They headed home for the next three games with an outside chance to win their first Cup on home ice. With surprising back-to-back blowout wins in Games 3 and 4 – both by 7-2 counts – it was clear this Edmonton team was better prepared mentally to face the veteran Isles, who had won four Cups in a row.

“We learned a lot about ourselves the year before and a little bit about strategy and tactics the year before,” Moog said. “I think it was (assistant coach) John Muckler who gave us a little insight in how to beat the Islanders up the ice and this was the early stages of trapping andhis team to push through the finish line.

“Wayne stood up in the dressing room before the (final) game and said all the individual awards he’s won could never compare to winning the Stanley Cup,” Messier said at the time. “That got everyone going and made us all realize how much it means to win the Stanley Cup.”

In their last possible home game of the season, Edmonton was crowned as champions and slayers of the Islanders dynasty by winning the decisive game 5-2. Their offense-first mentality was a new way of attacking the game and many thought this was just the start of something big – perhaps a new dynasty was emerging and a new style along with it.

“I hope we influence the game further within the next five


The role of drug-drug interactions in prostate cancer treatment: Focus on abiraterone acetate/prednisone and enzalutamide.
Elderly patients with cancer may have comorbidities, each requiring additional pharmacologic treatment. Therefore, the occurrence of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions is very likely, and the risk of adverse reactions (ADRs), due to the narrow therapeutic window of anticancer drugs, is increased. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may occur in prostate cancer patients due to inhibition by abiraterone of liver cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent enzymes CYP2C8 and 2D6, which are involved in the metabolism of approximately 25% of all drugs, and induction by enzalutamide of CYP3A4, 2C9 and 2C19, which metabolize up to 50% of medications. Therefore, abiraterone may increase plasma levels of CYP2D6 substrates, including amitriptyline, oxycodone and risperidone, as well as of CYP2C8 substratesstrain 630 and the 027 strains, the sequence variation in these regions is thought to contribute to their different motility phenotypes \[[@ppat.1005758.ref030]\]. By comparison, the F3 region, which contains several genes involved in toxin regulation in strain 630, is absent in the 078 strains and is thought to explain the lack of motility in these strains \[[@ppat.1005758.ref030]\]. It has been shown that several of the conserved flagella structural proteins encoded in the F1 and F3 flagella regions, including FliC, FliD and FlgE, are important for toxin production in strain 630 but do not contribute to toxin production in the 027 strain, R20291 \[[@ppat.1005758.ref010]\]. Further research is required to determine if other conserved flagella genes, known to regulate toxin production in strain 630, play a similar role in 027


monoclonal and TcdB-specific polyclonal antibodies (tgcBIOMICS), respectively. CDTa and CDTb were detected, respectively, using a CDTa-specific antibody and *C*. *perfringens* Ib-specific antibody that is cross reactive with CDTb \[[@ppat.1005758.ref047]\]. CDTa, CDTb and TcdB-bound antibodies were detected using horseradish peroxidase conjugated anti-rabbit goat antibodies (Millipore) and TcdA-bound antibodies were detected using anti-mouse goat antibodies (Millipore). The Western Lightning Chemiluminescence reagent kit (Perkin-Elmer) was used to detect the bands, which were visualised by exposure to X-ray film or on a BioRad ChemiDoc XRS^+^ system.

ADP-ribosyltransferase assays {#sec017}
-----------------------------

Toxins were partially purified from culture supernatants by precipitation with 70% ammonium sulphate as described previously \[[@ppat.1005758.ref006]\]. ADP ribosyltransferase assays were performed as previously described \[[@ppat.1005758.ref048]\]. Briefly, precipitated supernatant protein (50 µg) was incubated for 60 minutes at 37°C with 10 µg of actin in*cdtR* ^+^ complementation vector, pJIR4218, and detected using antibodies specific for (**a**) TcdA and (**b**) TcdB. **c**, Expression of *cdtR* in 630, 630 carrying the vector control and 630 carrying the *cdtR* ^+^ complementation vector normalised to *rpoA* expression.

(TIF)

######

Click here for additional data file.

###### *In vivo* cytotoxicity of *C*. *difficile* wild type, *cdtR* mutant and complemented strains.

Faecal samples collected from uninfected and *C*. *difficile* infected mice 24 hours post infection were assayed for cytotoxicity by doubling dilution cytotoxicity assays using (**a**) HT29 cells and (**b**) Vero cells. Data represent the mean ± SEM (n = 5).

(TIF)

######

Click here for additional data file.

We thank M. Popoff for providing CDTa-specific and Ib-specific antibodies, P. Howarth for technical assistance, S. Larcombe for the construction of pDLL24, S. Mileto for helpful


it the highest-selling title in any category of entertainment. That includes books, films, and albums.

The dominance of gaming in our culture is evident in the reversal of the past relationships between the gaming industry and Hollywood and publishers. It used to be that games were developed from popular movies and books. Now it is often the other way around. In 2017, both Angry Birds and Assassin’s Creed were released as movies, years after they were launched as successful games.

Gaming has even evolved beyond a participant activity and become a spectator sport. Watching other people play games has become big business, with Activision Blizzard’s StarCraft franchise a key catalyst of the growth of the industry in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Activision Blizzard has continued to develop eSports-friendlyWeeks of speculation that the US is about to attack North Korea are again accelerating, with the White House announcing that they intend to play host to the entire Senate on Wednesday for an official briefing on the situation, with virtually the entire cabinet.

Such a briefing for the full Senate is extremely unusual, especially in the White House, which means this must be a very important meeting, which is once again adding fuel to the idea that the US is going to do something big, potentially a military attack.

This comes amid a new round of speculation that North Korea might be planning to carry out another nuclear test, with a holiday coming up this week and a round of intramural volleyball at the test facility having concluded, meaning


scores of their fathers and mothers (r = 0.24, P < 0.05; r = 0.30, P < 0.05). The externalizing behaviors were also correlated with family adaptability (r = 0.27, P< 0.01). The logistic regression identified mother's habits, such as smoking and drinking as risk factors of their children's externalizing behaviors. Externalizing behaviors are mainly affected by shared environmental factors. Externalizing behaviors are related to general mental health of fathers and mothers and the family adaptability.---
abstract: 'We report on the fabrication and characterization of a two-terminal mesoscopic interferometer based on three V/Cu/V Josephson junctions having nanoscale cross-section. The junctions have been arranged in a double-ring geometry realized by metallic thin film deposition through a suspended mask defined by electron beam lithography. Although a significant amount of asymmetry between the critical current of each junction is observed we show that the interferometer is able to suppress the supercurrent to a level lower than 6 parts per thousand, being here limited by measurement resolution. The present nano-device is suitable for low-temperature magnetometric and gradiometric measurements over the micrometric scale.'
author:
- Alberto Ronzani
- Carles Altimiras
- Francesco Giazotto
title: 'Balanced double-loop mesoscopic interferometer based on Josephson proximity nanojunctions'
---

Transport properties of hybrid superconductor-normal metal structures at the mesoscopic scale are


by lift-off, then the sample has been inspected by scanning electron microscopy and finally wire-bonded to a ceramic dual-in-line chip carrier. The fabricated interferometer features three weak links Fig. \[fig:sem\]c) consisting of a diffusive normal-metal wire having width and thickness of 45 and 25 nm, respectively; the inter-electrode spacing between vanadium leads is approximately equal to 450 nm. Since the transverse extent of the copper wire is less than the superconducting coherence length $\xi_0$, at each vanadium electrode the local[^2] electronic density of states in the normal metal is expected to have a minigap close to the superconducting energy gap in the electrode itself, so that the system can be pictured as having three independent weak links[@Pfeffer2013].

The electron transport properties of the interferometer have been characterized in a filtered ${}^3\mathrm{He}$ cryostat down\[fig:temp\]](images/temp_characterization){width="\columnwidth"}

The extracted $I_c(\Phi, T)$ data have been fitted Fig. \[fig:temp\]b) using Eqns. \[eqn:modelic\], \[eqn:field\] as a model, estimating a loop surface asymmetry $\alpha = 0.028 \pm 0.003$. A direct comparison between data points and model Figs. \[fig:temp\]a,b) demonstrates the effectiveness of the model in describing our mesoscopic SNS interferometer, particularly impressive considering the minimal amount of hypotheses on which it is based. The fitting procedure provides a quantitative estimate for the temperature dependence of the critical currents of the three constituent Josephson junctions, shown in Fig. \[fig:temp\]d). The three junctions show markedly different $I_i(T)$, both in terms of the characteristic temperature scale of the supercurrent suppression (dependent on the Thouless energy $E_{Th} = \hbar D / L^2$, where $D$ is the diffusion coefficient and $L$ is the length of the diffusive weak link) and of


term, inflation is primarily affected by money supply. In the short term, it is affected by demand and supply pressures, which in turn are dictated by relative elasticity of wages, prices and interest rates. The inflationary pressure in the short term could drag into medium term and long term, leading to high inflation for an extended period of time. It happens if prices and wages are too sticky at high level, i.e. once prices and wages rise either due to demand or supply pressure, or both, even if pressures subside, they continue to remain at high levels. This is happening in the economy since 2007.

