Conditions: Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stage IV Nonsquamous Nonsmall Cell Neoplasm of Lung Metastatic Uveal Melanoma
Keywords: lung cancer metastatic gene therapy immunotherapy melanoma uveal
Allocation: NA | Intervention model: SINGLE_GROUP
Enrollment: 11
Healthy volunteers: no

Brief summary:
This is a Phase II trial to determine the efficacy and safety of in situ gene therapy and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) used as a window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous or non-squamous non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and metastatic uveal melanoma. In situ gene therapy will consist of adenovirus-mediated expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (ADV/HSV-tk) plus Valacyclovir therapy.

Detailed description:
This is a Phase II trial to determine the efficacy and safety of in situ gene therapy and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) used as a window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous or non-squamous non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and metastatic uveal melanoma. In situ gene therapy will consist of adenovirus-mediated expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (ADV/HSV-tk) plus Valacyclovir therapy. Male or female patients aged ≥18 years with histologically or cytologically confirmed metastatic squamous or non-squamous NSCLC whose disease has progressed after a platinum-based chemotherapy and a single-agent immunotherapy OR histologically or cytologically confirmed metastatic uveal melanoma that is immunotherapy naive are eligible to participate in the study. NSCLC patients with EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations are eligible only if they have had disease progression on FDA-approved therapy for these aberrations. ADV/HSV-tk (5 x 1011 viral particles) in a 2-mL total volume will be injected intratumorally on day 0 of the study. Valacyclovir will be orally administered at a dose of 2 g three times daily for 14 days. Valacyclovir treatment will be administered 24 hours after the gene vector injection from day 1 to day 15 of the study. SBRT of 30 gray (Gy; 6 Gy X 5 fractions) will be administered over 2 weeks from day 2 to day 16 of the study. Nivolumab (480 mg) will be administered intravenously over 30 minutes every 4 weeks starting on day 17 of the study and continuing until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 12 months in patients without disease progression. The primary endpoint will be the objective response rate (ORR) of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT used as a window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous or non-squamous NSCLC. Both RECIST 1.1 and modified immune-related response criteria (irRC; derived from RECIST 1.1) will be used to assess treatment response. Secondary endpoints will include a) clinical benefit rate (CBR); b) duration of response (DoR); c) overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates; d) safety and toxicity (toxicity will be defined as any treatment-related death or any ≥ grade 3 toxicity excluding alopecia and constitutional symptoms as assessed by the NCI CTCAE v4.03); and e) immune-mediated antitumor activity (assessed by RECIST 1.1 and modified irRC) of ADV/HSV-tk plus Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT used as a window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab.

Arms:
arm 1: ADV/HSV-tk (5 x 1011 viral particles) in a 2-mL total volume will be injected intratumorally on day 0 of the study.

Valacyclovir will be orally administered at a dose of 2 g three times daily for 14 days. Valacyclovir treatment will be administered 24 hours after the gene vector injection from day 1 to day 15 of the study.

SBRT of 30 gray (Gy; 6 Gy X 5 fractions) will be administered over 2 weeks from day 2 to day 16 of the study.

Nivolumab (480 mg) will be administered intravenously over 30 minutes every 4 weeks starting on day 17 of the study and continuing until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 12 months in patients without disease progression.

Interventions: intervention 1: ADV/HSV-tk intervention 2: Valacyclovir intervention 3: SBRT intervention 4: nivolumab
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Replication-defective recombinant adenovirus vector intervention 2: Prodrug of the antiviral drug acyclovir intervention 3: Low-dose SBRT intervention 4: Fully human immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody

Protocol document:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
1 
 
PHASE II WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TRIAL OF STEREOTACTIC BODY RADIATION 
THERAPY AND IN SITU GENE THERAPY FOLLOWED BY NIVOLUMAB IN 
METASTATIC SQUAMOUS OR NON-SQUAMOUS NON-SMALL CELL LUNG 
CARCINOMA AND METASTATIC UVEAL MELANOMA.  
ENSIGN TRIAL 
 
 
 
Authors  
 
 
Eric Bernicker, M.D. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Brian Butler, M.D. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bin Teh, M.D. 
 
 
 
 
 
Helen Heslop, M.D. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jenny Chang, M.D. 
 
Document type 
ADV/HSV-tk gene vector + Valacyclovir followed by SBRT and nivolumab 
use Protocol 
 
IRB number 
Pro00014976 
 
IND number 
16745 
 
Version number 
15 
 
Development phase 
II 
 
Document status 
Final 
 
Date 
5-29-2019 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
2 
 
Table of contents 
Table of contents ..................................................................................................................................... 2 
List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 4 
Glossary of terms .................................................................................................................................... 6 
1. 
Background ............................................................................................................................................. 7 
1.1 
Overview of disease pathogenesis, epidemiology, and current treatment ................................. 7 
2. 
Significance and rationale and study purpose ....................................................................................... 13 
2.1 
Innovation ................................................................................................................................ 13 
3. 
Hypothesis............................................................................................................................................. 14 
4. 
Objectives and endpoints ...................................................................................................................... 14 
5. 
Study design .......................................................................................................................................... 15 
5.1 
Description of study design ...................................................................................................... 15 
6. 
Treatment  ............................................................................................................................................. 16 
7. 
Population ............................................................................................................................................. 17 
8. 
Inclusion and exclusion criteria .............................................................................................................. 18 
8.1 Inclusion criteria ............................................................................................................................ 18 
8.2 Exclusion criteria ........................................................................................................................... 19 
9. 
Treatment materials .............................................................................................................................. 20 
     9.1   ADV/HSV-tk………………………………………………………………………………………………...20 
9.2 Valacyclovir ................................................................................................................................... 21 
9.3 SBRT ............................................................................................................................................. 27 
9.4 Nivolumab ..................................................................................................................................... 30 
10. Prohibited concomitant therapy ............................................................................................................. 32 
11. Visit schedule and assessments ........................................................................................................... 32 
12. Assessment types ................................................................................................................................. 35 
12.1 
Criteria for response ................................................................................................................ 36 
12.2 
RECIST criteria ........................................................................................................................ 36 
12.3 
Modified immune-related response criteria (irRC), derived from RECIST 1.1 .......................... 37 
12.4 
Withdrawal of subjects from study ........................................................................................... 37 
12.5 
Pregnancy ................................................................................................................................ 38 
13. Safety monitoring and reporting ............................................................................................................ 38 
13.1 
Adverse events ........................................................................................................................ 39 
13.1.1 
Definitions and reporting ....................................................................................... 39 
13.1.2 
Laboratory test abnormalities ................................................................................ 39 
14. Serious adverse events ......................................................................................................................... 40 
14.1 
Definitions ............................................................................................................. 40 
14.2 
Reporting .............................................................................................................. 40 
14.3 
Pregnancy ............................................................................................................. 41 
15. Statistical methods ................................................................................................................................ 42 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
3 
 
15.1 
Sample size. ............................................................................................................................ 42 
16. Protocol amendments or changes in study conduct .............................................................................. 42 
17. Data safety monitoring…………………………………………………………………………………… ........ 42 
18. References ............................................................................................................................................ 48 
19. Appendices............................................................................................................................................ 60 
List of figures 
Figure 1: Study design................................................................................................................................... 16 
Figure 2: Valacyclovir structural formula........................................................................................................ 22 
List of tables 
Table 1: Incidence of drug-related adverse reactions with Valacyclovir treatment for herpes zoster ............ 24 
Table 2: Incidence of drug-related adverse reactions with Valacyclovir treatment for genital herpes ............ 24 
Table 3: Incidence of drug-related adverse reactions with Valacyclovir treatment for cold sores .................. 25 
Table 4: Valacyclovir dosing in patients with renal impairement.................................................................... 26 
Table 5: Abscopal responses after treatment with radiotherapy and CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor ................ 30 
Table 6: Nivolumab side effects .................................................................................................................... 31 
Table 7: Nivolumab adult dosing ................................................................................................................... 32 
Table 8: Visit schedule and assessments...................................................................................................... 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
4 
 
List of abbreviations 
 
• 
ADV: Adenovirus-mediated 
• 
AE: Adverse event 
• 
ALT: Alanine aminotransferase 
• 
ANC: Absolute neutrophil count 
• 
AST: Aspartate transaminase 
• 
AUC: Area under the curve 
• 
β-hCG: β-human chorionic gonadotropin 
• 
BUN: Blood urea nitrogen 
• 
CBC: Complete blood count 
• 
CBR: Clinical benefit rate 
• 
CI: confidence interval 
• 
Cmax: Maximum plasma concentration  
• 
CR: Complete response 
• 
CRF: Case report form 
• 
CRT: Calreticulin 
• 
CT: Computed tomography 
• 
CTCAE: Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 
• 
CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte 
• 
CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 
• 
CXCL16: Chemokine ligand 16 
• 
DAMP: Danger-associated molecular pattern 
• 
DC: Dendritic cell  
• 
DoR: Duration of response 
• 
DSMP: Data and safety monitoring plan 
• 
ECG: electrocardiogram  
• 
ECHO: echocardiogram 
• 
ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 
• 
EOT: End of treatment 
• 
EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound 
• 
FDA: Food and Drug Administration 
• 
GCV: Ganciclovir 
• 
GM-CSF: Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor 
• 
Gy: Gray 
• 
HD: High-dose  
• 
HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus 
• 
HMGB1: High-mobility group protein 1 
• 
HMRI: Houston Methodist Research Institute  
• 
HSP: Heat shock protein 
• 
HSV: Herpes simplex virus 
• 
HUS: Hemolytic uremic syndrome  
• 
IFN: Interferon 
• 
Ig: Immunoglobulin  
• 
IL: Interleukin 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
5 
 
• 
IND: Investigational new drug 
• 
IRB: Institutional review board 
• 
IRC: Independent review committee 
• 
irRC: Immune-related response criteria  
• 
IUD: Intrauterine device 
• 
IUS: Intrauterine system 
• 
IV: intravenous 
• 
MHC: Major histocompatibility complex 
• 
mDC: Monocyte-derived DC  
• 
MUGA: Multigated acquisition  
• 
NCI: National Cancer Institute 
• 
NK: Natural killer  
• 
NKG2D: Natural killer group 2, member D 
• 
NSCLC: Non-small cell lung carcinoma 
• 
ORR: Objective response rate 
• 
OS: Overall survival 
• 
PAMPs: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns 
• 
PD: Progressive disease 
• 
PR: Partial response 
• 
PD-1: Programmed death 1  
• 
PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1 
• 
PDL-2: Programmed death-ligand 2 
• 
PET: Positron emission tomography 
• 
PFS: Progression-free survival  
• 
PSA: Prostate specific antigen 
• 
QD: Daily 
• 
RAC: Regulatory Affairs Certification   
• 
RECIST: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 
• 
RT: Radiation therapy  
• 
SAE: Serious adverse event  
• 
SBRT: Stereotactic body radiation therapy 
• 
SD: Stable disease  
• 
Th1: T-helper type-1 
• 
t.i.d.: ter in die; three times daily 
• 
TIL: Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte 
• 
tk: Thymidine kinase 
• 
TLR: Toll-like receptor 
• 
TNBC: Triple negative breast cancer 
• 
TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α  
• 
Treg: Regulatory T cell 
• 
TTP: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 
• 
ULN: Upper limit of normal 
• 
VZV: Varicella-zoster virus 
• 
WBC: White blood cell 
• 
WOCBP: Women of childbearing potential 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
6 
 
Glossary of terms 
 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
7 
 
1. Background 
1.1 Overview of disease pathogenesis, epidemiology, and current treatment 
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Lung and bronchial cancer are expected 
to account for an estimated 221,200 new cases (115,610 in men and 105,590 in women) and 158,040 deaths 
(86,630 in men and 71,660 in women) in 2015.1 Only 16.8% of lung cancer patients are alive for 5 years or more 
after their diagnosis. Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) accounts for over 85% of all lung cancer cases. 
Most patients are diagnosed with advanced or metastatic (stage IIIB/IV) disease, 2 and current first-line treatment 
options for these patients are limited. In patients with advanced NSCLC, first-line platinum-based doublet 
chemotherapy yields 1-year overall survival (OS) rates of only 30–40% and can cause significant toxicities that 
may complicate treatment.2 However, much progress has recently been made in the diagnosis and treatment of 
lung cancer including screening methods, minimally invasive techniques for diagnosis and treatment, and 
advances in radiation therapy (RT), including stereotactic body RT (SBRT), targeted therapies, and 
immunotherapies.3-6 
Uveal melanoma represents approximately 85% of all ocular melanomas. Metastatic disease develops in up to 
50% of patients and is associated with poor prognosis.7 The most frequent site of metastasis is the liver (95%), 
followed by the lungs (24%), bone (16%), and skin (11%).8,9 Median survival for patients with liver metastases is 
approximately 4−6 months with a 1-year survival of approximately 10−15%, whereas patients with metastases 
not involving the liver have a median survival of approximately 19−28 months with a 1-year survival of 
approximately 76%.10-12 There is no proven treatment for metastatic uveal melanoma, and standard therapies for 
cutaneous melanoma are often adopted but show limited activity.11 As uveal and cutaneous melanomas exhibit 
marked differences in their molecular features,13 dedicated therapies for metastatic uveal melanoma are needed 
to improve the outcomes of patients with this hard-to-treat disease.  
Cancer immunotherapy, which harnesses and boosts the innate powers of the immune system to fight cancer, 
represents the most promising new cancer treatment approach since the development of chemotherapeutic 
agents in the late 1940s. Because of the extraordinary memory and specificity of the immune system, 
immunotherapy has the potential to achieve complete, long-lasting remissions with few or no side effects in cancer 
patients, regardless of their cancer type. Therapies that target programmed death 1 (PD-1) have shown 
unprecedented rates of durable clinical responses in patients with various cancer types.14-18 One mechanism by 
which cancer tissues limit the host immune response is via upregulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and 
its ligation to PD-1 on antigen-specific CD8+ T cells (termed adaptive immune resistance).19, 20 
The number of immunotherapy clinical trials has dramatically increased in the past decade. These trials have 
shown the promise of immunotherapy in enhancing antitumor immune responses. Several clinical studies have 
expanded the list of cancers that can be treated with checkpoint blockade therapy. Brahmer et al. demonstrated 
that, among patients with previously treated advanced squamous-cell NSCLC, OS, response, and progression-
free survival (PFS) rates were significantly better with the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab than with docetaxel regardless 
of PD-L1 expression level.21 The confirmed objective response rate (ORR) was significantly higher with nivolumab 
than with docetaxel (20% [95% confidence interval [CI]: 14–28] vs. 9% [95% CI: 5–15]; P = 0.008)21. Herbst et al. 
found that treatment with MPDL3280A, a PD-L1-specific monoclonal antibody, induces therapeutic responses in 
patients with advanced NSCLC, renal cell cancer, and melanoma.22 Powles et al. showed that the same antibody 
can be used to treat urothelial bladder cancer.23 Among patients with a minimum of 6 weeks of follow-up, ORRs 
were 43% (13/30; 95% CI: 26–63) for those with tumor PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression scores of 2 or 3 
(2/3) and 11% (4/35; 95% CI: 4–26) for those with tumor PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression scores of 0 or 
1 (0/1). In the tumor PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression 2/3 score group, the ORR included a 7% complete 
response rate (2/30). Among patients with a tumor PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression score of 2/3 and a 
minimum of 12 weeks of follow-up, an ORR of 52% (13/25; 95% CI: 32–70) was achieved. Sixteen of the 17 
responders had ongoing responses, and all 17 responders continued on MPDL3280A treatment until the data 
cutoff date. One patient who initially responded at the first response assessment later presented with new lesions, 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
8 
 
including a bladder mass thought to be consistent with pseudo-progression.23 Anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy has 
also shown promising results in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).24 The latest data analysis of a phase I 
clinical trial of MPDL3280A in TNBC revealed a 24-week PFS rate of 27% and ORR rate of 19%, with three of 
four responses ongoing. This data is encouraging, because longer responses do not typically occur in metastatic 
TNBC patients treated with chemotherapy, which is the standard of care for this population.17 Together, these 
cancer immunotherapy studies have reported durable responses and low toxicity rates. This is particularly 
important as high-grade adverse effects have limited the use of immunotherapy for cancer treatment in the past. 
PD-L1/PD-1 expression in cancer cells is an obvious candidate biomarker for immunotherapy response, as PD-
L1/PD-1 can directly turn off the immune response by inhibiting the activity of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T 
lymphocytes (CTLs). However, PD-L1 and PD-1 expression in tumor cells has been shown to have little predictive 
power. On the other hand, Herbst et al. reported that PD-L1 expression in immune cells is a good biomarker of 
response to immunotherapy.15 The finding that the complexity of the T cell population in the tumor infiltrate can 
predict good response to checkpoint blockade therapy highlights the importance of identifying tumor antigens that 
can elicit an effective antitumor immune response. Previous studies have suggested that tumors with a high load 
of somatic mutations are more likely to respond to immunotherapy, as in theory these tumors would have a higher 
diversity of neoantigens that can trigger an immune response when CTL-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-
4)/PD-1 inhibition is bypassed. 
 
Nivolumab BMS-936558, marketed as Opdivo, is a fully human immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 anti-PD-1 monoclonal 
antibody developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb for the treatment of cancer.25 Nivolumab acts as an 
immunomodulator by blocking PD-L1 binding to PD-1 on activated T cells. PD-1 is a protein expressed on the 
surface of activated T cells. The binding of PD-L1 or PD-L2 to PD-1 results in T cell inactivation. PD-L1/2-mediated 
T cell inactivation acts as an immune regulatory mechanism to avoid immune overreaction. Many cancer cells 
make PD-L1, allowing them to disarm T cells and inhibit their attack on tumor cells. Nivolumab blocks PD-L1 from 
binding to PD-1, allowing T cells to attack the tumor. PD-1 blockers appear to free up the immune system only 
around the tumor, rather than more generally, which may result in fewer side effects.26 A phase 1 dose optimization 
trial of nivolumab was performed in patients with melanoma, lung cancer, kidney cancer, and other cancers. 
Among the 107 melanoma patients in this trial, nivolumab demonstrated 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates of 62%, 
48%, and 41%, respectively. Toxicities, which were not cumulative and mostly occurred during the first 6 months 
of therapy, included pneumonitis, low-grade fatigue, diarrhea, pruritus, nausea, and decreased appetite. 
Pneumonitis was the most important adverse effect, leading to 3 deaths. Twenty-two percent of patients in the 
trial experienced a treatment-related grade 3 or 4 toxicity.27, 28 A second phase 1 trial examined nivolumab in 
combination with ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, in patients with metastatic melanoma. Among 
53 patients treated concurrently with the highest dose (1 mg/kg nivolumab and 3 mg/kg ipilimumab), 53% had an 
objective response; these patients all had a reduction in tumor volume of 80% or more. An updated report from 
this trial, including an additional 41 people treated with the highest dose, stated that 79% of patients were still 
alive after 2 years.29 In a phase 3 trial, nivolumab monotherapy was found to be superior to traditional 
chemotherapy in terms of response rate (40% vs. 13.9%), PFS (5.1 months vs. 2.2 months), and percentage of 
patients still alive after 1 year (72.1% vs. 42.1%). Nivolumab received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 
approval for the treatment of melanoma in December 2014.30 
Nivolumab has also demonstrated efficacy in lung cancer cohorts. A phase 1b trial of nivolumab was conducted 
in patients with various cancers, including 129 patients with NSCLC.29 Most NSCLC patients had received multiple 
chemotherapies. The overall response rate in this group was 17%, with a median duration of response (DoR) of 
74 weeks. At the highest dose, 45% of patients were still alive after 2 years.29 A multiarm phase 1 trial examined 
the efficacy of nivolumab as a single agent or as part of combination therapy.28 In the first arm, 56 chemotherapy-
naïve patients were treated with nivolumab plus cisplatin/gemcitabine, cisplatin/pemetrexed, or 
carboplatin/paclitaxel. Response rates ranged from 33–50%, and 59–87% of the patients were still alive after 1 
year. Serious adverse events (SAEs) occurred in 45% of patients. In a second arm, chemotherapy-naïve patients 
were treated with nivolumab monotherapy. Of these 20 patients, 71–80% were still alive after 1 year. In a third 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
9 
 
arm, patients were treated with a combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab. Median OS in this group was 44.3 
weeks. In a phase II safety trial of nivolumab (3 mg/kg ever 2 weeks) for patients with refractory metastatic NSCLC, 
20 (17%) of 117 patients reported grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events (AEs), including fatigue (5/117 
[4%]), pneumonitis (4/117 [3%]), and diarrhea (3/117 [3%]). Two treatment-associated deaths caused by 
pneumonia and ischemic stroke occurred in patients with multiple comorbidities in the setting of progressive 
disease. In the phase 3 CheckMate-017 trial, nivolumab improved survival compared with docetaxel in previously 
treated patients.31, 32 
Nivolumab has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of metastatic squamous and non-squamous NSCLC. In 
the phase III CheckMate-017 trial, 272 patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC who had progressed during or 
after one prior platinum doublet-based chemotherapy regimen were randomized (1:1) to receive nivolumab 
(n=135; 3 mg/kg intravenous [IV] every 2 weeks) or docetaxel (n=137; 75 mg/m2 IV every 3 weeks) in an open 
label study.33 This study included patients regardless of their PD-1 status. Patients with autoimmune disease, 
symptomatic interstitial lung disease, or untreated brain metastasis were excluded. Patients with treated brain 
metastases were eligible if their neurological status had returned to baseline at least 2 weeks prior to enrollment 
and they were either off corticosteroids or on a stable or decreasing dose of <10 mg daily prednisone equivalents. 
Tumor assessments were conducted 9 weeks after randomization and every 6 weeks thereafter. The major 
efficacy outcome measure was OS. The median OS was 9.2 months (range: 7.3–13.3 months) and 6.0 months 
(range: 5.1–7.3 months) for nivolumab and docetaxel, respectively (P = 0.00025). The median patient age was 
63 years (range: 39–85 years); 44% and 11% of patients were ≥ 65 and ≥ 75 years of age, respectively. The 
majority of patients were white (93%) and male (76%). Baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 
performance status was 0 in 24% of patients and 1 in 76% of patients. This trial demonstrated a statistically 
significant improvement in OS with nivolumab as compared with docetaxel at the prespecified interim analysis 
conducted when 199 events were observed (86% of the planned number of events for the final analysis). A single-
arm, multinational, multicenter trial of nivolumab was conducted in patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC 
whose disease had progressed after receiving a platinum-based therapy and at least one additional systemic 
treatment regimen. 26 This study included patients regardless of their PD-1 status. Nivolumab (3 mg/kg) was 
administered intravenously over 60 minutes every 2 weeks. Patients with autoimmune disease, symptomatic 
interstitial lung disease, or untreated brain metastasis were excluded. Patients with treated brain metastases were 
eligible if their neurological status had returned to baseline at least 2 weeks prior to enrollment and they were 
either off corticosteroids or on a stable or decreasing dose of <10 mg daily prednisone equivalents. Tumor 
assessments were conducted 8 weeks after treatment start and every 6 weeks thereafter. The major efficacy 
outcome measure was confirmed ORR as measured by an independent review committee (IRC) using the 
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST 1.1). Additional outcome measures included 
DoR. A total of 117 patients received treatment with nivolumab. The median age was 65 years (range: 37–87 
years); 50% of patients were ≥ 65 years of age and 14% of patients were ≥ 75 years of age. The majority of 
patients were male (73%) and white (85%). All patients received two or more prior systemic treatments; 35% 
received two, 44% received three, and 21% received four or more. At baseline, 6%, 94%, and 1.7% of patients 
had recurrent stage IIIb disease, stage IV disease, and brain metastases, respectively. Baseline ECOG 
performance status was 0 in 22% of patients and 1 in 78% of patients. Based on IRC review and with a minimum 
follow-up of at least 10 months on all patients, the confirmed ORR was 15% (17/117; 95% CI: 9–22), of which all 
were partial responses. The median time to onset of response was 3.3 months (range: 1.7–8.8 months). Thirteen 
of the 17 patients (76%) with a confirmed response had ongoing responses with durations ranging from 1.9+ to 
11.5+ months; 10 of these 17 (59%) patients had durable responses of 6 months or longer. 
In the open-label, phase III CheckMate-057 trial, 582 patients with metastatic non-squamous NSCLC who had 
experienced disease progression during or after one prior platinum doublet-based chemotherapy regimen were 
randomized (1:1) to receive second-line nivolumab (n=292) or docetaxel (n=290).34 Appropriate prior targeted 
therapy in patients with known sensitizing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation or anaplastic 
lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation was allowed. Nivolumab (3 mg/kg) and docetaxel (75 mg/m2) were 
administered intravenously every 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Randomization was stratified by prior maintenance 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
10 
 
