Buffett. Buffett has lamented that he pays a lower tax rate than many of his employees; the president will call for a new minimum tax rate for individuals making more than $1 million to ensure that they pay at least at the same rate as middle-income taxpayers.

One senior official said the point of the Buffett rule is to establish "one of the principles that should govern how we undertake tax reform." The official stressed that the president on Monday will make "a broad call for tax reform" more than he is insisting on specific provisions. "These are suggestions for how it could be achieved," the official told reporters. "And it is meant to really start that debate."

To that end, the president will outline five principles he will insistIntroduction {#s1}
============

Schizophrenia, a severe mental illness, affects more than 21 million people worldwide.[@R1] The persistent negative symptoms and cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia have led to its classification among the top 25 leading causes of disability worldwide and the top 11 leading causes of reduced years lived with disability in 2013.[@R2] The WHO's Mental Health Action Plan 2013--2020 highlights the steps required to provide appropriate services for people with schizophrenia.[@R3]

Cognitive--behavioural therapy (CBT) is the primarily recommended psychological treatment for schizophrenia according to major guidelines.[@R4] Abundant studies have proven that the effects of CBT on reducing positive symptoms,[@R6] improving negative symptoms,[@R7] conferring functional improvement,[@R8] reducing the time of relapse[@R9] and reducing suicidal ideation[@R10] in patients with schizophrenia are significant. However, the remission of clinical symptoms does not meet the criterion


The most frequently cited patient-based definition is 'the development of new meaning and purpose in one's life as one grows beyond the catastrophic effects of mental illness.'[@R16]

Personal recovery varies from person to person, and it is difficult to define common characteristics. Different researchers also have their own definitions of personal recovery. Andresen *et al* [@R17] concluded that personal recovery included four key points: finding hope; re-establishing identity; finding meaning in life; and taking responsibility for recovery. Leamy *et al* [@R18] posited that the categories of personal recovery encompass connectedness, hope, identity, meaning and empowerment. Based on a cluster analysis of self-reported personal recovery-related variables, Rossi *et al* [@R19] identified resilience, self-esteem, coping strategies, stigma and personal strength. Furthermore, quality of life (QoL),[@R20] taking control of one's life,[@R22] personalconfidence and reliance on others[@R24] have been found to be important components of personal recovery.

According to a review of the abundant literature on personal recovery, which have most consistently identified connectedness, hope and empowerment as relevant categories,[@R13] and discussions by our research team, we decided to use the CHIME personal recovery model defined by Leamy *et al* [@R18]: Connectedness--Hope--Identity--Meaning--Empowerment. In addition, this model is consistent with the context of recovery defined by the WHO.[@R25] Based on the progress of pharmacological treatment of acute psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia, QoL measurement has become an important indicator for evaluating clinical outcomes in patients with schizophrenia.[@R26] Furthermore, QoL is one of the most commonly used outcome assessments. To better address the concept of personal recovery, we have also considered QoL in the


the International Classification of Diseases-Tenth Revision or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth/Fifth Edition; (4) the use of a valid measure to assess personal recovery (CHIME and QoL); and (5) a psychological intervention of CBT or a CBT-modified programme, but not in combination with other psychological interventions.

The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) no relevant data available for further analysis; (2) article types other than randomised controlled trials (RCT), such as comments, letters and reviews; and (3) other cognitive therapies, such as cognitive training, cognitive--behavioural social skills training, cognitive remediation therapy or cognitive enhancement therapy.

Data extraction {#s2-3}
---------------

Data extraction was performed by two independent reviewers (WW and NC) who used a specific worksheet designed before the literature search to minimise errors in data extraction. Data extraction was conductedusing the full-text versions of the RCTs. The data regarding basic characteristics and outcome measures, including study identity (first author, publication year and country); study design (randomisation, concealment of allocation, blinding); patients (number of study participants, mean age); intervention characteristics (treatment protocol, length of treatment, number of sessions and type of comparisons); and all relevant outcomes (types of outcome measures, instruments and follow-up periods) were extracted from all included studies.

Quality assessment {#s2-4}
------------------

The quality of the RCTs enrolled in our study was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for determining the risk of bias in randomised trials.[@R32] According to the Cochrane assessment tool, the relevant information was extracted from each study, and the study was rated as 'high risk', 'low risk' or 'unclear risk'. Disagreements were resolved by consensus.

Statistical


effect on social connections of CBT in schizophrenia by the percentage of connections with relatives after CBT treatment, and the result showed significantly more improvement than deterioration regarding social contacts in the CBT group, with 15 of 61 patients exhibiting positive changes after CBT compared with 13 of 60 patients in the control group.

[Figure 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"} shows the trend of the effect of CBT on personal recovery over time from the end of treatment, visually showing the characteristics of CBT long-term effects. Summary of findings tables summarising CoE assessment based on the GRADE approach are shown in [table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.

![The change in effect size over the follow-up period. Zero on the x-axis indicates the endpoint of treatment.](gpsych-2018-100040f06){#F6}

######

GRADE summary of evidence for the effects of CBT and personal recovery

 usual.

Discussion {#s4}
==========

Main findings {#s4-1}
-------------

There has recently been growing attention surrounding the effects of CBT on personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia. The present review examined the efficacy of CBT across 25 randomised clinical trials that included multiple outcomes of personal recovery over different periods of follow-up. Both the post-treatment and the follow-up effect of CBT on personal recovery measured by QPR were positive and significant, which means that CBT can indeed change the patient's recovery process to some extent. However, due to the limited number of studies, the small sample size and low statistical power, the evidence is not sufficient. We also tested the effect of CBT on the specific components of personal recovery. At post-treatment and during the follow-up period, the effect of CBT on QoL in


analysis was inappropriate. Therefore, we did not perform this analysis, although this issue could be discussed in future studies aimed at other recovery outcomes. Second, we could not perform a meta-analysis of some outcomes, thus the findings of the effects of CBT are less conclusive and valid. Third, we could not consider all aspects of personal recovery due to the absence of various measures in primary studies. The hope level was represented by the BHS score, which may not be ideal as there is a special hope scale designed for patients with schizophrenia.[@R59] Fourth, this review included randomised controlled trials but did not include other study methods/designs or studies that used mixed methods or qualitative exploratory approaches. This limits the comprehensiveness and depth of the understanding of theobtain (Theorem \[thm:OFAequivariantlyformal\]):

A $T$-action on an orientable compact manifold $M$ with $\dim M=2\dim T$ is equivariantly formal if and only if its orbit space is open-face-acyclic.

[*Acknowledgements.*]{} We are grateful to Sönke Rollenske for various discussions on Cohen-Macaulay modules, and useful comments on a preliminary version of this paper. We wish to thank Matthias Franz and Volker Puppe for bringing to our attention Proposition 5.1 of their paper [@FranzPuppe2003] and the important connection between Cohen-Macaulay and equivariantly formal actions described in Remark \[rem:reductiontoequivformal\]. These two points were independently noticed by the referee, whom we thank for his careful reading resulting in several improvements of the paper.

Preliminaries
=============

Throughout this paper, $T=(S^1)^r$ will denote an $r$-dimensional real torus. We will use several cohomology theories, always with ${\mathbb R}$ as coefficient ring. All


H^*_{K'}(M).$

\[lem:kernelM\^K\] Let $T$ act on a compact manifold $M$ and ${\mathfrak{k}}\subset {\mathfrak{t}}$ be any subspace. Then the kernel of the restriction map $H^*_T(M)\to H^*_T(M^{\mathfrak{k}})$ is given by $\{\alpha\mid {\mathfrak{k}}\otimes {\mathbb C}\not\subset{\operatorname{supp}}\alpha\}$.

Note that $M^{\mathfrak{k}}$ is a closed $T$-invariant submanifold of $M$. By [@GuilleminSternberg Theorem 11.4.2] the kernel of the restriction map $i^*$ has support in the union of those subalgebras that occur as isotropy algebras in $M\setminus M^{\mathfrak{k}}$, i.e. $${\operatorname{supp}}\ker i^*\subset \bigcup_{{\mathfrak{h}}\text{ isotropy algebra}, {\mathfrak{k}}\not\subset{\mathfrak{h}}} {{\mathfrak{h}}\otimes {\mathbb C}}.$$ Thus, ${\mathfrak{k}}\otimes {\mathbb C}\not\subset {\operatorname{supp}}\ker i^*$. Since for any $\alpha\in \ker i^*$, we have ${\operatorname{supp}}\alpha\subset {\operatorname{supp}}\ker i^*$, we obtain ${\mathfrak{k}}\otimes {\mathbb C}\not\subset {\operatorname{supp}}\alpha$.

Conversely, let $\alpha\not\in \ker i^*$ and choose a subtorus $K'\subset T$ such that ${\mathfrak{t}}={\mathfrak{k}}\oplus {\mathfrak{k}}'$. Then, $0\neq i^*\alpha\in H^*_T(M^{\mathfrak{k}})=S({\mathfrak k}^*)\otimes H^*_{K'}(M^{\mathfrak{k}}) $ by the previous lemma, so ${\mathfrak{k}}\otimes {\mathbbC}\subset {\operatorname{supp}}i^*\alpha\subset {\operatorname{supp}}\alpha$.

\[prop:characterizationlocallyfree\] Let a torus $T$ act on a manifold $M$. Then the following properties are equivalent:

1.  The action is locally free.

2.  $H^k_T(M)=0$ for large $k$.

3.  ${\operatorname{supp}}H^*_T(M)=\{0\}$.

4.  The support of $1\in H^*_T(M)$ is $\{0\}$.

We show $(1)\Rightarrow(2)\Rightarrow(3)\Rightarrow(4)\Rightarrow(1)$. If the action is locally free, $H^*_T(M)=H^*(M/T)$ (this is standard for free actions, but also true for only locally free actions because we are using real coefficients, see e.g. Section C.2 of [@GGK]), so $(1)$ implies $(2)$.

Assuming $(2)$, there is some $N>0$ such that any closed equivariant differential form of degree at least $N$ is exact. Thus, writing $S({\mathfrak{t}}^*)={\mathbb R}[u_1,\ldots,u_n]$, it follows that for any $i$ some power of $u_i$ annihilates $H^*_T(M)$. Therefore the common zero set of the polynomials that annihilate $H^*_T(M)$ consists only of the element


is a field; note that there, Cohen-Macaulay modules (over arbitrary Noetherian rings) are defined via condition $(3)$ of this proposition.

