Guthrie (Tr.) 1914 and Mandala 1.71.7; Oldenberg (Tr.) 1897, 80). Notable Scholars Nora Elisabeth Mary Boyce (1920-2006), a British scholar and professor of Iranian languages, is perhaps the most influential modern historian of Zoroastrianism. She was born in Darjeeling, India. During the 1960s, she studied Zoroastrianism while living in the Iranian villages of Yazd. She became a professor at the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London. She wrote as Mary Boyce and is 57 frequently cited by most historians of Iran and Zoroastrianism (Gershevitch 1985, 416, Firby 1988, 7, Clark 1998, xiii, Fried 2004, 223, and Pourshariati 2008, 10). In her book on the Decline of the Sasanian Empire, Parvaneh Pourshariati referred to her as the "late matriarch of Zoroastrian studies" (Pourshariati 2008,to Cyrus's tomb, as well as the site of his administrative capital and main palace. 60 which require some explanation (Yarshater 1984, 140). For instance, "among these contradictions [was] Cyrus allowing his name to be used in homage to alien gods – Marduk, Sin, and Yahweh among them" (Boyce 1982, 64 and Yarshater 1984, 140). However, Boyce provided an effective explanation by suggesting that that this is mostly evidence of diplomacy and political propaganda (Boyce 1982, 44-47). According to Yarshater, "whether or not one agrees with all of Professor Boyce's conclusions or hypotheses, one cannot but be grateful for her skillful synthesis and for her offering students of Middle Eastern religions and Iranian civilization a lucid exposition, written in her usual engaging style, of the vexing question of


scarcely two hundred years old, for it is founded on the interpretation of the Zoroastrian holy books, called collectively the Avesta, which 70 remained unknown outside the community itself until the late eighteenth century" (Boyce 1975, ix). Nevertheless, from the days of the ancient Greeks, "Zoroaster's name had been familiar to the learned as that of a fabled Eastern sage; and when the Avesta came at last into scholars' hands, they sought eagerly in it for teachings that would justify this fame" (Boyce 1975, ix). Ruhi Muhsen Afnan wrote about this subject in Zoroaster's Influence on Anaxagoras, the Greek Tragedians, and Socrates (1969). When dealing with this subject in a previous book, Afnan did not initially mention a direct influence of Zoroaster on Greek thought. As he wrote,1988, 24). In Relaciones de P. Teixeira d'el origen, descendencia y succession de los Reyes de Persia y de Harmuz: Y de un viage hecho por el mismo autor ... hasta Italia por tierra [Relations of P. Teixeira about the origin, descent, and succession of the Kings of Persia and Hormuz: And a journey made by the same author to Italy by Land] (1902), he includes a reference to the Zoroastrians. He wrote that Yazdy means "of Yazd," a city in Iran where the residents follow the ancient national religion, and have not yet chosen to receive the creeds of either Mohammad or of Ali (Teixeira 1902, 196). He then wrote, "They serve the sun, and fire, which they preserve with great care, so that in more than


discoveries about ancient Iran, India, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, to which Anquetil's achievement was a sort of prelude (Duchesne-Guillemin 1952, 1). Nevertheless, after Anquetil's publication of the first European translation of the Avesta, "a violent dispute broke out at once, as half the learned world denied the authenticity of the Avesta, which it pronounced a forgery" (Darmesteter 1965, xv). The war against Anquetil was opened by William Jones, a young Oxonian, who later created the Royal Asiatic Society (Darmesteter 1965, xv). Jones was offended by the scornful tone that Anquetil adopted toward Hyde and a few other English scholars: the Avesta suffered for the fault of its introducer, Zoroaster for Anquetil (Darmesteter 1965, xv). His main argument was that any books, full of such silly tales, of laws and17-18). He realized that unlike the Semitic scripts which it evolved from, it was alphabetic and each word was separated by a slanted symbol (Sayce 1908, 11). However, European scholars were unable to decipher the meaning of the inscription until 1838, when Sir Henry Rawlinson used Greek texts to match each character in the Bisutun inscriptions (Rawlinson 1846, 8-53 and Pringle 2006, 184). The ancient Persian inscriptions at Persepolis and Bisutun were deciphered at the same time by Eugene Burnouf in Paris, by Christian Lassen in Bonn, and by Sir Henry Rawlinson in Iran 92 (Darmesteter 1965, xxv). The names of Kings and dynasties were mentioned in Greek sources from Herodotus, Diogenes, Plato, and Aristotle. The advances in comparative linguistics during this period were inseparable from the spiritual


xxvi). Although the use of these methods may lead to significantly different translations of certain words in the Avesta, these methods ought not to oppose, but assist 96 one another, as they are intended to instruct us about the same kind of facts, albeit two kinds of facts quite different and independent (Darmesteter 1879, xxvii). The tradition provides information on the essence and evolution of the religion, while the Vedas provide a source for its origin. "Therefore it cannot happen that the tradition and the Veda will really contradict one another, if we take care to ask from each only what it knows, from one the present, and the past from the other" (Darmesteter 1879, xxvii). Darmesteter published an English version of the Vendidad portion of the Zendcenturies, various travelers and missionaries brought knowledge of the Zoroastrian tradition to European scholars. During this period, there was relatively little written material produced by the Zoroastrians themselves (Firby 1988, 15). The Zoroastrians of Iran had been gradually reduced to a poor and intellectually isolated community that was mainly concerned with the preservation of their core teachings (Boyce 1984, 5). Though this does not deny the importance of any 103 internal material, scholars were forced to rely heavily upon external sources, in particular, upon the accounts of European travelers (Firby 1988, 15). In the following chapters, I will argue that these accounts had a major influence on modern European philosophy, especially in Germany, where it dramatically altered the history of Aryan nationalism. 104 Chapter Three Zoroastrianism and the


is considered the impure element in everything – the hideous, the evil, the principle of death and destruction (Hegel 1879, 11). A variety of other cultures, such as the Indo-Aryans, the Greeks, and the Chinese, also associated divinities with their antitheses in order to express a dualist perspective on the world. For instance, the key to enlightenment in the Hindu philosophy was to transcend the conflicting spirits of the universe. In the East Asian philosophies of religion, the Yin-Yang symbol represented the proper balance of conflicting spirits. In Greece, dualism was illustrated by love and hate (Toynbee 1972, 74). There are many other dialectical concepts which describe this perspective. Based on Aristotle's description of the Pythagorean Table of Opposites in his lectures on Metaphysics, some of the commonthe mythical figures and divine spirits described in the Vedas and the Avesta (Clark 1998, 4). While the philosophy of Zoroastrianism is unique, its development resulted from a synthesis of ideas from numerous other cultures. The symbols, sculptures, and remnants of creative and destructive spirits from other cultures, such as the Jews and Babylonians, were not destroyed by followers of Zoroastrianism. They were maintained in order to recognize the process toward enlightenment and satisfy the loyal supporters of the traditional view. Thus, although toleration can be a virtue in itself, the Iranian philosophy of religion demonstrates how the path to monotheism is compatible with polytheistic perspectives since monotheism developed from a long tradition of polytheism. 116 A Synthesis of Abstract and Concrete After Zoroaster discovered the power of


or dualistic, the structure of language serves as a historical artifact which preserves the dualistic perception from the past. Zoroaster mainly struggled against raiding nomads, so it is possible that he could have been more of a luminary of monotheist thought within a community that was beginning to accept some of its main principles. In his Ratanbai Katrak lectures, Professor Walter Bruno Henning provided a stimulating definition of the religion of Zoroaster: "As are most dualistic movements, it is perhaps best understood as a protest against monotheism" (Duchesne-Guillemin 1958, 1). "Dualism, he argued, always emerges as an answer to the problem of evil, which in turn presupposes belief in one good and omnipotent God" (Duchesne-Guillemin 1958, 1). According to DuchesneGuillemin, "In the Vorrede to the second volume ofZoroaster; but as it was not productive of any civil commotion, it served to strengthen the new monarchy by uniting all the various inhabitants of Persia in the bands of religious zeal" (Gibbon 1776, 208). Gibbon also recognized how Zoroaster's ideas changed as more people learned about them. "The theology of Zoroaster was darkly comprehended by foreigners, and even by the far greater number of his disciples; but the most careless observers were struck with the philosophic simplicity of Persian worship" (Gibbon 1776, 70 "We have already described the religious harmony of the ancient world, and the facility with which the most different and even hostile nations embraced, or at least respected, each other's superstitions" (Gibbon 1776, 451). 129 204). "The Gnostics blended with the faith of Christ


there is no accepted definition of Deism, often it is conceived wholly, or almost wholly, as a metaphysical theory, which represents God as the Creator of the world, but now as withdrawn and separate from it and its concerns; it is the absentee God of literature (Hefelbower 1920, 217). The characteristic deistic views as developed in this controversy can be summed up thus: In an age that was rationalistic and critical, when all progressive thinkers, many of whom were conservative, felt that they must justify religion by proving it from reason and nature, the Deists developed those tendencies in a radical way, and fostered a hostile attitude toward traditional super-naturalism. They denied the possibility of any religious truth above reason; they challenged external revelation and criticized its recordsand the miraculous; they emphasized the perfection of natural religion, which man of his own unaided powers could know, and set it up as supreme over all positive religion, which was imperfect because of 'mysteries,' 'uncertainties,' 'contradictions,' and 'confusion.' Deism, which was essentially non-philosophical, was the more radical application to religious problems of the rationalistic critical way of thinking, that characterized English thought in the seventeenth century, which resulted in the progressive depreciation of the supernatural, especially as it appeared in positive religion, and in magnifying the worth and authority of natural religion" (Hefelbower 1920, 223). 130 Lausanne academy in Switzerland where he eventually proudly converted back to Protestantism under the threat of disinheritance from his family (Turnbull 1989, 26). Although Voltaire influenced Gibbon in many ways, their


while their civic virtue rapidly declined. This weakened Iran's forces in their battles against the rival Roman (Byzantine) Empire as well as the Arab forces who invaded Iran in 633 CE and 637 CE. Iran was also invaded by the Mongols in the thirteenth century CE. "Gibbon accepted the thesis of the decline of civic virtue as largely explaining the collapse of the ancient world, but denied that the process would repeat itself under the conditions of modern society" (Pocock 1999, 2). "Enlightened historiography is, almost without exception, the execution of this purpose," 74 Although there is similar content in the Yasna (Yasna 29.1; Guthrie (Tr.) 1914, and Yasna 53.4; Guthrie (Tr.) 1914), the passage quoted by Gibbon is not taken from the writings of Zoroaster, but theto Iranian history, and some of them traced the idea of a universal force back to the philosophy of Zoroaster. Philosophy of History and the Power of the Universal Mind In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Johann Gottfried Herder, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and Karl Marx each presented his own progressive philosophy of history. Hegel and Marx suggested that human history had distinct phases in which the final phase recaptures the glory of the first phase but reconciles the others. However, Marx believed the phases of history were driven by class struggle and material life while Herder and Hegel emphasized the importance of Spirit. The idea of the World Spirit is rooted in Zoroaster's discovery of the Universal Spirit (Hegel 1991b, 173). Before Ibn Khaldun, Polybius also described