therapy (yes vs. no) and number of prior therapies (1 vs. 2). The trial excluded patients with autoimmune disease, 
medical conditions requiring systemic immunosuppression, symptomatic interstitial lung disease, or untreated 
brain metastasis. Patients with treated brain metastases were eligible if neurologically stable. The first tumor 
assessments were conducted 9 weeks after randomization and every 6 weeks thereafter. The median patient age 
was 62 years (range: 21–85 years), with 42% of patients ≥ 65 years of age and 7% of patients ≥ 75 years of age. 
The majority of patients were white (92%), male (55%), and former/current smokers (79%). Most patients were 
enrolled in Europe (46%), followed by the US/Canada (37%) and the rest of the world (17%). Baseline ECOG 
performance status was 0 in 31% of patients and 1 in 69% of patients. ALK rearrangement and EGFR mutation 
were present in 3.6% and 14% of patients, respectively, and 12% of patients had previously treated brain 
metastases. Prior therapy included platinum-doublet regimen (100%), and 40% of patients had received 
maintenance therapy as part of their first-line regimen. Histologic subtypes included adenocarcinoma (93%), large 
cell (2.4%), and bronchoalveolar (0.9%). The major efficacy outcome measure was OS. Nivolumab significantly 
improved median OS compared with docetaxel at the prespecified interim analysis conducted when 413 events 
were observed (93% of the planned number of events for final analysis; 12.2 months vs. 9.4 months; P = 0.0015). 
The median DoR was 17 and 6 months with nivolumab and docetaxel, respectively. Complete responses (CRs) 
and partial responses (PRs) were achieved in 4 (1.4%) and 52 (18%) patients in the nivolumab arm and 1 (0.3%) 
patient and 35 (12%) patients in the docetaxel arm. PFS was 2.3 and 4.2 months in the nivolumab and docetaxel 
arms, respectively.  Based on the results of these trials, nivolumab has been approved for the treatment of 
metastatic squamous and non-squamous NSCLC with progression on or after platinum-based chemotherapy. 
Patients with EGFR mutation or ALK translocation should have disease progression on appropriate targeted 
therapy prior to receiving nivolumab. 
Nivolumab has demonstrated significant single-agent activity in metastatic melanoma. Results from CheckMate 
066 (NCT01721772)35 and CheckMate 067 (NCT01844505)36 led to the approval of nivolumab for the first-line 
treatment of BRAF V600 wild-type and mutation-positive unresectable or metastatic melanoma. The majority of 
subjects in these trials had cutaneous melanoma; subjects with uveal melanoma were excluded. In a small case 
series of 8 patients with metastatic uveal melanoma, anti-PD-1 therapy produced objective tumor responses (CR, 
n = 1; PR, n = 2; stable disease, n = 1), suggesting its potential as a therapeutic option in this patient population.37 
In an analysis of 56 patients with metastatic uveal melanoma who received anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies 
(pembrolizumab, 38 [68%]; nivolumab, 16 [29%]; atezolizumab, 2 [4%]), durable objective responses (PRs) and 
stable disease ≥ 6 months were observed in 2 (3.6%) and 5 (9%) patients, respectively.38 Median PFS (2.6 
months) and OS (7.7 months) were also modestly improved. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of anti-
PD-1 therapy in the treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma.  Several ongoing clinical trials are investigating the 
use of nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab in this patient population: Phase II Multicenter, Non-Randomized, 
Open-Label Trial of Nivolumab in Combination with Ipilimumab in Subjects with Previously Untreated Metastatic 
Uveal Melanoma (NCT02626962) and Phase II Study of Nivolumab in Combination with Ipilimumab for Uveal 
Melanoma (NCT01585194). 
RT and immunotherapy are both well-established treatments for malignant disease. RT is proven to provide 
local tumor control. The recent success with novel immunomodulatory agents has brought immunotherapy into 
the forefront of clinical practice for the treatment of many tumor types. RT has traditionally been thought to mediate 
tumor regression through direct cytotoxic effects. However, it is now known that RT also alters the local tumor 
microenvironment to affect both local and systemic antitumor immune responses. There is growing evidence that 
the rational integration of RT with the expanding armamentarium of clinically approved immunotherapeutics can 
yield potent antitumor responses exceeding those of either therapy alone.39 The beneficial effects of RT in cancer 
patients extend beyond direct tumor cell cytotoxicity. Delivery of localized radiation to tumors often leads to 
systemic responses at distant sites, a phenomenon known as the abscopal effect, which has been attributed to 
the induction and enhancement of endogenous antitumor innate and adaptive immune responses. The 
mechanisms surrounding the abscopal effect are diverse and include trafficking of lymphocytes into the tumor 
microenvironment, enhanced tumor recognition and killing via upregulation of tumor antigens and antigen 
presenting machinery, and induction of positive immunomodulatory pathways.40 Cytokines play an important role 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
11 
 
in the abscopal effect. In one case, a Japanese patient receiving RT for thoracic vertebral bone metastasis 
experienced spontaneous regression of an unrelated hepatocellular carcinoma. Pre- and post-analyses of serum 
cytokine levels revealed a marked elevation in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) following RT, suggesting that 
abscopal-mediated regression may involve such cytokines as part of the host immune response.41 RT-induced 
interferon (IFN)-β has been shown to enhance T cell-dependent tumor regression by increasing the cross-priming 
capacity of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo. This effect can be mimicked by exogenous IFN-β delivery 
to tumor tissues.42 Immune cell mediation of the abscopal effect is supported by the observation that exogenous 
administration of chemokines following local RT enhances tumor cell killing at distal sites. This abscopal effect 
was tumor-type independent and involved the infiltration of CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes and NK1.1+ natural 
killer (NK) cells into the tumor sites of mice.43 The abscopal effect remains an active area of investigation in the 
immunotherapy field. CTLA-4, a negative regulator of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, has been targeted as a means to 
activate antitumor immune CTLs. CTLA-4 blockade has been shown to decrease the threshold of activation of 
endogenous tumor-reactive T cells in mouse xenografts.44 Local RT and CTLA-4 blockade have recently been 
shown to significantly reduce the motility of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) at tumor sites, thereby allowing 
TILs to engage in stable interactions with tumor targets.45 The NK group 2, member D (NKG2D) ligand retinoic 
acid early inducible-1 is upregulated in irradiated neoplastic cells; interaction with its receptor, NKG2D, on CTLs 
costimulates and enhances tumor cell killing. T cell receptor, NKG2D, and CTLA-4-transduced signals contribute 
to the stability of the immunological synapse. Their association appears to be mediated in part by increased 
antibody responses to the multiple tumor antigens released after RT.46  
Multiple factors contribute to the development of an abscopal effect. The abscopal effect involves the interplay of 
irradiation and induction of adaptive immune responses leading to tumor cell elimination at distant sites. Antitumor 
CTL responses, which represent the outcome of an abscopal effect primed by irradiated tumor cells, seem to play 
a significant role in RT-induced antigen-specific immunity.47 Further evidence that antigen-specific T cells are 
elicited after RT is borne out by studies demonstrating a significant CD8+ T cell-mediated reduction in systemic 
tumor burden after local ablative RT.48 T cell priming following RT-mediated tumor cell death has been postulated 
to occur through DC cross presentation of released tumor antigens in draining lymph nodes, leading to primary or 
metastatic tumor rejection. 
Antigen presentation by DCs seems to be crucial to RT-induced CD8+ T cell-dependent antitumor immunity. 
Antigens can be endogenously or exogenously loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I 
molecules. RT seems to differentially affect these two antigen presentation pathways. Presentation of 
endogenous antigens is blocked in irradiated DCs, whereas presentation of exogenously pulsed peptide antigens 
is enhanced in irradiated DCs, leading to favorable antitumor T cell responses.49 RT dose dependently facilitates 
cell surface expression of MHC class I molecules by three different mechanisms: (1)  induction of protein unfolding 
and degradation to increase the intracellular peptide pool; (2) enhancement of protein synthesis to increase the 
intracellular peptide pool; and (3) generation of radiation-specific peptide antigens to increase the diversity of the 
intracellular peptide pool. By increasing the quantity and/or diversity of the peptide pool, RT leads to an overall 
increase in the number and density of surface peptide/MHC class I complexes expressed on murine DCs.50 In 
some cases, RT upregulates cancer-testis antigens, a class of potentially immunogenic tumor rejection antigens, 
which can be targeted with adoptive T cell therapy and other antigen-specific immune-based approaches.51 One 
significant hurdle faced by T cell-based immunotherapies is downregulation of MHC genes, which may represent 
an important mechanism by which tumor cells, especially those breaching the interface between normal and 
malignant tissues, evade host immune surveillance.  
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are more radioresistant than conventional effector T cells52 and may be over-
represented in RT-treated patients compared with RT-naïve patients.53 Radiation has been shown to upregulate 
transforming growth factor-β and adenosine A2A in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients.54 This can 
provide both a growth and survival advantage to Tregs55, thereby suppressing the potential beneficial antitumor 
effects of RT. Strategies to eliminate or suppress the number and activity of Tregs such as adjusting RT dose and 
schedule would enhance RT-induced antitumor responses. 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
12 
 
In most cases, abscopal effects were observed in patients with lymphoid malignancies wherein, radiation or 
treatment of local disease led to regression in distant unirradiated sites.56-58 However, notable cases have been 
observed in Merkel cell carcinoma,59 advanced uterine cervical carcinoma,60 and hepatocellular carcinoma. 
Irradiation of affected lymphoid sites may be more likely to incite systemic immunity because of the higher 
likelihood of immune effectors trafficking through these regions and encountering released antigen. However, 
irradiation of affected visceral sites including bone, skin, and parenchyma has also been shown to induce abscopal 
effects.41, 60, 61 In cancer therapies, some notions of metastasis and recurrence may be explained using 
oligometastases and oligo-recurrence. Oligometastases is the state capable of achieving long-term survival or 
cure with local therapy despite active primary lesions. On the other hand, oligo-recurrence is the notion that 
metastatic and recurrent lesions could be treated with local therapy since the primary lesions have been 
controlled.62-64. SBRT provides a treatment option for oligometastases by enabling the delivery of high-dose (HD) 
oligo-fractionated radiation to deep-seated tumors while minimizing damage to normal tissues.65 This HD ablative 
RT can also be employed in combination strategies such as adoptive cell and anti-CTLA-4 therapies. 
Administration of autologous DCs, produced ex vivo through autologous leukapheresis-derived monocytes, can 
also boost immune responses presumably by facilitating the presentation of tumor antigens released during RT.66 
In clinical trials, the addition of SBRT to HD IL-2 has been shown to be highly effective in patients with metastatic 
melanoma and renal cell cancer and represents a clinically tenable strategy given that HD IL-2 is approved for 
use in these malignancies. The presence of an elevated effector memory CD4+ T cell population in the peripheral 
blood was associated with a clinical response in these patients.67 
 
Viral vectors have also been shown to induce antitumor immune responses. Completed and ongoing clinical 
trials have shown that adenovirus-mediated (ADV) expression of herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase 
(tk) followed by ganciclovir (GCV) therapy (ADV/HSV-tk + GCV) has a favorable toxicity profile and antitumor 
activity in prostate cancer. Furthermore, this system has been shown to direct systemic antitumor activity in 
several experimental cancer models, including prostate cancer and thus, may serve as the basis for in situ 
immunomodulatory gene therapy. In a mouse model of prostate cancer, NK cells were shown to mediate the 
antimetastatic activity of ADV/HSV-tk + GCV. To enhance its antitumor activity, ADV/HSV-tk + GCV has been 
combined with ADV/interleukin (IL)-12. IL-12 increases NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. ADV/HSV-tk + GCV 
+ ADV/IL-12 combination therapy demonstrated superior local and systemic growth suppression compared with 
either therapy alone. Importantly, when the metastatic tumor burden was increased to an extent that negated the 
growth-suppressive activity directed by ADV/HSV-tk + GCV or ADV/IL-12 alone, the combination therapy 
continued to demonstrate significant growth suppression. Examination of TILs showed enhanced NK lytic activity 
with the combination therapy.68 Suicide gene therapy using HSV-tk + GCV therapy is being explored for the 
treatment of a wide variety of cancers. HSV-tk phosphorylates GCV, converting it to a non-diffusible nucleoside 
analog that terminates DNA synthesis, causing cell death.69 However, gene therapy approaches for metastatic 
cancer are divided between those that deliver genes hematogenously to disseminated lesions, requiring methods 
of tissue-restricted gene expression or specific tissue targeting by the delivery vector, and those that manifest 
systemic antitumor capabilities following local gene expression, such as gene-modified immunotherapy.70 With 
regard to the HSV-tk system, the generation of immunologic activity has been suggested by numerous 
investigators to be an important aspect of therapy that may be exploited in the treatment of disseminated tumor 
lesions.  
Several avenues of study have laid the groundwork for invoking the importance of an immune response with this 
therapy. HSV-tk + GCV-treated tumors contain areas of necrosis highlighted by infiltration of macrophages and 
CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells.71-74  Furthermore, within treated tumors are detectable levels of the cytokines IL-1, IL-2, 
IL-6, IL-12, IFN-c, TNF-α, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in a fashion 
consistent with a T-helper type-1 (Th1; cellular based) response profile.74, 75 Functional antitumor roles for these 
immune effectors have been suggested to impact within a treated tumor in the form of a local bystander effect 
and on synchronously growing non-transduced tumors or challenge tumor-cell injections in the form of a distant 
bystander effect.71, 76-79 Further supportive evidence has noted a significant loss of growth suppression in 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
13 
 
immunocompromised hosts.72, 75, 76 HSV-tk + GCV may induce immune-related activities through necrosis-
mediated exposure of putative tumor antigens to the cytokine-stimulated lymphocytic infiltrate. However, for the 
most part, direct demonstration of effector cell induction and its relevance to in vivo responses is lacking. In an 
orthotopic model of mouse prostate cancer, ADV/HSV-tk + GCV therapy was found not only to inhibit local tumor 
growth but also to suppress spontaneous metastatic activity.77 Furthermore, following surgical removal of a treated 
subcutaneous tumor, systemic activity against a tumor-cell challenge injection of parental cells via the tail vein 
was induced by ADV/HSV-tk + GCV treatment of the primary tumor.77 Direct evidence of HSV-tk + GCV-mediated 
induction of antitumor lymphocytes was provided by a serial assay demonstrating the lytic activity of TILs isolated 
from HSVtk + GCV-treated orthotopic tumors against parental tumor cells in vitro.78 These studies demonstrated 
the induction of NK cells by ADV/HSV-tk + GCV treatment. Gene therapy performed in the absence of NK cells, 
but not T cells, resulted in a modest but significant loss of HSVtk + GCV-directed growth suppression within the 
primary tumor and complete abrogation of systemic activities.78 Therefore, HSV-tk + GCV therapy appears to 
induce NK cells to impact local and remote tumor growth. Enhancement of NK cell activity may improve 
therapeutic response to ADV/HSV-tk + GCV. 
Viral vectors have been increasingly studied as potential antitumor agents. With their ability to invade and replicate 
within target cells, viruses have been utilized as oncolytic agents to directly lyse tumor cells. Viruses can also 
deliver their genetic payload into infected cells, allowing for the repair of defective tumor suppressor genes, 
disruption of oncogenic pathways, and production of cytokines that activate the immune system. Furthermore, 
viruses encoding tumor-associated antigens can infect DCs to trigger tumor-specific immune responses. The 
ability to engineer viruses with high levels of tumor specificity and efficient rates of infection has enhanced the 
safety profile of these agents, making viral vector-mediated gene therapy, either alone or in conjunction with more 
conventional therapies, a viable option for cancer therapy.79 
 
2. Significance and rationale and study purpose 
The significance of this proposal is to establish the superior efficacy of RT in combination with other 
immunomodulators for mounting an effective antitumor immune response. RT in combination with 
immunomodulators can produce significant local control and induce antitumor responses at distant sites by 
triggering and enhancing endogenous cellular immune responses. Here, we propose to manipulate the antigen-
specific immune response by vaccination in combination with RT followed by immunomodulatory therapy with the 
anti-PD-1 compound nivolumab.  
Current data strongly indicate the potential of ADV/HSV-tk in situ gene therapy plus SBRT to enhance the 
response to immunomodulatory therapy with nivolumab. This treatment regimen may have applicability 
against a wide range of solid tumors. 
Data originating from these studies will identify novel mechanisms involved in NSCLC and uveal melanoma, the 
antitumor effects of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT-containing regimens, and 
alternative pathways and/or strategies to induce the abscopal effect and avoid or overcome drug resistance and 
undesired toxicity effects. It is expected that the results from this study will lead to better and alternative treatment 
options not only for patients with metastatic squamous or non-squamous NSCLC and metastatic uveal melanoma 
but also those with other solid malignancies. 
2.1 
Innovation 
Nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, has been established as a successful treatment paradigm in 
metastatic squamous and non-squamous cell NSCLC. Some small studies have suggested the potential 
therapeutic efficacy of PD-1 blockade in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma.37,38 Viral vector-based gene 
therapy such as ADV/HSV-tk + GCV has also been shown to induce antitumor immune activity by several 
mechanisms including enhancing NK proliferation and cytotoxicity, boosting cytokine stimulatory activity, and 
increasing lymphocytic infiltrate. In addition, RT has been shown to augment endogenous antitumor innate and 
adaptive immune responses. Thus, RT in combination with immunomodulators can produce significant local 
control and induce antitumor responses at distant sites by triggering and amplifying endogenous cellular immune 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
14 
 
responses. Here, we propose a rational combination of ADV/HSV-tk in situ gene therapy plus SBRT followed by 
immunomodulatory therapy with nivolumab for the treatment of metastatic and non-squamous squamous NSCLC 
and metastatic uveal melanoma.  If proven to be efficacious and safe, this novel therapeutic approach will provide 
an improved treatment option for patients with metastatic squamous or non-squamous NSCLC whose disease 
has progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy or on or after immune checkpoint therapy and for 
patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. 
 
3. 
Hypothesis:  
We hypothesize that in situ administration of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir followed by SBRT to a dominant 
lung tumor will upregulate immunogenic neoantigens, thereby improving the systemic response to 
subsequent treatment with an immune checkpoint PD-1 inhibitor (nivolumab). 
 
We aim to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT 
used as a window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous or non-
squamous NSCLC and metastatic uveal melanoma. 
Research strategy general considerations: Administration of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir in combination with 
SBRT before nivolumab represents a novel window of opportunity to enhance nivolumab efficacy by boosting 
endogenous immune-mediated antitumor activity and neoantigen expression. The aims of this study are to assess 
the efficacy, safety, and toxicity of this new therapeutic approach. This study will also provide a deeper 
understanding of the immune response and abscopal effect elicited by this therapeutic approach.  
 
4. 
Objectives and endpoints 
Primary Objective:  
• 
To determine the ORR of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT used as a 
window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous or non-
squamous NSCLC and metastatic uveal melanoma. Both RECIST 1.1 and modified immune-related 
response criteria (irRC; derived from RECIST 1.1) will be used to assess treatment response (See 
Appendix D). 
Secondary Objectives:  
• 
To determine the DoR of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT used as a window 
of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous or non-squamous 
NSCLC and metastatic uveal melanoma. 
• 
To determine the OS rate of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT used as a 
window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous or non-
squamous NSCLC and metastatic uveal melanoma. 
• 
To determine the PFS rate of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT used as a 
window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous or non-
squamous NSCLC and metastatic uveal melanoma. 
• 
To document the toxicities associated with ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT 
used as a window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous or 
non-squamous NSCLC and metastatic uveal melanoma, as assessed by the National Cancer Institute 
(NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.03.  
• 
To document the antitumor activity of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT 
used as a window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous or 
non-squamous NSCLC and metastatic uveal melanoma, as assessed by both RECIST 1.1 and 
modified irRC (See Appendix D). 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
15 
 
• 
To estimate the clinical benefit rate (CBR) of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination with 
SBRT used as a window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous 
or non-squamous NSCLC and metastatic uveal melanoma. 
Exploratory Objectives: 
• 
To determine the abscopal effect of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT. The 
primary criterion for abscopal effect evaluation will be computed tomography (CT)-based response 
assessment of a non-targeted lesion. The secondary criterion will be immune parameters including PD-
1 and PD-L1 expression, immune infiltrates, and cytokine expression (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, lL-12, IFN-c, TNF-
α, and GM-CSF). 
• 
To measure the immune response to nivolumab in patients with squamous or non-squamous NSCLC 
and metastatic uveal melanoma. 
• 
To assess the Th1 (cellular-based) response by measuring the following cytokines: IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-
12, IFN-c, TNF-α, and GM-CSF. 
• 
To measure TILs before and after ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy. 
• 
To explore correlative tissue and blood-based biomarkers of treatment response including but not limited 
to T-cell cytokine profiles (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-c, TNF-α, and GM-CSF), TILs, PD-1 and PD-L1 
expression, effector and suppressor immunocyte populations. 
 
 
Endpoints 
Primary endpoint: The primary endpoint will be the ORR of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination 
with SBRT used as a window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous or 
non-squamous NSCLC and metastatic uveal melanoma. Both RECIST 1.1 and modified irRC will be used to 
assess treatment response. 
Secondary endpoints: Secondary endpoints will include a) DoR; b) OS and PFS rates; c) CBR; d) safety and 
toxicity (toxicity will be defined as any treatment-related death or any ≥ Grade 3 toxicity excluding alopecia and 
constitutional symptoms as assessed by NCI CTCAE v4.03); e) immune-mediated antitumor activity (assessed 
by RECIST 1.1 and modified irRC); and f) correlative tissue and blood-based biomarkers of ADV/HSV-tk + 
Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT used as a window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab. 
Tumor assessments: Tumor assessments will be performed at baseline and every eight (8) weeks thereafter 
until completion of the protocol-specified study treatment, and 30 days after the last dose of nivolumab. Disease 
status will be assessed using both RECIST 1.1 and modified irRC (assessments will be performed at specified 
time points). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels will be assessed on day 1 of each cycle. The ALT 
level must be within the acceptable range before administering the study drug combination, and dosing will be 
discontinued either temporarily or permanently for any patient who has a severe cytokine reaction, elevated ALT 
level (> 5 × upper limit of normal [ULN]), or any other Grade 4 or greater adverse effect. 
 
5. 
Study design 
5.1 Description of study design 
This is a phase II window of opportunity study evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of SBRT and in situ gene therapy 
followed by nivolumab in metastatic squamous and non-squamous NSCLC and metastatic uveal melanoma. 
 
Figure 1: Study design 
 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. Treatment  
ADV/HSV-tk (5 x 1011 viral particles) in a 2-mL total volume will be injected intratumorally on day 0 of the study. 
Valacyclovir will be orally administered at a dose of 2 g three times daily (t.i.d.) for 14 days. For patients with 
serum creatinine level between 1.6−2.0 × ULN, valacyclovir dose will be reduced 50% (i.e., 1 g t.i.d.). Valacyclovir 
treatment will be administered 24 hours after the gene vector injection from day 1 to day 15 of the study. 
SBRT of 30 gray (Gy; 6 Gy X 5 fractions) will be administered over 2 weeks from day 2 to day 14 of the study. 
Nivolumab (480 mg) will be administered intravenously over 30 minutes every 4 weeks (± 1 day) starting on day 
17 of the study and continuing until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 12 months in patients 
without disease progression. 
Immune-mediated complications of nivolumab will be defined as immunological reactions requiring the use of 
corticosteroids. Grade 2 or greater immune-mediated complications must be managed with 1 to 2 mg/kg/day 
prednisone equivalents, followed by corticosteroid taper. Permanently discontinue nivolumab for severe (Grade 
3) or life-threatening (Grade 4) immune-mediated complications and withhold nivolumab until resolution of 
moderate (Grade 2) immune-mediated complications. Based on the severity of the event, consider restarting 
nivolumab after completion of corticosteroid taper. 
 