We only explain the equivalence of $(1)$ and $(2)$. In fact, we show that the depths of $A$ and $A_{\mathfrak{m}}$ and the Krull dimensions of $A$ and $A_{\mathfrak{m}}$ coincide without using the Cohen-Macaulay property. We have ${\operatorname{depth}}A={\operatorname{grade}}({\mathfrak{m}},A)={\operatorname{depth}}A_{\mathfrak{m}}$ by [@BrunsHerzog Prop. 1.5.15.(e)]. For the equality of the dimensions, note that $\dim A=\sup_{{\mathfrak{m}}'} \dim A_{{\mathfrak{m}}'}$, where ${\mathfrak{m}}'$ varies over all maximal ideals in $R$, so obviously $\dim A_{\mathfrak{m}}\leq \dim A$. For the other inequality we use that if ${\mathfrak{m}}'\neq {\mathfrak{m}}$ is another maximal ideal, then by [@BrunsHerzog Theorem 1.5.8.(b)] the largest graded prime ideal ${\mathfrak{p}}\subset {\mathfrak{m}}'$ satisfies $\dim A_{{\mathfrak{m}}'}=\dim A_{\mathfrak{p}}+1$. Because of the assumption that $R/{\mathfrak{m}}$ is a field, ${\mathfrak{p}}$ is properly$\nu_qM^p$. We have $\nu_qM^q=\nu_qM^p\oplus (\nu_qM^q\cap T_qM^p)$ as $T_q$-modules. Corollary \[cor:OFAweights\] implies that $\nu_qM^p=\bigoplus_{i=1}^{\dim {\mathfrak{t}}_p}V_{\beta_i}$ and $\nu_qM^q\cap T_qM^p=\bigoplus_{i=1}^{\dim {\mathfrak{t}}_q-\dim {\mathfrak{t}}_p} V_{\gamma_i}$, where the $V_{\beta_i}$ and $V_{\gamma_i}$ are the weight spaces of the respective weights $\beta_i,\gamma_i\in {\mathfrak{t}}_q^*$. Because ${\mathfrak{t}}_p\subset {\mathfrak{t}}_q$ acts trivially on $\nu_qM^q\cap T_qM^p$, we have ${\mathfrak{t}}_p=\bigcap_{i=1}^{\dim {\mathfrak{t}}_q-\dim {\mathfrak{t}}_p}\ker \gamma_i$. The restriction map $\beta_i\mapsto \left.\beta_i\right|_{{\mathfrak{t}}_p}$ is a one-to-one-correspondence between the weights of the $T_q$- and the $T_p$-representations on $\nu_qM^p$. The weights are constant along $M^p$ in the following sense:

\[lem:normalbundlesplits\] The weights of the $T_p$-representation on $\nu_qM^p$, coincide with the weights $\alpha_i$ of the $T_p$-representation on $\nu_pM^p$. Moreover, the normal bundle $\nu M^p$ splits equivariantly as $\nu M^p=\bigoplus_{i=1}^k V_{\alpha_i}$.

This is essentially Proposition 1 of [@Duflot], which is an extended version of Proposition 1.6.2 of [@Atiyah] for tori instead of finite


respect to any orientation of the normal bundle, and $E_F\in H^*_T(M^p)$ the equivariant Euler class of the normal bundle of $M^p$. The restriction of $\tau_F$ to $M^p$ is $E_F$, see e.g. [@GGK p. 221].

\[lem:Eulerclassrestr\] Let $F=M^p/T$ be a face, and $2k$ the codimension of the closed $T$-invariant submanifold $M^p$ in $M$. Then for all $q\in M_b\cap M^p$, $$\left.E_F\right|_{T q}=\prod_{e\not\subset F,\ i(e)=[q]} \alpha(e)\in S^k({\mathfrak{t}}_q^*)= H^{2k}_T(T q).$$ For $q\in M_b\setminus M^p$, we have $\left.E_F\right|_{T q}=0$.

For $q\notin M^p$, the statement is obvious, so let $q\in M_b\cap M^p$. By Lemma \[lem:normalbundlesplits\], the normal bundle $\nu M^p$ splits as the sum of $T$-equivariant two-plane bundles $\nu M^p=\bigoplus_{e\not\subset F,\ i(e)=[q]} V_{\alpha(e)}$. Thus, $E_F=\prod_{e\not\subset F,\ i(e)=[q]} E(V_{\alpha (e)})$. The bundle $V_{\alpha(e)}$, restricted to $Tq$, is $$\left.V_{\alpha(e)}\right|_{Tq}= T\times_{T_q} {\mathbb C}= (T_q'\times {\mathbb C})/(T_q/T_q^0)$$ where $T_q'$ is a complementzero module or Cohen-Macaulay of Krull dimension $r-b$ by the second statement of Lemma \[lem:CMseq\], and then the first statement of Lemma \[lem:CMseq\] implies that $H^*_T(N_i)$ is Cohen-Macaulay of the same Krull dimension.

The equivariantly formal case {#sec:equivformalcase}
-----------------------------

For $b=0$, i.e., $\dim M=2\dim T$, the converse of Theorem \[thm:OFAisCM\] was proven by Bredon, see [@Bredon Corollary 3]. We thus have

\[thm:OFAequivariantlyformal\] An effective $T$-action on an orientable compact manifold $M$ with $\dim M=2\dim T$ is equivariantly formal if and only if its orbit space is open-face-acyclic.

Still in the case $\dim M=2\dim T$, there is a relation between the number of connected components of $M_{i}\setminus M_{i-1}$ and the Betti numbers of $M$. For an arbitrary $T$-action on a compact manifold $M$, Duflot calculated the Poincaré series of $H^*_T(M)$ in terms of the


and L. W. Tu, [*Equivariant characteristic classes in the Cartan model*]{}, in: Geometry, analysis and applications. Proceedings of the International Conference held in memory of V. K. Patodi at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, August 21-24, 2000. Edited by R. S. Pathak. World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., River Edge, NJ, 2001, 3-20.

G. E. Bredon, [*The free part of a torus action and related numerical equalities*]{}, Duke Math. J. [**41**]{} (1974), 843-854.

M. Brion, [*Poincaré duality and equivariant (co)homology*]{}, Michigan Math. J. [**48**]{} (2000), 77-92.

W. Bruns and J. Herzog, [*Cohen-Macaulay rings*]{}, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 39. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.

T. Chang and T. Skjelbred, [*The topological Schur lemma and related results*]{}, Ann. of Math. (2) [**100**]{} (1974), 307-321.

M. W. Davis and T. Januszkiewicz, [*Convex polytopes, Coxeter orbifolds and torus actions*]{}, Duke Math. J. [**62**]{} (1991), no. 2, 417-451.

J. Duflot, [*Smooth toral actions*]{}, Topology [**22**]{} (1983), 253-265.

D. Eisenbud, [*Commutative algebra with a view toward algebraic geometry*]{}, GraduateBackground {#Sec1}
==========

Surgical intervention is the most common form of treatment for hip fractures. Surgeries like total hip arthroplasty and hip fracture fixation often lead to postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE), associated with high mortality rates \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. For patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture, the latest guidelines for prevention of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) (2012, 9th edition) recommend initiation of routine subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) therapy either from at least 12 h before surgery, or at least 12 h after surgery (two to four hours after removal of the epidural catheter) \[[@CR2], [@CR3]\]. Perioperative LMWH therapy, although useful for preventing VTE, may increase the risk of intraoperative and postoperative bleeding \[[@CR4]\]. The guidelines do not provide any comparisons of effectiveness and


VTE can be as high as 40--60 %, with no major differences in rates between Asian and Western countries \[[@CR1], [@CR22]\]. Chemical prophylaxis in these patients was considered appropriate. In spite of that, bleeding complications was the major concern of surgeons during chemoprophylaxis, and should be considered when deciding on the time of initiation of therapy \[[@CR23], [@CR24]\]. A literature review by Dahl et al. \[[@CR4]\] found that, among patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty, the dose, administration time (preoperative initiation of 40 mg daily vs. postoperative initiation of 30 mg twice daily) and duration of use of enoxaparin (5--14 days vs. 28--39 days) were not associated with major bleeding events. In the present study, there was no occurrence of major hemorrhagic complications, and only eight cases of woundmedical record follow-up was imperfect, therefore, it is possible that some venous thromboembolism events may have occurred after hospital discharge and were missed.

Conclusions {#Sec15}
===========

Although early initiation of anticoagulation therapy is always regarded as more effective in reducing risk of VTE, and postoperative initiation of anticoagulation therapy is considered safer than preoperative initiation, the above results indicate that preoperative initiation of anticoagulation therapy with LMWH may not increase intraoperative or postoperative risk of bleeding, but also does not significantly reduce the risk of postoperative DVT or PE, compared to postoperative initiation. Our study may provide a reference in choosing the appropriate methods to prevent the perioperative venous thromboembolism, but further studies with more accurate diagnostic methods may pave the way for evidence-based intervention in this regard.

LMWH

:   Low-molecular-weight


against this. As well, other evidence suggests that clinicians do not use basic science concepts extensively in their practice. This then questions the utility of scientific knowledge in a medical curriculum. This article examines this notion of utility (the quality or state of being useful), to establish some ground rules for what does, and does not, possess utility, and to present strategies to develop specific objectives from general statements concerning utility. Understanding of biologic and pathologic processes becomes of central importance and arguably possesses utility. If it is both required and evaluated, such understanding necessitates mastery of basic science concepts. Previously, the presentation of the basic sciences in medical curricula has emphasized the acquisition of knowledge rather than its use. Such learning has been perceived to lack utility;a reasonable perception by the electorate that SVP's present a

substantially greater danger to society than do MDO's or NGI's, and therefore the

disparate treatment of SVP's under the Act is necessary to further the People's compelling

interests of public safety and humane treatment of the mentally disordered." (McKee II,

supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1330-1331.) In so concluding, we discussed the testimony

of the People's witnesses regarding the recidivism rates of SVP's and MDO's/NGI's, the

greater trauma of victims of sexual offenses, and diagnostic and treatment differences

between SVP's and MDO's/NGI's. (Id. at pp. 1340-1347.) We concluded "the People on

remand met their burden to present substantial evidence . . . justifying the amended Act's

disparate treatment of SVP's (e.g., by imposing indeterminate terms of civil commitment

and placing on them the burden to prove they should


Cal.4th

at pp. 1185-1188, fns. omitted.) If the DSH does not, as in this case, authorize the

                                             12
committed person to file a petition for release pursuant to section 6605, the person

nevertheless may file a petition for conditional release for one year and subsequent

unconditional discharge pursuant to section 6608. (§ 6608, subd. (a).)4

       Section 6608, subdivision (e), provides the procedure for the hearing on an SVP's

petition for conditional release, stating:

          of the evidence that he is suitable

for conditional release under section 6608. However, based on our review of McKee I

and McKee II, we conclude that question has been decided adversely to the class of SVP's

that includes Snavely.

       In McKee I, the California Supreme Court noted the disparate treatment of SVP's

under the Act included their indeterminate commitments and burden thereafter to prove

they should be released (unless the DSH authorizes a petition for release). (McKee I,

supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 1202.) The court described that disparate treatment as the


justification." (McKee I, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 1208,
          italics added, fn. omitted.)

