approach. In consequence, the choice of surgical procedure is influenced by factors other than clinical outcome. Surgeons choosing to perform craniotomy charge more than those choosing to perform burr hole washout, though preferring a procedure based on revenue is a potential conflict of interest.

At our institution the two surgical drainage procedures presently being performed to treat CSDH are burr hole washout and "mini" craniotomy. Despite burr hole washout being the most common procedure reportedly performed around the world \[[@pone.0115085.ref002], [@pone.0115085.ref004]--[@pone.0115085.ref008]\]\[[@pone.0115085.ref003], [@pone.0115085.ref009]\], at our institution the numbers of patients receiving treatment via bur hole washout was roughly equal to those who were treated using the mini craniotomy technique.

Proponents for performing a craniotomy argue that the wide exposure allows for loculations to be broken up and membranes to be opened,years as the resident Quaker Studies teacher at the Pendle Hill retreat center in Wallingford, PA. In 2013 she was the Mullen Writing Fellow at the Earlham School of Religion while working on Our Life is Love.

Marcelle Martin

Carole Spencer writes in the introduction to the book:

Marcelle understands and interprets early Quaker experience in fresh and profound ways because she has lived their journey in her inimitable way … . She enters into their story with empathy, thus parting the veil for the modern reader to cross the threshold into the profound realm of those early Quakers who lived a life of holiness and perfection… . She also displays a gift for telling the inspiring stories of modern Friends, who continue to flesh out that roadmap.


---
address: |
    Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\
    Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309
author:
- 'J. D. Bjorken'
title: 'CP AND B PHYSICS: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS'
---

Generalities
============

It is a privilege for me, but something of a disadvantage otherwise, that I give this summary. I have not been active in $B$-physics for some time. The last time I did review the subject was in the mid 1980s [@ref1]. So, as an outsider, I will neither try to provide a compendium of the many interesting contributions, nor a comprehensive summary of the field. There will be few if any detailed quotations of results or exhibits of plots from the contributors to the meeting, and this overview will most likely be rather unbalanced.

On the other hand, there are some marginal advantagesto being an outsider. I perhaps can feel the changes which have been occurring within the field in the last decade more easily than those of you who are embedded within it full-time. And unlike some of our subfields which feel all too static, there really is a dynamic change in the CP/$b$-quark business. The primary driving force in physics is the technological progress, next the experiments which benefit from it, and finally the theory. In all three areas there have been most impressive advances. At DESY with DORIS/ARGUS, but especially at Cornell with CLEO, we have seen the storage ring performance steadily improve and the detector capability enhanced. CDF, SLD, and the LEP experiments have discovered $B$-physics and have done much more with it than at least


thousand experimentalists.

-   Maybe the CKM parametrization of CP violating effects is not enough, and that in addition to the standard sources of CP violation there are extra contributions. This could lead to inconsistent “determinations" of the angles $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\gamma$. It could also lead to CP violation occurring where it is not expected to occur, such as in $\psi\eta$, $\psi\phi$, $b \rightarrow s \gamma$, etc. One moral to the story is to look everywhere for CP violation, even in places shunned by respectable theorists. Another moral is that it is important to measure the standard CKM parameters as redundantly as possible. Lincoln Wolfenstein seemed in his talk [@ref7] to be somewhat distressed by the difficulties in sorting things out in this scenario. I can onlyless than 5 GeV. The total widths of charmonia come to mind, as well as the elegant analysis of tau decays to extract a value of the strong coupling constant. Also the whole subject of QCD sum rules resides in this energy range, although this technique involves art as well as science. However, success is far from guaranteed. During the meeting some of the theoretical discussion seemed to imply that one would be finding parton jets in the final states of $B$ decays. This will not happen. Electron-positron annihilation at 5 GeV no doubt is initiated by a quark anti-quark pair, but their hadronization leaves little trace of jettiness. True, the discovery experiment of “jettiness" did occur [@ref31] at just this cms energy. But the evidence for jets


the LHC [@ref63] (and perhaps with a new opportunity at C0 at Fermilab [@ref64]) there should be for the first time at least one dedicated $B$-physics detector existing in hadron-collider mode. The enormous yield of $b$’s and $c$’s produced at hadron colliders will create opportunities which are off-scale relative to what exists in present data.

In order to exploit the high rates and luminosities, there should—and almost certainly will be—major advances in detection capability. The emergence of micropixel detectors of silicon or diamond [@ref65] will, in my opinion, be a technological advance comparable to that created by the silicon microstrips. The high rates and bandwidth attained in the Fermilab charm experiments will be augmented even more in the next-generation detectors. I found it amusing to hear Brad Cox describeof the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
   derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
   IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
   OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
   DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
   INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
   (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
   SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
   HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
   STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING


= 1;
   st->vad_enabled = 0;
   st->dereverb_enabled = 0;
   st->reverb_decay = 0;
   st->reverb_level = 0;
   st->noise_suppress = NOISE_SUPPRESS_DEFAULT;
   st->echo_suppress = ECHO_SUPPRESS_DEFAULT;
   st->echo_suppress_active = ECHO_SUPPRESS_ACTIVE_DEFAULT;

   st->speech_prob_start = SPEECH_PROB_START_DEFAULT;
   st->speech_prob_continue = SPEECH_PROB_CONTINUE_DEFAULT;

   st->echo_state = NULL;

   st->nbands = NB_BANDS;
   M = st->nbands;
   st->bank = filterbank_new(M, sampling_rate, N, 1);

   st->frame = (spx_word16_t*)speex_alloc(2*N*sizeof(spx_word16_t));
   st->window = (spx_word16_t*)speex_alloc(2*N*sizeof(spx_word16_t));
   st->ft = (spx_word16_t*)speex_alloc(2*N*sizeof(spx_word16_t));

   st->ps = (spx_word32_t*)speex_alloc((N+M)*sizeof(spx_word32_t));
   st->noise = (spx_word32_t*)speex_alloc((N+M)*sizeof(spx_word32_t));
   st->echo_noise = (spx_word32_t*)speex_alloc((N+M)*sizeof(spx_word32_t));
   st->residual_echo = (spx_word32_t*)speex_alloc((N+M)*sizeof(spx_word32_t));
   st->reverb_estimate = (spx_word32_t*)speex_alloc((N+M)*sizeof(spx_word32_t));
   st->old_ps = (spx_word32_t*)speex_alloc((N+M)*sizeof(spx_word32_t));
   st->prior =       st->echo_noise[i] = MAX32(MULT16_32_Q15(QCONST16(.6f,15),st->echo_noise[i]), st->residual_echo[i]);
      filterbank_compute_bank32(st->bank, st->echo_noise, st->echo_noise+N);
   } else {
      for (i=0;i<N+M;i++)
         st->echo_noise[i] = 0;
   }
   preprocess_analysis(st, x);

   update_noise_prob(st);

   /* Noise estimation always updated for the 10 first frames */
   /*if (st->nb_adapt<10)
   {
      for (i=1;i<N-1;i++)
         st->update_prob[i] = 0;
   }
   */

   /* Update the noise estimate for the frequencies where it can be */
   for (i=0;i<N;i++)
   {
      if (!st->update_prob[i]


/* Speech absence a priori probability (considering sub-band and frame) */
      spx_word16_t q;
#ifdef FIXED_POINT
      spx_word16_t tmp;
#endif

      prior_ratio = PDIV32_16(SHL32(EXTEND32(st->prior[i]), 15), ADD16(st->prior[i], SHL32(1,SNR_SHIFT)));
      theta = MULT16_32_P15(prior_ratio, QCONST32(1.f,EXPIN_SHIFT)+SHL32(EXTEND32(st->post[i]),EXPIN_SHIFT-SNR_SHIFT));

      MM = hypergeom_gain(theta);
      /* Gain with bound */
      st->gain[i] = EXTRACT16(MIN32(Q15_ONE, MULT16_32_Q15(prior_ratio, MM)));
      /* Save old Bark power spectrum */
      st->old_ps[i] = MULT16_32_P15(QCONST16(.2f,15),st->old_ps[i]) + MULT16_32_P15(MULT16_16_P15(QCONST16(.8f,15),SQR16_Q15(st->gain[i])),ps[i]);

      P1 = QCONST16(.199f,15)+MULT16_16_Q15(QCONST16(.8f,15),qcurve (st->zeta[i]));
      q = Q15_ONE-MULT16_16_Q15(Pframe,P1);
#ifdef FIXED_POINT
      theta = MIN32(theta,        spx_word16_t p = st->gain2[i];
         st->gain[i] = MAX16(st->gain[i], st->gain_floor[i]);
         tmp = MULT16_16_P15(p,spx_sqrt(SHL32(EXTEND32(st->gain[i]),15))) + MULT16_16_P15(SUB16(Q15_ONE,p),spx_sqrt(SHL32(EXTEND32(st->gain_floor[i]),15)));
         st->gain2[i]=SQR16_Q15(tmp);
      }
      filterbank_compute_psd16(st->bank,st->gain2+N, st->gain2);
   }

   /* If noise suppression is off, don't apply the gain (but then why call this in the first place!) */
   if (!st->denoise_enabled)
   {
      for (i=0;i<N+M;i++)
         st->gain2[i]=Q15_ONE;
   }


  for (i=0;i<N3;i++)
      st->outbuf[i] = MULT16_16_Q15(x[st->frame_size-N3+i],st->window[st->frame_size+i]);

   /* Save old power spectrum */
   for (i=0;i<N+M;i++)
      st->old_ps[i] = ps[i];

   for (i=0;i<N;i++)
      st->reverb_estimate[i] = MULT16_32_Q15(st->reverb_decay, st->reverb_estimate[i]);
}

EXPORT int speex_preprocess_ctl(SpeexPreprocessState *state, int request, void *ptr)
{
   int i;
   SpeexPreprocessState *st;
   st=(SpeexPreprocessState*)state;
   switch(request)
   {
   case SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_DENOISE:
      st->denoise_enabled = (*(spx_int32_t*)ptr);
      break;
   case SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_DENOISE:
      (*(spx_int32_t*)ptr) = st->denoise_enabled;
      break;
#ifndef FIXED_POINT
   case SPEEX_PREPROCESS_SET_AGC:
      st->agc_enabled = (*(spx_int32_t*)ptr);
      break;
   case SPEEX_PREPROCESS_GET_AGC:
the in situ growth of human tissue permits the propagation of pathogens unable to be propagated (e.g., human papillomavirus) in cell culture.
The present invention provides methods for configuring vaginal tissue removed from a human source under conditions such that a lumen is created. The present invention also recites methods for engraffing human vaginal tissue into a non-human host such that said human xenograft is sustained by the internal milieu of said non-human host. The engrafted human vaginal tissue provides a stable platform that is not rejected by the non-human host and the vaginal tissue does not necrose.
The present invention also contemplates anal epithelium, removed from a human source, configured to create a lumen substantially lined with epithelium. The present invention also recites methods for engrafting said anal epithelium


                    brodi

                    nanvi


              1015

            peta

                    misro

            Egyptian (from “Mizraim”)


self._cleanup_dirs = []
        self._cleanup_files = []

        self.setup_ui()
        self.setWindowTitle(_('Unpack book') + ' - ' + db.title(book_id,
            index_is_id=True))

        button = self.fmt_choice_buttons[0]
        button_map = {unicode_type(x.text()):x for x in self.fmt_choice_buttons}
        of = prefs['output_format'].upper()
        df = tweaks.get('default_tweak_format', None)
        lf = gprefs.get('last_tweak_format', None)
        if df and df.lower() == 'remember' and lf in button_map:
    with..." to
            edit it in your favorite text editor.

When you are done: close the file browser window
            and the editor windows you used to make your tweaks. Then click
            the "Rebuild book" button, to update the book in your calibre
            library.