It means that monetary measures to tame inflation, mainly increase in interest rates and decrease in money supply, are largely ineffective. In fact, thegoods and services with India, we basically have outsourced monetary policy to Reserve Bank of India, thus reducing traction of domestic policies to control inflation. This is underscored by the fact that there is an extremely weak correlation between growth of M2 and inflation in Nepal. Even if the central bank wants, it cannot fully tame the existing inflationary pressure.

What could be the other causes? Well, inflation is also caused by an excessive rise in consumption, and private and government spending on goods and services produced in the economy. The budget does not promote additional consumption, which has been on average 90 percent of GDP, and private spending is unlikely to be drastically affected as well. Likewise, it does not allocate substantial additional sum for government expenditure to


of South 24 Parganas district
Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in West Bengalare activated. By passing to the limit in this cut-off parameter (which coincide with passing to the limit in the family of stopping times), we establish the existence of a unique Faedo–Galerkin approximation on the entire time interval in Section \[sec:secondLayer\]. The notion of a solution being constructed in this layer is inherited from the previous layer with the obvious exemption of any cut-offs which essentially converge in various norms to the identity operator. Furthermore, this solution is shown to conserve energy so we obtain an energy *equality* rather than an *inequality*.

We finally transition from a finite-dimensional system as constructed in the previous layers to an infinitesimal system by passing to the limit in the finite-dimensional projection parameter in Section \[sec:thirdLayer\]. The notion of a solution in the


 We denote by $\mathfrak{P}(X)$, the set of probability measures on $X$.

-   $\mathcal{M}_b(X)$ denotes the space of bounded Borel measures on $X$.

-   We use the following notations $$\begin{aligned}
    \Vert \cdot \Vert_{L^p_x}:= \Vert \cdot \Vert_{L^p(\mathbb{T}^3)}, \quad \Vert \cdot \Vert_{L^p_t}:= \Vert \cdot \Vert_{L^p(0,T)}\end{aligned}$$ for the Lebesgue norm/ Lebesgue integrable functions. Analogous representation holds for Sobolev functions, Bochner integrable functions, continuous functions and so on. We emphasis that this notation will only be used when working on the torus. The $L^p$-norm on any other geometry or set will be shown explicitly.

-   $\big[ L^p_x\big]^q=L^p_x \times \ldots \times L^p_x$ $q$-times for any $p\in[1,\infty]$.

Assumptions on the stochastic force {#sec:noiseAssumption}
-----------------------------------

We start our analysis in the periodic setting, namely $\mathcal{O}=\mathbb{T}^{3}$. Let $\big(\Omega, \mathscr{F}, (\mathscr{F}_t)_{t\geq 0}, \mathbb{P} \big)$[0,T].\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, by [@breit2018stoch Lemma 2.1.35, Corollary 2.1.36], the stochastic process $\tilde{W}=\sum_{k\in \mathbb{N}}\tilde{\beta}_k(t)e_k$ is an $(\tilde{\mathscr{F}}_t)$-cylindrical Wiener process.

Identification of the limit {#sec:limitIdentificationFirstLayer}
---------------------------

We now show that the limit random variables derived from Lemma \[lem:Jakow\] satisfies –.

The equation is satisfied for $(\tilde{\varrho}, \tilde{\mathbf{u}})$ $\mathbb{P}$-a.s. for a.e. $(t,x) \in(0,T)\times \mathbb{T}^3$. In addition, is satisfied for $(\tilde{\varrho}, \tilde{\mathbf{u}}, \tilde{V}, \tilde{W})$ for all $\psi\in C^\infty_c([0,T))$ and $\bm{\phi} \in H_N$ $\tilde{\mathbb{P}}$-a.s.

For the proof of the first part of the above lemma, see [@breit2018stoch Lemma 4.1.7]. For the second part, we follow the argument of [@breit2018stoch Proposition 4.1.8]. First of all, by using the equality of laws given by Lemma \[lem:Jakow\], we get that the estimates $$\begin{aligned}
\label{uh}
\big\Vert  \tilde{\mathbf{u}}_h(nh) -\tilde{\mathbf{u}}_h(t)  \big\Vert_{H_N} \lesssim h^\beta \Vert \tilde{\mathbf{u}}_h \Vert_{C^\beta([0,T];H_N)}\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\label{rhoh}
\big\Vert  \tilde{\varrho}_h(nh) -\tilde{\varrho}_h(t)  \big\Vert_{C^{2+\nu}_x} \lesssim


\Pi_N\mathbf{u}  + \Pi_N
\big[ \varepsilon \varrho^{-1} \Delta \varrho\cdot \mathbf{u} + \chi_{\mathbf{u}_R}
  \mathbf{u}  \cdot \nabla \mathbf{u}  + \varrho^{-1}\chi_{\mathbf{u}_R}\nabla  p^\Gamma_\delta( \varrho) \big]\, \mathrm{d}t
  =\Pi_N \big[\varepsilon \varrho^{-1} \Delta(\varrho \mathbf{u}) + \nu^S \varrho^{-1}\Delta \mathbf{u}
\nonumber \\&
\qquad +(\nu^B + \nu^S) \varrho^{-1} \nabla \mathrm{div} \mathbf{u}
  + \vartheta   \nabla V  \big] \, \mathrm{d}t +  \sum_{k\in \mathbb{N}} \Pi_N  \mathbf{g}_{k, \varepsilon}(x,\varrho , f,  \varrho \mathbf{u} ) \, \mathrm{d}\beta_k ,
\label{momEq3}
\\
&\pm \Delta V  = \varrho  - f .\end{aligned}$$ and apply Itô’s lemma, Theorem \[thm:itoLemma\], to the functional $$\begin{aligned}
F(\varrho,  \mathbf{u})(t)=\int_{\mathbb{T}^3}\frac{1}{2} \varrho(t) \vert \mathbf{u}(t) \vert^2 \, \mathrm{d}x\end{aligned}$$ and we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\label{energyEqu}
\int_{\mathbb{T}^3}&\frac{1}{2} \varrho(t) \vert \mathbf{u}(t) \vert^2 \, \mathrm{d}x
= \int_{\mathbb{T}^3} \frac{1}{2}\varrho_0 \vert \mathbf{u}_0 \vert^2 \, \mathrm{d}x
-
\int_0^t\int_{\mathbb{T}^3}  \big[\varepsilon \vert \mathbf{u} \vert^2 \Delta \varrho
+ \varrho\mathbf{u}\cdot\varrho \mathbf{u} ) \vert^2 \mathrm{d}x\, \mathrm{d}s
+\sum_{k \in \mathbb{N}} \int_0^t\int_{\mathbb{T}^3} \varrho\mathbf{u} \cdot  \Pi_N  \mathbf{g}_{k,\varepsilon}(x,\varrho , f,  \varrho \mathbf{u}) \mathrm{d}x\, \mathrm{d}\beta_k.
\end{aligned}$$ $\mathbb{P}$-a.s. Now if we multiply by $P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho)'$, then we get the following *renormalized continuity equation* $$\begin{aligned}
\label{renormalisedConEqFirstLayer}
\int_{\mathbb{T}^3}&P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho(t)) \, \mathrm{d}x
=
\int_{\mathbb{T}^3} P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho_0) \, \mathrm{d}x
+
\int_0^t \int_{\mathbb{T}^3} \Big[\varepsilon P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho)' \Delta \varrho - \mathrm{div} \big(P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho)  \chi_{\mathbf{u}_R} \mathbf{u} \big)
\\&-
\big[P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho)' \varrho -P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho) \big] \mathrm{div} \big(  \chi_{\mathbf{u}_R}  \mathrm{u}\big)\Big]  \, \mathrm{d}x \, \mathrm{d}s.
\end{aligned}$$ Recall that by Definition \[def:pathSolFiniteDim\], is satisfied pointwise almost everywhere. The proof is done once we use the identities $$\begin{aligned}
p^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho) = P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho)' \varrho -P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho) \end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\int_{\mathbb{T}^3} \varepsilon P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho)' \Delta \varrho  \, \mathrm{d}x
=
-
\int_{\mathbb{T}^3} \varepsilon P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho)'' \vert \nabla \varrho \vert^2  \, \mathrm{d}x\end{aligned}$$ together with the divergence theorem in and substitute the resulting equation into .