            
Patients whose treatment is interrupted or permanently discontinued due to an AE including abnormal laboratory 
value must be followed at least once a week for 4 weeks and subsequently at 4-week intervals until resolution or 
stabilization of the event, whichever comes first. Dose interruptions should be reported on the appropriate Dosage 
Administration case report form (CRF). The maximum time allowed for toxicity-related treatment interruption is 21 
days (3 weeks) from the intended dosing day. If interruption is > 3 weeks, the patient must be discontinued from 
the study treatment. However, the patient will continue to be followed for toxicity. 
 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
17 
 
7. Population 
Metastatic NSCLC: Male or female patients aged ≥18 years with histologically or cytologically confirmed 
metastatic squamous or non-squamous NSCLC whose disease has progressed after a platinum-based 
chemotherapy and after a single-agent immunotherapy. Patients with EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations 
should have disease progression on FDA-approved therapy for these aberrations prior to receiving nivolumab. 
The investigator or designee must ensure that the patient meets all the inclusion and none of the exclusion criteria 
before being offered enrollment in the study. 
Metastatic Uveal Melanoma: Male or female patients aged ≥18 years with histologically or cytologically confirmed 
metastatic uveal melanoma that is immunotherapy naïve. 
 
Study Duration:   
After administration of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir followed by SBRT, nivolumab will be given every 4 weeks from 
day 17 until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 12 months in patients without disease 
progression. Patients will be followed up for 6 months or until disease progression, whichever occurs first. Patients 
will be assessed for AEs up to and including 30 days after the last treatment dose.  
 
Safety Criteria:   
A screening medical history and physical exam will be performed (baseline symptom-medical history and physical 
examination are not required if the screening was conducted within 7 to 28 days prior to day 0 of ADV/HSV-tk). 
Patients presenting with any medical history, physical exam, or laboratory abnormality that, in the in the opinion 
of the treating physician, would put their safety at risk will be excluded. A window of ± 5 days is allowed for study 
visits and assessments (except as otherwise specified). A physical exam will be performed on days 0 and 17; 
every 4 weeks thereafter until completion of the protocol-specified treatment; and at end of treatment (EOT). Vital 
sign (blood pressure, heart rate, and oral temperature) measurements will be performed at each physical exam. 
A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) will be performed at screening, at EOT, and when clinically indicated. 
Multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan or echocardiogram (ECHO) will be performed when clinically indicated. The 
same method (ECHO or MUGA scan) must be used throughout the duration of the study. A blood sample for 
complete blood count (CBC) with platelet count and differential white blood cell (WBC) count will be obtained at 
screening, on days 0 and 17, every 4 weeks thereafter until completion of the protocol-specified treatment, at 
EOT, and when clinically indicated. If a patient is found to have an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <1.5 x 10^9/L, 
platelet count < 100 x 10^9/L, or both, the CBC with differential should be repeated at least every other day until 
the ANC and platelet count have exceeded these values. A blood sample for clinical chemistry panel (glucose, 
albumin, sodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, chloride, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], creatinine, total bilirubin, 
alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase [AST], and ALT) and evaluation of magnesium and lactate 
dehydrogenase will be obtained at screening, on days 0 and 17, every 4 weeks thereafter until completion of the 
protocol-specified treatment, at EOT, and when clinically indicated. Prothrombin time (PT), international 
normalized ratio (INR), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) testing will be performed at screening, 
on day 17, every 4 weeks thereafter until completion of the protocol-specified treatment, and at EOT. For women 
of childbearing potential (WOCBP), the results of a serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) pregnancy 
test must be negative within 7 days of the administration of the first treatment dose. If the screening serum β-hCG 
pregnancy test is performed more than 7 days before ADV/HSV-tk dosing, it must be repeated at baseline, with 
results known to be negative prior to the administration of the first dose of the study treatment. Serum β-hCG 
pregnancy testing is to be repeated as clinically indicated. Laboratory tests may be done more frequently if 
medically indicated. Patients will be assessed for AEs and SAEs from informed consent signing up to and 
including 30 days after the last treatment dose. Study treatment-related AEs occurring beyond 30 days after the 
last dose of nivolumab and any study patient death should also be reported. Toxicity will be defined as any 
treatment-related death or any ≥ Grade 3 toxicity excluding alopecia and constitutional symptoms as assessed 
by NCI CTCAE v4.03. Patients whose treatment is interrupted or permanently discontinued due to an AE including 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
18 
 
abnormal laboratory value must be followed at least once a week for 4 weeks and subsequently at 4-week intervals 
until resolution or stabilization of the event, whichever comes first. The maximum time allowed for toxicity-related 
treatment interruption is 21 days from the intended dosing day. If the interruption is > 3 weeks, the patient must 
be discontinued from the study treatment. However, the patient will continue to be followed for toxicity. Brain 
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be performed at screening. Relapsed/refractory and/or metastatic patients 
will be evaluated with CT scan of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis at screening, every eight (8) weeks thereafter 
until completion of the protocol-specified treatment and/or at the discretion of the treating physician, at EOT, and 
as clinically indicated. For patients with equivocal CT scan results, positron emission tomography (PET) scan will 
be performed. In patients with accessible tumor, biopsies will be conducted at day 0, after the first nivolumab dose 
(day 17 ± 2 days), and if the patient progresses while on treatment, before the patient starts the new treatment. 
Blood samples for correlative studies will be collected at screening, after the first dose (± 2 days) of nivolumab, 
and at the end of Cycle 2 of nivolumab. An additional sample will be collected from subjects whose disease 
progresses while on treatment. Blood samples will be collected into standard vacutainer tubes (3 green top tubes). 
Samples will be evaluated for profile of circulating suppressor and effector immunocytes and cytokines. 
 
 
8. Inclusion and exclusion criteria 
Patients must have baseline evaluations performed prior to treatment start and must meet all inclusion criteria 
and none of the exclusion criteria. In addition, the patient must be thoroughly informed about all aspects of the 
study, including the study visit schedule, required evaluations, and all regulatory requirements for informed 
consent. Written informed consent must be obtained from the patient prior to enrollment. The criteria below apply 
to all patients enrolled onto the study unless otherwise specified. 
8.1 Inclusion criteria: 
Patient must meet all of the following criteria: 
• 
Male or female ≥18 years of age. 
• 
Histologically or cytologically confirmed stage IV metastatic squamous or non-squamous NSCLC that has 
progressed after a platinum-based chemotherapy and after a single-agent immunotherapy OR 
histologically or cytologically confirmed metastatic uveal melanoma that is immunotherapy naïve. 
• 
Evaluable or measurable disease as per RECIST 1:1, a target lesion of suitable diameter (at least 5 mm) 
for SBRT, and a non-target lesion of at least 1 cm in diameter for abscopal effect evaluation. 
• 
≥ 4 weeks since any major surgery. 
• 
A 2-week washout period post any prior systemic anticancer therapy, RT, and/or investigational therapy is 
required prior to trial entry. Subject should be adequately recovered from the acute toxicities of any prior 
therapy. 
• 
Life expectancy ≥ 6 months. 
• 
ECOG performance status of 0–1.  
• 
Adequate bone marrow function:  
- ANC ≥ 1.5 x 10^9/L (without granulocyte colony stimulating factor support within 2 weeks of 
laboratory test used to determine eligibility) 
- Platelets ≥ 100 x 10^9/L (without transfusion within 2 weeks of laboratory test used to 
determine eligibility) 
- Hemoglobin ≥ 8 g/dL (without blood transfusion) 
- WBC count > 2,500/µL and < 15,000/µL 
- Lymphocyte count ≥ 500/µL 
• 
Adequate liver function:  
- Serum bilirubin ≤ 1.0 × ULN (patients with known Gilbert’s disease who have serum bilirubin 
level  ≤ 3 × ULN may be enrolled) 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
19 
 
- Serum transaminases (AST or ALT) activity ≤ 2.5 × ULN with normal alkaline phosphatase 
(patients with liver metastases ≤ 5 x ULN) OR AST and ALT ≤ 1.5 × ULN with an alkaline 
phosphatase > 2.5 × ULN  
• 
INR or PT and aPTT ≤ 1.5 × ULN (unless patient is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or aPTT 
is within therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants); 
• 
Adequate renal function: serum creatinine <2 x ULN.   
• 
WOCBP must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 7 days prior to the administration of the first 
study treatment. Women must not be lactating. 
• 
WOCBP and men must practice an effective method of birth control (See Section 12.5). 
• 
Signed informed consent to participate in the study must be obtained from patients after they have been 
fully informed of the nature and potential risks of the study by the investigator (or his/her designee) with the 
aid of written information. 
• 
Willing to provide biopsies as required by the study. 
 
8.2 Exclusion criteria: 
• 
Prior treatment with gene therapy. 
• 
Any immunotherapy within 2 weeks of study treatment start (NSCLC cohort only). 
• 
Prior treatment with immunotherapy (uveal melanoma cohort only) 
• 
Patients with EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations that have not received any FDA-approved therapy 
for these aberrations (NSCLC cohort only). 
• 
Oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (NSCLC cohort only). 
• 
Patients requiring oral prednisone for emphysema management (NSCLC cohort only). 
• 
History of liver disease, such as cirrhosis or active/chronic hepatitis B or C. 
• 
History of or current alcohol misuse/abuse within the past 12 months. 
• 
Known gallbladder or bile duct disease (i.e., infection or cholecystitis) or acute or chronic pancreatitis. 
• 
Major surgery within 4 weeks prior to study enrollment. 
• 
Uncontrolled brain or leptomeningeal metastases or brain or leptomeningeal metastases requiring 
continued glucocorticoid treatment. Patients who have been treated at least 4 weeks prior to enrollment 
and have a CT or MRI scan of the brain showing no evidence of disease progression within 4 weeks of 
enrollment are eligible. 
• 
Congestive heart failure: New York Heart Association class III or IV heart failure or unstable angina. 
• 
History of syncope or family history of idiopathic sudden death. 
• 
Sustained or clinically significant cardiac arrhythmias including sustained ventricular tachycardia, 
ventricular fibrillation, clinically significant bradycardia, advanced heart block (Mobitz II or higher 
atrioventricular nodal block), prolonged heart rate-corrected QT interval (longer than 470 milliseconds), or 
history of acute myocardial infarction. (The QT interval is the time between the start of the Q wave and the 
end of the T wave in the cardiac electrical cycle) 
• 
Concomitant disease(s) that could prolong QT such as autonomic neuropathy (caused by diabetes or 
Parkinson's disease), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cirrhosis, uncontrolled hypothyroidism, or 
cardiac failure. 
• 
Presence of active or suspected acute or chronic uncontrolled infection or history of immunocompromise, 
including a positive HIV test result. 
• 
Any severe and/or uncontrolled medical conditions or other conditions that could affect patient participation 
in the study such as severely impaired lung function, any active (acute or chronic) or uncontrolled 
infection/disorders, and nonmalignant medical illnesses that are uncontrolled or whose control may be 
jeopardized by the study therapy. 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
20 
 
• 
Known or suspected allergy or hypersensitivity to any component of nivolumab or its analogues or any 
component of the proposed regimen (gene vector/Valacyclovir). 
• 
Inability to swallow food or any condition of the upper gastrointestinal tract that precludes administration of 
oral medications (Valacyclovir). Any active malignancy except for non-melanoma skin cancer or in situ 
cervical cancer or treated cancer from which the patient has been continuously disease free for more than 
5 years. 
• 
Pregnant or breastfeeding women or women/men able to conceive and unwilling to practice an effective 
method of birth control. WOCBP must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 7 days prior to the 
administration of the first study treatment.  
• 
Unwilling or unable to comply with the study protocol. 
 
9. Treatment materials 
9.1 ADV/HSV-tk 
Replication-defective recombinant adenovirus vector. 
The viral vector proposed here has been used for multiple ongoing Investigational New Drugs (INDs), 
including BB-IND 6371, 6636, 6599, and 7311. The vector is a first-generation adenoviral construct 
based on an adenovirus serotype-5 backbone. 
The therapeutic potential of HSV-tk gene therapy is greatly enhanced by a “bystander effect” in which 
cytotoxicity is conferred to non-transduced neighboring cells. In vivo bystander effects are likely due to a 
combination of host immunological responses and to gap junction-mediated transport of phosphorylated 
prodrug metabolites to surrounding cells. 
 
Many laboratories have shown the in vitro susceptibility of mouse and human prostate cancer cells to HSV-
tk/prodrug treatment. Our group has evaluated the effects of ADV-tk + GCV on in vivo tumor growth and 
survival in mouse prostate cancer models.80 An adenoviral vector carrying the HSV-tk gene under the control 
of the Rous sarcoma virus promoter was administered by direct intratumoral injection.80-82 Tumor growth was 
significantly delayed in the ADV-tk + GCV group compared with the control groups (ADV-tk  + saline and 
ADV-β-galactosidase [control vector] + saline or GCV).80 Tumor volume in the ADV-tk + GCV-treated group 
was 16% of that in the combined control groups. However, with longer follow-up, ADV-tk + GCV-treated 
tumors began to grow at a rate similar to control tumors. Mean survival was 14.2 ± 0.6 days for the combined 
control groups and 21.2 ± 1.3 days for the treatment group (P < 0.001 by Mantel-Cox log-rank analysis). 
Animal studies have also shown that ADV-tk treatment can protect against metastases. In an orthotopic 
model, the spontaneous metastasis rate was significantly lower for the ADV-tk + GCV treatment group 
compared with the pooled control groups (12.5% [2/16] vs. 71.4% [10/14]; P = 0.0032 by Fisher's Exact test).83 
Similar results were obtained in experimental metastasis models (i.e., tail vein injection of tumor cells). HSV-
tk/GCV gene therapy in combination with radiation significantly prolonged survival compared with either 
therapy alone and sham treatment (22.9 ± 1.34 days vs. 16.9 ± 0.84 days and 11.3 ± 0.77 days, respectively; 
P < 0.001  by log-rank and Wilcoxon tests).83  
Based on extensive efficacy and toxicity studies in mice, cotton rats and non-human primates81, 84 our group 
designed a dose escalation phase I clinical study to evaluate the potential toxicity of ADV/HSV-tk in humans 
(Regulatory Affairs Certification [RAC] protocol # 9601-144). The study was evaluated and approved by the 
local (institutional review board [IRB] and institutional biosafety committee) and national (RAC and FDA) 
regulatory bodies. Subjects included men with locally recurrent prostate cancer after RT. Vector particles (2 
x 109 to 2 x 1012) were administered in a single intratumoral injection guided by ultrasound imaging. Three 
patients achieved partial responses, and only occasional transient toxicities were observed (Phase I Study of 
Adenoviral Vector Delivery of the HSV-tk Gene and the Intravenous Administration of Ganciclovir in Men with 
Local Recurrence of Prostate Cancer after Radiation Therapy, National Institutes of Health-Office of 
Recombinant DNA Activities # 9601-144).85 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
21 
 
Based on our favorable preclinical and clinical trial data, a phase I-II study was designed to analyze the 
efficacy and toxicity of HSV-tk gene therapy in combination with RT in prostate cancer patients.86 In this study, 
intravenous GCV was replaced with valacyclovir (Valtrex, Glaxo Wellcome), an orally administered 
medication that is rapidly and almost completely metabolized in the liver to acyclovir. The trial consisted of 3 
treatment arms: Arm A, low-risk patients treated with HSV-tk/valacyclovir + RT; Arm B, high-risk patients 
treated with the same regimen as Arm A with the addition of hormonal therapy; and Arm C, patients with 
stage D1 (positive pelvic lymph nodes) who received the same regimen as Arm B with the addition of 45 Gy 
to the pelvic lymphatics. Fifty-nine patients (29 in Arm A, 26 in Arm B, and 4 in Arm C) completed the trial. 
The median age was 68 years (range: 39–85 years). The median follow-up for the entire group was 13.5 
months (range: 1.4–27.8 months). Only Arm A patients were observed to have an increase in prostate specific 
antigen (PSA) on day 14, which then declined appropriately. All patients in Arm A (median follow-up: 13.4 
months) and Arm B (median follow-up: 13.9 months) had biochemical control at last follow-up. Three patients 
in Arm C (with pretreatment PSA of 335, 19.6, and 2.5 ng/mL and a combined Gleason score of 8, 9, and 9 
involving all biopsy cores) had biochemical failure at 3, 3, and 7.7 months. Two patients had distant failure in 
bone and 1 patient in the para-aortic lymph nodes outside the radiation portal. Six to twelve prostate biopsies 
performed in these 3 patients revealed no evidence of residual carcinoma. In Arm A, biopsy showed no 
evidence of carcinoma in 66.7% (18/27), 92.3% (24/26), 91.7% (11/12), 100% (8/8), and 100% (6/6) of 
patients at 6 weeks, 4 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months after treatment, respectively. In Arm 
B, biopsy showed no evidence of carcinoma in 96% (24/25), 90.5% (19/21), 100% (14/14), 100% (7/7), and 
100% (2/2) of patients at 6 weeks, 4 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months after treatment, 
respectively. This was the first reported trial of its kind in the field of prostate cancer that aimed to expand the 
therapeutic index of RT by combining it with in situ gene therapy.87  
Dosage: 
ADV/HSV-tk will be administered intratumorally at 5 x 1011 virus particles on day 0. This dose is based on the 
toxicity results from the phase I/II study of ADV-tk gene therapy in combination with chemoradiation in patients 
with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.77 If toxicity occurs, ADV/HSV-tk dose will be reduced to 5 x 109 vector 
particles per injection. If toxicity occurs with this dose modification, the dose will be further reduced to 5 x 106 
virus particles per injection. 
      Delivery: 
For the NSCLC cohort, the tumor will be identified by PET/CT by the radiation oncologist. The procedure will 
be managed under endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance. In rare cases where the tumor cannot be 
accessed by EUS, a CT-guided injection will be performed. For the uveal melanoma cohort, the procedure 
will be managed under ultrasound or CT guidance. EUS will be performed with the patient under sedation. 
Patients will be monitored until the sedation has worn off. For CT-guided injections, local anesthesia will be 
used and patients will be monitored for several hours after the procedure.  
Warnings and precautions:  
Significant toxicity has not been observed with the administration of ADV/HSV-tk gene therapy alone or in 
combination with RT or chemotherapy in previous clinical trials.85, 88-90 Fever may occur due to the local 
inflammatory and immune response to ADV/HSV-tk, which will be treated with acetaminophen as necessary. 
If local inflammation is extensive or infection develops, Valacyclovir will be stopped and antibiotics and/or 
anti-inflammatory therapy will be given as appropriate. Other potential side effects of ADV/HSV-tk gene 
therapy include increased creatinine, increased liver enzymes (ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-
glutamyl transferase), increased bilirubin, cellulitis, and thrombocytopenia.  
 
9.2 Valacyclovir91 
Proper name: Valacyclovir (as valacyclovir hydrochloride) 
Chemical name: L-valine, 2-[(2-amino-1, 6-dihydro-6-oxo-9H-purin-9-yl) 
Molecular formula: C13H20N6O4•HCl 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
22 
 
Molecular mass: 360.80 
 
Structural formula: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                          Figure 2 
Physicochemical properties: 
Valacyclovir hydrochloride is a white to off-white powder with a maximum solubility in water of 174 mg/mL at 25°C. 
Valacyclovir hydrochloride has no distinct melting point. It undergoes rapid decomposition above 200°C. A 
saturated solution (4.82 x 10-1) of valacyclovir HCl in distilled water has a pH of 3.5 at 25°C. The pKa values of 
valacyclovir are pKa1 = 1.90, pKa2 = 7.47, and pKa3 = 9.43. 
Mechanism of action:  
Valacyclovir is the L-valyl ester and a prodrug of the antiviral drug acyclovir. Valacyclovir hydrochloride is rapidly 
converted to acyclovir, which has in vitro and in vivo inhibitory activity against human herpes viruses including 
HSV-1, HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). 
The inhibitory activity of acyclovir is highly selective due to its unique affinity for HSV and VZV-encoded tks. This 
viral enzyme converts acyclovir into acyclovir monophosphate, a nucleotide analogue. The monophosphate is 
further converted into diphosphate by cellular guanylate kinase and into triphosphate by a number of cellular 
enzymes. Once incorporated, acyclovir irreversibly binds to viral DNA polymerase, effectively inactivating the 
enzyme. Acyclovir triphosphate is a potent inhibitor of all the human herpes virus DNA polymerases studied. 
Acyclovir is virtually inactive in uninfected cells, because it is preferentially taken up and selectively converted to 
the active triphosphate form by herpes virus-infected cells. Additionally, the tk of uninfected cells does not 
effectively use acyclovir as a substrate, and cellular α-DNA polymerase is less sensitive to the effects of acyclovir 
than viral DNA polymerase. 
A combination of the tk specificity, competitive inhibition of DNA polymerase, and incorporation and termination 
of the growing viral DNA chain results in the inhibition of herpes virus replication. No effect on latent non-replicating 
virus has been demonstrated. Inhibition of viral replication reduces the period of viral shedding, which limits the 
degree of spread and level of pathology and facilitates healing. The pain of shingles is related to viral damage to 
neurons, which takes place during viral replication. 
Pharmacokinetics:  
Absorption: After oral administration, valacyclovir hydrochloride is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract 
and nearly completely converted to acyclovir and L-valine by first-pass intestinal and/or hepatic metabolism. The 
absolute bioavailability of acyclovir after administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride is 54.5% ± 9.1% as 
determined following a 1000-mg oral dose of valacyclovir hydrochloride and 350-mg IV acyclovir dose to 12 
healthy volunteers. Valacyclovir pharmacokinetics are not dose-proportional. The rate and extent of absorption 
decreases with increasing dose, resulting in a less than proportional increase in maximumplasma concentration 
(Cmax) over the therapeutic dose range and a reduced bioavailability at doses above 500 mg. Acyclovir 
pharmacokinetics are unaltered after multiple-dose administration. 
Distribution: The binding of Valacyclovir to human plasma proteins ranges from 13.5% to 17.9%.  
Metabolism: Following absorption, Valacyclovir is rapidly and nearly completely hydrolyzed to acyclovir and L-
valine, an essential amino acid, by first-pass metabolism. This hydrolysis is mediated primarily by the enzyme 
valacyclovir hydrolase and occurs predominantly in the liver. 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
23 
 
Elimination: The pharmacokinetic disposition of acyclovir delivered by valacyclovir is consistent with previous 
experience from intravenous and oral acyclovir. Acyclovir is eliminated primarily by urinary excretion of unchanged 
drug. In all studies of valacyclovir hydrochloride, the half-life of acyclovir typically averages 2.5 to 3.3 hours in 
subjects with normal renal function. 
Indications and clinical uses:  
Valacyclovir in caplet form (as valacyclovir hydrochloride) is indicated: 
• For the treatment of herpes zoster (shingles). 
• For the treatment or suppression of genital herpes in immunocompetent individuals and suppression of recurrent 
genital herpes in HIV-infected individuals. 
• To reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes with the use of suppressive therapy. Safer sex practices 
should be used with suppressive therapy. 
• For the treatment of cold sores (herpes labialis). 
Geriatrics (> 65 years of age): Use in the geriatric population may be associated with differences in safety due to 
age-related changes in renal function (a brief discussion can be found in the appropriate sections).  
Contraindications:  
Valacyclovir is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity or intolerance to Valacyclovir, acyclovir, 
or any component of the formulation.  
Warnings and precautions:  
General care should be taken to ensure adequate fluid intake in patients, particularly geriatric patients, who are 
at risk of dehydration. 
The safety and efficacy of Valacyclovir have not been established for the treatment of disseminated herpes zoster. 
The safety and efficacy of Valacyclovir have not been established in immunocompromised patients other than for 
the suppression of anogenital herpes in HIV-infected patients. The safety and efficacy of Valacyclovir for the 
suppression of recurrent anogenital herpes in patients with advanced HIV disease (CD4 cell count < 100 
cells/mm3) have not been established. 
• 
Central nervous system 
Central nervous system adverse reactions (e.g., agitation, hallucinations, confusion, and encephalopathy) may 
occur in both adult and pediatric (> 12 years of age) patients (with or without reduced renal function) and in 
patients with underlying renal disease who receive higher than recommended doses of Valacyclovir for their level 
of renal function. Elderly patients are more likely to have central nervous system adverse reactions. Use with 
caution in elderly patients and reduce dosage in patients with renal impairment. 
• 
Hepatic/biliary/pancreatic 
Dose modification is not required in patients with mild or moderate cirrhosis (hepatic synthetic function 
maintained). Pharmacokinetic data in patients with advanced cirrhosis (impaired hepatic synthetic function and 
evidence of portal-systemic shunting) do not indicate the need for dosage adjustment. There are no data available 
on the use of higher doses of Valacyclovir (≥ 4 g daily [QD]) in patients with liver disease. Caution should, 
therefore, be exercised when administering higher doses of Valacyclovir to these patients. 
Renal Renal insufficiency and acute renal failure have been observed in patients taking Valacyclovir at the 
recommended dosage and/or with no previous renal conditions and may be associated with renal pain. Acyclovir, 
the active metabolite of Valacyclovir, is eliminated by renal clearance; therefore, the dose of Valacyclovir must be 
reduced in patients with renal impairment (see Dosage and administration; Patients with acute or chronic renal 
impairment). Geriatric patients are likely to have reduced renal function and therefore, the need for dose reduction 
must be considered in this group of patients. Both geriatric patients and patients with a history of renal impairment 
are at increased risk of developing neurological side effects and should be closely monitored for evidence of these 
effects. In the reported cases, these reactions were generally reversible on discontinuation of treatment. Cases 
of acute renal failure have been reported in patients without adequate hydration. Precipitation of acyclovir in renal 
tubules may occur when the solubility (2.5 mg/mL) is exceeded in the intratubular fluid. Adequate hydration should 
be maintained for all patients. 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
24 
 
Adverse reactions: 
Serious Adverse Drug Reactions 
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TPP)/hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) 
• Acute renal failure 
• Central nervous system effects 
Adverse Drug Reaction Overview 
The most frequent adverse reactions associated with the use of Valacyclovir are headache and nausea. 
Neurological side effects have also been reported in rare instances. Geriatric patients and patients with a history 
of renal impairment are at increased risk of developing these effects. In the reported cases, these reactions were 
generally reversible on discontinuation of treatment. 
ENSIGN Clinical Trial Adverse Drug Reactions  Because the ENSIGN clinical trial will be conducted under very 
specific conditions, the adverse reaction rates observed may not reflect the rates observed in practice and should 
not be compared to the rates in the clinical trials of another drug.  
 