'''))
        self.help_label.setWordWrap(True)
        self._fr = QFrame()


open(rebuilt, 'rb') as f:
                self.db.add_format(self.book_id, fmt, f, index_is_id=True)
            self.accept()

    def cancel(self):
        self.reject()

    def cleanup(self):
        if ismacos and self._exploded:
            try:
                import appscript
                self.finder = appscript.app('Finder')
                self.finder.Finder_windows[os.path.basename(self._exploded)].close()
 information is up to you and the blog owner and writers will not be held accountable for your actions.

Everything on this blog is protected by copyright laws, do not copy and paste anything without Le Chrysalis' express written permission. Feel free to post links to the blog or any articles that you want to share!


ARPANET permitted various desktops to get linked to permit e-mails to become relayed from Laptop or computer to computer, with the primary ARPANET e-mail becoming despatched in 1971.

World identifier, uniquely corresponding to the chat to which the information Together with the callback button was sent. Practical for high scores in games.

The Telegram application has become well-liked in authoritarian international locations because it claims that all messages are encrypted and protected against federal government snooping. Its pro-privacy stance has built it preferred with several inside the virtual currency Group.

The Telegram Open up Community will use the idea of the blockchain, initially introduced by Bitcoin, to maintain many of the information of Telegram’s currency, known as the Gram, on personal computers around the world, without any central authority.

Exceptional identifier forfact so that its application need not depend merely on their private conceptions. Smith v. Goguen (1974), 415 U.S. 566, 94 S.Ct. 1242, 39 L.Ed.2d 605; Grayned v. City of Rockford (1972), 408 U.S. 104, 92 S.Ct. 2294, 33 L.Ed.2d 222; Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. City of Dallas (1968), 390 U.S. 676, 88 S.Ct. 1298, 20 L.Ed.2d 225.
That the statute might open the innocent conduct of others to possible prosecution is a matter of pure speculation and conjecture which is not before us in these consolidated cases. We are here concerned only with the specific conduct of these defendants and the application of the statute to them. People v. Garrison (1980), 82 Ill.2d 444, 453-57, 45 Ill.Dec. 132, 412 N.E.2d 483.
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the


also diverge the most significantly among the human LARPs at amino acids associated in hLa with UUU-3′OH binding, with hLARP4 containing two significant variations at hLARP4 residues C130 and M160 ([Figure 1](#gkt649-F1){ref-type="fig"}; hLa equivalent residues Y24 and F55, respectively). The LARP4 family is also different from the other La motif containing family members in that its La module often has a uniquely shortened linker between the LAM and adjacent RRM-L domain.

Consistent with a role in the metabolism of nascent polymerase III transcripts, a subset of 7SK RNA associates with hLa, presumably before being subsequently displaced by hLARP7 ([@gkt649-B37]). Given the high degree of conservation in the La motifs of the genuine La and LARP7 families, it is not surprising that hLa and hLARP7 show similarities in target recognition.FRET indexes and rate constants were by calculating a FRET index (emission at 680 nm versus emission at 590 nm) over time (s) in half-second time-points and normalizing these between 0 and 1 using Graphpad Prism 5.0. Histograms and tables with rate constants show the results of a minimum of three independent experiments.

tRNA-mediated suppression
-------------------------

tRNA-mediated suppression was performed as described ([@gkt649-B14]). Briefly, plasmids encoding hLa and mutants cloned into the SalI and BamHI sites of pREP4 were transformed into ySH9 ([@gkt649-B25]), and representative single colonies were selected and spotted on selective media containing 3 μg/ml adenine. To subclone hLARP6, which contains an endogenous BamHI site, this site was first mutated to a synonymous codon (I232 'ATC' to I232 'ATA') via Quikchange (Stratagene).

Northern Blots
--------------

Northern blots were performed as described ([@gkt649-B14]).


102-289/hLa linker−−14hLARP4 LM 102--289 C130Y/M160F/hLa linker−−15hLARP4 LM 102--289 C130Y/M160F/hLa linker/hLa loop3−−16hLARP6 full length (1--491)−−+++++17hLARP6 LM (74--295)++++18hLARP6 LM (74--313)++−+++++19hLARP6 LAM (74--180)−−−20hLARP6 RRM (175--313)−+++21hLARP6 CTD (314--491)−+++22hLARP7 full length (1--582)−+[^a^](#gkt649-TF1){ref-type="table-fn"}+++23hLARP7 LM (1--199)−+++24hLARP7 LM (1--217)+−+++25hLARP7 LAM (1--123)−−/+++26hLARP7 RRM (120--217)−−+++27hLARP7 CTD (218--582)−++++[^1]

We found that similar to what we had previously observed for the La module (1--217) of hLARP7 ([@gkt649-B28]), the La modules of hLARP4 (102--311) and hLARP6 (71--313) showed moderate to high activity in the tRNA-mediated suppression assay ([Figure 2](#gkt649-F2){ref-type="fig"}; compare column 6 with the vector alone control in column 1). Also similar to hLARP7, the full-length versions of hLARP4 and hLARP6 were significantly less active in the assay (column 4), although full-length hLARP6 did not accumulate appreciably in cells as determined by western blot (see [Supplementary Figure S1](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt649/-/DC1)). However, neither the Lachaperones ([@gkt649-B19],[@gkt649-B42]). The assay relies on RNA strands containing 21 nt of complementarity and labelled at their 5′-ends with either Cy5 (top strand) or Cy3 (bottom strand). When incubated in a heated cuvette or microplate reader at 37*°*C, the annealing of the two strands (Phase I) causes FRET (measured as an increase in FRET index) between the fluorophores, and the rate of annealing (*k*~ann~1) can be compared in the absence or presence of a candidate RNA chaperone with strand annealing activity. In Phase II of the assay (t = 180 s after the initiation of Phase I), an excess of unlabelled competitor, corresponding to the bottom strand sequence but lacking the Cy3 fluorophore, is injected into the cuvette. In the presence of an RNA chaperone with strand dissociation


the concentration for all subsequent work using full-length and hLARP deletion constructs to compare the activity of these more directly. We found that like genuine La, each of the full-length human LARPs was active in both strand annealing and strand displacement ([Figure 4](#gkt649-F4){ref-type="fig"}). Figure 4.The human LARPs 4, 6 and 7 are RNA chaperones. Full-length and various domains of hLARP4, 6 and 7 were tested for strand annealing and dissociation activity, compared with full-length hLa. Dark grey bars: strand annealing activity. Light grey bars: strand displacement activity. Negative controls: RNA alone and BSA protein added at the same concentration as proteins tested (100 nM). Positive control: hLa. (**A**) hLARP4 constructs; (**B**) hLARP6 constructs; (**C**) hLARP7 constructs. LM: La module; LAM: La motif; RRM: RNA recognition motif.

We then testeddata suggest that hLARP7 may harbour a compensatory region in or around the LAM that may substitute for the C-terminal RRM extension. As regions implicated in RNA chaperone activity are often highly charged with basic residues, one such candidate region in hLARP7 (see [Supplementary Figure S3](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt649/-/DC1)) could be a unique insertion immediately N-terminal to the LAM (amino acids 19--32: KKKEVEKKKRSRVK; pI = 10.73), which was included in our LAM construct owing to its proximity to amino acids known to be important for the native fold of the LAM and in UUU-3′OH binding \[i.e. amino acids Q41, F44, W45, F46 ([@gkt649-B2; @gkt649-B3; @gkt649-B4])\].

We have previously demonstrated that although the hLa LAM does not itself harbour RNA chaperone activity, it may serve as an accessory RNA chaperone domain by assisting


data are reminiscent of a previously characterized mutant of hLa (hLa S366A), which binds pre-tRNAs but is refractory to their maturation due to a block to tRNA processing caused by restricting access to a processing enzyme \[in that case, RNase P ([@gkt649-B21])\]. Although a hLARP7-pre-tRNA complex has not been observed in human cells, it should be taken into consideration that the 7SK RNA is specific to metazoans (i.e. absent in the context of the *S. pombe* tRNA-mediated suppression assay) and that hLARP7 may not engage pre-tRNAs, or engage them to a much lower degree, in the presence of its endogenous target and/or in the presence of competing hLa (also absent in the context of the tRNA mediated suppression assay).

Consistent with an RNA chaperone function in tRNA-mediated suppression, wehave used a FRET-based assay for RNA strand annealing and dissociation to show that the full length and La modules of hLARP4, 6 and 7 all harbour RNA chaperone activity. This represents, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a conserved activity across the La motif containing superfamily, with representative members of all families having been tested with the exception of the LARP1 family. Based on our previous work indicating a role for amino acids C-terminal to the RRM having an important function in RNA chaperone activity, we wanted to also test the equivalent regions in the human LARPs. Indeed, we found that deletion of regions C-terminal to the predicted RRM fold significantly inhibited strand-annealing activity for hLARP4 and hLARP6, and to a lesser extent, hLARP7, similar to


case when we tell our stories,” Wilson said. “Nobody wants to hear this. And we want to be heard.”

Wilson wants his fellow delegates to understand what the adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse endure. And what recourse they have years and years later. And for two years, he has sponsored legislation aimed at helping them.

As it stands, a criminal case against an abuser can be pursued anytime, no matter how long ago the abuse happened.

But a civil case — the kind of action that can get a patient’s treatment paid for — has a statute of limitations. Victims have seven years once they reach adulthood to file a civil suit against a molester or a school, a team or a church that enabled that abuser.

And unless a victimalive.

What followed was 20 years of bulking up in Army combat training, 20 years of womanizing, rage, short fuses, withdrawal, sleepless nights before he was ready to consider the possibility that all these demons inside him should be addressed.

And he’s hardly alone.

[The Sandusky legacy: More sexual abuse victims speaking out]

About three-quarters of children who were sexually abused don’t tell anyone for at least a year, about 45 percent keep it a secret for five years, and many never tell anyone, according to the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the University of New Hampshire.

But Md. House Bill 1215 and its counterpart, Senate Bill 69, would give victims 20 years to file their suits once they reach adulthood. So, you’d have to decide to confront your abuser by the


cases, the testimony continued: “There comes a time when an individual or an organization should be secure in the reasonable expectation that past acts are indeed in the past and not subject to further lawsuits.”

The opposition matters. “Maryland is a Catholic state, you know,” said Del. Susan K. McComas (R-Harford).

House Judiciary Committee Chairman Joseph F. Vallario Jr. (D-Prince George’s) has refused to put the bill up for a vote. He did not respond to my request for comment.

“Vallario knows it will pass,” Wilson said.

But McComas, who said she “may” support the bill if it were to come up for a vote, is skeptical that it would do any good.

“Money isn’t going to cleanse any souls,” McComas said.

She said that was what she meant when she emailed John Plaschke,every day to move forward.

“I slept about an hour and a half last night,” he said. “I know, if I go sleep, I’m not going to dream. I’m going to remember.”

Twitter: @petulad


 Delhi – Delhi Sultanate
 Demak – Sultanate of Demak
 Denkyira
 Desmond – Kingdom of Desmond
  Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
 Dizak – Principality of Dizak
 Dulkadirids – Beylik of Dulkadir

E
  – Kingdom of England
 Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire

F
  Fermanagh
  – Kingdom of France

G
 Gajapati – Gajapati dynasty, Odisha
 Garhwal – Kingdom of Garhwal
  – Republic of Genoa
 Gowa – Sultanate of Gowa
 Great Fulo – Empire of Great Fulo
  Golden Horde – Golden Horde
  Gujarat – Gujarat Sultanate

H
  Hanthawaddy – Hanthawaddy Kingdom
 Hausa Kingdoms
 Hawwara

  Hungary – Kingdom of Hungary

I
 Igala – Kingdom of Igala
  Imereti – Kingdom of Imereti
with different people using different identities. Just as Sherry Turkle says in her book Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet, the existence of the Internet has become a place where people are able to forge "cyber-identities" and even get more comfortable being who they are. The Internet possesses the magic to "decentralize" the social identities of users in the virtual world--it strips users of their identities, wealth, social status and social relations in the real world, which makes it possible for online individuals to freely express their opinions and communicate with each other. It "shatters" the "bodies" of people, making their online identities so fragmented and multiple that it becomes really difficult to unify them. Besides, I felt that the separation of online


The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind:

The masses live by, and are ruled by, subconscious and emotional thought process. The crowd has never thirsted for the truth. It turns aside from evidence that is not to its taste, preferring to glorify and to follow error, if the way of error appears attractive enough, and seduces them. Whoever can supply the crowd with attractive emotional illusions may easily become their master; and whoever attempts to destroy such firmly entrenched illusions of the crowd is almost sure to be rejected.