The


in the sense of Definition \[def:pathSolFiniteDim\]. By using and – combined with the continuous embedding $L^\infty_x\hookrightarrow L^{\Gamma'}_x$, we obtain the following bound $$\begin{aligned}
\label{noiseBoundSecodLayer1}
\sum_{k\in\mathbb{N}}  \int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}} \varrho
  \big\vert \Pi_N
 \mathbf{g}_{k, \varepsilon}(x,\varrho ,f,\mathbf{m}  )
\big\vert^2\,\mathrm{d}x
&\leq
\Vert \varrho  \Vert_{L^\Gamma_x}
\sum_{k\in\mathbb{N}} \Vert\mathbf{g}_{k, \varepsilon}(x,\varrho ,f,\mathbf{m}  )  \Vert_{L^\infty_x}^2
\lesssim_{p, k, \varepsilon, \Gamma}
\Vert \varrho  \Vert_{L^\Gamma_x}.
\end{aligned}$$ uniformly in $N$ and $R$. Similarly, for $r=\frac{2\Gamma}{\Gamma-1}$, we gain by using , –, the embedding $L^\infty_x\hookrightarrow L^r_x$ as well as Young’s inequality $$\begin{aligned}
\label{noiseBoundSecodLayer2}
\bigg\vert\int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}}&   \varrho \mathbf{u}
\cdot \Pi_N
 \mathbf{g}_{k, \varepsilon}(x,\varrho ,f,\mathbf{m}  )
\mathrm{d}x \bigg\vert^2
\leq
  \bigg\vert \Vert \sqrt{\varrho}  \Vert_{L^{2\Gamma}_x}
\Vert \sqrt{\varrho} \mathbf{u} \Vert_{L^2_x}
\Vert\mathbf{g}_{k, \varepsilon}(x,\varrho ,f,\mathbf{m}  )  \Vert_{L^\infty_x} \bigg\vert^2
\\& \times
\lesssim_{ \Gamma} c^2_{k, \varepsilon}
\big\vert \Vert \sqrt{\varrho}  \Vert_{L^{2\Gamma}_x}
\Vert \sqrt{\varrho} \mathbf{u} \Vert_{L^2_x} \big\vert^2
\lesssim_{ \Gamma} c^2_{k, \varepsilon}\, \Big(
 \Vert \varrho  \Vert_{L^{\Gamma}_x}^2
+
\big\Vert \varrho\Vert_{L^1_tL^3_x}^{3p}
+
\mathbb{E} \Vert \varrho_N \mathbf{u}_N \Vert_{L^q_{t,x}}^{pq}
+
\mathbb{E} \Vert\mathrm{div}( \varrho_N \mathbf{u}_N) \Vert_{L^q_t W^{-1,q}_x}^{pq}
\\&\lesssim_{\varepsilon, \delta, \Gamma, p,\mathcal{E}_{0,N}} 1
\end{aligned}$$ holds uniformly in $N$ for some $q>2$ and any $p\in(1,\infty)$ where $$\begin{aligned}
 \mathcal{E}_{0,N}
 :=
 \frac{1}{2} \varrho_0  \vert \mathbf{u}_{0,N}  \vert^2
+ P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho_0 )
\pm
\vartheta \vert \nabla V_0 \vert^2 \end{aligned}$$ is uniformly bounded in $N$ in $L^p(\Omega; L^1(\mathbb{T}^3))$ by . Furthermore, by using the maximal regularity property of the inhomogeneous continuity equation , see [@breit2018stoch Theorem A.2.2] or [@hieber1997heat], it follows from that the inequality $$\begin{aligned}
\sup_{t\in [0,T]} \Vert \varrho_N \Vert_{X}&+ \Vert \varrho_N \Vert_{L^{r_t}_t W^{2+l, r_x}_x} +
\Vert \partial_t \varrho_N \Vert_{L^{r_t}_t W^{l, r_x}_x}
\lesssim
\Vert \mathrm{div}(\varrho_N \mathbf{u}_N) \Vert_{L^{r_t}_t W^{l, r_x}_x} + \Vert \varrho_0 \Vert_X
\end{aligned}$$ holds $\mathbb{P}$-a.s. for some $l\in \mathbb{R}$, and $1< r_t, r_x < \infty$ (or for $r_t=1$ with $r_x=\infty$) where $X:=


 The set $\{\mu_{\mathbf{u}_N}:  N\in \mathbb{N}\}$ is tight on $\chi_{\mathbf{u}}$.

-   The set $\{ \mu_W\}$ is tight on $\chi_W$ since its a Radon measure on a Polish space.

We now recall again that $[\varrho_N , \mathbf{u}_N , V_N ]$ satisfied from which we concluded that it satisfied the estimates –. So in particular, $\varrho_N \in L^\infty(0,T;L^\gamma_x )$ and $\nabla V_N \in L^\infty(0,T;L^2_x)$ in moments and as such, $\varrho_N \nabla V_N \in L^\infty(0,T;L^\frac{2\gamma}{\gamma+1}_x)$. Since the embedding $$\begin{aligned}
L^\infty(0,T;L^\frac{2\gamma}{\gamma+1}_x) \hookrightarrow L^r(0,T; W^{-l,2}_x)\end{aligned}$$ is continuous for all $r\in(1,\infty)$ and for all $l \geq \frac{3}{2\gamma}$ but $\frac{3}{2\gamma} \in (0,1)$, indeed, the aforementioned embedding holds for all $r,l> 1$. It follows that $$\begin{aligned}
{\vartheta \varrho_N \nabla V_N} \quad \text{is bounded in} \quad L^p \big( \Omega; L^r(0,T; W^{-l,2}_x)\big)\end{aligned}$$ for all $p,r,l\in(1,\infty)$. It follows from [@breit2018stochTheorem \[thm:mainFourthLayer\] through an approximation of laws $\Lambda_\varepsilon$ constructed from the previous section in Theorem \[thm:mainThirdLayer\]. In order words, given $\Lambda_\varepsilon$ satisfying – , we obtain – uniformly in $\varepsilon$.\
Now since $[L^1_x ]^3$ is a Polish space, by [@breit2018stoch Corollary 2.6.4], there exists a stochastic basis $(\Omega ,\mathscr{F} ,(\mathscr{F} _t)_{t\geq0},\mathbb{P} )$ containing $\mathscr{F}_0$-measurable random variables $(\varrho_0, \mathbf{m}_0)$ so that given $f\in L^\infty_x$, the triplet $(\varrho_0, \mathbf{m}_0, f)$ has values in $[L^1_x]^3$ as well as having $\Lambda$ as their law. It follows in particular that $$\begin{aligned}
f \leq \overline{f}\end{aligned}$$ holds $\mathbb{P}$-a.s. for a deterministic constant $\overline{f}>0$. Also, one can find random variables $\varrho_{0,\varepsilon} \in C^{2+\nu}_x$ for some $\nu\in (0,1)$ such that $$\begin{aligned}
M \leq  \varrho_{0,\varepsilon} \leq M^{-1}, \end{aligned}$$ hold $\mathbb{P}$-a.s. for a deterministic constant $M> 0$ and that $$\begin{aligned}
\label{converApproInitiDem}
\varrho_{0,\varepsilon} \rightarrow


Therefore, it follows from that $$\begin{aligned}
\label{uniBoundFourthLayer2}
\mathbb{E}\Vert \varrho_\varepsilon \mathbf{u}_\varepsilon \Vert_{L^2_tL^\frac{6\Gamma}{\Gamma+6}_x}^{2p} \lesssim_{ \delta, \Gamma, p,\mathcal{E}_{0,\varepsilon}} 1\end{aligned}$$ holds uniformly in $\varepsilon$ for all $p\in(1,\infty)$ where $3\leq \frac{6\Gamma}{\Gamma+6} <6$. At this point, we note that the only information we have on the pressure is given by the second summand in . However, unlike the previous sections where this regularity and the fact that the continuity equations were satisfied in the strong PDE sense combined to enable us perform our analysis, this aforementioned summand is not enough at this stage. Indeed, any family of pressures enjoying this regularity may only converge to a measure which is not useful in identifying the limit pressure term. We therefore improve the pressure (or density) regularity in the following.

Improved pressure estimate {#sec:PressureEstFourthLay}
--------------------------

Let $\Delta^{-1}_{\mathbb{T}^3}(\varrho_\varepsilon -f)$ be a solutionand so similar to the argument in – we can invoke the Burkholder–Davis–Gundy inequality and use –, and the fact that the cut-off function is uniformly bounded by one to obtain from , the following estimate $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbb{E}&\vert   I_9 \vert^p
\leq
\mathbb{E} \Bigg\vert \int_0^s\sum_{k\in \mathbb{N}}\bigg\vert \int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}}   \varrho_\varepsilon\, \mathbf{g}_{k,\varepsilon}(\varrho_\varepsilon , f, \varrho_\varepsilon \mathbf{u}_\varepsilon ) \cdot \nabla V_\varepsilon  \, \mathrm{d}x\bigg\vert^2 \mathrm{d}t \Bigg\vert^\frac{p}{2}
\\&
\lesssim_{k, \Gamma} \mathbb{E} \bigg\vert \sup_{t\in [0,T]} \Vert \varrho_\varepsilon  \Vert_{L^\Gamma_x}^{2\Gamma} \bigg\vert^\frac{p}{2}
+
\mathbb{E} \bigg\vert \sup_{t\in [0,T]} \Vert \nabla V_\varepsilon  \Vert_{L^{\Gamma'}_x}^{2\Gamma'} \bigg\vert^\frac{p}{2}
\lesssim_{k, \Gamma, \delta, \gamma, \mathcal{E}_{0,\varepsilon}, \overline{f}}1
\end{aligned}$$ uniformly in $\varepsilon$ for all $p\geq2$. The fact that $p\geq 2$ follow from the fact that $\vert \cdot\vert^{p/2}$ is convex only if $p/2\geq1$.\
By collecting the various estimates above, we have shown that $$\begin{aligned}
\label{pressureEstFouthLayer0}
\mathbb{E}\bigg\vert \int_0^t \int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}}


  [ \varrho_\varepsilon\, p(\varrho_\varepsilon) +\delta(\varrho^2_\varepsilon +\varrho^{\Gamma+1}_\varepsilon)] \, \mathrm{d}x\,  \mathrm{d}t \bigg\vert^p \lesssim_{k, \Gamma, \delta, \gamma, \mathcal{E}_{0,\varepsilon}, \overline{f}}1
\end{aligned}$$ holds uniformly in $\varepsilon$ for all $p\geq2$ and in particular, for $\Gamma\geq 6$, the estimate $$\begin{aligned}
\label{pressureEstFouthLayer1}
\mathbb{E}\bigg\vert \int_0^t \int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}}    \varrho_\varepsilon^{\Gamma+1} \, \mathrm{d}x\,  \mathrm{d}t \bigg\vert^p \lesssim_{p,k, \Gamma, \delta, \gamma, \mathcal{E}_{0,\varepsilon} , \overline{f}}1
\end{aligned}$$ holds uniformly in $\varepsilon$ for all $p\geq2$.