but the Zoroastrian concept of an end to history "embodies a doctrine of the Three times – Creation, Mixture, and Separation – [which] accustomed his followers to the idea of events taking place within a fixed chronological framework" (Boyce 2001, 67-68). Similarly, many post-Enlightenment philosophers used distinct stages, phases, and realms to describe the process of history. Herder organized history into distinct phases and emphasized the importance of geography and climate in the rise of world civilizations (Herder 1774, 14). He asserted that history had passed through Egyptian, Oriental, Greek, and Roman periods, and was now in a German period (Herder 1774, 14). Unlike Ibn Khaldun, Herder's view was progressive and not cyclical, but his main contribution to the philosophy of history was his analysis of human historyMatter [liberates it from temporal limitations and gross materiality], but changes everything into the merely Imaginative; for although the latter appears interwoven with definite conceptions and Thought presents itself as an occasional concomitant, this happens only through accidental combination" (Hegel 1991b, 139). Hegel contributed to an exaggerated characterization of Indian philosophy as a form of world denial through heavy meditation. In an essay on "Radhakrishnan on Being and Existence," Fred Dallmayr claims that Indian philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975) considered the idea of "pursuing spiritual release while working in the world" simply to "target the prevalent Western view-first formulated by Hegel and then popularized by [Arthur] Schopenhauer (1788-1860)-that India and Eastern religion in general are synonyms for world denial and/or world renunciation" (Schopenhauer 1969, 140 387-388, Radhakrishnan 1992, 3-82,


united some of the most diverse nations, it was unable to completely eradicate force and hostility, a contradiction that still needed reconciliation. "The Persian Unity is not that abstract one of the of the Chinese Empire; it is adapted to rule over many and various nationalities, which it unites under the mild power of Universality as a beneficial Sun shining overall-walking them into life and cherishing their growth. This Universal principle-occupying the position of a root only-allows the several members a free growth for unrestrained expansion and ramification" (Hegel 1991b, 114).78 Against this background, Hegel claimed that "continuous history" began in the region known as Iran. The onset of continuous history was marked by the conception of a Universal Spirit among humans (Hegel 1991b, 116 and 173). Frombut Light directly involves an Opposite, namely, Darkness;; just as Evil is the antithesis of the Good" (Hegel 1991b, 178). Hegel stated that "the chief end of every man's existence is to keep himself pure, and to spread this purity around him. The precepts that have this in view are very diffuse; the moral requirements are however characterized by mildness. It is said: if a man loads you with revilings, and insults, but subsequently humbles himself, call him your friend. We read in the Vendidad, that sacrifices consist chiefly of the flesh of clean animals, flowers, and fruits, milk, and perfumes. It is said there, 'As man was created pure and worthy of Heaven, he becomes pure again through the law of servants of Ormuzd, which is the


the ruling classes of the feudal and agrarian periods were replaced by military elites, merchants, and bankers. Ironically, while Marx claimed that he used the Hegelian method of dialectical argumentation, his rejection of Hegelian idealism created a major dialectical struggle in itself. Hegel's theories support a communitarian model for political life, and I have suggested that they have a deep background in Zoroastrianism. His ideas were the 160 culmination of the Romantic Movement in philosophy which rejected the overly rational individualism of the Enlightenment. In other words, Hegel's spiritual communitarian model represents the antithesis to rational individualism. Based on the dialectical model, Hegel's followers split into two major factions since they could not agree on how to interpret his core ideas. A group known as the "Young-Left Hegelians"defined their faction by rebelling against the religious dimension of Hegel's philosophy.88 They attempted to clarify his communitarian values through a secular perspective. In contrast, the "Old-Right Hegelians" followed a less radical interpretation in support of the religious dimension. The "Old" Hegelians emphasized the importance of Hegel's theological training, which helped them attain teaching positions at top universities. Most of them taught theology and their views supported the Protestant values of the Prussian State. Hegel's most prominent follower was a "Young" Hegelian known as Karl Marx. He supported Hegel's communitarian values but his writings inspired a more prominent ideology based on the antithesis of spirit. In other words, Marx re-articulated Hegel's communitarian ideals from a purely material perspective. This leads us to Friedrich Nietzsche, who included references to


but the lunar system leads to a large amount of calendarical drift when used to calculate the 92 "The introduction of five more days was a radical step, and calendar change is in any case notoriously difficult to bring about. Years may therefore have passed in discussion, with the slow gathering of support (probably chiefly in Persia / Pars), before the proposal at last gained what was essential, the approval of the Great King. It was plainly impossible even then to explain the intended change to all members of the Zoroastrian communities within the Persian Empire, extending from the borders of India to the western coast of Anatolia, overwhelmingly non-literate, and most of them with no interest whatever in questions of exact chronological calculation. Change must largely havegovernment shut down one of his newspapers in Tehran (D'Souza 2000, 82). 184 structure of Indian society which they claimed as a model for international relations. The Nazis also admired the history of the Iranian people who they regarded as "pure-blooded" Aryans. While Iranians referred to their country as "Iran" since the time of Zoroaster, it was officially recognized as "Persia" outside of Iran until 1935. That year, Iran officially changed its name after the Iranian ambassador to Germany suggested it to Reza Shah (Yarshater 1989, 62). Many Iranians opposed the change claiming that Iran would lose its ties to Cyrus the Great and the ancient Persian Empire (Gershevitch 1985, 239). Regardless, the Iranian government proceeded with the change. Iran is derived from the term "Airyanem" which is


to be built by German Kraftwerk Union (KWU) in Bushehr, each housing Siemens 1,300 MW(e) reactors (Kibaroglu 2006, 215). After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the first Western diplomat to officially visit Tehran was the German Foreign Minister, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, who visited in 1984 (Hunter 1989, 141). A neighborhood in southern Tehran is still named "Nazi Abad." Abad translates as town or village in Farsi. Nazi Abad was a designated residential zone located near an industrial park. Before World War Two, Iranians named it after the large number of German residents who worked on the transnational railway project. The railway project began in 1927 and was completed in 1938. During the 1930s, Iranians used the term "Nazi" as a synonym for German. After the Iranian Revolution, Germany regainedlarge amounts of currency which led to hyperinflation. At this point, governmental efforts to control the money supply were 105 In 2010, two-way trade between Iran and China exceeded twenty three billion dollars (Chang 2011, 11). 191 useless. These conditions facilitated the rise of a nationalist party which promised radical economic change. As most people know, between 1933 and 1945, Germany was led by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis). During this period, Nazi ideology was Germany's alternative to Leninist and liberal ideologies. The Nazis aimed to restore German glory through nationalist rhetoric and rapid rearmament. They claimed that the Germans were the descendants of the ancient Aryans based on linguistic, literary, and archeological evidence. The claim to Aryan culture gave Germany a unique


(e.g., Hancock 1987; Lucassen et al. 1998; Okely 1983). In particular, the synthetic work of the 19th-century German historian H. M. G. Grellmann (1753-1804), who was influenced by contemporary Herderian ideas, has had a lasting impact on a scholarly tradition that emphasized national character based on language and customs (Grellmann 1787). The scholarly construction of Gypsies as a unitary isolated ethnic group with a common origin and inherited South Asian cultural practices contributed to the centuries of labeling and stigmatizing that ultimately led to the "criminal-biological" portrait that accompanied the systematic killing of Gypsies in National Socialist Germany (Ioviţă and Schurr 2004, 267-268). 193 have always faced a dualistic climate in which people depend on them but also blame them for their economic troubles. Drexler accused the Jewshad a dampening effect on their propaganda activities (Pridham 1973, 266). Although Hitler's loss to von Hindenburg was a disappointment to many of his followers, he gained a large number of votes and popular support (Pridham 1973, 264-265). The Nazis increased their share of the vote to 37.4 percent which gave them 230 seats in the Reichstag, more than any other party (Giblin 2002, 68). Based on his popular support, Hitler was appointed by President von Hindenburg to the position of Chancellor in 1933 (Pridham 1973, 253 and Toland 1976, 288). Hitler's party eventually gained control of parliament and led a vote to significantly increase his power. As von Hindenburg was close to death, his position was dissolved and merged with the duties and responsibilities of the Chancellor


War One, he remained in Bayreuth. Chamberlain's most famous work is Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts [The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century] (1899) which essentially rearticulated de Gobineau's main argument about the superiority of the Aryan race. However, in addition to Germans, Chamberlain included Celts, Slavs, Greeks, and Romans as members of the "noble" Aryan race. These groups were united by the ProtoIndo-European culture. Chamberlain also discussed the concept of mixing, but unlike de Gobineau, his writings were anti-Semitic. Although England can be considered a Germanic nation, Chamberlain favored the German state during World War One. Years before the Nazi movement, a eugenics movement in the United States concluded that the Nordic, Germanic, and Anglo-Saxon peoples were superior to other races. It began in the 1880s with thehis ideas from the locally notorious and scurrilous Ostara (Goodrick-Clarke 2003, 194). These accusations caused the Nazis to firmly deny any ties to the occultist movements. The Mazdaznan cult was banned by the Nazis in 1935 and Lanz's writings were banned after the Nazis annexed Austria in 1938. "These measures were most probably the result of the general Nazi policy of suppressing lodge organizations and 210 esoteric groups, but it is also possible that Hitler wished to avoid any connection being made to his own political ideas and the sectarian doctrine of Lanz" (Goodrick-Clarke 2005, 197-198). While the Nazis will always be remembered as a bunch of thugs who committed genocide, their ideas largely overlapped with contemporary trends in German philosophy and the rise of secret millenarian cults.