On Chinese BBSes, there was one recurrent issue that never failed to attract the attention of "the crowd", that is, the anti-Japan nationalism. Last year, MIT's Visualizing Culture issue was just a case of this point. MIT's Visualizing Culture course,Besides, after the advent of blogs I saw a trend of the unification of online identities with offline identities in China. Some bloggers have begun to view their blogs as a virtual spiritual home and uncover their real identities on blogs. In this way, netizens will be more responsible for their online speeches. Thus, blogs were supposed to become a powerful driver to accelerate the democratization process in China. However, it dismayed me again. The swift development of celebrity blogs in 2005 finally brought a rigid hierarchy in China's blogosphere. The popularity of a blog became positively related to the fame of the blogger in real life. Celebrity blogs greatly overshadowed common people's voices, the result of which discouraged ordinary people from participating in the democratization in China.


in the future.”

If the LPC is added to the threatened list, it will restrict some land uses, Boal
said. However, if landowners and producers – farmers and ranchers – have previously
entered one of many cooperatives established by state and federal wildlife conservation
agreements– which are managed by Texas Parks and Wildlife, they can continue whatever
practices are already in place and are protected from some of these restrictions.

“What people need to understand is that it’s not just prairie chickens. It’s really
the inter-connectedness of these biotic communities,” Boal said. “When we have indicators
like a prairie chicken, and there’s something going wrong, that’s an indication of
that biotic community as a whole. We need to think about, ‘what is the world we want
to live in?’

When you talk to landowners around here, they rhapsodize about$(removeButton).parent().parent();
    productRow.hide();
  }
  </script>
  <script
    src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"
    integrity="sha256-FgpCb/KJQlLNfOu91ta32o/NMZxltwRo8QtmkMRdAu8="
    crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script src="js/ResponsiveAccordianMenu.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

A:

Você pode utilizar a função not() do jQuery para negar uma condição, por exemplo:
"Delete todos os botões que não sejam o que foi clicado"
Exemplo:

$('.item').on('click', function () {
    var allExceptClicked = $('.item').not(this);
    removeItems(allExceptClicked);
});

function removeItems(buttons) {
    buttons.each(function(index, element) {
        $(element).remove();
    });
}
.item {
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  display: inline-block;
  border: 1px solid black;
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
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A função removeItems faz um loop em todos os botões que não sejam o clicado a remove todos.


772 F.2d 917
*Malloyv.Spears
84-7676
United States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.
8/26/85

1
N.D.Ala.

AFFIRMED

2
---------------

* Fed.R.App.P. 34(a);  11th Cir.R. 23.

played on the playing fields of County School until being able to return to Queens Park in December 1919.

The club started to develop the ground in the 1920s, with banking created and a new 300-seat stand installed on the western side of the ground in 1922 at a cost of £250. With the extension of the roof, the seating capacity was later increased to about 400. However, players still changed in the nearby Horse and Groom pub. A covered terrace was installed in 1930 and dressing rooms built the following year. Another covered stand was installed at the Ford End Road end of the ground in 1935, which was replaced by a more modern stand in 1953. The capacity had reached at least 6,000, and a new record


spent the day at home after being furloughed from his job at the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.

"It was essentially a lunch break," Mr Chapel, who works at the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, joked.

What is a Dreamer? A child of unauthorised immigrants to the US

A child of unauthorised immigrants to the US Many have gone to school in the US and identify as American

Many have gone to school in the US and identify as American Takes its name from an unpassed 2001 bill that would allow pathway to US citizenship

Takes its name from an unpassed 2001 bill that would allow pathway to US citizenship Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) was designed to provide relief from threat of deportation

DeferredAction for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) was designed to provide relief from threat of deportation A two-year, renewable DACA authorisation allows for reprieve from deportation, work rights, drivers' licence and bank accounts Source: National Immigration Law Centre

"I'm a much more relaxed federal employee now that I have had a nice lunch break."

The shutdown undercut Mr Trump's self-crafted image as a dealmaker who would repair the broken culture in Washington.

It forced Mr Trump to cancel a weekend trip to his Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida and created uncertainty around his scheduled trip this week to the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.

The US Government cannot fully operate without funding bills that are voted on in Congress regularly.

Washington has been hampered by frequent threats of a shutdown in recent years as the


reliable monitoring data on the extent and quality of routine interventions (for example NSP) and service implementation remains rare. Epidemiological studies and routine analysis of health indicator data are key to evaluating drug service effectiveness, but they are infrequently extended to and combined with detailed information on intervention characteristics \[[@CR15], [@CR41], [@CR57]--[@CR59]\]. A tight nexus between indicators of quality and drug service provision and health outcomes has been documented \[[@CR60]--[@CR62]\]. Despite the wide range of quality standards and best practice guidelines for drug services on the national and international level \[[@CR6], [@CR23], [@CR24], [@CR56]\], research has shown that adherence to these guidelines should not be taken for granted, and there is a need for data that reflect the reality of actual practice 'on the ground' \[[@CR63], [@CR64]\]. Therereliable data at a pan-European level, \[[@CR101]--[@CR103]\] these are being relatively well reported (almost all countries reporting on most indicators, Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}), and they have been followed at the global level \[[@CR73], [@CR104]--[@CR106]\].Table 1Epidemiological indicators for people who use drugs being used at European Union levelDomainIndicatorsCountries, out of 30, reporting in 2011--2015^b^Data typeAdditional informationPrevalence of drug use in the general population^a^Prevalence of lifetime use, last year use, last month use25%Representative (household) surveys with breakdowns by drug, age, gender, complemented by school surveys in 15-16 year old students (ESPAD) <http://www.espad.org/>High-risk drug use/problem drug use^a,c^Population size estimates of high-risk PWUD including hidden populations (all, opioids, stimulants, PWID)25Rate/1000Confidence intervals, estimation methodsTreatment demand^a^Clients entering treatment30CountsBreakdowns by ever previously treated, treatment type, prison, main drug, sex, age at treatment, age at first use, referral


consultation with law enforcement /community /neighbourhood: avoiding nuisance and conflict, improving safety for both clients and community (index: high /medium /low) Regular consultation with the users of the service: feedback, evaluation, client satisfaction (index: high /medium /low) Assessment procedures: risk behaviours, needs, health status, informed consent, data confidentiality, written client records (index: high /medium /low) Psycho-social interventions provided (with or without medication): (yes /no) Frequency of contact with a counsellor /social worker (times per month) Staff qualification, multidisciplinarity, education and (ongoing) training (index: high /medium /low) Case /contact management follows protocol /guidelines (yes /no, specify which) Type of funding source: private /public; national /international, etc.; and security of funding (per client, grant-based, etc.), utilisation monitoring (treatment slots used), peer support /aid (to construct an overall index score on funding continuity and reliability: high /medium /low)^a^Themixed \[[@CR161]--[@CR163]\]. Additionally, disaggregated spending records could indicate whether programmes invest in adequate numbers of well-trained staff and procure quality commodities that meet the needs of the people accessing the service---all related to the quality of service provision. While we recommend monitoring harm reduction funding, this did not make it into the 12 priority indicators, as our focus has been on the service coverage and quality per se. While investment in itself would not denote quality, whether a programme is funded by government or an international donor can have implications for its sustainability that are important to monitor. There are several countries in Europe, as well as globally, facing issues with harm reduction sustainability and funding. It would be timely to consider a separate pilot study on the


here." "I say, let nature take its course." "Marcus, please don't do this." "Why not, Duncan?" "Look what they've done to you." "If we save him, what kind of life is he gonna have serving these creatures?" "A life far better than the one he has here, Marcus." "All of us here, we weren't taken over." "We volunteered." "This is the last place we tracked the signal." "Split up." "You see anything, you let me know before you move in." "Let's go." "Under the circumstances, Duncan, I'm afraid I don't believe you." "It says we knew you wouldn't understand, Marcus." "That's why we tried to keep this quiet." "Once we have fulfilled our mission, we will go." "What mission?" "It says we were created half a million yearswere leaving." "Please don't." "If you go, I'll miss you, and I hate that feeling." "Kind of have to, Marcus." "You see, for a while there, I knew what it was like to be special and I can't go back to what I was." "When we were joined, I...." "I saw things out there, incredible things." "And I want to try and find them really see them, just once before I die be special one more time." "I wish there was something I could do." " I'm sorry." " No." "You did what you did because you care." "Got nothing to do with you and everything-- Everything to do with me." "Maybe it was good." "Maybe we all need to wake up become special before it's too late."


about "One Step At A Time", is that you don't have to say "NO" to all alcohol, ever; only to the next drink (there is a huge positive difference).

NOTE 1: Just looking at the "whys" and the results, doesn't help us ind a solution, and this site's purpose is to hlp people find solutions toward healing and moving forward - so I suggest we look at the "reasons" carefully to see what the people who contributed them were "really" looking for, in order to understand why the alcohol didn't provide the answer or solution (perhaps it did so temporarily, but given they had to keep trying over and over, it did not do so permanently.

Thus, if we try to determine the "real" reason, we can not only understandlike Dead Rising, the Fatal Frame franchise, and Beyond Good and Evil (one of my favorite games of all time, by the way) that use photography, but it was never the main focus of the game. The one game I could think of that used photography as a major mechanic besides the Fatal Frame franchise was a PlayStation 3 game called Afrika. Recently in an interview with Polygon, the director of the soon-to-be-released Pokémon X & Y games, Junichi Masuda, who is best known for working on the Pokémon franchise and games like Drill Dozer and HarmoKnight, was asked about a sequel to this fan favorite Pokémon game. Of course, he didn’t give a straight answer as to whether they have an idea about doing for a sequel


/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
/*
 * Driver for Digigram VXpocket soundcards
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2002 by Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
 */

#ifndef __VXPOCKET_H
#define __VXPOCKET_H

#include <sound/vx_core.h>

#include <pcmcia/cistpl.h>
#include <pcmcia/ds.h>

struct snd_vxpocket {

	struct vx_core core;

	unsigned long port;

	int mic_level;	/* analog mic level (or boost) */

	unsigned int regCDSP;	/* current CDSP register */
	unsigned int regDIALOG;	/* current DIALOG register */

	int index;	/* card index */

	/* pcmcia stuff */
	struct pcmcia_device	*p_dev;
};

#define to_vxpocket(x)	container_of(x, struct snd_vxpocket, core)

extern struct snd_vx_ops snd_vxpocket_ops;

void vx_set_mic_boost(struct vx_core *chip, int boost);
void vx_set_mic_level(struct vx_core *chip, int level);

int vxp_add_mic_controls(struct vx_core *chip);

/* Constants used to access the CDSP register (0x08). */
#define CDSP_MAGIC	0xA7	/* magic value (for read) */
/* for write */
#define VXP_CDSP_CLOCKIN_SEL_MASK	0x80	/* 0 (internal), 1 (AES/EBU) */
#define VXP_CDSP_DATAIN_SEL_MASK	0x40	/* 0 (analog), 1 (UER) */
#define VXP_CDSP_SMPTE_SEL_MASK		0x20
#define VXP_CDSP_RESERVED_MASK		0x10
#define VXP_CDSP_MIC_SEL_MASK		0x08
#define VXP_CDSP_VALID_IRQ_MASK		0x04
#define VXP_CDSP_CODEC_RESET_MASK	0x02
#define VXP_CDSP_DSP_RESET_MASK		0x01
/* VXPOCKET 240/440 */
#define P24_CDSP_MICS_SEL_MASK		0x18
#define P24_CDSP_MIC20_SEL_MASK		0x10
#define P24_CDSP_MIC38_SEL_MASK		0x08

/* Constants used to access the MEMIRQ register (0x0C).2000 for both of them and gave them the same options.

