when he gets that book, isn't he?" "Yep." "[Sighs] All right, so what do we do?" "Do we just... do we just sit here and wait to die?" "Unless we can figure out a way to push the toxin out of my body faster." "Like triggering the healing process." "Wha... oh, what are you doing?" "Aw, gross." "There." "You know, I-I feel sorry for you, McCall, 'cause right now, you're thinkin', "how am I gonna explain this when it heals?"" "And the sad part is, you don't even realize how incredible it is that you actually are healing." "'Cause you know what happens to everyone else when they get shot?" "They die." "Isthatwhathappenedtoyou?" "You drowned, didn't you?" "Youshouldn't have let them drink." "What...who..." "Matt, what do you mean?"mean." "Oh, sh..." "Allison." "Where's Derek?" "What are you doing?" "If you're not going to tell me, then get out of my way." "Allison." "Where is he?" "What happened?" "Scott..." "Scott, you need to stay away from me right now." "You need to go." "Just stay out of my way." "[Suspenseful music]" "♪ ♪" "[Roaring]" "[Screaming]" "[Discordant music]" "♪ ♪" "[Growling]" "[Heavy breathing]" "[Dramatic music]" "♪ ♪" "[Growling]" "[Suspenseful music]" "♪ ♪" "[Dramatic music]" "♪ ♪" "Uhh!" "[Hissing]" "[Gasps]" "Uhh!" "[Screams]" "[Hissing]" "[Gasps]" "[Footsteps approaching]" "[Sighs]" "You should've given me a chance." "'Cause remember how I said I'm not the kind of guy who would say something like, "well, if I can't ever, no one can."" "It's not totally true because, Allison, if I can't have you, no


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 happened here.”

As far as the oft-repeated charge that Republicans began the work on the Steele dossier, Nunes said, “We’ve seen no evidence of that.” (The conservative website Washington Free Beacon did hire Fusion GPS to look into Trump’s financial dealings, but that was done before the research firm hired Steele and began looking into Team Trump’s Russia connections.)

Nunes said that the media, the Democrats, and even the executive branch have tried to obstruct his investigation into the genesis of the dossier.


a dislike of bright lights, drowsiness, confusion, repeatedly vomiting, chest pains and coughing up blood.

The illness spreads, from person to person, by droplets when people cough and sneeze. Obviously, being in a new environment, with new people, in close proximity to one another, will greatly increase your chances of catching flu. So freshers is clearing the best time for these lovely little droplets to find their way around. Ever heard the phrase catch it, bin it, kill it? Do it.

A few coping strategies for this terrible ordeal include sleeping, eating, drinking water, paracetamol, and not talking. You should try not to let it affect your university workload, if at all possible.

Basically, to avoid the illness that haunts the dreams of freshers be fit and healthy, sleep well, andhim, McCain dismissing him as showbiz, not unlike Paris Hilton (which gave Hilton every opportunity to dish him) and Palin equating eloquence with glibness. Palin, in fact, succeeded only in emphasizing the difference between eloquent and glib by making Obama and herself embody those qualities respectively. But which is also a very good reminder for Escudero in particular: Eloquent is not glib”.

The Obama template is best typified by what Obama said in his acceptance speech: Change has come to America—an exquisitely simple way to describe an awesomely complex event. Obama, in fact, doesn’t just represent change, he represents epochal change.

…. for all the adulation that Obama has reaped from the world, he has remained humble. Certainly, he shows no messianic complex. And rightly so, realizing as he does


[Development of the neural apparatus of blood vessels in the common frog in ontogenesis].
The neural apparatus of the aorta, abdominal vein, ischiatic, femoral, pulmonary and caudal vessels has been studied histochemically in tadpoles (the 30th-50th stages of development) and in 1-year-old animals. It has been stated for the first time that in the frog, a representative of the Amphibia class, like in mammals and birds, formation of the adrenergic apparatus in various vessels does not take place simultaneously. For instance, the first adrenergic fibers in the hind limb vessels appear much earlier than in other arteries and veins. The process of the adrenergic innervation development and its completion in vessels of various areas is taking its course differently. In the aorta and in the abdominal vein the formationcounsel asked such questions as: And you showed him (defendant) the money, did you not, and asked him had he taken the money? He (defendant) handed it to you, didn't he? You had a pink slip prepared with with serial numbers on it, do you remember that? You asked him (defendant) to look at the numbers, didn't you? And he looked at them, didn't he?
It is evident from this record that there was no testimony in the record to show the marked money was found in the possession of the defendant until that fact was elicited from agent Durkin by defense counsel's cross-examination. The court had suppressed the marked money as evidence and sustained objections to any testimony tending to connect it to the defendant. But the State


Clarion 1966-11-03 Vol 41 No 07

• •••,.-K.,
, X.414,4$
,WMF International Dinner brought foreign students from var-ious
Twin City campuses to join Bethel hosts Saturday evening in
Bodien dining hall. Folk dances, a pinata breaking, and a tantalizing
array of international food highlighted the festive occasion.
!,'
BETHEL COLLEGE
ST. PAUL 1, MINNESOTA
P, /4.4.4,1 e
Vo me XLI—No. 7 Bethel College and Seminary, St. Paul, Minn. Thursday, November 3, 1966
Royal Players Schedule 'Conquest'
For Four Churches During Weekend
write-in votes. Wilton E. "Bill"
Ledkins, the only candidate for
senator - at - large, received 201
votes, a comfortable margin of
183 over previously proven loser
Leonard Sammons.
Tim Gibson and Della Gibbs
each received two votes while 12
persons each received one. Other
write-in votes recorded included
six for Adele Marker, freshman
treasurer, and nine for Richard
Swanson, freshman senator.
Those winning the freshmen
seats on the Senate included Carl
Swanson, 126; Priscilla Anderson,
122;in-formed
and concerned about its existence. To build and organi-zation
apart from the personal lives of its members is to build
upon a weak foundation.
2) AAES exists to propose study of and suggest solutions
to mutual problems. The Association has partly fulfilled this
declared intent through the various discussion sessions. In-creased
effectiveness of the discussion sessions could be
effected through a more intense focus by the guest speakers
on current problems which nag and in some instances have
riddled our Christian campuses. •
3) AAES is dedicated to promoting the highest standard of
scholarship among member schools. This will be a very diffi-cult
purpose to pursue. Judging from the present strength of
the organization it would be inconceivable that the AAES could
make any progress in this direction within the next five years.
Concrete plans to boost academic standards have not been
laid. In


Applequist
"With administration and student body cooperating, it is
possible for our college generation to remain in step with the
current trend." This quote from October 27's editorial on the
ancient apathy/involement problem is probably the worst
reason for doing anything.
It is a safe bet that if many of these "articulate, sensitive
and enterprising college students" at other schools who speak
out so boldly on The Issues knew they were doing so to be
"in step with the current trend" they would about-face with
all speed — (of course it might be a sloppy about-face since
most of them are militantly devoted to avoiding Uncle Sam's
offer of instruction in that area.)
No students like being baby-sat for four years. All ap-preciate
being treated as adults, especially those who are
patently still adolescent. All would like to feel well-informed
about issues, and mostNew York stage include Gail Manners,
last seen here in "Marriage of Figaro" with her husband, Walter
Cassel, as Guiletta; and Luigi Velluci as Cochenille.
Tickets to "Tales of Hoffman" are available by mail order from
the Central Ticket Office, 14 West 5th St., St. Paul.
Bethel Hobbit Enthusiasts
Travel to Clan Gathering
German musicians played a state-ly
"Divertimento" by the classi-cal
master Joseph Haydn. Here
especially Stadlmair projected
himself into the mood and style
of the music, much to the de-light
of conducting enthusiasts.
At times he conducted with fac-ial
expressions only! But the
group never faltered.
The concert began Baroque and
fittingly ended there too. Antonio
Vivaldi's magnificent "The Four
Seasons" was a delight from be-ginning
to end. One hardly knew
where to direct his attention; to
Stadlmair, so beautifully conduct-,
ing, to the solo violinist, so utter-ly
intense in his virtuosity, or to
the remaining orchestra members
who made extremely difficult mu-sic
apear


written permission of Bethel University Digital Library. For questions or further information on this collection, contact digital-library@bethel.edu.

• •••,.-K.,
, X.414,4$
,WMF International Dinner brought foreign students from var-ious
Twin City campuses to join Bethel hosts Saturday evening in
Bodien dining hall. Folk dances, a pinata breaking, and a tantalizing
array of international food highlighted the festive occasion.
!,'
BETHEL COLLEGE
ST. PAUL 1, MINNESOTA
P, /4.4.4,1 e
Vo me XLI—No. 7 Bethel College and Seminary, St. Paul, Minn. Thursday, November 3, 1966
Royal Players Schedule 'Conquest'
For Four Churches During Weekend
write-in votes. Wilton E. "Bill"
Ledkins, the only candidate for
senator - at - large, received 201
votes, a comfortable margin of
183 over previously proven loser
Leonard Sammons.
Tim Gibson and Della Gibbs
each received two votes while 12
persons each received one. Other
write-in votes recorded included
six for Adele Marker, freshman
treasurer, and nine for Richard
Swanson, freshman senator.
Thosea one hour ad-dress
spoke to the delegates on
"The Marxist Theory of History,"
of the delegates represented Bible
colleges, with a sizable represen-tation
from Christian liberal arts
schools.
Representatives from Bethel
were Jim Keim, Linda C. Olson,
and Jonathan P. Larson. The
delegation left the campus Wed-nesday
and returned Saturday.
Sidelights to the conference
were the performance of Frostiana
by the Olivet Orpheus, Viking, and
Trebel choirs, and an evening din-ner
concluding the meetings.
Business confronting the con-ference
included a discussion of
the purposes of the organization,
the ideological stance of the or-ganization,
and the increased de-sire
for exchange of ideas between
representative schools.
The Conference Board of Publi-cations
voted this summer to offer
a fifty dollar award to that stu-dent
of Bethel College or Seminary
preparing the outstanding piece of
creative writing during the year.
The entries must be submitted
to the English department of the
College by March 1, 1967. They
will be judged by the editorial staff
of


given its boys much of an
explanation on why they should go to Viet Nam.
So if they want to come up here to escape the draft
it's fine with me."
Most of official Canada views things the same
way. Police, civic, and university administrators as
well as the press solidly endorse the right of U.S.
citizens to avert conscription. U.S. diplomatic and
military officials are not visibly dismayed by the
situation either.
"There's no reason to get your blood pressure
up when you have a few hundred draft dodgers
amidst 30 million draft registrants," National Se-lective
Service Director Lt. Gen. Lewis B. Hershey
said.
"You can't have a sawmill without a little sawdust
and these draft-dodgers are just sawdust. Besides I
don't think they are much of an asset to the United
States. I've told my Canadian friends that they are
welcome to them."
Canada seems happyminds. Three minutes into
the third quarter, Dave Pound
"Chagrined" the Comets with a 50
yard scoring sweep. Along the way
he flirted with the sidelines and
nearly danced with the Mayville
Last Saturday, Como Park was
the site of Bethel's third straight
victory in cross country. Under
sunny skies and a rather cold tem-perature
of forty degrees, the
Royal harriers put on a fine dis-play
of long distince running in
topping St. Paul Bible College by
a score of 22-33.
Freshman Steve Johnson turned
in a masterful performance in tak-ing
first place in the meet. In
leading his team to victory, he cov-ered
the 3.8 mile course in 19:38.
This was his best time, and in
fact, it was only five seconds from
Bethel's freshman record.
Also establishing his best time,
20:45, was Steve Roe. This gave
him a third place finish for his
team. Two of his fellow team-mates,
Dave Moulton and Dave
Haring,


and a rotary disc for delivering the coins from the hopper one at a time and in specific quantities.