       In McKee II, we independently reviewed the evidence presented at that evidentiary

hearing after remand and concluded the People had met their burden to justify that

disparate treatment of SVP's. (McKee II, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1330, 1347.) We

concluded the People presented substantial evidence to support a reasonable perception

by the electorate that SVP's present a substantially greater danger to society than do

MDO's or NGI's, and therefore the disparate treatment of SVP's under the Act is

necessary to further the People's compelling interests of public safety and humane

treatment of the mentally disordered. (Id. at p. 1331.) Importantly for this case, we

concluded "the Peoplethere is no need for an evidentiary hearing on that issue in this case. We

conclude the People showed SVP's as a class bear a substantially greater risk to society

than MDO's and NGI's, and therefore imposing on SVP's a greater burden before they

can be conditionally released from their civil commitments is necessary to protect

society. (McKee II, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 1347.) As discussed above, SVP's are

treated disparately in obtaining conditional release. Under section 6608, subdivision (i),

absent DMH/DSH authorization or concurrence, SVP's have the burden to prove, by a

preponderance of the evidence, they are entitled to conditional release and placement in


How to Remove Wood Furniture Plugs

After a 6-hour struggle to decipher those horrendously written and illustrated instructions you’ve finally got that piece of furniture-in-a-box put together. Now, the very last step is to tap in those mushroom shaped wood furniture plugs.

Done. You let out a sigh. And grab a beer. Victory is yours.

Fast forward three years. Either you have decided it needs to be refinished or be set on the curb for some other sucker. Either way, there’s a very good chance your handiwork will need to be undone.

Before going at them with screwdrivers and chisels, try this simple trick to dislodge furniture plugs easily and avoid damaging the surrounding wood.Private In-Home and Online Algebra Tutoring in La Habra, CA

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(4.10)]. These elements have the following nice properties which are mostly easy to check.

\[Intertwin\] 1) For any $1\leq k<n$, $$\Phi_k^2=(q-X_{k+1}X_k^{-1})(q-X_kX_{k+1}^{-1}).$$

2\) For any $1\leq k<n-1$, $\Phi_k\Phi_{k+1}\Phi_k=\Phi_{k+1}\Phi_k\Phi_{k+1}$, and $\Phi_k\Phi_j=\Phi_j\Phi_k$ for any $1\leq j<n$ with $|j-k|>1$;

3\) For any $1\leq k,j<n$ with $j\neq k,k+1$, we have that $$\Phi_kX_k=X_{k+1}\Phi_k,\quad \Phi_kX_{k+1}=X_{k}\Phi_k,\quad \Phi_kX_j=X_{j}\Phi_k .$$

4\) For any $1\leq k,j<n$ with $j\neq k-1,k,k+1$, we have $\Phi_k T_j=T_j\Phi_k$.

For any $w\in\Sym_n$ and any reduced expression $s_{i_1}\cdots s_{i_m}$ of $w$, we define $\Phi_w:=\Phi_{i_1}\cdots\Phi_{i_m}$. Then $\Phi_w$ depends only on $w$ but not on the choice of the reduced expression of $w$ because of the braid relations 3) in Lemma \[Intertwin\].

Let $w\in\Sym_n$. If $1\leq k\leq n$ then $\Phi_w X_k=X_{w(k)}\Phi_w$.

This follows from Lemma \[Intertwin\] 3).

\[PhiTcommute\] Let $w\in\Sym_n$ and $1\leq k<n$. Suppose $w(k+1)=w(k)+1$. Then $\Phi_w T_k=T_{w(k)}\Phi_w$.

It is clear that $ws_k=s_{w(k)}w$. Since $w(k)<w(k+1)$, we have${\widehat{\Delta}}_{\wi^m}M\neq 0$, then it follows from Lemma \[DeltaCharacter\] and Lemma \[uniquesimple\] that $e_{\wi}^mM\neq 0$. Hence the corollary follows.

\[epswi01\] Let $M$ be an irreducible module in $\operatorname{Rep}_I{\mathscr{H}}_{n}$. Let $i\in I$, $\eps:={\eps}_{\widehat{i}}(M)$. If $N\boxtimes L(\wi^m)$ is an irreducible submodule of ${\widehat{\Delta}}_{\wi^m} M$ for some $0\leq m\leq\eps$, then ${\eps}_{\widehat{i}}(N)=\eps-m$.

By the definition of ${\eps}_{\widehat{i}}$ we see that ${\eps}_{\widehat{i}}(N)\leq\eps-m$. By (\[functorial\]) we get a nonzero (and hence surjective) homomorphism $N\circ L(\wi^m)\rightarrow M$. So, by characters consideration and the Shuffle Lemma [@GV Lemma 2.4], we can deduce that $\eps_{\widehat{i}}(N)+m\geq\eps$. Hence ${\eps}_{\widehat{i}}(N)=\eps-m$.

Some real simple modules
========================

Throughout this section, unless otherwise specified, we assume that $2<e\in\N$, $I:=\Z/e\Z$, and $q$ is a primitive $e$th root of unity in $F$.

In [@KKKO], Kang, Kashiwara et al. develop the theory of real simple modules for quantum affine algebras and for quiver


the modified affine Hecke algebras and quiver Hecke algebras of type A*]{}, preprint, arXiv:1608.05453, 2018. 103–123.

, [[*Reflection groups and Coxeter groups*]{}, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.]{}

, [[*Infinite dimensional Lie algebras*]{}, 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.]{}

, [*Symmetric quiver Hecke algebras and R-matrices of quantum affine algebras*]{}, Invent. Math., [**211**]{} (2018), 591–685.

, [*Simplicity of heads and socles of tensor products*]{}, Compositio Math., [**151**]{} (2015), 377–396.

, [*On crystal bases*]{}, Representations of Groups, Proceedings of the 1994 Annual Seminar of the Canadian Math. Soc. Banff Center, Banff, Alberta, June 15–24, (B.N. Allison and G.H. Cliff, eds), CMS Conference proceedings, [**16**]{} (1995) 155–197, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI.

, [*Geometric construction of crystal bases*]{}, Duke Math. J., [**89**]{}(1) (1997), 9–36.

, [[*A diagrammatic approach to categorification of quantum groups. [I]{}*]{}]{}, Represent. Theory, [**13**]{}America’s National Security Agency (NSA) records and archives nearly every single phone call in the Bahamas. We’re not just talking call logs. Call content of that nation of 370,000 people is being snooped on as well.

That came as news to the Bahamian government when The Intercept broke the story this week. NSA reportedly used the legal access granted by the Bahamas to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as cover for its secret, somewhat less legal inroad into the Bahamas mobile phone services.

America’s excuse for this vast violation of the privacy rights of an entire nation was the usual spiel about national security concerns, with one alarming but predictable twist. As the Intercept notes, this program is being used to go after “international narcotics traffickers and special-interest alien smugglers.”

The


large part to the United States. Afghanistan, too. Drone strikes throughout the Middle East kill and psychologically torture civilians, and breed more resentment of the United States and more terrorists. Manning’s release of war-logs helped paint a much clearer picture of how these wars are fought, something U.S. society, with its constant refusal to depict the real, bloody cost of conflict, sorely needs. By pushing hard against the stifling, dusty room of government secrets, Manning changed the world and let some sunshine in. She may have even helped jump-start the Arab Spring. And her actions lead to Snowden (even if he looked at her partially as how not to leak). Snowden in turn sparked the current, snowballing debate about what powers the national security sector has, what powersManning sacrificed her freedom to start.

Let’s respect Manning by referring to her by chosen name and prefered pronoun. But let’s also respect the woman who is now stoically facing 35 years in prison by continuing to talk about what she did, and how we’re going to respond to the next whistleblower.


between colors occurring during a continuous printing operation--these devices are more complicated. They require a different printhead, control logic and other modifications. They are also significantly more expensive than comparable one-color printers. Heretofore there has been no mechanism or system which would give a standard one-color printer the capability of printing in two or more colors. In particular there has been no such device or system which could be readily attached to existing printers.
It is therefore a principal object of this invention to provide a mechanism that allows a conventional one color printer to print in multiple colors.
Another principal object is to provide such a multicolor capability with no alterations or only minor alterations in the construction of the conventional printer.
A further object is to provide conversion betweenproblem from a U.S. security perspective is not opium. It's what opium leads to," Blank said. "You can't fight counterinsurgency and counternarcotics at the same time. Essentially, you're pulling in two different directions. Which is more important? From a security standpoint, I think counterinsurgency is more important."

The answer, he said, is to bolster Afghanistan's government.

"Corruption and government efficiency are the first things that really need to be looked at. There's so much money to be made from narcotics that if corruption isn't coming from drugs, it will be coming from something else."


Q:

How do I find a number which when divided by 4, 5, 6 and 7 gives 3, 4, 5 and 6 as remainders respectively?

Is there specific set of steps to be followed when solving similar questions?
My attempt:
A number gives remainder 3 when divided by 4. Hence it is of the form 4m+3 where m = 0,1,2…
Now, 4m+3 gives remainder 4 when divided by 5. It means (4m+3)-4 is divisible by 5.
Hence, 4m-1=5n where n is some positive integer. n=(4m-1)/5.
But, 4m+3 gives remainder 5 when divided by 6. It means (4m+3)-5 is divisible by 6.
Hence, 4m-2=6f where f is some positive integer. f=(4m-2)/6.
Again, 4m+3 gives remainder 6 when divided by 7. It means (4m+3)-6 is divisible by 7.
Hence, 4m-3=7l where l is some positive integer. l=(4m-3)/7.
My confusion: Whatof the analog system. Employing an appropriate cut-off trigger level and a high sampling frequency, spike potentials were recorded in the proximal jejunum with 0.4 (0.3-0.5) spikes 10 s-1 during phase 1 of MMC, 19.5 (15.1-23.9) (P < 0.001) during phase 2, and 103.8 (97.2-110.5) (P < 0.001) during phase 3. In fasted state, MMCs were most frequent in the proximal jejunum whereas fewer were found in the duodenum and distal jejunum. To achieve stable values for MMC cycle length at least four MMCs had to be calculated. After feeding in phase 1, the myoelectric activity increased to 23.8 (13.6-33.9) spikes 10 s-1 (P < 0.001), whereafter the spiking activity decreased over a period of 2 h until a fasting motor pattern was resumed. It is concluded that


Let y = -4 - -26. What is the remainder when y is divided by b?
10
Let f(r) = r**2 - 4*r - 1. Suppose 56 = 2*x + 2*x - 5*h, 115 = 5*x + 5*h. What is the remainder when x is divided by f(6)?
8
Calculate the remainder when 8 is divided by (-2)/(4/2)*(-3 + 0).
2
Suppose -3*u - 61 = -0*u - 4*g, -4*g = 4*u + 72. Let l = -2 - u. Calculate the remainder when l is divided by 10.
7
Suppose -2 = -6*i + 118. What is the remainder when i is divided by 8?
4
Let l be 0 - (1 - (0 - -3)). Suppose 370 = 5*d - 5*y, -d = -l*d + 2*y + 75. What is the remainder when d is dividedinclude:

*461 1. Relationship of husband and wife, or of parent and child ...;
2. Continuous living together of parties at and prior to time of wrongful death;
3. Lack of absence of deceased or beneficiary for extended periods of time;
4. Harmonious marital or family relationships;
5. Common interest in hobbies, scholarship, art, religion, or social activities;
6. Participation of deceased in family activities;
7. Disposition and habit of deceased to tender aid, solace and comfort when required; and
8. Ability and habit of deceased to render advise and assistance in financial matters, business activities and the like.
Id. at 764.[11] Considering the evidence of record bearing on these factors, the Court awards the plaintiff $10,000 for the loss of her son's society.
Funeral expenses for the decedent come to $2,711.62. Thus, plaintiff's total damages as found


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risk clusters \[[@CR22], [@CR50]\].