I never sold cars for a living in my life until 3 months ago, but when I made the decision to give it a try I decided to sell a product I could believe in. After learning all I know I will never buy any other brand again because Toyota has proven to me they care about 3 things when it comes to cars.

# 1. They care about passenger safety.
# 2. They care about reliability.
# 3. They care about Resale value.

and their actions prove it in what they spend their profits on, which is developing more vehicles to meet everyone's needs and leaving them always wanting to buy another one. Other car company's make people think they are


even if you are a person who likes a new vehicle when you are done paying for your current one you must admit it would be great to have it be worth a whole lot more, rather than worth-less...    {
                k++;
            }
        }
    }

    if (k > 0)
    {
        std::cout << "Congratulations you matched: " << k << " number(s)";
    }
    if (k == 0)
    {
        std::cout << "Unfortunatly you matched: " << k << " numbers";
    }

}

void Game::compareNumbers2()
{
    int k = 0;

    for (int i = 0; i


(k == 5)
    {
        prizeMoney = 30000;
        std::cout << "Congratulations, you have won: 30,000 pounds.";
    }
    if (k == 6)
    {
        prizeMoney = 3000000;
        std::cout << "Congratulations, you have won: 3,000,000 pounds.";
    }
}

Main.cpp
#include "Game.h"

    std::cout << "Do you wish to enter your own numbers or generate them randomly?: ('own',     'random') ";
    std::getline (std::cin, choice);
    if (choice == "random")
    {
       play.generateRandomNumbersUser();
        std::cout << std::endl << std::endl;

        play.generateRandomNumbersLottery();
        std::cout << std::endl << std::endl;

        play.compareNumbers2();
    }

    if (choice == "own")
    {
        play.userInputNumbers();
        std::cout << std::endl << std::endl;
        play.generateRandomNumbersLottery();
        std::cout << std::endl << std::endl;

        play.compareNumbers1();
    }

    play.results();

    system("pause");
    return


As physicians begin to use telehealth (phone calls, video visits, and communication over online medical record applications) to communicate with their patients, students should be included (and instructed) in this learning environment. It is likely that telehealth will persist long after the pandemic recedes---perhaps even as a preferred method of the physician-patient interaction in some situations. Therefore, it is essential that students graduate from medical school well trained in telehealth including technological aspects as well as learning the most professional models of the physician-patient distance interaction. Enterprising students may wish to develop new platforms for telehealth interactions with patients and other medical professionals. This is also an opportunity for innovation and disruption in the area of student evaluation. Use of technologies such as artificial intelligence to classify student--(simulation/real-life) patient& [$\Leftrightarrow$]{} & [$\Leftrightarrow$]{} & [$\Leftrightarrow$]{}\

To illustrate the use of our generalized adjustment criterion, suppose we are given the $\operatorname{CPDAG}$ in Figure \[fig:cpdagexample\]a and we want to estimate the total causal effect of $X$ on $Y$. Our criterion will inform us that the set $\{A,Z\}$ is an adjustment set for this $\operatorname{CPDAG}$, meaning that it is an adjustment set in every $\operatorname{DAG}$ that the $\operatorname{CPDAG}$ represents (Figure \[fig:cpdagexample\]b). Hence, we can estimate the causal effect without knowledge of the full causal structure. In a similar manner, by applying our criterion to a $\operatorname{MAG}$ or a $\operatorname{PAG}$, we find adjustment sets that are valid for all $\operatorname{DAG}$s represented by this $\operatorname{MAG}$ or $\operatorname{PAG}$. Our criterion finds such adjustment sets whenever they exist; else, the causal effect is not identifiable by covariate


Y \} = \emptyset$. Then $$\begin{aligned}
&E(Y {\:\vert\:}do(x)) =  \int_{y} y f(y {\:\vert\:}do(x))dy  =   \int_{y} y \int_\mathbf{z} f(y {\:\vert\:}x,\mathbf{z})f(\mathbf{z})d\mathbf{z}dy  \nonumber \\
& =  \int_\mathbf{z} \int_{y} y f(y {\:\vert\:}x,\mathbf{z})dyf(\mathbf{z})d\mathbf{z} = \int_\mathbf{z} E(Y {\:\vert\:}x,\mathbf{z})f(\mathbf{z})d\mathbf{z}  \nonumber \\
&=  \int_\mathbf{z}(\alpha + \gamma x + \beta^T \mathbf{z})f(\mathbf{z})d\mathbf{z}=\alpha + \gamma x + \beta^T E(\mathbf{Z}), \nonumber\end{aligned}$$

where we use the fact that all conditional expectations in a multivariate Gaussian distribution are linear, so that $E(Y {\:\vert\:}x,\mathbf{z}) = \alpha + \gamma x + \beta^{T} \mathbf{z}$, for some $\alpha, \gamma \in \mathbb{R}$ and $\beta \in \mathbb{R}^{|\mathbf{z}|}$. Defining the total causal effect of $X$ on $Y$ as $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}E(Y {\:\vert\:}do(x))$, we obtain that the total causal effect of $X$ on $Y$ is $\gamma$, that is, the regression coefficient of $X$ in the regressionis not of definite status, as node $V_4$ is not of definite status on this path. Both proper definite status non-causal paths from $X$ to $Y$ are blocked by any set containing $V_3$. Hence, all sets satisfying the generalized adjustment criterion relative to $(X,Y)$ in ${\mathcal{P}}_1$ are: $\{ V_3 \}$, $\{V_1, V_3 \}, \{V_2, V_3 \}$ and $\{ V_1, V_2, V_3 \}$.

In ${\mathcal{P}}_{2}$, we have ${\operatorname{Forb}(X,Y,{\mathcal{P}}_{2})} = {\operatorname{Forb}(X,Y,{\mathcal{P}}_1)} = \{ V_4, Y \}$, and there are three proper definite status non-causal paths from $X$ to $Y$ in ${\mathcal{P}}_{2}$: $p_1$ of the form $X \leftrightarrow V_3 \rightarrow Y$, $p_2$ of the form $ X \leftrightarrow V_3 \leftrightarrow V_4 \to Y$ and $p_3$ of the form $X \rightarrow V_4 \leftrightarrow V_3 \rightarrow Y$. To block $p_1$, we must use $V_3$, and this implies


\setminus (\mathbf{X} \cup \mathbf{Y} \cup {\operatorname{Forb}(\mathbf{X,Y},{\mathcal{G}})})$.

**(Descendral set)** Let $\mathbf{I}$ be a node set in a $\operatorname{DAG}$, $\operatorname{CPDAG}$, $\operatorname{MAG}$ or $\operatorname{PAG}$ ${\mathcal{G}}$. Then $\mathbf{I}$ is called descendral in ${\mathcal{G}}$ if $\mathbf{I} = \operatorname{PossDe}(\mathbf{I},{\mathcal{G}})$. \[def:descendral\]

A descendral set is in a sense analogous to an ancestral set, which is a set containing all ancestors of itself. Note that ${\operatorname{Forb}(\mathbf{X,Y},{\mathcal{G}})}$ and $\operatorname{PossDe}(\mathbf{X},{\mathcal{G}})$ are both descendral sets. This property will be used throughout the proofs. Note that if $\mathbf{A}$ is an ancestral set and $\mathbf{B}$ is a descendral set, then $\mathbf{A} \setminus \mathbf{B}$ is an ancestral set and $\mathbf{B} \setminus \mathbf{A}$ is a descendral set.

(**Constructive set**) Let $\mathbf{X}$ and $\mathbf{Y}$ be disjoint node sets in a $\operatorname{DAG}$, $\operatorname{CPDAG}$, $\operatorname{MAG}$ or $\operatorname{PAG}$ ${\mathcal{G}}$. Let $\mathbf{I} \supseteq {\operatorname{Forb}(\mathbf{X,Y},{\mathcal{G}})}$ be a descendral set in ${\mathcal{G}}$. Then there existsa set $\mathbf{Z}$ that satisfies the generalized adjustment criterion relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$ such that $\mathbf{Z} \cap \mathbf{I} = \emptyset$ if and only if ${\operatorname{Adjust}(\mathbf{X,Y},{\mathcal{G}})} \setminus \mathbf{I}$ satisfies the generalized adjustment criterion relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$. \[theorem:general set proof\]

The smallest set we can take for $\mathbf{I}$ in Theorem \[theorem:general set proof\] is ${\operatorname{Forb}(\mathbf{X,Y},{\mathcal{G}})}$. This leads to Corollary \[cor:adjust xy gac general\]. Pearl’s back-door criterion does not allow using descendants of $\mathbf{X}$ in a $\operatorname{DAG}$ ${\mathcal{D}}$. Moreover, the generalized back-door criterion does not allow using possible descendants of $\mathbf{X}$ in a $\operatorname{DAG}$, $\operatorname{CPDAG}$, $\operatorname{MAG}$ or $\operatorname{PAG}$ ${\mathcal{G}}$. Thus, another natural set to consider for $\mathbf{I}$ is $\operatorname{PossDe}(\mathbf{X},{\mathcal{G}})$. We will use $\mathbf{I} = \operatorname{PossDe}(\mathbf{X},{\mathcal{G}})$ and Theorem \[theorem:general set proof\] in Section \[sec:relation\] to define sets that satisfy generalized back-door criterion and Pearl’s back-door criterion.

Let


given in Lemma \[lemma:preprocessing\].

\[lemma:preprocessing\] Let $\mathbf{X}$ and $\mathbf{Y}$ be disjoint node sets in a causal DAG, CPDAG, MAG or PAG ${\mathcal{G}}$. Let $\mathbf{X'} \subseteq \mathbf{X}$ such that there is no possibly directed path from $\mathbf{X} \setminus \mathbf{X'}$ to $\mathbf{Y}$ that is proper with respect to $\mathbf{X}$. Then $$\begin{aligned}
f(\mathbf{y}|do(\mathbf{x})) = \begin{cases}
   f(\mathbf{y}) & \text{if }\mathbf{X'} = \emptyset,\\ f(\mathbf{y}|do(\mathbf{x'})) & \text{otherwise.} \end{cases}
   \end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, if $\mathbf{X'} \neq \emptyset$ and if $\mathbf{Z}$ is an adjustment set relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$, then $\mathbf{Z}$ is an adjustment set relative to $(\mathbf{X',Y})$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$.

If there is a node set $\mathbf{X'} \subseteq \mathbf{X}$, $\mathbf{X'} \neq \emptyset$, such that Lemma \[lemma:preprocessing\] holds, we can search for adjustment sets relative to $\mathbf{(X',Y)}$, rather than $\mathbf{(X,Y)}$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$. By Lemma \[lemma:preprocessing\], this pre-processing of the node$p$ remaining variables. Let every pair of variables be connected by an edge. Then the $\operatorname{DAG}$ contains $\sum_{i=0}^p p! / i! \approx p!\,e$ paths from $X$ to $Y$. Thus, a direct implementation of the generalized adjustment criterion has an exponential runtime in $p$. Still, a verbatim implementation of the criterion can be useful for verification and didactic purposes, as well as for sparse graphs with few paths, and we therefore provide one in the function `gac` of the R package `pcalg`.