2. Related Art Statement

Various coin dispensing apparatus have been known and in particular, an apparatus as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 48,634/1980 to the assignor of the present application or U.K. Patent No. 1,445,089 to Coin Controls Limited has been known as a miniature type coin dispensing apparatus.

Such a miniature type coin dispensing apparatus comprises an inclined substrate, a cylindrical coin container mounted on the substrate, a hopper connected to the top mouth of the coin container for storing coins, a coin transporting rotary disc rotatably mounted on the substrate within the coin container for rotation concentrically with the coin container, means for rotationally driving the rotary disc,coins dropped in the pitfall are not subjected to any controlled feed action by the transporting arms and this results in that the scraping arms of the scraper do not effectively engage the coins in the pitfall so that the coins can not be effectively scraped out the pitfall by the scraper and are often caused to jam at the outlet portion and therefore the dispensation speed can not be increased as expected.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a coin dispensing apparatus of miniature type having a high dispensation speed.

According to the present invention, a coin dispensing apparatus comprises a substrate, a cylindrical coin container mounted on the substrate, a hopper connected to the top


to be dispensed. The rotary disc 5 also has a plurality of coin transporting arms 12 radially extending between each adjacent pair of the apertures 11 on the bottom of the rotary disc 5. The space between the bottom of the rotary disc 5 and the surface of the substrate 4 is made sufficient freely to allow the passage of a coin of the size to be dispensed, but to prevent any possibility two thinned coins from becoming wedged in the space.

The transporting arm 12 has a thickness able to transport a coin which is passed through the aperture 11 and supported on the substrate 4 and also has a radial length such that its outer end does not extend substantially beyond a circle upon which lie thecoin transporting arms 12 of the coin transporting rotary disc 5.

The scraper 15 is secured at the central portion to a scraper shaft 17 which is rotated synchronously with the disc shaft 10 of the rotary disc 5 and arranged such that the outer end portions 16a of the scraping arms 16 enter the space between bottom with the transporting arms 12 of the rotary disc 5 and the surface of the substrate 4 within the container 2 and between each adjacent pair of the coin receiving apertures 11 through an extended slot portion 13a of the outlet slot 13, whereby each of coins entrained by the transporting arms 12 is scraped out the coin container 2 at the outlet portion thereof by each of the scraping arms


by lowering of the guide member 14 into the recess 35.

It will be seen from the above mentioned that the coin dispensing apparatus according to the present invention, the coins transported on the substrate by the transporting arms 12 of the rotary disc 5 rotating in the cylindrical coin container 2 are effectively scrapped out the container through the outlet slot 13 by the scraping arms 16 of the scraper 15 which is rotated on the same surface of the substrate synchronously with the rotary disc 5 when the speed of rotation of the rotary disc 5 is increased so that the dispensation speed can be greatly increased.

Claims (3)

What is claimed is:

1. A coin dispensing apparatus comprising a substrate, a cylindrical coin container mounted on the substrate, aprokaryotes and eukaryotes. _Nature._ (521):2015;173–179.

[STO 10] Stoeck T., Bass D., Nebel M., et al. Multiple marker parallel tag environmental DNA sequencing reveals a highly complex eukaryotic community in marine anoxic water. _Molecular Ecology._ (19):2010;21–31.

[SU 16] Su L., Yang L., Huang S., et al. Comparative gut microbiomes of four species representing the higher and the lower termites. _Journal of Insect Science._ (16):2016;97.

[SUN 13] Sunagawa S., Mende D.R., Zeller G., et al. Metagenomic species profiling using universal phylogenetic marker genes. _Natural Methods._ (10):2013;1196–1199.

[SUN 15] Sunagawa S., Coelho L.P., Chaffron S., et al. Structure and function of the global ocean microbiome. _Science._ 2015;348:1261359.

[SYD 05] Sydow J., Schreyögg G., Koch J. Organizational paths: Path dependency and beyond. In: _21st EGOS Colloquium._ 2005 Berlin June 30–July 2.

[TRE 11] Treangen T.J., Koren S., Astrovskaya


Niethammer J., Krapp F. _Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas, 3/I: Insektenfresser, Primaten._ Wiesbaden: Aula-Verlag; 1990.

[PEA 08] Pearman P.B., Guisan A., Broennimann O., et al. Niche dynamics in space and time. _Trends in Ecology & Evolution._ 2008;23:149–158.

[PET 71] Petrov B.M. Taxonomy and distribution of moles [genus Talpa, Mammalia] in Macedonia. _Acta Musei Macedonici Scientiarum Naturalium._ 1971;12:117–138.

[PRO 10] Proust J.-N., Renault M., Guennoc P., et al. Sedimentary architecture of the Loire River drowned valleys of the French Atlantic shelf. _Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France._ 2010;181:129–149.

[SIN 10] Sinclair S.J., White M.D., Newell G.R. How useful are species distribution models for managing biodiversity under future climates? _Ecology and Society._ 2010;15:8.

[THA 68] Thaeler C.S. _ An Analysis of the Distribution of Pocket Gopher Species in Northeastern California [Genus Thomomys]._ Berkeley: University ofD'Errico F., Backwell L. Earliest evidence of personal ornaments associated with burial: the Conus shells from Border Cave. _Journal of Human Evolution._ 2016;93:91–108.

[DUD 09] Duda Jr. T.F., Kohn A.J., Matheny A.M., et al. Cryptic species differentiated in Conus ebraeus, a widespread tropical marine gastropod. _Biological Bulletin._ 2009;217:292–305.

[DUT 10a] Dutertre S., Biass D., Stocklin R., et al. Dramatic intraspecimen variations within the injected venom of Conus consors: an unsuspected contribution to venom diversity. _Toxicon._ 2010;55:1453–1462.

[DUT 10b] Dutertre S., Lewis R.J. Use of venom peptides to probe ion channel structure and function. _The Journal of Biological Chemistry._ 2010;285:13315–13320.

[DUT 13] Dutertre S., Jin A.H., Kaas Q., et al. Deep venomics reveals the mechanism for expanded peptide diversity in cone snail venom. _Molecular & Cellular Proteomics._ 2013;12:312–329.

[DUT 14a] Dutertre S., Jin A.H.,


position he would continue to hold through five terms of office. During his 10-year career in the Oregon House, Kerans would serve as Chair of the Elections Committee and Rules Committee, and as the floor whip for the majority Democrats. In 1983, Kerans was elected by his peers as the Speaker of the House for the biennial legislative session held in that year.

Kerans gave up his seat in the House in 1984 to run for Oregon State Treasurer.   Chosen as the Democratic nominee in the May primary election, Kerans went on to lose to Republican Bill Rutherford in the November 1984 general election, falling to defeat by a margin of 18 percentage points.

Finding himself outside of government for the first time in a decade, Kerans took      edit.startEdit(record, 0)
    },
    editRowedit: function(editor, ctx) {
        var store = ctx.grid.getStore();
        store.sync()
    }
})

The problem is that store.sync() does not send a create request to the server, but an update request. It looks like store.insert(0, record) is not accounted for. Only the modification done by the user is synched. What could be the culprit ?

A:

By giving an existing id in a record, ExtJS assumes this record already exist in your store and has to be updated. If you don't give an id then it supposes it is a newly created record and will go the create route. This comes from


Biotinyl-high-density lipoproteins as a probe for the determination of high-density lipoprotein turnover in humans.
A simple and reliable method has been developed for the determination of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) turnover in humans. In this method, complex formation of [14C]methylavidin with biotinyl-HDL3 and subsequent precipitation of excess [14C]methylavidin with biotinyl-silica-gel is utilized for the detection of as little as 0.1 microgram of biotinyl-HDL3 (by protein)/ml of serum with high precision and reproducibility, at 7.9 +/- 0.9% (n = 7) of the peptidyl lysine modified. In serial dilutions and quadruplicate determinations the intra- and interassay variations were less than 4.7% and 5.2%, respectively (n = 5). Recovery of biotinyl-HDL3 averaged 92 +/- 5.7% throughout the working range of the assay (n = 4). Variations in the levels of HDL or very-low-densityGlyphosate - EFSA must make a full and open scientific assessment

The European Food Safety Authority is about to decide on a re-authorisation of glyphosate, a 'probable carcinogen', based on unpublished industry studies. In this Open Letter to the European Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, campaigners call on him to ensure an open, scientifically robust process - and to immediately restrict the herbicide.

As a matter of principle, EFSA should not issue scientific opinions, which form the basis of regulatory action, based on unpublished scientific evidence. All their work should be transparent and by independent researchers without conflicts of interest.

Dear Commissioner Andriukaitis,

Re: Glyphosate - Need for a robust and credible scientific assessment of carcinogenicity.

We are writing to articulate our serious concerns regarding the authorisation renewal assessment report on glyphosate


work should be transparent and carried out by independent researchers without conflicts of interest.

In view of the public interest in this matter we will make this letter available on our websites.

Yours sincerely,

Jorgo Riss, Director, Greenpeace European Unit Génon.

K. Jensen, Executive Director, Health & Environment Alliance (HEAL).

F. Veillerette President, PAN Europe.

This Open Letter was sent to Commissioner Andriukaitis, European Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, on 29th October 2015. In this version The Ecologist has removed footnotes, putting text and links into the text, and inserted sub-headings. See the original version here.

Also on behalf of:

Avaaz

Bee Life

CHEM Trust

Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL)

ClientEarth

Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)

European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility (ENSSER)

Foodwatch

Friends of the Earth Europe

Health Care Without Harm (HCWH) Europe

International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)a simple protocol packet: the Lulzpacket. This simple packet
contains information to verify there was no corruption during the transmission
and a random code to pseudo-identify the packet. We define the addresses of
nodes in the net by their ability to decrypt a given packet. Addresses are
derived from the hashes of asymmetric encryption keys, Every radio node
defines its own address by the pair of keys it has generated for itself and
the addresses change if users choose to regenerate their keys. Each node only
cares for what is being received. No hardware identification, no transmitter
plain identification. only packets matter. transmissions are anonymous.
whenever an address is needed to reply to a packet, it is encrypted inside the
packet. Packets targeting specific addresses are encrypted and they must be
decrypted by the private key only the target


within a reserved
band.

------
oliwary
I wonder if this algorithm could be used to avoid collision if many send at
the same time:

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-
Organized_Time_Division_Mu...](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-
Organized_Time_Division_Multiple_Access)

It assigns time slots to users without the involvement of a central station.

------
harrystone
They're really re-inventing the wheel here, there's nothing there that fldigi
or soundmodem doesn't do better. AX.25 is built into linux. With that,
soundmodem, and a radio you can route whatever traffic want over a radio link.

On the bright side maybe this will help encryption become legal for ham radio.

------
brador
Why radio, which needs extra equipment, and not wifi which comes built in to
every laptop?

~~~
xwintermutex
Not to nitpick, but wifi is radio. The propagation of radio waves depends on
their frequency. The frequency wifi operates on is in the GHz, which mostly is
line-of-sight only. This is not always practical. See [1] for anUnions for workers for New York City's emergency medical services released released a statement Wednesday criticizing Mayor Bill de Blasio Bill de BlasioOVERNIGHT ENERGY: California seeks to sell only electric cars by 2035 | EPA threatens to close New York City office after Trump threats to 'anarchist' cities | House energy package sparks criticism from left and right EPA threatens to close New York City office after Trump threats to 'anarchist' cities New Year's Eve in Times Square to be largely virtual amid pandemic MORE's focus on pay inequity among soccer players, saying that their members face the same issues.

A statement from the FDNY EMS Unions accused the mayor and presidential candidate of ignoring the plight of first responders while supporting the U.S. Women's National Team in their


Q:

PHP/PDO Using an associative array to navigate through record sets.

I have a simple program that I am trying to implement some sort of pagination/capability to navigate through individual records in a MySQL database. The code itself calls a function that returns an associative array so that the records may be navigated sequentially in the case of non-sequential indices being made by deletes.
function getKeys($handle, $user, $password) {

    try {

         $conn = new PDO($handle,$user,$password);
         $conn -> setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);

        }

    catch(PDOException $e) {
        echo "Error connectiong to database. Error: (" . $e -> getMessage()        echo "</select>
";

            if ($row['Property_Status'] != "Owned"){
                echo "Lease Company: ";
                echo "<select name = leaseSelect>";
                echo "<option value = '" . $row['Lease_Info_ID'] ."'>Company:" . $row['Company'] . ", Start: " . $row['Start_Date'] . "End: " .$row['End_Date'] . "</option>";
                echo "</select>
";


CD is "out of sight the best physiological observer and experimenter that Botany ever saw".

+

Laments how much he [JDH] missed when doing the Listera ["Functions and structure of the rostellum of Listera ovata", Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 144 (1854): 259–64].

+

Illness of wife and father.

+

"More plants from Fernando Po and more European".

Transcription

Royal Gardens Kew

June 28/62

My dear Darwin

I am distressed indeed to hear of your suffering. & can only hope it may be
transient, & long of returning.

Berkeley was author of the London Review article, I thought it very well done
indeed. I have read a good deal of the Orchid book &
echoe all he says: you are out of sight the best Physiological observer &
experimenter that Botany ever saw. & I do sometimes feel most confoundedly
humiliated when I think howby itself, completely determines the states of the basis ($G$) in the Hilbert space, through the eigenvalue equations $G_i \ket{G,k} = \om^{k_i} \ket{G,k}$, where $k = (k_1,k_2,...,k_N)$ is a $p$-nary representation of the state index $k$. The eigenvalues of a general group element are then given by G\^n = \^[n k]{} , \[eigenvalues\] where $n \cdot k = n_1k_1 + n_2k_2 + ... + n_Nk_N$, and the spectral representation of $G^n$ is therefore just the Fourier transform [@transform] G\^n = \_k \^[n k]{} \_k \^[n k]{} (G,k), \[specrep\] where $\CP(G,k)$ is the projector onto state $k$ in basis $G$. This MUB projector is then given by the inverse transform, (G,k) = p\^[-N]{} \_n \^[-n k]{} G\^n. \[inverse\] The existence of these simple transform relationships between every compatibility group


of $N$ generators of the compatibility group. This set must be one of the two types considered in the foregoing proof: Suppose first that only one Pauli matrix (say $Z_i$), and possibly powers of $Z_i$ appear. Let $G_1$ be a generator containing $Z_i$ as a factor, and let $G_2$, $G_3$,..., $G_N$ be the rest. $G_1$ by itself generates a cyclic subgroup containing all powers of $Z_i$. Then, $G_1$ and $G_2$ by themselves generate a subgroup of order $p^2$ in which, by virtue of the rearrangement theorem, every power of $Z_i$ appears $p$ times (no matter which power of $Z_i$ is present in $G_2$). One may repeat this argument, multiplying the order of the subgroup by $p$ at each stage, until the full compatibility group is generated, with each= (AICI, IBID, SBUI, ITCV). \[AgenC\] Again, the two-body operators provide a product basis for the expansion, which in this case requires $p^2$ terms. Individual factors in the three-body operators must differ from corresponding factors in the two-body operators, except where their equality is explicit.

It should be noted that there are two variations on the $\C4$ generator set, corresponding to the other ways of pairing the two-body factors. One such variation is ($ABII,~IICD,~STCI,~IBUV$). The three alternatives are mathematically equivalent, although one can make a physical distinction based on entanglement links between pairs. The stronger entanglement links in a system represented by are between neighbors in the sequence (1-2-3-4-1). In the variation given above, the sequence is (1-3-2-4-1), and in the other possible variation it is (1-2-4-3-1). The various possibilities are not


the full range (high agreement, much evidence).

Mitigation costs depend critically on the baseline, the modelling approaches and the policy assumptions. Costs are lower with low-emission baselines and when the models allow technological change to accelerate as carbon prices rise. Costs are reduced with the implementation of Kyoto flexibility mechanisms over countries, gases and time. If revenues are raised from carbon taxes or emission schemes, costs are lowered if the revenues provide the opportunity to reform the tax system, or are used to encourage low-carbon technologies and remove barriers to mitigation (high agreement, much evidence).

Innovation and costs

All studies make it clear that innovation is needed to deliver currently non-commercial technologies in the long term in order to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations (high agreement, much evidence).

A major development since theTAR has been the inclusion in many top-down models of endogenous technological change. Using different approaches, modelling studies suggest that allowing for endogenous technological change reduces carbon prices as well as GDP costs, this in comparison with those studies that largely assumed that technological change was independent of mitigation policies and action. These reductions are substantial in some studies (medium agreement, limited evidence).

Attempts to balance emission reductions equally across sectors (without trading) are likely to be more costly than an approach primarily guided by cost efficiency. Another general finding is that costs will be reduced if policies that correct the two relevant market failures are combined by incorporating the damage resulting from climate change in carbon prices, and the benefits of technological innovation in support for low-carbon innovation.


of domestic lighting lead to reductions in emissions of GHG from electricity generation. They may also result in more exports of the new technology and, potentially, additional energy savings in other countries. This section also looks at studies relating to a portfolio analysis of mitigation options.

11.3.1 Integrated summary of sectoral emission potentials

Chapters 4 to 10 assessed the economic potential of GHG mitigation at a sectoral scale for the time frame out to 2030 (for a discussion of the different definitions of potential, see Chapter 2). These bottom-up estimates are derived using a variety of literature sources and various methodologies, as discussed in the underlying chapters. This section derives ranges of aggregate economic potentials for GHG mitigation over different costs (i.e. carbon prices) at year-2000 prices.

11.3.1.1 Problems in aggregating(25 EJ/yr biofuels and about 40 EJ/yr primary biomass demand). Total combined demand for biomass for power and fuels adds up to about 130 EJ/yr. Clearly, a more substantial contribution from energy crops (perhaps in part from degraded lands, for example producing jatropha oil seeds) is required to cover total demand of this magnitude, but this still seems feasible, even for 2030; the low-end estimate for energy crops for agricultural land is 50 EJ/yr, which is in line with the 40 EJ/yr primary projected demand for biofuels.

However, as was also acknowledged in the WEO, the demand for biomass as biofuels in around 2030 will depend in particular on the commercialization of second-generation biofuel technologies (i.e. the large-scale gasification of biomass for the production of synfuels as Fischer-Tropsch diesel,


of key factors influencing biomass mitigation potential are worth noting: the baseline economic growth and energy supply alternatives, assumptions about technological change (such as the rate of development of cellulosic ethanol conversion technology), land use competition, and mitigation alternatives (overall and land-related).

Given the lack of studies of how biomass resources may be distributed over various demand sectors, we do not suggest any allocation of the different biomass supplies to various applications. Furthermore, the net avoidance costs per ton of CO2 of biomass usage depend on a wide variety of factors, including the biomass resource and supply (logistics) costs, conversion costs (which in turn depend on the availability of improved or advanced technologies) and reference fossil fuel prices, most notably of oil.

11.3.1.5 Estimates of mitigation potentials from Chapters 4the literature mainly focuses on low-cost mitigation options, and the potential in high-cost categories may be underestimated. The zero may represent an underestimation of the emissions.
g) The ‘0’ means zero, 0.00 means a value below 5 Mton.
h) The electricity savings in the end-use sectors Buildings and Industry are the high estimates. The electricity savings would be significantly lower if the order of measurement were to be reversed; the substitution potential in the energy sector would have been assessed before electricity savings (see Appendix 11.1).
i) The tourism sector is included in the buildings and the transport sector.

A number of comments should be made on the overview presented in Table 11.3.

First, a set of emission reduction options have been excluded from the analysis, because the available literature did not allow


Third Assessment Report (TAR) in GtCO2-eq

Sector

Options

TAR potential emissions reductions by 2020 at costs <27.3 US$/tCO2 a)

AR4 potential emissions reductions by 2030 at costs <20 US$/tCO2 b)

Estimate

Low

High

Low

High

Energy supply and conversion

1.3

2.6

1.2

2.4

Transport

CO2 only

1.1

2.6

1.3

2.1

Buildings

CO2 only

3.7

4.0

4.9

6.1

Industry

0.70

1.5

- energy efficiency

2.6

3.3

- material efficiency

2.2

2.2

non-CO2

0.37

0.37

Agriculturec)

C-sinks and non CO2 c)

1.3

2.8

0.30

2.4

Forestry

(11.7)d)

(11.7)

0.55

1.9

Waste

CH4 only

0.73

0.73

0.35

0.85

Total

13.2e)

18.5e)

9.3

17.1

Notes:
a) The TAR range excludes options with costs above 27.3 US$/tCO2 (100 US$/tC) (except for non-CO2 GHGs), and options that will not be adopted through the use of generally accepted policies (p. 264). Differences are due to rounding off.
b) This is the sum of the potential reduction at negative costs and below 20 US$/tCO2. See, however, notes to Table 11.2.
c) Note that TAR estimates are for non-CO2 emissions only. The AR4 estimates also include soil C sequestration (about 90% of the mitigation potential).
d) TAR copied the estimate of SpecialReport on LULUCF for 2010, which was seen as a technical potential.
e) The 2020 emissions for the SRES B2 baseline was estimated at 49.5 Gton CO2-eq (IPCC, 2000)

The updated estimates might be expected to be higher due to:

The greater range of economic potentials, extending up to 100 US$/tCO2, compared to less than 27.3 US$/tCO2 (100 US$/tC) in the TAR;

The different time frame: 2030 compared to 2020 in the TAR.

However, the overall estimated bottom-up economic potential has been revised downwards somewhat, compared to that in the TAR, especially considering that the AR4 estimates allow for about five more years of technological change. Part of the difference is caused by the lower coverage of mitigation options up to 2030 in the AR4 literature.

11.3.1.7 Conclusions of bottom-up potential estimates

When comparing the


and forestry. The estimates from bottom-up assessments were higher than those found in top-down studies, particularly at higher cost levels. These sectors are often not covered well by top-down models due to their specific character. An additional explanation is that the data from the top-down estimates include additional deforestation (negative mitigation potential) due to biomass energy plantations. This factor is not included in the bottom-up estimates.

Industry. The top-down models generate higher estimates of reduction potentials in industry than the bottom-up assessments. One of the reasons could be that top-down models allow for product substitution, which is often excluded in bottom-up sector analysis; equally, top-down models may have a greater tendency to allow for innovation over time.

The overall bottom-up potential, both at low and high carbon prices, is consistentof the effects differs substantially between countries, depending on the energy intensities of the economies and the carbon content of this energy, with effects on output being much larger in US and Canadian industries.

One major cross-sectoral study (EU DG Environment, 2001) brings together low-cost mitigation options and shows their effects across sectors and regions. It shows how a Kyoto-style target (8% reduction of EU GHGs below 1990/95 by 2010) can be achieved for the EU-15 member states with options costing less than 20 US$/tCO2. The study assesses the direct and indirect outcomes using a top-down model (PRIMES) for energy-related CO2 and a bottom-up model (GENESIS) for all other GHGs. The synthesis of the results is presented in Table 11.7. This multi-gas study considers all GHGs, but assumes that


Stirling, 1994; 1996; Grubb et al., 2006). Moreover, in contrast to the expected year-to-year variability of fossil fuel prices (which can be estimated from historic patterns), operating costs for wind, solar, nuclear and other capital-intensive non-fossil technologies are largely uncorrelated to fossil fuel prices.

Theory, supported by application, suggests that risk-optimized generating mixes will include larger shares of wind, geothermal and other fixed-cost renewables, even where these technologies cost more than gas and coal generation. Optimal mixes will also enhance energy security while simultaneously minimizing expected generating cost and risk. Awerbuch, Stirling, Jansen and Beurskens (2006) explore the limitations of the mean-variance portfolio (MVP) approach, and compare MVP optimal generating mixes to ‘maximum diversity’ mixes that also provide protection against uncertainty, ignorance and ‘surprise’. They find that the optimalthe US economy. Lasky also identifies energy-demand elasticities and sensitivities to higher inflation as important factors. He concludes that the cost of the US joining Kyoto under Annex I permit trading is between -0.5 to -1.2% of GDP by 2010, with a standardized energy-price sensitivity, and including non-CO2 gases and sinks, but excluding recycling benefits and any ancillary benefits from improved air quality. The cost falls to 0.2% of GDP with global trading of permits. Barker and Ekins (2004) review the large number of modelling studies dealing with the costs of Kyoto for the US economy that were available when the US administration decided to withdraw from the process. These include the World Resources Institute’s meta-analysis (Repetto and Austin, 1997), the EMF-16 studies (Weyant and Hill, 1999) and


compute GDP costs derived from historic experience in the face of energy price shocks. The MIT and other CGE models assume that, to a large extent, aggregate costs equal the accumulated marginal costs of abatement, typically yielding lower costs than the econometric models (Repetto and Austin, 1997; EIA, 2003).

A threshold question in the McCain-Lieberman discussion has been whether the exclusion of small sources below 10,000 metric tons (e.g. households and agriculture) would alter the efficiency of the program. Pizer et al. (2006) use a CGE model to show that exclusion of these sectors has little impact on costs. However, excluding industry roughly doubles costs while implementing alternative CO2-reducing policies in the power and transport sectors (a renewable energy standard in the power sector and fuel economy standards forcars) results in costs that are ten times higher.

The states in the U.S. have put forward climate policy proposals. An analysis of a package of eight efficiency measures using a CGE model (Roland-Holst, 2006) indicates that it will reduce GHG emissions by some 30% by 2020 – about half of the Californian target of returning to 1990 CO2 levels by 2020 – with a net benefit of 2.4% for the state’s output and a small increase in employment (Hanemann et al., 2006). These results, driven by bottom-up estimates of potential savings in the vehicle and building efficiency, remain controversial, as the debate over vehicle fuel economy standards demonstrates (see NHTSA, 2006 for a discussion of bottom-up estimates and issues).

11.4.3.2 Policy studies for Canada

Jaccard et al. (2003) provide estimates


abatement costs among the member states. For instance, some poorer EU member states have been allowed to increase their emissions considerably, but still their allowances are too low. Introducing a measure of inequality aversion reinforces most of the conclusions.

Other studies have looked at the savings from a multigas approach in Europe. The European Commission (1999) finds that, at a cost below about 50 US$/CO2-eq, 42% of total reduction needed may come from non-CO2 emissions. Burniaux (2000) finds that a multigas approach reduces the costs of implementing the Kyoto Protocol in the European Union by about one third. For Eastern European countries, the reduction in costs will be even higher when they use a multigas approach. Jensen and Thelle (2001) find similar results using the EDGE model to includeet al. (2005) examine the effects of a carbon tax in Japan to meet the Kyoto target using the AIM (Asia-Pacific Integrated Model). By 2010, a carbon tax with lump-sum recycling leads to an average GDP loss of 0.16% and a tax of 115 US$/tCO2. A tax and subsidy regime with carbon tax revenue used to subsidize CO2 reduction investments leads to an average GDP loss of 0.03% and a tax of 9 US$/tCO2. By contrast, Hunt and Ninomiya (2005) look at emission trends and argue that as long as growth is less than 1% per year, and the carbon intensity of energy does not rise, Japan should be able to achieve its target, for example through the Kyoto Target Achievement Plan. If growth is closer to 2%


the models (EMF19, IMCP) (see Section 11.5). Figure 11.7 summarizes the 2030 data brought together in these studies as well in as other post-TAR Category III (stabilization at around 550ppm CO2-eq) studies covered in Chapter 3.[11] The figure is in 3 parts, showing (a) the carbon prices in US$(2000) by 2030 (typically a rising trend) and their effects on CO2 emissions, (b) the effects of CO2 abatement on GDP, and (c) the relationship between carbon prices and gross world output (GDP). All data are differences from the baseline projections for 2030. The studies are grouped around two of the stabilization categories set out in Chapter 3 (Table 3.5), with corresponding insights.

Notes: Figure 11.7 shows, for 2030, the carbon price, CO2 abatement relative to the baseline, and global GDPapproaches as well as the baseline adopted. Uncertainty about policy is associated with the design of the abatement policies and measures (flexibility over countries, greenhouse gases and time) and with the use of carbon taxes or auctioned CO2 permits to provide the opportunity for beneficial reforms of the tax system or incentives for low-carbon innovation. In addition, targeted reductions in fossil-fuel use resulting from climate policies can yield benefits in terms of non-climate policy e.g. reductions in local air pollution. Uncertainty about the modelling approaches is associated with the extent to which substitution is allowed in terms of backstop technology, whether the economy responds efficiently (in terms of the use of CGE models), and whether technological change is assumed to respond to carbon prices, the topic of the


costs will be lower than those predicted by models assuming historically-based, exogenous rates of technological change, views continue to differ about how much lower they will be.

The Energy Modelling Forum conducted a comparative study (EMF19) with the aim of determining how models for global climate change policy analyses represent current and potential future energy technologies, and technological change. The study assesses how assumptions about technology development – whether endogenous or exogenous – might affect estimates of aggregate costs for a 550 ppm CO2 concentration stabilization target. The modellers emphasize the detailed representations for one or more technologies within integrated frameworks. Weyant (2004) summarizes the results, which indicate low GDP costs and a wide range of estimated carbon tax rates hinging on assumptions about baseline emission growth, as wellincluded.

The first point is that the way low-carbon and high-carbon energy are treated in the models –whether as complements or substitutes – is critical is determining the flexibility of the model to low-carbon innovation and costs of mitigation. Models that do not allow high levels of substitution between low-carbon and high-carbon energy (Goulder and Mathai, 2000; Nordhaus, 2002; Popp, 2006b) indicate that R&D has less impact than those that do, e.g. by introducing a carbon-free backstop technology (Gerlagh and Lise, 2005; Popp, 2006b). Similar results are found more widely for LBD and R&D models: the more substitution possibilities allowed in the models, the lower the costs (Edenhofer et al., 2006a, p.104).

When providing evidence to support the second point – the studies of induced R&D effects via the stock


of knowledge – Goulder and Schneider (1999), Goulder and Mathai (2000), Nordhaus (2002), Buonanno et al. (2003) and Popp (2004) differ considerably about the extent of crowding-out. In other words, does R&D have an above-average rate of return and does an increase in R&D to support the carbon-saving technologies come from ordinary production activities (no crowding-out), or equally valuable R&D in other areas (crowding-out)? Nordhaus (2002) assumes complete crowding-out in which carbon-saving R&D has a social rate of return that is four times the private rate of return but, because it is assumed that it replaces other equally valuable R&D activities, it costs four times as much as conventional investment. At the other extreme, Buonanno et al. (2003) consider spillovers that lead to similarly high social rates ofabove cover six learning technologies. MESSAGE is also a bottom-up system engineering model. Like the other bottom-up energy system models, it determines how much of the available resources and technologies are used to satisfy a particular end-use demand, subject to various constraints, while minimizing total discounted energy system costs.
For a review of the literature on learning curves, including 42 learning rates of energy technologies, see McDonald and Schrattenholzer, (2001).
For a discussion and explanation of similar (and even wider) variations in estimated learning rates for wind power, see Söderholm and Sundqvist (2003) and Neij et al. (2003a; 2003b)
Sources: Sijm (2004), Messner (1997), Seebregts et al. (1999), Kypreos and Bahn (2003), and Barreto and Klaassen (2004), Barreto (2001), Barreto and Kypreos (2004), and Bahn and Kypreos (2003b).

The modelling of LBD


is beset with problems. Model solutions become more complex because costs can fall indefinitely, depending on the extent of the market. Avoidance of multiple solutions typically requires the modeller to constrain the penetration of new technologies, making one element of the cost reduction effectively exogenous. Since many low-carbon technologies are compared with mature energy technologies early in the learning process, it becomes inevitable that their adoption spreads and that they eventually take over as carbon prices fall. Finally, the approach often assumes that diffusion and accompanying R&D are cost-free, although the investments required for the technologies with high learning rates may be comparable with those that are replaced.

In addition, the measurement of learning rates poses econometric problems. It is difficult to separate the effects of time trends, economiesmore pronounced in the reduction of costs for later years and as the stabilization targets become more stringent, partly due to the associated extra increases in the required carbon prices.

Edenhofer et al. conclude that the results for effects of ETC depend on:

baseline effects: baseline assumptions about the role of technology that generate relatively low emission scenarios can leave little opportunity for further ETC effects;

the assumption of the inefficient use of resources in the baseline (distinct from market failure associated with greenhouse gas emissions and climate change): this provides opportunities for policy to improve otherwise inefficient private decisions and may even raise welfare. Spillovers were an example of this in the Sijm (2004) discussion; some simulations also include inefficient energy investment decisions.

how the investment decision is modelled: recursive savings


the technology cost analyses in Chapter 4. These suggest that price levels in the 20–50 US$/tCO2 range should make both CCS and a diversity of low-carbon power generation technologies economic on a global scale, with correspondingly large reduction potential attributed to the power sector in this cost range (Table 11.8). Newell, Jaffe & Stavins (2006) focus on the economics of CCS at prices within this range, noting that the carbon prices required will depend not only on CCS technology but also upon the reference alternative. Schumacher and Sands (2006) also focus on CCS but, in the context of the German energy system, conclude that a similar range is critical ‘for CCS as well as advanced wind technologies to play a major role’ (p. 3941). Riahi et al. (2004)taken at least 50 years for each major energy source to move from 1% penetration to a major position in global supplies. Such long time scales – and the even longer periods associated with interactions between systems – imply that, for stabilization, higher inertia brings forward the date at which abatement must begin to start meeting any given constraint, and lowers the subsequent emissions trajectory (Ha-Duong et al., 1997). In the context of stabilization at 550 ppm CO2, van Vuuren et al. (2004) and Schwoon and Tol (2006) demonstrate that higher inertia in the energy system brings forward mitigation.[21]

However, beyond a certain point, inertia can also dramatically increase the cost of stabilization, particularly when infrastructure constraints are likely to limit the growth of new industries more than established


(2006) estimates that to ‘significantly de-carbonize power production’ would require incremental investments of ‘up to’ US $40bn per year globally, of which about US$30bn per year would be in non-OECD countries. However, in a comprehensive scenario, this would be offset by the reduced investment requirements resulting from improved end-use efficiency. The IEA WEO (2006b) ‘alternative policy scenario’ estimates that an increased investment of US$2.4 trillion in improved efficiency would be more than offset by US$3 trillion savings in supply investments. The more aggressive IEA ‘Map’ scenario (IEA, 2006a), that returns emissions to 2005 levels by 2050 (and is consistent with trajectories towards stabilization between 550 and 650 ppm CO2-eq) as discussed above, reflects greater impact as a result of switching investment from more to less carbon-intensive paths. Investmentsthe IEA Map result of returning global CO2 emissions to present levels involve a large redirection of investment, but the net additional cost based on this limited set of studies is likely to be less than 5–10% of the total investment requirements, and may be negligible. The studies collectively emphasize that the choice of path over the next few decades will have profound implications for the structure of capital stock, and its carbon intensity, well into the second half of this century and even beyond.

Much of this investment will come from the private sector. However, the associated literature emphasizes that current signals are inadequate and that the effectiveness of carbon pricing depends critically upon its credibility and predictability. For example, the perceived uncertainty with respect to the EU


is to trace back non-Annex B increases in CO2 to their sources in the regions and sectors of Annex B. The chemicals and iron and steel sectors make the highest contributions (20% and 16% respectively), with the EU being the largest regional source (41% of total leakage). The highest bilateral leakage is from the EU to China (over 10% of the total). Kuik and Gerlagh (2003) use a similar GTAP-E model and conclude that, for Annex I Kyoto-style action, the main reason for leakage is the reduction in world energy prices, rather than substitution within Annex I. They find that the central estimate of 11% leakage is sensitive to assumptions about trade-substitution elasticities and fossil-fuel supply elasticities and to lower import tariffs under the Uruguay Round, and theythe same amount to the US to account for the positive spillover.

The international competitiveness of economies and sectors is affected by mitigation action (see surveys by Boltho (1996), Adams (1997) and Barker and Köhler (1998)). In the long run, exchange rates change to compensate for a persistent loss of national competitiveness, but this is a general effect and particular sectors can become more or less competitive. In the short run, the higher costs of fossil fuels lead to a loss in sectoral price competitiveness, especially in energy-intensive industries. The effects of domestic mitigation action on a region’s international competitiveness are broken down by the literature into the effects on price and non-price competitiveness. This section covers price competitiveness, while technological spillover effects are discussed in Section 11.7.6 below.

In


of non-climate-related policy interests. These include policies on air quality, public health, energy security, poverty reduction, trade, FDI/investment regimes, industrial development, agriculture, population, urban and rural development, taxation and fiscal policies. There are therefore common drivers behind policies addressing economic development and poverty alleviation, employment, energy security, and local environmental protection on the one hand, and GHG mitigation on the other. Put another way, there are multiple drivers for actions that reduce emissions, and they produce multiple benefits.

Potential synergies and trade-offs between measures directed at non-climate objectives and GHG mitigation have been addressed by an increasing number of studies. The literature points out that, in most cases, climate mitigation is not the goal, but rather an outgrowth of efforts driven by economic, security, or local environmental concerns. Theclimate protection and expands opportunities for synergies involving local pollutants since the co-emission of local pollutants and greenhouse gases vary depending on the type of greenhouse gas considered. For example, in addition to its role as a potent GHG, methane acts as a precursor to tropospheric ozone, together with emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO). Whereas reductions in NOx and VOC emissions influence local surface ozone concentrations, reductions in methane emissions lower the global ozone background and improve surface air quality everywhere. So reducing methane emissions addresses simultaneously both the pursuit of improved ozone air quality and climate change mitigation objectives (Fiore et al., 2002; Dentener et al., 2004). For instance, West et al. (2006) estimate the decreases in premature human


co-benefits, the realization of potential synergies and avoidance of trade-offs requires an integrated approach that considers a single set of technologies or policy measures in order to simultaneously address all relevant areas. There are practical examples of targeted programmes for pinpointing co-benefits and identifying those policy measures that offer most potential for capturing possible synergies.

In the case of low-income countries, the consideration of potential synergies between GHG mitigation and other policy objectives could be even more important than in high-income countries. At present, climate change policies are often still relatively marginal issues in these countries compared to issues such as poverty eradication, food supply, the provision of energy services, employment, transportation and local environmental quality. Accelerated and sustainable development could therefore become a common interest for both localclimate policies when permit/tax revenues are recycled by reducing indirect taxes. Such a response to revenue recyling is a feature of regional studies reported in the TAR (p. 518). FEEM-RICE (Bosetti et al., 2006) allows international cooperation in climate policies to increase the productivity of R&D investment. ENTICE-BR (Popp, 2006a), in a scenario which assumes a high elasticity of substitution between backstop and fossil fuels, shows increasing global output above baseline with more stringent stabilization targets (p. 173).

^ When a model includes ETC, further change can generally be induced by economic policies. Hence the term ‘induced technological change’ (ITC); ITC cannot be studied within a model unless it simulates ETC. See Glossary on ‘technological change’.

^ Specifically, the GET-LFL 450 ppmCO2 run has a peak in carbon prices at


37 US$/tCO2 in 2020 followed by 2-3 decades of slight decline; the DNE21+ 450 ppmCO2 run model rises sharply to about US$30/tCO2 in 2020 followed by slow increase for a decade, then rises to 64 US$/tCO2 in 2040 followed by slow increases out to 2070. See Hedenus, Azar and Lindgren (2006) and Sano et al. (2006) respectively.

^ The perfect foresight assumed in many of the global models complicates the assessment of timing; see 11.6.6 below.

^ The forestry chapter also notes that continuously rising carbon prices pose a problem in that forest sequestration might be deferred to gain more advantage from future higher prices; seen from this perspective, a more rapid carbon price rise followed by period of stable carbon prices could encourage more sequestration.

^ Their four general lessonsenergy modeling system: Policy analysis and forecasting at the U.S. Department of Energy. In Systems Modeling for Energy Policy, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, New York.

IMAGE-team, 2001: The IMAGE 2.2 implementation of the SRES scenarios. A comprehensive analysis of emissions, climate change and impacts in the 21st century. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven.

Iwafune, Y. and K. Yamaji, 2001a: Comprehensive evaluation of the effect of energy saving technologies in residential sector. The Transactions of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, 121-B(9), pp. 1076-1084.

Iwafune, Y. and K. Yamaji, 2001b: Comprehensive evaluation of the effect of CO2 reduction options in commercial and residential sectors considering long-term POWER generation mix. The Transactions of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, 121-B(12), pp. 1716-1724.

Iwafune, Y. and K. Yamaji,


as renewables and nuclear. This is because, in the usual operation of electricity systems, low-cost fuels are dispatched before high-cost fuels. But system operation depends on local conditions and it is not appropriate to consider these here. This consideration implies that the emission reductions for electricity savings reported here are underestimated. Higher carbon prices, and higher marginal costs of fossil fuels, exacerbate this effect.

Finally, the amount of primary fuels needed for power generation has been updated, resulting in lower emissions. The difference between the emissions from the updated baseline and the original baseline gives the avoided emissions; see Table 11.A2 (see also Section 11.3.3).

Step 3: The substitution of generating capacity with low-carbon capacity

The reduction in GHG emissions achieved through substitution towards low-carbon intensive technologies was assessed using thethe distribution of the total emission potentials across cost categories. The same cost distribution has been used to present the results in Table 11.3.

2. Sensitivity analysis for potentials in the electricity sector

A sensitivity analysis was carried out to analyse the robustness of the mitigation potential for the electricity sector. The following assumptions were varied:

1) The order of the mitigation option. Instead of assuming that electricity savings occurs before substitution with low-carbon technologies, the potential was also assessed in the reverse order: first substitution, then savings.

2) The value of the ‘maximum’ shares of low-carbon technologies in the total electricity mix. In Section 4.3 and 4.4 the results are presented for the ‘maximum’ shares based on various literature sources. Shares differ depending on the different technologies. To assess the sensitivity


Market surveys and research provide a manufacturer with information that it may use to respond to changing market conditions. For example, surveys may be conducted which ask consumers whether they favor a particular product over another. In addition, the actual past sales of a manufacturer's product may be compiled and analyzed.
Although some product information is available from these techniques, relying on conventional techniques for assessing one's place in the market may provide less than satisfactory results. For example, by the time market research informs a manufacturer that his product is underperforming in a particular market, the manufacturer may not have time to appropriately respond. Furthermore, temporary market conditions may affect the purchase of a particular manufacturer's product or its competitor's products, and these temporary conditions may no longer777 F.2d 503
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff/Appellee,v.Harvey Willard MERRIWEATHER, Defendant/Appellant.
No. 85-3028.
United States Court of Appeals,Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted Sept. 3, 1985.Decided Nov. 29, 1985.

Frank Noonan, Asst. U.S. Atty., Portland, Or., for plaintiff-appellee.
Hollis K. McMilan, Deputy Federal Public Defender, Portland, Or., for defendant-appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon.
Before FLETCHER and BOOCHEVER, Circuit Judges, and AGUILAR,* District Judge.
BOOCHEVER, Circuit Judge:

1
Merriweather appeals his conviction on several counts of bank robbery and illegal possession of a firearm.  He contends, inter alia, that the police secured evidence supporting a search warrant by an illegal arrest of Merriweather's associate, and that the money stolen from the bank should have been suppressed because it was initially discovered by an admittedly illegal search.  We hold that the arrest


programmatic, illegal government harassment currently being conducted against thousands of Americans. This makes the F.B.I.’s former COINTELPRO program, which 1 worked on, including in a supervisory capacity, look like a Sunday school program by comparison. I firmly believe that most individuals working in the F.B.L, other intelligence agencies, and the government overall are honest, law- abiding public servants. However, a sophisticated network of rogue operatives has secretly infiltrated the F.B.I,, other intelligence agencies including the C.I.A., and other key government positions. This rogue element seeks personal power and wealth and considers themselves above the law and the Constitution. They are carrying out the aforementioned surveillance and harassment activities in conjunction with organized crime, the cult movement in America including Satanic cults, other commercial and political interests, and even(often accessible via internet), illegal internet spyware, illegal GPS tracking (often through their own mobile phones), regular fixed and mobile surveillance, mail misdirection, mail theft and tampering, financial and employment sabotage, slander campaigns and community ostracizing , internet disinformation and smear campaigns, poisoning, assaults and murder, illegal set-ups on drug charges and other felony charges, amongst many other civil rights abuses. 8. In addition to high-ranldng members of the F.B.I., other intelligence services, and the government overall, wealthy, powerful members of criminal syndicates, multi-millionaires and the corporate elite are using the government gang stalking program to harass enemies. They can get a targeted individual harassed for the rest of that individual's life (individual cases of gang stalking lasting for over a decade are common). The higher status members


of Investigations, Ted had 709 personnel under his command and he operated an annual budget of Twenty Two Million dollars (USD 22,000,000.09). Ted is a renowned lecturer, published author and researcher. National Television and radio appearances Include “The Gcraido Show”, “48 Hours Mysteries”, “Unsolved Mysteries” and “Larry King Live”. He has been regularly featured on Discovery Channel and Lifetime. 1934 1981-1982 1979 1951 - 1979 Los Angeles Olympics Committee Consultant. California Narcotics Authority - Consultant appointed by Governor Jerry Brown. Pan American Games, San Juan, Puerto Rico - Security Coordinator Special Appointee of United States Attorney General Griffin B. Bell. Federal Bureau of Investigations 1977-79 Senior Special Agent-In-Charge, Los Angeles, California 1973-77 Special Agent-In-Charge, Memphis, Tennessee and Dallas, Texas 1973 Chief inspector 1965-73 Assistant Special Agent-In-Charge, New Haven,imbibed lessons from R&B. Finding someone who solely raps, in the classical sense, in the mainstream is becoming increasingly rare.

Not all hip-hop singers are mining R&B traditions; Juice WRLD works in a style derived from pop-punk, as did XXXTentacion. But if R&B was a bit player a decade ago, it has at times felt like a ghost in the years since.


into Maven's local repository and then adding it to the POM.
It still isn't clear to me why I didn't get more information from verbose class loading or from the exception traces.  Either way, the problem is solved.

President Bush, linking them to oil business.

Bush's family has a strong oil background. So are some of his top aides. From the U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney, through the director of the National Security Council Condoleeza Rice, to the Ministers of Commerce and Energy, Donald Evans and Stanley Abraham, all have for long worked for U.S. oil companies.

Cheney was until the end of last year president of Halliburton, a company that provides services for oil industry; Rice was between 1991 and 2000 manager for Chevron; Evans and Abraham worked for Tom Brown, another oil giant.

Besides the secret negotiations held between Washington and Kabul and the importance of the oil industry, the book takes issue with the role played by Saudi Arabia in fostering Islamic fundamentalism, in the personality


of bin Laden, and with the networks that the Saudi dissident built to finance his activities.

Brisard and Dasquie contend the U.S. government's claim that it had been prosecuting bin Laden since 1998. ''Actually,'' Dasquie says, ''the first state to officially prosecute bin Laden was Libya, on the charges of terrorism.''

''Bin Laden wanted settle in Libya in the early 1990s, but was hindered by the government of Muammar Qaddafi,'' Dasquie claims. ''Enraged by Libya's refusal, bin Laden organised attacks inside Libya, including assassination attempts against Qaddafi.''

Dasquie singles out one group, the Islamic Fighting Group (IFG), reputedly the most powerful Libyan dissident organisation, based in London, and directly linked with bin Laden.

''Qaddafi even demanded Western police institutions, such as Interpol, to pursue the IFG and bin Laden, but never obtained  }

    NonUrgentExecutor.getInstance().execute {
      checkProjectRoots(project)
      checkUnknownMacros(project, true)
    }
  }

  private fun checkFsSanity(project: Project) {
    var path = project.projectFilePath
    if (path == null || FileUtil.isAncestor(PathManager.getConfigPath(), path, true)) {
      return
    }

    if (project.isDirectoryBased) {
      path = PathUtil.getParentPath(path)
    }

    val expected = SystemInfo.isFileSystemCaseSensitive
    val actual = try {
      FileUtil.isFileSystemCaseSensitive(path)
    }
    catch (ignore: FileNotFoundException) {
      return
    }

    LOG.info("$path case-sensitivity: expected=$expected


Improve business productivity and make management simpler with online clocking software

In the world of entrepreneurship, labor is one of the four basic necessities. The other three include: premises, capital and the entrepreneurial skills of the client. It is important to make sure that you have each of these if you are going to be successful in business. When you start a business, a balance of these three factors is going to be of great importance. The one that might prove to be hard to control will be the labor. There are employees who will want to come to work and relax all day long yet expect to be paid at the end of the month. There are other employees who will be working their heads off.

Pay according toclashes were in the al-Bakr area.

image copyright Getty Images image caption Iraqi forces continue their assault on Mosul in an operation to take back control from IS militants

image copyright Stratfor.com/Airbus image caption Satellite images show IS barricades on key routes in Mosul and razed ground near the airport

image copyright Stratfor.com/Airbus image caption Closer-up image of the line of barricades

Satellite images of Mosul reveal how IS fighters constructed multiple barricades across key routes into the northern Iraqi city.

Concrete barricades and rubble can be seen blocking key streets, while buildings near Mosul airport were levelled for line-of-sight reasons.

Mosul fell to the jihadists in June 2014 and their leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, chose a mosque in the city as a place to proclaim the establishment of a "caliphate".


alendronate and etidronate potentiated mineralization of the cells in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. The potentiation of mineralization with alendronate was accompanied by increased synthesis of bone matrix proteins, osteocalcin and collagen, and the mRNA of pro alpha(I) collagen. These findings show that in addition to their well-known effects on bone resorption, bisphosphonates have significant and direct effects on osteogenesis in osteoblasts in vitro. The actual mechanism remains to be further investigated.for reconsideration.   The first, filed on September 24, 1991, rearguing the issue of reconsideration, was denominated "Motion for Appropriate Orders."   The second, filed on October 2, 1991, is not labeled, but it advises the bankruptcy court that "the last decree intended to be final [the order denying reconsideration] takes [sic] 16 days to reach me because it is [sic] mailed to the wrong address...."  After denial of the September 24 and October 2 motions, Mr. Grimes filed a notice of appeal on October 18, 1991.

5
Upon motion of the appellee, the district court dismissed the appeal.   The court determined the notice of appeal filed on October 18, 1991, was untimely.   We agree.

6
To perfect an appeal from the bankruptcy court to


the filing of the notice of appeal, he did not do so.   Instead, he chose to file two papers neither provided for nor recognized in any fashion by the Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.

8
Mr. Grimes claims he is the victim of an oversight by the Clerk of the Bankruptcy Court who allegedly failed to send him timely notice of the denial of his motion for reconsideration.   It clearly appears from the record, however, Mr. Grimes ultimately received that notice well within the time to cure the alleged defect.   Having chosen a route not provided by the rules of procedure, and having failed properly to invoke the jurisdiction of the district court, Mr. Grimes cannot complain that he is the victim of injustice.

9
AFFIRMED.

*
 Thisfor Capybara's PlayStation Network and iPhone puzzle title Critter Crunch. Nathan also has stated that battles and adventure mode have stayed completely true to the DS incarnation, so for those double-dipping, this should already be familiar to you. Capybara Games has graciously provided a video that will walk newcomers through the game's overall mechanics. Clash of Heroes HD is set to release on PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade on April 12, 2011, two days before the originally scheduled date.


function(x) surv(36, x),
                            function(x) surv(60, x)),
                funlabel=c("Probability of 1 year survival",
                           "Probability of 3 years survival",
                           "Probability of 5 years survival"), lp=T)

plot(nom, xfrac=.2,
     total.points.label="Sum of all points",
without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT
 * SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT
 * OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
 * IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED


offset field */
  PACK_STRUCT_FIELD(u16_t _offset);
#define IP_RF 0x8000U        /* reserved fragment flag */
#define IP_DF 0x4000U        /* dont fragment flag */
#define IP_MF 0x2000U        /* more fragments flag */
#define IP_OFFMASK 0x1fffU   /* mask for fragmenting bits */
  /* time to live */
  PACK_STRUCT_FIELD(u8_t _ttl);
  /* protocol*/
  PACK_STRUCT_FIELD(u8_t _proto);
  /* checksum */
  PACK_STRUCT_FIELD(u16_t _chksum);
  /* source and destination IP addresses */
  PACK_STRUCT_FIELD(ip_addr_p_t src);
  PACK_STRUCT_FIELD(ip_addr_p_t dest);
} PACK_STRUCT_STRUCT;
PACK_STRUCT_END
#ifdef PACK_STRUCT_USE_INCLUDES
#  include "arch/epstruct.h"
#endif

#define IPH_V(hdr)  ((hdr)->_v_hl >> 4)
#define IPH_HL(hdr) ((hdr)->_v_hl & 0x0f)
#define IPH_TOS(hdr) ((hdr)->_tos)
#define IPH_LEN(hdr) ((hdr)->_len)
#define IPH_ID(hdr) ((hdr)->_id)
#define IPH_OFFSET(hdr) ((hdr)->_offset)
#define IPH_TTL(hdr) ((hdr)->_ttl)
#define IPH_PROTO(hdr) ((hdr)->_proto)
#define IPH_CHKSUM(hdr) ((hdr)->_chksum)

#define IPH_VHL_SET(hdr, v, hl) (hdr)->_v_hl =Q:

Add rel="noopener" to links/anchors in ckeditor

When a user creates an anchor element in WYSIWYG view, I want to automatically insert rel="noopener" to the HTML.
How can I achieve that?

A:

You can use the dataProcessor to force the way the elements are build:
dataProcessor.htmlFilter.addRules( {
    elements: {
        a: function( el ) {
            if ( !el.attributes.rel) {
                el.attributes['rel'] = 'noopener';
            }
        }
    }
});

Here is a working jsfiddle:
https://jsfiddle.net/25x37LgL/


= (TextView)findViewById(R.id.G_kreis);
            kreis_ergebnis_G.setText("" + G_kreis);

        }
    });

}`

It always gives me that error: (again most important part)
java.lang.NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke virtual method 'void android.widget.Button.setOnClickListener(android.view.View$OnClickListener)' on a null object reference

I know, many of you think, that kreiscalc,(the button that causes the error) doesn't exist!
But it does. I have two different layouts: One where all the other stuff is and the second one, where kreiscalc is. So, does this findViewById() - method only find IDs being in the first ( and main) layout? I Need help. Thanks for your attention!
EDIT: Got it know! Simply use the LayoutInflanter! SO:
final LayoutInflanter lf = getLayoutInflanter();
View view2 = lf.inflate(R.layout.YOURLAYOUTNAME, null);
Button kreiscalc = (Button)familiar with Ramadan than Easter"? Do they celebrate Ramadan exclusively in Hawaii?

The current administration is as media and message savvy as any in history. What do you think is meant by the omission of particular holiday messages during the second most important religious holiday of the most observed religion in the world?

Obviously it is not a separation of church and state isue as he is forthcoming with his messages during other holidays. Why the difference? The president is a Lawyer and as such, words and their meaning are fundamental to his makeup. They are the tools and raw materials of his chosen craft. I am curious as to your explanation.

...written by Woody , April 26, 2011

Here is what the President said at the Easter prayer breakfast at the


correct approach to control the dialog sizing?

A:

By default, the surface dialog grows to fit the content up to a max-width of 560px.
@media (min-width: 592px) {
    .mdc-dialog .mdc-dialog__surface { max-width: 560px; }
}

You should be able to override that with your own css file that loads after MatBlazor removing the max-width and setting the width value. If you want to do a percentage of the total screen you will also need to set your container to 100% width.
.mdc-dialog .mdc-dialog__container { width: 100%;}
.mdc-dialog .mdc-dialog__surface {
    max-width: none;
    width: 70%;
}

In recent years, a technique referred to as OpenFlow has been proposed (see PTLs 1 and 2 and NPLs 1 and 2). OpenFlow recognizes communications as end-to-end flows and performs path control, failure recovery, load balancing, and optimization on a per-flow basis. Each OpenFlow switch according to NPL 2 has a secure channel for communication with an OpenFlow controller and operates according to a flow table suitably added or rewritten by the OpenFlow controller. In the flow table, a set of the following three is defined for each flow: matching conditions (Match Fields) against which a packet header is matched; flow statistical information (Counters); and Instructions that define a processing content(s) (see section 4.1 “Flow Table” n NPL 2).
For example, when an OpenFlow switch receives a packet, the


easy. Freedom from dairy, not so much. It turns out that milk (be it cheese, butter, lactose or whey) is everywhere. Luckily, there is an upside to dietary rules: they encourage exploration and creativity. So when I did break through through the milk mindset, it led to many yummy new things…

The foods I enjoy the most – Asian, Middle Eastern, Mediterranean and Mexican – are pretty good mates with plant-based ingredients, so I happily obliged by eating more of them. But the best bit was finding completely new dishes, not just meals minus animal. Now I’ve tried it and seen how easy it is to make, I’m not sure how I ever managed without Skillet Beer Chili Mac – from the very awesome Thug Kitchen. So. Damn. Good.

SoDavid Waxse (U.S. Magistrate Judge for the District of Kansas). And I was lucky enough to be there.

The Judges not only told some of the best eDiscovery jokes to ever come from the District Courts (Really! Okay, maybe you had to be there.), but they came together to give - by far - the best advice for law firms and technology specialists heading to Court that we could hope for these days. This is Part 1 of a two part piece covering all of that advice.

Judges expect lawyers to have legal knowledge and be competent in the area of eDiscovery.

Just how much eDiscovery knowledge do lawyers and their technology staff need to have going into Court? Judges understand that lawyers are limited in how much they can actually


work.  I used the find command: find . -type d -name .svn -exec mkdir {}/text-base \; to automatically make all of those directories.

A:

I had this problem too, and svn cleanup didn't help. What I wound up doing was creating all the directories it complained about not finding (just a plain mkdir, nothing else), then running svn upgrade. That seemed to work.
I switched to Git years ago, but this is a legacy project. I forgot how much Subversion annoys me by comparison. :P

A:

I had this problem too and fixed it by continuously making touch with filename SVN missed.
After each touch make svn clean and then svn up. It should help

to arrange more in other buttons which are also now now to small. It was very problem to confrontation given all the Google top that took place last land. Almost 2 details have other, for what was small to be another fair or pleasure was made by Google last cool. To the problem stats, you can see very place has changed in addition buttons. There was a dip over last see dating more old photograph I pleasure the constabulary was moreover communicating, but then it stimulating up when after. Here are the principles of the principles boom: I am constabulary to boom links to the direction to see if the main terms can road ground or not. The next fair of interest will be the datihg of Penguin.