Herpes Zoster: Adverse drug reactions were not significantly different between patients receiving Valacyclovir 
and those receiving placebo or acyclovir in two double-blind, randomized clinical trials of treatment of herpes 
zoster (shingles) in immunocompetent patients. The most frequent adverse drug reactions reported in recipients 
of Valacyclovir are listed in Table 1. 
 
Table 1. Incidence (%) of Drug-Related Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 1% of Patients Receiving Valacyclovir 
in Two Clinical Trials of Herpes Zoster 
 
 
Adverse Drug 
Reaction 
Herpes Zoster 
18–50 Years 
> 50 Years 
Valacyclovir (n=202) (%) 
Placebo 
(n=195) 
(%) 
Valacyclovir 
(n=765) 
(%) 
Acyclovir (n=376) 
(%) 
Nausea  
8  
6  
12  
14  
Headache  
11  
8  
8  
7  
Diarrhea  
4  
4  
4  
4  
Vomiting  
2  
2  
4  
3  
Asthenia  
1  
3  
3  
2  
Constipation  
< 1  
< 1  
3  
3  
Abdominal pain  < 1  
1  
2  
1  
Anorexia  
< 1  
2  
2  
2  
Dizziness  
1  
1  
2  
2  
Dry Mouth  
< 1  
0  
2  
1  
Dyspepsia  
0  
< 1  
2  
1  
Flatulence  
0  
0  
1  
1  
Pruritus  
1  
0  
< 1  
0  
 
Genital Herpes: In two double-blind, randomized trials of treatment of recurrent genital herpes in 
immunocompetent patients, adverse drug reactions were not significantly different between patients receiving 
Valacyclovir and those receiving placebo. The most frequent adverse reactions are listed in Table 2.  
 
Table 2. Incidence (%) of Drug-Related Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 1 % of Patients Receiving Valacyclovir 
in Two Clinical Trials of Treatment of Recurrent Genital Herpes 
Adverse Drug Reaction 
Valacyclovir (n=1235) (%) 
Placebo (n=439) (%) 
Headache  
11  
9  
Nausea  
5  
6  
Diarrhea  
4  
4  
Dizziness  
2  
2  


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
25 
 
Abdominal pain  
2  
1  
Asthenia  
1  
3  
 
Cold Sores: Adverse drug reactions reported by patients receiving 2000 mg Valacyclovir twice daily (n=609) or 
placebo (n=609) for one day in clinical studies of treatment of cold sores are listed below. 
 
Table 3. Incidence (%) of Drug-Related Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 1% of Patients Receiving 
Valacyclovir in Two Clinical Trials of Treatment of Cold Sores 
Adverse Drug Reaction 
Valacyclovir (n=609) (%) 
Placebo (n=609) (%) 
Headache  
9  
5  
Nausea  
4  
5  
Diarrhea  
3  
3  
Dyspepsia  
1  
1  
 
Abnormal hematologic and clinical chemistry findings: In herpes zoster trials, the frequency of WBC 
abnormality (< 0.75 times the lower limit of normal) was 1.3% for patients receiving Valacyclovir compared with 
0.6% for patients receiving placebo. This difference was not clinically or statistically significant. 
In clinical studies of treatment of cold sores, the frequencies of abnormal ALT values (> 2 × ULN) were 1.8% for 
patients receiving Valacyclovir at the recommended clinical dose and 0.8% for patients receiving placebo. Other 
laboratory abnormalities (hemoglobin, WBCs, alkaline phosphatase, and serum creatinine) occurred with similar 
frequencies in the two groups. 
Post-market adverse drug reactions: The following events have been reported voluntarily during post-approval 
use of Valacyclovir in clinical practice. These events have been chosen for inclusion due to either their 
seriousness, frequency of reporting, causal connection to Valacyclovir, or a combination of these factors. Post-
market AEs are reported spontaneously from a population of unknown size, thus estimates of frequency cannot 
be made. Allergic: Acute hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis, angioedema, dyspnea, pruritus, rash, 
and urticaria. Central Nervous System Symptoms: Headache. Reports of neurological reactions including 
dizziness, confusion, hallucinations (auditory and visual), aggressive behavior, decreased consciousness, tremor, 
ataxia, dysarthria, convulsions, encephalopathy, coma, mania, and seizures. Agitation and psychotic symptoms 
have also been reported. These events are generally reversible and usually seen in patients with renal impairment 
or other predisposing factors. General: Facial edema, hypertension, and tachycardia. Gastrointestinal: Nausea, 
abdominal discomfort, vomiting, and diarrhea. Hematological: Reports of thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia, 
leukocytoclastic vasculitis, and TTP/HUS. Leukopenia has mainly been reported in immunocompromised patients. 
Hepatobiliary Tract and Pancreas: Reports of reversible increases in liver function test and hepatitis. 
Ophthalmologic: Visual abnormalities. Renal: Reports of renal impairment, elevated blood creatinine and BUN, 
acute renal failure, renal pain, and hematuria. Renal pain may be associated with renal failure. Skin: Erythema 
multiforme and rashes including photosensitivity. Other: There have been reports of renal insufficiency, 
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia (sometimes in combination) in severely 
immunocompromised patients, particularly those with advanced HIV disease, receiving high doses (8000 mg QD) 
of Valacyclovir for prolonged periods in clinical trials. These findings have also been observed in patients not 
treated with Valacyclovir who have the same underlying or concurrent conditions. 
Drug interactions: 
No clinically significant interactions have been identified. No dosage adjustment is recommended when 
Valacyclovir is coadministered with digoxin, antacids, thiazide diuretics, cimetidine, or probenecid in subjects with 
normal renal function. 
Cimetidine and probenecid increase the area under the curve (AUC) of acyclovir and reduce acyclovir renal 
clearance after Valacyclovir administration (1000 mg). However, no dosage adjustment is necessary at this dose 
because of the wide therapeutic index of acyclovir.  
Drug-Food Interactions: There is no known interaction with food. 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
26 
 
Drug-Herb Interactions: Interactions with herbal products have not been established. 
Drug-Laboratory Test Interactions: Interactions with laboratory tests have not been established. 
Dosage and administration: 
The recommended dose for the ENSIGN trial is 2 g orally t.i.d. for 14 days (day 1 to day 15). This dose has been 
calculated to give a similar AUC as 10 mg/kg of intravenous acyclovir administered every 8 hours. This is the 
same dose regimen used in a previous phase I clinical trial of ADV/HSV-tk plus acyclovir and topotecan in patients 
with recurrent ovarian cancer.81 NOTE: For patients with serum creatinine level between 1.6−2.0 × ULN, 
valacyclovir dose will be reduced 50% (i.e., 1 g t.i.d.). 
Recommended Dose and Dosage Adjustment 
Patients who develop signs of TTP/HUS or neurotoxicity (e.g., encephalopathy, seizures) will be removed from 
treatment. 
Patients with acute or chronic renal impairment: Caution is advised when administering Valacyclovir to 
patients with impaired renal function. Adequate hydration should be maintained.  
Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluations following administration of oral valacyclovir hydrochloride have been 
performed in patients with renal impairment and volunteers with end-stage renal disease managed by 
hemodialysis. Valacyclovir dosing in patients with renal impairment is shown in Table 4. 
 
Table 4. Valacyclovir dosing in patients with renal impairment 
Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) 
 
> 50 
30 to <50 
10 to <30 
< 10 
Herpes Zoster  
1000 mg every 8 
hours†  
1000 mg every 12 
hours  
1000 mg every 24 
hours  
500 mg every 24 
hours  
Recurrent Episodes 
of Genital Herpes  
500 mg every 12 
hours†  
500 mg every 12 
hours†  
500 mg every 24 
hours  
500 mg every 24 
hours  
Suppression of genital 
herpes for 
immunocompetent 
patients  
1000 mg every 24 
hours†  
1000 mg every 24 
hours†  
500 mg every 24 
hours  
500 mg every 24 
hours  
Alternate 
dose 
for 
immunocompetent 
patients with less than 
or 
equal 
to 
9 
recurrences/year  
500 mg every 24 
hours†  
500 mg every 24 
hours†  
500 mg every 48 
hours  
500 mg every 48 
hours  
HIV-infected patients  
500 mg every 12 
hours†  
500 mg every 12 
hours†  
500 mg every 24 
hours  
500 mg every 24 
hours  
Initial 
Episode 
of 
Genital Herpes  
1000 mg every 12 
hours†  
1000 mg every 12 
hours†  
1000 mg every 24 
hours  
500 mg every 24 
hours  
Cold Sores (Herpes 
Labialis)§  
Two 2000 mg doses 
taken 
12 
hours 
apart†  
Two 1000 mg doses 
taken 12 hours apart  
Two 500 mg doses 
taken 12 hours apart  
500 mg single dose  
†Standard dose - adjustment not necessary                                                                                                                                                     
§Do not exceed one day of treatment. 
Overdosage:  
Activated charcoal may be administered to aid in the removal of unabsorbed drug. General supportive measures 
are recommended. Acute renal failure and neurological symptoms, including confusion, hallucinations, agitation, 
decreased consciousness and coma, and nausea and vomiting may also occur. Caution is required to prevent 
inadvertent overdose. Many of the reported cases involved renally impaired and geriatric patients receiving 
repeated overdoses due to lack of appropriate dosage reduction. 
Drug interactions:  
Cimetidine and Probenecid: Coadministration of probenecid with IV acyclovir has been shown to increase the 
mean elimination half-life and AUC of acyclovir, leading to corresponding reductions in acyclovir urinary excretion 
and renal clearance. The administration of cimetidine and probenecid, alone or in combination, reduced the rate 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
27 
 
but not the extent of Valacyclovir conversion to acyclovir. Reductions in the renal clearance of acyclovir were 
observed, resulting in higher acyclovir plasma concentrations. In volunteers with normal renal function, the renal 
clearance of acyclovir was reduced by approximately 22% and 33% with concomitant cimetidine and probenecid 
administration, respectively. Renal clearance of acyclovir was reduced by approximately 46% in patients receiving 
cimetidine, probenecid, and valacyclovir hydrochloride. 
An additive increase in acyclovir AUC with concomitant administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride, cimetidine, 
and probenecid has also been observed. Acyclovir Cmax was increased 8.4% ± 27.8%, 22.5% ± 25.3%, and 
29.6% ± 27.5% by cimetidine, probenecid, and combination treatment (concomitant cimetidine and probenecid 
administration), respectively. Acyclovir AUC (0 to 24 hours) was increased 31.9% ± 22.9%, 49.0% ± 27.9%, and 
77.9% ± 38.6% by cimetidine, probenecid, and combination treatment, respectively. Digoxin: The 
pharmacokinetics of digoxin (two 0.75 mg doses, 12 hours apart) were not affected by multiple-dose 
administration of Valacyclovir (1000 mg every 8 hours for 8 days beginning 12 hours before digoxin dosing) in a 
study with 12 volunteers. Acyclovir pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of Valacyclovir (1000 mg) 
remained unchanged when the same dose was administered immediately after the second of two 0.75 mg doses 
of digoxin given 12 hours apart. Antacids: The administration of an aluminum hydroxide and magnesium 
hydroxide-containing antacid either 30 minutes before or 65 minutes after administration of 1000 mg Valacyclovir 
had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in a study with 18 volunteers. Thiazide diuretics: Thiazide 
diuretics did not affect acyclovir pharmacokinetics after administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride in a geriatric 
population. 
Storage and stability:  
Valacyclovir should be stored between 15° and 30°C and protected from light. 
Dosage forms, composition, and packaging: Valacyclovir 500 mg caplets are blue, film-coated, capsule-shaped 
tablets printed with "Valacyclovir 500 mg". Each blue caplet contains valacyclovir hydrochloride equivalent to 500 
mg Valacyclovir and the inactive ingredients carnauba wax, cellulose, crospovidone, hydroxypropyl 
methylcellulose, Indigotine Aluminum Lake, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, povidone, 
silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The blue, film-coated caplets are printed with edible white ink. Valacyclovir 
1000 mg caplets are white, film-coated, capsule-shaped tablets engraved with "GX CF2". Each white caplet 
contains valacyclovir hydrochloride equivalent to 1000 mg valacyclovir and the inactive ingredients carnauba wax, 
cellulose, crospovidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 
80, povidone, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The white, film-coated caplets are engraved. The 500 mg and 
1000 mg caplets are available in blister packs of 30 and 21 caplets, respectively.  
 
 
9.3 SBRT  
RT is traditionally used for its direct cytocidal effect on cancer cells; however, it also has immunomodulatory 
properties that can be harnessed to potentiate an immune response.92,93 Ionizing radiation causes immunogenic 
cancer cell death, modulates antigen presentation by cancer cells, and most importantly alters the 
microenvironment within the irradiated field.94-97 Lymphocytes are exquisitely sensitive to ionizing radiation, and 
the direct effect of RT on TILs is generally cytocidal.98 This results in temporary selective ablation of immune cells 
within the irradiated target, depleting CTLs and NK cells directed against the tumor as well as Tregs that suppress 
local antitumor immunity. The relative importance of the effect of RT on these populations remains unclear, but it 
is evident that the damaging effects of this physical insult are sensed by the immune system, with systemic 
implications. 
Radiation-induced immunogenic cell death is characterized by the release of tumor antigens in the context of 
endogenous adjuvants that facilitate the priming of antitumor CTLs.99 Important components of immunogenic cell 
death include translocation of calreticulin (CRT) to the tumor cell membrane and release of ATP and other 
endogenous adjuvants such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1),100 uric acid,101 and heat-shock proteins 
(HSPs).102,103 These endogenous adjuvants act through the toll-like receptors (TLRs) to facilitate DC 
maturation.104-106 TLRs in the mammalian immune system were first described as pattern recognition receptors 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
28 
 
that respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as endotoxin from bacteria and double-
stranded RNA from viruses.107 However, growing evidence indicates that TLRs have a broader function by 
mediating the response to danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).108 DAMPs are a larger class of 
molecules including PAMPs as well as endogenous, evolutionarily conserved intracellular molecules that are 
released upon necrotic cell death. By linking the innate and adaptive immune system through activation of antigen-
presenting cells, release of DAMPs is a key aspect of RT-mediated immunogenic cell death. 
Another key component of the proimmunogenic effect of RT is the facilitation of tumor antigen uptake by DCs and 
their cross-presentation on MHC class I molecules.109 In fact, radiation induces MHC class I molecules in both 
tumors and normal tissue.110, 111 By enhancing the presentation of antigens released by its cytocidal effect, RT 
potentiates cross-priming of tumor-specific CTLs in the lymph nodes. Exogenous antigens can access the cross-
presentation pathway by a variety of means, but the most important for antitumor immunity is the uptake of cell-
associated antigens mediated by CRT translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum of tumor cells to the cell 
surface. Ionizing radiation causes CRT to translocate to the tumor cell surface where it acts as an “eat me” signal 
to macrophages and DCs, which internalize CRT-expressing tumor cells.112 This process is mediated by the 
common HSP receptor CD91 and is a necessary part of anthracycline and radiation-induced immunogenic cell 
death.113-115 Radiation induces the translocation of CRT on the tumor cell surface and the release of DAMPs, 
HMGB1, and ATP. These signals have been shown to be necessary and sufficient in a model of radiation-induced 
antitumor immunity.116, 117 
There is evidence from both human beings and mice that tumor-associated antigens are cross-presented by DCs 
after RT, and this results in the cross-priming of tumor-specific CTLs. By experimental necessity, much of this 
evidence comes from murine tumor lines transfected to express model antigens, which allow for the measurement 
of specific CTL responses against known peptide epitopes. A single fraction of 20-Gy ionizing radiation results in 
cross-presentation of an epitope from the SIY model antigen in an in vivo melanoma model.118 In a different 
melanoma model, both single-dose (15 Gy) and fractionated RT resulted in cross-priming of CTLs in the tumor 
and tumor draining lymph nodes, with fractionated treatment resulting in a smaller degree of cross-priming.119 
Other investigators have used this model to study the effect of dose and fractionation on cross-priming and have 
found that the number of CTLs generated correlates with radiation dose. However, fractionated RT resulted in 
approximately the same number of primed CTLs as single-dose RT.120 Radiation-induced cross-priming is 
dependent on host TLR-4 signaling.100 These findings are consistent with evidence from prostate cancer patients 
who developed prostate-specific CTLs after RT and vaccination with a poxviral vaccine encoding PSA.121 
Immunogenic cell death alone may not be sufficient to mediate a robust antitumor immune response, because 
the resident DCs within tumors maintain tolerance.122 Intratumoral injection of exogenous DCs have been used 
as a cancer immunotherapy, and RT has been shown to stimulate an effective antitumor CTL response among 
patients treated with this method.123-126 In some experimental systems, RT overcame the suppressive effect of 
tumor resident DCs by recruiting new monocyte-derived DCs (mDCs) that have not been exposed to the 
regulatory effects of the tumor microenvironment. Tumor irradiation recruits these mDCs to tumors after treatment 
with a single large fraction of 25 Gy.127 In summary, RT induces multiple intracellular adhesion molecules, 
chemokines, and cytokines that mediate naïve DC recruitment and may, at least in part, subvert the immune-
tolerant microenvironment characteristic of established tumors.128-130 
RT facilitates the recruitment of effector T-cells to tumors through chemokine induction. Chemokines are known 
to be important for the recruitment of leukocytes to tumors as part of antitumor immunity.131,132 However, tumors 
with their immunosuppressive milieu tend to produce chemokines that recruit Tregs and other suppressive 
elements.133,134 Without effective chemotaxis, lymphocytes primed against tumor antigens cannot home to tumors 
and carry out their effector function. Chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) has been identified as a prognostic factor in 
colorectal and renal cell cancers and correlates with improved survival and increased TILs.135-137 In the 4T1 mouse 
breast cancer model, radiation induces the production of CXCL16, which mediates T cell recruitment to tumors 
by binding to chemokine receptor 6 on T cells.138 Radiation also has effects on the tumor vascular endothelium, 
inducing cell adhesion molecules that further promote recruitment of antitumor CTLs.139 Although it does not 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
29 
 
explain the systemic immune effects of radiation, chemotaxis may partially account for the direct effects of RT on 
tumor control. 
The positive effect of ionizing radiation on antitumor immune response supports the hypothesis that the immune 
system is responsible for the abscopal effect of RT. Originally described by Mole, the abscopal (from the Latin ab 
and the Greek Scopus, away from the target) effect of RT is a phenomenon by which a primary tumor is irradiated 
and a response is seen at distant metastatic sites outside of the path of the radiation.140-146 Even the “in field” 
effects of radiation have been shown to be dependent on the immune system. CD8+ T cells and type I IFN are 
required for RT-induced tumor regression, as their depletion revokes RT-mediated tumor control.118, 127,147-152 
Despite the observation that radiation induces effects sensed by the immune system and modulates the antitumor 
immune response, abscopal responses are rarely seen in clinical practice. Although evidence suggests that RT 
alone is sufficient to provide the necessary signals for cross-priming of CTLs against tumor antigens, this adjuvant 
effect of radiation appears to be relatively weak. However, the rare radiation-induced systemic abscopal response 
can be facilitated by additional immune manipulation. Although radiation primes new anti-tumor CTLs, these CTLs 
are usually unable to overcome the suppressive effect of the tumor microenvironment at distant untreated 
metastatic sites. This provides the rationale for combining systemic immunotherapies with RT. 
According to traditional radiobiology, the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation on tumor cells are primarily due to 
the production of DNA double-strand breaks followed by cell death, either via apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, 
mitotic catastrophe, or replicative senescence.153 This traditional view of radiation-induced cell death is rapidly 
evolving to take into account the contribution of the tumor microenvironment and host antitumor immunity. This is 
particularly evident in the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors to overcome the immunosuppressive 
environment of established tumors.154-156 Notably, recruitment of the host’s immune system as a contributor of the 
“in field” response to RT can result in immune memory, an advantageous systemic effect that transcends the 
localized nature of this treatment modality.157 
Ionizing radiation alone may not be sufficient to produce clinically observable effects. In vivo and in the clinic, 
ionizing radiation-produced proimmunogenic effects are often masked by the overwhelming immunosuppressive 
microenvironment that characterizes established cancers.158 Nonetheless, when some barriers of established 
immunosuppression are removed, for instance by adding immune checkpoint inhibitors (such as anti-CTLA-4, 
anti-PD-1, and anti-PD-L1) to local RT, the proimmunogenic effects of ionizing radiation are leveraged and foster 
immune-mediated tumor rejection is lifted, facilitating host anticancer immune responses. This could, at least in 
part, explain the enhanced local and systemic clinical benefits of combination regimens.159-163 Evidence-based 
medicine has suggested that RT in combination with an immunomodulatory agent (anti-CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, or 
New York-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1) can elicit immune-mediated abscopal effects in non-targeted 
tumors. Concurrent RT with a human monoclonal anti-CTLA-4 antibody induced immune-mediated abscopal 
effects in poorly immunogenic preclinical tumor models and metastatic melanoma and metastatic lung 
adenocarcinoma patients. This treatment combination has also been shown to increase TIL activity, induce tumor 
regression, and normalize tumor markers. Immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at overcoming immune tolerance 
and improving the activation of antitumor T cells represent a new promising therapeutic approach.164 Among them, 
the human anti-CTLA-4 antibody in combination with RT still remains investigational. 
Historically, abscopal responses are of rare occurrence. Few cases have been reported in several tumor types, 
including melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, metastatic lung adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma.165-170 The host’s 
immune system senses the effects that ionizing radiation provokes in irradiated tissues. This gave support to the 
hypothesis that the tumor could become an in vivo vaccine by adding an immunomodulator to ionizing RT.171, 172  
With the confirmation of this hypothesis, studies are investigating the link between the abscopal effect of RT and 
RT-induced antitumor response.173-175 When combined preclinically with CTLA-4 blockade, fractionated, but not 
single-dose, radiation demonstrated abscopal effects in the 4T1 syngeneic murine model of mammary 
carcinoma176 and in two additional preclinical cancer models.177 Consistently, in each of the clinical cases in which 
abscopal effects were reported after CTLA-4 blockade and RT (see table below), the patient had received 
multifractionated RT targeting a visceral lesion.178-180 The lack of benefit of ipilimumab addition to RT in a large 
prospective randomized trial of castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer may be explained by the facts that 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
30 
 
a bone lesion (instead of a visceral metastasis) was treated and that a single 8-Gy dose was used.181 It is notable 
that single-dose radiation induced the three classic components of immunogenic cell death in vitro (CRT 
translocation, HMGB1 release, and ATP release) in a dose-dependent manner.  The in vivo inferiority of single-
dose versus fractionated RT may reflect a mechanism dependent on the tumor microenvironment rather than on 
the immunogenicity of cancer cells.  
The abscopal cases reported (see table below) and many emerging systemic responses in the setting of CTLA-4 
and PD-L1 blockade have occurred with biologic doses that are certainly not ablative. 
 