The key result for implementing the criterion in an efficient manner is Theorem \[theorem:gac-alt\], which replaces the path blocking condition by an $m$-separation condition in a subgraph of ${\mathcal{G}}$, the proper back-door graph ${\mathcal{G}_{\mathbf{\mathbf{XY}}}^{pbd}}$. This condition can be checked efficiently by a simple depth-first or breadth-first graph traversal, known


nodes in a $\operatorname{DAG}$, $\operatorname{CPDAG}$, $\operatorname{MAG}$ or $\operatorname{PAG}$ ${\mathcal{G}}$. A path from $X$ to $Y$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$ is a back-door path if it does not start with a visible edge out of $X$. \[def:backdoor path\]

[(**Generalized back-door criterion**; [@maathuis2013generalized])]{} Let $\mathbf{X,Y}$ and $\mathbf{Z}$ be pairwise disjoint node sets in a $\operatorname{DAG}$, $\operatorname{CPDAG}$, $\operatorname{MAG}$ or $\operatorname{PAG}$ ${\mathcal{G}}$. Then $\mathbf{Z}$ satisfies the generalized back-door criterion relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$ if:

1.  \[gbc:cond1\] $\mathbf{Z}$ does not contain possible descendants of $\mathbf{X}$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$, and

2.  \[gbc:cond2\] for every $X \in \mathbf{X}$, the set $\mathbf{Z} \cup \mathbf{X} \setminus \{X\}$ blocks every definite status back-door path from $X$ to any member of $\mathbf{Y}$, if any, in ${\mathcal{G}}$.

A set $\mathbf{Z}$ that satisfies the generalized back-door criterion relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$ is called a generalized back-door set relative tois a causal path, and

3.  \[l:gbc-bc3\] there are no colliders on $p$, and

4.  \[l:gbc-bc4\] all nodes on $p$ are in $\operatorname{De}(\mathbf{X},{\mathcal{D}})$.

\[lemma:gbc bc\]

(**Constructive back-door set**) Let $\mathbf{X}$ and $\mathbf{Y}$ be disjoint node sets in a $\operatorname{DAG}$ ${\mathcal{D}}$. The following statements are equivalent:

1.  \[constr-bc-1\] There exists a set that satisfies Pearl’s back-door criterion relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{D}}$.

2.  \[constr-bc-2\] ${\operatorname{Adjust}(\mathbf{X,Y},{\mathcal{D}})}\setminus \operatorname{De}(\mathbf{X},{\mathcal{D}})$ satisfies Pearl’s back-door criterion relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{D}}$.

3.  \[constr-bc-3\] For all $X \in \mathbf{X}$, $Y \in \mathbf{Y}$, ${\operatorname{Adjust}(\mathbf{X,Y},{\mathcal{D}})} \setminus \operatorname{De}(\mathbf{X},{\mathcal{D}})$ satisfies condition \[d:bc2\] of Pearl’s back-door criterion.

\[cor:constr-bc\]

@maathuis2013generalized presented a constructive generalized back-door set for a $\operatorname{DAG}$, $\operatorname{CPDAG}$, $\operatorname{MAG}$ or $\operatorname{PAG}$ ${\mathcal{G}}$ when $|\mathbf{X}| = 1$. In Lemma \[lemma:adjust xy gbc cond 2\], we show that any set $\mathbf{Z}$ that satisfies our generalized adjustment criterion relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$


amen gen\] and Lemma \[lemma:general path proof\], we described such patterns for our generalized adjustment criterion. In Section \[subsec:GBC\], we showed that any set $\mathbf{Z}$ that satisfies our generalized adjustment criterion such that $\mathbf{Z} \cap \operatorname{PossDe}(\mathbf{X},{\mathcal{G}}) = \emptyset$ satisfies the generalized back-door criterion. Thus, to describe an additional pattern that appears when there is no set that satisfies the generalized back-door criterion relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$ we give Lemma \[lemma:no gbc path\]. Lastly, to complete Theorem \[theorem:unified-nope\] we add the pattern described in Lemma \[lemma:gbc bc\] that additionally appears when there is no set that satisfies Pearl’s back-door criterion relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$. Thus, Theorem \[theorem:unified-nope\] summarizes and subsumes the results of Lemmas \[lemma:adj amen gen\], \[lemma:general path proof\], \[lemma:gbc bc\] and \[lemma:no gbc path\].

Let $\mathbf{X}$ and $\mathbf{Y}$ be disjoint node sets in a $\operatorname{DAG}$,is no adjustment set relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$.

\[cor:noforbx\]

A necessary condition for both \[nogbc3\] and \[nobc3\] in Theorem \[theorem:unified-nope\] is that ${\mathcal{G}}$ contains a (possibly) directed path from one node in $\mathbf{X}$ to another node in $\mathbf{X}$. Thus, if $|\mathbf{X}|=1$, both \[nogbc3\] and \[nobc3\] in Theorem \[theorem:unified-nope\] are violated. Hence, if $|\mathbf{X}|=1$ there is a (generalized) back-door set relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in a $\operatorname{DAG}$ (or a $\operatorname{CPDAG}$, $\operatorname{MAG}$ or $\operatorname{PAG}$) ${\mathcal{G}}$, if and only if there is a set satisfying the generalized adjustment criterion relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$.

We finish this section by giving two corollaries that describe some additional simple conditions under which there exists a set satisfying two or all three of the discussed adjustment criteria. The intuition behind these results is as follows. A necessary condition for the existence of a path $p$ from $\mathbf{X}$ to


nodes $X_i,X_j \in \mathbf{X}$, let $p_1, \dots, p_r$ be all paths between $X_i$ and $X_j$ in ${\mathcal{D}}$ that do not contain a collider. Then $\operatorname{Cov}(X_i,X_j) = \sum_{s=1}^{r}\pi_s$, where $\pi_s$ is the product of all edge coefficients along path $p_s$, $s \in \{1,\dots, r\}$. \[theorem:wright\]

[cf. Theorem 3.2.4 @mardia1980multivariate p63] Let $\mathbf{X} = (\mathbf{X_1}^T,\mathbf{X_2}^T)^T$ be a $p$-dimensional multivariate Gaussian random vector with mean vector $\mathbf{\mu} = (\mathbf{\mu_1}^T,\mathbf{\mu_2}^T)^T$ and covariance matrix $\mathbf{\Sigma} = \begin{bmatrix}
\mathbf{\Sigma_{11}} & \mathbf{\Sigma}_{12} \\
\mathbf{\Sigma_{21}} & \mathbf{\Sigma}_{22}
\end{bmatrix}$, so that $\mathbf{X_1}$ is a $q$-dimensional multivariate Gaussian random vector with mean vector $\mathbf{\mu_1}$ and covariance matrix $\mathbf{\Sigma}_{11}$ and $\mathbf{X_2}$ is a $(p-q)$-dimensional multivariate Gaussian random vector with mean vector $\mathbf{\mu_2}$ and covariance matrix $\mathbf{\Sigma}_{22}$. Then $E[\mathbf{X_2} {\:\vert\:}\mathbf{X_1 = x_1}] = \mathbf{\mu_2} + \mathbf{\Sigma}_{21}\mathbf{\Sigma}_{11}^{-1} (\mathbf{x_1} - \mathbf{\mu_1})$. \[theorem:mardia-condexp\]

[(**Moralization**; [@lauritzen1988local])]{} Let ${\mathcal{D}}$ be a \put(1,0){$\rightarrow$}
  \end{picture}
}C$.

**R3** If $A {
  \setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}
  \begin{picture}(5,1)(0,0)
    \put(0.2,0){$\bullet$}
    \put(1,0){$\rightarrow$}
  \end{picture}
}B  {
  \setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}
  \begin{picture}(5,1)(0,0)
    \put(0.2,0){$\leftarrow$}
    \put(3,0){$\bullet$}
  \end{picture}
}C$, $A {
  \setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}
  \begin{picture}(5,1)(0,0)
    \put(0.2,0){$\bullet$}
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    \put(4, 1){\circle{1}}
  \end{picture}
}D {
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  \end{picture}
}C$, $A$ and $C$ are not adjacent, and $D {
  \setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}
  \begin{picture}(5,1)(0,0)
    \put(0.2,0){$\bullet$}
    \put(1.1, 1){\line(1,0){2.4}}
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  \end{picture}
}B$, then orient $D {
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  \begin{picture}(5,1)(0,0)
    \put(0.2,0){$\bullet$}
    \put(1.1, 1){\line(1,0){2.4}}
    \put(4,


1){\circle{1}}
  \end{picture}
}B$ as $D {
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}B$.

**R4** If $\left\langle D, \dots ,A,B, C \right\rangle$ is a discriminating path from $D$ to $C$ for $B$ and $B {
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}C$, then orient $B {
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}C$ as $B \rightarrow C$ if $B$ is in the separation set of $D$ and $C$; otherwise orient the triple $\left\langle A,B,C \right\rangle$ as $A \leftrightarrow B \leftrightarrow C$.

These four rules were proven to be sound in [@spirtes2000causation], meaning that edge marks oriented by these rules correspond to invariantedge marks in the maximally informative $\operatorname{PAG}$ for the true causal $\operatorname{MAG}$. Six additional orientation rules for the FCI algorithm were defined in [@zhang2008completeness]. The augmented FCI algorithm, including all ten orientation rules was proven to be sound and complete in [@zhang2008completeness].

Proofs for Section \[sec:main\] {#subsec:proofs GAC}
===============================

Figure \[figproof\] shows how all lemmas in this section fit together to prove Theorem \[theorem:gac\].

\[>=stealth’,shorten >=1pt,node distance=3cm,initial/.style =\] (T34) [**Theorem \[theorem:gac\]**]{}; (L53) \[left of= T34\] [Lemma \[lemmaprovingeqofacconditiona\]]{}; (L52) at (L53) [Lemma \[lemma:adj amen gen\]]{}; (L31) \[left of= L52,align=center\] [Lemma \[lemmadirectedpath\]]{}; (L46) \[left of= L31,align=center\] [Lemma \[lemma:stays\_invisible\]]{}; (L54) at (L53) [Lemma \[lemmaequivalenceofcondb\]]{}; (L56) \[left of= L54\] [Lemma \[lemma:2\]]{}; (L57) \[left of= L56,align=center\] [Lemma \[lemma:1\]]{}; (L58) \[left of= L57,align=center\] [Lemma \[lemma:non-causal path\]]{}; (-2.1,1) to (-1.2,.3); (-2,-1) to (-1.2,-.3); (L46) edge (L31); (L53) edge (T34); (L31) edge (L52); (L56) edge (L54); (L57) edge (L56); (L58) edge


{
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}D_1$ is in ${\mathcal{M}}$, $D {
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    \put(1.5,1){\line(1,0){2}}
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}D_1$ or $D {
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}D_1$ is in ${\mathcal{P}}$.

Suppose first that $D {
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}D_1$ is in ${\mathcal{P}}$, then by Lemma 0 from [@zhang2006causal] (see Lemma \[lemma0\]), ${{p}^{*}}$ is a discriminating path from $D$ to $Y$ for $X$, that is into $X$ in ${\mathcal{P}}$. Hence, $X \rightarrow Y$ is in ${\mathcal{P}}$, since otherwise rule **R4** in Appendix \[subsec:additional\] would have been applied. But then $X \rightarrow Y$ is a visible edge in\to V_2$ is visible, there is a node $D \notin \operatorname{Adj}(V_2,{\mathcal{P}})$ such that (1) $D {
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}X$ is in ${\mathcal{P}}$, or (2) there is a collider path $\langle D,D_1,\dots,D_k,X \rangle, k \ge 1$, that is into $X$ in ${\mathcal{P}}$ such that every $D_i, 1 \le i \le k$ is a parent of $V_{2}$ in ${\mathcal{P}}$. We consider these cases separately and show that we arrive at a contradiction, implying that ${{p'}^{*}}(V_1,Y)$ cannot start with $V_1 {
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}V_2$.

