Conditions: Chronic Pain
Allocation: RANDOMIZED | Intervention model: PARALLEL
Enrollment: 13
Healthy volunteers: no

Brief summary:
The long-term goal of this proposal is to identify non-opioid drugs that harness endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms resulting in the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß providing a novel approach to treat chronic pain in people while lacking potential for addictive side effects.

Specific Aim I: pramipexole blocks the activation of NLRP3 and consequent production and release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α, and increases production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10).

The goal of Aim I (Phase I) experiments is to examine the specific anti-inflammatory mechanisms of pramipexole on PAMP, DAMP and opioid stimulated immune cells, THP-1 cells will be used.

Specific Aim II: pramipexole treatment will provide therapeutic benefit to patients experiencing suboptimal pain relief from current standard therapy with concurrent reduction of TLR4-NLRP3-cytokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

The goal of Aim II (Phase II) will be to determine the therapeutic benefit of pramipexole for pain, which is a repurposing of this FDA-approved drug with a good safety profile.

1.2. Our overarching hypothesis is that pramipexole will control clinical pain by suppressing the activation of the TLR4-NLRP3-IL-1ß pathway and prevent IL-1ß release from peripheral immune cells. These findings have provided the current impetus to examine pain therapeutic drugs targeting immune-related factors either upstream or downstream of IL-1ß signaling.

Detailed description:
The long-term goal of this proposal is to identify non-opioid drugs that harness endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms resulting in the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß providing a novel approach to treat chronic pain in people while lacking potential for addictive side effects.

This study is conducted to determine the therapeutic benefit of pramipexole for pain, which is a repurposing of this FDA-approved drug with a good safety profile. In collaboration with Dr. Koshkin (co-I at UNMH Pain Clinic), patients from the UNM pain clinic will be recruited who are experiencing modest or suboptimal pain relief. The patient will meet the CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator, who will escort the patient to the Clinical Research Lab. At the time, an explanation of the study, consent, the Brief Pain Inventory survey will be completed, blood draw and Clincard will be given to the patient ($15/visit). Scheduling for the midterm visit to the CTSC (at the end of two weeks) will be determined. At the time of consent, all patients will be under standard pain treatment and will be randomized into two groups: (1) patients receiving pramipexole in addition to their standard ongoing pain treatment, or (2) no pramipexole but will continue to receive the standard pain treatment. Patients will be followed up in the morning at weekly intervals to provide pain scores either by phone (for week 1 and 3), or by return visit (for end of week 2 and at the end of week 4) until study termination which is at the end of week 4.. At the initiation of the study and at the end of 4 weeks, blood will be collected and analyzed for mRNA for TLR4, p38, NFkB, NLRP3-ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1ß, TNF-α, HMGB1, and IL-10. The dose and route of administration of pramipexole will be identical to that previously approved for the treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome and according to manufacturer's recommended prescribing protocol (Mirapex, Boehringer Ingelheim Int. GmbH). Briefly, oral dosage will be titrated each week to achieve a weekly total daily dose of 0.125 (mg), 0.250, or 0.5. Patients will take one capsule containing pramipexole of placebo 2-3 hours before bedtime.

Patient recruitment, assessment of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI): Pain scores and blood draws will be conducted at the CTSC Participant Clinical Interactions Unit with the CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator. Blood samples collected by the CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator will be analyzed at the Center for Molecular Discovery by personnel from Dr. Milligan's lab, trained by personnel from the Center for Molecular Drug Discovery (Director; Dr. Sklar, co-I). Personnel from the Milligan lab have expertise in inflammatory marker analysis from PBMCs \[57, 58\]. All freshly collected blood samples will be frozen and stored by the Clinical Research Coordinator at the CTSC Clinical Laboratory and will be transported to the Center for Molecular Drug Discovery once ALL of the samples for the study have been collected for mRNA and protein analysis. This is to allow for assay to be conducted at the same time to avoid potential effect of 'time of assay' that may impact data.

All subjects will therefore meet with the CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator for a total of 3 times; at the initiation of the study, at mid-term when the second batch of drug is dispensed and unused drug is returned, and at termination for a second and final blood draw and providing all completed Brief Pain Inventory surveys (4/patient). At the termination of the study, patients will turn in their paper copies of the Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire completed for each week of the study (total 4 weeks). Original data records are important to demonstrate all necessary physical documentation of the study.

The long-term goal of this proposal is to identify non-opioid drugs that harness endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms resulting in the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß providing a novel approach to treat chronic pain in people while lacking potential for addictive side effects.

Arms:
arm 1: Patients reporting sub-optimal results of pain therapy, assigned to placebo in addition to routine care. arm 2: Patients reporting sub-optimal results of pain therapy, assigned to receive pramipexole in addition to routine care.

Interventions: intervention 1: Pramipexole Oral Tablet intervention 2: Placebo
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Initial dosage of 0.125 mg pramipexole daily, potentially titrated upward in 0.125 increments to a maximum of 0.5 mg daily, for 4 weeks. intervention 2: Administration of placebo

Protocol document:
Prot_SAP_001.pdf: 
Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 1 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
PROTOCOL TITLE: 
Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain. 
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: 
Erin D Milligan 
Dept of Neurosciences 
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTACT: 
 
Name: Erin Milligan 
 
Department: Neurosciences 
VERSION NUMBER: 
2. 
DATE: 
Revised August 8, 2019. 
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK: 
Please indicate all that apply: 
 
DOD (Department of Defense) 
 
DOE (Department of Energy) 
 
DOJ (Department of Justice) 
 
ED (Department of Education) 
 
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) 
 
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 
 
HHS (Department of Health and Human Services) 
 
VA 
 
Other:       
 
Is this a clinical trial under ICH-GCP E6?   
 Yes   X
 No 
If yes, please confirm that the research team is familiar with and agrees to comply 
with the investigator requirements cited in ICH-GCP E6.  
 Yes   
 No  
ICH-GCP E6 can be accessed by copying and pasting this URL into your 
browser: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Guidances/ucm073122.pdf 
 
FUNDING: 
Indicate if the protocol is funded.  If so, provide sponsor and SPO Click ERA 
record number. This protocol is not funded. It is part of the CTSC RFA for 
“Linking Clinical Trials to Drug Discovery and Repurposing Award”.  
 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 2 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
Table of Contents 
1. 
Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3 
2. 
Background .................................................................................................................. 3 
3. 
Study Design................................................................................................................ 8 
4. 
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria ................................................................................. 8 
5. 
Number of Subjects ................................................................................................... 10 
6. 
Study Timelines ......................................................................................................... 10 
7. 
Study Endpoints ......................................................................................................... 11 
8. 
Research Setting ........................................................................................................ 11 
9. 
Resources Available .................................................................................................. 11 
10. 
Prior Approvals ...................................................................................................... 12 
11. 
Multi-Site Research ............................................................................................... 12 
12. 
Study Procedures ................................................................................................... 13 
13. 
Data Analysis ......................................................................................................... 15 
14. 
Provisions to Monitor the Data to Ensure the Safety of Subjects .......................... 17 
15. 
Withdrawal of Subjects .......................................................................................... 21 
16. 
Data Management/Confidentiality ......................................................................... 22 
17. 
Data and Specimen Banking .................................................................................. 22 
18. 
Risks to Subjects .................................................................................................... 22 
19. 
Potential Benefits to Subjects ................................................................................ 23 
20. 
Recruitment Methods ............................................................................................. 23 
21. 
Provisions to Protect the Privacy Interests of Subjects .......................................... 23 
22. 
Economic Burden to Subjects ................................................................................ 24 
23. 
Compensation ........................................................................................................ 24 
24. 
Compensation for Research-Related Injury ........................................................... 25 
25. 
Consent Process ..................................................................................................... 25 
26. 
Documentation of Consent .................................................................................... 26 
27. 
Study Test Results/Incidental Findings ................................................................. 26 
28. 
Sharing Study Progress or Results with Subjects .................................................. 27 
29. 
Inclusion of Vulnerable Populations ...................................................................... 27 
30. 
Community-Based Participatory Research ............................................................ 28 
31. 
Research Involving American Indian/Native Populations ..................................... 28 
32. 
Transnational Research .......................................................................................... 28 
33. 
Drugs or Devices.................................................................................................... 28 
Checklist Section .............................................................................................................. 30 
34. Export Control…………………………………………………………………….22 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 3 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
1. Objectives 
1.1. The long-term goal of this proposal is to identify non-opioid drugs that harness 
endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms resulting in the suppression of 
proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 providing a novel approach to treat 
chronic pain in people while lacking potential for addictive side effects. 
Specific Aim I: pramipexole blocks the activation of NLRP3 and consequent production 
and release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-, and increases 
production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10).  
The goal of Aim I (Phase I) experiments is to examine the specific anti-
inflammatory mechanisms of pramipexole on PAMP, DAMP and opioid 
stimulated immune cells, THP-1 cells will be used.  
 
Specific Aim II: pramipexole treatment will provide therapeutic benefit to patients 
experiencing suboptimal pain relief from current standard therapy with concurrent 
reduction of TLR4-NLRP3-cytokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 
 
The goal of Aim II (Phase II) will be to determine the therapeutic benefit of 
pramipexole for pain, which is a repurposing of this FDA-approved drug with a 
good safety profile. 
 
1.2. Our overarching hypothesis is that pramipexole will control clinical pain by 
suppressing the activation of the TLR4-NLRP3-IL-1 pathway and prevent IL-1 
release from peripheral immune cells. These findings have provided the current 
impetus to examine pain therapeutic drugs targeting immune-related factors either 
upstream or downstream of IL-1 signaling. 
 
2. Background 
2.1.  
The rate of US opioid-related overdose deaths from 2013 - 2016 increased by an 
astonishing 88% per year, while overdose deaths due to other drugs remained virtually 
unchanged [1, 2]. These increasing opioid-related death rates are linked to increases in 
prescription opioid misuse (medical and non-medical) as well as illicit opioid use (heroin) 
[3, 4]. Despite medical prescription opioid misuse generally declining during recent years 
[5, 6], the number of individuals who misuse prescription and illicit opioids continues to 
increase [7, 8]. These data reveal an emerging opioid misuse epidemic (medical, non-
medical, and illicit) [5, 9-13]. Recent data reveal the discrete geographical regions where 
states have been hardest hit by this growing epidemic [3]. Indeed, data analyzed from 
just 2014 alone reflect New Mexico had undergone the greatest opioid-related overdose 
death rate relative to other Mountain states, the Pacific and the Western south-central 
state regions [14]. These statistics reflect an unprecedented public health crisis of 
prescription opioid and heroin abuse both regionally and nationally. While the underlying 
causes related to this public health crisis are largely speculative, one possible 
contributing factor is the dramatic escalation of prescription opioid treatment for chronic 
pain over the past decade [15].  
The escalation of opioid treatment is particularly disconcerting because preclinical 
studies convincingly support that not only do opioids exert negative consequences for 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 4 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
pain [16-19], but also that chronic pain can be targeted by non-opioid drugs that lack 
direct actions on neurons thereby reducing addiction liability [20, 21]. In point of fact, a 
large number of reports using animal models reveal that trafficking immune cells to the 
central nervous system (CNS) and immune-like glial cells within the CNS (e.g. 
astrocytes and microglia) are necessary for the development and maintenance of acute-
to-chronic pain problems [22-24]. Notably, experimental chronic pain that is induced by a 
variety of manipulations modeling different etiologies of clinical pain is mediated by 
peripheral immune cell and CNS-derived proinflammatory cytokines that act to 
exacerbate pain signals. The most widely studied immune and glial cell factor is the 
proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-IL-1 (IL-1). This cytokine, considered a 
“gatekeeper of inflammation and neuroexcitatory events”, is necessary and sufficient for 
mediating the transmission of pathological chronic pain. Evidence from preclinical and 
clinical studies shows that blocking immune and/or glial IL-1 production and/or its 
action suppresses chronic pain [21]. 
The discovery that cytokines like IL-1 as well as others including tumor necrosis factor-
alpha (TNF-) were critical for mediating pathological chronic pain was significant 
because these immune-derived signaling molecules have been known for decades to 
play essential roles in mounting an innate immune response (e.g. myeloid-derived cells 
such as macrophage but not T or B cells) including leukocyte migration to tissue 
damaged sites and fever. Indeed, IL-1 was originally identified as a pyrogenic factor 
stimulated by pathogen invasion such as bacteria; gram negative bacterial cell wall 
particles such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS is a widely-used immune activator to 
experimentally mimic pathogen invasion and induces macrophage release of IL-1 and 
TNF- [25]. LPS mimics pathogen invasion via receptor recognition of pathogen 
associated molecular pattern (PAMPs).  LPS delivered spinally in experimental mice 
develop pain that is now thought to occur via IL-1 release [26]. In other words, the pain 
system is capable of harnessing ancient molecular pathways of the innate immune 
system for the purpose of facilitating host survival and wound healing (triggering the 
disuse of the injured tissue). The cytokine release from immune and glial cells is 
triggered upon factors released from stress/damaged cells, now characterized as 
danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that bind discrete immune receptors 
(discussed below). Recognition of DAMPs allow cells to distinguish between non-injured 
vs. injured self [27]. Therefore, when conditions become pathological, adverse sterile 
neuroimmune stimulation drives acute-to-chronic pain states via DAMP stimulation.  
Figure 1 is a schematic that represents the factors that stimulate and are induced within 
the classic immune pathway that ultimately lead to the release of proinflammatory 
cytokines like IL-1.  