Clustering of health risks among Indigenous Australians {#Sec5}
-------------------------------------------------------

Data about the co-occurrence of risk behaviours among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are largely limited to identifying paired associations \[[@CR3]\] or cumulative numbers of risk factors \[[@CR8], [@CR37], [@CR53], [@CR54]\]. Almost three-quarters (72 %) of Indigenous adults from non-remote areas reported two or more risk factors including smoking, risky alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and overweight/obesity \[[@CR37]\]. Similar rates of multiple risk factors were reported for Indigenous Australians attending an urban Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service (ACCHS) \[[@CR53]\].

A more comprehensive understanding of the challenges facing Indigenous people, their communities and health services may be gained by identifying specific clusters of health behaviours. Exploring such patterns through techniques such as latent class analysis allows identification of individuals exhibiting commonof being female and of having been exposed to physical or emotional violence in the last 12 months. There was a non-significant trend towards class 3 having higher odds of being aged 35-54 yrs compared to age 18-34 yrs.

Discussion {#Sec21}
==========

Three distinct clusters of health risk factors, distinguished by socio-demographic characteristics, were identified within this predominantly Aboriginal sample. Aboriginal status was not a significant predictor of class membership, suggesting the risk patterns observed here may be a strong reflection of the overall social disadvantage of the client group of the ACCHSs, and that intervention approaches targeting the clusters reported here would be appropriate for the entire ACCHS client base (and not only for Aboriginal patients).

There is very little previous research exploring the clustering of risk factors among Aboriginal communities. Burke *et al.*


be (336/(-40))/(3/(15/(-2))). Suppose 2*f - d = -3*o, f - 12 = -3*o + 6. Solve -3 = 2*m - o for m.
1
Suppose 7*h = -2*v + 95, -4*h + 127 + 43 = 5*v. Solve -v*s = -16*s - 18*s for s.
0
Let t(z) = z**3 + 4*z**2. Let s be t(-4). Let d be 0*(-2)/8 - 28. Let h = d - -30. Solve -h*u - 9 + 1 = s for u.
-4
Let p be 2/7 + (-120)/(-21). Let w(j) = -4*j**3 - j**2 + 2*j + 2. Let b be 0 + 3 + 3 + -7. Let v be w(b). Solve 3*g - p*g = -v for g.
1
Let r(k) = -k**3 - 3*k**2 + k - 1. Let b be r(-3). Let g(m) = 42*mq be u(4). Solve h + q*h = -1 for h.
-1
Let v(g) = 6*g + 189. Let j be v(-31). Solve 0 = -21*i - j*i + 48 for i.
2
Suppose -6*v + 4 = 46. Let d be (9 + v)/(2/4). Solve -3*q + d*q - 5 = 0 for q.
5
Suppose -4*b - 8 = 0, 188*b = 5*a + 190*b - 26. Solve 66*r = 69*r + a for r.
-2
Suppose 5*n + 27 = 3*k, -4*k = -n - 0*n - 19. Let m(w) = -w - 2. Let i be m(-7). Solve 3*u = i*u - k for u.
2
Let s = -348 + 356. Solve 2*y + s = 4*y for y.
4
Let q(h) = h**2 - 6*h + 5. Let o be q(5). Suppose 3*b =


The invention relates to a scooter comprising a chassis which has a guide bearing for a steering column holding the front wheel and a supporting arm, which includes a seat, for a pivotable footboard which is provided with a rear wheel.
Known scooters comprise a chassis which substantially has a guide bearing for a steering column holding the front wheel and footboard provided with a rear wheel, which is either rigidly connected to the guide bearing or is coupled to same so as to be pivotable from a locked usage position into a transport position. For equipping scooters of this type with a seat it has already been proposed (AT 507 557, DE29819701U) to fix a seat to the supporting arm that connects the footboard with the guide bearing.Needlestick injuries during medical training.
Medical students are at risk of acquiring infections caused by needlestick injuries, although it is unknown when needlestick injuries are most likely to occur during medical training. The aim of this study was to define high-risk periods over the course of medical training. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students in the first, third, fourth and fifth years of training at two medical schools in Munich. Overall, 1317 (85%) students returned a questionnaire on demographic data, vaccination status against hepatitis B, lifetime prevalence of needlestick injuries, level of knowledge about measures after such accidents, and transmission risks. Lifetime prevalence of needlestick injuries was 23%, ranging from 12% in first year students to 41% in fourth year students. These accidents happened most commonly during


The nebulette repeat domain is necessary for proper maintenance of tropomyosin with the cardiac sarcomere.
Nebulette is a cardiac-specific isoform of the giant actin-binding protein nebulin. Nebulette, having a mass of approximately 100 kDa, is only predicted to extend 150 nm from the edge of the Z-lines. Overexpression of the nebulette C-terminal linker and/or SH3 domains in chicken cardiomyocytes results in a loss of endogenous nebulette with a concomitant loss of tropomyosin (TPM) and troponin, as well as a shortening of the thin filaments. These data suggest that nebulette's position in the sarcomere is important for the maintenance of TPM, troponin and thin filament length. To evaluate this hypothesis, N-terminal nested truncations tagged with GFP were expressed in chicken cardiomyocytes and the cells were analyzed for the distribution ofQ:

read files & set file names in the same dplyr pipe

This is a tricky dplyr & purrr question
I want to simplify the following code into one dplyr pipe:
filenames <- list.files(path = data.location, pattern = "*.csv") %>%
  map_chr(function(name) gsub(paste0('(.*).csv'), '\\1', name))

files.raw <- list.files(path = data.location, pattern = "*.csv", full.names = TRUE) %>%
  map(read_csv) %>%
  setNames(filenames)

I tried to do this solution but it failed because the filenames must be used with full path (full.names = TRUE) for read_csv() but I want to assign the filenames without the full path.
In other words, this worked - but only with full path in filenames:
list.files(path = data.location, pattern = "*.csv", full.names = TRUE) %>%
  { . ->> filenames } %>%
  map(read_csv) %>%
  setNames(filenames)

but this didn't:
list.files(path = data.location,


In celebration of the 100th anniversary of Grand Central Terminal, we will be exploring all aspects of the terminal, from its most famous attributes to its hidden treasures. To begin, we will explore the terminal that never was.

For the past century, New York City has been graced by Warren & Wetmore’s Beaux Arts masterpiece. As a result of their Grand Central commission, the firm went on to have an illustrious career. However, since their prior commissions had been minimal, and the firm did not even win the design competition, it is quite remarkable that Warren & Wetmore’s building was ever built.

In 1893, William John Wilgus began working for The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad as an assistant engineer on its Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg line. From-- automatically generated by the FlatBuffers compiler, do not modify

-- namespace: NamespaceA

local flatbuffers = require('flatbuffers')

local SecondTableInA = {} -- the module
local SecondTableInA_mt = {} -- the class metatable

function SecondTableInA.New()
    local o = {}
    setmetatable(o, {__index = SecondTableInA_mt})
    return o
end
function SecondTableInA.GetRootAsSecondTableInA(buf, offset)
    local n = flatbuffers.N.UOffsetT:Unpack(buf, offset)
    local o = SecondTableInA.New()
    o:Init(buf, n + offset)
    return o
end
function SecondTableInA_mt:Init(buf, pos)
    self.view = flatbuffers.view.New(buf, pos)
end
function SecondTableInA_mt:ReferToC()
    local o = self.view:Offset(4)
    if o ~= 0 then
        local x = self.view:Indirect(o + self.view.pos)
        local obj = require('NamespaceC.TableInC').New()


best choice of goods and services at the lowest possible prices.”

Read the article in full at The Times at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,6-2180706,00.htmlComment:Edward Lucas speaks pure Smithian market economics, linked to honest government, the rule of law and the protection of property. We should never forget that Smith took a holistic view of society and recognised social malformations (laws that irked the poor, discriminated against women and protected the property only of the rich) stood in the way of the spread of opulence to all classes.

Hernando de Soto, the Peruvian economist, appears to be an economist worth reading too. This is an example of the beauty of the blogosphere: it spreads the word.

Sunday, May 14, 2006

Eamonn Butler, James Buchan and Adam Smith

Eamonn Butler of the Adam Smith Institute (13 May) writes:

“Chancellorintervene from the top – though we have parallel concerns in this area and I am broadly sympathetic with much of what ASI stands for. That said, I recognise the significance of ASI’s intervention in the burgeoning dispute between those who misuse Adam Smith for ends he never advanced on both sides of the political spectrum and those whose concerns are broadly to present the facts about Smith, his life and work, in the best traditions of scholarship.

One problem with politically motivated interpretations of Adam Smith’s legacy is that they selectively extract from his life’s writings – more that one and a quarter million words – and apply them to circumstances over two hundred years after they were written and which are so far from the world he


ends deserve their uncomfortable shelters exposure to the truth.

James Buchan’s new book is an admirable and refreshing account of Adam Smith, his ideas and life. I have not yet seen Ian Mclean’s new book (it’s on order) and pre-publicity suggests, unpromisingly, it will attempt to establish the hypothesis that Smith would support New Labour. I will judge it on its merits. Meanwhile, this blog: (www.lostlegacy.co.uk) shows with what I deal almost daily from a Smithian point of view in respect of the issues Eamonn raises.

“The late Jane Jacobs was a voice of sanity against Big Brother's urban planning. She and Adam Smith were reading from the same page.Jane Jacobs died recently at the age of 89. She ‘was most noted for her 1961 book, "The Death and Lifeof Great American Cities," which refuted the pretensions of liberal-progressive city planners.

In the works of both Jane Jacobs and Adam Smith, individualistic spontaneity, exercised incrementally, over many generations, is understood to be the wellspring of all of human society's effective and enduring institutions.”

CommentThis last paragraph is an excellent summary of Smith’s approach. Thomas Brewton adds:

“Adam Smith's 1776 "Wealth of Nations" was the first comprehensive inquiry into the realities of economic activity. He observed in the records of thousands of years of history that social institutions bettering the human condition were spontaneous, trial-and-error affairs involving many thousands of individuals in disparate locations, most of whom were unaware of each other and of each other's intentions.