\(1) A node $D \notin \operatorname{Adj}(V_2,{\mathcal{P}})$ such that $D {
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    \put(0.2,0){$\bullet$}
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 \put(1,0){$\rightarrow$}
  \end{picture}
}X$ in ${\mathcal{P}}$ (there is a collider path $D {
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}D_1 \leftrightarrow \dots \leftrightarrow D_s \leftrightarrow X, s \ge 1$, where every node $D_1,\dots , D_s$ is a parent of $V_{2}$ in ${\mathcal{P}}$). The path $\langle D,X,V_1,V_{2} \rangle$ ($\langle D,D_1, \dots ,D_s,X,V_1,V_{2} \rangle$) is a discriminating path from $D$ to $V_2$ for $V_1$ in ${\mathcal{P}}$ so $V_1$ is of definite status on ${{p}^{*}}$, contrary to the assumption.

\[l:ncp:c\] If ${\mathcal{P}}$ is a $\operatorname{CPDAG}$ and $p(X,V_k), k \ge 2$ is a collider path, then it must be that $k=2$ and $V_k$ is of definite status on $p$. Hence, let ${\mathcal{P}}$ be a $\operatorname{PAG}$. There is an edge between $X$ and $V_{k+1}$ in ${\mathcal{P}}$, otherwise by Lemma \[lemma0\] the subpath\mathbf{Y} \cup \mathbf{Z}, {\mathcal{G}})$, by assumption, it follows that any collider on $p(D,E)$ must be in $\operatorname{An}(\mathbf{Z},{\mathcal{G}})$.

It is only left to show that $q$ is a non-causal path from $\mathbf{X}$ to $\mathbf{Y}$ in ${\mathcal{G}}$. If $v_{D}$ is not of zero length, this is obviously true. If $v_D$ is of zero length, then $q = p(X,E) \oplus v_E$. Since $v_E$ is a directed path from $E$ to $Y$, we need to show that $p(X,E)$ is non-causal from $X$ to $E$. Suppose for a contradiction that $p(X,E)$ is possibly directed from $X$ to $E$. Then $q$ is a proper possibly directed path from $\mathbf{X}$ to $\mathbf{Y}$, so $E \in {\operatorname{Forb}(\mathbf{X,Y},{\mathcal{G}})} \subseteq \mathbf{I}$. By assumption, there is at least one collider on $p$, and in particular on $p(E,Y)$. Let $C$ be the


E[ Y \mid X=1]$. Let $a$ be the product of all edge coefficients on $p(X,V_i)$ and let $b$ be the product of all edge coefficients on $p(V_i, Y)$. Then, using Theorem \[theorem:mardia-condexp\] and Wright’s rule (Theorem \[theorem:wright\]), we have that $E[ Y \mid X=1] = \operatorname{Cov}(X,Y) = ab$.

    Since there is no path that satisfies \[I\]\[noforb1\], no node from $\mathbf{Z}$ is on $p$. By the choice of $q_i$, no node from $\mathbf{Z} \setminus \{Z\}$ is on $q_i$. Hence, no node from $(\mathbf{X} \cup \mathbf{Z}) \setminus \{X,Z\}$ is on $p$ nor $q_i$. Then $Y {\perp_{d}}(\mathbf{X} \cup \mathbf{Z}) \setminus \{X,Z\} {\:\vert\:}\{X,Z\}$ in ${\mathcal{D'}}$ and it follows that $\int_\mathbf{z}E[Y \mid \mathbf{X=1},\mathbf{z}]f(\mathbf{z})d\mathbf{z} =\int_z E[Y \mid X=1,z]f(z)dz$.

    Let $c$ be the product of all edge coefficients on $q_i$. By   &= \frac{(-1)^{r}a_{r}b_{r}}{\operatorname{Det}(\mathbf{\Sigma}_{11})}\prod_{i=1}^{r-1}a_{i}b_{i}^2.\end{aligned}$$ Since $a_i \neq 0$ and $b_i \neq 0$ for all $i \in \{1,\dots,r\}$, the proof is completed.

[(**Soundness of the adjustment criterion for $\operatorname{DAG}$s**)]{} Let $\mathbf{X,Y}$ and $\mathbf{Z_0}$ be pairwise disjoint node sets in a causal $\operatorname{DAG}$ ${\mathcal{D}}$. If $\mathbf{Z_0}$ satisfies the adjustment criterion (see Definition \[def:johannes ac shpitser\]), then $\mathbf{Z_0}$ is an adjustment set (see Definition \[def:pearl adjustment\]). \[theorem:soundness ac\]

Assume that $\mathbf{Z_0}$ satisfies the adjustment criterion (see Definition \[def:johannes ac shpitser\]) relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{D}}$ and let $f$ be a density consistent with ${\mathcal{D}}$. We need to show that

$$f(\mathbf{y} {\:\vert\:}{\textrm{do}}(\mathbf{x})) = \int_{\mathbf{z_0}} f( \mathbf{y} {\:\vert\:}\mathbf{x,}\mathbf{z_0}) f(\mathbf{z_0})d\mathbf{z_0}.
\label{eq02}$$

Let $\mathbf{Y_D} = \mathbf{Y} \cap \operatorname{De}(\mathbf{X},{\mathcal{D}})$ and $\mathbf{Y_N} = \mathbf{Y} \setminus \operatorname{De}(\mathbf{X}, {\mathcal{D}})$. Then $\mathbf{Y_N} {\perp_{d}}\mathbf{X}$ in ${\mathcal{D}}_{\overline{\mathbf{X}}}$, since ${\mathcal{D}}_{\overline{\mathbf{X}}}$ does not contain paths into $\mathbf{X}$ and all paths from $\mathbf{X}$ to


f(\mathbf{y} \mid \mathbf{x,z'_0}) f(\mathbf{z'_0}) d\mathbf{z'_0}. \label{l1:a}\end{aligned}$$ By \[l:zp-satisf-ac2\] above $\mathbf{Z'_0}$ satisfies the adjustment criterion relative to $(\mathbf{X,Y})$ in ${\mathcal{D}}$ and $ \mathbf{Z'_1} \subseteq \operatorname{An}(\mathbf{X} \cup \mathbf{Y}, {\mathcal{D}})$. Then since $|\mathbf{Z'_1}| = k$, by the induction hypothesis $$\begin{aligned}
\int_\mathbf{z'_0} f(\mathbf{y} \mid \mathbf{x,z'_0})f(\mathbf{z'_0}) d\mathbf{z'_0}
= \int_{\mathbf{z'_0,z'_1}} f(\mathbf{y} \mid \mathbf{x,z'_0,z'_1}) f(\mathbf{z'_0,z'_1}) d\mathbf{z'_0}d\mathbf{z'_1}. \label{l1:b}\end{aligned}$$ Combining \[l1:a\] and \[l1:b\] yields $$\begin{aligned}
\int_\mathbf{z_0} f(\mathbf{y} \mid \mathbf{x,z_0})f(\mathbf{z_0}) d\mathbf{z_0}
= \int_{\mathbf{z_0,z_1}} f(\mathbf{y} \mid \mathbf{x,z_0,z_1}) f(\mathbf{z_0,z_1}) d\mathbf{z_0}d\mathbf{z_1}. \nonumber\end{aligned}$$

It is left to prove the base case of the induction. Hence, suppose $\mathbf{Z_1} = \{Z_1 \}$. We show below that either (a) $\mathbf{Y} {\perp_{d}}Z_1 {\:\vert\:}\mathbf{X} \cup \mathbf{Z_0}$ or (b) $\mathbf{X} {\perp_{d}}Z_1 {\:\vert\:}\mathbf{Z_0}$ are satisfied in ${\mathcal{D}}$. (Note that (a) and (b) are very similar to the conditions U1 and U2, as well as U1\* and U2\*, from [@greenland1999causal]. These conditions are also used in Theorem 5What did i wrong?

A:

I think something like this might work:
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generation base stations offering a number of advantages over the originals. Including providing VR gamers with a larger play space measuring up to 33 x 33 ft thanks to the ability to link four 2.0 base stations together.

The HTC Vive Pro headset and second-generation VR controllers will be backwards compatible with the first generation base stations that shipped with the original Vive. But you won’t see the major benefits of the Pro headset unless you use the specially designed SteamVR 2.0 tracking base stations. Unfortunately, these won’t be backwards compatible with the original Vive.

Vive has not yet announced any confirmed release date or pricing for the new HTC Vive Pro headset and controllers, and Valve has not announced a date when the SteamVR 2.0 tracking base stations willsite can be retrieved and replicated for use by the organization, thereby preventing data loss and precluding the need to recreate the data, at commensurate cost and delay.
Typically the data at the secondary (or remote) site is provided to that site via a communications network which is either dedicated to the transmission of data between the primary storage system and the remote storage system, via the internet, or by some other means. One method for copying the data from the primary storage to the secondary storage is to read the data at the primary site from the server connected to the primary storage, and then send that data from the server to the secondary storage. This method requires the server to handle very heavy loads for the copy


operation, and causes heavy network traffic, leading to copy performance degradation.
One known method for reducing the work load on the server and/or the network is to copy data directly from the primary storage system to the secondary (or remote) storage system. In a typical implementation, a source volume (at the primary storage) needs to copied to the secondary storage. To achieve this, another volume, called a target volume is prepared in the secondary storage, and all of the data in the source volume is copied to the target volume. One problem with this approach is that even if only a small part of the volume is occupied with actual data, the entire volume needs to be copied. One solution to that issue is described in U.S. published patentof capitalization was extremely condensed and high-level, so I can’t claim to fully understand it. But I will do my best to answer this question.

Fetter defined capitalization as “discounting the future rents in goods”, which I read as “paying a single sum today equivalent to expected value and discounted because that value lies in the future.” Remember that, all things being equal, people tend to prefer present use to future use.

The price of capital goods arises the same way all prices arise: as a result of individuals bidding on them because of the subjective ranking they assign to the goods. An entrepreneur investing in capital goods makes a profit because when the future “arrives” they can make more from those goods than the discounted rate they paid for


the fourth sack would be the brandy he wouldn’t be able to enjoy.

This is a neat illustration of the law of diminishing marginal utility.

7 What is the water-diamond paradox?

The water-diamond paradox was a sticking point in classical economics deriving from their lack of a sound theory of subjective value. The question is: why is water so much less valuable than diamonds even though the former is required for life and the latter is not? This issue led classical economists into all number of specious distinctions (e.g. between ‘use value’ and ‘exchange value’) and blind alleys because they had no way of tying prices to the values of acting individuals.

Crucially, what they missed is that nobody chooses between the abstract category ‘diamonds’ and the abstract category ‘water’. Instead, everybodyemphasis on supply-and-demand, and their laissez-faire policy prescriptions and to put them on a sounder basis rooted in individual consumer choice — while simultaneously healing the divide between the sophisticated pseudo-praxeological theory of prices and production on the one hand and the crude, cartoonish theory of production on the other.

11 Isn’t the value of a good equivalent to the amount of resources used to produce it?

No. This ‘labor theory of value’ was one of the products of the deficient value theory of classical economics.

Because Menger pioneered the concept of ordinal value rankings, as opposed to cardinal value rankings. Cardinal rankings have numbers attached to them, such as “I value pancakes ten times more than I value waffles”, a fact which might make them amenable to certain kinds of


upcoming phone, but we also know what's going to power it. Starting with the Samsung Exynos 9609 processor, a choice of 3GB or 4GB of RAM, storage options of 32GB, 64GB, or 128GB, and a 3500mAh battery. Due to the Android One branding on the back, we can also assume it will launch with the latest version of Android as well.

When it comes to cameras, the front-facing hole punch camera will use a 12.6MP sensor, while the main camera on the back will also use a 12.6MP sensor. Unfortunately, the details for the other two cameras haven't been revealed yet.