Table 5. Abscopal responses after combination treatment with RT and CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor 
Reference 
Radiation 
Regimen 
CTLA-4 Antibody 
Dose 
Tumor Type 
Target 
Setting 
Dewan168 
6 Gy x 5 f 
8 Gy x 3 f 
10 mg/kg    
Breast cancer 
Primary tumor 
Preclinical 
Hinikerfl169 
18 Gy x 3 f 
3 mg/kg 
Melanoma 
Liver metastasis 
Clinical 
Postow170 
9.5 Gy x 3 f 
10 mg/kg 
Melanoma 
Paraspinal 
metastasis 
Clinical 
Golden171 
6 Gy x 5 f 
3 mg/kg 
Lung cancer 
Liver metastasis 
Clinical 
CTLA-4 = cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4; f = fraction. 
 
In the above clinical studies, patients that received immunotherapy plus ionizing RT were successfully immunized 
against their tumor, both locally and systemically. The standing question is whether more patients would have 
responded if their irradiated metastatic lesion had been ablated or if ablative doses of stereotactic radiosurgery 
had been applied to all clinically and radiologically detectable metastatic sites.  
 
 
Dosage guidelines: 
SBRT of 30 Gy (6 Gy X 5 fractions) will be administered over 2 weeks starting from day 2 to day 14 of the study. 
Delivery: 
Tumor target will be decided by PET/CT scan. For the planned dosing regimen, SBRT simulation will be done 
before treatment. For subjects with multiple tumors, the largest tumor will be selected. Sedation is not necessary 
for SBRT.  
Side effects: 
Side effects of the proposed low-dose SBRT will be minimal. Potential side effects include fatigue, skin irritation, 
esophagitis, pneumonitis, bronchitis, rib fracture, chest wall pain, and spinal cord injury. 
 
 
9.4 Nivolumab 
Common trade name(s): Opdivo®  
Classification: monoclonal antibody 
Mechanism of action: 
Nivolumab is a fully human immune checkpoint inhibitor monoclonal antibody. Nivolumab enhances antitumor 
immunity by selectively blocking the interaction of PD-1 with its known ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, disrupting the 
negative regulation of T cell activation and proliferation.182, 183 
Uses: 
Primary uses: Melanoma, 184 Lung cancer, Squamous and non-squamous NSCLC 185 
Other uses: Renal cell cancer, 186,187 Hodgkin’s lymphoma188 
Special precautions: 
Pregnancy: In animal reproduction studies, nivolumab administration resulted in increased abortion and 
premature infant death. There is no available human data; however, a central function of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway 
is to preserve pregnancy by maintaining maternal immune tolerance to the fetus. Therefore, based on its 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
31 
 
mechanism of action, nivolumab may cause fetal harm if administered to a pregnant woman. Also, human IgG4 
is known to cross the placental barrier. As nivolumab is an IgG4 antibody, it has the potential to be transmitted 
from the mother to the developing fetus where it may increase the risk of immune-mediated disorders. WOCBP 
are advised to use effective contraception during treatment and for five months following the last dose of 
nivolumab. 
Side effects: 
The table below includes AEs that presented during drug treatment but may not necessarily have a causal 
relationship with the drug. Because clinical trials are conducted under very specific conditions, the AE rates 
observed may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. AEs reported in more than 1% of patients in the 
product monograph or pivotal trials are included. 
Table 6. Nivolumab side effects 
ORGAN SITE 
SIDE EFFECT 
Gastrointestinal 
Emetogenic potential: low, Abdominal pain (16%, severe 2%), Constipation (24%), 
Nausea (29%, severe 2%), Vomiting (19%, severe 1%). 
General disorders and 
administration site conditions 
Extravasation hazard: none, Asthenia (19%, severe 2%), Chest discomfort, non-
cardiac chest pain (13%), Edema (17%, severe 2%), Fatigue (50%, severe 7%), 
Peripheral edema (10%), Pyrexia (17%). 
Immune system 
(see paragraph following Side 
Effects table) 
Colitis (1-2%), Diarrhea (18-21%, severe 1-3%), Hepatitis (1%), Hyperthyroidism (2-
3%), Hypothyroidism (4-8%), Nephritis, renal dysfunction (1%), Pneumonitis (1-6%). 
Infections and infestations 
Upper respiratory tract infection (11%) 
Investigations 
Alkaline phosphatase increase (14-22%), ALT increase (12-16%), AST increase (16-
28%), Total bilirubin increase (3-19%), Creatinine increase (13-22%), Weight 
decrease (13%, severe 1%). 
Metabolism and nutrition 
Decreased appetite (35%, severe 3%). 
Musculoskeletal and connective 
tissue 
Arthralgia (13%), Musculoskeletal pain (36%, severe 6%). 
Respiratory, thoracic, and 
mediastinal  
Cough (17%). 
Skin and subcutaneous tissue 
Pruritus (19%), Rash (21%, severe <1%). 
Clinically significant immune-mediated adverse reactions can occur, including pneumonitis, colitis, hepatitis, 
nephritis, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism. Immune reactions may be delayed or occur after nivolumab 
discontinuation.  Based on the type and severity of the reaction, management may include withholding or 
discontinuing nivolumab, administering HD corticosteroids, and if appropriate, initiating hormone replacement 
therapy. Following resolution of the reaction to grade 1 or less, corticosteroids should be tapered over at least 
one month. Nivolumab should not be resumed while the patient is receiving immunosuppressive doses of 
corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapy. Restarting nivolumab may be considered following 
completion of corticosteroid taper. Permanent discontinuation of nivolumab is usually recommended following 
grade 3 or 4 immune-mediated reactions. 
Supply and storage: 
Injection: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company supplies nivolumab as 40 mg and 100 mg ready-to-use, single-use 
(preservative-free) vials in a concentration of 10 mg/mL. Refrigerate and store in original packaging to protect 
from light. Do not freeze or shake.189 
Solution and compatibility: 
• Nivolumab should be clear and colorless to pale-yellow in color. Discard if cloudy or discolored. 
• Nivolumab can be infused undiluted (10 mg/mL) or diluted with normal saline or 5% dextrose in water (to 0.35 
mg/mL or greater). 
Parenteral administration: 
Intermittent infusion over 60 minutes. 
Dosage guidelines: 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
32 
 
The ENSIGN protocol’s guidelines for dosing also include consideration of ANC. Dosage may be reduced, 
delayed, or discontinued in patients with bone marrow depression due to cytotoxic therapy/RT or other toxicities. 
(See Section 6 for management of immune-mediated complications of nivolumab) 
 
Table 7. Nivolumab adult dosing 
Route 
Cycle Length: 
Dose 
IV 
4 weeks 
480 mg IV for one dose on day 1 (Total dose per cycle, 480 mg) 
Table 7 
10. 
Prohibited concomitant therapy 
Antineoplastic therapies 
Treatment with other systemic/local anticancer agents (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, RT, hormone therapy, 
targeted or biologic agents) other than the protocol treatment is not permitted until disease progression is 
documented per modified irRC. Concomitant therapies will be continuously monitored from the first day of 
treatment. 
 
11. Visit schedule and assessments 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
33 
 
Visit 
Screeninga 
Baselineb 
V1 
V2 
V3 
V4 
V5 
V6 
V7 
V8 
V9 
V10* 
EOT 
Day 
-28 to -1 
-7 to -1 
0±5 
2±5 
4±5 
7±5 
9±5 
11±5 
17±5 
45±5 
73±5 
101*±
5 
 
Informed Consent 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Inclusion/Exclusion 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demographics 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medical History 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Physical Examc 
X 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Height 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weight 
X 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
ECOG PS 
X 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
12-Lead ECG and MUGA Scan or 
Echocardiogramd 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
Concomitant Therapies 
 
 
Continuous from the first day of treatment 
 
Hematologye 
X 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Clinical Chemistrye 
X 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
PT/INR/aPTTe 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Serum Pregnancy (β-hCG )f 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Brain MRIg 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tumor Assessments (RECIST 1:1 and 
irRC)h 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
Biopsy i 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
Correlative Studies Blood Collectionj 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
X 
 
 
Adverse Events and  Serious Adverse 
Events 
 
 
From informed consent signing up to and including 30 days after the last 
treatment dosel 
 
ADV/HSV-tk    Administrationk 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Valacyclovir   Administrationk 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SBRT  Administrationk 
 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
Nivolumab  Administrationk 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 


PI: Bernicker/IND16745/5.2019 (v15.0) 
 
 
 
34 
 
Abbreviations:  aPTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; AE = adverse event; ADV/HSV-tk = adenovirus-mediated expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase; ANC = absolute neutrophil 
count; β-hCG = beta-human chorionic gonadotropin; CBC = complete blood count; CT = computed tomography; ECG = electrocardiogram; ECOG PS = Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 
performance status; EOT = end of treatment; INR = international normalized ratio;  irRC = immune-related response criteria; MRI – magnetic resonance imaging; MUGA, multigated acquisition; PET = 
positron emission tomography; PT = prothrombin time; RECIST = Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; SAE = serious adverse event; SBRT = stereotactic body radiation therapy; WBC = 
white blood cell. A window of ± 5 days is allowed for study visits and assessments (except as otherwise specified). 
aWithin 28 days prior to ADV/HSV-tk administration on day 0. 
bWithin 7 days prior to ADV/HSV-tk administration on day 0. Only screening procedures not performed within 7 days of ADV/HSV-tk dosing are required at baseline.  
cThe baseline symptom-medical history and physical examination are not required if the screening medical history and physical examination were conducted within 7 to 28 days prior to day 0 ADV/HSV-
tk dosing. 
Vital sign (blood pressure, heart rate, and oral temperature) measurements will be performed at each physical exam. 
dA 12-lead ECG will be performed at screening, at EOT, and when clinically indicated. MUGA scan or echocardiogram will be performed when clinically indicated. The same method (echocardiogram 
or MUGA scan) must be used throughout the duration of the study. 
eA blood sample for CBC with platelet count and differential WBC count will be obtained at screening, on days 0 and 17, every 4 weeks thereafter until completion of the protocol-specified treatment , 
at EOT, and when clinically indicated. 
  If a patient is found to have an ANC <1.5 x 10^9/L, platelet count < 100 x 10^9/L, or both, the CBC with differential should be repeated at least every other day until the ANC and platelet count have 
exceeded these values.   
eA blood sample for clinical chemistry panel (glucose, albumin, sodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, chloride, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, 
and alanine transaminase) and evaluation of magnesium and lactate dehydrogenase will be obtained at screening, on days 0 and 17, every 4 weeks thereafter until completion of the protocol-specified 
treatment, at EOT, and when clinically indicated.   
 ePT/INR and aPTT will be tested at screening, before every cycle of nivolumab, and at EOT. 
fFor WOCBP, the results of a serum β-hCG pregnancy test must be negative within 7 days before study treatment start.  If the screening serum β-hCG pregnancy test is performed 
more than 7 days before ADV/HSV-tk dosing, it must be repeated at baseline, with results known to be negative prior to the first treatment dose. The test is to be repeated as clinically indicated. 
g Brain MRI will be performed at screening. 
hRelapsed/refractory and/or metastatic patients will be evaluated with /CT scan of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis at screening, every eight (8) weeks thereafter until completion of the protocol-specified 
treatment and/or at the discretion of the treating physician, at EOT, and when clinically indicated.  For patients with equivocal CT scan results, PET scan will be performed. 
iIn patients with accessible tumor, biopsies will be conducted at Visit 1, after the first dose of nivolumab (± 2 days), and if the patient progresses while on treatment, before the patient starts the new 
treatment. 
Banked tumor tissue obtained as part of the patient’s standard care and additional biopsies will be evaluated at a later time for assessment of Th1 response (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-c, TNF-α, and 
GM-CSF) and TILs before and after ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy. 
jBlood samples for correlative studies will be collected at screening, after the first dose of nivolumab (± 2 days), and at the end of Cycle 2 of nivolumab. An additional sample will be collected from 
patients whose disease progresses while on treatment. Blood samples will be collected into standard vacutainer tubes (3 green top tubes). Samples will be evaluated for profile of circulating suppressor 
and effector immunocytes and cytokines. 
kADV/HSV-tk will be injected intratumorally at 5 x 10 11 viral particles in a 2-mL total volume on day 0 of the study.  The study coordinator will dispense the 14-day quantity of Valacyclovir on Day 0 of 
the study. The patient will be instructed to take Valacyclovir (2 g) orally t.i.d. for 14 days (day 1 to day 15 of the study). NOTE: For patients with serum creatinine level between 1.6−2.0 × ULN, 
valacyclovir dose will be reduced 50% (i.e., 1 g t.i.d.). 
SBRT of 30 Gy (6 Gy X 5 fractions) will be administered over 2 weeks from day 2 to day 14 of the study. Nivolumab (480 mg) will be administered intravenously over 30 minutes every 4 weeks (± 1 
day) starting on day 17 (± 1 day) of the study and continuing until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 12 months in patients without disease progression. 
lAEs and SAEs will be captured from the time of informed consent signing up to and including 30 days after the final dose of nivolumab. Study treatment-related SAEs occurring beyond 30 days after 
the last dose of nivolumab and any study patient death should also be reported.  
*Patients will be treated until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 12 months in patients without disease progression. 


35 
 
 
 
12. 
Assessment types 
A window of ± 5 days is allowed for study visits and assessments (except as otherwise specified). If 
extenuating circumstances prevent a patient from beginning treatment or completing a scheduled assessment 
within this time frame, the patient may continue in the study only with written permission of the medical monitor. 
Additional schedules that specify study days on which these assessments are to be performed will be provided 
in the study manual as needed. 
Screening:  Within 28 days prior to ADV/HSV-tk administration on day 0. 
Baseline:  Within 1 to 7 days prior to ADV/HSV-tk administration on day 0. 
Only screening procedures not performed within 7 days of ADV/HSV-tk dosing are required at baseline. 
A screening medical history and physical exam will be performed. Patients presenting with any medical history, 
physical exam, or laboratory abnormality that, in the opinion of the treating physician, would put their safety at 
risk will be excluded. A physical exam will be performed on day 0 and 17; every 4 weeks thereafter until 
completion of the protocol-specified treatment; and at EOT.  Vital sign (blood pressure, heart rate, and oral 
temperature) measurements will be performed at each physical exam. A 12-lead ECG will be performed at 
screening, at EOT, and when clinically indicated.  MUGA scan or ECHO will be performed when clinically 
indicated. The same method (ECHO or MUGA scan) must be used throughout the duration of the study. A 
blood sample for CBC with platelet count and differential WBC count will be obtained at screening, on days 0 
and 17, every 4 weeks thereafter until completion of the protocol-specified treatment, at EOT, and when 
clinically indicated. If a patient is found to have an ANC <1.5 x 10^9/L, platelet count < 100 x 10^9/L, or both, 
the CBC with differential should be repeated at least every other day until the ANC and platelet count have 
exceeded these values. A blood sample for clinical chemistry panel (glucose, albumin, sodium, potassium, 
carbon dioxide, chloride, BUN, creatinine, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, AST, and ALT) and evaluation 
of magnesium and lactate dehydrogenase will be obtained at screening, on days 0 and 17, every 4 weeks 
thereafter until completion of the protocol-specified treatment, at EOT, and when clinically indicated. PT, INR, 
aPTT testing will be performed at screening, on day 17, every 4 weeks thereafter until completion of the 
protocol-specified treatment, and at EOT.  For WOCBP, the results of a serum β-hCG pregnancy test must be 
negative within 7 days before the first treatment dose is administered. If the screening serum β-hCG pregnancy 
test is performed more than 7 days before ADV/HSV-tk dosing, it must be repeated at baseline, with results 
known to be negative prior to first treatment dose. β-hCG pregnancy testing is to be repeated as clinically 
indicated. Laboratory tests may be done more frequently if medically indicated. Participants will be assessed 
for AEs and SAEs from informed consent signing up to and including 30 days after the last nivolumab dose. 
Study treatment-related AEs occurring beyond 30 days from the last dose of nivolumab and any study patient 
death should also be reported. Toxicities will be defined as any treatment-related death or any ≥ Grade 3 
toxicity excluding alopecia and constitutional symptoms as assessed by NCI CTCAE v4.03. Patients whose 
treatment is interrupted or permanently discontinued due to an AE including abnormal laboratory value must 
be followed at least once a week for 4 weeks and subsequently at 4-week intervals until resolution or 
stabilization of the event, whichever comes first. The maximum time allowed for toxicity-related treatment 
interruption is 21 days from the intended dosing day. If interruption is > 3 weeks, the patient must be 
discontinued from the study treatment. However, the patient will continue to be followed for toxicity. Brain MRI 
will be performed at screening. Relapsed/refractory and/or metastatic patients will be evaluated with CT scan 
of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis at screening, every eight (8) weeks thereafter until completion of the 
protocol-specified treatment and/or at the discretion of the treating physician, at EOT, and as clinically 
indicated. For patients with equivocal CT scan results, PET scan will be performed. In patients with accessible 
tumor, biopsies will be conducted at day 0, after the first dose of nivolumab (± 2 days), and if the patient 


36 
 
 
 
progresses while on treatment, before the patient starts the new treatment.  
Banked tumor tissue obtained as part of the patient’s standard care and additional biopsies will be evaluated 
at later time for assessment of Th1 response (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-c, TNF-α, and GM-CSF) and TILs 
before and after ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy. The biopsy procedures will be either a CT-guided biopsy 
for peripheral lesions or an endobronchial ultrasound for central lesions or adenopathy. Biopsy will be 
performed at day 0 and after the first dose of nivolumab. Blood samples for correlative studies will be collected 
at screening, after the first dose (± 2 days) of nivolumab, and at the end of Cycle 2 of nivolumab. An additional 
sample will be collected from subjects whose disease progresses while on treatment. Blood samples will be 
collected into standard vacutainer tubes (3 green top tubes). Samples will be evaluated for profile of circulating 
suppressor and effector immunocytes and cytokines. 
 
ADV/HSV-tk (5 x 1011 viral particles) in a 2-mL total volume will be injected intratumorally on day 0 of the study. 
Valacyclovir will be administered 24 hours after the gene vector injection at a dose of 2 g orally t.i.d. for 14 
days. NOTE: For patients with serum creatinine level between 1.6−2.0 × ULN, valacyclovir dose will be 
reduced 50% (i.e., 1 g t.i.d.). Valacyclovir treatment will be administered from day 1 to day 15 of the study. 
SBRT of 30 Gy (6 Gy X 5 fractions) will be administered over 2 weeks from day 2 to day 14 of the study. 
Nivolumab (480 mg) will be intravenously administered over 30 minutes every 4 weeks (± 1 day) starting on 
day 17 (± 1 day) of the study and continuing until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or up to 12 
months in patients without disease progression. 
 
12.1 
Criteria for response 
The main endpoint in this study is the ORR of ADV/HSV-tk + Valacyclovir therapy in combination with SBRT 
used as a window of opportunity treatment before nivolumab in patients with metastatic squamous or non-
squamous NSCLC and metastatic uveal melanoma. RECIST criteria 1.1 will be used to select patients with 
detectable or measurable disease as part of the initial inclusion process. Modified irRC and RECIST 1.1 will 
be used to assess treatment response.  
 
12.2 
RECIST  
RECIST offers a simplified, conservative, extraction of imaging data for wide application in clinical trials. They 
presume that linear measures are an adequate substitute for two-dimensional methods and register four 
response categories.190  
Target Lesions (Main Tumor) 
• 
Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions.  Any pathological lymph nodes (whether 
target or non-target) must have reduction in short axis to <10 mm. 
• 
Partial Response (PR): At least a 30% decrease in the sum of the diameters of target lesions, using the 
baseline sum diameters as the reference. 
• 
Progressive Disease (PD): At least a 20% increase in the sum of the diameters of target lesions, using 
the smallest sum on study (includes the baseline sum) as the reference.  In addition to the relative 20% 
increase, the sum must also demonstrate an absolute increase of at least 5 mm.  (Note:  the appearance 
of one or more new lesions is also considered progression) 
• 
Stable Disease (SD):  Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for 
PD, using the smallest sum diameters while on study as the reference. 
Non-Target Lesions (Lymph Nodes) 
• 
CR: Disappearance of all non-target lesions and normalization of tumor marker levels. All lymph nodes 
must be non-pathological in size (<10 mm short axis). 


37 
 
 
 
Note:  If tumor markers are initially above the upper normal limit, they must normalize for a patient to be 
considered in complete clinical response. 
• 
Non-CR/Non-PD: Persistence of one or more non-target lesion(s) and/or maintenance of tumor marker 
levels above the normal limits. 
• 
PPD: Appearance of one or more new lesions and/or unequivocal progression of existing non-target 
lesions.  Unequivocal progression should not normally trump target lesion status.  It must be 
representative of overall disease status change, not a single lesion increase.     
• 
Although a clear progression of “non-target” lesions only is exceptional, the opinion of the treating 
physician should prevail in such circumstances, and the progression status should be confirmed at a later 
time by the review panel (or principal investigator). 
 
 
12.3 
Modified irRC, derived from RECIST 1.1191 
This new classification is based on recent clinical studies showing delays in tumor regression or stabilization 
with cancer immunotherapies. For the ENSIGN trial, the concepts of the irRC are combined with RECIST 1.1 
to come up with the modified irRC, which uses unidimensional measurements. For modified irRC, only target 
and measurable lesions are taken into account. In contrast to RECIST 1.1, the modified irRC criteria (a) require 
confirmation of both progression and response by imaging at eight 8 weeks after initial imaging (evidence of 
cancer progression within the first 3 months on bone scan only should be interpreted with extreme caution due 
to risk of tumor flare) and (b) do not necessarily score the appearance of new lesions as PD if the sum of the 
diameters of target lesions (minimum of 10 mm per lesion, maximum of 5 target lesions, maximum of 2 per 
organ) and measurable new lesions does not increase by ≥ 20%. The same assessment method and 
technique should be used to characterize each identified and reported target lesion(s) at baseline, during the 
trial, and at EOT. All measurements should be recorded in metric notation. The modified irRC based on 
RECIST 1.1 are displayed below.  Modified irRC are defined as follows: 
• 
New measurable lesions: Incorporated into tumor burden. 
• 
New non-measurable lesions: Do not define progression but preclude irCR. 
• 
Overall irCR: Complete disappearance of all lesions (whether measurable or not) and no new lesions. All 
measurable lymph nodes also must have a reduction in short axis to 10 mm or less. 
• 
Overall irPR: ≥ 30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameters of target and new measurable lesions. 
• 
Overall irSD: Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for irCR or irPR (compared to baseline) nor sufficient 
increase to qualify for irPD (compared to nadir), using the sum of the longest diameters of target and new 
measurable lesions. 
• 
Overall irPD: ≥ 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameters of target and new measurable lesions 
increases (compared to nadir), confirmed by a repeat, consecutive observation at least 6 weeks (normally 
it should be done at 8 weeks) from the date first documented. 
Documentation of immune-related PD (based on modified irRC) does not mandate discontinuation of the study 
treatment even after irPD is confirmed with CT scan 6 weeks after the initial observation of irPD. 
 