Ludendorff, Rudolf Hess, and Dietrich Eckart (Goodrick-Clarke 2005, 199). There were many other high ranking Nazi leaders with ties to religious movements and occult societies. The Leaders of the Nazi Party It is possible that the Germans associated themselves with the cultures and civilizations of Iran and India simply because these places had a long history. The Nazi movement in Germany may also be attributed to the unique personalities of its leaders who used any propaganda within their reach to support their political careers. Consequently, the linguistic and religious evidence which supported their view of the history of the Aryan culture could be a dramatic coincidence.113 This does not hinder the general purpose of this study because it still illustrates the influence of Zoroastrianism. 113 The term Aryanmay refer to a language, class, or setting rather than a race. The term aristocrat derives from this word. 212 Adolf Hitler's elite class of officers and ministers included Alfred Rosenberg, Heinrich Himmler, Erich Ludendorff, Joseph Goebbels, and Rudolf Hess. Rosenberg was the most prominent pagan in the Nazi party which he joined in 1919 (Steigman-Gall 2003, 91). Once Hitler joined the party in October, he was introduced to Rosenberg by Eckart. Both Eckart and Rosenberg were associated with the Thule society (GoodrickClarke 2005, 149). Rosenberg had "pretensions to becoming the movement's great intellect and official ideologue" (Steigman-Gall 2003, 91). Nevertheless, in his role as the "protector" of the Nazi worldview, "scholars have shown that Rosenberg encountered resistance and ultimate defeat at the hands of rival offices within


begins with the death of Mohammad and the election of the new spiritual leader. The Shias regard the overall chain of events following the death of Mohammad as a dramatic injustice (Jafri 1979, 14, Halm 1999, 5, and Nasr 2006, 36). For Shias, the choice of the first successor was the root of the problem, and it was based on human folly rather than God's mandate (Nasr 2006, 36). Mohammad died in 632 BCE and Abu Bakr began ruling as Caliph. Although Ali ibn Abi Talib did not particularly challenge the election of Abu Bakr, a portion of the population suggested that Ali was the true Imam and should have been the first Caliph. The term imam translates as "leader of the community" while the term caliph translatespolitical leader who believed economic prosperity superseded spiritual matters (Jafri 1979, 81-83 and Zaman 2002, 236 112). Osman knew that his strength was based on the support and goodwill of his powerful clansmen, and he did what he could do to satisfy their demands (Jafri 1979, 81). The people were disillusioned when they found the Caliph committed to the improvement of the lot of his own family rather the welfare of the community as a whole (Jafri 1979, 81). This created a large opposition movement, and he was eventually killed by a group of Muslim rebels. The mainstream Shia view is that after the assassination of Osman, the sole legitimate successor to Mohammad finally took power (Halm 1999, 5). Many Shias suggest that all the transitional chaos could


Some of these soldiers were prisoners of war who converted to Islam in order to escape a life of slavery (Jafri 1979, 115). The Iranian population of Kufa also included peasants whose towns and villages were destroyed during the Muslim conquest (Jafri 1979, 115). Due to the collapse of the Sassanian feudal system, these peasants were able to leave their cultivable land and move to Kufa in search of other work (Jafri 1979, 115). Before Ali arrived, most Iranians in Kufa were not granted the same social rights as their Arab co-citizens (Jafri 1979, 115). Ali observed equality in the allotment of stipends to Arabs and non-Arabs which angered the tribal authorities of Kufa (Jafri 1979, 101). He appointed Salman al Farsi (Salman the Persian) to replace Osman'salso claimed to be descendants of Safi al-Din, the founder of the Safaviyeh, which is a prominent Sufi order in the Azerbaijan region of Iran. Safi al-Din lived from 1252-1334 and was from the Iranian region of Ardabil (Newman 2006, 2). He is believed to be of Aryan origin, either Iranian 140 "So evil and good are one and indivisible" (Rumi 1975, 159). 247 or Kurdish. In the fifteenth century, the Safaviyeh began adapting an extremist Shia stance, and declared their intentions to rule Iran. In 1501, Esmael Safavi, a Grandmaster of the Safaviyeh order, believed to be of Iranian, Turkic, and Pontic Greek origin consolidated control of the Azerbaijan province (Newman 2006, 14). The Safaviyeh were strongly supported by the local Turkish speaking tribes, as well as


foreheads, the little astrakhan caps, the last vestiges of oriental dress, one could have fancied oneself in Europe: what a pity, what error of taste! ... I could still understand this imitation in the case of Hottentots and Kaffirs [African Bushmen]. But when one has the honor of being Persian, Arab, Indian, or even Japanese, in other words, our precursors by many centuries in matters of refinements of all sorts . . . then copying us is really a downfall" (Loti 1988, 253-254 and Chehabi 1993, 210). Nevertheless, Mohammad Shah Qajar argued that the adoption of European dress was a return to the pre-Islamic customs that were inscribed on the walls of Persepolis (Sipihr 1966, 359-361, Tavakoli-Targhi 1990, 83, and Chehabi 1993, 223). Later, Reza Shah encouraged Iraniansintimidate the Imperial Government. The Iranians are cleverly using the revolutionary slogans of the Islamic Republic against its current leaders in order to demoralize them. The Islamic Republic further contributed to the ironic success of this clever tactic by discouraging this act. "Every night when people chant 'Allah o Akbar' and 'shame on the dictator," they are in fact creatively, employing both religious and secular significations in order to communicate their peaceful resistance to the fraudulent election, to express their objection to the brutal crackdown of their dissent, and to gain legitimacy for their movement" (Jahanbegloo 2012, 163). Meanwhile, Iranians replaced chants of "death to America" with "death to the dictator," "death to Russia," and "death to China" (Dabashi 2010, 49). Many protests have also included chants that


obvious heretics as far as most Muslims are concerned (Fischer 1980, 186). The persecution of the Bahai community in Iran dramatically increased after the establishment of the Islamic Republic in 1979. The Bahai faith evolved from the Babi movement. The "Bab," also known as Mohammad Ali, lived during the nineteenth century. Building on a millenarian branch of the Shia tradition which anticipates the emergence of a messianic spiritual and political leader known as "the Mehdi," the Bab claimed to be a "Gate of God," the "Manifestation of God," a prophet, and a new messenger of divine knowledge (Miller 1974, 16-18). "When asked what he meant by the title 'Bab' (Gate), he replied that it meant the same as in the tradition attributed to Mohammad, who said, 'I am"saw himself, after all, as a universal messiah-the promised one of the Jews, the symbolic return of Christ for Christians and Muslims, and the Shah-Bahram [Spiritual Triumph] of the Zoroastrians" (Cole 1992, 3). The Babi movement survived through a small community of early followers. Although many people claimed to be his successor, the most significant one was Bahollah, who eventually left Iran and was imprisoned by the Ottoman authorities for his controversial religious claims. He was forced to live in Ottoman Palestine where he was buried after his death in 1892 (Cole 1992, 4). The establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty reduced the persecution of the Bahai community in Iran. Since they were such a small minority, they served as a potential ally for a secular regime seeking to


(inspired by) good doctrinal thoughts, O Armaiti (love), (Thou) Best one! (Who), for (1) mortal men, dost perfect an additional-or-later-or-especial-birth, But (2) for the cattle (perfecting) that pasturage which should fatten It for our food" (Yasna 48.5; Guthrie (Tr.) 1914). In the forty-ninth Hymn of the Yasna, Zoroaster "utters imprecations on his successful opponents." "Let not him who (utters or, possesses) the just Words have any communion with the Drujists [deceivers]" (Yasna 49.9; Guthrie (Tr.) 1914). The fiftieth Hymn of the Yasna is the Ordination of Disciples to Form New Settlements. Zoroaster asks, "How, O Mazda (mindful), might (a man) seek (possession of) a fortune-bringing cow, if he desire both (1) her and (2) the pasture? By living justly among the many men who appreciate the comforts (or,over the Magian tribe, Through Asha (justice) as 168 Guthrie observed that, "the text is in hopeless condition. This interpretation is as faithful as possible, yet is partially suggested by the context. It possesses the merit of agreeing with the practical interests of that civilization" (Yasna 50.2; Guthrie 1914). 283 advisory-manager, and through the Verses of (good disposition) Vohu Manah, he attained Chisti (Sophia, or wisdom); Thus, for us (the faithful) is Ahura Mazda (the mindful lord) bounteous-at-wish" (Yasna 51.16; Guthrie (Tr.) 1914). In a possible metaphor, Chisti (Pouruchista) is also the name of one of Zoroaster's daughters who married Jamaspa Hovgva (Yasna 51.18; Guthrie (Tr.) 1914). According to Boyce, the Yanhe hatam (Yasna 51.22; Guthrie (Tr.) 1914) is one of the most sacred prayers in the Yasna,


pagan!" (Yasna 53.4; Guthrie (Tr.) 1914). "(Vagabond nomads) shall reach the Place of Decay with the Malefactors who, being law-scorning, and, as to their bodies, doomed, Are seeking to degrade the worthy (Magians). Where is the (Ashaist) lord who will deprive them of freedom and of life, (And establish) the (Kingdom) Khshathra, by which, O (mindful) Mazda, Thou shalt give, to the Poor man, who lives justly, that Better (part)?" (Yasna 53.9; Guthrie (Tr.) 1914). The main lesson we can learn from the Gathas is that Zoroaster lived in a chaotic period of history in which wild nomads incessantly raided pastoralists for the sake of animal sacrifices. Meanwhile, the priests were essentially tricking nomads into stealing food for them. Duchesne-Guillemin recognized that "the nomad is a thief ofwas neither age nor death, nor envy demon-made" (Yasna 9.4-5; Mills (Tr.) 1887, 232). There was also plenty of water and food for people, plants, and cattle (Yasna 9.4-5; Mills (Tr.) 1887, 232). Yima is also known as Yama, Jam, Jamshid, and Gamshed. In the Vedas, Yama, as the first man, is the first priest too; he brought worship here below as well as life, and 'first he stretched out the thread of sacrifice' (Mandala 1.66.8;; Oldenberg 1897, 57, Mandala 1.38.5,; Müller (Tr.) 1891, 81-88, and Darmesteter 1879, 12). "Although in the existing Yasna, Yama/Yima is represented as the ruler, not progenitor, of the human race, the Vedas know as a consort for him, namely his twin sister Yami, by whom he has children. Her existence is not