The One Action will also come in three stylish colors, including Blue, Gold, and White. While we know almost everything about the Motorola One Action, there is no wordIntroduction {#sec1-1}
============

Hemophilia is a hereditary disease associated with the X chromosome that predisposes sufferers to bleeding. In Brazil, it is estimated that one in every 20,000 newborns is hemophilic. Genetic changes may be caused by deletions, inversions, or mutations in bridge regions. Since it is associated with the X sex-determining chromosome and is recessive, hemophilia is transmitted by mothers and disease occurs almost exclusively in men.\[[@ref1]\]

There are two main types of hemophilia, classified according to deficiency: type A, caused by factor VIII deficiency, and type B, which is rarer and the result of a deficiency in factor IX. These can also be subdivided into degrees in accordance with the plasmatic activity of the clotting factor: mild, function of 5%--25% of normal activity with posttrauma bleeding; moderate, function of


overlapped with in Pittsburgh and in Atlanta. He wanted to know about living in Washington and the city. “This is the place I wanted to be of all the teams I was talking to by far,” said McLouth, who could have received more playing time for other potential suitors.

So far, McLouth is fitting in with his new teammates. He knows several from previous stints. With the Braves in 2009, he played with relievers Rafael Soriano and Mike Gonzalez, who was with the Nationals in 2012 and signed a minor league deal with Washington this week. By then, McLouth was already a nearly fluent Spanish speaker, having honed the Spanish he learned in high school and in the minor leagues.

But one day, Gonzalez told Soriano about McLouth’s Spanish. Atin 37 attempts. According to some metrics, he was one of the best base runners in baseball. For his size, 5 feet 10, 190 pounds, McLouth is both strong (he has 100 career home runs ) and speedy (129 career stolen bases).

“A good teammate, a good guy,” center fielder Denard Span said. “I was a fan of his coming up in the minor leagues when he was playing in Pittsburgh. He has a lot of knowledge, a lot of experience. He’s the only guy in the outfield that has a Gold Glove. I’m going to pick his brain — and I already have a little bit in spring training — and try to learn as much as I can.”

The Nationals coveted him for those reasons and because he


SlTAPG2, SlTAPG4, SlCEL2, (cellulase), SlCEL5, and SlEXP1 (expansin 1), SlEXP4, SlERF52 genes in AZs of SlP4H3 RNAi lines \#1, \#6, and \#7 and wild type (WT). The relative expression was calculated according to the comparative Ct method by using actin as internal standard. The asterisk indicates statistically significant differences.](fpls-10-00348-g006){#fig6}

The transcript levels of the five cell wall hydrolases, SlTAPG1, SlTAPG2, SlTAPG4, and SlCEL2, SlCEL5, were determined in the overripe AZs considering the high levels of expression of SlTAPG1, SlTAPG2, and SlTAPG4 in tomato flower AZs ([@ref202]; [@ref25]) and of SlCEL5 and SlCEL2 in both flower and leaf AZs ([@ref25]). The expression levels of SlTAPG1, SlTAPG2, SlTAPG4, and SlEXP1 were significantly downregulated by approximately 80--90% in all three SlP4H3 lines, justifying the delay in overripe fruit abscission compared to the wild typeobserved in their expression patterns in the RNAi lines compared to wild type, despite the fact that SlP4Hs catalyze a post-translational modification. These results indicate that proline hydroxylation might be involved in the regulation of transcription factors' stability considering similar involvement in all metazoan species ([@ref22]). There are proline hydroxylation motifs which were identified in the polypeptide sequences of transcription factors induced by hypoxia in *Arabidopsis* ([@ref33]). In this case, alterations in the expression of SlP4Hs might induce alterations in the activity of transcription factors resulting in changes in gene expression of a wide array of genes comprising also AGPs and extensins as shown in [Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}.

However, no differences were observed for the expression of SlAGP1 in lines \#6 and \#7. This suggests that there might be alterations for


of the committee’s efforts.

But when pressed further, he would not confirm whether the committee would formally ask the younger Trump for an interview.

“I’m not going to get into the witness list,” he said. “But rest assured that Donald Trump Jr. is somebody we want to talk to.”

The Senate intelligence committee has reportedly also requested an interview with Kushner as part of its probe. It also featured high-profile public testimony from fired FBI director James Comey and Attorney General Jeff Sessions last month.

Also investigating ties between the Trump campaign and Russia are the House intelligence committee and an independent probe led by special counsel Robert Mueller. Mueller’s team is also investigating whether Trump obstructed justice.

This article has been updated with comments from Warner.the medical center where petitioner received most
of her medical care.
daughter severe and debilitating headaches, photophobia, 3 phonophobia, 4 extreme fatigue,
dizziness, and gait disturbances. Pet. Preamble & ¶ 2. His daughter having reached the age of
majority, on February 2, 2012, the original petitioner moved to substitute his daughter as
petitioner, which motion the undersigned granted. The current petitioner is the vaccinee.

        From December 6, 2011 until June 25, 2012, petitioner’s father (at that time, he was
petitioner) did not file any medical records. On June 25, 2012, petitioner’s father advised the
undersigned during a telephonic status conference he attended with petitioner that petitioner had
retained the services of an attorney, Patricia A. Finn. On July 16, 2012, Ms. Finn moved to
substitute as attorney of record, which


Rosé, a pediatric rheumatologist (Exhibit RRR);
             (2) Dr. Max Wiznitzer, a pediatric neurologist (Exhibit BBBB); and
             (3) Dr. Stephen McGeady, a pediatrician and immunologist (Exhibit MMMM).

     On March 13, 2014, Dr. Shoenfeld responded to the expert reports of Dr. Rosé, Dr.
McGeady, and Dr. Wiznitzer. Exs. 471, 472, and 473.

         On November 18, 2014, petitioner filed the affidavit of her father. Ex. 551. He states
that on or about February 15, 2009, petitioner developed a sore throat, fatigue, low grade
temperature, and swollen glands, which lasted about one week. Id. at ¶ 5. He alsoat ¶ 6. On February 21, 2009, her headache worsened and felt like it
was 9 out of 10 on the pain scale. Id. at 7. She also had nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia.
She had no appetite and refused to eat or drink. She lay on the couch in a dark, quiet room and
                                                  4
did not move. Id. Petitioner saw her primary care physician, Dr. Kennette, on February 26,
2009. Id. at ¶ 8. Dr. Kennette diagnosed her with migraines and prescribed


X-rays were negative. Id. He thought she should look for other causes of her discomfort.
Id.

                                       Post-vaccination Records

        On August 26, 2008, petitioner received her first Gardasil vaccination. Med. recs. Ex.
13, at 3.

       On September 2, 2008, petitioner returned to Dr. Uhl with an injury to her left ankle.
Med. recs. Ex. 14, at 23. X-rays showed a non-displaced fracture. Her left thumb was doing
much better. Id.

       On September 8, 2008, petitioner saw     On May 1, 2009, petitioner visited Dr. Kennette for a reevaluation of her “weakness”
(which Dr. Kennette put in quotation marks) and headaches. Id. at 42. Petitioner had not been in
school for two months and was unable to walk or stand from a sitting position without assistance.
Her feet felt cold and she weighed 116.5 that day. Petitioner walked down the hall hugging the
wall. She sat in a dark room with sunglasses on. When she sat on the examination table, she
leaned against the wall. Her muscle tone had decreased. The strength in her lower extremities
seemed to be 4+ to 5 out of a maximum of 5. Her deep tendon reflexes in her lower extremities
were difficult to elicit. Petitioner’s mood was depressed but her orientation normal.


sedimentation rate was
eight, which is normal. Id. Her DNA antibody was negative for double-stranded DNA. Id. at 2-
3. Her brain MRI, MRA, and MRV were normal. Id. at 3. On physical examination, petitioner
could not bear weight on her legs and walk. She complained of photophobia and covered her
eyes. On gait testing, petitioner had a significant amount of astasia-abasia. 12 She had a

12
  Abasia-astasia or astasia-abasia is “motor incoordination with an inability to stand or walk despite
normal ability to move the lower limbs when sitting or lying down, a form of hysterical ataxia.”
Dorland’s at 167. Hysterical ataxia is “ataxia that is part of a conversion disorder.” Id. at 171. Ataxia is
“failure of muscular coordination; irregularity of muscular action.” Id. at 170. Conversion disorder is “a
mental disorder characterized bymother called Dr. Kennette. Id. at 45. Petitioner was going
back to school. The school needed a note stating she could return and limit herself to part-time
attendance. Petitioner would be in a wheelchair. Id.

        On May 7, 2009, Dr. Kennette called petitioner’s father to discuss where to go from
there. Id.

        On May 8, 2009, a nurse’s note from Dr. Kennette’s office states that petitioner was
concerned because Boston doctors suggested a psychiatrist assess her. Id. at 47. Petitioner
requested a meeting with Dr. Kennette to discuss this. In addition, when petitioner’s mother
brought the doctor’s note to school, indicating petitioner would be coming back to school part-
time, the mother ran into petitioner’s former coach and gym teachers. While


since the end of June. Petitioner’s nerve conduction and EMG studies
were normal. Id. Petitioner’s sensation was stronger on her right. She was currently taking
Periactin, multivitamins, and Elavil. She had gained two pounds. Her blood pressure was
108/64. She weighed 113 and ¼ pounds. Her height was 5’5 and ¼ inches. Her BMI was 18,
which put her in the 10-25% group. She was wearing sunglasses. She had cool, bluish feet. Her
left calf was smaller than her right calf. Her proximate strength was 4+/5. Petitioner had
ongoing issues with gait, headaches, photophobia, hyperacusis, 14 change in taste, and food
aversion for five to six months. Id. There was no specific diagnosis made up to that date.
Petitioner’s parents were considering consulting with Dr. David Cornbluth in Baltimore. There
was a follow up with the neurologistmobility with a floppy upper body and left lower extremity despite having
strength on muscle testing. Id. at 12. Petitioner had depression in her earlier treatments,
frequently reporting she was unable to sleep and had no appetite. Id. As her function improved,
she was more social and had better endurance. But with the recent setback, she appeared more
depressed. She continued to be unable to attend a full day of school due to headaches and had an
aide for safety while negotiating between classes. Id.

        On October 6, 2009, Dr. Nichter wrote petitioner’s pediatrician, Dr. Kennette, stating he
saw petitioner and her parents for petitioner’s migraines and gait disturbance. Med. recs. Ex. 1,
at 44. The history he recounts is that petitioner developed a sore throat and afterward


a profound
migraine at the end of February 2009 and went to the emergency room in early March 2009. She
had received a Gardasil vaccination a few weeks earlier. Testing included nerve conduction and
EMG to rule out Guillain-Barré syndrome. She also had MRI, MRA, and lumbar puncture, the
results of which were also unremarkable. Ativan was unsuccessful and she continued to have
headaches, which were diffuse, ranging from 4/10 to 8/10. There were no clear precipitators.
Elavil was discontinued and she was on Periactin, Propranolol, and Cymbalta. Cymbalta had not
affected the severity of the headaches. Dr. Nichter was seeing petitioner now for syncopal
episodes occurring at least five to seven times a week during which she would stand up and walk
toward the kitchen or another location, have black spots, and be on the floor.across her entire head,
and inability to function as well as to attend school. In addition, when she took certain
medication, she had difficulty walking and had a dystonic reaction to Reglan when the ER at
Albany Medical Center gave it to her. More recently, she was prescribed Ambien to help her
sleep and she had a similar reaction. Today, petitioner had difficulty walking in Dr. Argoff’s
office and her parents told him this difficulty occurred frequently. She had been treated with a
variety of agents including Cymbalta, Topamax, amitriptyline, Aleve, Periactin, Ativan,
Propranolol, magnesium, multivitamins, and vitamin B2 and nothing had helped her. Petitioner
complained of words not appearing as words when she looked at them, but she had not seen her
ophthalmologist recently. She had not seen a neuro-ophthalmologist either. A pediatric
neurologist at Boston Children’s


Hospital told her that her complaints were somatic, but did not
perform any diagnostic studies. Dr. Sandler, a psychiatrist at Albany Medical Center, saw her
but did not feel she had any significant psychiatric issues. Id. Petitioner had headaches daily.
Id. at 48. On physical examination, petitioner was able to walk normally, but unable to perform
tandem heel and toe gait comfortably because she felt unsteady. However, the Romberg sign
was negative. Dr. Argoff’s impression was that petitioner had chronic neurological symptoms of
uncertain etiology. She appeared to have apraxic 22 difficulties from the motor function point of
view, but her difficulty with gait was difficult to diagnose. He recommended that petitioner see
Dr. Changizi, one of his movement disorder colleagues, for evaluation of any movement
disorder. He also recommended that petitioner see Dr. Rheeman, a neuro-ophthalmologist,
becauseId. at 50-51. Propranolol resulted in a syncopal-like
process. Id. at 52. Cymbalta made no difference. On physical examination, petitioner’s
weakness seemed quite variable. At times, she was weaker on the left than on the right, but it
was inconsistent. “She could barely walk during the examination, and yet when coming in, she
walked from the parking lot to the sitting room without any assistance.” Id. She could not jump
on two feet without some assistance. Id. at 51-52. There was some decrease in vibratory sense
at the left toe, but it was very inconsistent. Id. at 52. Dr. Nichter’s assessment was that
petitioner’s gait overall was much improved compared to three to four months previously, but
there was a dip approximately two months ago. Headache continued to be quite a serious
problem. Syncopal events had subsided.