Compactness {#sec:compactnessFourthLayer}
-----------

In order to establish compactness, we first need some preparation. We denote the energy by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{energyFunctionalFourthLayer}
\mathcal{E}_\varepsilon := \frac{1}{2} \varrho_\varepsilon  \vert \mathbf{u}_\varepsilon  \vert^2
+ P^\Gamma_\delta(\varrho_\varepsilon )
\pm
\vartheta \vert \nabla V_\varepsilon \vert^2 \end{aligned}$$ and let the weakly-$*$ measurable mapping $$\begin{aligned}
\nu_\varepsilon : [0,T] \times \mathbb{T}^3 \rightarrow \mathfrak{P}(\mathbb{R}^{20})\end{aligned}$$ defined by $$\begin{aligned}
\nu_{\varepsilon,t,x}(\cdot)= \delta_{[\varrho_\varepsilon, \mathbf{u}_\varepsilon, \nabla \mathbf{u}_\varepsilon, \varrho_\varepsilon \mathbf{u}_\varepsilon, f, \nabla V_\varepsilon](t,x)}(\cdot)\end{aligned}$$ be the canonical Young measure associated to $[\varrho_\varepsilon, \mathbf{u}_\varepsilon, \nablaLemma 2.6.6], and that $$\begin{aligned}
\label{strongConvNoiseFourthLayer}
&\lim_{\varepsilon\rightarrow0}
\int_0^s\sum_{k\in \mathbb{N}} \int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}}  \tilde{ \varrho}_\varepsilon\, \mathbf{g}_{k,\varepsilon}(\tilde{\varrho}_\varepsilon , f , \tilde{\varrho}_\varepsilon \tilde{\mathbf{u}}_\varepsilon ) \cdot \nabla \tilde{V}_\varepsilon  \, \mathrm{d}x \mathrm{d}\tilde{\beta}_{k,\varepsilon} \bigg]
=
\int_0^s\sum_{k\in \mathbb{N}} \int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}}   \overline{\tilde{\varrho}\, \mathbf{g}_{k}(\tilde{\varrho} , f, \tilde{\varrho} \tilde{\mathbf{u}} )} \cdot \nabla \tilde{V}  \, \mathrm{d}x \mathrm{d}\tilde{\beta}_k
\end{aligned}$$ $\tilde{\mathbb{P}}$-a.s. and from Lemma \[lem:JakowFourthLayer\] and that $$\begin{aligned}
\label{strongConvMomIniMomFourthLayer}
&\lim_{\varepsilon \rightarrow0}\bigg[
\int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}} \tilde{\varrho}_\varepsilon  \tilde{\mathbf{u}}_\varepsilon (t) \cdot \nabla \tilde{V}_\varepsilon \, \mathrm{d}x
-
 \int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}} \tilde{\varrho}_{0, \varepsilon} \tilde{\mathbf{u}}_{0,\varepsilon} \cdot \nabla \tilde{V}_{0,\varepsilon} \, \mathrm{d}x    \bigg]
 \\&
 =
 \bigg[
\int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}} \tilde{\varrho}  \tilde{\mathbf{u}} (t) \cdot \nabla \tilde{V} \, \mathrm{d}x
-
 \int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}} \tilde{\varrho} _0 \tilde{\mathbf{u}} _0 \cdot \nabla V_0 \, \mathrm{d}x     \bigg].
\end{aligned}$$ Also, and yields $$\begin{aligned}
\label{strongConvVelElectFourthLayer}
&\lim_{\varepsilon \rightarrow0}\int_0^s\int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}} \vartheta\tilde{\varrho}_\varepsilon \vert  \nabla \tilde{V}_\varepsilon  \vert^2 \, \mathrm{d}x    \mathrm{d}t
 =
\int_0^s\int_{{\mathbb{T}^3}} \vartheta \overline{\tilde{\varrho}   \nabla \tilde{V} } \cdot


\delta \in (0,1) \end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
 (\tilde{\varrho}_0, \tilde{\mathbf{m}}_0, \tilde{\mathbf{n}}_0,  \tilde{\varrho}, \tilde{\mathbf{u}}, \tilde{\mathbf{m}}, \tilde{V}, \tilde{\mathcal{E}},
\tilde{\nu}, \tilde{W})\end{aligned}$$ such that

-   the law of $(\tilde{\varrho}_{0,\delta}, \tilde{\mathbf{m}}_{0,\delta},
    \tilde{\mathbf{n}}_{0,\delta},  \tilde{\varrho}_\delta , \tilde{\mathbf{u}}_\delta , \tilde{\mathbf{m}}_\delta  ,\tilde{V}_\delta ,
    \tilde{\mathcal{E}}_\delta,
    \tilde{\nu}_\delta,
     \tilde{W}_\delta )$ on $\chi$ coincide with $\mu_\delta $, $\delta \in (0,1) $,

-   the law of $ (\tilde{\varrho}_0, \tilde{\mathbf{m}}_0, \tilde{\mathbf{n}}_0,  \tilde{\varrho}, \tilde{\mathbf{u}}, \tilde{\mathbf{m}}, \tilde{V}, \tilde{\mathcal{E}},
    \tilde{\nu}, \tilde{W})$ on $\chi$ is a Radon measure,

-   the following convergence (with each $\rightarrow$ interpreted with respect to the corresponding topology) $$\begin{aligned}
    \tilde{\varrho}_{0,\delta} \rightarrow \tilde{\varrho}_0 \quad \text{in}\quad \chi_{\varrho_0}, & \quad \qquad
    \tilde{\mathbf{m}}_{0,\delta} \rightarrow \tilde{\mathbf{m}}_0 \quad \text{in}\quad \chi_{\mathbf{m}_0},
     \int_{{\mathbb{R}^3}}
     \varrho
     \sum_{k\in\mathbb{N}} \big\vert
     \mathbf{g}_k(x,\varrho ,f,\mathbf{m}  )
    \big\vert^2\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}t
    +\int_0^T \psi  \int_{{\mathbb{R}^3}}   \varrho\mathbf{u} \cdot\mathbf{G}(\varrho , f, \mathbf{m} )\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}W ;
    \end{aligned}$$ holds $\mathbb{P}$-a.s. for all $\psi \in C^\infty_c ([0,T))$, $\psi\geq0$ where $$\begin{aligned}
    \label{HVarrhoWS}
    H(\varrho, \overline{\varrho} ) = P(\varrho) -P'(\overline{\varrho})(\varrho -\overline{\varrho}) -P(\overline{\varrho})
    \end{aligned}$$ and $P $ is given by ;

12. and holds in the renormalized sense, i.e., for any $\phi\in C^\infty_c([0,T)\times{\mathbb{R}^3})$ and $b \in C^1_b(\mathbb{R})$ such that $ b'(z)=0$ for all $z\geq M_b$, we have that $$\begin{aligned}
    \label{renormalizedContExisWS}
    -&\int_0^T\int_{{\mathbb{R}^3}}  b(\varrho )\,\partial_t\phi \,\mathrm{d}x \, \mathrm{d}t =


  \int_{{\mathbb{R}^3}}  b\big(\varrho (0)\big)\,\phi(0) \,\mathrm{d}x
    \\&
    + \int_0^T\int_{{\mathbb{R}^3}} \big[b(\varrho ) \mathbf{u}  \big] \cdot \nabla\phi \, \mathrm{d}x \, \mathrm{d}t
    - \int_0^T\int_{{\mathbb{R}^3}} \big[ \big(  b'(\varrho ) \varrho
    -
     b(\varrho )\big)\mathrm{div}\mathbf{u} \big]\,  \phi\, \mathrm{d}x \, \mathrm{d}t
    \end{aligned}$$

holds $\mathbb{P}$-a.s.

Main result
-----------

The main result is the following.

\[thm:WS\] Let $\overline{\varrho}\geq1$ and let $\Lambda = \Lambda(\varrho, \mathbf{m},f)$ be a Borel probability measure on $\big[ L^1 (\mathbb{R}^3)\big]^3$ such that $$\begin{aligned}
\Lambda\bigg\{\varrho\geq0, \quad M \leq  \varrho  \leq M^{-1}, \quad f \leq \overline{f}, \quad \mathbf{m} =0 \quad \text{ when } \varrho=0  \bigg\} =1, \quad\end{aligned}$$ holds for some deterministic constants $M, \overline{f}>0$. Also assume that $$\begin{aligned}
\label{finiteEnergyLaw}
\int_{[L^1 (\mathbb{R}^3) ]^3}On the existence of globally defined weak solutions to the [N]{}avier–[S]{}tokes equations. J. Math. Fluid Mech. 3(4), 358–392 (2001).