255). The seventeenth Hymn of the Yasna is nearly identical to the sixth Hymn. The eighteenth Hymn of the Yasna only has one line. "Grant me, Thou who are maker of the Kine, plants and waters, Immortality, Mazda! Grant, too, Weal, Spirit bounteous-" (Yasna 18.1; Mills (Tr.) 1887, 259). The nineteenth Hymn of the Yasna is "Zand, or Commentary on the AhunaVairya [Gathic] Formulas" (Yasna 19.5;; Mills (Tr.) 1887, 260-261). This commentary (Zand) suggests that the Ahuna Vairya, which "Ahura Mazda prounounced as thine" when speaking to Zoroaster, existed long before Ahura Mazda created the sky, the waters, the land, and the cattle (Yasna 3-4;; Mills (Tr.) 1887, 260). "It was these part(s) of the Ahuna Vairya, O Spitama Zarathustra! which especially belongs to me, and when eachtwo, O (Ye) primeval ones in the house of this Thy holy Fire, O Ahura Mazda, Thou most bounteous Spirit!" (Yasna 36.1; Mills (Tr.) 1887, 284). 180 The thirty seventh Hymn of the Yasna consists of praise to Ahura Mazda, the Fravashis, and the Bounteous Immortals (Yasna 37.3; Mills (Tr.) 1887, 286). "Thus therefore do we worship Ahura Mazda, who made the Kine (the living creation), and the (embodied) Righteousness (which incarnate in the clean), and the waters, and the wholesome plants, and the stars, and the earth, and all (existing) objects that are good (Yasna 37.1; Mills (Tr.) 1887, 285-286). The thirty-eighth Hymn of the Yasna consists of praise to the earth and the sacred waters. "And now we worship this earth which bears us, together with


their recitation as it is heard, even their memorized recital, and their chanting, and their offering (as complete)" (Yasna 55.6;; Mills (Tr.) 1887, 295). The fifty-sixth Hymn is an introduction to the "Srosh Yasht." "Let Sraosha (listening obedience) be present here for the worship of Ahura Mazda, (the most beneficient, and holy, of him) who is desired by us as at the first, so at the last; and so again may attentive Obedience be present here for worship of Ahura Mazda, the most beneficient and the holy who (is so) desired by us" (Yasna 56.1;; Mills (Tr.) 1887, 296). 181 For Yasna 43-51, see above section on the Gathas. 182 For Yasna 53, see above section on the Gathas. 304 The fifty-seventh Hymn of the Yasna is theis worship with its beneficient results; and Blessedness is with it of a verity, and Piety as well. Let this our worship shelter us from the Daeva and from the evil-minded man" (Yasna 58.1;; Mills (Tr.) 1887, 306). "The owner of the herd 305 is the righteous (one), and he is victorious when he strikes, and thus he is the best; for the herd-owner is the father of the Kine by the help of him who follows the ritual order" (Yasna 58.4; Mills (Tr.) 1887, 307). The fifty-ninth Hymn of the Yasna contains content which overlaps with content from the seventeenth and twenty sixth Hymn of the Yasna. The first seventeen lines of Yasna fifty-nine correspond to the first seventeen lines of Yasna seventeen while lines 18-27 correspond


(Darmesteter 1883, 1). Sirozah means "thirty days," which refers to the name of a prayer composed of thirty invocations addressed to the several Izeds (deities) who preside over the thirty days of the month (Darmesteter 1883, 1).188 Some of these names were also used to identify certain months. "The very idea of the Sirozah, that is to say the attribution of each of the thirty days of the month to certain gods, seems to have been borrowed from the Semites; the tablets found in the library of Assurbanipal contain an Assyrian Sirozah, that is, a complete list of the Assyrian gods that preside over the thirty days of the month" (Darmesteter 1883, 1). The Yashts begin with the Ormazd Yasht, which lists the names of Ahura Mazda. ZoroasterAhura Mazda replied, "My name is the One of whom questions are asked, O holy Zarathustra!" (Yasht 1.7;; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1883, 24). Ahura Mazda, known "as the revealer of the laws, which are generally expounded by a process of questions from Zoroaster and answers from Ahura" (Darmesteter 1883, 24). The first Yasht also includes a list of seventy two names for Ahura Mazda (Yasht 1.7-16; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1883, 24-28). Ahura Mazda also stated, "Worship me, O Zarathustra, by day and by night" (Yasht 1.7-9; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1883, 24-25). The Ormazd Yasht, which corresponds to the first day of the Sirozah, leads to a fragment of the Bahman Yasht, which is in a "state of the utmost corruption" (Darmesteter 1883, 22). The Bahman Yasht corresponds to the second day


art, and the Church's decision to fix the commemoration of the Nativity on December 25 (a day traditionally celebrated by sunworshippers as the annual "birth" of the sun following the winter solstice) all seem to point to some possible "solar" origin of Christianity. More specifically, particularly given the evangelical association of the Nativity with the Persian Magi, they may indicate some possible early contact between Christianity and Mithraism, a Persian religion that flourished throughout the Roman Empire during the second and third centuries, and which actually revolved around the cult of the sun. The correspondence between the Mithraist "day of the sun" and the day claimed by the Church to have been the day of the Resurrection may indeed have been purely coincidental. Nevertheless, its observance probably addedthe heavenly gods" (Yasht 14.1;; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1883, 231-232). The Bahram Yasht describes the variety of ways in which Bahram reveals itself. "Verethraghna made by Ahura, came to him first, running in the shape of a strong, beautiful wind, made by Mazda; he bore the good Glory, made by Mazda, the Glory made by Mazda, that is health and strength" (Yasht 14.2;; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1883, 232). The power of the wind is associated with glory, also known as "Verethraghna, made by Ahura, who came to him the tenth time, running in the shape of a man, bright and beautiful, made by Mazda: he held a sword with a golden blade, inlaid with all sorts of ornaments" (Yasht 14.27;; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1883, 238). The Ram Yasht is devoted to


study. Now a growing number of scientists are focusing their attention on what is dubbed the Bactrian-Margiana Archeological Complex (BMAC) to understand its extent and its influence on the neighboring Mesopotamian and Indus civilizations. Material from BMAC had long been found in archeological sites across the region, but researchers did not know where it originated. The collapse of the Soviet Union and now the cautious re-opening of Iran give Western scientists a chance to explore this neglected culture, which left traces across the Middle East and likely reached far beyond the confines of the Asian steppes (Lawler 2003, 979). 328 Kabul, which is the largest city in Afghanistan. The eighth of the good lands Ahura Mazda created was Urva of the rich pastures, whereupon Angra Mainyu counter-created prideand tyranny (Fargard 1.11; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1879, 7). The ninth of the good lands Ahura Mazda created was Khnenta in Vehrkana, and thereupon Angra Mainyu created "a sin for which there is no atonement, [which is] the unnatural sin" (Fargard 1.12;; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1879, 7). Vehrkana is also known as Varkana, Hyrcania, and Gorgan, which means land of the wolves in Farsi.200 The tenth of the good lands created by Ahura Mazda was the beautiful Harahvaiti, where Angra Mainyu counter-created a sin for which there is no atonement, the burying of the dead (Fargard 1.13; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1879, 7-8).201 Harahvaiti is also known as Harût, Arakhaj, and Arachoisa (Boyce 1975, 274-275). The eleventh of the good lands Ahura Mazda created was Haetumant (Sistan), where Angra Mainyu counter-created the


(Fargard 13.46; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1879, 162). Like a thief and a beast, he likes the darkness, he prowls about in darkness, and he is a shameless eater; an unfaithful keeper (Fargard 13.47; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1879, 162-163). Like the courtesan, he is intrusive, walks about the roads, he is meager and poor (Fargard 13.48; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1879, 163). Finally, like a child, he likes sleeping, he is apt to run away, he is full of tongue, and he goes on all fours (Fargard 13.48; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1879, 163). The fourteenth chapter of the Vendidad is an appendix to the last clauses of the previous chapter, which provides a full length description for the atonement of a murder of a water dog (Darmesteter 1879, 165).207 The water dog is thedrought that dries up pastures (Fargard 13.52; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1879, 164). 337 detested, such as snakes, tortoises, frogs, water frogs, corn-carrying ants, and flies (Fargard 14.2-12; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1879, 165-170). While there seems to be no atonement for the senseless murder of a water dog, this passage suggests that everything in the Vendidad is not meant to be taken literally. The fifteenth chapter of the Vendidad describes five major sins which justify severe punishment. These punishments include heavy payments, and it is possible that the riches of the fire-temples came from these sources (Darmesteter 1879, xcix). The first of the five sins is when a man knowingly teaches one of the faithful a foreign, wrong creed, or a foreign wrong law (Fargard 15.2; Darmesteter (Tr.) 1879, 172). The


2 (Franz Rosenthal, Tr.). New York: Pantheon. [1377] Ibn Khaldun, Abu Zayd. 1967. The Muqaddimah Volume 3 (Franz Rosenthal, Tr.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. [1377] Ioviţă, Radu P. and Schurr, Theodore G. 2004. "Reconstructing the Origins and Migrations of Diasporic Populations: The Case of the European Gypsies," American Anthropologist, New Series Vol. 106, No. 2: 267-281. Irani, D.J. 1924. The Divine Songs of Zarathustra. London: George Allen and Unwin. Iwand, Hans. 1964. Briefe an Rudolf Hermann. Karl Steck (Ed). Munich: Kaiser. Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams (Ed., and Tr.). 1888. A Hymn of Zoroaster: Yasna 31. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams. 1896. "On the Date of Zoroaster," American Oriental Society, Vol. 17: 1-22. Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams. 1899. Zoroaster, the Prophet of Ancient Iran. New York: Macmillan.Vol. 58, No. 2: 221-224. Philo. 1854. The Works of Philo of Judaeus: Volume One. (C.D. Yonge, Tr.). London: Bohn. Philo. 1855. The Works of Philo of Judaeus: Volume Four. (C.D. Yonge, Tr.). London: Bohn. Plato. 1970. The Laws. New York: Penguin. Plato. 1985. The Republic. New York: Norton. Plato. 2001. Alcibiades. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Plato. 2010. Menexenus. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger. 360 Pocock, J.G.A. 1999. Barbarism and Religion, Volume One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pocock, J.G.A. 2003. Barbarism and Religion, Volume Two. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pois, Robert A. 1986. National Socialism and the Religion of Nature. London: Croom Helm. Polybius. 1976. The Histories. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. [2nd century BCE] Poure Davoud, Ebrahim. 1927. Gathas, the Oldest Parts of the Avesta. Bombay: Bombay's Zoroastrian


Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641-643 /A.H. 23-23 (Volume 14). (G. Rex Smith, Tr.). Albany: State University of New York Press. Tabari, Mohammad bin Jareer. 1998. The History of Al-Tabari: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors (Volume 39). (Ella Landau Tasseron, Tr.). Albany: State University of New York Press. Tagore, Rabindranath. 2010. Foreword. In D.J. Irani, The Divine Songs of Zarathustra. London: George Allen and Unwin. [1924] Tavakoli-Targhi, Mohamad. 1990. "Refashioning Iran: Language and Culture during the Constitutional Revolution," Iranian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1: 77-101. Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste. 1679. Le Six Voyages de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier en Turquie, en Perse, aut ex Indes [The Six Voyages of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier in Turkey, Persia, and India] Book IV. Paris: Chez Olivier de.Varennes. [1675] Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste and Bernier, François. 1684. Collectionsof Travels through Turkey into Persia and the East Indies. (John Phillips and Edmund Everard, Tr.). London: Moses Pitt. Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste. 1724. Le Six Voyages de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier en Turquie, en Perse, aut ex Indes [The Six Voyages of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier in Turkey, Persia, and India] Volume II. Rouen: J.B. Machuel le père. Testen, David. 2011. "Iranian and Anatolian Cognates to Greek (k)sún," Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 131 No. 2: 287-293. Teixeira, Pedro. 1902. The Travels of Pedro Teixeira: With His "Kings of Harmuz" and Extracts from His "Kings of Persia." (W.F. Sinclair, Tr.). London: Hakluyt Society. Thapar, Romila. 1996. "The Theory of Aryan Race and India," Social Scientist, Vol. 24, No. 1: 3-29. 364 The Elder Pliny. 2010. The Natural History of Pliny. (John


Bostock and Henry T. Reilly, Tr.). Nabu Press: Charleston, SC. [1856] The Holy Bible: New King James Version. 1901. New York: Thomas Nelson. The Holy Quran. 1997. Riyadh: Abulqasim. Thévenot, Jean de. 1664. Relation d'un voyage fait au Levant [The Travels of Monsieur de Thévenot into the Levant]. Paris: L. Billaine. Thévenot, Jean de. 1687. The Travels of Monsieur de Thevenot into the Levant. London: Faithorne, Adamson, Skegnes, and Newborough. Thompson, James Westfall. 1938. "Edward Gibbon, 1737-1797," Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 7, No. 2: 93-119. Toland, John. 1976. Adolf Hitler. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company. Toynbee, Arnold. 1972. A Study of History. New York: Oxford University Press. Tubbs, Nigel. 1996. "Hegel's Educational Theory and Practice," British Journal of Educational Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2: 181-199. Turnbull, Paul.Q:

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The GridPane i need for my GameBoard (Which should hold the amount of "tiles" my simulator terrain has) does not properly fit into a ScrollPane.
Shifting around the hierarchy and working with colorized containers to identify the issue was no help to fix the issue itself.
The Main Container FXML where the GameBoard is included

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     and businesses that included Facebook, Apple, Google and Microsoft, as well as the Iowa Pork Producers.

Sen. Michael Breitbach, R-Strawberry Point, said the bill represents the first comprehensive energy proposal debated by lawmakers in decades. He downplayed criticism by Democrats, saying the legislation will create transparency in billing that's not provided now to Iowa utility customers. He also predicted that Iowans will continue to purchase energy efficient appliances.

"I don't think that you can buy non-energy efficient appliances and I don't know anybody who would," Breitbach said. "This bill will help stimulate our economy by putting more money in the hands of our consumers."

Breitbach said the legislation will clarify the jurisdiction of the Iowa Utilities Board over non-rate regulated utilities and reduce regulatory inefficiencies; create an opt-out program for customers


pay," McCoy said.

Sen. Jake Chapman, R-Adel, said he supports energy efficiency measures and he included them when he constructed a new home. But he added that he didn't ask other people to subsidize his efforts. He contended that the "real scam" is for low-income people who are tenants and pay utility bills with hidden fees for energy efficiency programs.

Chapman also expressed skepticism towards Democrats who are convinced that energy costs will soar if the legislation is enacted. "I think that this is a great bill for consumers and a great bill for Iowans," he remarked.

The legislation is opposed by a long list of of groups and businesses. Besides Google Inc.; Facebook; Microsoft; Apple; and the Iowa Pork Producers, the opponents include the City of Waukee; Kinze Manufacturing; Mechanical          &errorCode);
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smallest common multiple of 7845 and 15?
7845
Calculate the common denominator of 91/40 and -11/40.
40
What is the smallest common multiple of 805 and 49?
5635
What is the common denominator of -29/20 and -53/780?
780
Calculate the smallest common multiple of 36 and 6.
36
Find the common denominator of 137/108 and -62/135.
540
Calculate the common denominator of 27 and 63/418.
418
Find the common denominator of 101/390 and -7/468.
2340
What is the least common multiple of 16 and 230?
1840
Find the common denominator of -71/2770 and 113/7756.
38780
Calculate the lowest common multiple of 3 and 135.
135
Calculate the lowest common multiple of 111 and 15.
555
Calculate the common denominator of 43/472 and -63/64.
3776
What is the smallest common multiple of 37 and 38?
1406
Calculate the common denominator of 38/49 and 86/315.
2205
Find the common denominator of 51/164 and 37/22.
1804
Calculate the lowest common multiple of 80and 608.
3040
What is the smallest common multiple of 3 and 61?
183
What is the least common multiple of 9 and 1926?
1926
Find the common denominator of 51/800 and -133/120.
2400
Calculate the common denominator of 61/18 and -33/1822.
16398
What is the common denominator of 10/13 and -8/7?
91
Calculate the common denominator of -109/1480 and -87/76.
28120
What is the lowest common multiple of 1755 and 13?
1755
What is the smallest common multiple of 220 and 24?
1320
Calculate the lowest common multiple of 14 and 7.
14
Find the common denominator of 26/407 and 83/2146.
23606
What is the smallest common multiple of 9 and 423?
423
What is the common denominator of -19/112 and -33/1120?
1120
What is the lowest common multiple of 48 and 20?
240
What is the lowest common multiple of 10 and 1250?
1250
Calculate the lowest common multiple of 32 and 1864.
7456
Calculate the lowest common


least common multiple of 38176 and 12?
114528
What is the least common multiple of 35 and 50?
350
What is the lowest common multiple of 420 and 378?
3780
What is the common denominator of 95/22 and -101/4?
44
What is the common denominator of -131/258 and -1/165?
14190
What is the smallest common multiple of 22 and 266?
2926
Calculate the least common multiple of 42 and 18.
126
Calculate the common denominator of -29/90 and 143/504.
2520
Find the common denominator of 21/22 and 155/132.
132
What is the least common multiple of 1380 and 2760?
2760
Find the common denominator of 59/749 and 43/749.
749
Calculate the smallest common multiple of 630 and 198.
6930
Calculate the least common multiple of 6 and 22.
66
Calculate the smallest common multiple of 247 and 9.
2223
Find the common denominator of -89/1276 and 103/176.
5104
Find the common denominator of -83/40 and 47/9272.
46360
Find the commonis indicated by studies showing that more people experience AVH and other psychotic experiences than those individuals who receive psychiatric diagnoses,^[@CIT0011]^ with a range of reported hallucination prevalence rates in nonclinical samples. Further, in these population samples, hallucinations are correlated with delusions, just as they are in psychotic disorders.^[@CIT0012]^

Evidence for structural continuity (a single group in the population with quantitative variation in phenotype expression) comes from similar associations between key risk factors and both psychotic experiences and psychotic disorder, suggesting etiological continuity between them.^[@CIT0013]^ These risk factors include younger age, ethnic minority status, lower education, alcohol and drug use, stressful or traumatic events, urbanicity, and family history of psychotic disorders.^[@CIT0005],[@CIT0014]^ Other evidence for etiological continuity comes from direct comparisons of individuals with AVH with and without need for


partly explain why 2 people with the same level of AVH may differ in their clinical outcome. So, although AVH and other psychotic experiences seem to be continuous and distributed across the general population, the risk for developing psychosis might actually be discontinuous rather than truly continuous in the population. Further research is needed to understand these different continua and any underlying factors that could potentially serve as biomarkers.

What Are the Similarities and Differences in the AVH Reported by Individuals With and Without Need for Care? (see [figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) {#s6}
==================================================================================================================================================

Phenomenology {#s7}
-------------

AVH in individuals with and without need for care are broadly similar as perceptual phenomena and in terms of topographical features such as localization (internal or external), loudness, and number of voices.^[@CIT0018],[@CIT0019]^ Regardless of need for care, hallucinatorsa person hears.

![Principal differences and similarities between auditory verbal hallucinations experienced by persons with a need for care and those without a need for care.](schbul_sbu005_f0001){#F1}

Cognition {#s8}
---------

Regardless of need for care, individuals with AVH have difficulty on tasks measuring cognitive control functions, such as controlling the direction of attention in the face of distracting information and the active suppression of intrusions. A meta-analysis^[@CIT0025]^ of 9 studies on source monitoring in individuals with AVH without need for care found a significant, moderate-to-large effect, which did not differ from findings in individuals with AVH with need for care. However, given the relatively small number of studies, further replications are desirable before concluding with certainty that individuals with AVH have a specific, similar-sized source monitoring difficulty independent of their need for care.


for care. However, within schizophrenia patients, there appears to be a continuous relationship between the severity of AVH and degree of functional lateralization.^[@CIT0042],[@CIT0043]^

Life Events {#s10}
-----------

Robust associations have been found between traumatic life events and AVH in both those with need for care^[@CIT0044]^ and without need for care.^[@CIT0047]^ Large-scale epidemiological studies of the general population have observed the same association when controlling for a range of confounds.^[@CIT0048]^ More recent work has examined whether the type of trauma experienced predicts need for care. Daalman et al^[@CIT0047]^ found no differences between 100 psychiatric patients with AVH and 127 individuals with AVH without a need for care in prevalence of specific types of abuse: both groups were more likely to have experienced sexual as well as emotional abuse than were nonhallucinating controlcoping^[@CIT0060]^ (ie, going along with the content of voices), engage in fewer safety behaviors in relation to their anomalous experiences,^[@CIT0061]^ and score lower on maladaptive response styles in response to experimentally induced anomalous experiences.^[@CIT0062]^ Voice hearers with a need for care are more likely to attribute their voices to real people or agencies, as opposed to spiritual or religious sources,^[@CIT0018]^ and generally have more "paranoid" appraisals both of their own experiences^[@CIT0063],[@CIT0064]^ and of experimentally induced anomalous experiences.^[@CIT0062]^ They are more likely to appraise their voices as malevolent, omnipotent, intrusive, dominant, and coercive and, consequently, are more likely to resist them and keep their distance.^[@CIT0021],[@CIT0065],[@CIT0066]^ Individuals with a need for care also display more cognitive biases^[@CIT0067]^ and negative metacognitive beliefs about thoughts.^[@CIT0019]^ It is possible, however, that these differences


assessed and grouped in terms of their AVH. For instance, the different results observed in the Daalman et al^[@CIT0047]^ and Goldstone et al^[@CIT0049]^ studies examining the role of trauma in AVH may be related to the type of participants recruited: Daalman et al^[@CIT0047]^ included a nonclinical group who heard frequent voices, whereas Goldstone et al^[@CIT0049]^ assessed hallucination-prone students.