CommentSmith took the long view of events. So should we all. That is why the


far’ himself with his polite chastisement of James Buchan for his correct identification of the transformation by Greenspan (who has no excuse being himself an accomplished economist) of Smith’s lone metaphor into a theory of markets. Smith never used the metaphor of the invisible hand as a theory of markets; he did not even use it in a discussion about markets.

This can be seen by anybody who reads the quotation mentioning the invisible hand metaphor in its place in the section of Wealth of Nations (Page 456). Surely, someone preparing an important speech to a distinguished audience, among them many economists of note, would check his references even assuming he was unfamiliar with the quotation – surely a wistful hope in the case of an eminent economist likeof the general principles of law and government, and of the different revolutions they had undergone in the different ages and periods of society, not only in what concerns justice, but in what concerns policy, revenue, and arms, and whatever else is the object of law; and he says that in the Wealth of Nations he had executed this promise so far as policy, revenue, and arms were concerned, but that the remaining part of the task, the theory of jurisprudence, he had been prevented from executing by the same occupations which had till then prevented him from revising the Theory. He adds: "Though my very advanced age leaves me, I acknowledge, very little expectation of ever being able to execute this great work to my own satisfaction,


the same with a lot of anti-Americanism today - only the bits consistent with your world view are seen; the abundant contrary evidence dims in comparison. To lighten this up a bit, stern football fans of a particular team see every slight knock by another team as warranting the referee’s dismissal.

Galbraith in this judgement was woefully wrong, much like Karl Marx, for all his studying of 19th century capitalism and his conclusions that it would collapse under the strain of falling living standards for the already starving workers. But in Galbraith’s case, to err is human, to forgive divine. He did so much more that to make the odd serious mistake hardly condemns his life’s work out of hand. And it is still worth reading to see howVesicles in guard-cell walls and their possible roles in the stomatal mechanism.
A variety of vesicular inclusions have been observed in guard-cell walls. They have been seen in a number of species and are mostly membrane-bound. They appear confined to the upper and ventral walls of the guard cell. A number of possible origins and functions are discussed. They may be involved in wall deposition or cuticle formation possibly in a role similar to ectodesmata. They also may serve to increase the wall-plasmalemma interface to enhance the movement of ions during the stomatal mechanism.


cell damage across stimuli. Other papers in this Research Topic offer more focused reviews or original research, as described below.

Damage and protection {#s1}
=====================

Several papers in this Frontiers Research Topic address cell signaling that underlies hair cell damage from a variety of sources. [Van Rossom et al.](http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00231) investigated programmed cell death resulting from variants in DFNA5, a gene tightly linked to autosomal dominant hearing loss in human families. DFNA5 is located on chromosome 7 and multiple variants are correlated with deafness in different human families. Using yeast, [Van Rossom et al.](http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00231) demonstrate that truncated *DFNA*~*5*~ (*mutDFNA*~*5*~) alters expression of mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-related genes, while *mutDFNA*~*5*~ expression in HEK293 cells up-regulated expression of MAPK signaling members. *MutDFNA*~*5*~ expression increased phospho-JNK expression in HEK cells and reduced cell viability,cells have multiple aminoglycoside uptake routes, including some that are independent of transduction such as TRPA1. While the mechanism of enhanced aminoglycoside uptake remains largely unknown, [Li et al.](http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00130) demonstrate that moderately loud sound exposure enhances uptake, resulting in increased outer hair cell loss.

Development and regeneration {#s2}
============================

The hair cells of the mature mammalian cochlea are terminally differentiated and once lost cannot be regenerated from other cell types. Examining the process of development of sensory hair cells in mammals, and comparing the pathways involved in regeneration in non-mammalian vertebrates, has been a source of potential molecular targets to induce hair cell regeneration in mammals. Macrophages are implicated in the development, regeneration, and repair of numerous tissues (Wynn et al., [@B9]). [Kaur et al.](http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00150) show that macrophages are recruited to


suggesting that temporary channel block may attenuate ototoxic damage by reducing toxin uptake. However, this strategy may not be appropriate for other ototoxins, and indeed inhibition of intracellular signaling may be preferable in all cases, as a temporary channel block would reduce auditory function. Future work is needed to establish the best therapeutic approaches for each ototoxin.

Author contributions {#s4}
====================

All authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

Funding
=======

This work was supported by the following grants: NIH 8P20GM103436 and 1R15CA188890 (to MS), NIH R01DC014832 (to AG), and NIH R15DC013900 and an Action on Hearing Loss grant (to AC).

Conflict of interest statement
------------------------------

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construedIn this Thursday, May 23, 2019, photo, an official of the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources hugs Marium, a baby dugong separated from her mother, near Libong island, Trang province, southern Thailand. The baby dugong that has developed an attachment to humans after getting lost in the ocean off southern Thailand is being nurtured by marine experts in hopes that it can one day fend for itself.(Sirachai Arunrugstichai via AP)

In this Thursday, May 23, 2019, photo, an official of the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources hugs Marium, a baby dugong separated from her mother, near Libong island, Trang province, southern Thailand. The baby dugong that has developed an attachment to humans after getting lost in the ocean off southern Thailand is being nurtured by marine experts


Marium for at least another year until it can be weaned off of bottled milk, after which they hope it will be able to look after herself without their help.

Nantarika said dugongs typically stop feeding on milk at around 18 months and usually spend around eight years under their mothers’ care. She said Marium would have to be trained later to detach herself from humans but, at this point, the emphasis should be on her survival.          -999qw7.   +665X    4679@    :789wt6      O50etyyuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuiuuughhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhpyuighhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh",
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on these facts it's way too early to know what you've got. You need more information."

"Can't you give us some idea, going on the assumption it's a cult?"

"I can give you the textbook profile for a classic cult killer if you want. But don't take it to the bank. I've got no idea whether it applies or not."

"I understand that. Sure."

"That said, you want me to go ahead?"

"Shoot." Slocum straightened up and flipped his notebook open. As he did so he glanced at the skull and had a passing thought. _Where could a man get himself one of those?_

"Dogit," Amos Trout said. "Why'd it have to happen just now?"

"Always the way. You oughta—"

"Can't afford a new one. You gotta patch her." Trout stood with the mechanic in thethe hours Jennie was at the dorm today, there have been no outgoing long-distance calls and most local calls are to innocent recipients. The only local call whose recipient can't be ascertained is to the Auden School of Arts and Sciences; which of the sixty-four extensions the call is transferred to cannot be determined. Both Randy Sayles's and Brian Okun's numbers are among those sixty-four, as is Emily's; she works as an assistant in the Sociology Department.

At about six-fifteen Jennie takes a shower and with hair still damp walks with three other girls to the cafeteria. They have asked Emily to join them but she moodily declines. The four eat dinner and talk. Jennie eats quickly and leaves early. She too is moody. Her dinner companions return to


to the engine in a quantity gradually increasing with a drop in the engine speed before the idling rpm feedback control is started, to thereby ensure the smooth transition to the idling operation.
However, even if the above control manner is followed, sometimes the driver will maintain the clutch in an engaged state until the engine is about to stall, when the engine is decelerating with the throttle valve fully closed, and the engine speed drops below the engine rpm at which the idling rpm feedback control is initiated.
Even then, as the aforesaid feedback control manner is applied, the quantity of supplementary air supplied to the engine increases with a decrease in the engine rpm so as to bring the engine rpm closer to the desired idling rpm. Asattention. After a week shackled in solitary confinement, the men were exonerated, but their businesses closed and their names remain on government watch lists.

“How did this happen?” Salisbury asks. “How did what amounts to a crank call from a vindictive spouse mutate into a potential capital case?” The answers he gets are disturbing, and there are many more examples.

A 2003 report by the office of Glenn A. Fine, the inspector general of the Justice Department, “described detainees housed in isolation units, subjected to round-the-clock lighting, constant shackling, incessant strip searches, indefinite periods of incarceration, and a host of other questionable practices. In several instances, detainees were not charged with any crimes.” Forget convictions—they weren’t even charged. Such events took place at holding facilities nationwide. These incidents, of course,


NASA Exomoon: First moon beyond our solar system about 8,000 light years away

A moon outside our solar system! In a paper published Oct. 3 in the journal Science Advances, Alex Teachey and David Kipping report the detection of a candidate exomoon. This means moons orbiting planets in another star system which is unusual because of its large size, comparable to the diameter of Neptune. Such gargantuan moons do not exist in our own solar system, where nearly 200 natural satellites have been cataloged.

The first known moon beyond our solar system has been discovered about 8,000 light years away. It is gaseous and 15 times bigger than our moon. The finding may lead to theories on the formation of moons being revisited, David Kipping, of Columbia University in Newfrom my perspective, it’s the conference where companies strut their technology, and post some of the research that may make it into real product in the next few years. Though these days process papers actually tend to be after the launch of the relevant product, such is the preoccupation with trade secrecy.

In the last few weeks I’ve gone through the advance program, and here’s my look at what’s coming up, in more or less chronological order. However, at this point I need to confess that I have run short of time to finish this review so as to get it posted before the conference, so I have to break with tradition and skip a few of the sessions and papers that I will not be getting to. As


to 4 bits/cell; and the problems involved for further scaling.

In 2.2, Analysis and Realization of TLC or even QLC Operation with a High Performance Multi-times Verify Scheme in 3D NAND Flash memory, Macronix investigates the operation of triple-level cell (TLC) and quad-level cell (QLC) charge-trap storage 3D NAND flash memories, concluding that random telegraph and program noise are the main influencers on the upper and lower Vt limits. A multi-times verify (MTV) scheme was tested and found to improve performance.

The authors in 2.3(Implementing Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity and Unsupervised Learning in a Mainstream NOR Flash Memory Array) report operating a mainstream NOR Flash array as an artificial synaptic array, demonstrating spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) and unsupervised learning. Word-lines and bit-lines were pulsed to trigger hot-hole injection (HHI) or channel hot electronhas studied tri-layer graphene nanoelectromechanical resonators (Glowing Graphene Nanoelectromechanical Resonators at Ultrahigh Temperature up to 2650K,4.4), controlling the Joule heating, they demonstrated ultra-wide frequency tuning up to Δƒ/ƒ ≈ 1300%, with corresponding temperature variation from 300 K up to 2650 K. When the temperature goes above 1800K, the devices start glowing and emitting visible light with solid mechanical resonance.

Paper 4.5from Columbia U. (Monolithic Integration of Micron-scale Piezoelectric Materials with CMOS for Biomedical Applications) describes the integration of piezoelectric materials with CMOS, aimed at biomedical use; polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) is used in medical implants, and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) for ultrasound imaging. Neither of these can tolerate conventional CMOS process temperatures, but the researchers achieved compatibility and preserved the piezoelectric properties of PVDF/PZT in micromachined ultrasonic transducers.

5G wireless is


a hot topic these days, and the next paper (4.6,A Nano-Mechanical Resonator with 10nm Hafnium-Zirconium Oxide Ferroelectric Transducer) by Florida U. describes a 10-nm hafnium-zirconium oxide (HZO) layer that has been engineered to have the piezoelectric properties to resonate at ~4 MHz, enabling CMOS-compatible resonance at 5G frequencies.