12.4 
Withdrawal of subjects from study 
Subjects must be withdrawn from the trial (treatment and procedures) for the following reasons:  
• 
Therapy will be discontinued temporarily or permanently for cytokine release syndrome. 
• 
Therapy will be discontinued temporarily or permanently for elevated ALT (> 5 x ULN).  
• 
Any Grade 4 or greater AE. 


38 
 
 
 
• 
Severe (Grade 3) or life-threatening (Grade 4) immune-mediated complications. 
• 
TTP/HUS.  
• 
Neurotoxicity (e.g., encephalopathy, seizures). 
• 
Dose interruption that exceeds 21 days. 
• 
Subject withdraws consent from study treatment and study procedures.  A subject must be removed 
from the trial at his/her own request or at the request of his/her legally acceptable representative.  At 
any time during the trial and without giving reasons, a subject may decline to participate further.  The 
subject will not suffer any disadvantage as a result. 
• 
Subject is lost to follow-up. 
• 
Death. 
 
 
Any subject removed from the trial will remain under medical supervision until discharge or transfer is medically 
acceptable. In all cases, the reason for withdrawal must be recorded in the CRF and the subject's medical 
records. 
12.5 
Pregnancy  
WOCBP must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 7 days of the administration of the first study 
treatment. Pregnancy testing is required at screening or whenever pregnancy is suspected.  
WOCBP, defined as all women physiologically capable of becoming pregnant, must use highly effective 
contraception during the study and for 5 months after stopping nivolumab. Highly effective contraception is 
defined as either: 
• 
Total abstinence: When this is in line with the preferred and usual lifestyle of the subject (periodic 
abstinence [e.g., calendar, ovulation, symptothermal, post-ovulation methods] and withdrawal are not 
acceptable methods of contraception) 
• 
Sterilization: Surgical bilateral oophorectomy (with or without hysterectomy) or tubal ligation at least six 
weeks before study treatment start. In the case of oophorectomy alone, only when the reproductive status 
of the woman has been confirmed by follow-up hormone level assessment. 
• 
Male partner sterilization (with the appropriate post-vasectomy documentation of the absence of sperm in 
the ejaculate). (For female subjects on the study, the vasectomized male partner should be the sole 
partner for that subject) 
• 
Use of a combination of both of the following: 
• 
Placement of an intrauterine device (IUD) or intrauterine system (IUS) 
• 
Barrier methods of contraception: Condom or occlusive cap (diaphragm or cervical/vault caps) with 
spermicidal foam/gel/film/cream/vaginal suppository 
Sexually active males must use a condom during intercourse while enrolled in the study and for 5 months after 
stopping treatment and should not father a child in this period. A condom is required to be used also by 
vasectomized men to prevent delivery of the drug via seminal fluid. Female partners of male patients must 
also be advised to use one of the following contraception methods: (1) IUD or IUS or (2) prior male/female 
sterilization. 
 


39 
 
 
 
13. 
Safety monitoring and reporting 
Information about all AEs, whether volunteered by the subject, discovered by investigator questioning, or 
detected through physical examination, laboratory test, or other means, will be collected, recorded, and 
followed as appropriate.  
 
13.1 
AEs 
13.1.1 Definitions and reporting 
AEs that begin or worsen after informed consent should be recorded in the AEs CRF. Conditions that were 
already present at the time of informed consent should be recorded in the Medical History page of the patient’s 
CRF. AE monitoring should be continued up to an including 30 days following the last dose of study treatment. 
AEs (including lab abnormalities that constitute AEs) should be described using a diagnosis whenever 
possible, rather than individual underlying signs and symptoms. When a clear diagnosis cannot be identified, 
each sign or symptom should be reported as a separate AE. 
The occurrence of AEs should be sought by non-directive questioning of the patient at each study visit. AEs 
may also be detected when they are volunteered by the patient during or between visits or through physical 
examination, laboratory test, or other assessments. As far as possible, each AE should be evaluated to 
determine: 
1. Severity grade (CTCAE grade 1-4) 
2. Duration (Start and end dates or if continuing at the Safety Follow-up Visit) 
3. Relationship to the study treatment (certain, probable, possible, not likely, not related; see Section 14.2)  
4. Action taken with respect to study or investigational treatment (none, dose adjusted, temporarily 
interrupted, permanently discontinued, hospitalized, unknown, not applicable) 
5. Whether medication or therapy was given (no concomitant medication/non-drug therapy, concomitant 
medication/non-drug therapy) 
6. Outcome (not recovered/not resolved, recovered/resolved, recovering/resolving, recovered/resolved with 
sequelae, fatal, unknown) 
7. Whether it is serious, where a SAE is defined as in Section 14. 
All AEs should be treated appropriately. Such treatment may include changes in study drug treatment including 
possible interruption or discontinuation, starting or stopping concomitant treatments, changes in the frequency 
or nature of assessments, hospitalization, or any other medically required intervention. Once an AE is detected, 
it should be followed until its resolution, and assessment should be made at each visit (or more frequently, if 
necessary) of any changes in severity, the suspected relationship to the study drug, the interventions required 
to treat it, and the outcome. Information on the known common side effects of the ENSIGN protocol drugs can 
be found in the package insert. This information should be included in the patient informed consent and should 
be discussed with the patient during the study as needed. AE monitoring should be continued up to an including 
30 days following the last dose of study treatment. 
 
13.1.2 Laboratory test abnormalities 
Laboratory abnormalities that constitute an AE in their own right (are considered clinically significant, induce 
clinical signs or symptoms, require concomitant therapy, or require changes in study treatment) should be 
recorded on the AEs CRF. Whenever possible, a diagnosis rather than a symptom should be provided (e.g., 
anemia instead of low hemoglobin). Laboratory abnormalities that meet the criteria for AEs should be followed 
until they have returned to normal or an adequate explanation of the abnormality is found. When an abnormal 
laboratory or test result corresponds to a sign/symptom of an already reported AE, it is not necessary to 
separately record the lab/test result as an additional event. Laboratory abnormalities that do not meet the 


40 
 
 
 
definition of an AE should not be reported as AEs. A grade 3 or 4 event (severe) as per CTCAE does not 
automatically indicate a SAE unless it meets the SAE definition below and/or as per the investigator’s 
discretion. A dose hold or medication for the lab abnormality may be required by the protocol and is still, by 
definition, an AE. 
14. SAEs 
14.1 
Definitions 
A SAE is an undesirable sign, symptom, or medical condition which: 
• 
is fatal or life-threatening 
• 
results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity 
• 
constitutes a congenital anomaly/birth defect 
• 
requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, unless hospitalization is for: 
• 
routine treatment or monitoring of the studied indication and not associated with any deterioration in 
condition 
• 
elective or preplanned treatment for a preexisting condition that is unrelated to the indication under 
study and has not worsened since the start of study drug 
• 
treatment on an emergency outpatient basis for an event not fulfilling any of the definitions of a SAE 
given above and not resulting in hospital admission 
• 
social reasons and respite care in the absence of any deterioration in the patient’s general condition 
• 
is medically significant (i.e., defined as an event that jeopardizes the patient or may require medical or 
surgical intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed above) 
 
14.2 
Reporting 
The principal investigator has the obligation to promptly report all patient deaths and related and unexpected 
AEs and SAEs to the local IRB and FDA.  To ensure patient safety, every related SAE (as per principal 
investigator determination) occurring: 
• 
after the patient has provided informed consent up to and including 30 days after the last treatment dose 
• 
after protocol-specified procedures begin and 30 days after the patient has stopped study treatment 
• 
after the start of any period in which the study protocol interferes with the standard medical treatment 
given to a patient up to and including 30 days after the patient has stopped study treatment must be 
reported to the local IRB within 24 hours of learning of its occurrence; this includes serious, related, labeled 
(expected) and serious, related, and unlabeled (unexpected) adverse experiences. All deaths up to and 
including 30 days after the last treatment dose following completion of the active protocol therapy must be 
reported within 5 working days. 
Recurrent episodes, complications, or progression of the initial SAE must be reported as follow-up to the 
original episode within 24 hours of the investigator receiving the follow-up information. A SAE occurring at a 
different time interval or otherwise considered completely unrelated to a previously reported one should be 
reported separately as a new event. The end date of the first event must be provided. 
Each reoccurrence, complication, or progression of the original event should be reported as a follow-up to that 
event regardless of when it occurs. The follow-up information should describe whether the event has resolved 
or continues, if and how it was treated, whether the blind was broken or not (if applicable), and whether the 
patient continued or withdrew from study participation. 
The investigator should inform the IRB of the occurrence of any SAEs not previously documented in the 
Investigator Brochure or Package Insert (new occurrence) and thought to be related to the study drug. The 


41 
 
 
 
Investigator and the local IRB may need to issue an Investigator Notification to inform all investigators involved 
in any study with the same drug that this SAE has been reported. Suspected unexpected serious adverse 
reactions will be collected and reported to the competent authorities. The following categories and definitions 
of causal relationship to study drug should be considered for use in this clinical study: 
• 
Certain: There is a known causal relationship between the study drug and the SAE. The event responds 
to withdrawal of study drug (dechallenge) and recurs with rechallenge when clinically feasible. (>95% 
certainty) 
•   Probable: There is reasonable causal relationship between the study drug and the SAE. The event 
responds to dechallenge. Rechallenge is not required. (65%–95% probability of relatedness) 
•   Possible: There is reasonable causal relationship between the study drug and the SAE. Dechallenge 
information is lacking or unclear. (35%–65% probability of relatedness) 
•   Not likely: There is temporal relationship to study drug administration, but there is not a reasonable causal 
relationship between the study drug and the SAE. (5%–35% probability of relatedness) 
•   Not related: There is not a temporal relationship to study drug administration (too early or late or study 
drug not taken), or there is a known causal relationship between the SAE and another drug, concurrent 
disease, or other circumstance. (<5% chance of relatedness) 
AEs classified as “serious” require expeditious handling and reporting to Houston Methodist Cancer Center 
and local IRB to comply with regulatory requirements. All related or unexpected AEs or SAEs of any of the 
study drugs must be immediately reported to the local IRB by the investigator or designee within 24 hours of 
becoming aware of the event. If only limited information is initially available, follow-up reports are required. 
The original SAE form must be kept on file at the study site. Report SAEs within 24 hours via email or fax to:  
 
Houston Methodist Cancer Center at: 
hmccsaereports@houstonmethodist.org 
Fax Number: 713-790-5106 
 
The investigator must also report any suspected serious adverse reaction to the FDA (per 21 CFR312.32). 
The investigator must report an AE as a suspected adverse reaction only if there is evidence to suggest a 
causal relationship between the drug and the AE, such as:  
(A) A single occurrence of an event that is uncommon and known to be strongly associated with drug exposure;  
(B) One or more occurrences of an event that is not commonly associated with drug exposure, but is otherwise 
uncommon in the population exposed to the drug;  
(C) An aggregate analysis of specific events observed in a clinical trial (such as known consequences of the 
underlying disease or condition under investigation or other events that commonly occur in the study 
population independent of drug therapy) that indicates those events occur more frequently in the drug 
treatment group than in a concurrent or historical control group.  
The investigator must also notify the FDA of any unexpected fatal or life-threatening suspected adverse 
reaction as soon as possible but in no case later than 7 calendar days after the investigator's initial receipt of 
the information. 
 
14.3 
Pregnancy 
To ensure patient safety, each pregnancy occurring while the patient is on study treatment must be reported 
to the local IRB within 24 hours of learning of its occurrence. The pregnancy should be followed up to determine 
outcome, including spontaneous or voluntary termination, details of the birth, and the presence or absence of 


42 
 
 
 
any birth defects, congenital abnormalities, or maternal and/or newborn complications. The newborn will be 
followed for at least 12 months. 
Pregnancy should be recorded on a Clinical Trial Pregnancy Form and reported by the investigator to the local 
IRB. Pregnancy follow-up should be recorded on the same form and should include an assessment of the 
possible relationship to the study treatment and any pregnancy outcome. Any SAE experienced during 
pregnancy must be reported on the SAE Report Form. 
 
15 Statistical methods 
15.1 
Sample size. 
Study Design and Sample Size Calculation:  For the NSCLC cohort, a sample size of 16 patients achieves 
80.3% power to detect the difference between a null hypothesis of ORR of 3% and treatment ORR of 25% 
(alternative hypothesis) at a 0.05 significance level (i.e., alpha) in a one-sided Fisher’s exact test. For the uveal 
melanoma cohort, a sample size of 9 patients achieves 80.4% power to detect the difference between a null 
hypothesis of ORR of 3% and treatment ORR of 30% (alternative hypothesis) at a 0.05 significance level (i.e., 
alpha) using a one-sided Fisher’s exact test.  Power calculations were performed using nQuery Advisor 7.0. 
For both the NSCLC and uveal melanoma cohorts, an initial cohort of 3 patients will be followed for toxicity 
through the first cycle of nivolumab. If only 1 of 3 patients experience toxicity, then 3 more patients will be 
enrolled. If no more than 1 of 6 patients experience toxicity, then the trial will be fully opened. The staggering 
interval will be 5 weeks for the run-in cohort. Toxicity will be defined as any Grade 3 or greater toxicity excluding 
alopecia and constitutional symptoms as assessed by NCI CTCAE v4.03. Hematological toxicities will have a 
window of 21 days to resolve. 
 
Statistical Analysis: DoR, OS, PFS, and CBR will also be analyzed. Safety profiles will be assessed through 
summaries of AEs, SAEs, AEs leading to treatment discontinuation, and treatment-related death. The safety 
analysis will report the frequency of all AEs and laboratory abnormalities as well as the frequency of dose 
interruptions and toxicity-related treatment discontinuation. Toxicity rates will be presented using the worst 
NCI CTCAE grade per patient.  
Data Management: CRFs will be designed and utilized to capture all patient data.  An electronic database will 
be designed to store patient CRFs. Data quality control will be performed regularly by the research 
coordinator/research nurse to ensure timely, accurate, and complete patient data collection. Queries will be 
generated and resolved prior to generation of interim and final summary reports.       
 
16 Protocol amendments or changes in study conduct 
Any change or addition to this protocol requires a written protocol amendment that must be reviewed by the 
investigator, local IRB, and FDA before implementation. Amendments significantly affecting the safety of 
subjects, the scope of the investigation, or the scientific quality of the study require additional approval by the 
IRB at each study center and the FDA.  Examples of amendments requiring such approval are: 
1. Increases in drug dose or duration of exposure of subjects 
2. Significant changes in the study design (e.g., addition or deletion of a control group) 
3. Increases in the number of invasive procedures 
4. Addition or deletions of a test procedure required for safety monitoring 
These requirements for approval should in no way prevent any immediate action from being taken by the 
investigator in the interests of preserving the safety of all patients included in the trial. The IRB must be notified 
if immediate changes are made to the protocol by the investigator for safety reasons. Amendments affecting 
administrative aspects of the study do not require formal protocol amendments but will require IRB approval.  


43 
 
 
 
 
17 Data safety monitoring 
The Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI) and Houston Methodist Cancer Center will organize and 
maintain a Data and Safety Monitoring Plan (DSMP) for the purpose of protecting patients enrolled in clinical 
trials conducted at Houston Methodist Hospital. The DSMP will address any safety concerns that may arise 
from the conduct of these clinical trials or the administration of the clinical trial product (ENSIGN Trial).   
I. Confidentiality 
  A.  Protection of Subject Privacy 
 
Medical history and physical examination will be performed at baseline and at regular intervals for 
routine standard of care and research testing. No information will be given to anyone without 
permission from the subject. This statement guarantees confidentiality and identifies the subject as the 
owner of the information from research analysis. Confidentiality will be ensured by use of identification 
codes. All data, whether generated in the laboratory or at the bedside, will be identified with a randomly 
generated identification code unique to the subject. The subject’s medical information will be kept as 
confidential as possible within the limits of the law. The medical information may be given out if required 
by law. If information from this study is published in a medical journal or presented at scientific 
meetings, the subject’s information will not be identified by name, picture, or any other personally 
identifying information. The following people and groups of people may look at and/or copy the subject’s 
medical records to make sure that the study is being done properly and to check the quality of the data: 
 
• 
The IRB responsible for protecting the rights and safety of the patients who take part in research 
studies at the Houston Methodist Cancer Center 
 
• 
The U.S. FDA and other government agencies involved in keeping research safe for people 
 
B.  Database Protection 
 
The database (REDCap) will be secured with password protection. The informatics manager will 
receive only coded information that is entered into the database under those identification numbers. 
Electronic communication with outside collaborators will involve only unidentifiable information. 
 
C.  Confidentiality During AE Reporting 
 
AE reports and annual summaries will not include subject- or group-identifiable material. Each 
report will only include the identification code or subject number. 
 
II. 
AE Information 
 
A.  Definition 
 
An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a subject during participation in the clinical study 
or with use of the experimental therapy being studied. An adverse finding can include a sign, 
symptom, abnormal assessment (laboratory test value, vital signs, electrocardiogram finding, 
etc.), or any combination of these. 
 
A SAE is any AE that results in one or more of the following outcomes: 


44 
 
 
 
 
• 
Death 
• 
A life-threatening event 
• 
Inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization 
• 
A persistent or significant disability/incapacity 
• 
A congenital anomaly or birth defect 
• 
An important medical event based upon appropriate medical judgment 
 
B.  Classification of AE Severity 
AEs will be labeled according to severity, which is based on their impact on the patient. An AE will be 
termed “mild” if it does not have a major impact on the patient, “moderate” if it causes the patient 
some minor inconvenience, and “severe” if it causes a substantial disruption to the patient’s well-
being. Please note that a severe AE and an SAE are distinct terms. A subject could experience a 
severe AE that does not meet the above-listed definition of an SAE; alternatively, a subject could 
experience a moderate AE that meets the SAE definition. 
 
C.  AE Attribution Scale 
 
AEs should also be classified on an assessment of relatedness to the study intervention. AEs will be 
categorized according to the likelihood that they are related to the study intervention. Specifically, they 
will be labeled definitely unrelated, definitely related, probably related, or possibly related to the study 
intervention. 
 
D. AE and SAE Reporting and Follow-up 
 
The principal investigator (PI) (or designated co-investigator [Co-I]) should evaluate all AEs and other 
problems occurring during a subject’s participation in order to evaluate whether an event is a reportable 
event and whether the event requires reporting to the IRB or Sponsor or simply recorded in the research 
record according to the Sponsor protocol. These events include unanticipated problems involving risks 
to subjects or others (UPIRSOs), AEs, SAEs, adverse drug experiences, unexpected adverse drug 
experiences, protocol deviations, and noncompliance. A member of the research team may be 
responsible for collecting and recording information and may make an initial determination about the 
event but the Investigator’s oversight and rationale for reporting/not reporting must be clearly 
documented according to the team’s standard operating procedure.   
 
This responsibility applies to all enrolled subjects from the time of documented informed consent to 
completion of study activities for that subject and/or when additional follow-up information is obtained 
including information that is obtained after the end of a subject’s participation that would otherwise have 
been reportable (e.g., a death occurring within 30 days of study completion or the birth of a child with 
congenital anomalies). 
 
External safety reports and other new information concerning safety should be reviewed and 
assessed in the same manner as events that occur to HMRI subjects with consideration about 
relatedness to the research and potential affect for this population.  
  
SAEs that are unanticipated, serious, and possibly related to the study intervention will be reported to 


45 
 
 
 
the Independent Monitors(s), IRB, and FDA in accordance with requirements. FDA regulations require 
Sponsors of multicenter studies to provide information about SAEs to all participating sites. However, 
there is no regulation requiring the Investigator to report all external events to the IRB.  
  
UPIRSOs, noncompliance, and protocol deviations/violations that affect the scientific integrity of the 
study, subject rights, or subject welfare and safety must be promptly reported to the IRB via MORTI 
according to the table below.  Events that do not require prompt reporting should be summarized and 
reported to the IRB at the time of continuing review in answer to the question about study progress. If, 
on review, the Investigator notes a trend in AEs or protocol deviations that would affect the study as a 
whole, this should be reported to the IRB as an UPIRSO. 
 
 
HMRI IRB Reportable Events Deadlines 
 
Event 
Deadline 
UPIRSO 
7 calendar days 
UPIRSO involving a death, or life-threatening 
event of a HMRI participant, or a participant at 
a site that relies on the Houston Methodist 
Hospital MH as a Coordinating Center 
24 hours 
May be initiated by email but must be 
submitted first following business day 
Noncompliance 
When aware 
Protocol Deviation (non-emergency) 
7 working days 
Protocol Deviation (emergency) 
5 working days 
 
III. 
Data Quality and Safety Review Plan and Monitoring 
 
A.  Data Quality and Management 
 
1.  Description of Plan for Data Quality and Management: The PI or study staff will review 
all data collection forms on an ongoing basis for data completeness and accuracy as well 
as protocol compliance. 
2.  Frequency of Data Review for this Study: Study data will be reviewed by the PI 
quarterly as follows: 
 
Data type 
Frequency of review 
Reviewer 
Subject accrual (including 
compliance with protocol 
enrollment criteria) 
Quarterly 
PI, Independent Monitor(s) 
Status of all enrolled subjects, as of 
date of reporting 
Quarterly 
PI, Independent Monitor(s) 


46 
 
 
 
B.  Subject Accrual and Compliance 
 
1.  Measurement and Reporting of Subject Accrual and Compliance with 
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria 
 
Review of the rate of subject accrual and compliance with inclusion/exclusion criteria will 
occur monthly during the 4-month recruitment phase and then every 3 months to ensure 
that a sufficient number of participants are being enrolled and that they meet eligibility 
criteria.  
 
2.  Measurement and Reporting of Participant Adherence to Treatment 
Protocol 
 
Data on adherence to the treatment protocol will be collected twice weekly by research staff 
and reviewed quarterly by the PI, the study statistician, and the safety officer. Adherence of 
participants will be evaluated by performing pill counts and by monitoring the appropriate 
case report form intake data measures at each visit. 
 
C.  Stopping Rules 
 
This study will be stopped prior to its completion if: (1) the intervention is associated with adverse effects 
that call into question the safety of the intervention; (2) difficulty in study recruitment or retention will 
significantly impact the ability to evaluate the study endpoints; (3) any new information becomes 
available during the trial that necessitates stopping the trial; or (4) other situations occur that might 
warrant stopping. 
 
D. 
Safety Review Plan 
 
Study progress and safety will be reviewed quarterly (and more frequently if needed). Progress reports, 
including patient recruitment, retention/attrition, and AEs will be provided to the Independent Monitor(s) 
following each of the quarterly reviews. An Annual Report will be compiled and will include a list and 
summary of AEs. In addition, the Annual Report will address (1) whether AE rates are consistent with 
pre-study assumptions; (2) reason for dropouts from the study; (3) whether all participants met entry 
criteria; (4) whether continuation of the study is justified on the basis that additional data are needed 
to accomplish the stated aims of the study; and (5) conditions whereby the study might be terminated 
prematurely. The Annual Report will be sent to the Independent Monitor(s) and will be forwarded to 
the IRB (if applicable), FDA, and Sponsor. The IRB and other applicable recipients will review study 
Adherence data regarding 
study visits and intervention 
Quarterly 
PI, Independent Monitor(s) 
AEs and rates (including out- 
of-range lab values) 
Quarterly 
PI, Independent Monitor(s) 
SAEs 
Per occurrence 
PI, Independent Monitor(s), 
FDA (if applicable) 


47 
 
 
 
progress on an annual basis. 
 
E.  Study Report Outline for the Independent Monitors(s) (Interim or Annual 
Reports) 
 
 
Study Report tables will be generated only from aggregate (not by group assignment) baseline and 
aggregate safety data for the study population. A separate Closed Safety Report, with masked group 
baseline and safety data, will be generated for the Independent Monitor(s) by a designated unmasked 
member of the team but will not be reviewed by the study team. 
IV. Informed Consent 
 
Written informed consent will be obtained from each subject at entry into the study. Informed 
consent is obtained by the following process: 
 
1.   The subject (If applicable, parent/guardian) will be asked to review the study consent form. 
2.   The PI or Co-I will meet with the subject to review the form, to confirm the subject’s understanding 
of the study, and to answer any questions that the subject might have. 
3.   Once the subject demonstrates understanding of the study and agrees to participate in the study, 
the consent will be signed in the presence of the PI (or Co-I) and a witness. 
 