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expected to say that a second special counsel would have greater autonomy to investigate those issues than the Justice Department’s Office of the Inspector General. Last week, Inspector General Michael Horowitz told lawmakers that he had completed his draft report on the Clinton investigation and submitted it to the DOJ and the FBI.

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Answers and we play Microsoft 74-343 Questions And Answers this you say we are not energetic useless to say a word what we practice out what we did not think because there is no war, I guess the officer thought but they also can not care so much to control what you go back to college as a migrant workers or is it still, when you day monk Hit a day wearing a day of military uniforms training day soldiers that will not run, you are a special day brigade will be counted as a combatants combat effectiveness have to be at this level, or do you want the troops to do what special brigade do Is it not good to call a temporary meeting like Switzerland so38 square meter house, and lend her no compensation, and has been vacant anyway. Yang Zhigang said, do not read it I found that 74-343 Questions And Answers you have any questions to discuss Xiao Qin child smiled happily, turned his head and asked, how do you know Yang Zhigang said First-hand Microsoft 74-343 Questions And Answers that all innocent girls read these drawings will be a problem that gushes out, but different ways of expression. Seamless, unpredictable, poor airflow, desperately high head stretched out two long arms, desperate struggle in the air. The emotional compensation or emotional comfort that she needs not only failed to achieve but brought more irritability and distress. Every word is dirty, Xiao Qin son can hear.To say this, people who do this


require the reconfigurable fixture to be comprised of standard modules which can be reconfigured robotically with the fixture design automatically determined by the requirements. An example fixturing system comprised four fixture modules mounted onto a baseplate including vertical supports that were fixed first followed by horizontal supports \[[@B34-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. The supports guided the emplacement of the horizontal and vertical clamps. They were all based on a vertical threaded bolt with a pair of locking levers which could be manipulated by a single-handed manipulator. There were at least three vertical supports constraining the centre of gravity for maximum stability. The horizontal supports were emplaced as far apart as possible to impose kinematic constraints. The clamps permitted adjustment of clamping forces. End point surface geometries may be solid cone, hollow cone,adaptive controller is implemented through the estimation of plant parameters rather than directly through input--output signals. These are integrated into a goal-oriented system for generating human motor behaviour.

5. The Nature of Sensorimotor Control {#sec5-biomimetics-05-00019}
=====================================

In a robotic or biological manipulator, a set of actuators (muscles or motors) at the joints are driven to effect cartesian movement of the end effector (hand or tool). Motor control relates actions on the environment to their sensory effects through a transformation function. Any planned end effector trajectory for a multi-joint arm must undergo sensorimotor transformation into joint coordinates. In the human brain, the primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area encode adaptation of kinematic-dynamic transformations of movements. Voluntary movement requires three main computational processes to be implemented in the brain: (i) determination of


τ required to realise the observable kinematic state of the manipulator joints $\left( {\theta,\overset{˙}{\theta},\overset{¨}{\theta}} \right)^{T}$:$$\tau = D\left( \theta \right)\overset{¨}{\theta} + C\left( {\theta,\overset{˙}{\theta}} \right) + G\left( \theta \right) + J^{T}F$$ where *D*(*θ*) = inertia parameter of the manipulator, $C{({\theta,\overset{˙}{\theta}})}$ = Coriolis and centrifugal parameter of the manipulator, *G*(*θ*) = gravitational parameter of the manipulator (in the case of space manipulators, this term vanishes), *F* = external force at the manipulator end effector, *J* = Jacobian matrix. The adaptive finite impulse response (FIR) filter may be used to approximate the inverse dynamic model of a process through mean square error minimisation \[[@B47-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. Several regions of the brain project into motor area M1 providing feedback signals from the primary somatosensory cortex, posterior area 5 and from the thalamus via the cerebellum.copy of the motor command as input to cancel the sensory effects of movement ([Figure 1](#biomimetics-05-00019-f001){ref-type="fig"}).

The same process cancels the effects of self-motion on the senses to distinguish it from environmental effects (e.g., self-tickling). For each forward model, there is a paired inverse model to generate the required motor command for that context cued by sensory signals. In motor control, the full internal model comprises a paired set of forward and inverse models requiring two network pathways through an inverse model and forward model, respectively, with the latter acting as a predictor. The feedback controller converts desired effects into motor commands while the feedforward predictor converts motor commands into expected sensory consequences. The feedforward and feedback components interact continuously by combining both efferent and afferent signals in the


A condition for force closure is that the grip Jacobian G contains the null space of wrenches w~i~ from contact forces such that $\sum{w_{i} = 0}$. Adaptive gripping requires tactile feedback \[[@B107-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. Feedforward predictive models in conjunction with cutaneous sensory feedback are instrumental in adapting grip forces to different object shapes, weight and frictional surfaces \[[@B108-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. The feedforward component provides rapid adaptability through prediction rather than just reactivity through pure cutaneous feedback. It is the combination of predictive feedforward and reflexive feedback that yields skilled manipulation. Both the cerebellum and cutaneous feedback are critical for the formation of grip force predictions, the latter being essential for detecting slipping. Predictive models provide the basis for haptic grasping indicated by preadaptations to learn complex motor skills \[[@B109-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. Anticipatory grip-to-load forceall the major systems of the brain ([Figure 2](#biomimetics-05-00019-f002){ref-type="fig"}).

The cerebellum implements fine motor coordination, balance, motor timing and motor learning, particularly in initiating and coordinating smooth fine-scale movements \[[@B111-biomimetics-05-00019],[@B112-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. Cerebellar dysfunction has been attributed as the cause of tremor ataxia involving loss of motor coordination. The cerebellum comprises four major parts with a highly regular architecture---flocculus, vermis, intermediate hemisphere and lateral hemisphere. With 1.6 × 10^10^ neurons in a well-ordered architecture, it performs the same computation with different modules projecting widely into different parts of the brain as well as the motor cortex. The cerebellum possesses the largest number of neurons than any other structure in the human brain: it comprises rows of 10 M Purkinje cells, each receiving around 200,000 synapses from parallel fibre inputs from proprioceptors


the product of its prior (former) probability and the probability of sensory data if the hypothesis were true (evidence). The likelihood and prior are combined and normalised using Bayes rule. Bayes rule relates the posterior probability of the hypothesis in terms of the prior probability:$$P\left( {h|d} \right) = \frac{P(d|h)P\left( h \right)}{P\left( d \right)}$$ where *P*(*d*\|*h*) = probability of data given the hypothesis (likelihood). The prior smooths fluctuations in observed data. Likelihood weights the prior according to how well the hypothesis predicts the observed data. Maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) estimates parameters that maximise the probability of observed data *P*(*d*). Marginalisation is given in terms of competing hypotheses: $$P\left( {h|d} \right) = \frac{P(d|h)P\left( h \right)}{\sum_{h^{\prime}}P(d|h^{\prime})P\left( h^{\prime} \right)}$$

The likelihood is the probability (prediction) of sensory feedback based on the forward modelcontroller model has been proposed for the feedforward ballistic movements of the human arm which replicates the straight-line position profiles and bell-shaped velocity profiles of the hand \[[@B183-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. Ballistic movements rely on feedforward models as feedback from visual or proprioceptive sensors introduces time delays.

In hierarchical visual processing, feedback connections from higher to lower level visual cortical areas convey expectations (predictions) while forward connections transmit residual errors between low level visual inputs and the predicted estimates \[[@B184-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. The feedforward channel generates hypotheses while feedback from higher visual areas imposes prior models that influence the earlier levels. Estimated predictions of responses at the next lower level through feedback connections are used at all stages of visual processing. Similarly, the error between predicted and actual responses are transmitted to the next


current state in an expectation-maximisation algorithm \[[@B185-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. Bayes theorem allows hidden variables *x~h~* to be inferred from contextual variables *x* and observations *y*:$$p(y,x|x_{h}) = p(y|x,x_{h})p(x|x_{h})$$

Now, $p(x|y,x_{h})p(y|x_{h}) = p(y,x|x_{h})$ so the posterior probability is given by: $$p(x|y,x_{h}) = \frac{p(y|x,x_{h})p(x|x_{h})}{p(y|x_{h})}$$ where *p*(*x*\|*x~h~*) = prior probability. Cortical areas V1 and V2 determine the most probable value of *x* by finding the posterior probability that maximizes *p*(*x*\|*y*,*x~h~*), i.e., it multiplies forward propagating *p*(*y*\|*x*) with feedback *p*(*x*\|*x~h~*). Further processing in different visual areas forms a Markov chain. The top-down prior re-shapes the posterior probability distribution by focussing attention. A particle filter maintains a weighted set of posterior probabilities (multiple hypotheses) through a forward/backward algorithm to propagate beliefs about the state of the world. This explains the phenomenon of binocular rivalry.

An extended Kalman filterself-motor actions. The forward and inverse models may be used to infer the intent of the observed agent by application of Bayes rule, *p*(*g* = *s~j~*\|*a~i~*,*s~i~*,*s~i~*~+1~). Imitation learning in humans is a biological phenomenon that has leveraged human culture in diverse habitats and surviving in very different physical environments throughout the world by adopting different cultural adaptations \[[@B204-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. Bayesian estimation of terrain costs according to detected features vector have been exploited in imitation learning of robot navigation \[[@B205-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. Imitation learning in conjunction with reinforcement learning has been applied to the problem of robot grasping using dynamic motion primitives \[[@B206-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. Learning by observation \[[@B207-biomimetics-05-00019]\] and programming by demonstration \[[@B208-biomimetics-05-00019]\] have relied extensively on Kalman filtering to recursively track objects/features and their locations.

