one case, they were
topologically entangled.
In the other case, they're
topologically separated from
each other.
So they're still the same
chemical bonds, the same
molecules, but when I separate
these two double helices now,
the difference between these
is that they are what are
called topoisomers.
They are isomers because they're
exactly the same
chemical formula.
But they're topoisomers
because they
have different topology.
They're not wrapped around
each other anymore.
So it turns out there is an
enzyme that just gets in there
and makes a double stranded
cut in one of the double
helices, grabs the two ends,
passes it around the other
side, and ligates them back
together, and keeps doing that
until they're disentangled.
Pretty clever.
Cut, paste, cut, paste till it
can separate those two double
helices from each other.
Remarkably, this enzyme is
called topoisomerase.
This job is done by
topoisomerase, actually, by
topoisomerase II.
There's a couple of different
topoisomerases, and it's
topoisomerase II that does this
particular job, cuts and
sealsa (old version 256 MB RAM) Raspberry Pi in my local network, and it worked OK for me - I liked the setup guide Setup a Subversion Server in 4 Minutes.
Git on Raspberry Pi is faster with compression turned off. I can recommend gitosis to administer project users, gitweb, and from GitHub, git-pretty-stats.


Induction of fertile estrus in bitches using a sustained-release formulation of a GnRH agonist (leuprolide acetate).
A single subcutaneous injection of a sustained-release formulation of a potent GnRH agonist, leuprolide acetate (LA; [D-Leu6, Pro9NEt]-GnRH), was evaluated as a method of inducing fertile estrus in 12 mature anestrous and 6 prepubertal beagle bitches. The bitches were treated with microencapsulated LA (100 micrograms/kg, s.c.) at 120 or 150 d post partum, or at 1 yr of age, followed by a GnRH-analogue (fertirelin; [Pro9NEt]-GnRH, 3 micrograms/kg, i.m.) on the first day of induced estrus. Signs of estrus were seen within 10.3 +/- 0.9 d after LA administration in all bitches. The interestrous interval in 120- and 150-d post-partum bitches was shortened (P < 0.05) to 191 +/- 3 and 222 +/- 3racing the longer distance, and from then I knew I would be racing full Ironman at some point in future."

Carfrae achieved her first World Championship medal at the 2005 ITU Long Distance World Championships, where she finished 2nd in a time of 6:27:11. In 2007, she won the Ironman 70.3 World Championships in a course record time of 4:07:25. This win entitled Carfrae to race at the full Ironman World Championships at Kona, but she deferred her entry to 2009, when she felt she was ready for the longer distance. At the 2009 Ironman World Championship, Carfrae's first Ironman race, she finished second behind Chrissie Wellington, breaking Wellington's 2008 course record for the women's marathon with a time of 2:56:51. She wrote, "My first tri was at the


[*static*]{}, if the information available at every decision maker is only affected by exogenous disturbances (Nature); that is no other decision maker can affect the information at any given decision maker. Information structures can also be classified as [*classical*]{}, [*quasi-classical*]{} or [*nonclassical*]{}. An Information Structure (IS) $\{y^i, 1 \leq i \leq N \}$ is [*classical*]{} if $y^i$ contains all of the information available to DM $k$ for $k < i$. An IS is [*quasi-classical*]{} or [*partially nested*]{}, if whenever $u^k$, for some $k < i$, affects $y^i$ through the measurement function $\eta^i$, $y^i$ contains $y^k$ (that is $\sigma(y^k) \subset \sigma(y^i)$). An IS which is not partially nested is [*nonclassical*]{}.

Let $$\underline{\gamma} = \{\gamma^1, \cdots, \gamma^N\}$$ and let a cost function be defined as: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{lossF}
J(\underline{\gamma}) = E[c(\omega_0,{\bf u})] = E[c(\omega_0,\gamma^1(y^1),\cdots,\gamma^N(y^N))],\end{aligned}$$for some non-negative measurable loss (or cost) function $c: \Omega_0 \times \prod_k \mathbb{U}^k \to \mathbb{R}_+$. Here, we have the notation ${\bf u}=\{u^t, t \in {\cal N}\}$, and $\omega_0$ may be viewed as the cost function relevant exogenous variable contained in $\omega$.

\[Def:TB1\] For a given stochastic team problem with a given information structure, $\{J; \Gamma^i, i\in {\cal N}\}$, a policy (strategy) $N$-tuple ${\underline \gamma}^*:=({\gamma^1}^*,\ldots, {\gamma^N}^*)\in {\bf \Gamma}$ is an [*optimal team decision rule*]{} ([*team-optimal decision rule*]{} or simply [*team-optimal solution*]{}) if $$J({\underline \gamma}^*)=\inf_{{{\underline \gamma}}\in {{\bf \Gamma}}}
J({{\underline \gamma}})=:J^*. \label{eq:5}$$ The cost level achieved by this strategy, $J^*$, is the [*minimum [(or]{} optimal[)]{} team cost*]{}.

In the following, we will denote by bold letters the ensemble of random variables across the DMs; that is ${\bf y}=\{y^i, i=1,\cdots,N\}$ and ${\bf u}=\{u^i, i=1,\cdots,N\}$.

Independent-measurements reduction


inductive nature of dynamic programming:

Theorem \[RecMeasLS\](ii) ensures that $E[J(\pi_N) | \pi_{N-1},\gamma^{N-1}]$ is lower semi-analytic. Note that $P(d\pi_N | \pi_{N-1}, \gamma^{N-1})$ is a well-defined stochastic kernel.

In particular, through the sequence of recursions $$\begin{aligned}
&& \inf_{\gamma^1 \in \Gamma^1} E^{\gamma^1}\bigg[  \inf_{\gamma^2 \in \Gamma^2} E^{\gamma^2} \bigg[  \nonumber \\
&&   \cdots \inf_{\gamma^N \in \Gamma^N} E^{\gamma^N} \bigg[ c(\omega_0,u^1,\cdots, u^N) \bigg]  \nonumber \\
&& \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \cdots  \bigg| y^2  \bigg| y^1 \bigg]\end{aligned}$$ At each iteration, we apply first Theorem \[RecMeasLS\] (i) and then (ii) to ensure the lower semi-analyticity.

The infima can be replaced to be over $\gamma^n$ instead of $\hat{\gamma}^n$ due to [@YukselSaldiSICON17 Theorems 2.3 and 2.5] and [@gupta2014existence p. 1691].

New Existence Results through the$$\begin{aligned}
&& \liminf_{k \to \infty} J_N((\pi_N^k,\gamma^N_k)) \nonumber \\
&& \quad \quad \geq \int \pi_{N-1}(dx_{N-1}) Q(dy^N) \gamma^N(du^N|y^N) c(x_{N-1},y^N,u^N),\end{aligned}$$ leading to the lower semi-continuity of $J_N(\pi_N, \gamma^N)$.

Furthermore, steps similar to [**Step (iii)**]{} of the proof of Theorem \[existenceControlTopology\] can be adjusted to ensure that $$J_N(\pi_N):=\inf_{\gamma^N \in \Gamma^N} J_N(\pi_N, \gamma^N)$$ is lower semi-continuous in $\pi_{N}$. This follows from the fact that, for compact $\mathbb{U}$, the function $$S(x) := \inf_{u \in \mathbb{U}} d(x,u),$$ is lower semi-continuous if $d(x,u)$ is. The argument follows from the following. Let $x_n \to x$ and $u^*_n$ be an optimal action at $x_n$, and $u^*$ be optimal at $x$. Then $$\liminf_{n \to \infty} d(x_n,u^*_n) - d(x,u^*)\geq 0$$ for otherwise if $$\liminf_{n \to \infty} d(x_n,u^*_n) - d(x,u^*) < 0$$ there exists a subsequence and $\delta > 0$ such that $$\liminf_{n_k \to


The paper thus presents a [*dynamic programming approach*]{} counterpart to the [*strategic measures approach*]{} presented in earlier work.

Acknowledgements
================

The author is very grateful to Prof. Naci Saldi for the detailed suggestions and corrections he has noted. Sina Sanjari has also provided valuable comments which have been reflected in the paper. The author is also grateful to Prof. Tamer Başar for many discussions, including those during the earlier stages of [@YukselBasarBook]; the counterexample presented in [@YukselBasarBook] used in Section \[counterExampleSection\] is due to him.

[10]{}

M. Aicardi, F. Davoli, and R. Minciardi. Decentralized optimal control of [M]{}arkov chains with a common past information set. , 32:1028–1031, November 1987.

M. Andersland and D. Teneketzis. Information structures, causality, and non-sequential stochastic control, [I]{}: design-independent properties. , 30:1447 – 1475, 1992.

M. Andersland and D. Teneketzis. Information structures, causality, and non-sequential stochastic control, [II]{}:with little or no low-band spectrum will be able to win spectrum in the auction.

The incentive auction will consist of two main parts: The first is a "reverse" auction, in which broadcasters agree to sell their spectrum rights. After the reverse auction, the spectrum will then be moved around or "repacked" based on which stations relinquish their spectrum. Then the FCC will conduct a more traditional "forward" auction in which carriers and other entities bid on the spectrum licenses.

Broadcasters are also up in arms about the impairment issue. "Although commenters disagreed about the appropriate level of impairment, they were uniform in the belief that the 20 percent impairment threshold proposed by the Commission is too great and could harm broadcasters while, at the same time, devaluing the spectrum


No pro se brief was filed. Crystal’s attorney has also

filed a motion to withdraw.

       We have reviewed the record on appeal and counsel’s brief, and we agree that the appellate

points do not present a substantial question for appellate review, and are therefore frivolous. See

TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN . § 13.003(b) (Vernon 2002); see also TEX . FAM . CODE ANN .

§ 263.405(d)(3) (incorporating section 13.003(b) by reference). Accordingly, we affirm the trial

court’s judgment, and grant appellate counsel’s motion to withdraw. Nichols, 954 S.W.2d at 85-86.

                               those things are now possible for the first time and it’s qualitatively different than anything that’s ever happened before.