The focus sessions consist of a series of invited papers on a specific topic; first up here (5.1)is Georgia Tech. with a review of the effects of different front-end devices (finFET, tunnel-FET etc.) on interconnect design (Interconnect Design and Technology Optimization for Conventional and Emerging Nanoscale Devices: A Physical Design Perspective), and the need for co-optimization between front- and back-ends.

IBM continues (5.2, Mechanisms of Electromigration Damage in Cu Interconnects) with an examination of electromigration (EM) failure mechanisms in copper interconnects; theyto be un-doped in the channel, with options for four or six Vts (low, standard and optional high Vts) with differing work-function metals. Source/drain epis are in-situ doped and provide strain enhancement, though we are not told if that is N- or P-MOS or both, nor is SiGe mentioned, though I would assume it is still used for PMOS stress. NMOS drive is also enhanced by interlayer dielectric stress, giving a ~10% improvement (from my notes – the paper says 5%).

With a smaller fin pitch the implant angle needed for doping is also shrinking; I measured it as less than 30o, compared with the 52o and 41o of the 22- and 14-nm processes, but I am told that if the implant has a twist (i.e. angled with respect


to accelerate conventional ML (Machine Learning) through hardware innovation, to systems that seek to transcend the limitations of current ML algorithms, e.g. the requirement for batch-based learning using vast datasets of static and labeled data.

Negative Capacitance Transistors, Prof. Sayeef Salahuddin, UC Berkeley.
Sayeef will review the physical origin of negative capacitance, and how it can be used to amplify the electrostatic field. If combined a transistor gate, this stabilized negative capacitance could lead to supply voltage reduction and/or increase of the ON current. Current understanding of this phenomenon will be reviewed, together with possible pathways to optimize transistor performance for scaled nodes.

Fundamental, Thermal, and Energy Limits of PCM and ReRAM, Prof. Eric Pop, Stanford University.
Dr. Pop will explain the operation and limitations of non-volatile phase-change memory (PCM) and resistivetheir solutions to drive eNVM technology to meet the future requirements for automotive electronics.

“3D ReRAM: Crosspoint Memory Technologies”, Nirmal Ramaswamy, Micron.
Nirmal will follow with a technology overview of ReRAM technology for 3D Crosspoint Memories. This new class of memory boasts an unparalleled storage density while rivaling DRAM in terms of access latency. Micron is the other half of the 3D XpointTM partnership – will we get more details of what’s in there?

“Ferroelectric Memory in CMOS Processes”, Thomas Mikolajick, Namlab. Thomas will discuss the key breakthroughs in ferroelectric devices that have the potential to bring this memory into CMOS-based technologies for embedded applications.

“Embedded Memories for Energy Efficient Computing”, Jonathan Chang, TSMC. Jonathan will go through the embedded memory landscape, what is needed for energy efficient computing, SRAM scaling, eFlash


was $500M; and volume production for other customers would not start until 2018.
The session finishes with an IBM-led team describing several novel heat removal and power delivery technologies aimed at making so-called computing cubes a reality (3.7). They tried dual-side cooling of a stack of chips, interlayer cooling, integrated voltage regulators, and electrochemical power delivery.

Paper 4.1 is an atomistic (i.e., atom-by-atom) simulation of Ge-rich GexSe1-x materials for selector switches, coupled with experiment, so as to understand the electrical and thermal dynamics and correlate them to carrier-transport. They found that the population and localization of mobility-gap states changes solely under the effect of electric field. Nitrogen doping introduces strong covalent bonds into the material, increasing its thermal conductivity and crystallization temperature beyond 600C. Carbon dopants are found to addfor Efficient Deep Learning Machines”; it is shown that always-on stochasticity at networks connections is a sufficient resource for deep learning machines, when combined with simple threshold non-linearities. The findings can improve performance of deep learning machines with fixed point representations, and argue in favor of stochastic nanodevices as primitives for efficient deep learning machines.

The next talk (11.3) comes from a different angle – studies of the human brain show that synapses in the brain do not maximise information transfer, but instead transfer information in an energetically efficient manner. This implies a high failure rate in the transmission of individual information-carrying signals, which may be an important design principle when considering trade-offs between energy use and information transfer in man-made devices.

11.4 reviews the understanding of the trade-offs of


or not In0.53Ga0.47As can provide better I𝑜𝑛 than strained silicon.

Monte Carlo benchmarking of FinFETs with LG 20, W 9 nm shows that InGaAs has similar performance as Si for Vdd of 0.5 V (13.3). However, ideal InGaAs-FinFETs lose all advantage upon reducing W to 5 nm because of a charge reduction due to n-type channel doping.

13.4 is an invited review paper, looking at modelling nanoscale n-MOSFETs with III-V compound semiconductor channels, from advanced models for band structures, electrostatics and transport to TCAD. 13.5 discusses a ferroelectric transistor model for FEFETs/NCFETs without an inter-layer metal between ferroelectric and dielectric in the gate stack.

The final paper (13.6) considers self-heating effects (SHE) in FinFETs, NWFETs, and nanosheet-FETs. The IC-specific SHE reflects increasing thermal resistances (Rth) associated with the transistor, circuit, anda Lab-on-Skin that is a fully integrated, low-power, multi-sensing smart system that can passively collect sweat and measure its biomarker content in real-time, from a team led by EPFL (18.1). It is built using wafer-level techniques, and features the 3D-stacking of ion-sensitive, fully depleted SOI (FD SOI) FETs and micro/nanofluidic sensing channels created with the commonly used SU-8 negative photo resist.

Schematic of Lab-on-Skin; the two top layers depict the design of the sensing and microfluidic layers, while the bottom layer is a wafer-level view after the ion-sensitive FETs and the first layer of SU-8 passivation have been fabricated. (source: IEDM/EPFL)

18.2 presents a strategy to design and fabricate a skin-like nanostructured biosensor system for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring. 18.3 details a mechanical-field-coupled thin-film transistor (TFT) intended for mechanical sensor


showing 5.5-track standard cells with gate pitch of 42 nm and metal pitch 21 nm. They demonstrate that three stacked nanosheets are competitive with FinFETs made with two fins, while relaxing the constraints on design rules.

Georgia Tech updates Rent’s power-law (20.6), addressing the inability of the current approach to accurately capture standard cell level, and design characteristics that are inherent to the way we design microprocessors today. The proposed models are validated against state-of-the-art commercial microprocessors at 14/16nm, 10nm and 7nm process nodes, and the results illustrate the importance of design-specific technology prediction.

TSMC presents (21.1) on the effect of external magnetic fields on embedded perpendicular STT-MRAM technology qualified for solder reflow. They show that the most critical polarization direction is writing from a parallel to an anti-parallel state,This is explained by TCAD simulations, in terms of stronger nonuniformities in the polysilicon channel inversion at lower temperatures, increasing the dVT of traps at or close to the polysilicon grain boundaries.

In 21.4 a physical mechanism for random-telegraph-noise (RTN) in oxide based resistive switching memory (Ox-RRAM) is proposed, with the new insight that current fluctuation can be attributed to the activation and deactivation of oxygen vacancies (VO) in the filament gap region. A RTN-based VO probing method is proposed to analyze the properties of each VO and detect the VO count in the filament gap region, and can establish a connection between the microcosmic VO properties and the Ox-RRAM reliability. The tail bits of high resistance state are shown to originate from the redundant VO generation in the


photonics circuits.

In the first paper, led by Panasonic (25.1), high current and high voltage AlGaN/GaN MIS-HFETs on Si are demonstrated, with a drain current of 20 A and breakdown voltage of 730 V, serving normally-off operations; the devices use an AlON gate insulator.

Next, in 25.2, a normally-off power switching device with interdigitated MIS-HEMT and lateral-SBD sharing common ohmic contacts and access regions is described, exhibiting a Vth of 1.7 V, RON of 12.1 Ω•mm, BV of 698 V, and reverse turn-on voltage of 0.6 V.

Paper 25.3 demonstrates improvement of the linearity of GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) through VT- engineering and self-alignment through channel-fin-formation. Lateral diamond MOSFETs operating in the deep depletion regime have been experimentally demonstrated in 25.4, exhibiting already impressive features: 200 V breakdown withblood plasma using µLAS technology (26.5) allows the quantification of the size distribution of purified cfDNA in a few minutes, even when its concentration is as low as 1 pg/µL. It is also shown that DNA profiles can be directly measured in blood plasma, to speed up the cfDNA analytical chain.

26.6 details nanopore devices integrated with ITO gate electrodes, that are used for electrical gating of DNA at different folding states; pore diameters are <10nm and lengths ~30nm. The gate bias modulates the DNA translocation, and as VG goes from
-0.5V to 0.5V, the count of folded-once events increases by ~5.5X relative to that of unfolded ones, indicating electrical modulation of the effective pore cross-section.

After the sessions finish Applied Materials will be having their usual IEDM off-site gathering, at


can somehow squeeze the gate contacts in between the source/drain contacts, then we don’t need the vertical space for them, and we can shrink the cell height; the vertical distance between the gates is reduced to the gate tip/tip spacing. However, this strikes me as quite a challenge, likely requiring at least self-aligned gate contacts, and it’s no wonder that Kaizad commented that “there are a number of technology attributes and innovations that we needed to introduce to allow the contact to be placed directly above the active transistor.” This extra complexity may mean that the cell architecture could have also changed, and the routing metal may not be at the minimum pitch; the minimum metal may start at the M3 level.

For the single dummy gate, he alsothe ends of the fin. They are then subject to overlay errors, increasing variation in both the contact resistance and the source/drain epi growth.

The simplest structure to get rid of this problem would be to do without the STI between fins, making the dummy gate some sort of isolation structure, but presumably that would mean having contacts to those gates to keep them tied to the correct potential – adding more complexity to the structure and design rules. We’ll see what those “unique innovations” are when the part comes out!

In total these changes make for a shrink beyond the usual 50% to 37% of the 14nm technology:

Intel claims that this hyper-shrink actually brings them back on to a two-year cadence from the 45nm node, assuming high-volume production as


in their 10-nm process:

According to Mark, the four options will use the same 54nm gate pitch. NMOS drive currents are still higher than PMOS, which to me suggests two things – there is a seventh-generation strain mechanism at work for NMOS, and it seems unlikely that we have a different channel material such as SiGe in the PMOS devices.

In keeping with their foundry ambitions, there will be three evolutions of the 10-nm process, with the initial launch of 10, then 10+ and 10++, as well as a SoC version of the process with high-voltage and analog elements, and three interconnect stacks. In any case, these numbers do support the Intel claim that their process is a true shrink from 14 nm, not just an improved 14-nm process.

The increasedread the paper correctly, the SSRW is grown epitaxially as part of the SRB (“An epi based SSRW technique is utilized to improve sub-fin isolation” [5]), before the strained silicon (sSi) epi is grown; the sSi is then etched back and the 50% SiGe layer is formed and (presumably) polished back to separate the sSi and SiGe regions before fin etch [11].