15. Visuomotor System {#sec15-biomimetics-05-00019}
=====================

The eye is controlled through


feedback rates. OKR stabilises images on the retina through feedback of retinal slip with a delay of 80--100 ms, the duration of an image to cross the retina. OKR has an early direct component for translation and a delayed component for rotation. Optokinetic nystagmus is a characteristic eye movement invoked by an image pattern of continuous motion and contributes to visual stability. Both OKR and smooth pursuit have long latencies of around 100--200 ms. The gaze controller involves feedback based on retinal position error and a feedforward signal based on angular head velocity. The feedforward control system triggers the rapid VOR which in humans has a latency of only 10 ms with head rotation frequencies of 4--6 Hz. The parietal cortex performs coordinate transforms from retinal to spatialself-tuning adaptive controller/sliding controller while the feedforward controller employs a gradient descent to minimise the error. During neural learning, the synaptic weights may be adjusted thus:$$w\left( t \right) = w\left( {t - 1} \right) + P\left( t \right)x\left( t \right)\left( {y\left( t \right) - \hat{y}\left( t \right)} \right)$$ where $\hat{y}\left( t \right) = w\left( t \right)^{T}x\left( t \right)$ = feedforward predicted eye command output;

$P\left( t \right) = \frac{1}{\lambda}\left( {P\left( {t - 1} \right) - \frac{P\left( {t - 1} \right)x\left( t \right)x\left( t \right)^{T}P\left( {t - 1} \right)}{\lambda + x\left( t \right)^{T}P\left( {t - 1} \right)x\left( t \right)}} \right)~$= covariance of vestibular input *x*;

λ = forgetting factor.

It has been proposed that the cerebellum operates through a FEL mechanism based on feedforward control with feedback from an (inverse) model reference


adaptive controller and feedback measurement of muscle position, velocity and acceleration \[[@B222-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. The forward model computes an efferent copy of the motor command to predict the sensory consequences of those commands. The predicted output from the forward model is passed to a controller to generate the motor commands for the expected effector output. The error is between the predicted and actual sensory output. An evolutionary FEL method based on fuzzy if-then rules was implemented for non-holonomic robotic vehicle control \[[@B223-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. FEL used the output of a feedback controller as an error to train a neural network forward model. A fuzzy neural model incorporated prior knowledge which used the GA for learning membership function parameters for faster learning than gradient descent. The FEL rule of the form $\hat{u}(t) =learned \[[@B234-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. Muscular joint torque of the human arm is given by:$$\tau = \tau_{in} + \tau_{ext} = \tau_{in} + J^{T}\left( \theta \right)F_{ext}$$ where $\tau_{in} = D\left( \theta \right)\overset{¨}{\theta} + C\left( {\theta,\overset{˙}{\theta}} \right) + G\left( \theta \right)$, $J\left( \theta \right) = \frac{\partial q}{\partial\theta}$= Jacobian transform, $\tau_{ext} = J^{T}\left( \theta \right)F_{ext}$= external cartesian force, *D*(*θ*) = inertial term, $C\left( {\theta,\overset{˙}{\theta}} \right)$ = Coriolis/centrifugal term, *G*(*θ*) = gravitational term. As well as single joint effects, there will be cross-joint effects which are assumed to be negligible. The total muscular joint torque is given by feedforward and feedback components:$$\tau = \tau_{ff} + \tau_{fb}$$

The feedforward estimate *τ~ff~* represents a learned inverse dynamics model given by:$$\tau_{ff} = D\left( \theta \right)\overset{¨}{\theta} + B\left( {\theta,\overset{˙}{\theta}} \right) + G\left( \theta \right) + J\left( \theta \right)^{T}F_{ext}$$

The feedback component


and sensory feedback are complementary with neural feedback in increasing stability to feedback delays.

The lack of reciprocating mechanisms in biological systems, so characteristic of engineered systems, imposes the need for elastic energy storage. Animal locomotion is characterised by mechanical preflexes in muscles and tendons which serve to store energy elastically as strain energy and release it during the propulsive stroke \[[@B244-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. Animals exploit the elastic properties of their legs which halves the metabolic energy of running \[[@B245-biomimetics-05-00019]\], i.e., muscle and tendon elasticity is crucial in energy minimisation of rapid locomotion in reducing the metabolic cost in larger animals. Energy storage as elastic potential energy is stored in the ligaments, tendons and muscles: $$E = {\int{F.dx}} = {\int{kx.dx}} = \frac{1}{2}kx^{2}$$

This may be modelled as a linear spring (Hooke's law):$$F_{el}is due to nonlinear elasticity and viscous damping; the active contractile component is based on the tension-length relation, force-velocity relation and the neural activation level. Muscle is characterised by its tension-length (stiffness) and force-velocity properties (viscosity) which contribute to muscle torque. Skeletal muscle has a tension-length relation exhibiting increasing force with increasing length and a force-velocity relation exhibiting a rapid force drop with increasing contractile velocity \[[@B259-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. An inertial muscle component may also be included in its dynamic model:$$m{\overset{¨}{l}}_{m} = F_{t}cos\theta - cos^{2}\theta\left( {F_{act} + F_{pe} + B_{m}{\overset{˙}{l}}_{m}} \right) + \frac{1}{l_{m}}m{\overset{˙}{l}}_{m}^{2}tan^{2}\theta$$ where *F~act~* = maximum active muscle force, *l~m~* = muscle length. However, an inertial component is rarely included due it being negligible. There are many mathematical models that we review here but all attempt to model aspects


0.25. The Winters--Stark model can add a nonlinear asymptotic relation between force and velocity yielding muscle tension given by: $$\tau(x) = k_{p}x + bv + k_{n}(e^{k_{e}x} - 1)$$ where *x* = extension, $k_{n} = \frac{\tau_{\max}}{e^{k}}$, *k* = shape parameter, $k_{e} = \frac{k}{x_{\max}}$, *x*~max~ = displacement at maximum tension *τ*~max~. This models viscoelastic properties with a linear viscoelasticity and a nonlinear exponential stiffness parameter. We consider variations on a simplified Winters--Stark model in more detail later.

A common musculotendon model comprises a hierarchical assembly of a viscoelastic muscular passive element (passive element) in series with an elastic tendon (contractile element) \[[@B268-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. It may be characterised by a non-isometric viscoelastic muscle model comprising two elastic springs in series, one in parallel with a damping element \[[@B269-biomimetics-05-00019]\]. The total muscle model compriseswith other volunteers during the event.

Festival volunteering experience will look great on a CV and give you a ‘behind-the-scenes’ insight into some of the country’s biggest live music events.

Glastonbury is the only Festaff event which requires a £240 deposit, in line with the festival’s policy. This deposit is returned after the event rather than on site and the application process is slightly different.

Unlike the other Festaff events, applications for sold-out Glastonbury won’t open to the public until 1st April. Anyone that volunteered at two Festaff events last year will get priority access on 1st March.

Image credit: Peter Devlin / Festaff

Festaff founder Sandy Reid told TheFestivals: “ Festaff’s biggest summer to date is just around the corner with over 30 exciting events on the roster.

“We look forward to welcoming


Lysine and arginine requirements of the domestic cat.
Domestic kittens were used in four experiments to establish quantitative requirements for lysine and arginine. A purified L-amino acid diet (by calculation, 4,700 kcal metabolizable energy/kg diet) was employed throughout. Weight gain, gain:feed and nitrogen retention data of cats fed dietary lysine levels ranging from 0.48 to 1.92% suggested a requirement not exceeding 0.80%. The dietary arginine requirement for maximal gain was assayed at this level of lysine and found to be not greater than 0.83%. A dietary arginine level of 0.33% resulted in vomiting and extreme lethargy within 4 hours of ingestion.By stressing ‘intrinsic value’ and ‘best interest’ of species, the Supreme Court wants conservation to be pan-nation rather than State-bound

In response to calls to shift some of India’s last Asiatic lions to neighbouring Madhya Pradesh, the Gujarat State Wildlife Board went to the extent of calling lions [exclusively] Gujarati ‘family members’. But, in a historic judgment lauded by the world conservation community, (Centre for Environmental Law WWF-1 v. Union of India and others, Supreme Court, 2013) the Supreme Court has ruled that Gujarat has to part with some lions, to be shifted to Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno-Palpur wildlife sanctuary, upholding the nation’s right to have a second habitat for lions.

Predictably, this long legal battle has been understood as a battle between Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Also, responses to the


Supreme Court order have been all about lion conservation vis-à-vis Gujarat, testing the notions of how much ownership a State can have over a wild animal — even if in recent times saving the lion has been about Gujarati ‘pride’, management and effort.

However, this judgment is about much more than Gujarat, or even lions. The judgment calls for something that policymakers have neglected — what it calls the ‘species best interest standard’. Placing the persistence of species at its heart, the judgment calls for directives based on an ‘eco-centric approach’ and not a human or anthropocentric approach. Combined with the idea of doing what is best for the species, rather than the whims of policies, planning and politics, the judgment makes a powerful call for a new conservationfirm.

Frederick said he has heard of jury pools for other cases numbering in the thousands, but he couldn’t recall any larger than the one Samour has proposed.