61.

        In an addendum to her August 6, 2010 visit notes, Dr. Kennette recorded that petitioner’s
father brought an extensive set of medical records which included reviews of information that
Dr. Kennette had not received, e.g., from Dr. O’Brien, the cardiologist, an update from Dr. Sarah
Elmendorf, 30 an infectious disease expert, and information from an upcoming visit to Johns
Hopkins Hospital. Id. at 62. Dr. Kennette reviewed the various medication trials, e.g., Florinef
(petitioner did not tolerate it), and Midodrine (petitioner did not feel it was helpful). She
reviewed laboratory data not previously provided, e.g., EKG, Holter monitor, echocardiogram,
and basic metabolic profile, all of which were normal. She reviewed Dr. O’Brien’s provisional
diagnoses of tachycardia and dysautonomia. Dr. Kennette had an extensive one-on-one
interview with petitioner alone toloose
and prone to dislocation; patients also suffer from arthritis and bone loss. The dermatosparaxis type
(formerly type VIIC) is an autosomal recessive type characterized by particularly fragile and sagging
skin. Most types are related to defects in procollagen . . . .” Id. at 1828-29.
                                                     38
ineffective. Petitioner increased her intake of salt and fluids. Nevertheless, her systolic
pressures have been in the 60-80 range. On electrocardiogram, she had normal left ventricular
function, a normal aortic root of 2.5 cm, and


person i[s] understanding herself.” Id. Dr. Nichter’s
assessment was that the cause of petitioner’s migraines was most likely multifactorial in that
stressors had accumulated and exacerbated her migraines. Dr. Nichter discussed with petitioner
and her parents going to the emergency room to have a combination of Toradol, Benadryl, and
Reglan administered, but they decided not to do that. Id. Dr. Nichter provided the name and
telephone number of an acupuncturist. Id.

        On March 28, 2013, Dr. Nichter wrote a letter to the campus center of the college
petitioner attended, requesting a single dormitory room for her because her living arrangement
with a roommate exacerbated petitioner’s headaches. Sleeping continued to be a challenging
problem for her. Id. at 19.

        On January 23, 2014,CFS and
not to a viral illness. Id. Dr. Shoenfeld also noted that VAERS reports describe flu-like illnesses
and thus are “possible adverse reactions to vaccines.” Id.

        In answer to question 4, that there was a two-month interval between petitioner’s second
Gardasil and the onset of her renewed symptoms, Dr. Shoenfeld responded that a two-month
onset is not unusual for vaccine-related cases and has been previously reported after Gardasil.
Id. He noted that this is shown in supplementary Table 1, but did not provide this table with his


as a trigger for
autoimmune disease. Ex. MMM, at 7. Dr. McGeady notes that when petitioner became
symptomatic, her grandmother had died and her father had surgery. Id. He comments that Dr.
Shoenfeld does not consider stress as a trigger in his opinion, but blames Gardasil instead. Id.

40
  An anamnestic response is also called a “secondary immune response,” which occurs “on the second
and subsequent exposures to an antigen; compared to a primary immune response, the lag period is
shorter, the peak antibody titer is higher and lasts longer, IgG production predominates, the antibodies
produced have a higher affinity for the antigen, and a much smaller dose of the antigen is required to
initiate the response.” Dorland’s at 1629.
                             over the concepts of biological possibility and the kinds of events
               of a neuroimmune nature that are known to occur following
               vaccines at a low incidence. Her symptoms began two months
               after vaccination and were closely in time follow[ing] some sort of
               viral infection. Thus, I do not believe there is any relationship


Petri noted that she could not connect petitioner’s UCTD to Gardasil.
Id.

       On May 20, 2010, petitioner and her parents saw Dr. Nichter, who noted that petitioner
had headache with major visual complaints and abnormal autonomic function, although other
aspects of autonomic dysfunction, such as sweating, bowel, bladder, and gastric emptying, had

                                                54
been totally normal. Med. recs. Ex. 18.3, at 2-3. Dr. Nichter stated, “One cannot cogently bring
all components to her history into a single story.” Id.

 repetitions. Id. She alternates between squats and lunges. Id. at 49. At
school, she goes to the gym two or three times a week. Id. She will exercise legs one day and
arms another day, and leave abdominals, cardiovascular and other things for a third day. Id. at
50. For cardiovascular, she normally uses a stationary bike or possibly the elliptical. Id. When
she goes to the gym, she drinks extra water and has some sugar or salt, and she feels good. Id. at
51. When she was in elementary school, she did plays, but she was mostly obsessed with
playing soccer. Id. She got into the theater program in high school and did a lot of backstage
work. Id. at 52. She has earned ten weeks of a 50-week requirement to earn an Actors’


tachycardia syndrome or POTS, and undefined connective
tissue disease or UCTD. Id. Doctors did not diagnose her with these three diseases before her
Gardasil vaccination. Id. Dr. Shoenfeld did not include migraine headaches as part of the three
diagnoses because “[m]igraine is a disease by itself.” Id. He stated migraine is a neurovascular
condition, which does not have an autoimmune etiology. Id. at 194-95.

       He said petitioner has lupus anticoagulant, but she does not have antiphospholipid
syndrome. Id. at 195. He stated she is at great risk for developing autoimmune diseases, one of
which might be antiphospholipid syndrome. Id. Antiphospholipid syndrome or APS appears in
40 percent of cases of systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE. Id. at 196. Petitioner has

42
  Natalie Rowan’s father Michael Rowan filed a petitionon behalf of his minor daughter on May 3,
2010. When Natalie reached her majority, she became petitioner. Petitioner’s counsel in Rowan, Patricia
Ann Finn, is the same counsel for petitioner in the instant action (although petitioner at the time of filing
the instant action, i.e., who is the current petitioner’s father, was pro se until Ms. Finn filed a motion to
substitute in order to represent petitioner seven months after the filing of the petition). Petitioner’s expert
in Rowan, Dr. Yehuda Shoenfeld, is the same expert for petitioner in the instant action. Now-Chief
Special Master Nora Beth Dorsey dismissed Rowan. Rowan v. Sec’y of HHS, No. 10-272V, 2014 WL
7465661 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec. 8, 2014). Petitioner appealed the dismissal. Judge Francis Allegra
affirmed the dismissal. 2015 WL 3562409 (Fed. Cl. May 18, 2015


       Before Gardasil vaccination, Dr. Shoenfeld said petitioner had headaches, phonophobia,
photophobia, some dizziness, and some fatigue. Id. After Gardasil vaccination, she had bad
headache, squeezing pain, vertigo, protracted headache, fainting while standing, sleeping
disturbances, memory problems, and abdominal complaints, the last three characteristic of
chronic fatigue syndrome. Id. at 201-02. Dr. Shoenfeld testified that petitioner’s enlarged lymph
nodes, fever, fatigue, and dizziness were clinical manifestations compatible with chronic fatigue
syndrome. Id. at 204.

        Dr. Shoenfeld said that a two-month interval between Gardasil and onset was reasonable.
Id. at 206. Autoimmune disease is progressive. Autoantibodies also develop progressively. Id.
These autoantibodies may have developed sequentially to each other and not on the same date.
Id. at 206-07. Dr. Shoenfeld explained that the adjuvant in   Because Dr. Shoenfeld was no longer advancing an adjuvant only theory as the
explanation for how Gardasil can cause various illnesses, respondent opted to no longer rely on
the expert testimony of Drs. Cetaruk and Whitton. Id. at 301. The undersigned asked Dr.
Shoenfeld if he agreed that there was no physical reason for petitioner to have been in a
wheelchair. Id. at 304. Dr. Shoenfeld responded yes. Id. Then he said that chronic fatigue or
extreme fatigue might have been the reason petitioner did not walk. Id. He said these are
subjective symptoms and we cannot understand how much she was fatigued. Id. He said there
are two kinds of fatigue: (1) muscle fatigue, and (2) fatigue from the brain. Id. at 304-05. Many
patients with POTS and chronic fatigue syndrome also


                 63
petitioner had a positive rheumatoid factor, lupus anticoagulant, and elevated ANA before her
Gardasil vaccinations because she was not tested for them, but she was genetically prone to
develop them. Id. at 393. He said petitioner is part of a family with autoimmune disease. Id. at
395. For example, petitioner’s mother has Raynaud’s phenomenon. Id. In addition, petitioner’s
maternal grandmother has thyroid disease. Id. Most thyroid disease is autoimmune. Id. at 396.
To Dr. Shoenfeld, the first “hit” (i.e., cause) is genetics. Id. at 395. The second “hit” for
autoimmune disease could be a vaccine, silicon implant, infections, etc. Id. at 395-96.

         Dr. Max Wiznitzer testified for respondent. Id.may have giveaway weakness
of the extremities so that, as they walk, suddenly, their knees seem to give out from under them.
Id. Astasia-abasia is not a gait that is physiologic in nature. Id. Astasia-abasia does not look
like ataxia. Id. It also does not look like dystonia, rigidity, chorea, or any of the other movement
disorders that neurologists typically see. Id. Dr. Wiznitzer testified that there is no doubt that
petitioner had astasia-abasia. Id. at 439. Dr. Sobeih in Boston diagnosed petitioner with astasia-


                              73
negative does not exclude autoimmunity. Id. In POTS, there are at least six or seven different
autoantibodies. Id. at 753. Petitioner was not tested for them. The following colloquy occurred:

                 THE COURT: All right. So, what we have is that the one test for
                 antibodies, which was ganglionic neurons, was tested twice and
               74
hyperaesthesia. “Aesthesia” means sensation, and “allodynia” means pain sensation. Id.
Petitioner’s hand pain exceeded the limits of where the hand fracture was. Id. at 663. Another
term used for this is complex regional pain syndrome, and it is the most accepted term. Id. at
664. Chronic fatigue syndrome is related to regional pain syndrome if someone has
fibromyalgia, but not if someone does not have fibromyalgia. Id. at 665. The incidence of
chronic headache among persons with amplified pain is higher than the general population. Id.
Headache pain is associated with chronic pain. Id. On June 9, 2008, petitioner’s orthopedist, Dr.
Uhl, used the term “complex regional pain syndrome” in reference to petitioner. Id. at 666.

        Dr. Rosé agrees that petitioner has undifferentiated connective tissue disease (“UCTD”).
Id.