 


48 
 
 
 
18 References 
 
1. 
Siegel RL1, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015 Jan-
Feb;65(1):5-29.  
2. 
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN).NSCLC Guidelines v1. 2014. 
3. 
Johnson DH1, Schiller JH, Bunn PA Jr. Recent clinical advances in lung cancer 
management. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 1;32(10):973-82. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.53.1228. Epub 2014 
Feb 24. 
4. 
Reck M1, Heigener DF, Mok T, Soria JC, Rabe KF. Management of non-small-cell lung 
cancer: recent developments. Lancet. 2013 Aug 24;382(9893):709-19.  
5. 
Forde PM1, Ettinger DS. Targeted therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: past, present and 
future. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2013 Jun;13(6):745-58.  
6. 
Ettinger DS1. Ten years of progress in non-small cell lung cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 
2012 Mar;10(3):292-5. 
7. 
Kujala E, et al. Very long-term prognosis of patients with malignant uveal melanoma. Invest 
Opthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:4651. 
8. 
Woodman SE. Metastatic uveal melanoma: biology and emerging treatments. Cancer J 
2012;18:148-52. 
9. 
Singh AD, et al. Uveal melanoma: trends in incidence, treatment, and survival. 
Ophthalmology 2011;118:1881-5. 
10. Kath R, et al. Prognosis and treatment of disseminated uveal melanoma cancer. 
Ophthalmology 1993;72:2219-23. 
11. Augsburger JJ, et al. Effectiveness of treatments for metastatic uveal melanoma. Am J 
Ophthalmol 2009;148:119-27. 
12. Postow MA, et al. Assessment of overall survival from time of metastasis in mucosal, uveal, 
and cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2014;32(suppl)Abstract 9074. 
13. Carvajal RD, et al. Metastatic disease from uveal melanoma: treatment options and future 
prospects. Br J Ophthalmol 2016;101:38-44. 
14. Topalian, S. L. et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. 
N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 366, 2443–2454.  
15. Brahmer, J. R. et al. Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced 
cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 366, 2455–2465.  
16. Hamid, O. et al. Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in melanoma. 
N. Engl. J. Med. 2013; 369, 134–144.  
17. Wolchok, J. D. et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 
2013; 369, 122–133. 
18. Topalian, S. L. et al. Survival, durable tumor remission, and long-term safety in patients with 
advanced melanoma receiving nivolumab. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014; 32, 1020–1030. 
19. Pardoll, D. M. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nature Rev. 
Cancer 2012; 12, 252–264. 
20. Spranger, S. et al. Up-regulation of PD-L1, IDO, and Tregs in the melanoma tumor 
microenvironment is driven by CD8+ T cells. Sci. Transl. 2012; Med. 5, 200ra116. 
21. Julie Brahmer, M.D., Karen L. Reckamp, M.D., Paul Baas, M.D., et al. Nivolumab versus 
Docetaxel in Advanced Squamous-Cell Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer.  N Engl J Med 2015; 373:123-
135. 


49 
 
 
 
22. Roy S. Herbst, Jean-Charles Soria,  Marcin Kowanetz, et al. Predictive correlates of response 
to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients.  Nature 2014; 515, 563–567. 
23. Thomas Powles,   Joseph Paul Eder, Gregg D. Fine, et al. MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1) 
treatment leads to clinical activity in metastatic bladder cancer.  Nature 2014; 515, 558–562. 
24. Leisha A. Emens, MD, PhD, Fadi S. Braiteh, Philippe Cassier, et al. Inhibition of PD-L1 by 
MPDL3280A leads to clinical activity in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). 
AACR abstract 2859. 
25. Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council - Nivolumab, 
American Medical Association. 
26. Pollack. A. Drug Helps Defense System Fight Cancer. 2012. Retrieved from 
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/02/business/drug-helps-immune-system-fight-cancer.html?_r=0 
27. Topalian SL et al. Safety, Activity, and Immune Correlates of Anti–PD-1 Antibody in Cancer. 
New England Journal of Medicine 2012; 366. 
28. Johnson DB, Peng C, Sosman JA. "Nivolumab in melanoma: latest evidence and clinical 
potential". Ther Adv Med Oncol 2015; 7 (2): 97–106.  
29. Sundar R, Cho BC, Brahmer JR, Soo RA. "Nivolumab in NSCLC: latest evidence and clinical 
potential". Ther Adv Med Oncol 2015; 7 (2): 85–96.  
30. Rizvi et al. Activity and safety of nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, for 
patients with advanced, refractory squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 063): a phase 
2, single-arm trial. Lancet Oncol 2015, 16(3): 257-65. 
31. "CheckMate -057, a Pivotal Phase III Opdivo (nivolumab) Lung Cancer Trial, Stopped Early". 
April 17, 2015. 
32. Nivolumab. 2015. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivolumab. 
33. Nivolumab (OPDIVO ®) Investigator brochure. 
34. Paz-Ares LG, Horn L, Borghaei H, et al (2015) Phase III, randomized trial (CheckMate 057) 
of nivolumab (NIVO) versus docetaxel (DOC) in advanced non-squamous cell (non-SQ) non-small 
cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 33 (suppl; abstr LBA109) 
35. Robert C, et al. Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation. N Engl 
J Med 2015;372:320-30. 
36. Larkin J, et al. Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma. 
N Engl J Med 2015;373:23-34. 
37. Kottschade LA, et al. The use of pembrolizumab for the treatment of metastatic uveal 
melanoma. Melanoma Res 2016;26:300-3. 
38. Algazi AP, et al. Clinical outcomes in metastatic uveal melanoma treated with PD-1 and PD-
L1 antibodies. Cancer 2016;122:3344-53. 
39. Susan M. Hiniker, Susan J. Knox Immunotherapy and Radiation Seminars in Oncology 
Volume 41, Issue 6, December 2014, Pages 702–713. 
40. Bonggoo Park 1, Cassian Yee 2 and Kyung-Mi Lee The Effect of Radiation on the Immune 
Response to Cancers Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(1). 
41. Ohba, K.; Omagari, K.; Nakamura, T.; Ikuno, N.; Saeki, S.; Matsuo, I.; Kinoshita, H.; Masuda, 
J.; Hazama, H.; Sakamoto, I.; et al. Abscopal regression of hepatocellular carcinoma after 
radiotherapy for bone metastasis. Gut 1998, 43, 575–577.  
42. Burnette, B.C.; Liang, H.; Lee, Y.; Chlewicki, L.; Khodarev, N.N.; Weichselbaum, R.R.; Fu, 
Y.X.; Auh, S.L. The efficacy of radiotherapy relies upon induction of type I interferon-dependent innate 
and adaptive immunity. Cancer Res. 2011, 71, 2488–2496.  


50 
 
 
 
43. Shiraishi, K.; Ishiwata, Y.; Nakagawa, K.; Yokochi, S.; Taruki, C.; Akuta, T.; Ohtomo, K.; 
Matsushima, K.; Tamatani, T.; Kanegasaki, S. Enhancement of antitumor radiation efficacy and 
consistent induction of the abscopal effect in mice by ECI301, an active variant of macrophage 
inflammatory protein-1alpha. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008; 14, 1159–1166.  
44. Demaria, S.; Kawashima, N.; Yang, A.M.; Devitt, M.L.; Babb, J.S.; Allison, J.P.; Formenti, 
S.C. Immune-mediated inhibition of metastases after treatment with local radiation and CTLA-4 
blockade in a mouse model of breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005; 11, 728–734.  
45. Demaria, S.; Pilones, K.A.; Formenti, S.C.; Dustin, M.L. Exploiting the stress response to 
radiation to sensitize poorly immunogenic tumors to anti-CTLA-4 treatment. Oncoimmunology 2013; 
2, e23127.  
46. Postow, M.A.; Callahan, M.K.; Barker, C.A.; Yamada, Y.; Yuan, J.; Kitano, S.; Mu, Z.; 
Rasalan, T.; Adamow, M.; Ritter, E.; et al. Immunologic correlates of the abscopal effect in a patient 
with melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 366, 925–931.  
47. Meng, Y.; Efimova, E.V.; Hamzeh, K.W.; Darga, T.E.; Mauceri, H.J.; Fu, Y.X.; Kron, S.J.; 
Weichselbaum, R.R. Radiation-inducible immunotherapy for cancer: Senescent tumor cells as a 
cancer vaccine. Mol. Ther. 2012; 20, 1046–1055.  
48. Lee, Y.; Auh, S.L.; Wang, Y.; Burnette, B.; Meng, Y.; Beckett, M.; Sharma, R.; Chin, R.; Tu, 
T.; Weichselbaum, R.R.; et al. Therapeutic effects of ablative radiation on local tumor require CD8+ 
T cells: Changing strategies for cancer treatment. Blood 2009; 114, 589–595.  
49. Liao, Y.P.; Wang, C.C.; Butterfield, L.H.; Economou, J.S.; Ribas, A.; Meng, W.S.; Iwamoto, 
K.S.; McBride, W.H. Ionizing radiation affects human MART-1 melanoma antigen processing and 
presentation by dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 2004; 173, 2462–2469.  
50. Reits, E.A.; Hodge, J.W.; Herberts, C.A.; Groothuis, T.A.; Chakraborty, M.; Wansley, E.K.; 
Camphausen, K.; Luiten, R.M.; de Ru, A.H.; Neijssen, J.; et al. Radiation modulates the peptide 
repertoire, enhances MHC class I expression, and induces successful antitumor immunotherapy. J. 
Exp. Med. 2006; 203, 1259–1271. 
51. Sharma, A.; Bode, B.; Wenger, R.H.; Lehmann, K.; Sartori, A.A.; Moch, H.; Knuth, A.; 
Boehmer, L.; Broek, M. γ-Radiation promotes immunological recognition of cancer cells through 
increased expression of cancer-testis antigens in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6, e28217.  
52. Qu, Y.; Jin, S.; Zhang, A.; Zhang, B.; Shi, X.; Wang, J.; Zhao, Y. Gamma-ray resistance of 
regulatory CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells in mice. Radiat. Res. 2010; 173, 148–157.  
53. Kachikwu, E.L.; Iwamoto, K.S.; Liao, Y.P.; DeMarco, J.J.; Agazaryan, N.; Economou, J.S.; 
McBride, W.H.; Schaue, D. Radiation enhances regulatory T cell representation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. 
Biol. Phys. 2011; 81, 1128–1135.  
54. Mandapathil, M.; Szczepanski, M.J.; Szajnik, M.; Ren, J.; Lenzner, D.E.; Jackson, E.K.; 
Gorelik, E.; Lang, S.; Johnson, J.T.; Whiteside, T.L. Increased ectonucleotidase expression and 
activity in regulatory T cells of patients with head and neck cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2009; 15, 6348–
6357.  
55. Chen, W.; Jin, W.; Hardegen, N.; Lei, K.J.; Li, L.; Marinos, N.; McGrady, G.; Wahl, S.M. 
Conversion of peripheral CD4+ CD25− naive T cells to CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-β 
induction of transcription factor Foxp3. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 198, 1875–1886.  
56. Antoniades, J.; Brady, L.W.; Lightfoot, D.A. Lymphangiographic demonstration of the 
abscopal effect in patients with malignant lymphomas. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1977, 2, 141–
147.  


5 1  
 
 
 
5 7. Is o b e, Y.; Arit ak a, N.; S as aki, M.; Os hi mi, K.; Su gi m ot o, K. S p o nt a n eo us r egr essi o n of nat ur al 
killer c ell ly m p h o m a. J. Cli n. P at hol. 2 0 09; 6 2, 6 47 – 65 0.  
5 8. L aks h m a na g o w d a, P. B.; Vis w a n ath, L.; Thi m m ai ah, N.; D as a p p a, L.; S u pe, S. S.; K all ur, P. 
A bsc o p al eff ect i n a patie nt wit h c hr onic ly m ph ocytic l e uk e mi a d uri n g r a di ati o n t h er apy: A c as e r ep ort. 
C as es J. 2 0 09;  2, 2 0 4.  
5 9. C ott er, S. E.; D un n, G. P.; C olli ns, K. M.; S a h ni, D.; Z uk otynski, K. A.; Ha ns e n, J. L.; O’ Farr ell, 
D. A.; Ng, A. K.; D evli n, P. M.; W a n g, L. C. A bsc o p al eff ect i n a p atie nt wit h met ast atic M erk el c ell 
c arci n o m a foll o wi ng r a diatio n t h er a py: Pot e nti al r ole of in duc e d a ntit u m or  i m mu nity. Arc h. D er m atol. 
2 0 1 1;  1 4 7, 8 7 0 – 8 72.  
6 0. T ak ay a, M.; Nii b e, Y.; Ts u nod a, S.; J o b o, T.; I mai, M.; Kot a ni, S.; U n no, N.; H ay ak a w a, K. 
A bsc o p al eff ect of r adi ati on o n t orulif or m par a -a ortic ly mp h no d e m et ast as es of adv a nc e d ut eri n e 
c ervic al c arci n o m a— A c a s e re p ort. A ntic a nc er Res. 2 0 07; 2 7, 4 99 – 50 3.  
6 1. Ok u m a, K.; Y a m as h ita, H.; Nii b e, Y.; H ay ak a wa, K.; N ak a g a wa, K. A bsc o p al effect of 
r a di ati on o n l un g met ast as es of h e pat oc ellul ar c arcin o m a: A c as e r e port. J. Me d. Cas e R e p. 20 1 1, 5, 
1 1 1. Int. J. M ol. S ci. 2 01 4; 1 5 9 4 1  
6 2. Niib e, Y.; Ch a ng, J. Y. N ov el insi g hts of oli g o m etast as es an d oli go -r ec urr e nc e a nd r evi e w of 
th e lit erat ur e. P ul m. M ed. 201 2; 2 61 0 96.  
6 3. Niib e, Y.; H ay ak a w a, K. Olig o m et ast as es an d oli g o -r ecurr e nc e: T he ne w er a of c anc er 
t h er a py. J p n. J. Cli n. O nc ol. 2 0 1 0; 4 0, 1 0 7 –1 1 1.  
6 4. Niib e, Y.; Nis hi mur a, T.; I no ue, T.; K ar as a w a, K.; S hi oy a m a, Y.; O g a w a, Y.; T ak e m oto, M.; 
S hirat o, H. Oli g o m etast as es of br ai n only i n patie nts with N o n -S mall C ell L u ng C anc er ( N S C L C) 
tr e at e d wit h Ster e otactic Irr adi ati o n ( S TI): A m ulti-i nstitutio n al st u dy i n J a pa n. I nt. J. R a diat. O nc ol. 
2 0 1 0;  7 8 , S 49 7–S 4 97.  
6 5. C or bin, K. S.; Hell ma n, S.; W eic hs el ba u m, R. R. Extr acr a ni al oli g o m etast as es: A s ubs et of 
m et ast as es c ur abl e wit h st ere ot actic r adi ot h er apy. J. Cli n. O nc ol. 20 1 3;  3 1, 1 3 84 – 1 39 0.  
6 6. M as ucci, G. V.; Wers all, P.; Kiessli n g, R.; L un d qvist, A.; Le w e ns o h n, R. Ster e otactic A bl ativ e 
R a dio T h era py ( S A B R) f ollo w e d by i m m un ot her a py a c h all e n ge f or i ndivid u aliz ed tr e at m e nt of 
m et ast atic s oli d t u mo urs. J. Tr a nsl. Me d. 2 0 12;  1 0, 1 04.  
6 7. S e u ng, S. K.; C urti, B. D.; Critt e n d en, M.; W alk er, E.; Coff ey, T.; Si eb ert, J. C.; Mill er, W.; 
P ay n e, R.; Gle n n, L.; B a ge ac, A.; Ur ba, W.J. Ph as e 1 stu dy of st er e ot actic b o dy r a diot h er a py a nd 
i nt erl e ukin- 2 —Tu m or a n d i m m u n ol ogic al r es p o ns es. Sci. Tr a nsl. Me d. 2 0 12; 4.  
6 8. W al e ed H ass a n, Mic h ael A. S anf or d, S avi o L. C. W o o, S hu -Hsi a C h en, Si m o n J. H all. 
Pr os p ects  f or  her p es -si mpl ex-vir us  t hy mi di n e-kin as e  a n d  cyt oki ne  g en e  tr ans d ucti on  as  
i m m u n o m od ulat ory g e ne t h er a py f or pr ost at e c a nc er. W orl d J o ur n al of Ur ol o gy 2 00 0 A pril ; V ol u m e 
1 8, Iss u e 2, p p 1 3 0 -13 5  
6 9. M o olt e n F L T u m or c h e m os ensitivity c o nf err e d by i ns erte d thy mi di n e ki nas e g en es: p aradi g m 
f or a pr os pectiv e c a nc er c ontr olle d st u dy. C a nc er Res 1 9 86; 4 6: 5 2 76 ± 52 8 1  
7 0. H all SJ, Ch e n S -H, W oo SL C. T h e pr o mis e a n d re ality of c a nc er g e n e t h er apy. A m J H u m 
G e n et  19 9 7;  6 1: 7 8 5 ± 7 8 9 . 
7 1. B ar b a D, Har din J, Sa d el ain M, G ag e F H ( 1 9 94) D evel o p m ent of a nti -t u m or i m mu nity 
f oll o wi n g t hy mi di n e ki n as e-me di at e d killin g of ex p eri me nt al br ai n tu mors. Pr oc Natl Ac ad Sci U S A 9 1: 
4 3 4 8 ± 4 3 52 . 
7 2. G a g a n de e p S, Br e w R, Gr e e n B, C hrist m as S E, Kl atz m a n D, P ost on GJ, Ki ns ella A R. 
Pr o dr u g -activ at ed g e ne t h er apy: i nv olv e m e nt of a n i m m unol o gic al c o m p on e nt i n t h e byst a n d er e ect. 
C a nc er G e ne T h er 1 9 9 6; 3: 83 ± 8 8 . 


5 2  
 
 
 
7 3. Ki an ma n es h A R, P errin H, Pa nis Y, F a br e M, N a gy HJ, Ho ussi n D, Kl atz m an D. A `` dist a nt'' 
bys t a n d er eect of s uicid e g en e th er a py: r e gr essio n of n ontr a ns d uc e d t u m ors t o g et h er wit h a dist ant 
tr a ns d uc e d tu mor. H u m G e ne T h er 19 9 7;  8: 18 0 7 ± 1 8 14  
7 4. Vil e R G, C astle d e n S, M ars hall J,  C a mplej oh n R, U pto n C, C ho n g H. G e n eratio n of a n a nti -
t u m or i m m un e r es p ons e i n a n o n-i m mu n o ge nic t u m or: H S Vtk killi n g i n viv o sti m ul at es a m o no n ucl e ar 
c ell iniltr at e a n d a T h1-lik e profil e of intr at u m or al cyt oki n e ex pr essi o n. I nt J C a nc er 19 97; 7 1: 2 67 ± 27 4  
7 5. Y a ma mot o  S,  S uz uki  S,  H os hi no  A,  Aki mot o  M,  Shi ma d a  T.  H erp es  si m plex  vir us 
t hy mi di ne/ g ancicl ovir-m e di ate d killi ng of tu m or c ells i n duc es t u m or -s p eci ®c cyt otoxic T c ells in mic e. 
C a nc er G e ne T h er 1 9 9 7; 4: 91 ± 9 6  
7 6. Bi W, Ki m Y G, F elici a no E S, P av elic L, Wils on K M, Pav elic Z P, St a m br ook PJ. An H S Vtk -
m e di at ed l oc al a n d dist a nt antit u m or byst a n d er e ect i n tu m ors of h ea d an d n eck origi n i n at hy mic 
mic e. C a nc er G en e T her; 1 99 7.  
7 7. I w a d ate Y, N a m b a H, T a ga w a M, Tak an e ag e K, Su ey os hi K, S akiy a m a S. In d ucti on of 
ac q uir ed i m mu nity i n rats t hat h av e eli mi n ate d i ntr acr a nial glios arc o m a c ell by t he ex pr essi o n of 
h er p es si m pl ex vir us thy midi n e ki nas e ge n e an d g a ncicl ovir a d mi nistr ati o n. O nc ol ogy  1 9 97;  5 4: 
3 2 9 ±3 3 4  
7 8. K uriy a m a S, S ak a m ot o T, M as ui K, N ak at ani T, T o mi ng a K, Kikik a wa M, Yos hik a w a M, 
Ik e n ak a K, F uk ui H, Ts ujii T. Tiss u e -s p eci ®c ex pr essi o n of H S V -tk g e ne c a n i n d uc e eci e nt a ntitu m or 
e ect a nd pr otectiv e i m m u nity t o wil d -ty pe h ep at oc ellular t u m or. I nt J C a nc er 1 9 97; 7 1: 47 0 ± 47 5  
7 9. C hr ist o ph er Y W o o, T ak uy a Os a d a, Ti mot hy M Clay, H Ki m Ly erly, a n d Mic h ael A M ors e 
R ec e nt cli nic al pr o gress i n vir us -b as e d t her a pi es f or c anc er. N ov e mb er 2 0 0 6; V ol. 6, No. 1 1 , P a ges 
1 1 2 3 -1 1 34. 
8 0. E ast h a m J A, C he n S -H, S e hg al I, Ya n g G, Ti m me T L, Hall S H, W o o S L C a nd T h o mps o n 
T C. Pr ost ate c a nc er g e n e th er a py: H er p es si mpl ex vir us t hy mi di n e kin as e g e ne tr a ns d ucti o n f oll o w e d 
by g a ncicl ovir i n m ous e an d hu m a n pr ostat e c a nc er m od els. H u m a n G e ne T her a py 1 9 96; 7: 5 1 5 -5 2 3. .     
8 1. Ti m m e  TL,  H all  SJ,  Barri os  R,  W oo  S L C,  A g uil ar -C or d ov a  E,  Th o mps o n,  T C.  L oc al  
i nfl a m m atory  r es p o ns e  a n d  v ect or  s pr e a d  aft er  dir ect  i ntra pr ostatic  inj ecti o n  of  a  r ec o m bi n a nt  
a d e n ovir us c o nt ai ni n g th e her p es si m pl ex vir us t hy midi ne ki n as e ge n e a n d ga nciclovir t h er a py i n 
mic e.  C a nc er G en e T her 1 99 8; 5, 7 4 -8 2.   
8 2. Gi n gr as, M. C., Ar ev al o, P., A g uilar -C or d ov a, E. P ot e nti al s al mo n s p er m ori gi n of  t he E 3 
r e gi on ins ert of th e ad e novir us 5 dl 30 9 m ut ant. Ca nc er G en e T h er. 1 9 96;  3( 3), 1 5 1 – 4.   
8 3. H all SJ, Mutc h nik S E, C h en S H, W o o SL C T ho mps o n T C. Ad e novir us -m edi at e d her p es 
si m pl ex  vir us  t hy mi di n e  kinas e  g e n e  a n  ga nciclovir  t her a py  l ea ds  t o  syst e mic  activity  a gai nst  
s p o nt a ne o us an d i nd uc e d met ast asis i n a n orth ot opic m ous e m od el of pr ost ate c a nc er.  I nt J C a nc er 
1 9 9 7; 7 0, 1 8 3 -1 87.  
8 4. G o o d ma n, J. C., Tr ask, T. W., C h e n, S. H., W oo, S. L., Gr oss m a n, R. G., C ar ey, K. D., 
H u b b ard, G. B., C arrier, D. A., R aj ag o p a l an, S., A guil ar-C or d ov a, E., an d Shin e, H. D. A de n oviral -
m e di at ed thy midin e ki n as e g e n e tr a nsf er int o t h e pri m at e br ai n f ollo w e d by syst e mic g a ncicl ovir: 
P at hol ogic, r adiol ogic, an d mol ec ul ar st u di es. Hu m. G e n e T h er. 1 99 6; 7: 1 24 1 – 12 5 0.  
8 5. H er m an J R, A dl er H L, Ag uilar -C or d ov a A, R oj as -M arti n ez A, W oo S, Ti m m e T L, Whe el er 
T M, T ho m ps on T C, Sc ar din o P T. I n sit u g e ne th er a py f or a d e n oc arci n o m a of th e pr ostat e: a ph as e I 
cli nic al tri al. Hu m an G e n e T her a py 1 9 99; 10: 1 23 9-1 24 9.  
8 6. Pil e pic h, M. V.; Krall, J. M.; Al -Sar r af, M.; J o h n, M. J.; D o g g ett, R. L. S.; Sa us e, W. T.; 
 
L a wt on, C. A.; Abr a ms, R. A.; R ot m a n, M.; R u bi n, P.; S hi pley W. U.; Grig n on, D.; C a pl an, R.; 
C ox, J. D.  A n dro g e n d e privati on wit h r adi ati on t her a py c o m p ar ed wit h r a di ati on t h era py alo n e for 


53 
 
 
 
locally advanced prostatic carcinoma:  A randomized comparative trial of the radiation therapy 
oncology group.  Urology 1995; 45(4):616-623.  
87. Bin S. Teh, M.D., Gustavo Ayala, M.D., Laura Aguilar, M.D., et al. Phase I–II trial evaluating 
combined intensity-modulated radiotherapy and in situ gene therapy with or without hormonal therapy 
in treatment of prostate cancer—interim report on PSA response and biopsy data. int. j. radiation 
oncology biol. Phys. 1995; 58 (5), 1520–1529.  
88. Aguilar LK, Shirley LA, Chung VM, Marsh CL, Walker J, Coyle W, Marx H, Bekaii-Saab T, 
Lesinski GB, Swanson B, Sanchez D, Manzanera AG, Aguilar-Cordova E, Bloomstrom M. Gene-
mediated cytotoxic immunotherapy as adjuvant to surgery or chemoradiation for pancreatic 
adenocarcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2015; 64:727-36. 
89. Teh BS, Aguilar-Cordova E, Vlachaki MT, Aguilar L, Mai W-Y, Caillouet J, Davis M, Miles B, 
Kadmon D, Ayala G, Lu HH, Chiu JK, Carpenter LS, Woo SY, Grant WH 3rd, Wheeler T, Thompson 
TC, Butler EB. Combining radiotherapy with gene therapy (from bench to the bedside): a novel 
treatment strategy for prostate cancer. Oncologist. 2002; 7:458-66. 
90. Hasenburg A, Tong X-W, Rojas-Martinez A, Nyberg-Hoffman C, Kieback CC, Kaplan A, 
Kaufman RH, Ramzy I, Aguilar-Cordova E, Kieback DG. Thymidine kinase gene therapy with 
concomitant topotecan chemotherapy for recurrent ovarian cancer. Cancer Gene Ther. 2000; 7:839-
52. 
91. GlaxoSmithKline Inc. Valacyclovir Prescribing Information. Date of Revision: 2015; August. 
92. Formenti SC, Demaria S. Systemic effects of local radiotherapy. Lancet Oncol. 2009; 
10:718–26.  
93. Formenti SC, Demaria S. Radiation therapy to convert the tumor into an in situ vaccine. 
Radiat Oncol Biol. 2012; 84:879–80.  
94. Shiao SL, Coussens LM. The tumor-immune microenvironment and response to radiation 
therapy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2010; 15:411–21.  
95. Yoshimura M, Itasaka S, Harada H, Hiraoka M. Microenvironment and radiation therapy. 
Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013:685308.  
96. Golden EB, Formenti SC. Is tumor (R)ejection by the immune system the “5th R” of 
radiobiology? Oncoimmunology. 2014; 3:e28133.  
97. Thompson RF, Maity A. Radiotherapy and the tumor microenvironment: mutual influence and 
clinical implications. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014; 772:147–65.10.  
98. Anderson RE, Warner NL. Ionizing radiation and the immune response. Adv Immunol. 1976; 
24:215–335.  
99. Golden EB, Pellicciotta I, Demaria S, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Formenti SC. The convergence of 
radiation and immunogenic cell death signaling pathways. Front Oncol. 2012; 2:1–13.  
100. Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Tesniere A, Obeid M, Ortiz C, Criollo A, et al. Toll-like receptor 4-
dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nat 
Med. 2007; 13:1050–9.  
101. Shi Y, Evans JE, Rock KL. Molecular identification of a danger signal that alerts the immune 
system to dying cells. Nature. 2003; 425:516–21.  
102. Srivastava P. Roles of heat-shock proteins in innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev 
Immunol. 2002; 2:185–94.  
103. Garg AD, Nowis D, Golab J, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV, Agostinis P.. Immunogenic cell 
death, DAMPs and anticancer therapeutics: an emerging amalgamation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010; 
1805:53–71.  


54 
 
 
 
104. Anderson KV. Toll signaling pathways in the innate immune response. Curr Opin Immunol. 
2000; 12:13–9.  
105. Yang Y, Liu B, Dai J, Srivastava PK, Zammit DJ, Lefrançois L, et al. Heat shock protein gp96 
is a master chaperone for toll-like receptors and is important in the innate function of macrophages. 
Immunity. 2007; 26:215–26.  
106. Van der Most RG, Currie AJ, Robinson BWS, Lake RA. Decoding dangerous death: how 
cytotoxic chemotherapy invokes inflammation, immunity or nothing at all. Cell Death Differ. 2008; 
15:13–20.  
107. Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA. A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll 
protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature. 1997; 388:394–7.10.1038/41131  
108. Matzinger P. The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science. 2002; 296:301–5.  
109. Formenti SC, Demaria S. Combining radiotherapy and cancer immunotherapy: a paradigm 
shift. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013; 105:256–65.  
110. Newcomb EW, Demaria S, Lukyanov Y, Shao Y, Schnee T, Kawashima N, et al. The 
combination of ionizing radiation and peripheral vaccination produces long-term survival of mice 
bearing established invasive GL261 gliomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2006; 12:4730–7.  
111. Reits EA, Hodge JW, Herberts CA, Groothuis TA, Chakraborty M, Wansley EK, et al. 
Radiation modulates the peptide repertoire, enhances MHC class I expression, and induces 
successful antitumor immunotherapy. J Exp Med. 2006; 203:1259–71.  
112. Ogden CA, deCathelineau A, Hoffmann PR, Bratton D, Ghebrehiwet B, Fadok VA, et al. C1q 
and mannose binding lectin engagement of cell surface calreticulin and CD91 initiates 
macropinocytosis and uptake of apoptotic cells. J Exp Med. 2001; 194:781–95.  
113. Obeid M, Tesniere A, Ghiringhelli F, Fimia GM, Apetoh L, Perfettini J-L, et al. Calreticulin 
exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death. Nat Med. 2006; 13:54–61. 
114. Obeid M, Panaretakis T, Joza N, Tufi R, Tesniere A, van Endert P, et al. Calreticulin exposure 
is required for the immunogenicity of gamma-irradiation and UVC light-induced apoptosis. Cell Death 
Differ. 2007; 14:1848–50. 
115. Obeid M, Panaretakis T, Tesniere A, Joza N, Tufi R, Apetoh L, et al. Leveraging the immune 
system during chemotherapy: moving calreticulin to the cell surface converts apoptotic death from 
“silent” to immunogenic. Cancer Res. 2007; 67:7941–4.  
116. Zitvogel L, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Decoding cell death signals in inflammation and immunity. 
Cell. 2010; 140:798–804.  
117. Golden EB, Frances D, Pellicciotta I, Demaria S, Helen Barcellos-Hoff M, Formenti SC.. 
Radiation fosters dose-dependent and chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death. 
Oncoimmunology. 2014; 3:e28518.  
118. Lee Y, Auh SL, Wang Y, Burnette B, Wang Y, Meng Y, et al. Therapeutic effects of ablative 
radiation on local tumor require CD8+ T cells: changing strategies for cancer treatment. 
Blood.2009;114:589–95.  
119. Lugade AA, Moran JP, Gerber SA, Rose RC, Frelinger JG, Lord EM.. Local radiation therapy 
of B16 melanoma tumors increases the generation of tumor antigen-specific effector cells that traffic 
to the tumor. J Immunol. 2005; 174:7516–23.  
120. Schaue D, Ratikan JA, Iwamoto KS, McBride WH. Maximizing tumor immunity with 
fractionated radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012; 83:1306–10. 


55 
 
 
 
121. Gulley JL, Arlen PM, Bastian A, Morin S, Marte J, Beetham P, et al. Combining a recombinant 
cancer vaccine with standard definitive radiotherapy in patients with localized prostate cancer. Clin 
Cancer Res. 2005; 11:3353–62. 
122. Gabrilovich D. Mechanisms and functional significance of tumour-induced dendritic-cell 
defects. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004; 4:941–52. 
123. Nikitina EY, Gabrilovich DI. Combination of gamma-irradiation and dendritic cell 
administration induces a potent antitumor response in tumor-bearing mice: approach to treatment of 
advanced stage cancer. Int J Cancer. 2001; 94:825–33.  
124. Kim K-W, Kim S-H, Shin J-G, Kim G-S, Son Y-O, Park S-W, et al. Direct injection of immature 
dendritic cells into irradiated tumor induces efficient antitumor immunity. Int J Cancer. 2004; 109:685–
90.  
125. Tacken PJ, de Vries IJM, Torensma R, Figdor CG. Dendritic-cell immunotherapy: from ex 
vivo loading to in vivo targeting. Nat Rev Immunol.2007; 7:790–802. 
126. Teitz-Tennenbaum S, Li Q, Okuyama R, Davis MA, Sun R, Whitfield J, et al. Mechanisms 
involved in radiation enhancement of intratumoral dendritic cell therapy. J Immunother. 2008; 31:345–
58.  
127. Burnette BC, Liang H, LEE Y, Chlewicki L, Khodarev NN, Weichselbaum RR, et al. The 
efficacy of radiotherapy relies upon induction of type I interferon-dependent innate and adaptive 
immunity. Cancer Res. 2011; 71:2488–96.  
128. Gaugler MH, Squiban C, van der Meeren A, Bertho JM, Vandamme M, Mouthon MA. Late 
and persistent up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression by ionizing 
radiation in human endothelial cells in vitro. Int J Radiat Biol.1997; 72:201–9. 
129. Dieu MC, Vanbervliet B, Vicari A, Bridon JM, Oldham E, Aït-Yahia S, et al. Selective 
recruitment of immature and mature dendritic cells by distinct chemokines expressed in different 
anatomic sites. J Exp Med. 1998; 188:373–86.  
130. Johnston CJ, Williams JP, Okunieff P, Finkelstein JN. Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis: 
examination of chemokine and chemokine receptor families. Radiat Res. 2002; 157:256–65.  
131. Luster AD, Leder P. IP-10, a -C-X-C- chemokine, elicits a potent thymus-dependent antitumor 
response in vivo. J Exp Med. 1993; 178:1057–65.  
132. Mulé JJ, Custer M, Averbook B, Yang JC, Weber JS, Goeddel DV, et al. RANTES secretion 
by gene-modified tumor cells results in loss of tumorigenicity in vivo: role of immune cell 
subpopulations. Hum Gene Ther. 1996; 7:1545–53. 
133. Balkwill F. Cancer and the chemokine network. Nat Rev Cancer (2004) 4:540–
50.10.1038/nrc1388  
134. Curiel TJ, Coukos G, Zou L, Alvarez X, Cheng P, Mottram P, et al. Specific recruitment of 
regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat 
Med. 2004; 10:942–9. 
135. Hojo S, Koizumi K, Tsuneyama K, Arita Y, Cui Z, Shinohara K, et al. High-level expression 
of chemokine CXCL16 by tumor cells correlates with a good prognosis and increased tumor-infiltrating 
lymphocytes in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 2007; 67:4725–31.  
136. Gutwein P, Schramme A, Sinke N, Abdel-Bakky MS, Voss B, Obermüller N, et al. Tumoural 
CXCL16 expression is a novel prognostic marker of longer survival times in renal cell cancer patients. 
Eur J Cancer. 2009; 45:478–89.  


56 
 
 
 
137. Matsushita K, Toiyama Y, Tanaka K, Saigusa S, Hiro J, Uchida K, et al. Soluble CXCL16 in 
preoperative serum is a novel prognostic marker and predicts recurrence of liver metastases in 
colorectal cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012; 19(Suppl 3):S518–27.  
138. Matsumura S, Wang B, Kawashima N, Braunstein S, Badura M, Cameron TO, et al. 
Radiation-induced CXCL16 release by breast cancer cells attracts effector T cells. J Immunol. 2008; 
181:3099–107.  
139. Hallahan D, Kuchibhotla J, Wyble C. Cell adhesion molecules mediate radiation-induced 
leukocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Cancer Res. 1996; 56:5150–5.  
140. Mole RH. Whole body irradiation; radiobiology or medicine? Br J Radiol. 1953; 26:234–41.  
141. Ehlers G, Fridman M. Abscopal effect of radiation in papillary adenocarcinoma. Br J Radiol. 
1973; 46:220–2.  
142. Rees GJ, Ross CM. Abscopal regression following radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma. Br J 
Radiol. 1983; 56:63–6.  
143. Ohba K, Omagari K, Nakamura T, Ikuno N, Saeki S, Matsuo I, et al. Abscopal regression of 
hepatocellular carcinoma after radiotherapy for bone metastasis. Gut 1998; 43:575–7.  
144. Wersäll PJ, Blomgren H, Pisa P, Lax I, Kälkner K-M, Svedman C. Regression of non-
irradiated metastases after extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. 
Acta Oncol. 2006; 45:493–7.  
145. Postow MA, Callahan MK, Barker CA, Yamada Y, Yuan J, Kitano S, et al. Immunologic 
correlates of the abscopal effect in a patient with melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366:925–31.  
146. Golden EB, Demaria S, Schiff PB, Chachoua A, Formenti SC. An abscopal response to 
radiation and ipilimumab in a patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 
2013; 1:365–72.  
147. Demaria S, Kawashima N, Yang AM, Devitt ML, Babb JS, Allison JP, et al. Immune-mediated 
inhibition of metastases after treatment with local radiation and CTLA-4 blockade in a mouse model 
of breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005; 11:728–34.  
148. Demaria S, Ng B, Devitt ML, Babb JS, Kawashima N, Liebes L, et al. Ionizing radiation 
inhibition of distant untreated tumors (abscopal effect) is immune mediated. Radiat Oncol Biol. 2004; 
58:862–70.  
149. Dewan MZ, Galloway AE, Kawashima N, Dewyngaert JK, Babb JS, Formenti SC, et al. 
Fractionated but not single-dose radiotherapy induces an immune-mediated abscopal effect when 
combined with anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Clin Cancer Res. 2009; 15:5379–88. 
150. Stone HB, Peters LJ, Milas L. Effect of host immune capability on radiocurability and 
subsequent transplantability of a murine fibrosarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1979; 63:1229–35.  
151. Diamond MS, Kinder M, Matsushita H, Mashayekhi M, Dunn GP, Archambault JM, et al. 
Type I interferon is selectively required by dendritic cells for immune rejection of tumors. J Exp Med. 
2011; 208:1989–2003.  
152. Verbrugge I, Hagekyriakou J, Sharp LL, Galli M, West A, McLaughlin NM, et al. Radiotherapy 
increases the permissiveness of established mammary tumors to rejection by immunomodulatory 
antibodies. Cancer Res. 2012; 72:3163–74.  
153. Golden EB, Pellicciotta I, Demaria S, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Formenti SC. The convergence of 
radiation and immunogenic cell death signaling pathways. Front Oncol 2012; 2:88. 
154. Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Zitvogel L. Immunogenic cell death in cancer therapy. Annu 
Rev Immunol 2013; 31:51-72. 


57 
 
 
 
155. Formenti SC, Demaria S. Combining radiotherapy and cancer immunotherapy: a paradigm 
shift. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:256-65. 
156. Barcellos-Hoff MH, Cordes N. Resistance to radioand chemotherapy and the tumour 
microenvironment. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:920-2. 
157. Formenti SC, Demaria S. Systemic effects of local radiotherapy. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10:718- 
26. 
158. Russell JS, Brown JM. The irradiated tumor microenvironment: role of tumor-associated 
macrophages in vascular recovery. Front Physiol 2013; 4:157. 
159. Ma Y, Kepp O, Ghiringhelli F, Apetoh L, Aymeric L, Locher C, Tesniere A, Martins I, Ly A, 
Haynes NM, et al. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy: cryptic anticancer vaccines. Semin Immunol 
2010; 22:113- 24. 
160. Dewan MZ, Galloway AE, Kawashima N, Dewyngaert JK, Babb JS, Formenti SC, Demaria 
S. Fractionated but not single-dose radiotherapy induces an immune-mediated abscopal effect when 
combined with anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5379-88. 
161. Demaria S, Ng B, Devitt ML, Babb JS, Kawashima N, Liebes L, Formenti SC. Ionizing 
radiation inhibition of distant untreated tumors (abscopal effect) is immune mediated. Int J Radiat 
Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 58:862-70. 
162. Postow MA, Callahan MK, Barker CA, Yamada Y, Yuan J, Kitano S, Mu Z, Rasalan T, 
Adamow M, Ritter E, et al. Immunologic correlates of the abscopal effect in a patient with melanoma. 
N Engl J Med 2012; 366:925-31. 
163. Encouse B Golden, Derek Frances. Radiation fosters dose-dependent and chemotherapy-
induced immunogenic cell death Onco_Immunology 3. 2014; e28518 
164. Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev 
Cancer. 2012; 12:252–264.  
165. Postow MA, Callahan MK, Barker CA, Yamada Y, Yuan J, Kitano S, Mu Z, Rasalan T, 
Adamow M, Ritter E, et al. Immunologic correlates of the abscopal effect in a patient with melanoma. 
N Engl J Med. 2012; 366:925–931.  
166. Stamell EF, Wolchok JD, Gnjatic S, Lee NY, Brownell I. The Abscopal Effect Associated With 
a Systemic Anti-melanoma Immune Response. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013; 85:293–295.  
167. Robin HI, AuBuchon J, Varanasi VR, Weinstein AB. The abscopal effect: demonstration in 
lymphomatous involvement of kidneys. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1981; 9:473–476.  
168. Wersall PJ, Blomgren H, Pisa P, Lax I, Kalkner KM, Svedman C. Regression of non-irradiated 
metastases after extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Acta Oncol. 
2006; 45:493–497.  
169. Sullivan RJ, Lawrence DP, Wargo JA, Oh KS, Gonzalez RG, Piris A. Case records of the 
Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 21-2013. A 68-year-old man with metastatic melanoma. N 
Engl J Med. 2013; 369:173–183.  
170. Encouse B. Golden, M.D., Ph.D., Sandra Demaria, M.D. An Abscopal Response to Radiation 
and Ipilimumab in a Patient with Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2013 
December 1; 1(6): 365–372. 
171. Adams S, Gray RJ, Demaria S, et al. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in 
triple-negative breast cancers from two phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer trials: ECOG 
2197 and ECOG 1199. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2959-66.  


58 
 
 
 
172. Loi S, Michiels S, Salgado R, Sirtaine N, Jose V.Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are prognostic 
in triple negative breast cancer and predictive for trastuzumab benefit in early breast cancer: results 
from the FinHER trial. Ann Oncol. 2014 Aug;25 (8):1544-50. 
173. Loi S, Sirtaine N, Piette F, Salgado R, Viale G, Van Eenoo F, et al. Prognostic and predictive 
value of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in a phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer trial in node-
positive breast cancer comparing the addition of docetaxel to doxorubicin with doxorubicin-based 
chemotherapy: BIG 02-98. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:860-7. 
174. Salgado R, Denkert C, Campbell C, et al. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and associations 
with pathological complete response and event-free survival in HER2-positive early breast cancer 
treated with lapatinib and trastuzumab (NeoALTTO). JAMA Oncol. 2015; in press. 
175. Rooney, M. S. et al. Molecular and genetic properties of tumors associated with local immune 
cytolytic activity. Cell 2015; 160, 48–61. 
176. Chow L, Burtness B, Weiss J, et al. A phase Ib study of pembrolizumab (Pembro; MK-3475) 
in patients (pts) with human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and negative head and neck cancer (HNC). 
Presented at the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) 2014 Congress; 2014; Sep 26-30; 
Madrid, Spain. Abstr LBA31 -  
177. Nanda R, Chow LQ, Dees EC, et al. A phase Ib study of pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in 
patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. 2014; 
Dec 9-13. San Antonio, TX. Abstr S1-09.  
178. Denkert C, Loibl S, Noske A, Roller M, Müller BM, Komor M, Budczies J, Darb-Esfahani S, 
Kronenwett R, Hanusch C, et al. Tumor-associated lymphocytes as an independent predictor of 
response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:105–13. 
179. Denkert C, von Minckwitz G, Brase JC, et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and response to 
neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without carboplatin in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-
positive and triple-negative primary breast cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:983-91.  
180. Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Tesniere A, Obeid M, Ortiz C, Criollo A, et al. Toll-like receptor 4-
dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nat 
Med. 2007;13:1050–9. 
181. Salgado R, Denkert C, Demaria S, et al. The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes 
(TILs) in breast cancer: recommendations by an International TILs Working Group 2014. Ann Oncol. 
2015;26:259-71.  
182. Golden EB, Demaria S, Schiff PB, et al. An abscopal response to radiation and ipilimumab 
in a patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2013;1:365-72. 
183. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. OPDIVO® full prescribing information. Princeton, NJ, USA; 
March 2015.   
184. Robert C, Long GV, Brady B, et al. Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without 
BRAF mutation. N Engl J Med 2015;372(4):320-330.  
185. Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-
cell non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2015;1-13.  
186. McDermott DF, Drake CG, Sznol M, et al. Survival, durable response, and long-term safety 
in patients with previously treated advanced renal cell carcinoma receiving nivolumab. J Clin Oncol 
2015;33(18):2013-2020.  
187. Motzer RJ, Rini BI, McDermott DF, et al. Nivolumab for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: 
results of a randomized phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 2015;33(13):1430-1437.  


59 
 
 
 
188. Ansell SM, Lesokhin AM, Borrello I, et al. PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in relapsed or 
refractory Hodgkin's Lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2015;22 January 2015(4):311-319.  
189. Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Limited. OPDIVO® summary of product 
characteristics. Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK; 2015; June.  
190. National Cancer Institute RECIST Guidelines and criteria. 
191. Wolchok JD, Hoos A, O'Day S, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity 
in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria. Clin Cancer Res 2009 Dec ; 15(23): 7412-20. 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 


60 
 
 
 
19. Appendices  
Appendix A: ECOG/Karnofsky Performance Status Criteria 
 
 
 
 


61 
 
 
 
Appendix B: New York Heart Association Classifications 
 
This table is an excerpt from the Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 2nd ed. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 2228. 
 
 
 
 


62 
 
 
 
Appendix C: Version 4.03 (dated June-14-2010) 
 
 
CTCAE Files 
NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v.4.03 data files and related 
documents are published here. The most current release files appear in this directory:  
Files: Booklet 
 
Content 
CTCAE_4.03_2010-06-
14_QuickReference_5x7.pdf 
Most recent release of core terminology: PDF document, 
traditional small booklet format. 
 
 
http://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/CTCAE/About.html


63 
 
 
 
Appendix D: Modified irRC, derived from RECIST 1.1 
Overall responses derived from changes in index, non-index, and new lesions 
Measurable Response 
Non-Measurable Response 
Overall Response Using 
Modified irRC 
 
Index and New, Measurable 
Lesions (Tumor Burden) 
 
Non-Index Lesions 
New, Non- 
Measurable 
Lesions 
 
 
Decrease 100%  
Absent 
Absent 
irCR* 
Decrease 100%  
Stable 
Any 
irPR* 
Decrease 100%  
Unequivocal 
progression 
Any 
irPR* 
Decrease ≥ 30%  
Absent / Stable 
Any 
irPR* 
Decrease ≥ 30%  
Unequivocal 
progression 
Any 
irPR* 
Decrease < 30% to increase 
< 20% 
Absent / Stable 
Any 
irSD 
Decrease < 30% to increase 
< 20% 
Unequivocal 
progression 
Any 
irSD 
Increase ≥ 20% 
Any 
Any 
irPD 
* Assuming that the response (irCR and irPR) and progression (irPD) are confirmed by a second, consecutive assessment 
at least 4 weeks apart (normally it should be done 6 weeks apart). 
 
 
 


64 
 
 
 
Key Milestones: 
FPFV / First Dose:  
LPLV / Last Subject completed:    
Database Lock:  
Final Report:  
 
Sponsoring Department: HMHCC &HMHRI  
 
Prepared by: _________________________________ 
Date ___________ 


65