The reason for the pool’s enormity is that the theater shooting case is a confluence of things that make it difficult to seat a jury.

The attack last summer on the Century Aurora 16 movie theater killed 12 people, wounded 58 more by gunfire, caused hundreds inside the theater to scramble for their lives and rippled across tens of thousands of lives in the community. It also generated massive amounts of international news coverage.

Frederick said potential jurors won’t be dismissed simply for knowing about the case, but they must be able to be unbiased — something made harder by the amount of attention


tight abdominal wall fascia^[@B12])^. For two patients in our series, it was necessary to perform an operation for a new DS. In another case, a stoma closure was performed in advance. The single patient with an electrolyte imbalance underwent the same operation due to the repeated occurrence of dehydration.

Risk factors for prolonged postoperative hospital stay
------------------------------------------------------

[Table 4](#t004){ref-type="table"} presents the results of the univariate analyses of the long hospital stay factors. This analysis demonstrated that the operation method (p = 0.01), operation with or without ileostomy (p \< 0.0001), AL (p \< 0.0001), SRC (p = 0.008), and ileus (p = 0.0004) were significant factors.

######

Association between Postoperative Hospital Stay and the Patient and Tumor Characteristics.

              proximal small bowel after delivering the terminal ileum under the pneumoperitoneum are helpful. It is not until these operative procedures are performed that we can prevent ileostomy problems^[@B12])^. In the future, after sufficient data are obtained regarding long-term outcomes for advanced rectal cancer patients in several randomized clinical trials, including the COLOR II, ACOSOG-Z6051, and COREAN trials^[@B14],[@B15])^, the use of laparoscopic surgery will continue to increase, highlighting the need to pay greater attention to the risk of ALs and SRCs.

Mortality after AL is often high, ranging from 7.5% to 36%^[@B16])^. However, improvements in surgical techniques and devices have lessened the impact of ALs as a cause of death after rectal surgery. We note that Grade ≥ 4 AL was not selected by our multivariate analysis as a significant


factor. The reason why a Grade ≥ 4 AL leads to a relatively shorter hospital stay may be that the salvage operation is performed as soon as possible to treat the AL before fatal peritonitis develops. These data suggest that the occurrence and management of AL are widely known by surgeons, because several studies showed that anastomotic dehiscence is the most serious complication of rectal resection^[@B1],[@B10])^. However, little has been published discussing AL and SRCs at the same time.

Chude et al. noted that ileostomy-related problems were minor from the standpoint of morbidity and mortality^[@B17])^. Our present findings indicate that SRCs are occasionally major problems that prolong the patient\'s hospitalization. Moreover, the routine creation of a stoma will reduce the quality of life even in patients in whom nocomplications occur. Despite the non-routine use of fecal diversion, stoma placement itself remains a source of morbidity. In addition, the closure of a DS requires a second hospital stay, and additional surgery and is accompanied by considerable patient management costs^[@B1])^.

Chow et al. demonstrated in their systematic review that 17.3% of patients with temporary ileostomies are also at risk for complications associated with a second operation for ileostomy closure^[@B18])^. In a study by Platell et al., among their cohort of patients undergoing colorectal surgery, more than 90% derived no benefit from their DS^[@B19])^. We speculate that colorectal surgeons should perhaps adopt a more selective approach to the use of a DS to protect an anastomosis.

Based on the data obtained here in our retrospective study, we recognized that DS is


it looks like dozens of fractured splinters because there are so many pieces floating around there.

For now I'll forgo the grisly details, thank you very much, Ms. Kindly Nurse, whose name tag I can't read, even with my good eye, due to all the wonderful narcotics coursing around inside of me.

Just give me more of those happy pills.

This gurney isn't nearly as comfortable as my bed, but since I'm apparently going for a ride I'll overlook its posturepedic shortcomings. It will be nice to see something other than that antiseptic, white room. As I'm wheeled out the hospital doors, I breathe deeply the complex bouquet of aromas Bagram has to offer: jet exhaust, burning trash, and just a hint of fecal matter. Still, it's good to be outside.

Theyto work at an American embassy. It won't be in Paris, she assures me. First foreign postings are usually "hardship" assignments. Someplace more like Chad or Mozambique. I tell her it doesn't matter to me. I can work from pretty much anywhere. Besides, my career will once again become a secondary concern, just as it should be.

This is the right time.

I'm just going to do it.

My heart is pounding harder than it ever has. She notices and puts a hand on my chest.

"What is it, baby?"

Reaching into the drawer next to the bed, I pull out the small box I placed there yesterday.

"Will you maa-marry me?" I ask, stammering through the most important question of my life.

She sits up, the bedsheet falling from her naked torso, and stares


hurting late each day. I figure the persistent dust and diesel fumes from all the generators on bases are the likely cause. The light in Afghanistan isn't helping either. The intense summer sun here is painful for me, particularly when I'm shooting video and photos and can't wear my sunglasses. I keep my bad eye shut when I shoot and compensate for the loss of sight by constantly scanning back and forth. I tell myself this monocular view is what makes me ultra-aware of my surroundings and as such much safer, a lie I believe only while attempting to remain calm outside the wire.

I sit in the examination chair while Mihora checks the pressure in my bad eye just as Dr. Schiff had done in his office inlabor. All patients with endotoxin in the amniotic fluid delivered preterm neonates. The three most frequently isolated organisms were Ureaplasma urealyticum (n = 6), Fusobacterium species (n = 5), and Mycoplasma hominis (n = 4). Clinical chorioamnionitis was present in only 12.5% of the patients with positive amniotic fluid cultures. Women with positive amniotic fluid cultures had lower gestational ages and more advanced cervical dilatation on admission than women with negative cultures. Preterm infants born to mothers with positive amniotic fluid cultures had a higher incidence of respiratory distress syndrome and infectious complications than preterm neonates born after negative amniotic fluid cultures. These data underscore the frequency and importance of intraamniotic infections in women with preterm labor.


into apes.
(suspenseful dramatic music)
- [Jeff] Have you ever
wondered what would happen
if a single species took
over an entire planet?
Maybe they're cute, maybe they're clever
but lack a certain,
shall we say,
self-restraint?
(somber dramatic music)
What if they go too far?
What if they go way, way, way,
way, way too far?
(somber dramatic music)

Portuguese:
muitos de nós sobreviverão
para procriar e continuar.
A menos que possamos
chegar a outro planeta,
mas então nós vamos estragar
tudo como fizemos na Terra.
Bem, acho que estaremos aqui
por um longo tempo,
mas vamos mudar.
Nós vamos nos transformar em macacos.
Você já se
perguntou o que aconteceria
se uma única espécie
dominasse um planeta inteiro?
Talvez eles sejam fofos,
talvez sejam inteligentes
mas falta um certo,
digamos,
autocontrole?
E se eles forem longe demais?
E se eles seguirem caminho,
caminho, caminho,
caminho, longe demais?

Portuguese:
Como eles saberiam quando
é a hora de partir?

English:
How would they know when
it's their time toencontrar gasolina para
lhes dar a liberdade de automóvel
que eles tomam como devida.
Eu nunca duvidei que os humanos
encontrariam uma maneira melhor
e eu queria fazer parte disso.
Um cientista soou o alarme

English:
Foreign weather, we're not
only dealing with forces
of a far greater variety
than even the atomic
physicists encounters,
but with life itself.
(piano synthesizer music)
- [Jeff] That was 1958.
We've known about the dangers
of climate change for six decades.
Back then, there was so much air pollution
it would actually block out the sun.
There was so much water
pollution, rivers caught on fire.
(synthesizer music)
Forget throwing plastic
bottles into the water,
we tossed our cars in there.
We also knew someday we'd run out of oil.
- For millions of Americans,
this may be the worst
weekend they've ever faced
for finding gasoline to give
them the automobile freedom
they take as their due.
- [Jeff] I never doubted
humans


où
on perd de la puissance à cause de la pluie.
- [Jeff] Le festival est principalement
alimenté par l'énergie solaire ?
- Principalement.
Mais on doit utiliser ces trucs

English:
What better place to check out
how our renewable energy
revolution is coming along,
than a solar festival
in the Green Mountain state of Vermont.
Powered by 100% solar energy.
(bass guitar and guitar music)
- Solar. (laughing)
- [Jeff] I was having fun.
And got a chance to ask
about getting solar panels installed.
- You can keep adding, so maybe every time
you get a tax return,
buy another solar panel?
(singing rock music)
- [Jeff] But then, a
little rain began to fall.
(rock band playing and singing)
♪ Packed up my guitar ♪
♪ Headed to the nearest bowling alley ♪
My camera man noticed some
commotion behind the stage.
(thudding)
- [Jeff] What'd you guys set up here?
- This is forsave us.
And I wasn't the only one.
- I've counted something
like 25 different
alternative energy options.
So surely, among all of those,
there are enough sources
of energy to keep us living basically
the way we are in perpetuity.
That's not the reality.
Currently, we're getting, in some cases,
no energy from these potential options.
- [Jeff] Richard York, of
the University of Oregon,
published a study in the Journal of Nature
in which he posed a question,
"Do non-fossil energy sources
"actually replace fossil fuels?"
- What we implicitly assume, often,
the substitute pushes out
the thing you want it to substitute for.
What you find is,