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 5 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
 
However, even more intriguing is the mounting evidence that repeated opioid 
exposure/treatment results in significant negative consequences for pain [16, 20, 28, 29]. 
Preclinical studies of the past few years show opioid drugs activate the same innate 
immune proinflammatory pathways necessary for the production and release of IL-1 in 
both peripheral immune and glial cells [29-32] (see Figure 1). The action of opioids on 
immune and glial cells was discovered to occur through the non-classical opioid 
receptor, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) [32-35]. TLR4 activation triggers the active formation 
of the intracellular NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a protein 
complex necessary for the ultimate production of IL-1[36, 37]. Thus, the activation of 
TLR4 on immune cells and glia by opioids may underlie the reported observation that 
chronic opioids paradoxically induce pain (e.g. opioid induced hyperalgesia) [38, 39]. It 
therefore follows that neuropathic pain is exacerbated and prolonged by opioid 
repeated/chronic treatment [16, 28, 29]. In addition, recycling of opioid receptor upon 
activation by opiate drugs (e.g. morphine) is profoundly distorted in neurons such that 
the intracellular opiate-receptor interaction is substantially prolonged [40]. Taken 
together, these reports suggest non-opioid compounds may provide substantially better 
therapeutic benefit than opiate drugs. Therefore, the long-term goal of this proposal is to 
identify non-opioid drugs that harness endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms 
resulting in the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 providing a 
novel approach to treat chronic pain in people while lacking potential for addictive side 
effects. 
Pramipexole: FDA approved drugs that demonstrate an excellent safety profile in 
humans while also demonstrating the above-noted anti-inflammatory profile could be 
explored as repurposed drugs for non-opioid pain therapeutics. One such 
compound that satisfies this profile is pramipexole, which is now documented to reduce 
inflammation in several preclinical animal models of peripheral inflammatory pain [41]. 
While this study did not examine rodent pain behaviors, the classic hallmarks of hindpaw 
edema and neutrophil accumulation were assessed, with pramipexole significantly 
blunting these inflammatory processes. In a separate study examining brain 
inflammatory cytokines in mice following low-dose LPS inflammation, IL-1 mRNA levels 
were blunted following treatment with pramipexole [42]. Pramipexole is well-documented 
as a preferred dopamine-2/3 (D2/D3) receptor agonist that is FDA approved for 
alleviating movement disorders in Parkinson Disease and for treating restless leg 
syndrome, with modest therapeutic outcomes [43-48]. Therefore, based on the 
documented safety profile of pramipexole, we propose to explore whether it exerts anti-
inflammatory (anti- IL-1beta actions) resulting in therapeutic pain suppression in people. 
 
2.2. Preliminary data. 
All experiments in this phase will be performed at the Center for Molecular Discovery 
(Dr. Sklar, co-I and Director of this core) using the human monocytic leukemia cell line, 
THP-1. This cell line is routinely used in the core facility to examine drug effects on the 
TLR4-NLP3-IL-1 pathway by quantifying dose-dependent effects on IL-1 protein 
release. Upon stimulation by LPS, these cells can provide a reliable indication of specific 
TLR4-NLRP3 activation as measured by the production of the adaptor protein apoptosis-
associated speck-like protein (ASC) and IL-1 release [49]. Additionally, THP-1 cells 
activate upon adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which signal to cells as a DAMP [28, 49]. 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 6 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
It is important to note that following TLR4 activation by PAMPs, DAMPs or opioids, 
subsequent phosphorylation of protein kinases p-p38 and p65 and nuclear factor kB 
(NFkB), generates NLRP3 inflammasome complex formation required for IL-1 
transcription and production [50]. 
Figure 2 demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing THP-1 (human myeloid cells) upon 
stimulation as a cellular screen to examine the suppression of cellular activation, as 
measured by a reduction in IL-1 following drug application. Other reports show that 
following LPS stimulation, Alprostadil, also known as prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), reduces 
NF-KB activity and spinal proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 and TNF production [51, 52]. 
In the current pilot data provided Dr. Sklar (co-Investigator), THP-1 stimulated cells with 
LPS reveal an Alprostadil dose-dependent reduction in IL-1. Conversely, examination 
of Resveratrol, a drug that is characterized to act at the integrin V receptor to induce 
phagocytosis [53], generates a distinctly different profile of IL-1 release from THP-1 
cells. While Resveratrol is characterized to induce the anti-inflammatory related nuclear 
receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR) [54], increased IL-
1 is observed above levels induced by LPS stimulation (red triangle) suggesting higher 
doses may be inducing general increases in transcriptional activity, a known function of 
PPAR. As such, the pattern of THP1 activation in response to drug in the presence of 
stimulation can be used to indicate pramipexole-dependent actions in reducing the 
TLR4-NLRP3- IL-1 inflammatory pathway. As depicted in Figure 1, PAMPs and 
DAMPS can be applied to stimulate TLR4-NLRP3. Therefore, LPS and the DAMP, high 
mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) will be used to stimulate THP-1 cells. HMGB1 is relevant 
to the proposed study because it is released from damaged nerve terminals in the spinal 
cord and characterized to mediate persistent pain [55]. 
 
Figure 3: Based on evidence demonstrating general anti-inflammatory effects of 
pramipexole (reduced IL-1 production, neutrophil accumulation and edema formation), 
a pilot study was performed in mice to examine the effects of an intravenous injection of 
pramipexole on pathological light touch sensitivity in a model of peripheral sciatic 
neuropathy.  A widely-used and well-characterized rodent model of peripheral 
neuropathy was applied by loose ligation of 3 chromic gut sutures around one sciatic 
nerve (chronic constriction injury; CCI) that leads to hindpaw sensitivity to light touch, 
clinically referred to as allodynia. Allodynia is a hallmark of pathological sensory 
processing and is frequently a problem in pain patients. In this figure, compared to sham 
(no surgery) controls with vehicle or pramipexole treatment, mice with CCI and i.v. 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 7 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
vehicle/placebo treatment reveal stable allodynia (light touch responses from 0.023 – 
0.068 g) throughout the timecourse (white squares). Conversely, those mice with CCI 
followed by i.v. pramipexole reveal a profound reversal from allodynia (0.5 or 5.0 ug; 
blue or red triangle, respectively) with allodynia returning by 24 hrs after drug injection in 
keeping with the reported half-life of pramipexole [43, 48]. These data support the 
exploration of pramipexole as a possible inhibitor of the TLR4-NLRP3-IL-1 pathway, 
and as such, a possible chronic pain therapeutic that is already FDA-approved for the 
treatment of other clinical conditions (explored in Phase II of the current proposal). 
 
 
 
2.3. Additional Background and Rationale   
A growing body of evidence supports that repeated opioid exposure triggers TLR4-
NLRP3-IL-1 activation and release, which may underlie the development of opioid-
induced prolongation of pain and hyperalgesia [16, 28, 29, 39]. THP1 cells are 
characterized to respond to opioid stimulation by potentiating NFkB [56], and naloxone, 
a known antagonist at the mu opioid receptor, also blocks TLR4 activation [17, 33-35]. 
Indeed, naloxone prevents LPS-induced NLRP3 complex formation (NLRP3 + ASC) in 
THP-1 cells [49]. Results from these experiments could lead to (a) further support that 
pramipexole is a viable alternative to opioid as a pain therapeutic, and/or (b) co-
administration of opioid compounds with pramipexole. The implications are far reaching.  
To capture TLR4 immune cell activation by distinct mechanisms, PAMPs, DAMPs or 
opioids, THP-1 cells will be stimulated with either LPS, HMGB1 (a DAMP) or an opioid 
compound (either beta-endorphins or morphine). Increasing doses of pramipexole will be 
given, and levels of IL-1 will be analyzed. In addition, cell supernatant and lysates will 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 8 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
be collected to evaluate protein and mRNA for TLR4, p38, NFkB, NLRP3, Caspase-1, 
which is an enzyme activated only after NLRP3 complex formation with ASC that is 
required for mature IL-1 release, as well as the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1, TNF-
 and HMGB1, and IL-10  
 
 
3. Study Design 
3.1. This is a proof-of-concept randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. 
 
3.2. Describe blinding, if applicable.  
 
All subjects will pick up the allotted capsules from the UNMH Clinical Pharmacy 
that will dispense either pramipexole or placebo. A randomization table will determine 
which subject will receive pramipexole or placebo.  
 
4. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 
 
4.1. Recruitment of Subjects and Inclusion 
 
Subjects who qualify for inclusion will be those potential subjects identified by Dr. 
Koshkin being seen at the UNM Pain Clinic who are experiencing pain with “suboptimal” 
pain relief (defined as discussed below in this section) by standard pain treatment. A 
randomization table for all subjects receiving pramipexole vs. placebo will be generated 
such that the Clinical Research Coordinator will use as a template when dispensing drug 
at the time of consent. All types of chronic pain will be considered, and thus, specific 
types of chronic pain will not be part of the inclusion or exclusion criteria. Non-English, 
Spanish speaking subjects will be included. Adults 18 yrs. or older will be included. 
Women who are not post-menopausal or have not undergone an 
oophorectomy/hysterectomy will be excluded. 
 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 9 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
Initial screening will occur at the time when Dr. Koshkin is evaluating the patient in the 
pain clinic. The Electronic Medical Record database is up-to-date and will be viewed at 
the time of the clinical evaluation. Data that will be evaluated and collected are: sex, 
weight, height, age, race/ethnicity, years post-menopausal, prior 
oophorectomy/hysterectomy, years under pain treatment, pain diagnosis (etiology), and 
type of insurance.   
At the time Dr. Koshkin is evaluating a patient that meets the inclusion criteria, 3 
standardized questions will be asked:  
(1) Are you happy with the amount of pain relief so far?  
(2) Would you like to try something else to improve your pain relief?  
(3) Are you able to do everything you want to do with the current treatment?  
 
At this time, systemized exclusion criteria will be evaluated as noted in the table below.  
 
 
 
Based on the Electronic Medical Record, Dr. Koshkin will have access to information 
regarding prior history of renal impairment. If Dr. Koshkin suspects the possible presence 
of renal impairment, a blood panel will be evaluated prior to potential patient 
participation. 
As indicated in the Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria table, Patients with Parkinson’s Disease 
or patients who are taking prescription medications that act as dopamine agonists are 
excluded from the study. 
 
Note that only those patients who are pregnant will be excluded. A pregnancy test at the 
time of enrollment and at mid-term (end of 2 weeks of the 4 week study) when subjects 
check in with the Clinical Research Coordinator. The second pregnancy test will act to 
mitigate risks of false negative pregnancy test results at the time of enrollment..  
 
4.2. children, a particular racial or ethnic group, etc. and provide justification. 
We will attempt to enroll an equal number of males and females. There are no race- or 
ethnic specific questions in this protocol. However, in an attempt to include a balanced 
approach for enrolling non-Caucasian and Caucasian populations participating in this 
clinical trial, approximately 50% of the study subjects will make up these two 
populations. An attempt to enroll African American and Native American (American 
Indian) populations that will make up the remaining 50% of the study population will be 
planned to reflect the unique cultural and ethnic diversity of Albuquerque. A review of 
this targeted enrollment progress in this area will be made quarterly, and if minority 
recruitment is not meeting expectations by the end of the 2nd quarter, further guidance 
from the CTSC will be utilized. 
 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 10 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
Diverse socioeconomic backgrounds will also be an important factor for inclusion.  The 
UNM Clinical Neuroscience Center serves a diverse population, and recruitment will 
occur among all represented groups.   
 
INCLUSION OF CHILDREN 
 
This research study will include only individuals 18 years of age and older because 
chronic pain is rare in pediatric populations.  The mechanism underlying its development 
is not typically expressed until adulthood.  Any pediatric chronic pain cases encountered 
are thus likely to have a substantial idiopathic component.  This factor along with the 
small sample would make results interpretation difficult or impossible for pediatric 
patients. 
 
“Suboptimal pain relief/ scores” is vague because the Brief Pain Inventory address two 
discrete aspects of pain: (1) pain severity and (2) pain interference that are subjectively 
evaluated (Tan, Jensen et al. 2004, Walton, Beattie et al. 2016). The scores obtained from 
aspects of the scale (items 1-6) that evaluate pain severity and the quality of the pain 
(burning vs. aching) focuses on current or recent pain. However, the scores obtained from 
aspects that target affective and physical interference (item 9 with 7 subscales) of pain 
experience and provides a more complete evaluation of issues surrounding quality of life 
that are frequently (but not always) considered more critical to patient’s pain experience. 
Item #8 of the pain scale (“In the past 24 hours, how much pain relief have pain 
treatments or medications provided? Please circle the percentage that most shows how 
much relief you have received”) targets the key issue of “suboptimal” pain relief, but 
only in the past 24 hrs, and provides a “snapshot” of the patient’s chronic pain relief. 
Therefore, while it may seem to oversimplify the patient’s level of pain relief, patient 
scores 5 or greater on most items in the Brief Pain Inventory will be considered 
“suboptimal”.  
  
5. Number of Subjects 
5.4. All subjects will be recruited from the UNMH outpatient population from the 
UNMH Pain Center. 
5.5. The target sample size is 30 subjects with complete data.  The investigators may 
recruit up to 45 patients to allow for any dropouts.  
5.6. All subject recruited will participate. There will be no screening after 
recruitment. 
 
6. Study Timelines 
6.4. Describe: 
 The duration the subject will participate in the study is 4 weeks 
 The duration anticipated to enroll all subjects may require 10-11 months 
 The expected duration for the investigators to complete the study analyses will 
be 12 months, with most of the analysis occurring in  the final months 11-12. 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 11 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
7. Study Endpoints 
7.4. The primary endpoint is the paper-and-pencil survey, the Brief Pain Inventory.  
The secondary study endpoints will be mRNA and protein analysis from blood 
samples provided at the initiation and terminal of the study. 
7.5. Safety endpoints of the study will include the following: (1) Worsening of pain 
score or increased verbal dissatisfaction with pain relief, (2) sudden onset of 
sleep without warning, (3) intense urges, (4) hallucinations and/or psychotic-like 
behaviors, (5) fever, and (6) orthostatic hypotension. While the patients who 
experience these adverse events, dosing with pramipexole will require a 50% 
step-wise reduction over a period of two weeks. Given the maximal allowable 
dose is 0.75 mg, this prescribed step-wise reduction is well within the 
manufacturer’s recommended tapering of pramipexole, which the recommended 
dose reduction is 0.375 per day.  
7.6. No exploratory endpoint are in the current study. 
8. Research Setting 
8.4. Patients interested in participating in the study will be gided by a Clinical 
Research Coordinator who will collect information from the Brief Pain Inventory 
(short form) questionnaire and will also collect and store a blood sample for 
assay at the termination of the project period. 
8.5. All patients will be recruited from the UNMH Pain clinic and examined by Dr. 
Koshkin (co-I). 
8.6.  All research procedures will be conducted in the CTSC clinical laboratory. All 
analytics will be conducted in the Center for Molecular Drug Discovery, a CTSC 
translational lab directed by Dr. Sklar (co-I). 
8.7. A community advisory board will not be involved 
8.8. No research will be conducted outside of UNMH and UNM-CTSC 
9. Resources Available 
9.4. The PI and study staff have received training for clinical trials. Dr. Milligan 
(PhD) is a basic scientist conducting the cell assays and interpreting the data 
results. Dr. Sklar(PhD)  is a basic scientist directing the CTSC core for 
conducting the cell assays and interpreting the resultant data. Dr. Petersen (PhD) 
is a statistician and familiar with clinical trials designs, and Dr. Koshkin (MD) is 
a physician who specialized in pain treatment at the UNMH Pain Clinic.    
9.5. Dr. Koshkin, MD will be responsible for medical decision-making and ordering 
and evaluation of necessary diagnostics and therapeutics.  
9.6. Dr. Koshkin treats 15-30 patients daily at the UNMH Pain Clinic.  With this high 
access to patients, the goal of enrolling 30 patients during an 11 month period is 
predicted to be very feasible.  
All 30 recruited patients will be needed with no further screening. 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 12 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
An estimated 6 hrs per patient will be devoted to consent, completing surveys, 
blood draw, scheduling and dispensing the pramipexole or placebo by the 
Clinical Research Coordinator. 
 The facilities used will be at the CTSC where consent, enrollment, scheduling 
visits, obtaining blood samples, completion of the Brief Pain Inventory 
survey, dispensing drugs at initiation and at midterm (end of week 2,) and 
collecting unused drug at termination. For the biological assays from human 
cell lines or from blood samples, the clinical laboratory arm of the CTSC, 
Center for Molecular Drug Discovery, will be used. 
 The availability of medical and/or psychological resources that subjects might 
need as a result of an anticipated consequences of the human research will be 
avaialve by Dr. Koshkin or by referral from Dr. Koshkin. The anticipated 
consequences of the research will be (1) improved pain relief, (2) no change in 
pain relief, or (3) a worsening of pain. Dr. Koshkin will continue to monitor 
patients after the study is terminated, as these patients will continue to receive 
outpatient care from the pain clinic. 
 All persons assisting with the research will have group meetings once every 3 
months in the conference room in the Dept of Anesthesiology. Goals of each 
meeting will include research progress updates, preliminary findings of the 
pain scores derived from the Brief Pain Inventory, problems or unanticipated 
adverse events, how these adverse events were managed, and action items for 
continued progress or needed to adjust to potential changes. Dr. Koshkin will 
provide updates on his clinical observations from his pain patients, Dr. Sklar 
will provide updates with regard to progress or impediments of cell assays, 
Dr. Milligan will provide a summary of data collected from the cell based 
assay from Phase I (Specific Aim I) and Dr. Petersen will provide input for 
preparation of  appropriate statistical analysis, manuscript preparation and 
future NIH NIDA grant preparation should the data support the research 
hypothesis.   
 If CTSC resources are being accessed, the signed CTSC resources attachment 
must be uploaded on the CTSC Submission page in Click. 
10. Prior Approvals 
10.4. A waiver from IND from the FDA will not be required because pramipexole is 
FDA-approved for other indications (Restless Legs Syndrome, Parkinson’s 
Disease), with no contraindications and no change in recommended dosing and 
route of delivery, and no increased risk to subjects. 
10.5. The required Departmental Review Form signed by PIs Department Chair has 
been added.  
10.6. N/A 
10.7. The package insert for pramipexole hs been attached.   
11. Multi-Site Research 
11.4. This is not a multi-site study. 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 13 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
 
12. Study Procedures  
 
The goal of Phase II will be to determine the therapeutic benefit of pramipexole for pain, 
which is a repurposing of this FDA-approved drug with a good safety profile. In 
collaboration with Dr. Koshkin (co-I at UNMH Pain Clinic), patients from the UNM pain 
clinic will be recruited who are experiencing modest or suboptimal pain relief. The patient 
will meet the CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator, who will escort the patient to the 
Clinical Research Lab. At the time, an explanation of the study, consent, the Brief Pain 
Inventory survey will be completed, blood draw and Clincard will be given to the patient 
($15/visit). Scheduling for the midterm visit to the CTSC (at the end of two weeks) will be 
determined. At the time of consent, all patients will be under standard pain treatment and 
will be randomized into two groups: (1) patients receiving pramipexole in addition to their 
standard ongoing pain treatment, or (2) no pramipexole but will continue to receive the 
standard pain treatment. Patients will be followed up in the morning at weekly intervals 
to provide pain scores either by phone (for week 1 and 3), or by return visit (for end of 
week 2 and at the end of week 4) until study termination which is at the end of week 4.. 
At the initiation of the study and at the end of 4 weeks, blood will be collected and 
analyzed for mRNA for TLR4, p38, NFkB, NLRP3-ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1, TNF-, 
HMGB1, and IL-10. The dose and route of administration of pramipexole will be identical 
to that previously approved for the treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome and according 
to manufacturer’s recommended prescribing protocol (Mirapex, Boehringer Ingelheim 
Int. GmbH). Briefly, oral dosage will be titrated each week to achieve a weekly total daily 
dose of 0.125 (mg), 0.250, 0.5 or 0.750. Patients will take one capsule containing 
pramipexole of placebo 2-3 hours before bedtime.   
 
Patient recruitment, assessment of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI):  Pain scores and blood 
draws will be conducted at the CTSC Participant Clinical Interactions Unit with the CTSC 
Clinical Research Coordinator. Blood samples collected by the CTSC Clinical Research 
Coordinator will be analyzed at the Center for Molecular Discovery by personnel from Dr. 
Milligan’s lab, trained by personnel from the Center for Molecular Drug Discovery 
(Director; Dr. Sklar, co-I). Personnel from the Milligan lab  have expertise in inflammatory 
marker analysis from PBMCs [57, 58]. All freshly collected blood samples will be frozen 
and stored by the Clinical Research Coordinator at the CTSC Clinical Laboratory and will 
be transported to the Center for Molecular Drug Discovery once ALL of the samples for 
the study (all 30 patients) have been collected. This is to allow for assay to be conducted 
at the same time to avoid potential effect of ‘time of assay’ that may impact data. 
 
All subjects will therefore meet with the CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator for a total 
of 3 times; at the initiation of the study, at mid-term when the second batch of drug is 
dispensed and unused drug is returned, and at termination for a second and final blood 
draw and providing all completed Brief Pain Inventory surveys (5/patient).  At the 
termination of the study, patients will turn in their paper copies of the Brief Pain 
Inventory questionnaire completed for each week of the study (total 4 weeks). Original 
data records are important to demonstrate all necessary physical documentation of the 
study. 
 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 14 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
Pramipexole: FDA approved drugs that demonstrate an excellent safety profile in 
humans while also demonstrating the above-noted anti-inflammatory profile could be 
explored as repurposed drugs for non-opioid pain therapeutics. One such 
compound that satisfies this profile is pramipexole, which is now documented to reduce 
inflammation in several preclinical animal models of peripheral inflammatory pain [41]. 
While this study did not examine rodent pain behaviors, the classic hallmarks of hindpaw 
edema and neutrophil accumulation were assessed, with pramipexole significantly 
blunting these inflammatory processes. In a separate study examining brain 
inflammatory cytokines in mice following low-dose LPS inflammation, IL-1 mRNA levels 
were blunted following treatment with pramipexole [42]. Pramipexole is well-documented 
as a preferred dopamine-2/3 (D2/D3) receptor agonist that is FDA approved for 
alleviating movement disorders in Parkinson Disease and for treating restless leg 
syndrome, with modest therapeutic outcomes [43-48]. Therefore, based on the 
documented safety profile of pramipexole, we propose to explore whether it exerts anti-
inflammatory (anti- IL-1 actions) resulting in therapeutic pain suppression in people. 
Our overarching hypothesis is that pramipexole will control clinical pain by suppressing 
the activation of the TLR4-NLRP3-IL-1 pathway and prevent IL-1 release from 
peripheral immune cells. These findings have provided the current impetus to examine 
pain therapeutic drugs targeting immune-related factors either upstream or downstream 
of IL-1 signaling. 
 
Below is a table and brief description of the planned dispensing pattern. The goal for 
patients is to achieve improved pain control which will be a score 3 points lower on the 
BPI scale. However, in some subjects, a requirement of titrating dose-increases will be 
needed to achieve improved pain control.   
Week 1 
1 Red at 0.125mg/day 
 
Week 2 
1 Red at 0.125 mg/day OR 2 Red to achieve 0.250 mg/day. 
 
Week 3 
1 Red at 0.125 mg/day OR 1 green at 0.250 mg/day OR 2 green to achieve 0.5 mg/day. 
 
Week 4 
1 Red at 0.125 mg/day  OR 2 Red at 0.125 mg/day to achieve 0.250/day, OR  1 green at 
0.250 mg/day  OR 2 green to achieve 0.5 mg/day, OR 3 green to achieve 0.750 mg/day. 
 
 
 
Week 1 
Week 2 
Pills 
needed/ 
Dispense 
@ 
enrollment 
visit 
Week 3 
Week 4 
Pills 
needed/ 
Dispense 
at midterm 
 
Scenario 1 
1 Red 
1 Red 
14 Red 
1 Red 
1 Red 
14 Red 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 15 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
Scenario 2 
1 Red 
1 Red 
14 Red 
1 Red 
2 Red 
21 Red 
Scenario 3 
1 Red 
2 Red 
21 Red 
1 Green 
1 Green 
14 Green 
Scenario 4 
1 Red 
2 Red 
21 Red 
1 Green 
2 Green 
21 Green 
Scenario 5 
1 Red 
2 Red 
21 Red 
2 Green 
2 Green 
28 Green  
Scenario 6 
1 Red 
2 Red 
21 Red 
2 Green 
3 Green 
35 Green 
 
Yellow highlight indicates number of pills at Dispense time. 
1st Dispense (week 1) 
 
21 Red pills 
 
2nd Dispense (week 3) 
 
Either 21 Red pills (week 3 subject still at 1 Red) 
 
OR 
35 Green pills (any other scenario) 
 
 
 
13. Data Analysis 
Experimental Design for Phase I (Aim I). The goal of these experiments is to examine 
the specific anti-inflammatory mechanisms of pramipexole on PAMP, DAMP and opioid 
stimulated immune cells, THP-1 cells will be used. 
  
A growing body of evidence supports that repeated opioid exposure triggers TLR4-
NLRP3-IL-1 activation and release, which may underlie the development of opioid-
induced prolongation of pain and hyperalgesia [16, 28, 29, 39]. THP1 cells are 
characterized to respond to opioid stimulation by potentiating NFkB [56], and naloxone, 
a known antagonist at the mu opioid receptor, also blocks TLR4 activation [17, 33-35]. 
Indeed, naloxone prevents LPS-induced NLRP3 complex formation (NLRP3 + ASC) in 
THP-1 cells [49]. Results from these experiments could lead to (a) further support that 
pramipexole is a viable alternative to opioid as a pain therapeutic, and/or (b) co-
administration of opioid compounds with pramipexole. The implications are far reaching.  
To capture TLR4 immune cell activation by distinct mechanisms, PAMPs, DAMPs or 
opioids, THP-1 cells will be stimulated with either LPS, HMGB1 (a DAMP) or an opioid 
compound (either beta-endorphins or morphine). Increasing doses of pramipexole will be 
given, and levels of IL-1 will be analyzed. In addition, cell supernatant and lysates will 
be collected to evaluate protein and mRNA for TLR4, p38, NFkB, NLRP3, Caspase-1, 
which is an enzyme activated only after NLRP3 complex formation with ASC that is 
required for mature IL-1 release, as well as the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1, TNF-
 and HMGB1, and IL-10  
Statistical Analysis. The experimental design is 2 (vehicle vs. drug) X 4 (TLR4 
stimulants) X 6 (doses of pramipexole), and therefore will require a 3-way repeated 
measure ANOVA (using IBM SPSS Statistics version 24 (IBM; RRID:SCR_002865). All 
biological wells will be conducted in triplicate. 
 
Experimental Design for Phase II (Aim II). At the time of consent, all patients will be 
under standard pain treatment and will be randomized into two groups:  (1) patients 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 16 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
receiving pramipexole in addition to their standard ongoing pain treatment, or (2) no 
pramipexole but will continue to receive the standard pain treatment. Patients will be 
followed up in the morning at weekly intervals to provide pain scores by phone for a total 
of 4 weeks. At the initiation of the study and at the end of 4 weeks, blood will be 
collected and analyzed for mRNA for TLR4, p38, NFkB, NLRP3-ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1, 
TNF-, HMGB1, and IL-10. Dr. Escalona from the Dept of Psychiatry at the VA will be a 
consultant, as he is currently using pramipexole to treat depression in pain patients (see 
letter of support), and can provide valuable feedback on interpretation. 
The dose and route of administration of pramipexole will be lower to that previously 
approved for the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease and Restless Legs Syndrome and 
according to manufacturer’s recommended prescribing protocol (Mirapex, Boehringer 
Ingelheim Int. GmbH). Briefly, oral dosage will be titrated each week to achieve effective 
pain control, with increases occurring  at weekly total daily dose of 0.125 (mg), 0.250, 
0.500 mg for weeks 1-2, and 3-4, respectively. The highest daily dose will not exceed 
0.5 mg. Patient recruitment, assessment of BPI pain scores, and blood draws will be 
conducted at the CTSC Participant Clinical Interactions Unit, where monetary 
compensation for participation will also be provided. Blood samples collected by staff at 
the CTSC will be analyzed at the Center for Molecular Discovery by personnel from Dr. 
Milligan’s lab who have expertise in inflammatory marker analysis from PBMCs [57, 58]. 
 
Study drug compounding: Pramipexole and placebo. The following operating procedure 
has been recommended by the UNM Clinical Pharmacist, Susan Kunkel: 
1. Both active and placebo doses will be compounded into capsules. Both types are prepared in 
100-count batches by packing powdered material into empty, usually gelatin-based, capsule 
shells. To make active capsules, a quantity of tablets equal to 100 doses is pulverized and 
then blended with a sufficient quantity of microcrystalline cellulose, a pharmacologically 
inert powder, to fully pack each capsule in the batch. The filler (cellulose) is necessary to 
ensure each capsule contains a uniform dose. Each placebo capsule will be fully and 
uniformly packed with plain microcrystalline cellulose. 
2. Each equivalent active dose will look identical to its corresponding placebo. Because the 
intent of the study is NOT to conceal the timing of dose changes from subjects, it has been 
strongly recommended that different colored capsules for different dose levels (keeping 
active/placebo pairs identically matched, of course) be maintained. Based on prior 
experience, not color-coding dose levels (and similarly placebo) will greatly increase the 
chance for medication errors. Given it is very common for manufactured medications to have 
different colors at different dose levels, most subjects will likely be familiar with this practice. 
The alternative would be for all active capsules to contain 0.125 mg of pramipexole and have 
subjects take more capsules for a higher dose level. Those subjects who end up at the highest 
dose level (0.75mg)  would then have to take three capsules per dose. 
3. IDS' operating hours are Monday through Friday from approximately 8:00 to 4:30, excluding 
UNMH holidays. Dispensing times will occur during these periods. Most days, staffing consists 
of an IDS pharmacy technician (John Cocanower) and an IDS pharmacist. There are two 
trained IDS backup pharmacists (Susan Meoli and Audrey Dettwiller) to cover Susan Kunkel’s 
leave periods. Accordingly, trained IDS staff will be available during the IDS operating hours 
barring rare exceptions when, for example, the IDS pharmacy technician is out on vacation 
and the IDS pharmacist needs leave for a meeting. Dispensing during evenings, nights, 
weekends, and holidays, will not occur. 
 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 17 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
 
 
14. Provisions to Monitor the Data to Ensure the Safety of Subjects 
This section is required when research involves more than Minimal Risk to subjects. 
Describe: 
Contact Information 
Standard procedures, which are comprised of in-person description of the study and 
consent, completion of the Brief Pain Inventory (short form), and electronic 
communication, which is used to track pain scores via phone call on weeks 1 and 3. We 
will identify all subjects with a sequentially assigned subject ID number and subject 
initials. The subject ID number will be utilized for data collection (questionnaires, blood 
specimens, and database entry). To ensure subject confidentiality, no names, social 
security numbers, or UNM pain clinic numbers will be included in any communication 
external to UNM. Names, addresses, telephone numbers, and any other information 
needed for recruitment, study involvement, and tracking will be obtained and maintained 
locally by the study staff (UNM CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator).  All computer files 
and systems will be password protected and accessible by authorized Informatics study 
staff only (CTSC Analyst/Programmer). 
 
 
Data Safety: The risk of breach of confidentiality is considered to be similar or even less 
than a data safety compromise of non-research clinical electronic health records. To 
minimize potential breach of confidentiality, all electronic data will be maintained in a 
password-protected database to which only study staff with a legitimate need will have 
access. All paper documentation will be kept in a secure file cabinet in a locked office. 
The CRC will be responsible for keeping the data in a password protected database with 
hard copies of the BPI kept in a locked file cabinet in the CTSC during the study period. 
Monitoring will occur daily or when needed while enrolling subjects and collecting BPI 
scores. After the study period, Drs. Milligan and Petersen will maintain the study records 
(electronic version of the BPI scores, mRNA and protein analysis from cell-based assays) 
in Dr. Petersen’s office in a password protected databased and hard copies of the BPI 
well be kept in a locked file cabinet in a locked room (Dr. Milligan’s and Dr. Petersen’s 
offices).  
 
Safety Monitoring Plan: 
While there are no contraindications associated with pramipexole, the collection and 
reporting of adverse are as follows: 
 
The collection and reporting of adverse events will occur at: (1) the time of the phone 
conversation at the end of weeks 1 and 3 with the CRC who will collect the Brief Pain 
Inventory scores, (2) at the end of week 2, the time of the mid-term in-person meeting 
with the CRC when the subject will provide the scores of the BPI for that week and will 
pick up drug dispense #2, (3) At the final in-person with the CRC, at the termination of 
the study at week 4, and (4) at any point during the study when the subject calls the CRC 
to report an adverse event or when the subject calls Dr. Koshkin. All adverse events will 
be recorded by the CRC and kept with the subject’s study records. 
 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 18 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
Symptomatic orthostatic hypotension and other adverse reactions will be monitored 
during dose escalation during weeks 1-2, as well as throughout the 4-week study, as part 
of the routine contact with participants.  
 
The HRRC will be notified as per usual rules within five business days after the PI 
becomes aware of any severe adverse events, as defined by the Common Terminology 
Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0, published 11/27/2017 by the National 
Cancer Institute.  The CTCAE defines adverse events of grade 3 or higher as “severe.” 
 
Safety monitoring will occur in two tracks.  In one track, monitoring will occur as part of 
the routine (weekly) study-related contact.  Study personnel will include screening for 
adverse events as noted in the included script.  The PI will be notified promptly of any 
moderate or severe adverse events identified in this screening process.  All screening 
information will be provided to the PI for review in the second track of the monitoring 
procedure, and for entry in a Non-Reportable Log, as appropriate. 
 
The second track of safety monitoring will be an interim review conducted shortly 
(within one week) after enrollment of the 15th participant.  All relevant study information, 
including but not limited to pain and dosage data, any adverse events identified in 
screening (regardless of CTCAE grade), and any direct adverse-event reports to 
investigator Dr. Koshkin, will be included in this review.  PI Dr. Erin Milligan will 
conduct this review with assistance from investigators Dr. Koshkin and Dr. Petersen.  
The HRRC will be notified if adverse events of CTCAE grade ≥2 have been identified in 
three or more patients in the active (pramipexole) arm at the time of this review.  As 
noted above, the HRRC will be notified within five business days of any adverse events 
of grade 3 or higher, regardless of timing with respect to this interim review. 
 
Stopping rules: Enrollment will be at least temporarily suspended if any of the following 
conditions are met: 
 Instructions from the HRRC to suspend or terminate enrollment. 
 A second adverse event of CTCAE grade 3 or higher among study participants.  
As with any first one, this event would be reported to the HRRC. 
 Any event that, in the opinion of the PI, represents substantial unanticipated risk 
(i.e. a risk not included in the FDA pramipexole package insert or consent 
documentation) to study participants. 
After any suspension, enrollment would only be resumed on instructions from the HRRC. 
 
If enrollment is suspended, study-related treatment will continue as normal for any active 
study participants, except in the case of the third (substantial unanticipated risk) bullet 
point above.  If study enrollment is suspended for that reason, participants will be advised 
to taper off or terminate study drug use as soon as possible. 
 
 
Adequacy of Protection Against Risks 
 
A. Recruitment and Informed Consent 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 19 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
 
Recruitment of Subjects 
Subjects who qualify for inclusion will be recruited for the study. Potential subjects will be 
identified by Dr. Koshkin who are experiencing pain with suboptimal pain relief by 
standard pain treatment. A randomization table for all subjects receiving pramipexole vs. 
placebo will be generated such that the Clinical Research Coordinator will use as a 
template when dispensing drug at the time of consent. 
 
B. Protections Against Risk 
 
Confidentiality of Subjects 
Subjects will be assigned a study ID number. Linkage to name and other personal 
identifying information will be kept in a password-protected master database of enrolled 
subjects that will include subject name, date of birth, address, telephone numbers, 
race/ethnicity. The Brief Pain Inventory survey and records will be kept in a locked 
cabinet in a secure room by the CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator and will be 
accessible only to study staff. The computerized study database will only be accessible 
to study personnel using a password-protected system. For this study, we will utilize 
REDCap Survey, a secure, password protected data collection and management tool 
hosted by UNM’s CTSC. Patients will use a study ID number to complete the electronic 
surveys to further ensure patient confidentiality. No personal identifying information will 
be used in data analysis or study reports. Subjects will sign also sign a HIPAA 
authorization as part of the informed consent process. 
Dose escalation risks 
Dose titration will increase by double if efficacy has not been achieved by the end of one 
week at the lower initial dose. A dose of 0.125 mg pramipexole once per night for 1 week 
is initiated for all subjects. At the end of week one, subjects will either increase the dose 
by double, 0.25 mg if pain relief is not satisfactory, or will remain at 0.125 mg if relief is 
satisfactory.  A 2nd titration may occur at the end of week 2, with the dose escalating from 
0.25 mg to 0.75 mg per night. Please see flow chart indicating the ‘Dispensing 
Guideline’, as an illustration. 
 
Safety will be monitored either at the time the CRC asks the subject to provide their 
scores on the Brief Pain Inventory, or when the subject calls Dr. Koshkin reporting 
adverse experiences as indicated in safety endpoints. Upon consent, subjects will be 
instructed to call Dr. Koshkin should any adverse experiences noted in the ‘safety 
endpoints’ occur during the study period. After the study period is terminated, subjects 
will continue to see Dr. Koshkin in follow-up visits as needed.  
 
All risks associated with pramipexole (Mirapex; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals) 
according to the manufacturer are:  
1. Falling asleep during activities of daily living. Sudden onset of sleep may occur without 
warning. Somnolence is a common occurrence in patients receiving pramipexole at doses 
above 1.5 mg/day (0.5 mg three times a day). In controlled clinical trials in Restless Leg 
Syndrome, patients treated with MIRAPEX tablets at doses of 0.25-0.75 mg once a day, 
the incidence of somnolence was 6% compared to an incidence of 3% for placebo-treated 
patients. 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 20 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
2. Symptomatic orthostatic hypotension: Dopamine agonists, in clinical studies and clinical 
experience, appear to impair the systemic regulation of blood pressure, with resulting 
orthostatic hypotension, especially during dose escalation. Despite clear orthostatic 
effects in normal volunteers, the reported incidence of clinically significant orthostatic 
hypotension was not greater among those assigned to pramipexole tablets than among 
those assigned to placebo. 
 
Symptomatic orthostatic hypotension will be monitored during dose escalation during 
weeks 1-2, as well as throughout the 4-week study. Monitoring will occur as detailed in 
“Collection and Reporting of Adverse Events”. 
 
3. Impulse control/Compulsive behaviors: Patients may experience compulsive behaviors and 
other intense urges taking one or more of the medications, including pramipexole, that 
increase central dopaminergic tone and that are generally used for the treatment of 
Parkinson’s disease. For this reason, Parkinson’s Disease patients are not included in this 
study. However, if patients or their caregivers experience increased gambling urges, 
sexual urges, uncontrolled spending or other urges while being treated with pramipexole, 
subjects will be asked to report this to Dr. Koshkin and/or the CRC. Dr. Koshkin will 
consider dose reduction.  
4. Hallucinations and Psychotic-like Behavior: The following symptoms are associated with 
patients with Parkinson’s Disease. In the three double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in 
early Parkinson's disease, hallucinations were observed in 9% (35 of 388) of patients 
receiving pramipexole tablets, compared with 2.6% (6 of 235) of patients receiving 
placebo.  
 
Patients with a major psychotic disorder should ordinarily not be treated with dopamine 
agonists, including pramipexole, because of the risk of exacerbating the psychosis. In 
addition, certain medications used to treat psychosis may exacerbate the symptoms of 
Parkinson’s disease and may decrease the effectiveness of pramipexole. If a subject 
experiences hallucinations while taking pramipexole, pramipexole will be discontinued or 
reduced step-wise, pending the dose. 
5. Dyskinesia: May be caused or exacerbated by pramipexole. 
6. Renal impairment: Since pramipexole is eliminated through the kidneys, caution will be 
exercised in the current study. 
7. Rhabdomyolysis, a condition in which the skeletal muscle rapidly breaks down leading to 
muscle pains, weakness, vomiting and confusion. A single case of rhabdomyolysis 
occurred in a 49-year-old male with advanced Parkinson's disease treated with 
Pramipexole tablets. The patient was hospitalized. The symptoms resolved with 
discontinuation of the medication. 
8. Events reported with dopaminergic therapy: Include hyperpyrexia and confusion, fibrotic 
complications, and melanoma. 
 
Most common adverse reactions (incidence >5% and greater than placebo): 
1. Early PD without levodopa: nausea, dizziness, somnolence, insomnia, constipation, 
asthenia, and hallucinations. 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 21 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
2. Advanced PD with levodopa: postural (orthostatic) hypotension, dyskinesia, 
extrapyramidal syndrome, insomnia, dizziness, hallucinations, accidental injury, dream 
abnormalities, confusion, constipation, asthenia, somnolence, dystonia, gait abnormality, 
hypertonia, dry mouth, amnesia, and urinary frequency. 
3.  RLS: nausea, somnolence, fatigue, and headache 
 
In the event of an adverse event, the HRRC will be notified. An adverse event case report 
from will be completed. The CRC will notify Dr. Koshkin and Dr. Milligan as well as the 
appropriate personnel in the HRRC. It is important to note that a standardized form will 
be used for adverse event reporting. The form will ask the following questions: 
1.Have you experienced any unusual events since you were last seen here? If yes, the 
CRC will probe further and ask: 
2.What exactly did you experience? 
3.  Did you seek treatment for this experience?  
4. Were you given any medications. What was the dose and date started? Are you still 
taking this medication? If no, when did you stop taking this medications? 
and should specifically 
5. Have you been feeling dizzy and have you experienced any falls? 
 
In addition, the opinion of Dr. Koshkin will note on the  adverse event case report from if 
this adverse event was associated with the study drug, pramipexole. 
 
15. Withdrawal of Subjects 
Anticipated circumstances where subjects may be withdrawn from the research 
without their consent may be if their pain scores worsen for longer than a week.  
In the event of early withdrawal, patients will be tapered from 0.5 (if currently taking that 
dosage) to 0.250 for 1 week. However, according to the manufacturer’s (Boehringer 
Ingelheim, Inc) packet information, pramipexole at doses of up to 0.75 once daily can be 
discontinued without taper. 
 
While there are no contraindications associated with pramipexole, the collection and 
reporting of adverse are as follows: 
The collection and reporting of adverse events will occur at: (1) the time of the phone 
conversation at the end of weeks 1 and 3 with the CRC who will collect the Brief Pain 
Inventory scores, (2) at the end of week 2, the time of the mid-term in-person meeting 
with the CRC when the subject will provide the scores of the BPI for that week and will 
pick up drug dispense #2, (3) At the final in-person with the CRC, at the termination of 
the study at week 4, and (4) at any point during the study when the subject calls the CRC 
to report an adverse event or when the subject calls Dr. Koshkin. All adverse events will 
be recorded by the CRC and kept with the subject’s study records. 
 
See actions upon evidence of symptomatic orthostatic hypotension above (Section 14, 
“Provisions to monitor the data to ensure the safety of subjects”), and other adverse 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 22 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
reactions will be monitored during dose escalation during weeks 1-2, as well as 
throughout the 4-week study. Monitored will occur as detailed in “Collection and 
Reporting of Adverse Events”.  
 
16. Data Management/Confidentiality 
16.4. 
Data will be shared only among the study team members. Data will not be 
shared to an external source. 
16.5. 
To minimize potential breach of confidentiality, all electronic data will be 
maintained in a password-protected database to which only CTSC study staff 
with a legitimate need will have access. All paper documentation will be kept in 
a secure file cabinet in a locked office in the CTSC or in Drs. Milligan or 
Petersen’s office at UNMH.  
17. Data and Specimen Banking 
Blood samples will be banked locally only for the study period. All unused blood 
samples will be destroyed at the termination data of the study, which is 1 year after 
the study period begins. 
 
Potential Risks 
 
This study includes multiple elements designed to reduce the risk for the subject. For 
example, the lowest recommended dose for the study drug, Pramipexole is being 
used, with a careful monitoring of escalating dosages if needed to achieve pain 
suppression. Potential research risks to the subjects in this study include those 
associated with answering questions on the Brief Pain Inventory and blood draws 
(conducted twice; once at the initiation of the study and at the termination of the 
study). 
 
1. Discomfort Answering Questionnaires: The subject may feel uncomfortable 
answering questions regarding their symptoms and quality of life, or may feel 
encumbered by the number of questions asked in the survey instrument. The 
number and content of the questions to be included have been carefully 
considered in order to minimize subject burden. 
2. Blood Draws: Subjects may suffer pain, discomfort, or bruising from the daily 
blood draws. 
3. Pediatric Use: Subject under 18 years will be excluded 
4. Geriatric Use: Pramipexole total oral clearance is approximately 30% lower in 
subjects older than 65 years compared with younger subjects, because of a decline 
in pramipexole renal clearance due to an age-related reduction in renal function. 
The resultant increase in elimination half-life from approximately 8.5 hours to 12 
hours. In clinical studies with Restless Legs Syndrome patients, 22% of patients 
were at least 65 years old, and no apparent differences in efficacy or safety 
between older and younger patients was observed. 
5. Renal Impairment: Patients with renal impairment will be excluded.  


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 23 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
 
Pramipexole (a.k.a. Mirapex) vs. Placebo: will be taken orally by capsule (2-3 hours 
before bedtime, with an initial starting dose of 0.125 mg /day for 1 week, and 
increased to 0.25 mg/day beginning the second week if pain relief remains 
suboptimal. Maximal doses of up to 0.75 mg/day for weeks 3 and/or 4 will be taken 
as needed to achieve maximal pain relief.  The recommended doses and titration steps 
are derived from the manufacturer (Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc) for 
treating Restless Legs Syndrome. Pramipexole is predicted to be well tolerated in the 
current pilot study because the dose range is much lower (by 60%) than documented 
doses noted as well-tolerated (1.5 to 4.5 mg/day). 
 
Adverse reactions occur at doses greater than 0.75 mg/day. However, the following 
precautions will be discussed: patients may have the potential to develop drowsiness 
and an increased risk for somnolence with Pramipexole tablets may occur when also 
using sedating medications or alcohol, or if there is the presence of sleep disorders.  
 
Drug Interactions: Dopamine antagonist drugs may diminish the effect of 
pramipexole. 
Contraindication: None. 
 
 
 
18. Potential Benefits to Subjects 
Potential Benefits of the Proposed Research to Human Subjects and Others 
There is potential direct benefit of the proposed research to the study subjects. The 
benefit may come from the treatment of pramipexole for improving pain conditions. 
The benefit to others will be a possible new approach using a non-opioid drug 
‘repurposed’ for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Further, the application of 
pramipexole for pain treatment has the potential of rapid clinical application because 
the compound is FDA-approved with a very good safety profile.  
 
19. Recruitment Methods 
Recruitment of Subjects 
Subjects who qualify for inclusion will be recruited for the study. Potential subjects 
will be identified by Dr. Koshkin who are experiencing pain with suboptimal pain relief 
by standard pain treatment. A randomization table for all subjects receiving 
pramipexole vs. placebo will be generated such that the Clinical Research 
Coordinator will use as a template when dispensing drug at the time of consent. 
 
20. Provisions to Protect the Privacy Interests of Subjects 
 
Confidentiality of Subjects 
Subjects will be assigned a study ID number. Linkage to name and other personal 
identifying information will be kept in a password-protected master database of enrolled 
subjects that will include subject name, date of birth, address, telephone numbers, 
race/ethnicity. The Brief Pain Inventory survey and records will be kept in a locked 
cabinet in a secure room by the CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator and will be 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 24 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
accessible only to study staff. The computerized study database will only be accessible 
to study personnel using a password-protected system. For this study, we will utilize 
REDCap Survey, a secure, password protected data collection and management tool 
hosted by UNM’s CTSC. Patients will use a study ID number to complete the electronic 
surveys to further ensure patient confidentiality. No personal identifying information will 
be used in data analysis or study reports. Subjects will sign also sign a HIPAA 
authorization as part of the informed consent process. 
 
21. Economic Burden to Subjects 
The anticipated burden to subjects will be transportation to the CTSC to visit 
the CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator at mid-term and the termination of the 
study. No study-related burden is anticipated upon consent and initiation, as the 
subject will be seeing Dr. Koshkin at the UNMH Pain Clinic at a self-initiated 
doctor’s visit.  
Research Procedures 
Number of 
Samples/Procedures 
Responsible Party 
Study 
3rd Party Payer 
or Participant 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
Standard of Care Procedures 
Number of 
Samples/Procedures 
Responsible Party 
Study 
3rd Party Payer 
or Participant 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
      
      
 
 
 
Subjects will NOT be charged for investigational drugs. 
No financial related adverse events are anticipated as a result of participating in 
the study. 
 
22. Compensation 
Subjects will be compensated for their participation in the study via a ClinCard 
provided to the subject by the Clinical Research Coordinator. Subjects will be 
compensated $15/visit to a total of 3 visits. We predict each visit will be 
approximately 1hr on the first visit, a 30 min for the following two visits to ask 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 25 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
questions if any, provide a completed Brief Pain Inventory Survey  and blood draw at 
the initiation and termination. We do not consider the amount of time that each 
subject is devoting to the study a full compensation of their effort. However, the 
compensation amount is considered to be an expression of appreciation of their 
participation. 
 
23. Compensation for Research-Related Injury 
This research project involves minimal risk to the subjects. However, If you are 
injured or become sick as a result of this study, UNMHSC will provide you 
with emergency treatment, at your cost  
24. Consent Process 
Consent will be obtained by the CTSC Clinical Research coordinator at the CTSC. 
obtaining consent, and if so describe: 
Each subject will be informed at the time of consent:  
Subject name and other identifying information will be maintained in locked files, 
available only to authorized members of the research team, for the duration of the 
study. For any information entered into a computer, the only identifier will be a 
unique study identification (ID) number.  Any personal identifying information and 
any record linking that information to study ID numbers will be destroyed 3 years 
after the study completion. Information resulting from this study will be used for 
research purposes and may be published; however, the subject will not be identified 
by name in any publications. 
 
Information from the subject’s participation in this study may be reviewed by the 
investigators only, and by the UNM Human Research Review Committee (HRRC), 
which provides regulatory and ethical oversight of human research. The subject’s 
name will not be used in any published reports about this study. 
 
A discussion with each subject will include ensuring that the subject can withdraw 
from this study at any time without affecting your access to healthcare. 
The investigators may end subject’s participation in this study if determined that it is 
in the subject’s best interest or the study’s best interest to stop subject participation.  
 
Each subject will be informed of their right to withdraw from the study and related 
information. Their authorization for the use and disclosure, within the research team, 
of health information (subject name, date of birth, address, telephone numbers, 
race/ethnicity. The Brief Pain Inventory survey) for this study shall not expire unless 
subject cancels this authorization.  Health information will be used or disclosed 
within the research team as long as it is needed for this study.  Subjects will be 
informed that they may withdraw authorization at any time, but will need to be done 
in writing. 
 
Subjects not fluent in English 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 26 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
English and/or Spanish speaking subjects will be enrolled. Subjects who do not 
understand or have limited fluency in English will have a translator with the 
CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator. Consent documents in Spanish will be 
made available for unanticipated enrollments of persons who don’t understand or 
have limited fluency in English, with translation of the consent document with a 
scheduled translator, also coordinated by the CTSC Clinical Research 
Coordinator.  
An alternative consent from will be prepared in the Spanish language as needed 
and submitted as a modification to the IRB. 
 
Cognitively Impaired Adults/Adults Unable to Consent/Use of a Legally 
Authorized Representative 
Adults unable to consent will not be enrolled in the current pilot study.  
 
Subjects who are not yet adults (infants, children, teenagers) 
Subjects who are <18 yrs. Will be excluded from the study. 
 
Waiver or Alteration of Consent Process (consent will not be obtained, required 
element of consent will not be included, or one or more required elements of 
consent will be altered)  
A waiver of Alteration of Consent Process is not required/applicable.  
 
25. Documentation of Consent 
A consent form to document consent will be used per template from the UNM-HSC. 
It has been attached. .   
 
The study is collecting and/or storing tissue samples. A Tissue Banking Consent 
Form is attached. 
 
26. Study Test Results/Incidental Findings 
Individual Results: The results of the Brief Pain Inventory will be self-evident to 
the subject, and results from the blood samples will be shared with the test 
subjects by the CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator on study termination. The 
findings from these studies will be shared between the team members of the study 
(Milligan, Petersen, Sklar and Koshkin). Pending the results, the work will be 
reported in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.  
 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 27 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
Incidental Findings: Based upon the nature of the research, incidental finding are 
not anticipated.  
  
27. Sharing Study Progress or Results with Subjects 
27.4. The design of the study will not allow for results to be shared with the subjects 
during the course of study. In addition, all of the blood samples will not be 
analyzed until after all subjects have completed the study. A summary of the 
study results will be disclosed at the study termination (end of month 12) via 
written communication and a copy of the manuscript submitted for peer review 
in a science journal.   
27.5. Inclusion of Vulnerable Populations 
27.5.1.1. It is not anticipated that the research will involve subjects who are 
unduly susceptible to coercion other than the desire to achieve full pain 
relief. All of the subjects will review and will provide assurance that 
they fully understand the risks and benefits of participation, and can 
change their mind at any point during the study. 
27.5.2. The research may include students or employees, which the CTSC 
Clinical Research Coordinator will ensure that the study is entirely 
voluntary and confidential, and will not impact expectations and 
ongoing work at UNMH. 
27.5.3.  The research may include economically disadvantaged persons, which 
the CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator will ensure that the study is 
entirely voluntary and will not impact the ongoing treatment that is 
being received from the UNMH Pain Clinic.  
27.5.4. The research may include educationally disadvantaged persons, for 
which the CTSC Clinical Research Coordinator will ensure that the 
Consent form will be read aloud, stopping to ask if there are questions. 
In addition, the CTSC Coordinator will make sure all words that may 
be unfamiliar with the subject will be defined in a manner that the 
subject understands. If the research includes seriously or terminally ill 
patients 
N/A 
27.5.5. If the research involves pregnant women 
N/A 
27.5.6. If the research involves neonates  
N/A 
27.5.7. If the research involves prisoners.   
N/A 
27.5.8. If the research involves persons who have not attained the legal age  


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 28 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
N/A 
27.5.9. If the research involves cognitively impaired adults 
N/A 
28. Community-Based Participatory Research 
28.4.1. Describe involvement of the community in the design and conduct of the 
research.  Members of the community will not be part of the study in the 
capacity of fulfilling key research responsibilities. 
29. Research Involving American Indian/Native Populations 
29.4. Because all subjects will be recruited from the UNMH Pain Clinic based on 
voluntary appointment and treatment by Dr. Koshkin for a routine appointment, 
and the nature of the Brief Pain Inventory, the subject participation is not 
intrusive nor probing sensitive cultural issues related to American Indian/Native 
Populations. However, we do plan to enroll a balanced cultural/racial population 
that attempts to capture the populations in New Mexico. 
 
30. Transnational Research 
Transnational research is not being conducted in this study.  
 
31. Drugs or Devices 
 
Pramipexole of placebo capsules will be dispensed from the UNMH Clinical Research 
Pharmacy and utilizing a randomization table to guide drug condition to each subject. 
Capsules can be stored at room temperature. 
 
Consenting randomized patients will receive either oral pramipexole to be added to 
ongoing routine treatment for chronic pain, or placebo with routine treatment.  Oral 
pramipexole will be administered in capsule once daily dose starting with 0.125 (mg), 
and titrating as needed to 0.25 mg by end of week 1 and/or week 2, and further titrating 
up to 0.75 mg if needed for weeks 3-4. This is the entry-level dose for Restless Legs 
Syndrome without kidney issues.  
 
 
Subject’s 
Final 
dose/day 
Week 1 
Week 2 
Dispense 1 
Final Dose 
Week 3 
Week 4 
Dispense 2 
Final Dose 
 
Scenario 
1 
1Red/ 
0.125MG 
1Red/ 
0.125MG 
14 Red/ 
0.125MG 
1 Red/ 
0.125MG 
1 Red/ 
0.125MG 
14 Red/ 
0.125MG 
Scenario 
2 
1 Red/ 
0.125MG 
1 Red/ 
0.125MG 
14 Red/ 
0.125MG 
1 Red/ 
0.125MG 
2 Red/ 
0.250MG 
21 Red/ 
0.250MG 
Scenario 
3 
1 Red/ 
0.125MG 
2 Red/ 
0.250MG 
21 Red/ 
0.250MG 
1 Green/ 
0.250MG 
1 Green/ 
0.250MG 
14 Green/ 
0.250MG 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 29 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
Scenario 
4 
1 Red/ 
0.125MG 
2 Red/ 
0.250MG 
21 Red/ 
0.250MG 
1 Green/ 
0.250MG 
2 Green/ 
0.500MG 
21 Green/ 
0.500MG 
Scenario 
5 
1 Red/ 
0.125MG 
2 Red/ 
0.250MG 
21 Red/ 
0.250MG 
2 Green/ 
0.500MG 
2 Green/ 
0.500MG 
28 Green/ 
0.500MG  
Scenario 
6 
1 Red/ 
0.125MG 
2 Red/ 
0.250MG 
21 Red/ 
0.250MG 
2 Green/ 
0.500MG 
3 Green/ 
0.750MG 
35 Green/ 
0.750MG 
 
 
 
Pramipexole has a relatively benign side effect profile.  Chronic pain, conversely, 
presents substantial challenges to affected patients’ quality of life.  If it proves effective 
as an adjunct to more routine chronic pain therapy, it will mitigate suffering and 
potentially permit dosage reduction for other medications (e.g. opioids) with more serious 
side effects.  Laboratory evidence indicates that it may also mitigate the unintended 
hyperalgesic and neuroimmune inflammatory consequences of prolonged opioid 
treatment, which paradoxically exacerbate pain.  This knowledge would be of great 
importance in the field of chronic pain treatment. 
 
Adverse reactions occur at doses greater than 0.5 mg/day. However, the following 
precautions will be discussed: patients may have the potential to develop drowsiness and 
an increased risk for somnolence with Pramipexole tablets when also using sedating 
medications or alcohol, or if there is the presence of sleep disorders. Fatigue and/or 
headache may also occur. 
 
Drug Interactions: Dopamine antagonist drugs may diminish the effect of pramipexole. 
Contraindication: None. 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 30 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
Checklist Section 
This section contains checklists to provide information on a variety of topics that require special 
determinations by the IRB.  Please complete all checklists relevant to your research. 
None of the following sections apply to this pilot project. 
 
I. Waivers or Alterations of Consent, Assent, and HIPAA Authorization 
A. Partial Waiver of Consent for Screening/Recruitment 
Complete this checklist if you are requesting a partial waiver of consent so that you 
can review private information to identify potential subjects and/or determine 
eligibility prior to approaching potential subjects for consent or parental permission. 
1. Describe the data source that you need to review (e.g., medical records): 
      
2. Describe the purpose for the review (e.g., screening): 
      
3. Describe who will conducting the reviews (e.g., investigators, research staff): 
      
4. Do all persons who will be conducting the reviews already have permitted 
access to the data source? 
 Yes 
 No. Explain:       
5. Verify that each of the following are true or provide an alternate justification 
for the underlined regulatory criteria: 
a) The activity involves no more than minimal risk to the subjects 
because the records review itself is non-invasive and the results of the 
records review will not be used for any purposes other than those 
described above. 
 True 
 Other justification:       
b) The waiver or alteration will not adversely affect the rights and 
welfare of the subjects because eligible subjects will be approached for 
consent to participate in the research and are free to decline.  Further, 
the information accessed during the records review will not be 
disclosed to anyone without a legitimate purpose (e.g., verification of 
eligibility). 
 True 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 31 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
 Other justification:       
c) The research could not practicably be carried out without the waiver or 
alteration because there is no other reasonably efficient and effective 
way to identify who to approach for possible participation in the 
research.   
 True 
 Other justification:       
d) Whenever appropriate, potentially eligible subjects will be presented 
with information about the research and asked to consider 
participation.  (Regulatory criteria: Whenever appropriate, the 
subjects will be provided with additional pertinent information after 
participation.) 
 True 
 Other justification:       
Partial Waiver of HIPAA Authorization for Screening/Recruitment 
Complete the following additional questions/attestations if the records you will 
review to identify potential subjects and/or determine eligibility include Protected 
Health Information (PHI). 
6. Will you be recording any PHI when conducting the records review to identify 
potential subjects and/or determine eligibility? 
 Yes. Describe:       
 No 
7. If you answered “Yes” to question 6 above, please describe when you will 
destroy identifiers (must be the earliest opportunity consistent with the 
conduct of the research) or provide justification for why they must be 
retained: 
      
8. The PHI accessed or recorded for identification/screening purposes will not be 
reused or disclosed to (shared with) any other person or entity, except as 
required by law, for authorized oversight of the research study, or for other 
research for which the use or disclosure of the PHI would be permitted under 
the Privacy Rule. 
 True 
 False 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 32 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
B. Waiver of Documentation of Consent 
Complete this checklist if you intend to obtain consent verbally but will not be 
obtaining signatures from subjects on a consent form to document consent.  Waivers 
of documentation of consent are commonly requested when using scripts, information 
sheets, or email or survey introductions to present the elements of consent instead of 
using a traditional consent form. 
1. Are you requesting a waiver of documentation of consent for some or all 
subjects? 
 All 
 Some. Explain:       
2. Provide justification for one of the following: 
a) That the only record linking the subject and the research would be the 
consent document and the principal risk would be potential harm 
resulting from a breach of confidentiality. Each subject will be asked 
whether the subject wants documentation linking the subject with the 
research, and the subject's wishes will govern. 
      
b) That the research presents no more than minimal risk of harm to 
subjects and involves no procedures for which written consent is 
normally required outside of the research context. 
      
3. Do you intend to provide subjects with a written statement regarding the 
research in lieu of a traditional consent form? 
 Yes. Please attach a copy to your submission in Click. 
 No 
C. Alteration of Consent 
Complete this checklist if you intend to obtain consent but will be eliminating or 
altering one or more of the required elements of consent. Alterations of consent are 
commonly requested for research involving deception or for minimal risk research 
when an abbreviated consent is desired and one or more of the required element are 
not relevant to the research. 
Note: FDA-regulated research is not eligible for an alteration of consent. 
1. Which element(s) of consent do you wish to eliminate and why? 
      


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 33 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
2. Which element(s) of consent do you wish to alter and why? 
      
3. Provide justification for each of the following regulatory criteria: 
a) The research involves no more than minimal risk to the subjects: 
      
b) The waiver or alteration will not adversely affect the rights and 
welfare of the subjects: 
      
c) The research could not practicably be carried out without the waiver or 
alteration: 
      
d) Whenever appropriate, the subjects will be provided with additional 
pertinent information after participation: 
      
D. Full Waiver of Consent/Parental Permission 
Complete this checklist if you are requesting a full waiver of consent for all subjects 
or certain subject groups (e.g., retrospective cohort).  Full waivers of consent are 
commonly requested when the research does not include any opportunity for 
interaction with subjects (e.g., chart review). 
Note: FDA-regulated research is not eligible for a full waiver of consent using these 
criteria.  If you believe that your FDA-regulated research may be eligible for a waiver 
under another mechanism, such as planned emergency research, contact the HRPO 
for assistance in determining what information to provide to the HRRC. 
1. Are you requesting a waiver for some or all subjects? 
 All 
 Some. Explain:       
2. Provide justification for each of the following regulatory criteria: 
a) The research involves no more than minimal risk to the subjects: 
      
b) The waiver or alteration will not adversely affect the rights and 
welfare of the subjects: 
      


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 34 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
c) The research could not practicably be carried out without the waiver or 
alteration: 
      
d) Whenever appropriate, the subjects will be provided with additional 
pertinent information after participation: 
      
E. Full Waiver of Consent/Parental Permission (Public Benefit or Service 
Programs) 
Complete this checklist if you are requesting a full waiver of consent for all subjects 
or certain subject groups (e.g., retrospective cohort) and the research involves the 
evaluation of a public benefit or service program.   
1. Are you requesting a waiver for some or all subjects? 
 All 
 Some. Explain:       
2. Provide justification for each of the following regulatory criteria: 
a) The research or demonstration project is to be conducted by or subject 
to the approval of state or local government officials and is designed to 
study, evaluate, or otherwise examine: (i) public benefit or service 
programs; (ii) procedures for obtaining benefits or services under those 
programs; (iii) possible changes in or alternatives to those programs or 
procedures; or (iv) possible changes in methods or levels of payment 
for benefits or services under those programs: 
      
b) The research could not practicably be carried out without the waiver or 
alteration. 
      
F. Full Waiver of HIPAA Authorization 
Complete this checklist if you are requesting a full waiver of the requirement to 
obtain HIPAA authorization for all subjects or certain subject groups (e.g., 
retrospective cohort).  Full waivers of HIPAA authorization are commonly requested 
when the research does not include any opportunity for interaction with subjects 
(e.g., chart review). 
1. Are you requesting a waiver of authorization for some or all subjects? 
 All 
 Some. Explain:       


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 35 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
2. Describe your plan to protect health information identifiers from improper use 
and disclosure: 
      
3. Describe your plan to destroy identifiers at the earliest opportunity consistent 
with conduct of the research (absent a health or research justification for 
retaining them or a legal requirement to do so): 
      
4. Describe why the research could not practicably be conducted without the 
waiver or alteration: 
      
5. The PHI accessed or recorded for identification/screening purposes will not be 
reused or disclosed to (shared with) any other person or entity, except as 
required by law, for authorized oversight of the research study, or for other 
research for which the use or disclosure of the PHI would be permitted under 
the Privacy Rule. 
 True 
 False 
G. Other Waiver Types 
If you are seeking another waiver type (e.g., Planned Emergency Research, Waiver of 
Parental Permission to Protect Child Participants, Enforcement Discretion for In 
Vitro Diagnostics, etc. contact the HRPO office for assistance in determining what 
information to submit for the HRRC’s consideration. 
 
II. Vulnerable Populations 
A. Adults with Cognitive Impairments 
Complete this checklist if the subject population will include adults with cognitive 
impairments.   
This checklist does not need to be completed if the research doesn’t involve 
interactions or interventions with subjects and will be conducted under a waiver of 
consent. 
1. Describe why the objectives of the study cannot be met without inclusion of 
adults with cognitive impairments. 
      
2. Describe how capacity to consent will be evaluated. 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 36 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
      
3. If subjects may regain capacity to consent, or if subjects may have fluctuating 
capacity to consent, describe your plans to evaluate capacity to consent 
throughout the research and to obtain consent to continue participation if 
capacity is regained. 
      
4. Describe your plans, if any, to provide information about the research to 
subjects and the steps you will take to assess understanding. 
      
5. Describe your plans to obtain assent, including whether assent will be 
obtained from none, some, or all subjects. 
      
6. Describe why risks to subjects are reasonable in relation to anticipated 
benefits to the subjects. 
      
7. If this study involves a health or behavioral intervention, describe why the 
relation of the anticipated benefit to the risk of the research is at least as 
favorable to the subjects as that presented by alternative procedures. 
      
8. Describe your plans for monitoring the well-being of subjects including any 
plans to withdraw subjects from the research if they appear to be unduly 
distressed. 
      
B. Children 
Complete this checklist if the subject population will include children. 
1. Select the category of research that you believe this research falls within and 
provide justification for any associated criteria.  If there are different 
assessments for different groups of children or arms (e.g., placebo vs. drug), 
include a memo to provide an assessment for each group.   
 Research not involving greater than minimal risk. (Minimal risk means 
that the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated 
in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those 
ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of 
routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.) 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 37 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
 Research involving greater than minimal risk but presenting the 
prospect of direct benefit to the individual subjects. 
Provide justification for each of the following criteria: 
(1) The risk is justified by the anticipated benefit to the subjects: 
      
(2) The relation of the anticipated benefit to the risk is at least as 
favorable to the subjects as that presented by available 
alternative approaches: 
      
 Research involving greater than minimal risk and no prospect of direct 
benefit to individual subjects, but likely to yield generalizable 
knowledge about the subject's disorder or condition. 
Provide justification for each of the following criteria: 
(1) The risk represents a minor increase over minimal risk: 
      
(2) The intervention or procedure presents experiences to subjects 
that are reasonably commensurate with those inherent in their 
actual or expected medical, dental, psychological, social, or 
educational situations: 
      
(3) The intervention or procedure is likely to yield generalizable 
knowledge about the subjects' disorder or condition which is of 
vital importance for the understanding or amelioration of the 
subjects' disorder or condition 
      
C. Pregnant Women and Fetuses 
Complete this checklist if the subject population will include pregnant women and 
fetuses. 
This checklist does not need to be completed if the research is both minimal risk and 
is not conducted, funded, or otherwise subject to regulation by DHHS, DOD, EPA, or 
VA. 
Provide justification for each of the following: 
1. Where scientifically appropriate, preclinical studies, including studies on 
pregnant animals, and clinical studies, including studies on non-pregnant 
women, have been conducted and provide data for assessing potential risks to 
pregnant women and fetuses. 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 38 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
      
2. The risk to the fetus is caused solely by interventions or procedures that hold 
out the prospect of direct benefit for the woman or the fetus; or, if there is no 
such prospect of benefit, the risk to the fetus is not greater than minimal and 
the purpose of the research is the development of important biomedical 
knowledge which cannot be obtained by any other means. 
      
3. Any risk is the least possible for achieving the objectives of the research. 
      
D. Neonates of Uncertain Viability or Nonviable Neonates 
Complete this checklist if the subject population will include neonates of uncertain 
viability. 
Provide justification for each of the following: 
1. Where scientifically appropriate, preclinical and clinical studies have been 
conducted and provide data for assessing potential risks to neonates. 
      
2. Each individual providing consent is fully informed regarding the reasonably 
foreseeable impact of the research on the neonate. 
      
3. Individuals engaged in the research will have no part in determining the 
viability of a neonate. 
      
4. The research holds out the prospect of enhancing the probability of survival of 
the neonate to the point of viability, and any risk is the least possible for 
achieving that objective, or, the purpose of the research is the development of 
important biomedical knowledge which cannot be obtained by other means 
and there will be no added risk to the neonate resulting from the research 
      
E. Nonviable Neonates 
Complete this checklist if the subject population will include nonviable neonates. 
Provide justification for each of the following: 
1. Where scientifically appropriate, preclinical and clinical studies have been 
conducted and provide data for assessing potential risks to neonates. 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 39 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
      
2. Each individual providing consent is fully informed regarding the reasonably 
foreseeable impact of the research on the neonate. 
      
3. Individuals engaged in the research will have no part in determining the 
viability of a neonate. 
      
4. The purpose of the research is the development of important biomedical 
knowledge that cannot be obtained by other means. 
 
      
Verify each of the following: 
5. Vital functions of the neonate will not be artificially maintained 
 True 
 False 
6. The research will not terminate the heartbeat or respiration of the neonate 
 True 
 False 
7. There will be no added risk to the neonate resulting from the research 
 True 
 False 
F. Biomedical and Behavioral Research Involving Prisoners 
Complete this checklist if the subject population will include prisoners. 
Note: Minimal risk for research involving prisoners is the probability and magnitude 
of physical or psychological harm that is normally encountered in the daily lives, or 
in the routine medical, dental, or psychological examination of healthy persons. 
1. Select and justify which allowable category of research involving prisoners 
this research falls within: 
 Study of the possible causes, effects, and processes of incarceration, and of 
criminal behavior, provided that the study presents no more than minimal 
risk and no more than inconvenience to the subjects 
      


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 40 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
 Study of prisons as institutional structures or of prisoners as incarcerated 
persons, provided that the study presents no more than minimal risk and 
no more than inconvenience to the subjects 
      
 Research on conditions particularly affecting prisoners as a class (for 
example, vaccine trials and other research on hepatitis which is much 
more prevalent in prisons than elsewhere; and research on social and 
psychological problems such as alcoholism, drug addiction, and sexual 
assaults) 
      
 Research on practices, both innovative and accepted, which have the intent 
and reasonable probability of improving the health or well-being of the 
subject 
      
 Epidemiologic studies in which the sole purpose is to describe the 
prevalence or incidence of a disease by identifying all cases or to study 
potential risk factor associations for a disease, the research presents no 
more than Minimal Risk and no more than inconvenience to the subjects, 
and Prisoners are not a particular focus of the research. 
      
2. Provide justification for each of the following regulatory criteria: 
a) Any possible advantages accruing to the prisoner through his or her 
participation in the research, when compared to the general living 
conditions, medical care, quality of food, amenities and opportunity 
for earnings in the prison, are not of such a magnitude that his or her 
ability to weigh the risks of the research against the value of such 
advantages in the limited choice environment of the prison is impaired 
      
b) The risks involved in the research are commensurate with risks that 
would be accepted by nonprisoner volunteers 
      
c) Procedures for the selection of subjects within the prison are fair to all 
prisoners and immune from arbitrary intervention by prison authorities 
or prisoners. Unless justification is provided, control subjects must be 
selected randomly from the group of available prisoners who meet the 
characteristics needed for that particular research project 
      


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 41 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
d) The information is presented in language which is understandable to 
the subject population 
      
e) Adequate assurance exists that parole boards will not take into account 
a prisoner's participation in the research in making decisions regarding 
parole, and each prisoner is clearly informed in advance that 
participation in the research will have no effect on his or her parole 
      
f) When appropriate, adequate provision has been made for follow up 
examination or care after research participation, taking into account 
the varying lengths of individual prisoners' sentences, and for 
informing participants of this fact 
      
 
III. Medical Devices 
Complete this checklist if the research evaluates the safety or effectiveness of a medical device.  
If more than one medical device is being evaluated, provide the requested information for each. 
A. Device Name:        
B. Manufacturer:        
C. Does the research involve a Significant Risk Device under an IDE? 
 Yes. Include documentation of the FDA approval of the IDE with your submission.  
Acceptable methods of documentation include: (1) FDA letter noting IDE number 
and approval status; (2) Industry sponsor letter noting IDE number and FDA 
approval status; or (3) FDA-approved industry sponsor protocol with IDE number 
noted  
 No 
D. Is the research IDE-exempt? 
 Yes. Include a FDA letter with your submission noting the determination that the 
research is IDE-exempt or a letter from the sponsor (or sponsor-investigator) 
justifying why they believe the research is IDE-exempt*.   
 No 
E. Does the research involve a Non-Significant Risk (NSR) Device? 


Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain  
 
Page 42 of 42 
Version Date: August 8, 2019 
 Yes. Include a FDA letter with your submission noting the determination that the 
research is NSR or a letter from the sponsor (or sponsor-investigator) justifying why 
they believe the research is NSR**.   
 No 
* This FDA guidance includes a description for when a device study is exempt from the 
IDE requirements: 
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM127067.pdf  
**This FDA guidance includes information on how to differentiate between Significant 
Risk and Non-Significant Risk device studies: 
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM126418.pdf  
IV. Export Control: 
Indicate if there will be export control concerns (i.e., select agents or select toxins involved in the 
project, collaboration with foreign institution or foreign nationals, publication restrictions, 
foreign travel, etc.).  If so, please upload and complete Export Control Exclusion Screening 
Form.
 
 
 

ICF_000.pdf: 
                                                     Page 1 of 5                                    Version Date: Nov 9, 2018
The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center
Consent to Participate in Research
Non-opioid pramipexole suppresses immune NLRP3 reactivity for pain control
Nov 9, 2018
Purpose and General Information
You are being asked to participate in a research study that is being done by Dr. Eugen Koshkin, MD., and 
Dr. Erin Milligan, PhD., who is the Principal Investigator.  This research is being done to evaluate and 
characterize the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, and the immune cell phenotype collected from 
your serum prior to the initiation and at the termination of the study.  You are being asked to participate 
because you have agreed to receive pramipexole from Dr.Koshkin.  Approximately 45 people will take part 
in this study at the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (UNMHSC). This is not yet a multi-
institutional study. There is currently no sponsor funding this study. 
This form will explain the study to you, including the possible risks as well as the possible benefits of 
participating.  This is so you can make an informed choice about whether or not to participate in this study.   
Please read this Consent Form carefully. Ask the investigators or study staff to explain any words or 
information that you do not clearly understand. 
What will happen if I participate? 
If you agree to be in this study, you will be asked to read and sign this Consent Form. After you sign the 
Consent Form, the following things will happen:  
The purpose of this study is to characterize the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and the 
immune cell phenotype collected from your blood prior and following initiation of pramipexole treatment. 
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs that demonstrate an excellent safety profile in 
humans while also demonstrating the above-noted anti-inflammatory profile could be explored as 
repurposed drugs for non-opioid pain therapeutics. One such compound that satisfies this profile is 
pramipexole, which is now documented to reduce inflammation in several preclinical animal models of 
peripheral inflammatory pain (Sadeghi, H., et al., Pramipexole reduces inflammation in the experimental 
animal models of inflammation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 2017. 39(2): p. 80-86). While this 
study did not examine rodent pain behaviors, the classic hallmarks of hindpaw edema and neutrophil 
accumulation were assessed, with pramipexole significantly blunting these inflammatory processes. In a 
separate study examining brain inflammatory cytokines in mice following low-dose LPS inflammation, IL-
1 mRNA levels were blunted following treatment with pramipexole (Lieberknecht, V., et al., Pramipexole, 
a Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor-Preferring Agonist, Prevents Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis 
Development in Mice. Mol Neurobiol, 2017. 54(2): p. 1033-1045). Pramipexole is well-documented as a 
preferred dopamine-2/3 (D2/D3) receptor agonist that is a FDA approved for alleviating movement 
disorders in Parkinson Disease and for treating restless leg syndrome, with modest therapeutic 
outcomes. Therefore, based on the documented safety profile of pramipexole, we propose to explore 
whether it exerts anti-inflammatory (anti- IL-1 actions) resulting in therapeutic pain suppression in 
people. 
The purpose of this study is to determine if pramipexole will control clinical pain by suppressing the 
activation of the IL-1, and me be a new approach to treat pain.
Participation in this study will take a total of approximately one hour, during which your procedure will be 
performed and a small portion of your blood will be collected for analysis at a later date.


                                                     Page 2 of 5                                    Version Date: Nov 9, 2018
What are the possible risks or discomforts of being in this study?
Pramipexole (a.k.a. Mirapex) vs. Placebo: will be taken orally by capsule (2-3 hours before bedtime, with 
an initial starting dose of 0.125 mg /day for 1 week, and increased to 0.25 mg/day beginning the second 
week if pain relief remains suboptimal. Maximal doses of up to 0.5 mg/day for weeks 3 and/or 4 will be 
taken as needed to achieve maximal pain relief.  The recommended doses and titration steps are derived 
from the manufacturer (Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc) for treating Restless Legs Syndrome. 
Pramipexole is predicted to be well tolerated in the current pilot study because the dose range is much 
lower (by 60%) than documented doses noted as well-tolerated (1.5 to 4.5 mg/day).
Adverse reactions occur at doses greater than 0.5 mg/day. However, patients may have the potential to 
develop drowsiness and an increased risk for somnolence with Pramipexole capsules, which may occur 
when also using sedating medications or alcohol, or if there is the presence of sleep disorders. 
However, every effort will be made to protect the information you give us.  However, there is a small risk 
of loss of privacy and/or confidentiality. Although a breach in patient confidentiality is unlikely to occur and 
should not negatively impact your health or overall well-being, the necessary precautions will be taken to 
minimize this risk. Otherwise, we foresee no other direct risks of participating in the study. There are some 
risks of the pramipexole, which are explained by your doctor prior to you electing to receive pramipexole 
as an addition to your pain treatment. 
How will my information be kept confidential?
Your name and other identifying information will be maintained in locked files, available only to authorized 
members of the research team, for the duration of the study. For any information entered into a computer, 
the only identifier will be a unique study identification (ID) number.  Any personal identifying information 
and any record linking that information to study ID numbers will be destroyed when the study is completed. 
Information resulting from this study will be used for research purposes and may be published; however, 
you will not be identified by name in any publications.
Information from your participation in this study may be reviewed by the investigators only, and by the UNM 
Human Research Review Committee (HRRC), which provides regulatory and ethical oversight of human 
research. There may be times when we are required by law to share your information. However, your name 
will not be used in any published reports about this study.
What are the benefits to being in this study?
Your participation may lead to improved pain control and any help discover an immune signaling profile of 
chronic pain patients. It will help the investigators determine what leads to the therapeutic efficacy of the 
product, and will provide clinical evidence for insurance companies to ascertain the benefits of this therapy. 
What other choices do I have if I don’t participate?
Taking part in this study is voluntary so you can choose not to participate. 
Will I be paid for taking part in this study?
 Yes, you will be compensated $15 per visit.
What will happen if I am injured or become sick because I took part in this study?
If you are injured or become sick as a result of this study, UNMHSC will provide you with emergency 
treatment, at your cost. 
No commitment is made by the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (UNMHSC) to provide 
free medical care or money for injuries to participants in this study. 
In the event that you have an injury or illness that is caused by your participation in this study, 
reimbursement for all related costs of care will be sought from your insurer, managed care plan, or other 


                                                     Page 3 of 5                                    Version Date: Nov 9, 2018
benefits program. If you do not have insurance, you may be responsible for these costs. You will also be 
responsible for any associated co-payments or deductibles required by your insurance. 
It is important for you to tell the investigator immediately if you have been injured or become sick because 
of taking part in this study. If you have any questions about these issues, or believe that you have been 
treated carelessly in the study, please contact the Human Research Review Committee (HRRC) at the 
(505) 272-1129 for more information.
How will I know if you learn something new that may change my mind about participating?
You will be informed of any significant new findings that become available during the course of the study, 
such as changes in the risks or benefits resulting from participating in the research or new alternatives to 
participation that might change your mind about participating.
Can I stop being in the study once I begin?
Yes.  You can withdraw from this study at any time without affecting your access to healthcare.
The investigators have the right to end your participation in this study if they determine that you no longer 
qualify to take part, if you do not follow study procedures, or if it is in your best interest or the study’s best 
interest to stop your participation. 
HIPAA Authorization for Use and Disclosure within the Research Team, of Your Protected Health 
Information (HIPAA)
As part of the patient treatment , we will be collecting health information about you, and only sharing it with 
members of the research team. This information is “protected” because it is identifiable or “linked” to you.
Protected Health Information (PHI)
By signing this Consent Document, you are allowing the investigators to use your de-identified protected 
health information for the purposes of this study.  This information may include: medical exam information, 
sex, age, co-morbidities, and other possible pre-existing conditions.
In addition to researchers and staff at UNMHSC listed in this form, there is a chance that your health 
information may be shared (re-disclosed) outside of the research study and no longer be protected by 
federal privacy laws.  Examples of this include disclosures for law enforcement, judicial proceeding, health 
oversight activities and public health measures. 
Right to Withdraw Your Authorization
Your authorization for the use and disclosure, within the research team, of your health information for this 
study shall not expire unless you cancel this authorization.  Your health information will be used or 
disclosed within the research team as long as it is needed for this study.  However, you may withdraw your 
authorization at any time provided you notify the UNM investigators in writing.  To do this, please send a 
letter notifying them of your withdrawal to either:
Dr.Eugene Koshkin, MD.
MSC 10 6000
1 University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131-0001
Dr. Erin Milligan, PhD.
MSC 08 4740
1 University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131-0001
Please be aware that the research team will not be required to destroy or retrieve any of your health 
information that has already been used or shared before your withdrawal is received.
Refusal to Sign
If you choose not to sign this consent form and authorization for the use, and disclosure within the research 
team, of your PHI and sample, you will not be allowed to take part in the research study.


                                                     Page 4 of 5                                    Version Date: Nov 9, 2018
What if I have questions or complaints about this study?
If you have any questions, concerns or complaints at any time about the research study, Dr.Koshkin, MD. 
or his associates will be glad to answer them at (505) 272-2610, Monday - Friday, 8 am - 5 pm.  If you 
would like to speak with someone other than the research team, you may call the Human Research Review 
Committee (HRRC) at (505) 272-1129.  The HRRC is a group of people from UNMHSC and the community 
who provide independent oversight of safety and ethical issues related to research involving human 
participants.
What are my rights as a research participant?
If you have questions regarding your rights as a research participant, you may call the Human Research 
Protections Office (HRPO) at (505) 272-1129 or visit the HRPO website at 
http://hsc.unm.edu/som/research/hrrc/. 
ClinicalTrials.gov
A description of this study clinical trial will be available on http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov , as required by 
U.S. Law.  This Web site will not include information that can identify you.  At most, the Web site will 
include a summary of results.  You can search this website at any time.


                                                     Page 5 of 5                                    Version Date: Nov 9, 2018
Consent and Authorization
You are making a decision whether to participate in this study. Your signature below indicates that you 
read the information provided (or the information was read to you). By signing this Consent Form, you are 
not waiving any of your legal rights as a research participant.
I have had an opportunity to ask questions and all questions have been answered to my satisfaction. By 
signing this Consent Form, I agree to participate in this study and give permission for my health information 
to be used or disclosed as described in this Consent Form. A copy of this Consent Form will be provided 
to me.
/
Name of Adult Participant (print) 
  
     
 Signature of Adult Participant     
          Date
I have explained the research to the participant and answered all of his/her questions. I believe that he/she 
understands the information in this consent form and freely consents to participate. 
/
Name of Research Team Member                           Signature of Research Team Member          Date