What Is the Predictive Value of AVH? {#s21}
------------------------------------

A crucial question is whether experiencing AVH predicts the development of clinical states and/or future need for care. AVH in children mostly cease spontaneously before adolescence, but persistence during and beyond adolescence is associated with greater risk of developing various clinical disorders.^[@CIT0075]^ The psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model^[@CIT0011]^ attempts to explain this trajectory for psychosis, whereby psychotic experiences that become more numerous and persistent over time   * Key released in component event.
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are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.

Big Lots! - Westover, WV

Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.

Careers | West Virginia University - Morgantown, WV

Valid driver's license. Develop major gift donors and prospects, with a focus on alumni, retired faculty members, parents and friends, capable of making gifts...

Estimated: $45,000 - $65,000differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.

JCPenney - Morgantown, WV

Inspire strong performance in yourself and others Ownership:. You listen, you help, and you make them want to come back!...

Estimated: $19,000 - $26,000 a year

Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.

Olive Garden - Morgantown, WV

Engaging in friendly conversation as you seat guests in a timely fashion. Demonstrating genuine hospitality and setting the stage for an exceptional dining...

Estimated: $17,000 - $23,000 a year

Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon


third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.

Careers | West Virginia University - Morgantown, WV

Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.

Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated - Morgantown, WV

Valid driver’s license for your state of residency (Motor Vehicle Report will be reviewed). Consolidated (CCBCC), the largest independent bottler in the US, is...

Estimated: $23,000 - $28,000 a year

Pleaseyou should consult the employer for actual salary figures.

Broaddus Hospital(Mansfield Place Nursing Home) - Philippi, WV

Job Summary Works as an assistant to the Director of Nursing. Oversees the successful delivery of quality resident care. Provides professional nursing care...

Estimated: $56,000 - $71,000 a year

Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.

The Crossings at Morgantown - Morgantown, WV

Job Summary Are you looking for a great opportunity with a growing community? The Crossings at Morgantown, offering Assisted Living and Memory Care...

Estimated: $33,000 - $46,000 a year

Please note that all salary


More from SI

Daily Bagel: U.S. Open adds extra day

The Daily Bagel is your dose of the interesting reporting, writing and quipping from around the Internet.

• Video: Roger Federer visits Iguazu Falls in Brazil and has a blast. His primal scream at the 33-second mark was kinda weird.

• The USTA has added an additional day to the 2013 U.S. Open, meaning the women's final will now be moved to Sunday and the men's final to Monday. The decision ends the much-maligned "Super Saturday" schedule, at least for 2013. The USTA will decide whether to implement the change permanently after next year.

• The USTA also announced a prize money increase of $4 million to a record $29.5 million. Distribution has yet to be determined.

• Nice piece here on Andy Roddick,significant differences between plasma and serum T concentrations were observed, in according to the different affiliation to the two different aquatic parks and different age. One-way RM ANOVA did not show any effect of the time on the T changes.

Discussion {#sec1-4}
==========

The results obtained showed that plasma and serum estradiol-17β, progesterone and testosterone concentrations substantially ranged within the physiological ranges reported in literature for Dolphins and Whales, under different physiological conditions, although the different assay techniques made difficult, in some cases, the comparison \[[@ref5],[@ref8],[@ref9]\].

In addition, considering that the dolphins sampled in this study were trained to allow blood sampling and to voluntarily offer their tail flukes, the steroid hormone concentrations obtained from these specimens could be considered as resting, non-stressed sexual hormone values.

The results showed the peculiar tendency of


than the amounts present in the flue gas as it is produced, and various types of gas treatment apparatus are usually provided to reduce the particulate matter and gaseous contaminants in the flue gas before it leaves the stack.
In many power plants, particulate matter in the gas stream is removed by electrostatic precipitation. An electrostatic charge is applied to the particulate matter in the flue gas, and the flue gas passes between charged electrodes. The particulate matter is deposited upon the electrode having the opposite charge to that of the particulate and is later removed.
The fuel typically contains from about 0.2 percent to about 6 percent sulfur, which at least in part oxidizes to sulfur dioxide during combustion. A small part of the sulfur dioxide further oxidizes toperson may not be me.

Re: Bond No9 New York Musk

After an all-day wear yesterday (including a reapplication for church last night), I was not overly impressed. Smells pleasant enough, and manly enough, but not that great. Light blend of SMW and NY Amber. I have too many others that are much better.

Re: Bond No9 New York Musk

A very nice large sample in the mail. Sure would love it if more fragrance houses extended this gracious gesture.

And the scent is quite nice. The sparkling grapefruit notes remind me of Creed Royal Water. The whole effect is well-blended and expensive-smelling, like the scent of a nice department store. A bit on the sweet side, but I have a feeling I'll be road testing this soon. Lovely stuff.

Re: Bond No9 New


but unisex. I don't smell "powder" or "fruit" at all, except virtually all Bn9's have this strange artificial grape/plum note hiding in most of their fragrances...NY Amber and NY Musk just hide it better.from a recursive method. The recursion stops as soon as it hits the 'return' I've tried variations using
return [tree.self.key] + preorder()

Or
yield ...

Any ideas?

A:

Are you sure you want tree.self.key and not simply tree.key when you print?
Otherwise, a solution with yield from (Python 3.3+):
def preorder(tree):
    if tree:
        yield tree
        yield from preorder(tree.getLeftChild())
        yield from preorder(tree.getRightChild())

Or with simple yield:
def preorder(tree):
    if tree:
        yield tree
        for e in preorder(tree.getLeftChild()):
            yield e
        for e


and Development (OSHPD) keeps things moving smoothly on healthcare projects – helping clients achieve and often exceed their goals. When it comes to education, our ability to effectively and efficiently collaborate with our design and engineering partners and the Division of the State Architect (DSA) enables us to continue to enhance the experience for educators and students within your communities. Our dedication and commitment to fully understand not just the needs of the community but your strategic goals make us able to help you maximize the outcome of your facility.

San Diego

Newport Beach

Southern

We’ve spent more than three decades supporting growth in the Texas communities we serve. From Wichita Falls to Corpus, Texarkana to El Paso, the need for quality infrastructure and community-based systems like schools, hospitals and transportation systemsby females to reserve water for home use. The male version of 'Ghumuri' is 'Ghumura'. Since Ghumura is a male dance form and it is found in almost all parts of the human culture that equipment and appliances invented for human use have been the foundation to the invention of musical instruments, the derivation of name of Ghumura from 'Ghumuri' signifies such claim.

Classical form
 Nrutta, Nrutya and Natya
 Nrutya
 Sangita (song)
 Tala and Laya

Dance form
 Circular Dance
 Circular or Semi-Circular Dance
 Triangular Dance
 Rectangular Dance
 Go Spada Dance: Cow Foot Dance
 Sheep Fighting Dance (Mesha Yudha Dance)
 Cross (Chaki) Dance
 Square Dance
 Go Chanda Dance
 Hen Fighting (Kakuta Yudha) Dance

Ghumura in folk tradition
Though Ghumura has been included in folk culture, it is a widespread dance in the Kalahandi


Amine-containing materials such as amine-containing analytes, amino acids, DNA fragments, RNA fragments, protein fragments, organelles, and immunoglobins immobilized on the surface of a substrate can be used in numerous applications. For example, immobilized biological amines can be used for the medical diagnosis of a disease or genetic defect, for biological separations, or for detection of various biomolecules.
The attachment of amine-containing materials to a substrate is often achieved through the use of a tethering compound. A tethering compound usually has two reactive functional groups separated by a linking group. One of the functional groups provides a means for anchoring the tethering compound to a substrate by reacting with a complementary functional group on the surface of the substrate. A second reactive functional group can be selected to react with(idx >= 0)
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		for (;;)
			{
			char c = '/';
#ifdef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
			c = ent->dir[TINYCLR_SSL_STRLEN(ent->dir)-1];
			if (c != ':' && c != '>' && c != ']')
				{
				/* If no separator is present, we assume the
				   directory specifier is a logical name, and
				   add a colon.  We really should use better
				   VMS routines for merging things like this,
				   but this will do for now...
				   -- Richard Levitte */
				c = ':';
				}
			else
				{
				c = '\0';
				}
#endif
			if (c == '\0')
				{
				/* This is special.  When c == '\0', no
				   directory separator should be added. */
				BIO_snprintf(b->data,b->max,
					"%s%08lx.%s%d",ent->dir,h,
					postfix,k);
				}
			else
				{
				BIO_snprintf(b->data,b->max,
					"%s%c%08lx.%s%d",ent->dir,c,h,
					postfix,k);
				}
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_POSIX_IO
#ifdef _WIN32
#define stat _stat
#endif
			{
			struct stat st;
			if (TINYCLR_SSL_STAT(b->data,&st) < 0)
				break;
			}
#endif
//MS: don't include this if NO_STDIO
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_STDIO
			/* found one. */
			if (type == X509_LU_X509)
				{
				if


the denominator limit is $0$. It is then time to do some manipulation so that the given function can be represented in a form which avoids denominator limit $0$. Such a manipulation is done under the valid assumption that $h \neq 0$. Then
$\displaystyle \begin{aligned}\lim_{h \to 0}\frac{h}{\sqrt{5h + 1} - 1} &= \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{h}{\sqrt{5h + 1} - 1}\cdot\frac{\sqrt{5h + 1} + 1}{\sqrt{5h + 1} + 1}\\
&= \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{h\{\sqrt{5h + 1} + 1\}}{5h}\\
&= \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{\sqrt{5h + 1} + 1}{5}\\
&\text{(following as in previous example)}\\
&= \frac{2}{5}\end{aligned}$
As seen in various limit question on this website, most beginners in calculus try to use concepts like continuity, derivative, L'Hospital and even series expansions to solve simple limit problems (most answers given here also try to use these techniques). It is very unfortunate  do {
        try frc.performFetch()
    } catch {
        print("Failed to perform inital fetch")
    }

    // Uncomment the following line to preserve selection between presentations
    //self.clearsSelectionOnViewWillAppear = true

    // Uncomment the following line to display an Edit button in the navigation bar for this view controller.
    // self.navigationItem.rightBarButtonItem = self.editButtonItem()
}

override func viewWillAppear(animated: Bool) {

    let imageView = UIImageView(image: UIImage(named: "TableBackground"))
    imageView.contentMode = .ScaleAspectFill
    self.tableView.backgroundView = imageView
    self.tableView.tableFooterView = UIView(frame: CGRectZero)

}

override func viewDidAppear(animated: Bool) {

    frc = getFCR()
    frc.delegate


moc.executeFetchRequest(fetchReq)
        cat = (check.first as! Catalog)
    } catch {
        fatalError("Failed fetching Catalog Entry matching Item")
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    return cat!
}

func floatToCurrency(flt: Float) -> String {

    let formatter = NSNumberFormatter()
    formatter.numberStyle = NSNumberFormatterStyle.CurrencyStyle
    return String(formatter.stringFromNumber(flt)!)