Portuguese:
Tudo isso na tentativa de
substituir os combustíveis fósseis?
Era o suficiente para fazer
minha cabeça explodir.
Me estava crescendo
a sensação desconfortável
que a energia verde
não iria nos salvar.
E eu não era o único.
Tenho contado algo
como 25 opções diferentes
de energia alternativa.
Então, seguramente,
entre todos esses,
existem


quoi assurer ce courant,
pour garder le système stable en permanence,
afin qu'il ne s'écroule pas.
Avec des usines à gaz à
déclenchement rapide, souvent,
mais aussi avec des centrales de base,
au nucléaire ou au charbon,
qui sont allumées tout le temps,
mais qui peuvent peut-être
être un peu ralenties en journée,
et boostées lorsque la demande monte.
- [Jeff] Est-ce que cela affecte leur efficacité...
...d'allumer et d'éteindre des centrales
à combustibles fossiles ?
- Oh, oui.
Elles n'aiment pas ça.
Cela les use.
À chaque fois qu'on les allume ou
qu'on les éteint, on perd de l'énergie,

English:
or the difference is that
renewables are intermittent.
All of the sudden, a cloud
cover could come over
and your solar generation
could drastically decrease.
And if you don't have something else there
to meet whatever the
load is at that moment,
then you're gonna have power outages.
- [Jeff] So, we don't get
to turn ade ouro.
Mas esta próxima geração
também tinha um segredo
sobre combustíveis fósseis.
Esta instalação solar queima
gás natural praticamente
todas as manhãs para
iniciar o processo.
Por quanto tempo
têm que queimá-lo?
Horas, geralmente.
Este é o gás natural
recebido pela instalação.

English:
So, it's not as if you get
this magic free energy.
I don't know that it's the solution,
and here I am helping
to sell the materials
that would go into photovoltaics.
- [Jeff] And so to overcome
profound limitations
of solar and wind, rarely
discussed in the media,
a new generation of technology was rising
in the California desert.
- [Woman] What is this?
- What we're using is a field of mirrors
to focus sunlight onto a tower.
The power plant itself, at 377 megawatts,
will be the largest of
its kind in the world.
- This will become the biggest
solar plant in the world!
(crowd clapping and cheering)
There's some people that
look out in


une mine de terres rares.
Lorsqu'ils extraient ces matériaux, 90%
de ce qu'ils sortent contient de l'uranium,
du thorium et de faibles quantités
d'autres radionucléides.
Des matériaux radioactifs dont il
faut bien se débarrasser,
ils en font une sorte de pâte qu'ils
étalent sur la surface du désert.
- [Jeff] C'est sans doute super
pour le désert, n'est-ce pas ?

English:
- [Ozzie] Only a small fraction
of their energy actually
comes from wind and solar.
In fact, Germany's pushing
forward with a large terminal
that could import natural gas
from the United States.
Elon Musk, the founder of Tesla,
when he announced his
Gigafactory battery plant,
he said it would power itself
with wind and solar energy.
- Through a combination of
geothermal wind and solar,
it will produce all energy that it needs.
- [Ozzie] But in fact, it
has lines connecting it
to the same electrical grid
that we're all connected to.
(fast paced dramaticone
of the rarest forms of carbon.
In fact, the investors wanted
to open several new graphite mines
after Tesla announced the Gigafactory.
Apple claims to be 100% renewable.
- We never stop thinking about
what's best for the planet.
We now run Apple on 100% renewable energy.
(clapping and cheering) All
of our facilities, worldwide.
- [Ozzie] And they did chop down a forest
to put up solar panels near
their North Carolina plant.
But they didn't disconnect
from the grid and they can't.
- Duke says energy hungry companies
like Apple can never go
entirely off the grid.
- They're still hooked up to our grid.
(fast paced energetic music)
- [Ozzie] Despite all the claims,
I haven't found a single
entity anywhere in the world
that's running on 100%
solar and wind alone.
(suspenseful music)

Portuguese:
Acontece que você não
precisa apenas de combustíveis fósseis
para administrar um lugar como
Ivanpah, você precisa do próprio


been calling
green, renewable energy
and industrial civilization,
are one and the same.
Desperate measures not to save the planet,
(thunder crashing)
but to save our way of life.
(somber music)
Desperate measures rather
than face the reality,
humans are experiencing
the planet's limits
all at once.
- Every different perspective I look at
and imagine, well, we
could do more of this,
or go to a larger area
or use more of that.
Well, it turns out, there isn't more.
I looked at marine production
and fish production
and found that peaked 20 years ago.
More and more of what we
eat is from fish farming.

French:
S'il reste suffisamment de planète.
Il devenait clair que ce que nous
qualifions de vert, d'énergie renouvelable,
était la même chose que la
civilisation industrielle.
Des mesures désespérées, pour
sauver non pas la planète,
mais notre mode de vie.
Des mesures désespérées
pour nier la réalité :
les humains se heurtent à toutes les
limitesmais.
Eu olhei para a produção
marinha e a produção de peixes
e descobriu que atingiu
o pico há 20 anos.
Cada vez mais o que
comemos é da piscicultura.

English:
The current acres of actively farmed land,
that has peaked also.
The rivers are already being irrigated
to about the limits of
what they can sustain.
The Colorado River doesn't
get to the ocean anymore.
Well, then you start
looking at ground water,
the southern great plains,
and I think they can almost
predict when they will run out
of ground water and
it's in a decade or two.
(somber music)
A human vulnerability at the global scale,
that any one of them we
could maybe compartmentalize,
but we're seeing them propagating
across topic after topic of
society and the earth system.
And I don't think the people
in charge are near nervous enough.
- [Jeff] Though each
of them takes climate change seriously,
every expert I talked to


shore)
(squeaking door)
Clearly, to answer this question,
I needed professional help.
- Keep my stuff.
No, I never heard...
- I'll just be honest
with you about my dilemma.
You can be my clinical
social psych-- (laughing)
It's like, the right has religion.
And they have a belief
in infinite fossil fuels.
Our side says, "Oh, it's gonna be okay,
"we're gonna have solar panels.
"We're gonna have wind towers."
Soon as I heard you talk
about our denial of death,
I'm like, "Could that be it?
"Could it be that we can't
face our own mortality?
"Could we have a religion
that we're unaware of?"
- Absolutely.
I think you've hit the
proverbial nail on the head.
What just differentiates
people from all other forms
of life is that, we're not only here
but that we know that we're here.
If you know that you're
here, then you recognize,

French:
même faiblement, qu'un jour
vous ne serez plus là.
Enlikely
to make some tragic
decisions for the community.
- Yes.
The only solution in principle
is, as Albert Camus put it,
he said, "There's only one
liberty, to come to terms
"with death, thereafter
anything is possible."
I find that downright inspiring.
- [Jeff] As for our environmental leaders,
who dwell in comfortable illusions,
how tragic of decisions
were they capable of making?
I was about to find out.
(humming of machinery)
(leaves crunching)
- [Josh] They claim they're
just using forest residues,
but actually a great deal
of what the McNeil facility,

Portuguese:
Como você pode ver por esta pilha
que está empilhada à direita
fora da instalação, são árvores.
Acontece que a maior fonte
da energia verde em Vermont
é algo chamado biomassa.
Queima de árvores para
gerar eletricidade.
Definitivamente
não é esse o caminho.
Na primeira etapa, é realmente
olhar para o nosso estilo de vida,
como podemos reduzir
nosso consumo de energia.
Essa é toda a cinza que tem
níveis


If you walk through here and you look,
there's virtually nothing growing.
A little bit of grass occasionally.
(increasing classical music)
- [Jeff] And it seemed that
biomass plants, indeed,
were suddenly everywhere,
like this one in Cadillac, Michigan.
(truck engine rumbling)
In Detroit, an incinerator
that burned garbage was considered green.
(classical piano music)
- The Detroit incinerator is
known to emit horrible smells

French:
On peut y mettre n'importe quel type
de bois, du chêne, du saule,
tout ce qu'on veut.
Tout ce qui brûle, on peut l'y mettre,
à condition que ça ait la bonne taille.
Il y a très peu d'exemples comme ça,
dans ce pays, de ce genre de
changement, à ce genre d'échelle.
Mais ça montre que ça pourrait
se passer n'importe où,
que ça devrait se passer n'importe où.
Et qu'il faut que ça se produise partout.
- [Jeff] Il faut que ça se produise partout.
Il estnão cresceu
da noite para o dia.
Se reduzirmos,
não sabemos o impacto disso.
Você está
aqui como um carvalho?
Sim.
Se eu tivesse uma serra elétrica,
isso não estaria salvando o
planeta, estaria?
Não, é doloroso.
É um caminho doloroso a seguir.
Eu posso te afirmar isso agora
mesmo.
Você levaria um
tempo para se recuperar.
Sim, sim.
Mas não seria eu,
seria um filho.
Com tantas pessoas fazendo
isso em uma escala tão grande,
de repente, isso é bem sério.
Não, acho que não
devemos queimar árvores.
Não, não.
Por que cortamos árvores?
Não devemos substituir uma
maneira terrível de obter energia

English:
source of the solar miracle.
(classical piano music)
But maybe I was missing something.
Maybe I had it all wrong.
(woman's voice on loudspeaker)
I decided to ask people
protesting fossil fuels
how they felt about biomass
and biofuels as green energy.
Would you say we don't need to do biofuels
and food and forests for energy?
- No, no, definitely not.
Of