11:25 Aaron Powell: That qualitative difference, and I guess it comes down to what we mean by peer, because how is that different from… So Yelp is still… Yelp is a brand and so part of making your app successful is getting people to trust your brand, in this case, Yelp. Yelp is still, there’s people who are providing me that service, so we’ve still got the brands and people. And so how is it… How is Yelp qualitatively different from what might look the same peer to peer of me reading restaurant reviews in the Washington Post, which happens to be another person telling me what he thinks are


people buy advertising on Yelp. So Yelp is just providing a forum in which you and I can talk about what restaurants are good and what restaurants are bad. The Washington Post is paying a business person to have a professional informed opinion. Maybe restaurant reviews are good because they tell me something about the quality of the restaurant in an aspirational sense. But what I probably want to know is are the… Is this a good taqueria? And if a bunch of people say, “Man, those were great tacos!” they probably are. So the peer to peer part of it is, that no one is getting paid either to receive or send this signal. The people themselves are the product. What Yelp is selling is access tothose transactions from taking place. So the interesting thing is, the reduction in transactions cost commodifies excess capacity. And that’s really the bottom line, is the commodification of excess capacity.

14:57 Michael C. Munger: We have so many things that are underused. They’re less than fully used and what we do is, instead of using them more intently, intensely, we just pay to store them. So we’re paying for them several times. We’re not using them. So we’ve got capital tied up in them and then we pay to store the darn things. I think 50 years from now, people are gonna look back and say, “Not only were they selfish, they were stupid because they have all of this valuable stuff just sitting around.” All over the world


entrepreneur, so I’m not very good at predicting things. But the plus idea is that the cost of many things is gonna go down. Your brand [31:05] ____ footprint that we have is going to go down. We won’t need parking spaces, or large closets, or garages in cities. It may be that small artisanal products that are individually rewarding to make. I can now have a website and have them delivered by Uber in a large city. And so I can make pickles, or I can make cheese that is pretty expensive, but it doesn’t take that big a market. It’s sort of a long‐tail argument. I can have on my website a bunch of products that we don’t have to sell very many of them init’s because the economic logic of this is just irresistible. Airbnb, I think, is actually legitimately a problem because people can buy up a bunch of apartment blocks and rent them out by the night instead of by the month. And the result is Reykjavik, Paris, a few other cities have found that there’s been a big decline in their housing stock. Now, what they might have done, they’re available housing stock for lower income people. What they might have done is say, “You know, I think that means there’s a problem with our restrictions on building new housing stock.” But instead, they just blame Airbnb, and they try to regulate… It’s easy to model those two things together. I think there are some legitimate concerns, but Uber


always optimistic, but that’s because as an economist, I am so used to being wrong about predictions. It’s not very satisfying. Suppose I talk to someone who used to work in a hosiery factory here in North Carolina, used to make socks or cotton clothing in the textile mill. And they say, “This county used to have 10,000 manufacturing jobs. Now it has 1,500 manufacturing jobs.” If I tell that person, “You know, things are gonna get better, because they always have.” And he says, “Well, what’s gonna happen?” “I don’t know. That’s just the way capitalism works.” Well, I sound like some kind of crazy mystic. How do you tell people who are 55‐years‐old, have a high school education, and 20 years experience working on a production(MBS) are under intensive study recently[@kitaev; @read; @ivanov; @kanermp]. Superior to many other topological systems, MBSs are very useful non-Abelian quasiparticles. Spatially separated MBSs can build nonlocal topological qubits which is robust to environmental noises. More importantly, the braiding of these MBSs can rotate the topological qubits, acting effectively as a quantum gate[@ivanov; @kanermp; @alicea]. With these features, the TSs may constitute as an important building block for fault tolerant quantum computation[@kanermp; @kitaev2; @sarmarmp].

TSs were originally introduced in spinless models[@kitaev; @read], which were thought unrealistic. Recently, it is realized that strong spin-orbit coupling in semiconductors may eliminate spin degree of freedom, making spinless superconductivity experimentally achievable[@fu]. After that, numerous proposals have appeared for realizing topological superconductivity in spin-orbit coupled systems by proximity to conventional s-wave superconductors, such as


is in a Slater determinant form[@wangfidelitynew], $$\begin{aligned}
|\Phi({\bf r}_1,\cdots,{\bf r}_N) \rangle=
 \frac{1}{\sqrt{n!}}\left|
 \begin{array}{ccc}
\phi_1({{\bf r}_1})&\cdots&\phi_1({{\bf r}_N})\\
 \vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\
  \phi_n({{\bf r}_1})&\cdots&\phi_n({{\bf r}_N})
\end{array}
  \right|,\end{aligned}$$ where $N$ denotes the number of quasi-particle states with negative energy.

![Three important physical properties associated with topological phase transition in the nanowire, with driving field $V_x$: the energy spectrum (upper panel), the fidelity susceptibility (middle panel), the zero energy LDOS (lower panel, where the brighter zone indicates the higher LDOS). The parameters for the numerical calculation are $t_{i,j}=-11$ when $|i-j|=1$, $t_{i,j}=22$ when $i=j$, $\mu=0.2$, $\alpha=1.34$, $V_y=0$ and $\Delta=0.5$.](fig1.eps)

The fidelity approach has been used to identify the TQPT in many systems, and proven to be useful in studying the TQPT point. In previous research, fidelity susceptibility has also been introduced to study the Kitaev Hamiltonian, which is athe phase transition point if the TQPT exists. On the other hand, it has been shown that the MBSs appear at one side of the point, and disappears on the other side. It is natural to conclude that a TQPT happens with the appearance of the MBS as a signature of the topological nontrivial phase.

In this section, we concentrate on the one dimensional system. We numerically solve the BdG equations for the single layer case $W=1$ in Hamiltonian Eq. (1) without disorders, where the length is chosen to be $L=300$. We obtain the fidelity susceptibility as shown in the middle panel of Fig. 1. We find that one single peak appears which should indicate the expected TQPT point predicted by the analytic results. We check the position of


is a powerful method to investigate the topological superconductors. The peaks in Fidelity susceptibility can provide the information for both the TQPT and the behavior of MBSs.

Results with Substrate
======================

The possible topological superconducting systems investigated in recent experiments are mostly hybrid systems, with a spin-orbit coupled nanowire placed upon a conventional s-wave superconducting substrate. It has been shown that the substrate may significantly influence the MBSs on the wire. Meanwhile, it is also important to notice that even for clean system without doping impurities on either the wire or the substrate, the inhomogeneous contact between them will inevitably introduce some disorders in electron hoping integral. In order to study this type of disorder, we consider a specific Hamiltonian with the wire modeled by a single layer chain with spin-orbitsmall, apart from waiting for a large hole to get small by evaporating via Hawking radiation, and that won't even start to happen for a very long time, since the cosmic microwave background is currently around a billion times hotter than even the smallest stellar black holes.
Actually, the main danger in the neighborhood of a black hole is if the hole is active, that is, if it is currently surrounded by matter that it's absorbing. That matter gets accelerated to very high speeds due to the gravitational acceleration and when it collides with other matter large amounts of dangerous radiation is released.


that it must be filled, are called on to do something in pursuance of their belief.

To this more special reason I may add a more general reason. Great mischief has been done by the repellent aspect habitually given to moral rule by its expositors; and immense benefits are to be anticipated from presenting moral rule under that attractive aspect which it has when undistorted by superstition and asceticism. If a father, sternly enforcing numerous commands, some needful and some needless, adds to his severe control a behaviour wholly unsympathetic—if his children have to take their
Edition: current; Page: [v]
pleasures by stealth, or, when timidly looking up from their play, ever meet a cold glance or more frequently a frown; his government will inevitably be disliked, if not hated; andthe ordinary as possible. Does he diverge from established theological dogma? Then he shall be an atheist; however inadmissible he considers the term. Does he think spiritualistic interpretations of phenomena not valid? Then he shall be classed as a materialist; indignantly though he repudiates the name. And in like manner, what differences exist between natural morality and supernatural morality, it has become the policy to exaggerate into fundamental antagonisms. In pursuance of this policy, there will probably be singled out for reprobation from this volume, doctrines which, taken by themselves, may readily be made to seem utterly wrong. With a view to clearness, I have treated separately some correlative aspects of conduct, drawing conclusions either of which becomes untrue if divorced from the other; and have thus given


fixed on as our goal, the way over the moor is too long for his strength, while the shorter way through the wood is not, the choice of means is no longer ethically indifferent. Again, if a probable result of making the one excursion rather than the other, is that I shall not be back in time to keep an appointment, or if taking the longer route entails this risk while taking the shorter does not, the decision in favour of one or other end or means acquires in another way an ethical character; and if the appointment is one of some importance, or one of great importance, or one of life-and-death importance, to self or others, the ethical character becomes pronounced. These instances will sufficiently suggest thethis more highly-evolved conduct is to secure the balance of the organic actions throughout far longer periods.

And now, on studying the doings of the highest of mammals, mankind, we not only find that the adjustments of acts to ends are both more numerous and better than among lower mammals; but we find the same thing on comparing the doings of higher races of men with those of lower races. If we take any one of the major ends achieved, we see greater completeness of achievement by civilized than by savage; and we also see an achievement of relatively numerous minor ends subserving major ends. Is it in nutrition? The food is obtained more regularly in response to appetite; it is far higher in quality; it is free from


himself for dealing with our present topic from the evolution point of view, may advantageously join to the foregoing more special aspect of the phenomena, the more general aspects before delineated.

After this passing remark, I recur to the main proposition set forth in these two chapters, which has, I think, been fully justified. Guided by the truth that as the conduct with which Ethics deals is part of conduct at large, conduct at large must be generally understood before this part can be specially understood; and guided by the further truth that to understand conduct at large we must understand the evolution of conduct; we have been led to see that Ethics has for its subject-matter, that form which universal conduct assumes during the last stages of itsthe good gun is one which carries far and true; the good house is one which duly yields the shelter, comfort, and accommodation sought for. Conversely, the badness alleged of the umbrella or the pair of boots, refers to their failures in fulfilling the ends of keeping off the rain and comfortably protecting the feet, with due regard to appearances. So is it when we pass from inanimate objects to inanimate actions. We call a day bad in which storms prevent us from satisfying certain of our desires. A
Edition: current; Page: [22]
good season is the expression used when the weather has favoured the production of valuable crops. If from lifeless things and actions we pass to living ones, we similarly find that these words in their current applications


to be blamed rather than praised: the ending of an undesirable existence being the thing to be wished, that which causes the ending of it must be applauded; while actions furthering its continuance, either in self or others, must be reprobated. Those who, on the other hand, take an optimistic view, or who, if not pure optimists, yet hold that in life the good exceeds the evil, are committed to opposite estimates; and must regard as conduct to be approved that which fosters life in self and others, and as conduct to be disapproved that which injures or endangers life in self or others.

The ultimate question, therefore, is—Has evolution been a mistake; and especially that evolution which improves the adjustment of acts to ends in ascending stages ofto have been entertained by Aristotle. I say, appears to have been, because his statements are far from consistent with one another. Recognizing happiness as the supreme end of human endeavour, it would at first sight seem that he cannot be taken as typical of those who make virtue the supreme end. Yet he puts himself in this category by seeking to define happiness in terms of virtue, instead of defining virtue in terms of happiness. The imperfect separation of words from things, which characterizes Greek speculation in general, seems to have been the cause of this. In primitive thought the name and the object named, are associated in such wise that the one is regarded as a part of the other—so much so, that knowing a savage's


a particular state of consciousness, but characterizes the aggregate of its states; and in this case the average of the aggregate is to be conceived as one in which the pleasurable
Edition: current; Page: [42]
predominates, or one in which the painful predominates, or one in which pleasures and pains exactly cancel one another. Let us take in turn these two imaginable applications of the word.

“Blessed are the merciful;” “Blessed are the peacemakers;” “Blessed is he that considereth the poor;” are sayings which we may fairly take as conveying the accepted meaning of blessedness. What now shall we say of one who is, for the time being, blessed in performing an act of mercy? Is his mental state pleasurable? If so the hypothesis is abandoned: blessedness is a particular formthere no knowledge of the divine will, the acts now known as wrong would not be known as wrong. But if men did not know such acts to be wrong because contrary to the divine will, and so, in committing them, did not offend by disobedience; and if they could not otherwise know them to be wrong; then they might commit them indifferently with the acts now classed as right: the results, practically considered, would be the same. In so far as secular matters are concerned, there would be no difference between the two; for to say that in the affairs of life, any evils would arise
Edition: current; Page: [51]
from continuing to do the acts called wrong and ceasing to do the acts called right, is to say


appropriates whatever earnings his subjects do not effectually hide, production will scarcely exceed immediate consumption; and that necessarily there will be none of that accumulation of capital required for social development, with all its aids to welfare. In neither case, however, do they perceive that they are tacity asserting the need for certain restraints on conduct as deducible from the necessary conditions to complete life in the social state; and are so making the authority of law derivative and not original.

If it be said by any belonging to this school, that certain moral obligations to be distinguished as cardinal, must be admitted to have a basis deeper than legislation, and that it is for legislation not to create but merely to enforce them—if, I say, admitting this, theySo long as only some relation between cause and effect in conduct is recognized, and not the relation, a completely-scientific form of knowledge has not been reached. At present, utilitarians pay no attention to this distinction. Even when it is pointed out, they disregard the fact that empirical utilitarianism is but a transitional form to be passed through on the way to rational utilitarianism.

In a letter to Mr. Mill, written some sixteen years ago, repudiating the title anti-utilitarian which he had applied to me (a letter subsequently published in Mr. Bain's work on Mental and Moral Science), I endeavoured to make clear the difference above indicated; and I must here quote certain passages from that letter.

The view for which I contend is, that Morality properly so-called—the science of


the initial stage of Moral Science.

Doubtless if utilitarians are asked whether it can be by mere chance that this kind of action works evil and that works good, they will answer—No: they will admit that such sequences are parts of a necessary order among phenomena. But though this truth is beyond question; and though if there are causal relations between acts and their results, rules of conduct can become scientific only when they are deduced from these causal relations; there continues to be entire satisfaction with that form of utilitarianism in which these causal relations are practically ignored. It is supposed that in future, as now, utility is to be determined only by observation of results; and that there is no possibility of knowing by deduction from fundamentalsupplied to him, there are equally certain evils, equally independent of sacred or secular enactment. Pass now to those actions more commonly thought of as the occasions for rules of conduct. Let us assume the man to be continually robbed of that which was given him in exchange for his labour, and by which he was to make up for nervo-muscular expenditure and renew his powers. No less than before is the connexion between conduct and consequence rooted in the constitution of things; unchangeable by State-made law, and not needing establishment by empirical generalization. If the action by which the man is affected is a stage further away from the results, or produces results of a less decisive kind, still we see the same basis for morality in


same original cause for their wrongness? Even with actions which work diffused and indefinite mischiefs it is the same. Suppose that the man, instead of being dealt with fraudulently, is calumniated. There is, as before, a hindrance to the carrying on of life-sustaining activities; for the loss of character detrimentally affects his business. Nor is this all. The mental depression caused partially incapacitates him for energetic activity, and perhaps brings on ill-health. So that maliciously or carelessly propagating false statements, tends both to diminish his life and to diminish his ability to maintain life. Hence its flagitiousness. Moreover, if we trace to their ultimate ramifications the effects wrought by any of these acts which morality called intuitive reprobates—if we ask what results not to the individual himself only,being affiliated on physical actions in operation from the
Edition: current; Page: [62]
beginning; and the vital phenomena each organism presents, are coming to be understood as connected sets of changes, in parts formed of matters that are affected by certain forces and disengage other forces. So is it with mind. Early ideas concerning thought and feeling ignored everything like cause, save in recognizing those effects of habit which were forced on men's attention and expressed in proverbs; but there are growing up interpretations of thought and feeling as correlates of the actions and re-actions of a nervous structure, that is influenced by outer changes and works in the body adapted changes: the implication being that Psychology becomes a science, as fast as these relations of phenomena are explained as


its parts, holds together
Edition: current; Page: [66]
over great periods. Moreover, if we consider the many movements implied by the transactions of each day, in the wood, on the water, in the camp, in the family; we see that this coherent aggregate of movements is composed of many minor aggregates, that are severally coherent within themselves and with one another. In civilized man this trait of developed conduct becomes more conspicuous still. Be his business what it may, its processes involve relatively-numerous dependent motions; and day by day it is so carried on as to show connexions between present motions and motions long gone by, as well as motions anticipated in the distant future. Besides the many doings, related to one another, which the farmer goes through in lookingcoherence among its component motions, broadly distinguishes the conduct we call moral from the conduct we call immoral. The application of the word dissolute to the last, and of the word self-restrained to the first, implies this—implies that conduct of the lower kind, constituted of disorderly acts, has its parts relatively loose in their relations with one another; while conduct of the higher kind, habitually following a fixed order, so gains a characteristic unity and coherence. In proportion
Edition: current; Page: [67]
as the conduct is what we call moral, it exhibits comparatively settled connexions between antecedents and consequents; for the doing right implies that under given conditions the combined motions constituting conduct will follow in a way that can be specified. Contrariwise, in the conduct of one whose principles


definiteness of movements.

§27. That throughout the ascending forms of life, along with increasing heterogeneity of structure and function,
Edition: current; Page: [70]
there goes increasing heterogeneity of conduct—increasing diversity in the sets of external motions and combined sets of such motions—needs not be shown in detail. Nor need it be shown that becoming relatively great in the motions constituting the conduct of the uncivilized man, this heterogeneity has become still greater in those which the civilized man goes through. We may pass at once to that further degree of the like contrast which we see on ascending from the conduct of the immoral to that of the moral.

Instead of recognizing this contrast, most readers will be inclined to identify a moral life with a life little varied in its activities.acts will be endlessly varied to suit—the heterogeneity in the combinations of motions will be extreme.

§28. Evolution in conduct considered under its moral aspect, is, like all other evolution, towards equilibrium. I do not mean that it is towards the equilibrium reached at death, though this is, of course, the final state which the evolution of the highest man has in common with all lower evolution; but I mean that it is towards a moving equilibrium.

We have seen that maintaining life, expressed in physical terms, is maintaining a balanced combination of internal actions in face of external forces tending to overthrow it; and we have seen that advance towards a higher life, has been an acquirement of ability to maintain the balance for a longer period, by the


put the questions—Does the action tend to maintenance
Edition: current; Page: [77]
of complete life for the time being? and does it tend to prolongation of life to its full extent? To answer yes or no to either of these questions, is implicitly to class the action as right or wrong in respect of its immediate bearings, whatever it may be in respect of its remote bearings.

The seeming paradoxicalness of this statement results from the tendency, so difficult of avoidance, to judge a conclusion which pre-supposes an ideal humanity, by its applicability to humanity as now existing. The foregoing conclusion refers to that highest conduct in which, as we have seen, the evolution of conduct terminates—that conduct in which the making of all adjustments of acts to ends subserving completebears them for doing things that should be done, either for his own welfare or the welfare of others. The agony of incipient suffocation they are compelled to recognize as a safeguard to life, and must allow
Edition: current; Page: [84]
that avoidance of it is conducive to all that life can bring or achieve. Nor will they refuse to own that one who is chained in a cold, damp, dungeon, in darkness and silence, is injured in health and efficiency; alike by the positive pains thus inflicted on him and by the accompanying negative pains due to absence of light, of freedom, of companionship. Conversely, they do not doubt that notwithstanding occasional excesses the pleasure which accompanies the taking of food, goes along with physical benefit; and that the


benefit is the greater the keener the satisfaction of appetite. They have no choice but to acknowledge that the instincts and sentiments which so overpoweringly prompt marriage, and those which find their gratification in the fostering of offspring, work out an immense surplus of benefit after deducting all evils. Nor dare they question that the pleasure taken in accumulating property, leaves a large balance of advantage, private and public, after making all drawbacks. Yet many and conspicuous as are the cases in which pleasures and pains, sensational and emotional, serve as incentives to proper acts and deterrents from improper acts, these pass unnoticed; and notice is taken only of those cases in which men are directly or indirectly misled by them. The well-working in essential matters is ignored;is past; and you are as you were before,” says the moralist to one. And to another he says, “You have borne the suffering—it is over; and there the matter ends.” Both statements are false. Leaving out of view indirect results, the direct results are that the one has moved a step away from death and the other has moved a step towards death.

Leaving out of view, I say, the indirect results. It is these indirect results, here for the moment left out of view, which the moralist has exclusively in view: being so occupied by them that he ignores the direct results. The gratification, perhaps purchased at undue cost, perhaps enjoyed when work should have been done, perhaps snatched from the rightful claimant, is considered only in


involving lack of exercise, consequent ill-health, inefficiency, anxiety, and unhappiness, it is supposed that ethics has no verdict to give in the matter. A student who is plucked because he has spent in amusement the time and money that should have gone in study, is blamed for thus making parents unhappy and preparing for himself a miserable future; but another who, thinking exclusively of claims on him, reads night after night with hot or aching head, and, breaking down, cannot take his degree, but returns home shattered in health and unable to support himself, is named with pity only, as not subject to any moral judgment; or rather, the moral judgment passed is wholly favourable.

Thus recognizing the evils caused by some kinds of conduct only, men at large,advances. Instead of being single, the identifying attribute a, often becomes, in the environment of a superior animal, a cluster of attributes; such as the size, form, colours, motions, displayed by a distant creature that is dangerous. The factor b, with which this combination of attributes is associated, becomes the congeries of characters, powers, habits, which constitute it an enemy. Of the subjective factors, c becomes a complicated set of visual sensations co-ordinated with one another and with the ideas and feelings established by experience of such enemies, and constituting the motive to escape; while d becomes the intricate, and often prolonged, series of runs, leaps, doubles, dives, &c., made in eluding the enemy. In human life we find the same four outer and inner factors, still more


same way with those whose lives are largely occupied with pleasures not of a sensual kind, let me point out that there are analogous contrasts between guidance by the less complex representative feelings, or lower emotions, and guidance by the more complex representative feelings, or higher emotions. When led by his acquisitiveness—a re-representative feeling which, acting under due control, conduces to welfare—the thief takes another man's property; his act is determined by certain imagined proximate pleasures of relatively simple kinds, rather than by less-clearly imagined possible pains that are more remote and of relatively involved kinds. But in the conscientious man, there is an adequate restraining motive, still more re-representative in its nature, including not only ideas of punishment, and not only ideas of lost reputation and ruin,breakfast that he may catch the train, snatching a sandwich in the middle of the day, and eating a late dinner when he is so worn out that he is incapacitated for evening recreation, the man of business
Edition: current; Page: [113]
pursues a life in which not only the satisfactions of bodily desires, but also those of higher tastes and feelings, are, as far as may be, disregarded, that distant ends may be achieved; and yet if you ask what are these distant ends, you find (in cases where there are no parental responsibilities) that they are included under the conception of more comfortable living in time to come. So ingrained is this belief that it is wrong to seek immediate enjoyments and right to seek remote ones only,


restraint distinguished as religious. For a long time these three sets of restraints, with their correlative sanctions, though becoming separate in consciousness, remain co-extensive; and do so because they mostly refer to one end—success in war. The duty of blood-revenge is insisted on even while yet nothing to be called social organization exists. As the chief gains predominance, the killing of enemies becomes a political duty; and as the anger of the dead chief comes to be dreaded, the killing of enemies becomes a religious duty. Loyalty to the ruler while he lives and after he dies, is increasingly shown by holding life at his disposal for purposes of war. The earliest enacted punishments are those for insubordination and for breaches of observances which express subordination—all of themincidental, collateral, non-necessary consequences of acts, it is constituted by representations of consequences which the acts naturally produce. These representations are not all distinct, though some of such are usually present; but they form an assemblage of indistinct representations accumulated by experience of the results of like acts in the life of the individual, super-posed on a still more indistinct but voluminous consciousness due to the inherited effects of such experiences in progenitors: forming a feeling that is at once massive and vague.

And now we see why the moral feelings and correlative restraints have arisen later than the feelings and restraints that originate from political, religious, and social authorities; and have so slowly, and even yet so incompletely, disentangled themselves. For only by these lower feelings and restraints


and referring to remoter and wider needs, have, on the average, an authority as guides greater than have the earlier and simpler feelings.

After thus observing that even an inferior creature is ruled by a hierarchy of feelings so constituted that general
Edition: current; Page: [130]
welfare depends on a certain subordination of lower to higher, we saw that in man, as he passes into the social state, there arises the need for sundry additional subordinations of lower to higher: co-operation being made possible only by them. To the restraints constituted by mental representations of the intrinsic effects of actions, which, in their simpler forms, have been evolving from the beginning, are added the restraints caused by mental representations of extrinsic effects, in the shape of political, religious, and social penalties.

Witharrived at by members of other societies also, the causes of international antagonism end simultaneously with the causes of antagonism between individuals.

And now having from the sociological point of view recognized the need for, and authority of, these changing systems of ethics, proper to changing ratios between war-like activities and peaceful activities, we have, from the same point of view, to consider the system of ethics proper to the state in which peaceful activities are undisturbed.

§51. If, excluding all thought of dangers or hindrances from causes external to a society, we set ourselves to specify those conditions under which the life of each person, and therefore of the aggregate, may be the greatest possible; we come upon certain simple ones which, as here stated, assume the form of


achievement of the end That these inferences are self-evident and trite (as indeed the first inferences drawn from the data of every science that reaches the deductive stage naturally are) must not make us pass lightly over the all-important fact that, from the sociological point of view, the leading moral laws are seen to follow as corollaries from the definition of complete life carried on under social conditions.

Respect for these primary moral laws is not enough, however. Associated men pursuing their several lives without injuring one another but without helping one another, reap no advantages from association beyond those of companionship. If, while there is no co-operation for defensive purposes (which is here excluded by the hypothesis) there is also no co-operation for satisfying wants, the social statewill commonly be refusal to give aid when asked; and each man will be left to do the best he can by himself. All those advantages to be gained by union of efforts in doing
Edition: current; Page: [142]
things that are beyond the powers of the single individual, will be unachievable. At the outset, then, fulfilment of contracts that are implied if not expressed, becomes a condition to social co-operation; and therefore to social development.

From these simple forms of co-operation in which the labours men carry on are of like kinds, let us turn to the more complex forms in which they carry on labours of unlike kinds. Where men mutually aid in building huts or felling trees, the number of days' work now given by one to another,


mischiefs. As already implied by the reasoning in the last paragraph, not only social integration but also social differentiation, is hindered by breach of contract.

In Part II of the Principles of Sociology, it was shown that the fundamental principles of organization are the same for an individual organism and for a social organism; because both consist of mutually-dependent parts. In the one case as in the other, the assumption of unlike activities by the component members, is possible only on condition that they severally benefit in due degrees by one another's activities. That we may the better see what are the implications in respect of social structures, let us first note the implications in respect of individual structures.

The welfare of a living body implies an approximate equilibrium betweenwaste over repair: there sets in what is known as atrophy. Now since each of the organs has thus to be paid in nutriment for its services by the rest; it follows that the due balancing of their
Edition: current; Page: [145]
respective claims and payments is requisite, directly for the welfare of each organ, and indirectly for the welfare of the organism. For in a whole formed of mutually-dependent parts, anything which prevents due performance of its duty by one part reacts injuriously on all the parts.

With change of terms these statements and inferences hold of a society. That social division of labour which parallels in so many other respects the physiological division of labour, parallels it in this respect also. As was shown at large in the Principles


its relative value, Bentham has committed himself to the specified assumption; and though it is perhaps reasonably taken for granted that hedonism as represented by him, is identical with hedonism at large; yet it seems to me that the hedonist, empirical or other, is not necessarily committed to this assumption. That the greatest surplus of pleasures over pains ought to be the end of action, is a belief which he may still consistently hold after admitting that the valuations of pleasures and pains are commonly vague and often erroneous. He may say that though indefinite things do not admit of definite measurements, yet approximately true estimates of their relative values may be made when they differ considerably; and he may further say that even when their relative valuesmust forget them,” Mr. Sidgwick remarks:—

“A man who maintains throughout an epicurean mood, fixing his aim on his own pleasure, does not catch the full spirit of the chase; his eagerness never gets just the sharpness of edge which imparts to the pleasure its highest zest and flavour. Here comes into view what we may call the fundamental paradox of Hedonism, that the impulse towards pleasure, if too predominant, defeats its own aim. This effect is not visible, or at any rate is scarcely visible, in the case of passive sensual pleasures. But of our active enjoyments generally, whether the activities on which they attend are classed as ‘bodily’ or as ‘intellectual’ (as well as of many emotional pleasures), it may certainly be said that we cannot attain


pleasure or pain, its intensity, duration, certainty, and proximity, suffices to show how difficult is this problem. And when it is remembered that all pleasures and pains, not felt in particular cases only but in the aggregate of cases, and severally regarded under these four aspects, have to be compared with one another and their relative values determined, simply by introspection; it will be manifest both that the problem is complicated by the addition of indefinite judgments of qualities to indefinite measures of quantities, and that it is further complicated by the multitudinousness of these vague estimations to be gone through and summed up.

But now passing over this assertion of Bentham that happiness is a more intelligible end than justice, which we find to be the reverse ofproperly skip justice, and go directly to the end happiness, we may properly skip Bentham's polity, and go directly to the end happiness. In short, we are led to the remarkable conclusion that in all cases we must contemplate exclusively the end and must disregard the means.

§61 This relation of ends to means, underlying all ethical
Edition: current; Page: [169]
speculation, will be further elucidated if we join with some of the above conclusions, certain conclusions drawn in the last chapter. We shall see that while greatest happiness may vary widely in societies which, though ideally constituted, are subject to unlike physical circumstances, certain fundamental conditions to the achievement of this greatest happiness, are common to all such societies.

Given a people inhabiting a tract which makes nomadic habits necessary, and


of which the functions will yield their respective gratifications.

When we have got rid of the tendency to think that certain modes of activity are necessarily pleasurable because they give us pleasure, and that other modes which do not please us are necessarily unpleasing; we shall see that the re-moulding of human nature into fitness for the requirements of social life, must eventually make all needful activities pleasurable, while it makes displeasurable all activities at variance with these requirements. When we have come fully to recognize the truth that there is nothing intrinsically more gratifying in the efforts by which wild animals are caught, than in the efforts expended in rearing
Edition: current; Page: [184]
plants, and that the combined actions of muscles and senses in rowing a boat are notcontrast between two societies formed of two such kinds of individuals.

Bounding out of bed after an unbroken sleep, singing or whistling as he dresses, coming down with beaming face ready to laugh on the smallest provocation, the healthy man of high powers, conscious of past successes and by his energy, quickness, resource, made confident of the future, enters on the day's business not with repugnance but with gladness; and from hour to hour experiencing satisfactions from work effectually done, comes home with an
Edition: current; Page: [191]
abundant surplus of energy remaining for hours of relaxation. Far otherwise is it with one who is enfeebled by great neglect of self. Already deficient, his energies are made more deficient by constant endeavours to execute tasks that prove beyond his strength, and


be that due acceptance of the miscellaneous pleasures life offers, conduces to the capacity for enjoyment in posterity; and that persistence in dull monotonous lives by parents, diminishes the ability of their descendants to make the best of what gratifications fall to them.

§72. Beyond the decrease of general happiness which results in this indirect way if egoism is unduly subordinated, there is a decrease of general happiness which results in a direct way. He who carries self-regard far enough to keep himself in good health and high spirits, in the first place thereby becomes an immediate source of happiness to those around, and in the second place maintains the ability to increase their happiness by altruistic actions. But one whose bodily vigour and mental health are undermined bysleeplessness, inability to work. That rest which he would not give himself when his sensations prompted, he has now to take in long measure. The extra earnings laid by for the benefit of his family, are quickly swept away by costly journeys in aid of recovery, and by the many expenses which illness entails. Instead of increased ability to do his duty by his offspring, there comes now inability. Life-long evils on them replace hoped-for goods. And so is it, too, with the social effects of inadequate egoism. All grades furnish examples of the mischiefs, positive and negative, inflicted on society by excessive neglect of self. Now the case is that of a labourer who, conscientiously continuing his work under a broiling sun, spite of violent protest from


the altruism of the family to social altruism.

A fact to be first noted is that only where altruistic relations in the domestic group have reached highly-developed forms, do there arise conditions making possible full development of altruistic relations in the political group. Tribes in which promiscuity prevails or in which the marital relations are transitory, and tribes in which poly-andry entails in another way indefinite relationships, are incapable of much organization. Nor do peoples who are habitually polygamous, show themselves able to take on those high forms of social co-operation which demand due subordination of self to others. Only where monogamic marriage has become general and eventually universal—only where there have consequently been established the
Edition: current; Page: [205]
closest ties of blood—only where family altruism has been most fostered,which restrains the undue egoism displayed in breaches of contract. General acceptance of the maxim that honesty is the best policy, implies general experience that gratification of the self-regarding feelings is eventually furthered by such checking of them as maintains equitable dealings. And here, as before, each is personally interested in securing good treatment of his fellows by one another. For in countless ways evils are entailed on each by the prevalence of fraudulent transactions. As everyone knows, the larger the number of a shopkeeper's bills left unpaid by some customers, the higher must be the prices which other customers pay. The more manufacturers lose by defective raw materials or by carelessness of workmen, the more must they charge for their fabrics to buyers. The less trustworthy people


which comes as the world around grows familiar, until in adult life there remain comparatively few things that are greatly enjoyed, draws from all the reflection that as years go by pleasures pall. And to those who think, it becomes clear that only through sympathy can pleasures be indirectly gained from things that have ceased to yield pleasures directly. In the gratifications derived by parents from the gratifications of their offspring, this is conspicuously shown. Trite as is the remark that men live afresh in their children, it is needful here to set it down as reminding us of the way in which, as the egoistic satisfactions in life fade, altruism renews them while it transfigures them.

We are thus introduced to a more general consideration—the egoistic aspect ofof neighbouring communities on one another, still more does it have them diminished by its own aggressions. One who marks how, in various parts of the world, the unscrupulous greed of conquest cloaked by pretences of spreading the blessings of British rule and British religion, is now reacting to the immense detriment of the industrial classes at home, alike by increasing expenditure and paralyzing trade, may see that these industrial classes, absorbed in questions about capital and labour, and thinking themselves unconcerned in our doings abroad, are suffering from lack of that wide-reaching altruism which should insist on just dealings with other peoples, civilized or savage. And he may also see that beyond these immediate evils, they will for a generation to come suffer the evils that must


happiness as an end, the rule must be—“everybody to count for one, nobody for more than one,” there arises the idea of distribution. We can form
Edition: current; Page: [222]
no idea of distribution without thinking of something distributed and recipients of this something. That we may clearly conceive the proposition we must clearly conceive both these elements of it. Let us take first the recipients.

“Everybody to count for one, nobody for more than one.” Does this mean that, in respect of whatever is portioned out, each is to have the same share whatever his character, whatever his conduct? Shall he if passive have as much as if active? Shall he if useless have as much as if useful? Shall he if criminal have as much as if virtuous? IfB, C, and D had no claims to it, but only to such happiness, or aids to happiness, as their respective labours had purchased. Consequently, A, acting as the imaginary impartial spectator would direct, is, by this test, justified in appropriating such happiness or aid to happiness as his own efforts have achieved.

And so under its special form as under its general form, the principle is true only in so far as it embodies a disguised justice. Analysis again brings out the result that making “general happiness” the end of action, really means maintaining what we call equitable relations among individuals. Decline to accept in its vague form “the greatest-happiness principle,” and insist on knowing what is the implied conduct, public or private, and it turns out that


as a principle of action, which they must do if it is a sound principle, implies that all are at once extremely unegoistic and extremely egoistic—ready to injure self for others' benefit, and ready to accept benefit at the cost of injury to others: traits which cannot co-exist.

The need for a compromise between egoism and altruism is thus made conspicuous. We are forced to recognize the claims which his own well-being has on the attention of each by noting how, in some directions we come to a deadlock, in others to contradictions, and in others to disastrous results, if they are ignored. Conversely, it is undeniable that disregard of others by each, carried to a great extent is fatal to society, and carried to a still greater extentand usages of mankind. This compromise between egoism and altruism has been slowly establishing itself; and towards recognition of its propriety, men's actual beliefs, as distinguished from their nominal beliefs, have been gradually approaching. Social evolution has been bringing about a state in which the claims of the individual to the proceeds of his activities, and to such satisfactions as they bring, are more and more positively asserted; at the same time that insistance on others' claims, and habitual
Edition: current; Page: [239]
respect for them, have been increasing. Among the rudest savages personal interests are very vaguely distinguished from the interests of others. In early stages of civilization, the proportioning of benefits to efforts is extremely rude: slaves and serfs get for work, arbitrary amounts of food and shelter:


which must advance as fast as conditions permit, will bring about this state.

§93. We have seen that during the evolution of life, pleasures and pains have necessarily been the incentives to and deterrents from, actions which the conditions of existence demanded and negatived. An implied truth to be here noted is, that faculties which, under given conditions, yield partly pain and partly pleasure, cannot develop beyond the limit at which they yield a surplus of pleasure: if beyond that limit more pain than pleasure results from exercise of them, their growth must be arrested.

Through sympathy both these forms of feeling are excited. Now a pleasurable consciousness is aroused on witnessing pleasure; now a painful consciousness is aroused on witnessing pain. Hence, if beings around him habitually manifest pleasureof its subjective and objective factors, sympathy may thus, as the hindrances diminish, rise above that now shown by the sympathetic as much as in them it has risen above that which the callous show.

§95. What must be the accompanying evolution of conduct? What must the relations between egoism and altruism become as this form of nature is neared?

A conclusion drawn in the chapter on the relativity of pleasures and pains, and there emphasized as one to be borne in mind, must now be recalled. It was pointed out that, supposing them to be consistent with continuance of life, there are no activities which may not become sources of pleasure, if surrounding conditions require persistence in them. And here it is to be added, as a corollary, that


accept benefits derived from their self-injuries. What is to be inferred? While each when occasion offers is ready, anxious even, to surrender egoistic satisfactions; others, similarly-natured, cannot but resist the surrender. If anyone, proposing to treat himself more hardly than a disinterested spectator would direct, refrains
Edition: current; Page: [252]
from appropriating that which is due, others, caring for him if he will not care for himself, must necessarily insist that he shall appropriate it. General altruism then, in its developed form, must inevitably resist individual excesses of altruism. The relation at present familiar to us will be inverted; and instead of each maintaining his own claims, others will maintain his claims for him: not, indeed, by active efforts, which will be needless, but by passively resisting any undue yieldingproducing a Universe which, in the course of immeasurable time, has given origin to beings capable of pleasure, and would have done wrong in abstaining from the production of such a Universe; then, the comment to be made is that, imposing the moral ideas
Edition: current; Page: [259]
generated in his finite consciousness, upon the Infinite Existence which transcends consciousness, he goes behind that Infinite Existence and prescribes for it principles of action.

As implied in foregoing chapters, right and wrong as conceived by us can exist only in relation to the actions of creatures capable of pleasures and pains; seeing that analysis carries us back to pleasures and pains as the elements out of which the conceptions are framed.

But if the word “absolute,” as used above, does not refer to


the Unconditioned Being—if the principles of action distinguished as absolute and relative concern the conduct of conditioned beings; in what way are the words to be understood? An explanation of their meanings will be best conveyed by a criticism on the current conceptions of right and wrong.

§100. Conversations about the affairs of life habitually imply the belief that every deed named may be placed under the one head or the other. In discussing a political question, both sides take it for granted that some line of action may be chosen which is right, while all other lines of action are wrong. So, too, is it with judgments on the doings of individuals: each of these is approved or disapproved on the assumption that it is definitely classable aspartially painful to others, but which nevertheless are imperative. As implied by antithesis with cases above referred to, the wearisomeness of productive labour as ordinarily pursued, renders it in so far wrong; but then far greater suffering would result, both to the labourer and his family, and therefore far greater wrong would be done, were this wearisomeness not borne. Though the pains which the care of many children entail on a mother, form a considerable set-off from the pleasures secured by them to her children and herself; yet the miseries, immediate and remote, which neglect would entail so far exceed them, that submission to such pains up to the limit of physical ability to bear them becomes, morally imperative as being the least wrong. A servant who fails


certain extent serving in the last case, as in the first, for the guidance of conduct. Moreover, as this rudimentary mechanical knowledge, though still remaining empirical, becomes during early stages of civilization at once more definite and more extensive; so during early stages of civilization these ethical ideas, still retaining their empirical character, increase in precision and multiplicity. But just as we have seen that mechanical knowledge of the empirical sort can evolve into mechanical science, only by first omitting all qualifying
Edition: current; Page: [271]
circumstances, and generalizing in absolute ways the fundamental laws of forces; so here we have to see that empirical ethics can evolve into rational ethics only by first neglecting all complicating incidents, and formulating the laws of right action apart from the obscuring effectswould be under present circumstances. And this inquiry is futile for two reasons. The co-existence of a perfect man and an imperfect society is impossible; and could the two co-exist, the resulting conduct would not furnish the ethical standard sought. In the
Edition: current; Page: [280]
first place, given the laws of life as they are, and a man of ideal nature cannot be produced in a society consisting of men having natures remote from the ideal. As well might we expect a child of English type to be born among Negroes, as expect that among the organically immoral, one who is organically moral will arise. Unless it be denied that character results from inherited structure, it must be admitted that since, in any society, each individual descends from a


others, must go to the wall. There requires a certain congruity between the conduct of each member of a society and other's conduct. A mode of action entirely alien to the prevailing modes of action, cannot be successfully persisted in—must eventuate in death of self, or posterity, or both.

Hence it is manifest that we must consider the ideal man as existing in the ideal social state. On the evolution-hypothesis, the two pre-suppose one another; and only when they co-exist, can there exist that ideal conduct which Absolute Ethics has to formulate, and which Relative Ethics has to take as the standard by which to estimate divergencies from right, or degrees of wrong.

Edition: current; Page: [281]

CHAPTER XVI.: THE SCOPE OF ETHICS.

§107. At the outset it was shown that asbe fulfilled for perfect individual well-being, must vary along with variations in the material conditions of each society, certain general requirements have to be fulfilled by the individuals of all
Edition: current; Page: [283]
societies. An average balance between waste and nutrition has universally to be preserved. Normal vitality implies a relation between activity and rest falling within moderate limits of variation. Continuance of the society depends on satisfaction of those primarily personal needs which result in marriage and parenthood. Perfection of individual life hence implies certain modes of action which are approximately alike in all cases and which therefore become part of the subject-matter of Ethics.

That it is possible to reduce this division of Ethics to scientific definiteness, can scarcely be said. But ethical requirements may here be to


Page: [288]
problems, alike important and difficult, admitting only of empirical solutions. How far is self-sacrifice for another's benefit to be carried in each case?—a question which must be answered differently according to the character of the other, the needs of the other, and the various claims of self and belongings which have to be met. To what extent under given circumstances shall private welfare be sub-ordinated to public welfare?—a question to be answered after considering the importance of the end and the seriousness of the sacrifice. What benefit and what detriment will result from gratuitous aid yielded to another?—a question in each case implying an estimate of probabilities Is there any unfair treatment of sundry others, involved by more than fair treatment of this one other? Up toCoombe Women's Hospital in Dublin (€409,448) and the National Maternity Hospital in Holles St, Dublin (€227,411), both of which are under pressure because of soaring births.

Criteria

High-performing hospitals include Wexford General (given €1.4m), St James's Hospital, Dublin (€1.2m); St Luke's Hospital, Kilkenny (€1.1m); and Mayo General (€1.09m).

The Health Service Executive (HSE) yesterday defended the system, which has been in place since 1993. It said standard criteria were used to measure the hospitals' performance.

The HSE rewarded efficiency by re-directing funds to hospitals which had demonstrated that "additional funding will result in real benefits", a spokesman for the HSE said.

"The system is designed to take account of each hospital's unique issues and unique patients.

"Hospitals are not penalised for long-stay patients; neither are they rewarded for discharging patients too early," the spokesman


try it out and give us feedback.

Begin Your Forklift Training Today!

The Real-Forklift Basic Training Suite makes forklift training fun, interactive and way more effective than watching a BORING video.

Contact Info

Cookies on the Really-Virtual Consulting, LLC (RVC) website. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the RVC website. However, if you would like to, you can change your cookie settings at any time."OkPrivacy policythe outstretched hand occurs, the olecranon engages on the olecranon fossa and if elbow extension progresses, the olecranon finally acts as a fulcrum on the fossa. Therefore, the bone begins to break at first anteriorly and the fracture progresses posteriorly. If the energy is high, the posterior cortex disrupts, and finally complete posterior displacement of the distal fragment occurs with the posterior periosteum acting as a hinge. This is the mechanism of extension-type fractures, which represent 97% to 99% of the total.^[@bibr4-2058-5241.3.170049]^

Analysis of distal fragment displacement and posterior periosteum integrity is essential. Although previous literature has described posteromedial displacement of the distal fragment as the most frequent direction of displacement (75% of cases^[@bibr1-2058-5241.3.170049]^), in our series we have found an almost equal rate of posteromedial and posterolateral displacement.^[@bibr5-2058-5241.3.170049]^


studies have demonstrated that widely divergent wires starting on the capitellum, one through the lateral column and one through the medial cortex, are the best option.^[@bibr68-2058-5241.3.170049],[@bibr69-2058-5241.3.170049]^ It is important to have the pins separated enough at the level of the fracture to provide rotational stability.

![Fracture fixated with crossed pins percutaneously. Ulnar nerve was traversed by medial pin and post-operative palsy was present.](eor-3-526-g009){#fig9-2058-5241.3.170049}

Sankar et al classified pinning errors as types A, B and C.^[@bibr70-2058-5241.3.170049]^ A type A error was defined as the failure to engage both fragments by two pins or more. A type B error was defined as the failure to achieve bicortical fixation with two pins or more. A type C error was defined as inadequate pin spread to control rotation.^[@bibr70-2058-5241.3.170049]^ We found type C error tomaintained by pins, but also increases the risk of compartment syndrome.](eor-3-526-g011){#fig11-2058-5241.3.170049}

Complications {#section16-2058-5241.3.170049}
=============

Vascular injury {#section17-2058-5241.3.170049}
---------------

About 10% to 20% of displaced supracondylar fractures present alterations in vascular status.^[@bibr11-2058-5241.3.170049],[@bibr12-2058-5241.3.170049]^ The radial pulse is reported to be absent before reduction in 7% to 12% of all fractures and up to 19% in displaced fractures. Lesions of the brachial artery can occur primarily from stretching, entrapping or disrupting the neurovascular structures on the proximal fragment and, secondarily, during reduction manoeuvres or when immobilizing the elbow in the hyperflexion position.^[@bibr81-2058-5241.3.170049],[@bibr82-2058-5241.3.170049]^

When facing a supracondylar humeral fracture with an associated vascular injury, our first action should be to perform a closed reduction of the fracture. There is no evidence supporting the use of angiography in pre-operative management.^[@bibr83-2058-5241.3.170049],[@bibr84-2058-5241.3.170049]^ In the absence of significant associated trauma at other


present. When a complete median nerve lesion is present, sensory and motor loss of function are observed in the median nerve distribution. Radial nerve injury is associated with a loss of wrist and finger extensor function and loss of sensation in the radial nerve distribution. Ulnar nerve injury is more frequent in flexion-type fractures. However, due to the low incidence of flexion-type fractures, the majority of ulnar nerve injuries are seen in extension fractures and they are thought to be caused by a medial pin.^[@bibr26-2058-5241.3.170049]^ In fact, Valencia et al found that in more than half of their ulnar nerve injuries, fixation was with lateral-entry point pins alone.^[@bibr79-2058-5241.3.170049]^ The authors hypothesized that an ulnar nerve injury may reflect the severity of the trauma or the difficulty in reducingtriceps is displaced medially and the displaced triceps force vector leads to an external rotation (supination) moment arm on the ulna. Tardy ulnar nerve palsy with anterior dislocation of the nerve has been described^[@bibr109-2058-5241.3.170049]-[@bibr111-2058-5241.3.170049]^ ([Fig. 15](#fig15-2058-5241.3.170049){ref-type="fig"}). Snapping of the medial portion of the triceps may occur from the medial displacement of the triceps as well as the internal rotation of the distal humerus.^[@bibr112-2058-5241.3.170049]^

![Ulnar nerve palsy is one of the complications related to cubitus varus deformity. In the figure, anterior transposition of the nerve is performed before the osteotomy for correction the deformity.](eor-3-526-g015){#fig15-2058-5241.3.170049}

Several osteotomies have been proposed to correct cubitus varus. A lateral wedge osteotomy is probably the most used osteotomy because it is easy to perform; however, it does not address internal rotation deformity and parents complain of


// © 2018 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
// License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html

#include "unicode/utypes.h"

#if !UCONFIG_NO_FORMATTING

// Allow implicit conversion from char16_t* to UnicodeString for this file:
// Helpful in toString methods and elsewhere.
#define UNISTR_FROM_STRING_EXPLICIT

#include "numrange_impl.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "number_utypes.h"
#include "number_decnum.h"

using namespace icu;
using namespace icu::number;
using namespace icu::number::impl;

// This function needs to be declared in this namespace so it can be friended.
// NOTE: In Java, this logic is handled in the resolve() function.
void icu::number::impl::touchRangeLocales(RangeMacroProps& macros) {
    macros.formatter1.fMacros.locale = macros.locale;
    macros.formatter2.fMacros.locale = macros.locale;
}

template<typename Derived>
Derived NumberRangeFormatterSettings<Derived>::numberFormatterBoth(const UnlocalizedNumberFormatter& formatter) const& {
    Derived copy(*this);
    copy.fMacros.formatter1 = formatter;
    copy.fMacros.singleFormatter = true;
    touchRangeLocales(copy.fMacros);
    return copy;
}

template<typename Derived>
Derived NumberRangeFormatterSettings<Derived>::numberFormatterBoth(const UnlocalizedNumberFormatter& formatter) && {
    Derived move(std::move(*this));
 move.fMacros.formatter1 = formatter;
    move.fMacros.singleFormatter = false;
    touchRangeLocales(move.fMacros);
    return move;
}

template<typename Derived>
Derived NumberRangeFormatterSettings<Derived>::numberFormatterFirst(UnlocalizedNumberFormatter&& formatter) const& {
    Derived copy(*this);
    copy.fMacros.formatter1 = std::move(formatter);
    copy.fMacros.singleFormatter = false;
    touchRangeLocales(copy.fMacros);
    return copy;
}

template<typename Derived>
Derived NumberRangeFormatterSettings<Derived>::numberFormatterFirst(UnlocalizedNumberFormatter&& formatter) && {
    Derived move(std::move(*this));
    move.fMacros.formatter1 = std::move(formatter);
    move.fMacros.singleFormatter = false;
    touchRangeLocales(move.fMacros);
    return move;
}

template<typename Derived>
Derived NumberRangeFormatterSettings<Derived>::numberFormatterSecond(const UnlocalizedNumberFormatter& formatter) const& {
    Derived copy(*this);
    copy.fMacros.formatter2 = formatter;
    copy.fMacros.singleFormatter = false;
    touchRangeLocales(copy.fMacros);
    return copy;
}

template<typename Derived>
Derived NumberRangeFormatterSettings<Derived>::numberFormatterSecond(const UnlocalizedNumberFormatter& formatter) && {
    Derived move(std::move(*this));
    move.fMacros.formatter2 =


OPEN:

Monday THRU Friday

10 a.m. – 3 p.m.

Golden Goose Deluxe Brand was founded in 2000 by the creative spirit of Alessandro Gallo and Francesca Rinaldo. The intent was to stand out with an innovative and artisan product.

In 17 years, Golden Goose Deluxe Brand has created a complete lifestyle for its consumers, offering a collection that includes ready-to-wear, accessories and footwear, combining a sophisticated and modern style to a vintage taste, enriched by a strong Italian tailoring tradition.like it, though." "So does your sister." "Hey, sarge, welcome back." " Look who's back." " Welcome back, sarge." "What's up, Hondo?" "Hey, sarge." " Howdy." " What do you need?" "Sgt. Hondo?" "You're back." "You know what they say, Gus." "You're either SWAT or you're not." "Yes, sir." "What can I do for you?" "Oh, just a tune-up." "But please, don't touch my sights." " And I made some modifications..." " To the trigger too." " And you are?" " Jim Street." "Street." "Yeah, we'll leave them intact." " I need that back by tomorrow." " Can do, sergeant." " Good to see you." " Good seeing you." "Gosh, Gus, is that a woody?" "Heck, yeah." "That's Hondo." "He's old-school SWAT." "The gold standard of ass-kicking." "Sorry,


you think of anybody I might've overlooked?" "This a game or a test, sergeant?" " Could be a bit of both." " Yeah, I'm a little old for games." "All right." "So how'd you like to be back on SWAT?" "It's not gonna happen." "So why you hanging around the cage then?" "It's a job." "And SWAT's a calling." "Anybody around you for five minutes can tell you still got the bug." "All you gotta do is say yes." "It's not up to me or you." "I got a history here." "Yeah, let's talk about that." "I heard some rumors about you and your old partner." "Did you give him up in Fuller's office?" "Because, you know, team members gotta trust each other." "I'm not on your team."" Clear." " Clear." "Clear." "Suspect, put your hands on your head and come out." " Come out!" " Come out now!" " Turn around." " Go!" " Down." " Get down." "Yeah." "Outstanding, guys." "You feel that?" "The team's going out for beers later." "I'm buying." "I'll take mine after we pass." "Well, Fuller's definitely gonna try and hose us." "Good." "I'd hate to break a sweat just for a first-round knockout." "Hey, we got a big day tomorrow." "Save some." "I got plenty." "I'm depending on you to get these guys through this." "I'll cover my end." " Can I ask you something?" " Yeah, go for it." "Why'd you pick me?" "To piss off the captain." "There are six hijackers armed with handguns and knives


clear on that?" "Got you." " Crystal." " Yes, sir." "All right." "Well, let's continue celebrating tonight but tomorrow, we're SWAT." "Nice." "I love you too." "Homeland Security, my ass." "They can't keep me like this." "I've been patient, day after day." "So tell me, what's going on?" "This is the problem." "Your prints do not match your ID." "So they're running another check through the FBI and Interpol." "Interpol, shit." "Get me out of here." " I'm doing everything I can." " Do more." "This is easy." "Who do we have to pay?" "You can't solve this problem by throwing money at it." "Then who do we have to kill?" "Come on, guys, it's only 11:00." "I got a babysitter for the first time in three months."agents and employees of defendant, including threats of dismissal, punishment, and improper attempts to discipline plaintiff for conduct which was entirely proper, because of plaintiff's refusal to engage in illegal or unethical conduct or to accede to improper and unlawful demands by said agents and employees.

9
Defendant L & N, through its managing agents and employees, knew that this continuing course of conduct and its failure and refusal to comply with the award was and is without justification in law or fact and knew that it would naturally and probably cause plaintiff George Choate severe emotional distress.  pp  8 and 9 Count I, Second Amended Complaint.2

10
The district judge construed these allegations to present a "a minor dispute" arising out of Choate's employment relationship with L & N.


work anyways, digging in further is just spending more precious time.

A spin I've put on this that helps: if you wouldn't have invested that time in the first place, you wouldn't have found out that you were on the wrong path.

Even better? It's likely that in building in the wrong direction, your skillset improved which is not a waste.

If you're going to iterate quickly, you have to detach all emotion from your process and kill your best ideas if you know they're not resonating with customers.

Reduce your scope

I'll be honest, in a lot of ways Command was a flex 💪.

For the majority of my development career, my time has been spent either building things for other people or teaching other people how to build things.

Save for a fewwant.”

- Scott Hanselman

The point here is that you should focus on depth not breadth.

The reason why is that your scope ultimately dictates how your product is positioned in people's minds. Too many features means too many things to talk about means a confusing message.

Instead, reel it in. You want to be able to say "X is an X for X."

If you can't do that, you should really pump the brakes and figure out where you can trim some fat.

Use patterns and keep your code organized

This was one of those happy accidents that I'm glad I stumbled into.

When it comes to writing code, I cannot stand disorganization. It drives me nuts and makes me extremely uncomfortable.

While at times this tick can be frustrating, occasionally it produces some helpful things


A recent update to the Xbox 360 dashboard made Internet Explorer available as a free download. This is exciting news for an HTML5 game company like us, as it means that our games are now playable on Xbox 360 consoles.

In an interview with ImpactJS creator Dominic Szablewski, we talked about some of the developer frustrations revolving around Microsoft and HTML5. Dominic has his game Biolab Disaster running natively on an Xbox 360, but at a completely unplayable 3 frames per second. It’s so close to working but there’s no apparent interest from Microsoft to seal the deal, despite their repeated pushes into the HTML5 game space.

Microsoft has financed or otherwise produced a handful of HTML5 game projects in the past few years, including Pirates Love Daisies, Agent 008remarks for each day. The page counts must include the total number of pages, the number
of pages edited, proofread, and formatted into the required electronic form (including
bookmarks). The report may describe any unusual aspects of the record. The report must
describe any problems the court reporter reasonably believes may delay the completion of the
record beyond the extended date. A preferred form for the status report, with an accompanying
example, is attached.

                                                    _________________________________


naming his starting XI, but there is plenty of young talent waiting in the wings. In the grueling MLS regular season, that can only be a boon.

STEJSKAL: There's always next year

Pablo Mastroeni’s quotes are championship caliber, but his Rapids – no matter how much spirit, heart and, um, stones they have – aren’t going to make the playoffs.

There’s no doubt that they’re significantly better than they were last year, when they finished dead last in the West with 37 points. Jermaine Jones is off to a flying start, Tim Howard is Tim Howard, Shkelzen Gashi is a real talent and Marco Pappa (now injured) has been dangerous. The Rapids will be a tough out in 2016, and they’ll beat some legit teams to affect seeding down the stretch.

Icriteria, including 131 (73%) with atypical lesions and 48 (27%) with LCIS. Second-look imaging was recommended for 31 of 131 (23.7%) patients with atypical lesions and 8 of 48 (16.7%) with LCIS. Ten biopsies were performed in the atypical cohort (7.6%) with two revealing a malignancy (Positive Predictive Value [PPV] of 20%). In the LCIS cohort, five biopsies were performed (10.4%) with one revealing a malignancy (PPV of 20%). The benefit of breast MRI surveillance in patients after excision of atypical lesions or LCIS has not been clearly delineated previously. Our data demonstrate that the use of screening breast MRI in this cohort results in additional work-up in one-fifth of patients, but a PPV of only 20%. Large, prospective studies would be needed to determine whether breast cancer


James Ruse

James Ruse (9 August /17605 September 1837) was a Cornish farmer who, at the age of 23, was convicted of breaking and entering and was sentenced to seven years' transportation to Australia. He arrived at Sydney Cove on the First Fleet with 18 months of his sentence remaining. Ruse applied to Governor Arthur Phillip (of the colony) for a land grant, stating that he had been bred to farming. Governor Phillip, desperate to make the colony self-sufficient, allocated Ruse an allotment at Ruse Hill (now Rose Hill near Parramatta), where he proved himself industrious and showed that it was possible for a family to survive through farming. Ruse received a land grant, from which he grew and sold 600 bushels of corn . Ruse was the recipientgame but they wanted 250 scungilli's to sit in the nose bleeds." The 'nose bleeds' are what we called the blue seats in the old days. "Do you know how many exacta's I can play with 250 scungilli's?" he asked, not really expecting an answer from a heretic like me. Told that he missed a great night, he looked skyward and said he really did miss a good night but it had nothing to do with hockey.

Asked about whether he had followed any games he replied that he had and noticed that the checking had picked up a bit. He was impressed with the hitting of Darius Kasparaitis the last few games which he said reminded him of "Leaping" Lou Fontinato, who played with the Rangers in the


50's and 60's. He had quite a run, and I do mean run, until he ran into Gordie Howe at the Garden one night. In a fairly one sided brawl Mr. Hockey did a number on Leaping Louie which kind of put an end to Louie's running days. But Beansy liked that kind of player as we all did. I mentioned to Beansy that Kaspy's hitting reminded me more of Bill Moe, who played for the Rangers from 1944-45 to 1948-49. Moe usually came in low, well below the knees, and it was beautiful watching the opponents doing cartwheels as they crashed to the ice.

I mentioned to Beansy that the Sabre coach, Lindy Ruff, complained that Kasparaitis put a dirty hit on his player, Tim Connolly, the Sabre'smale mating and mounting, rates (n/hr) were normally distributed after log transformation and general LMMs were undertaken. For models of female parading and solicitation rates, values were not normally distributed even after transformation. As such, these variables were treated as counts and modelled using poisson error structures, in which counts were offset for observation time.

In models of female and male behaviour and variation in intra- and inter-cycle fertility (Aims 2 and 3), all models featured a different behavioural variable as the response, DayRO (covariate) and Cycle Type as fixed variables, and female ID nested within group as random factors. For models testing relationships between male behaviour and sexual swelling size (Aim 4), the same model structures were used but with swelling height (covariate) replacing DayRO and Cycle Type


of cycle type, with conception cycles having higher swelling heights (i.e. bigger swellings) for each day with respect to ovulation (F~1,305.9~= 10.877, *p*=0.001; Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}b).Most of the analysed behavioural patterns were significantly related to the timing of ovulation (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Females solicited (β = -0.010326, Lower CI = -0.016677, Upper CI = -0.004106, *p*\<0.001), and paraded (β = -0.016278, Lower CI = -0.025348, Upper CI = -0.006279, *p*\<0.001) towards males at higher rates closer to ovulation. During mating, females lipsmacked at males (z = -2.966, *p*=0.003), reached back to males (z = -6.125, *p*\<0.001) and gave copulation calls (z = -7.205, *p*\<0.001) significantly more often closer to ovulation.Three female behavioural patterns showed a statistically significant difference between conception and non-conception cycles. Females lipsmacked (z = -3.655, *p*\<0.001), gavemust be taken. Another possibility is that alpha males, who dominate consortships during fertile phases (Engelhardt et al. unpublished manuscript), have increased information about female cycle status not available to all males. Similarly, only group resident male chacma baboons consorted more with females during conceptive cycles \[[@B61]\] consistent with a potential role for close access \[[@B24],[@B26]\] and familiarity \[[@B62]\] for males in interpreting female primate fertility signals.

The apparent relative reliability of female ovulatory signalling is consistent with the low female oestrus synchrony, high mating skew (Engelhardt et al. unpublished manuscript) and high sexual dimorphism \[[@B47]\] found in this species, as well as the large canines, bright colours and loud calls that have evolved in males \[[@B40]\]. Such evidence indicates both that males are able to exert a high


ground. Nor did she focus much on the police force. Instead, she turned her attention to the city of Boulder itself. More so than anywhere else in the nation, Boulder, Colorado was rocked by the murder of JonBenét Ramsey, happening as it did right among them.

Green spent much of her time interviewing residents about the case — "elicit[ing] responses, reflections and even performances from the local community," according to Vulture — but, since we're now two decades out from the crime itself, I envision most people having difficulty reconstructing exact conversations or reporting precisely how they felt in any given moment. These potential memory gaps are the elements that I think Green will fill in, spinning out fictionalized interactions from the threads provided in interviews, and basing charactersjson5) {
  var result = msg + ' at ' + (lineno + 1) + ':' + (column + 1)
    , tmppos = position - column - 1
    , srcline = ''
    , underline = ''

  var isLineTerminator = json5 ? Uni.isLineTerminator : Uni.isLineTerminatorJSON

  // output no more than 70 characters before the wrong ones
  if (tmppos < position - 70) {
    tmppos = position - 70
  }

  while (1) {
    var chr = input[++tmppos]

    if (isLineTerminator(chr) || tmppos === input.length) {
      if (position >= tmppos) {
        // ending line error, so


just an opinion of life morality, and life philosophy?"

God continues to be Who He has always been: the righteous judge of nations. Time and again, God has allowed the sin of a nation to "reach its fullness," and then sent another nation to as a "scourge" and a judgement.

What sins has God deemed so "depraved," so "unclean" that they "profane the Name of Your God"? What sins has God called "abomination" and "perversion"?

What sins has God become so passionate about as to say this?

"Do not make yourselves unclean by any of these things, for by all these the nations I am driving out before you have become unclean, so that I punished its iniquity, and the land vomited out its inhabitants...For everyone who does any of these abominations,Former Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens is calling for a repeal of the Second Amendment, decrying the right to bear arms as outdated and misunderstood.

In an op-ed published by The New York Times, Stevens, a Republican, said that students and anti-gun violence advocates should press lawmakers to take on the amendment.

While protests have so far focused on implementing new restrictions on semi-automatic weapons and strengthening background checks for gun purchases, he wrote, repealing the Second Amendment would result in more lasting change.

"That support is a clear sign to lawmakers to enact legislation prohibiting civilian ownership of semiautomatic weapons, increasing the minimum age to buy a gun from 18 to 21 years old, and establishing more comprehensive background checks on all purchasers of firearms," Stevens wrote.

"But the demonstrators


and granted his request. The matter was continued to October 27, 2006.
On October 27, 2006, both sides announced ready for trial, and Judge Dymant stated the case would be transferred for assignment to a trial court on the following Monday. During a discussion of whether the proceeding was a *449 second strike case, the prosecutor stated the People's position that it was a presumptive second strike case, and the court asked, "[What] is the People's offer?" The prosecutor advised it had offered two years in prison; Conners stated his counteroffer was dismissal. The court then stated that "the maximum exposure as a second strike is three years doubled. That's high term for six, plus one-third, that's eight, 16 months. So that would be seven years, four months. [¶]... [¶] So the offer is less than a third of the maximum exposure."
The case was called for trial on October 31, 2006, before Judge H. Randolph Moore, who observed:
"I see you are representing yourself; is that correct, sir?
"The Defendant: Yes, sir.
"The Court: And you've been through all the why for's of the dangers of representing yourself, and in spite of all of those
"The Defendant: Yes.
"The Court:you still decide to do it?
"The Defendant: Yes, sir.
"The Court: All right. You know, I don't know whether or not the judges that talked to you previously said anything about it. To me, representing yourself is like getting rid of the doctor and taking your own appendix out, or having a bad tooth and telling the dentist to go fly a kite


purportedly from Wallace Conners, stating that the listing for the telephone *451 number at that address was to be changed from Nozar.Com (Nozar) to I Will Step Foundation. Another form purportedly showing Conners as the signing customer stated that the telephone number was to be listed for both Nozar and I Will Step Foundation, and listed "Janie or Wallace Conners" as customer contact names.
The search of Conners's home also uncovered, from the living room of the house, a partial copy of the deed of trust for the fraudulent real estate transaction. Deputy Sheriff Dennis Watters, of the real estate fraud unit, testified that a notebook was found, in a briefcase in the den, containing a telephone number for "Hector," and the number was that of Hector Laino, whoown? [¶] Do you understand?
"The Defendant: Yes, ma'am, definitely.
"The Court: All right. One other thing, if you are represented by a lawyer and you get convicted of something, you can always appeal or ask for another court to review your conviction on the argument that your attorney did a bad job, okay, your attorney missed something, didn't call a witness they should have, didn't make an argument they should have. [¶] But when you represent yourself, you can't make that argument. You can't say `I did a terrible job, I just missed this and I didn't know what I was doing.' That's because the law basically presumes you don't know what you are doing.
"The Defendant: Yes, ma'am.
"The Court: So they don't let you raise that issue, but if


and an antidot, only show peaks related to the switching of the angular momentum $L$, associated with a closed contour along the outer sample boundary. At the $T_c(H)$ boundary, in the high magnetic field regime, there is no such closed superconducting path around each single antidot, and therefore the fluxoid quantization condition does not need to be fulfilled for a closed contour encircling each single antidot.

Although a more detailed analysis has to be carried out, since the sample boundaries in our experiments have sharp corners, the interpretation given above is expected still to be valid. A detailed analysis of a square [*loop*]{} geometry performed by Fomin [*et al.*]{} [@Fomin] has shown that the superconducting order parameter preferentially nucleates near the sharp corners of the structure. In another paper,2935 (1999).

M. Tinkham, [*Introduction to Superconductivity*]{}, McGraw Hill, New York, 1975.

C. Strunk, V. Bruyndoncx, V.V. Moshchalkov, C. Van Haesendonck, Y. Bruynseraede and R. Jonckheere, Phys. Rev. B [**54**]{}, R12701 (1996).

C. Strunk, V. Bruyndoncx, C.-J. Chien, B. Burk, C. Van Haesendonck, V.V. Moshchalkov, Y. Bruynseraede and V. Chandrasekhar, Phys. Rev. B [**57**]{}, 10854 (1998) and references therein.

M. Park, M.S. Isaacson and J.M. Parpia, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**75**]{}, 3740 (1995).

C.S. Mkrtchyan and V.V. Shmidt, Sov. Phys. JETP [**34**]{}, 195 (1972).

V.M. Fomin, V.R. Misko, J.T. Devreese and V.V. Moshchalkov, Solid State Comm. [**101**]{}, 303 (1997).

V.M. Fomin, J.T. Devreese and V.V. Moshchalkov, Europhys. Lett. [**42**]{}, 553 (1998).

V.M. Fomin, J.T. Devreese and V.V. Moshchalkov, Europhys. Lett. [**46**]{}, 118 (1999).

     [**Low H**]{}     area ($\mu $m$^2$)   $T_c(0)$ (K)   $\mu_0H_0$ (mT)   eff. area ($\mu $m$^2$)   $\xi(0)\,$(nm)   $\ell $ (nm)   $\lambda (0)$ (nm)
  ------------------- -------------------- -------------- ----------------- -------------------------


 0.57                  4.15                   92              7                140

  : Values of several characteristic magnitudes for the three structures. The field corresponding to one flux quantum, $\mu _0 H_0$, and the effective areas are obtained by matching of the position of high field peaks to the theoretical location for a mesoscopic disk. The characteristic superconducting lengths for the full square are obtained from the low field behaviorgeneral, an imaging device used for an endoscope or the like holds an outer circumference portion of a lens group of an objective optical system by a metallic frame member and defines a position of the lens group in a radial direction and an optical axis direction. However, an endoscope imaging device is disclosed in which as a technique to cause the insertion portion to be small in diameter, the height dimension is reduced by providing a gap in an optical path direction in a member that holds the frame member of the objective optical system and an outer circumferential surface of the gap portion is cut and thereafter the objective optical system is closely arranged to an upper surface of a solid state image sensor (for example,