}

/*
// Override to support conditional editing of the table view.
override func tableView(tableView: UITableView, canEditRowAtIndexPath indexPath: NSIndexPath) -> Bool {
    // Return false if you do not want the specified item to be editable.
    return true
}
*/

/*
// Override to support editing the table view.
override func tableView(tableView: UITableView, commitEditingStyle editingStyle: UITableViewCellEditingStyle, forRowAtIndexPath indexPath: NSIndexPath) {
    if editingStyle == .Delete{
        // Delete the row from the data source
        tableView.deleteRowsAtIndexPaths([indexPath], withRowAnimation: .Fade)
    } else if editingStyle == .Insert {
        // Create a new instance of the appropriate class, insert it into the array, and add a new row to the table view
    }
}
*/

/*
// Override to support rearranging the table view.
override func tableView(tableView: UITableView, moveRowAtIndexPath fromIndexPath: NSIndexPath, toIndexPath: NSIndexPath) {

}
*/

/*
// Override to support conditional rearranging of the table view.
override func tableView(tableView: UITableView, canMoveRowAtIndexPath indexPath: NSIndexPath) -> Bool {
    // Return false if you do not want the item to be re-orderable.
    return


 }

}

Removed NSFetchedResultsChangeType.Update since the move takes care of the Section updating.
func controller(controller: NSFetchedResultsController, didChangeObject anObject: AnyObject, atIndexPath indexPath: NSIndexPath?, forChangeType type: NSFetchedResultsChangeType, newIndexPath: NSIndexPath?) {

    switch type {
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        self.tableView.deleteRowsAtIndexPaths([indexPath!], withRowAnimation: UITableViewRowAnimation.Automatic)
    case NSFetchedResultsChangeType.Insert:
        self.tableView.insertRowsAtIndexPaths([newIndexPath!], withRowAnimation: UITableViewRowAnimation.Automatic)
    case NSFetchedResultsChangeType.Update:
        let cell = self.tableView.cellForRowAtIndexPath(indexPath!) as! ListItemsTableViewCell
        let item = self.frc.objectAtIndexPath(indexPath!) as! Items

        cell.itemName.text = item.name
        cell.itemSection.text = item.section
        cell.itemQty.text = "Qty: \(item.qty!)"
    won't have to wait around for your savings. Rewards Points are valid for 12 months from purchase date.

Any bike purchased using 0% finance and/or Cyclescheme (or other employee salary-sacrifice scheme) is excluded from this offer.

30 Day Test Ride

All the convenience of buying online, without the risk

When you buy a new bike at full RRP from rutlandcycling.com, you can now benefit from the added reassurance of our Rutland 30-day test ride. Once your new bike arrives, you can ride it as your own for 30 days, and we're confident you'll love it! However, if it's not right for you, we'll exchange it for another model. (There's a nominal charge of £10 for us to collect your bike - just make sure you keep the box your bike arrived in.)

On


All you have to do is add the pedals, tighten the handlebars and you're ready to go.

Breathability, durability and comfort are just some of the features that make this pack a perfect combination of cargo and hydration for a full day on the trail. An updated favourite for any terrain and all kinds of weather, the M.U.L.E. NV keeps you hydrated while your back and gear stay dry. This narrow-gauge mountain biking pack has everything you need and nothing you don’t—and its compact design means that it won’t get in your way, even when it’s fully loaded.

The NV back panel is designed to hold the load away from your back for maximum ventilation, with a special lumbar pod that helps the weight settle comfortably on your lower back.There are separate cargo compartments for storing 3 litres of water, plus enough gear for a full day on the trail, and the magnetic tube trap lets you stow your drinking tube in one click so you can hydrate without taking your eyes off the trail.

With Pre-Order, you can purchase the latest items added to our store in advance of them arriving with us.

You Pre-Order is prioritised (at no additional charge); meaning that, as soon as the product arrives with us, we can wrap it straight back up and get it sent out to you - it often never even hits the stock room shelves!

Pre-Launch

With Pre-Launch, the date when we expect to receive the product ourselves is still a little too hazy to be confident in accepting Pre-Orders.

So,


πρόβατα νερού σαν ένα κακό φίλτρο φίλτρου να βλάψει;
Δεν με νοιάζει για τις δικαιολογίες σου

English:
All right. You better not escape. You better not escape. There will be pain. This is the worst day of your life water sheep
Okay, wait, so do I literally just- can you frick off?!?!
WAIT the water's not coming in!!
water sheep head needs water to survive!!!
Oh my God
You like this water sheep?!! good because you're not supposed to >:)
You look at Sven. This is what happens
Think about it. Was it worth it? WAS IT WORTH IT? You did this by the way! You did this. What if I
What if I add another piston so he gets squeezed from many angles
I like that. Wood, redstone and iron. Okay, let's make three
Can we give *chuckle* canYes. Yes
nothing bad is gonna happen to you my little she'd
Just get in there. That's right. Yes
Yeah, it's nothing bad. Don't worry. Don't worry
What the sheep used to love this Bell Oh
God I miss him so much
Welcome to hell this is your new life
This is how you live life now
All right, we gotta invent something new you just stayed right there motor sheep
You know, it's an honor and a privilege to be Watership tonight

Spanish:
Está bien solo vamos
Nada malo va a pasar
Nada malo va a pasar y esa es una promesa de PewDiePie.
Nada malo va a pasar. No te preocupes
Oh, mira quién logró meterse Sí. Sí. Sí
nada malo te va a pasar mi pequeña oveja
Sólo entra allí. Eso es, Sí
Sí, no es nada malo. No te preocupes No


it
And then water
There you go
Ok now whoa
It's so bright now. Ok. We got eight minutes. Let's let's ride
So the temple should be here somewhere. Don't mind me. It's a Swedish man riding his horse
underwater
That's, right
All right, I really should have brought the match tonight, whoa, it's so cool I never like
done proper underwater stuff
Where is this water temple? We meet at last
All right, so I'm gonna put I'm gonna put the water

Kazakh:
Менің ойымша, бұл шын мәнінде қанша уақытқа созылатындығын көрсетеді, сондықтан мен таймерді қоюға тура келеді. Hey, Google
8 минуттық таймерді орнатыңыз, сондықтан қазір біз түнгі көруді және су астындағы тыныс алудың қосалқы бөлшектерін ішуіміз керек
Кларк
Бүгін ішеді
Сосын су
Онда сіз барасыз
Енді біреу
Қазір бұл өте жарқын. Жарайды ма. Біз сегіз минут алдық. Келіңіздер, жазайық
Сондықтан ғибадатхана бір жерде болуы керек. МағанOh dios no te quedes atascado

Polish:
Wziąłem cały mój kwarc ze sobą. Drzwi potrzebuję drzwi to wszystko czego mi trzeba.
21 savage nie 21 drzwi. Idziemy do cholery. I potrzebuję Jorgena. Idziemy cholera!
Jedno uderzenie więcej. I gdyby gra nie blokowała mnie cały czas byłoby świetnie.

To jest bardzo irytujące. Czy oni mnie blokują czy to gra? Jestem strasznie zły
Czekaj tu Jorgen
Co to do cholery jest?
Czy sprzedawca zrespił się na tym?
I jest zepsuty.  Idę. Drzwi, drzwi, drzwi,drzwi
Siła drzwi. Okej znalazłem to. Jest na górzee. Oh Boże nie zablokuj się.

English:
Brought all my nether quartz with me. Apparently, I brought all my other ones with me doors. I need doors nothing but doors
Twenty-one savage no 21 doors. Let's freaking go and I need you're against murder. Let's fricking go
One more


지금 분노하고있다. 나는 분노하고있다. 왜 그랬을까요? 내가 수영 할 수만 있다면 괜찮아. 나는
그것을 얻지 마십시오. 나는 가서 다른 것을 얻어야했다. 내가 왜 그랬어?
시원한
이 시점에서 망할 게임의 이름 일뿐입니다. 내 물건을 되 찾는 데 항상 시간을 할애해야하는 이유는 무엇입니까? 나는 상관 없다.
얼마나 많은 문을 통과해야합니까?
알았어, 난 다이아몬드 곡괭이가 필요해. 오, 알았어. 오,

English:
First bosses in Minecraft killed even though last one wasn't on camera. I did it, okay
I might regret this
Why do I get stuck aah
I'm furious now. I'm furious. Why does he do that? If I can just swim it's fine. I
Don't get it. I had to go and get another thing. Why did I do that?
cool
It's just the name of the fucking game at this point. Why am I stuck all the time getting my stuff back?15, hour: 18, minute: 10).date!

let start1 = cal.dateInterval(of: .hour, for: date1)!.start
let start2 = cal.dateInterval(of: .hour, for: date2)!.start

let hours = cal.dateComponents([.hour], from: start1, to: start2).hour!
print(hours) // 2


Pet owners have a variety of commercially available pet treats to choose from, including rawhide, jerky treats, and biscuits. Two types of treats are animal or meat product derivatives, and starch based products that include meat palatability enhancers. Both treat types have a meat based flavor to which cats and dogs are attracted. Generally, meat or poultry broth concentrate or powder, such as liver digest, function as a palatability enhancer in starch based pet treats. Thus, there are meat and meat flavored treats available which are desired by consumers.
Starch based pet treats, however, suffer from a number of drawbacks including being brittle or hard. The starch treats also have a tendency to become hard after the treat has been removed from its packaging. Harder pet treats are difficultphage. It’s a difficult process that can take one to two months, she says, and costs an extra C$2,100.

Growing so-called phage libraries at hospitals and research institutions could help speed up the process, explains Steffanie.

“Think of it as a walk-in cooler, with all these different phages that have already been identified, characterized, purified and ready to go.”

Diagnostics ‘at the centre’ of antibiotic resistance challenges, solutions

For now, stories like Pranav’s and Tom’s compose the bulk of evidence of successful phage treatment, and it’s unclear how long it will take to conduct clinical trials and grow robust phage libraries to increase access to people whose lives are at risk.

In the meantime, one of the most important efforts is to increase the lifespan of the medicine still available and working.

With better


now reached the last eight for just the fifth time in history to emulate the likes of Michael Bradley and Jozy Altidore who did the same with the U.S. back in 2007.

[ VIDEO: Watch Rubin’s goal, Steffen’s PK save ]

Early on in the first half the U.S. were dealt a blow as Bradford Jamieson went off injured and was replaced by Jordan Allen. Colombia were calm in possession and had plenty of the play in the first 45 minutes but failed to really test Steffen in goal for the U.S.