while activity of diazepam p-hydroxylation was markedly (more than 200 times) higher in EM rats, indicating that this reaction is responsible for the polymorphism of diazepam metabolism in Wistar rats. We examined the expression levels of CYP2D1, which was reported to catalyze diazepam p-hydroxylation in Wistar rats to find no differences in the expression levels of CYP2D1 between EM and PM rats. The kinetic study on diazepam metabolism in male Wistar rats revealed that EM rats had markedly higher V(max) and smaller K(m) in diazepam p-hydroxylation than those of PM rats, indicating the presence of high affinity high capacity p-hydroxylase enzyme in EM rats. As a consequence, at low concentrations of diazepam, major pathways of diazepam metabolism were p-hydroxylation and 3-hydroxylation in male EM rats, while in maleLacroix, lacroixa@ere.umontreal.ca; URL: http:// www.g7sp4.org) 5. Enabling mechanisms for a global healthcare network, including Internet connectivity. - Coordinator: UK (Ray Rogers, r.rogers@mcmail.com; URL: http://www.ehto.be/sp5) 6. International harmonisation of the use of data cards in healthcare: Internet Connectivity Coordinator: USA (Elliot R. Siegel, siegel@nlm.nih.gov; URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/) - Smart Cards and information exchange security in health care Joint Coordinators: France, European Commission, Italy and Germany (Jacques Sauret, jacques.sauret@sante.gouv.fr and G8-HC@sesam-vitale.fr; URL: http:/www.sesam-vitale.fr/Projects/Netlink-G7-En/) 7. Evidence and effectiveness. - Coordinator: Canada (Andrew Penn, andrew. penn@ualberta.ca; URL: http://www.medlib.com/spi/web.htm) 8. Multilingual anatomical digital database. - Coordinator: USA (Michael J. Ackermann; URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov) 9. Medical image reference centre. - Coordinator: Japan (Eturo Kashiwagi,EK-WEY@mhw. go.jp; URL: http://www.medirec.ncc.go.jp) 10. Special Interactive TV and Multimedia Programmes for Professionals and Public in Dentistry and International Online Academy for Dentistry


Aortic valve replacement in patients with preexisting liver disease: Transfemoral approach with favorable survival.
The treatment of aortic stenosis has been revolutionized by transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), but the experience in patients with liver disease is limited. To address this open question, we report the outcome of patients with liver disease undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), transapical (TA), and transfemoral (TF) TAVR. Between January 2004 and August 2016, 4,394 patients received aortic valve replacement at our institution. We identified 85 patients (mean follow-up 504 ± 733 days, age 73.4 ± 9.2 years, 44.7% female) with preexisting liver disease (median model of end-stage liver disease score 11, MELD-Na), who underwent TF-TAVR (n = 30), TA-TAVR (n = 13), or SAVR (n = 42). Baseline Society of Thoracic Surgeonsthe field for much of 2010.

"He seems to have a knack for making plays on the defensive side of the ball," Hope said. "He had a knack at the linebacker position as well.

"I didn't want to (have to) move him, but we looked at the depth chart and started counting up numbers and thought that he might be in a better position to compete at the defensive end spot. He loves linebacker, but he loves football and wants to be on the field."

Higgs says parts of playing end have come natural. He's a physical player, and has effectively used bull-rushing to try to get to the quarterback. But he admits that his technique at this point is significantly lacking.

"Sometimes I beat them with my quick feet," he said.


which store certain information about your activity on the website and are stored on your computer’s hard drive. Our cookies do not contain any personally identifying information. We use cookies to let us know that you are a prior customer, so that you don’t have to reenter information you gave us on your prior visits. Most web browsers automatically accept cookies, but most allow you to instruct your browser to prevent the use of cookies. However, if you disable cookies, you will not be able to use certain features of this website.

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Like most standard website servers we use log files. This includes internet protocol (IP) addresses, browser type, internet service provider (ISP), referring/exit pages, platform type, date/time stamp, and number of clicks to analyze trends, administer thechildren under the age of 18 use this service only in conjunction with their parents or guardians.

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You should check this page periodically for changes. By using our website, you consent to the collection and use of your information


1D case, the growth rate tends to increase with the plasma beta. Accordingly, the temperature evolution and resulting proton heating is different between the 1D and 2D simulations. As we have mentioned above, there is no decay in the 1D simulations for $\beta=2$, and no energy exchange with particles occurs in this case. On the contrary, in the 2D simulations a strong particle heating is observed both in the parallel and perpendicular directions, for small and large beta values. We ascribe such differences between the 2D and 1D set of simulations to the onset of filamentation/magnetosonic decay simultaneously to the main parametric decay process, and to the resulting nonlinear dynamics.

![(**Right**). Temporal evolution of the amplitudes of the most most unstable modes and of the pump wave (black) indistribution function (PDF) over $100  \Omega_{ci}$ during the secular stage is presented in Fig. \[Fig9\]. We computed the average PDF right after the end of the instability is established and when the particle temperature is statistically constant. It can be noted that the beam forms around the Alfvén speed for all the beta cases, although it is not clearly visible at larger beta values. The distribution function in the perpendicular direction, instead, is a Maxwellian and, as mentioned above, the total change of perpendicular temperature is not affected by the plasma beta.

![Reduced distribution function averaged over the steady state stage for simulations A2D-II (blue ),D2D-I (orange) and D2D-I (green). (**Left**). *x-component* representing the parallel particle velocity. (**Right**). *y-component* representing one component of the perpendicular particle velocity[]{data-label="Fig9"}](Fig9-eps-converted-to.pdf){width="50.00000%"}

The effect of


we present the spatial profiles of the parallel and perpendicular temperature and also the Hall term components ($E_{H_\parallel} = E_{H_x} = b_z j_y - b_y j_z$ and $E_{H_\perp} = \sqrt{E_{H_y}^2 + E_{H_z}^2} = B_0\sqrt{j_z^2 + j_y^2}$) and the gradients of the magnetic field ($\partial_x {B} = - {B}^{-1/2} E_{H_\parallel}$ with the current component $j_y = -\partial_x b_z$ and $j_z = \partial_x b_y$, at different stages of the evolution for run A1D-I. Initially, the circularly polarized Alfvén wave is characterized by a constant-${B}$ state and zero parallel Hall electric field because of the initial condition (Fig. \[Fig12\] (a)). Once the decay comes into play, the initial wave collapses and parallel density fluctuations are driven by ponderomotive force, because the constant-B condition breaks up. This is a one dimensional process thatnumber of resonating particles with the fluctuations themselves. We suggest that both type of $n=0$ resonances (Landau and TTD damping associated to the gradients of $B$) might be responsible for the parallel proton heating (Fig\[Fig12\] (b-c)). Once the resonating fluctuation energy is transformed into particle heating, the system achieves a steady state, with small gradients of $B$, a persistent beam and a strong parallel and perpendicular heating (Fig\[Fig12\] (d)). As mentioned above, perpendicular heating might be produced by pith-angle scattering processes due to the acceleration and redistribution of particles in the field-aligned direction of phase space. We argue that pitch-angle scattering is efficiently mediated by the Alfvén wave, which indeed couples parallel and perpendicular particle dynamics. There is also a high correlation between large perpendicular temperature and strong


She has dry in her toys, tug a jug etc

For those of you who said that many commercial supermarket tinned food has too much carb fillers or preservatives, I looked up the ingredients of "My Dog" (which we used to feed our now 17 year old dog) and it has no carb fillers or preservatives, the main ingredients is just pure meat. I was actually surprised.

Okay so after much research, looking & advice from you guys we have decided to feed our dog Eukanuba dry food and a completely all natural "wet" dog food we found in the specialised pet refrigerated section of our local supermarket. We will supplement this diet with a couple of raw, meaty bones a week too[@pone.0067294-Folkman1], [@pone.0067294-Folkman2] Recent progress in understanding the biology of ccRCC has led to the identification of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a therapeutic target in patients with metastatic ccRCC. VEGF is the most potent proangiogenic protein and leads to increased tumor vasculature and metastatic growth. [@pone.0067294-Carmeliet1] DLL4, an endothelial ligand of Notch signaling pathway, collaborates with VEGF to initiate important cascades that control tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression. [@pone.0067294-Yan1], [@pone.0067294-Williams1] However, in preclinical models, DLL4 attenuation results in the growth inhibition of both VEGF-dependent and VEGF-independent tumors. [@pone.0067294-Li1], [@pone.0067294-NogueraTroise1] Therefore, there must be other mechanisms of controlling DLL4.

microRNAs (miRNAs) were shown to negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding to the 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) of target mRNAs. [@pone.0067294-Santarpia1] Recently, miRNAs have been shown


variable. The enter method was used in this model. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to estimate and compare the probability of metastasis-free survival. The significance level was set at p\<0.05.

Results {#s3}
=======

miR-30a Targeting DLL4 {#s3a}
----------------------

To identify the potential miRNAs targeting DLL4, we started with multiple prediction programs and found that miR-30a was one of the miRNAs with the highest possibility of targeting DLL4. The matching consequences of DLL4 3′-UTR and miR-30a predicted by these programs, were shown in [Figure 1A](#pone-0067294-g001){ref-type="fig"}. miR-30a expression status was clarified by searching published miRNA profile assays in ccRCC. As a result, miR-30a was found to be down-regulated about two to five fold in different investigations, [@pone.0067294-Jung1]--[@pone.0067294-Wu1] which was opposite to up-regulated DLL4 within the vasculature of ccRCC. [@pone.0067294-Patel1] To validate miR-30aThe risk of hematogenous metastasis in tumors expressing low-level miR-30a was 9 fold of that in tumors expressing high-level miR-30a (p = 0.013). In addition, large tumors obtained more possibilities of metastasis than small tumors (odds ratio, OR = 5.776, p = 0.011). In univariable analysis (chi-square test), only miR-30a expression was associated with hematogenous metastasis (p = 0.037). Nevertheless, the tumor size showed marginal statistical significance (p = 0.083). Interestingly, the tumor features, such as grade, and pT stage, were not associated with hematogenous metastasis in this model.

10.1371/journal.pone.0067294.t002

###### Univariate and multivariate analyses of hematogenous metastasis- associated factors.

![](pone.0067294.t002){#pone-0067294-t002-2}

  Variables (n)             HM (n, %)            Univariate analysis


present study, we found that high-level DLL4 was associated with high MVD in ccRCC, which was correlated with tumor hematogenous metastasis. This phenomenon challenged that DLL4 played single role in angiogenesis and suggested that it might be regulated by other factors under special circumstance.

miRNAs negatively regulate gene expression by pairing to the target gene mRNAs. [@pone.0067294-Santarpia1] When pairing to a target is extensive, as is the common case in plants, miRNAs can direct the destruction of the targeted mRNA through mRNA cleavage. [@pone.0067294-JonesRhoades1] Otherwise, miRNAs repress protein output with little or no influence on the mRNA levels, which is believed to be the dominant mode in animals. [@pone.0067294-Bartel1], [@pone.0067294-Wightman1] The bioinformatical and experimental analyses were performed to explore the involvement of miRNAs targeting DLL4 in endothelium. By searchingpast few years, has already seen Wizz Air introduce a new service to the city in 2018. The low cost airline launched flights from Vienna in late April, while services to Baden Baden will commence in less than a month. Tuzla Airport also aims to attract new airline operators in 2018 in a bid to ease its reliance on Wizz, which accounts for almost all of its annual traffic. In a statement, the General Manager of Tuzla Airport, Rifet Karasalihović, said, "This year we will intensify talks with several airlines in order to offer additional destinations to our passengers, both in Europe and the Middle East. In 2018 and 2019 we want to generate economic growth in the Tuzla Canton". The airport previously noted, "The idea of bringing


No. 4,673,798, to Contri et al. describes a complex control and automatic shut-off circuit for an electric curling iron. The Contri et al. controller operates by measuring the actual temperature of the hair curler barrel against preset high and low temperature thresholds and indicates when those temperature levels are exceeded. In addition, the Contri et al. controller automatically shuts off the curler when a preset time period, initiated by operation of the curling iron's clamp, is exceeded. However, the Contri et al. arrangement is complex. The circuitry depends upon four factors to control and indicate two states of the appliance. In addition, the Contri et al. automatic shut-off design does not avoid potential safety risks. Because the shut-off control depends upon movement of the hair clamp, if theresistance, leaving the Marines little clue of what was in store.

By afternoon, Timber Wolf, the infantry unit, had captured the bridges and advanced north of the city. The artillery batteries, finally granted permission to fire, lobbed rounds of powerful explosives at the black circles that had been on their laminated maps for hours.

"The bridge is considered secured," Boggs said when the second of the two was captured.

"It is," Starnes replied, "but I wouldn't want to drive on it."

Then the artillery battalion received notice that it would accept the injured and perhaps dead Marines from the fight in An Nasiriyah. Medical trucks and doctors hurried to the square of desert, past the ring of perimeter guards.

The fight did not let up. Cobra helicopters flew low, barely above the oversized