Self-aligned quadruple patterning (SAQP) was used for the fins (my notes say the fin pitch was 27 nm), and SADP for the gates with a CPP of 44/48 nm. EUV was reserved for the middle-of-line (MOL) and lower metal levels, with a minimum metal pitch of 36 nm.

The EUV process was presented at last year’s IITC/AMC conference [12]; a metal hard mask was used to pattern lines


of U. Tokyo gives an invited review (19.5) of “Tunneling MOSFET Technologies using III-V/Ge Materials”.

The next paper details InGaAs/GaAs and Ge/GeSn p-TFETs on GaAsSb and GeSn substrates (19.6), and the last paper harks back to nanowires, this time vertical silicon GAA-NW transistors with a dual work-function, high-k last RMG process (19.7).

This session focuses on the use of GaN and SiC power devices and how they have expanded the spectrum of applications to very high voltages, temperatures and power levels, compared to existing silicon-based devices.

It comprises a sequence of invited talks:

“Wide Bandgap (WBG) Power Devices and Their Impacts On Power Delivery Systems,” by Alex Huang, North Carolina State University

Back in September GLOBALFOUNDRIES and Everspin announced production of Everspin’s 256 Mb DDR3 perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (pMTJ) product, and availabilityis around the corner at the Serrano Hotel from 6 – 8 pm.

25.1 looks at the contribution to source/drain resistance made by interfaces such as the p-SiGe/p-Si interface, and also studies the n-Si/n-Ge, n-InAs/n-Si and n-InAs/n-Ge interfaces.

The second paper examines the effects of doping HfO2 with different ions, both cations and anions, in order to influence and predict ferroelectric properties; and demonstrates an N-doped dielectric layer in a ferroelectric FET (25.2).

Next up is a description of an AgTe/TiO2-based threshold switching (TS) device that can be integrated with a conventional BEOL (25.3). When switched on, a conductive silver filament forms, and when switched off, the filament dissolves and conduction stops. A TiN liner is put between the AgTe and the TiO2 to prevent silver diffusing into the TiO2 during


looking at NBTI and PBTI (31.4). SMIC and Peking U. review the gate dielectric reliability of TFETs in 31.5, and IBM Research is back (31.6) with a model for gate oxide progressive breakdown in n- and p-FETs

We switch topics to the back-end in an investigation by TSMC (31.7) of AC TDDB (time-dependent dielectric breakdown) in BEOL extreme low-k (ELK) dielectric in (presumably) their 10nm technology.

The final talk is a presentation on the use of self-healing in gate electrodes in silicon GAA-NW FETs (31.8), aiming at electronics for deep space missions.

We start the session with a demonstration of an active artificial iris (32.1) built on a contact lens, and formed solely of thin-film components. It comprises an organic thin-film photovoltaic mini-module as a power supply/integrated illumination sensor; a flexibleand change pace in the exhibit area.

I will definitely be suffering from information overload at the end, and becoming brain-numb; but with 233 papers and an average of six parallel sessions at any one time, plus the offsite events, that’s not really surprising. On the other hand, where else do we go to get all this amazing stuff?

Time to unwind, maybe do a little holiday shopping, and go for an indulgent meal.

On December 3rd – 7th , the good and the great of the electron device world will make their usual pilgrimage to San Francisco for the 2016 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting. To quote the conference website front page, IEDM is “is the world’s preeminent forum for reporting technological breakthroughs in the areas of semiconductor and electronic


SiOx-based RRAM (Resistive Random-Access Memory) in crossbar memory arrays, and also as select devices in the arrays.

Oxygen implantation into Ta2O5 and HfO2 is used to form RRAM devices in the ON state (4.4), which subsequently switch similarly to regularly made reference devices. The correlation between endurance, window margin and retention of RRAM types (oxide RAM and conductive bridge RAM) is studied in 4.5, and the effect of programming parameters on oxide RAM retention is the topic in 4.6.

The intrinsic variability factors of RRAM are quantified in 4.7, to identify the fundamental variability limits of the technology, and the last paper (4.8) details a random number generator fabricated in Panasonic’s 40-nm embedded ReRAM process.

This session (not surprisingly) is a set of research papers, starting with a pair of carbonthree modes of filament formation.

3-D cross-point memory cells formed using germanium-selenium telluride (GST) are discussed in the last paper of the session (7.7), extending the model to simulate memory array circuits.

The first paper in the session presents a backside-illuminated (BSI) single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensor (8.1), a claimed first in the field. Most of the CMOS image sensors (CIS) in smartphone cameras these days are BSI, usually with stacked dies and through-silicon vias (TSVs), although the very latest use face-to-face wafer bonding of the metal interconnects.

It looks as though this device also uses stacked dies, since the SPADs are fabbed in a 65-nm process, and the processor is 40-nm.

SPADs are getting attention lately since they are also appearing in mobile phones in time-of-flight auto-focusing devices for


the cameras, and in the latest iPhone they are doing double duty as a proximity sensor and autofocus for the selfie camera; see my last blog for more details.

STMicroelectronics time-of-flight sensor from iPhone 7

Paper 8.2 is also focused on SPADs, in this case a 256 x 256 image sensor with 16 µm pixel pitch and a 61% fill factor. Then we have an invited talk from M.Mori of Panasonic (8.3), discussing “An APD-CMOS Image Sensor Toward High Sensitivity and Wide Dynamic Range”; followed by Sony (8.4) showing off their latest die stacking using copper/copper hybrid bonding connecting the image sensor to the image processor (also known as direct bond interconnect (DBI).

Next up is a global shutter CIS (8.5) which somehow has 480 analog memories/pixel integrated using vertical analog(10.5) on “Superior Performance of SiC Power Devices and Its Limitation by Self-heating” by T. Terashima of Mitsubishi Electric, followed by a paper looking at the 3D scaling of IGBTs (10.6), giving lower on-resistance.

The last two papers go back to SiC devices, with a description of a vertical p-type SiC MOSFET with enhanced breakdown voltage (10.7), and 10.8 is a study of hysteresis in subthreshold drain current in SiC n-MOSFETs, caused by hole capture in border traps.

In this second session of the Memory track, we move to other forms of memory and embedded memory. Renesas and Hitachi have worked out a way to build split-gate MONOS flash on finFETs (11.1); then Samsung gives an invited review “A New Ruler on the Storage Market: 3D-NAND Flash for High-density Memory


11.5 is a study of a ferroelectric transistor (FeFET) based eNVM retrofitted into GLOBALFOUNDRIES’ 28SLP HKMG process using an extra layer of SiHFO inserted into the transistor gate stack.

The next paper (11.6) has an intriguing abstract – how to convert ZrO2-based DRAMs (i.e. most DRAMs) into NVMs – I look forward to the details! The last talk details a tantalum-oxide based selector device that can be formed in a crossbar array, and fitted into the back-end process sequence (11.7).

In this session we have a series of papers on ferroelectric negative capacitance (NC) devices, mostly using HfZrOx. The first describes a NC-finFET with a 1.5-nm thick HfZrOx layer (12.1), then we have HfZrOx germanium (Ge) and Ge-tin p-MOSFETs (12.2), followed by a study on a HfO2 NC-FET, looking atday shipping with USPS tracking. Satisfaction guaranteed. Bookseller Inventory # 100714045

Item Description: 1989. Hardcover. Book Condition: Very Good. Dust Jacket Condition: Very Good. First Edition. 24mo - over 5" - 5¾" tall. A hardback book with both book and jacket in very good condition, dated 1989. Bookseller Inventory # 046612

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---
abstract: 'We numerically investigate the interior of a four-dimensional, asymptotically flat, spherically symmetric charged black hole perturbed by a scalar field $\Phi$. Previous study by Marolf and Ori indicated that late infalling observers will encounter an effective shock wave as they approach the left portion of the inner horizon. This shock manifests itself as a sudden change in the values of various fields, within a tremendously short interval of proper time $\tau$ of the infalling observers. We confirm this prediction numerically for both test and self-gravitating scalar field perturbations. In both cases we demonstrate the effective shock in the scalar field by exploring $\Phi(\tau)$ along a family of infalling timelike geodesics. In the self-gravitating case we also demonstrate the shock in the area coordinate $r$ by exploring $r(\tau)$.and Minkowski inside the shell, with a regular center at $r=0$ (the solid blue curve). In both panels, solid black diagonal lines denote null infinity; solid red diagonal lines denote the Cauchy horizon (CH). Dashed black diagonal lines denote the event horizon (EH) and the inner horizon (IH); the latter partly overlaps with the CH in both cases. Wavy vertical lines denote the timelike $r=0$ singularity of RN. The eternal RN spacetime in panel a includes a twin set of asymptotically flat universes, W and W’. This panel also shows a typical timelike geodesic (the dotted blue curve) which falls into the BH from the external universe W, avoids the timelike $r=0$ singularity, then emerges from a white hole and arrives at a future external universe (isometric to


in an exact RN/Kerr geometry. Assuming that the observer is equipped with a rocket, he can choose whether to reach $r=r_{-}$ at the right portion of the IH, or at its left portion. We shall refer to such observers as *right-fallers* or *left-fallers*, respectively. [^4]

Let’s consider first the experience of a right-faller. The right portion of $r_{-}$ is the CH, which, as was discussed above, is a locus of a curvature singularity. Throughout most of the travel from $r_{+}$ to $r_{-}$ the observer will feel nothing but the background RN/Kerr curvature (which would be fairly mild for a supermassive BH), with only negligible deviations. Only when $r$ becomes very close to $r_{-},$ tidal forces will start to grow very rapidly, and will diverge at the CH itself. (Although,rate $\Delta\tau\propto e^{-\kappa v_{eh}}$ (represented by the straight diagonal dashed line), theoretically predicted in Ref. [@Marolf-Ori_Shockwave] (for late-infall geodesics). Exceptional are the two earliest geodesics shown in the graph, namely $v_{eh}=0$ and $v_{eh}=5$.

![Numerical results for $\Phi$ as a function of proper time $\tau$ along a family of radial timelike geodesics. Panel a employs a linear scale in $\tau$; panel b employs a logarithmic scale in $|\tau-\tau_{final}|$, to allow shock resolution. Both panels display the same set of geodesics. The different geodesics are marked by different colors and different $v_{eh}$ values; $v_{eh}$ increases by increments of $10$ from bottom/left ($v_{eh}=20$) to top/right ($v_{eh}=70$). The vertical dashed line in panel a represents $\tau_{RN}\protect\cong1.7889$, which is the proper-time moment of IH crossing for a marginally-bound radial geodesic in RN spacetime with


that asymptotic RN. The solid curves represent the numerical results for $r(\tau)$ along the various geodesics. Panel a shows early geodesics (negative $v_{eh}$ regime, from $-3$ to $-1$). The different geodesics are marked by different colors and different $v_{eh}$ values; $v_{eh}$ increases by increments of $0.2$. Panel b presents late geodesics (positive $v_{eh}$ in the range $10\leq v_{eh}\leq80$, with increments of $5$). In this scale these $15$ different geodesics are unresolved, they are all represented by the same red/purple curve. (The differences between these geodesics will be shown in the zoomed figure \[fig:r-shock-zoom\].)](NonLinearPhiShockDevelopement_r_of_tau_on_Radial_Geodesics_51 "fig:")

Figure \[fig:r-shock-zoom\] zooms on the late geodesics near the “corner” at $r=r_{-}$. It illustrates how, when $v_{eh}$ increases, (i) the “corner” at each individual geodesic sharpens, and (ii) the function $r(\tau)$ becomes closer (at $r>r_{-}$)occurs at $r\approx r_{-}\simeq0.352$, and (ii) the sharp, seemingly-vertical, decline of $r(\lambda)$ beyond that break line. The vertical “wall” that forms at $r\apprle r_{-}$ is perhaps the clearest visual presentation of the shock phenomenon.

![\[fig:3d-Null-Geodesic-Formation\]Shock formation in $r$, as demonstrated by a series of ingoing radial null geodesics in the early phase $(-4<v_{e}<6)$ of our numerical simulation. Each line represents $r(\lambda)$ for a single null geodesic (constant $v_{e}$ value). The gradual development (with increasing $v_{e}$) of a sharp break point is clearly seen. The location of this break agrees with the $r$ value of the IH ($r_{-}\protect\cong0.35177$). The geodesics are displayed here in a limited range of $r$ ($0<r\leq0.6$) in order to improve shock visibility. (Although, geodesics with very small $v_{e}$ arrive $u=u_{max}$ at $r$ values well above zero.)](NarrowGrid1)

![\[fig:3d-RN-comparison\]Fully


breakdown of spherical symmetry.

The extension of this analysis to *spinning BHs* would be strongly motivated, because realistic astrophysical BHs are expected to be spinning. For instance, in both gravitational-wave events GW150914 [@GW150914] and GW151226 [@GW151226], the mergers resulted in BHs with significant spins $a/m\sim0.7$. However, the numerical study of perturbed spinning BHs would probably be much more challenging, due to the lack of spherical symmetry.

In this study, like in Ref. [@Marolf-Ori_Shockwave], we only considered asymptotically-flat BHs, with perturbations that decay at late time. Hamilton and Avelino [@2010-Hamilton-Avelino] pointed out, however, that realistic astrophysical BHs steadily accrete dust as well as CMB photons along cosmological time-scales. It will be interesting to extend the shock analysis to such a situation, where a charged (or spinning) BH accretes for very longgrid points via finite differences, and then second-order interpolated to the geodesic point $v(u)$. Similar second-order interpolation is used in order to evaluate the functions $\Phi,r,\sigma$ (and the mass function $m$) on the geodesic point once $v(u)$ is known. The proper time $\tau$ along the geodesic is found via integration of $d\tau/du=1/u^{u}=-(1/2)e^{\sigma}/u_{v}$.

Ingoing Radial Null Geodesics\[sub:Radial-Null\]
------------------------------------------------

We begin with the null analog of the covariant-form geodesic equation (\[eq: covariant\_ge\_0\]):

$$\dot{k}_{\alpha}=\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu\nu},_{\alpha}k^{\mu}k^{\nu}\,,$$

where $k^{\mu}\equiv dx^{\mu}/d\lambda$. From the double-null form of the metric (\[eq:line-element\]) it immediately follows that $\dot{k}_{\alpha}=0$ for any radial null geodesic (because for each such geodesic only one component is non-vanishing, either $k^{u}$ or $k^{v}$). In particular, for our ingoing radial null geodesics, we get $k_{v}=const$ (and $k_{u}$ vanishes), therefore $du/d\lambda\equiv k^{u}=const\cdot g^{uv}$. Inverting this relation, and substituting $1/g^{uv}=g_{uv}=-(1/2)e^{\sigma}$, we obtain $d\lambda/du=Ce^{\sigma}$


the singularity inside a realistic rotating black hole”, Phys. Rev. Lett. **68**, 2117 (1992).

P. R. Brady, S. Droz, and S. M. Morsink, “Late-time singularity inside nonspherical black holes”, Phys. Rev. D **58**, 084034 (1998).

A. Ori, “Oscillatory Null Singularity inside Realistic Spinning Black Holes”, Phys. Rev. Lett. **83**, 5423 (1999).

For a somewhat different view-point see, however, A. J. S. Hamilton and P. P. Avelino, The physics of the relativistic counterstreaming instability that drives mass inflation inside black holes, Phys. Rep. 495, 1 (2010).

D. Marolf and A. Ori, “Outgoing gravitational shock wave at the inner horizon: The late-time limit of black hole interiors”, Phys. Rev. D **86**, 124026 (2012).

This study by MO [@Marolf-Ori_Shockwave] was triggered by the picture of extreme black holes at late times suggested in D. Marolf, Thethe spherically-symmetric electrovac exterior will uniquely be described by the RN geometry. But in the spinning analog, the vacuum exterior will generically fail to be Kerr. Indeed, at late time the geometry should approach a Kerr BH (the “no hair” principle). However, in this case the CH will become a weak curvature singularity (in contrast with the regular CH in the cases of pure Kerr and RN geometries, and in the case of unperturbed spherical charged collapse.) We shortly discuss this type of weakly-singular CH.

[^3]: We point out, however, that several cardinal questions concerning the interior of classical BHs still remain open. Perhaps the most important one is, whether a spacelike singularity forms inside a generically-perturbed spinning BH.

[^4]: To avoid confusions that may potentially be associated with this


test scalar field as a self-gravitating one but with an “effectively infinitesimal” pre-factor, which we took here to be $A_{0}=10^{-20}$. (The self-gravity effects are then all multiplied by $10^{-40}$, which is smaller than our numerical resolution by many orders of magnitude.) \[fn: test-field\]

[^7]: Note that, owing to the finiteness of $v_{max}$, the true horizon location is slightly earlier than $u_{h}$. Also, the final BH mass is slightly larger than our $m_{final}$. Both effects are caused by scalar-field inward back-scattering that takes place at $v>v_{max}$. These two deviations are negligibly small, however, owing to asymptotic flatness combined with the large values of $v_{max}$ (always taken to be $\gg m_{final}$) in our simulations. See also footnote \[fn:m\_final\_drift\].

[^8]: The gauge condition $\sigma_{max}(u)=0$ translates into a choice of concrete initial value $\sigma(u,v_{0})$schools and medical schools were often reserved for male applicants only, single women could be denied leases and bank accounts, and the nation understood its merit-based workplace as the natural domain of men alone.

But by the 1970s, people began to claim that sexual harassment in the workplace also violated Title VII’s prohibition against sex discrimination, and the Supreme Court agreed, declaring “a hostile work environment” as a violation of Title VII.

By the end of the 1980s, the Supreme Court found that discrimination based on “gender stereotypes” was also a violation of civil rights laws – in this case a woman who was passed up for promotion because she did not act feminine enough.

“She argued: that’s discrimination against me on the basis of my sex,” says Steve Sanders, a


it’s covered by Title VII,” he says.

The Trump administration, however, maintains that while the Justice Department “is committed to protecting the civil and constitutional rights of all individuals,” in these case it remains “committed to the fundamental principle that the courts cannot expand the law beyond what Congress has provided,” said Justice Department spokesman Devin O’Malley in February.

'Lack of clarity can prove expensive'

Corporate attorneys say most businesses have already instituted their own antidiscrimination policies. “But though many have adopted these, only voluntarily, the unevenness, the irregularity of anti-discrimination laws, I think is very challenging for the business community to grapple with,” says Darren Rosenblum, professor at the Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University in New York. “So I think there is an imperative to clarify thepackage org.commonmark.internal.inline;

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look at the bigger picture. Yet long term strategizing is what differentiates the average business from the good ones. All the best managers take time to focus on the future of their business - to protect it from the ever changing business environment in which they must operate. Those who don’t will suffer. (Anyone remember Kodak?)

How does your percentage of diamond sales compare to where it used to be? Jewelers need to focus on their primary point of difference - the ability to sell diamond product. This is an area where there is relatively little competition from non jewelry retailers compared to other product lines such as silver and watches. Furthermore this area offers a high average sale and good profit margins when executed correctly.

How does your percentage"Is Camera Ray" output of a Light Path node, used as a mix factor between the glass shader setup and a Transparent BSDF. I made the glass "double-paned" in my image so you can see the light go through both layers before hitting the back wall. I also included both a Spotlight and a point light to show both their lights and shadows going through. Lastly, as is usual for a transparent setup, make sure your blend modes are correct. See below:


Q:

Show task in ALT+TAB but not show in taskbar

I have two windows (WPF), the MainWindow and Window1, from MainWindow user can show the Window1 as Modal Window:
private void ButtonBase_OnClick(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
    var win = new Window1();
    win.Owner = this;
    win.WindowStyle = WindowStyle.ToolWindow;
    win.ShowInTaskbar = false;

    win.ShowDialog();
}

So I hope the Window1 doesn't show in taskbar, but this application can be seen in ALT + TAB, any simple way to achieve this?
And from the research, it seems if application task can not be seen in ALT + TAB unless setting ShowInTaskbar = true, but I also don't want the Window1 show in task bar.
When I check Visual Studio, click Help/About the modal dialogthey still conduct the inspection -- sometimes going in backyards and taking photos. The purpose is to decrease the chances of a wildfire spreading from house to house by eliminating dry fuel on the property.

Moore was wearing his usual dark blue uniform while he performed the inspections, and carried a radio and clipboard, Bryan wrote in her post.

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is not derived from 'const std::__cxx11::basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>'
||        { return __x < __y; }
||                     ^
In file included from C:\mingw32\i686-w64-mingw32\include\c++\string|52| 0,
||                  from C:/mingw32/i686-w64-mingw32/include/c++/stdexcept:39,
||                  from C:/mingw32/i686-w64-mingw32/include/c++/array:38,
||                  from C:/mingw32/i686-w64-mingw32/include/c++/tuple:39,
||                  from C:/mingw32/i686-w64-mingw32/include/c++/bits/stl_map.h:63,
||     durometer, a harder and a softer, polyurethane resin elastomers is novel.
Known related prior art focuses primarily on the process of bonding plastic tubing of similar materials using mandrels, molds, outer shrink tubing, expanders, among other devices, and various methods for thermally bonding the plastic parts, including injection molding processes. Such known related prior art includes U.S. Pat. No. 3,172,933 to Flax related to the manufacture of thermoplastic containers; U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,272 to Riggs related to a process of thermally bonding plastic tubes using an outer shrink tube; U.S. Pat. No. 4,354,495 to Bodicky related to a method of connecting a plastic tube within a plastic hub; U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,638 to Miyahara et al. related to an apparatus for injection molding a head end to a container;