At the start of the second half Alexis Zapata clipped a delightful ball over the top to Jeison Lucumi but his shot was well-saved by Steffen who stayed tall. Colombia’s best chance of the game so far went begging.would not try to make excuses either this guy needs to learn things the hard way; I would simply offer help.
But hey,, what do I know? I'm just a newbie.

ironben wrote:I found my board miles down from miller. Did 1hr of riding 5 of walking.The other guy lost 2 boards managed to find one. we stayed to late hours to see if it was washed out on the beach. to make meters worse, someone took or stole this guy pump and bag with the keys to his car, making his wife drive from Chicago.On the other note I have to say, it is funny for some to say that there are boards (expensive boards) floating in water, however, this could be easily avoided if some of you veterans


of the World Zionist Organization, declared the independence of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948. The U.S. was the first country to recognize Israel minutes later. The state of Israel has benefitted from U.S. largesse both in terms of money and protection from international condemnation at the United Nations.

The state of Israel has also benefitted from the U.S. government’s refusal to investigate or hold it accountable for its misdeeds. If Americans only knew how tight the U.S. government and the government of Israel really are, we might question those in power. As it currently stands, there’s very little questioning and a great deal of genuflecting when Israeli leaders call Washington.

For who? Certainly, the fallacious facade of the U.S. as a neutral mediator for peace in the  const boost::optional<std::string>& defaultValue,
                       const std::vector<std::string>& choiceValues,
                       const std::vector<std::string>& choiceDisplayNames,
                       const boost::optional<std::string>& minValue,
                       const boost::optional<std::string>& maxValue);

    std::string name() const;
    std::string displayName() const;
    boost::optional<std::string> description() const;
    std::string type()


const;
    boost::optional<std::string> units() const;
    bool required() const;
    bool modelDependent() const;
    boost::optional<std::string> defaultValue() const;
    std::vector<std::string> choiceValues() const;
    std::vector<std::string> choiceDisplayNames() const;
    boost::optional<std::string> minValue() const;
    boost::optional<std::string> maxValue() const;

    void writeValues(pugi::xml_node &element) const;

    bool operator==(const BCLMeasureArgument& other) const;

  private:
    std::string m_name;
    std::string m_displayName;
    boost::optional<std::string> m_description;
    std::string m_type;
    boost::optional<std::string> m_units;
    bool m_required;
    bool m_modelDependent;
    boost::optional<std::string> m_defaultValue;
    std::vector<std::string> m_choiceValues;
    std::vector<std::string> m_choiceDisplayNames;
    boost::optional<std::string> m_minValue;
    boost::optional<std::string> m_maxValue;
  };

P.2d 596.) Further, the Supreme Court has held: "We have recognized that a wide variety of factors may illuminate the legislative design, `"such as context, the object in view, the evils to be remedied, the history of the time and of legislation upon the same subject, public policy and contemporaneous construction."` (In re Marriage of Bouquet [ (1976) ] 16 Cal.3d 583, 587 [128 Cal.Rptr. 427, 546 P.2d 1371] quoting Alford v. Pierno (1972) 27 Cal. App.3d 682, 688 [104 Cal.Rptr. 110].)" (Walters v. Weed (1988) 45 Cal.3d 1, 10, 246 Cal.Rptr. 5, 752 P.2d 443.) Ultimately, "[w]e must select the construction that comports most closely with the apparent intent of the Legislature, with a view to promoting rather than defeating the general purpose of the statute, and


years at the Indy 500 were just incredible. I am also very impressed on how aggressively they have addressed their needs for 2017, and am really looking forward to working with my new environment and can’t wait to get started.”

Added Andretti, “One of the things I am looking forward to the most about working with Takuma is his open personality. He is very friendly and encouraging to work with, his personality will be a strong addition to the team and I think he will work very well alongside Ryan, Alexander and Marco.”

Sato completes the four-car Verizon IndyCar Series field for Andretti as he joins Ryan Hunter-Reay (No. 28 DHL Honda), Alexander Rossi (No. 98 Honda) and Marco Andretti (No. 27 hhgregg Honda). The 2017 season goes green on"Wed Jan 3 XX:XX:XX 2018:". So, possibly remove n characters after each occurrences of Wed should do.
How would I accomplish it with sed ?

A:

With awk:
awk -v RS='[[:alpha:]]{3} [[:alpha:]]{3} [0-9]{1,2} ([0-9]{2}:?){3} [0-9]{4}:' \
    -v ORS='' '{print}'  datafile

NOF DOWN BITS = 96 data = 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E
nof_received_data_packets

This works by setting the Record Separator (RS) to a regex that matches strings which look like a date & time followed by a :, and setting the Output Record Separator (ORS) to empty.
Then it just prints each "record".
It works with any date & time, assuming only that short Month names and short Day names are always three letters long, and that the date format is always going


Photo by: David Goldman
** FILE ** U.S. Postal Service letter carrier Jamesa Euler turns down the flag on a mailbox while delivering mail in the Cabbagetown neighborhood in Atlanta on Feb. 7, 2013. (Associated Press)only.

Here we give an explicit counterexample based on the exact analytical solution of the constrained statistical multifragmentation model (CSMM) of nuclei in the thermodynamic limit which leads to the bimodal fragment distributions inside of the cross-over region without the phase transition existence. In addition, we develop a realistic equation of state for the liquid phase which, in contrast to the original SMM formulation [@SMM:Bugaev00], is a compressible one. The suggested approach obeys the L. van Hove axioms of statistical mechanics. The second important element of the present model is a realistic parameterization of the surface tension temperature dependence which is based on the exact analytical solution of the partition function of surface deformations.

CSMM with compressible nuclear liquid in thermodynamic limit
============================================================

The general solution of the CSMM partition function formulated


since Eq. (\[EqII\]) can have only two kinds of solutions [@Bugaev:CSMM05], either the gaseous pole $p_g (T, \mu) = T \lambda_0 (T, \mu)$ for ${\cal F}(V,\lambda_0 - 0) < \infty$ or the liquid essential singularity $p_l (T, \mu) = T \lambda_0 (T, \mu)$ for ${\cal F}(V,\lambda_0 - 0) \rightarrow  \infty$. The mathematical reason why only the rightmost solution $\lambda_0 (T, \mu) = \max \{Re(\lambda_n)\} $ of Eq. (\[EqII\]) defines the system pressure is evident from Eq. (\[EqI\]): in the limit $V \rightarrow \infty$ all the solutions of (\[EqII\]) other than the rightmost one are exponentially suppressed.

In the thermodynamic limit the model has a PT, when there occurs a change of the rightmost solution type, i.e. when the gaseous pole is changed by the liquid essential singularity orof nucleons $k$ in a fragment. However, for the supercritical temperatures one finds the typical bimodal fragment size distribution for a variety of temperatures and chemical potentials as one can see from Fig.\[fig4\].

A sharp peak at low $k$ values reflects a fast increase of the probability density of dimers compared to the monomers (nucleons), since the intermediate fragment sizes do not have the binding free energy and the surface free energy and, hence, the monomers are significantly suppressed in this region of thermodynamic parameters. On the other hand, it is clear that the tail of fragment distributions in Fig. \[fig4\] decreases due to the dominance of the bulk free energy and, hence, the whole structure at intermediate fragment sizes is due to a competition between the surface free


the needs of the member while holding themaccountable to program protocol.•Demonstrate the ability to interact and work appropriately with patients andco-workers and at all levels of the Company in a positive, productive andprofessional manner.•Flexibility and ability to adapt to and implement change. •Basic computer skills with proficiency in of Microsoft Office, including Word,Outlook and Excel and ability to use and learn a CRM Database/POS system.•Exceptional sales skills and commitment to customer service.•Excellent communication skills in verbally and in writing. Must have theability to establish and maintain relationships with patients•Leadership skills with the ability to be self-directed.•Bachelor’s degree in a related field or equivalent of education and workexperience combined. •Performance based sales experience in a retail service commission environmentstrongly preferred.•Knowledge and/or experience in weight loss, high end retail, cosmetics,wellness---
abstract: |
    Preprint of an article published in Next Generation Experiments to Measure the Neutron Lifetime, pp. 145-154, [doi: 10.1142/9789814571678\_0015\$](doi: 10.1142/9789814571678_0015$) $\copyright$ \[copyright World Scientific Publishing Company\] \[<http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814571678_0015>\]\
    \
    This paper describes a new magnetic trap for ultra-cold neutrons (UCNs) made from a 1.2$\,$m long Halbach-octupole array of permanent magnets with an inner bore radius of $47\,{\rm mm}$ combined with an assembly of superconducting end coils and bias field solenoid. The use of the trap in a vertical, magneto-gravitational and a horizontal setup are compared in terms of the effective volume and ability to control key systematic effects that need to be addressed in high precision neutron lifetime measurements.
bibliography:
- 'Leung\_neutronworkshop.bib'
---

[**A comparison of two magnetic ultra-cold neutron trapping concepts using


two concepts using an Halbach-octupole array combined with a superconducting coil assembly are discussed in this paper.

Previously, the idea of using a UCN production volume integrated inside a horizontal, sliding magnetic bottle was presented[@Leung2009]. Its goal was to extract produced UCNs to vacuum in order to avoid losses due to interactions with the superfluid helium converter and also to avoid the dilution of the high density of UCNs offered by super-thermal production[@Golub1975]. In this scheme, due to the geometry of available cold neutron beams, the long axis of the trap is required to be horizontal. However, after further exploration of the idea, and combined with the recent success of a high-density superfluid helium UCN source using a vertical, window-less extraction system where transmission losses through windows are eliminated[@Zimmer2011],we decided to employ a more traditional scheme.

Design of magnetic fields
=========================

The central component of the discussed setups is the $1.2{\rm \, m}$ long 32-piece Halbach-type[@Halbach1980] octupole array for radial UCN confinement (shown in Fig. \[fig:octupoleArrayPhoto\]). The octupole has an inner bore radius $R = 47\,{\rm mm}$ and a nominal $B = 1.3{\, {\rm T}}$ at its surface (at room temperature). While the field near the center is that of an ideal octupole $B(\rho) \propto \rho^3$, deviations appear near $R$ due to the discrete number of magnets. The flux density $B$ from 2D finite element calculations with FEMM [@Meeker2006a] at different azimuthal angles $\phi$ and distances from $R$ is shown in Fig. \[fig:octupolefield\]. The weakest $B$ for a fixed radial position $\rho$ occurs at the off-pole pieces[^2].

![The octupole magnet array assembly: