Conditions: Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
Keywords: advanced stage colorectal adenocarcinoma
Allocation: NON_RANDOMIZED | Intervention model: SEQUENTIAL
Enrollment: 19
Healthy volunteers: no

Brief summary:
Establish the tolerability and safety of aimed dose of both quinacrine and capecitabine in combination to treat patients with advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Detailed description:
Because of the well published safety profiles of both quinacrine and capecitabine, the Phase I portion of our study will aim to determine the tolerability of both agents in combinations when used at established clinical doses. This portion of the study will more closely resemble a pilot study or feasibility study rather than a dose escalation Phase I trial. The objective is to determine toxicities and adverse reactions, not a maximally tolerated dose. The investigators hypothesize that there will be no toxic interactions at the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic level, and want to know the feasibility of using quinacrine and capecitabine at their respective recommended single agent doses. Because capecitabine is already regarded as standard treatment for colorectal cancer, the investigators will begin the study with a full dose of capecitabine combined with a slightly lower dose of quinacrine. If the safety-interim analysis does not detect an excess of toxicity, then subsequent patients will be enrolled using the full dose of both drugs.

Arms:
arm 1: Phase I (Quinacrine and Capecitabine): The Phase I portion of the study will aim to determine the tolerability of both agents in combinations when used at established clinical doses. This portion of the study will more closely resemble a pilot study or feasibility study rather than a dose escalation.

Each group will have 1 to 6 patients enrolled in it. If the patients in a lower group do not have any significant side effects the next patient will start at the next group dose.

Group 1: capecitabine at a dose of 1000 mg/m\^2 twice per day (days 1-14), and quinacrine at a dose of 100 mg once per day (days 1-21) for a 21 day cycle arm 2: Phase I (Quinacrine and Capecitabine): The Phase I portion of the study will aim to determine the tolerability of both agents in combinations when used at established clinical doses. This portion of the study will more closely resemble a pilot study or feasibility study rather than a dose escalation.

Each group will have 1 to 6 patients enrolled in it. If the patients in a lower group do not have any significant side effects the next patient will start at the next group dose.

Group 1: capecitabine at a dose of 1000 mg/m\^2 twice per day (days 1-14), and quinacrine at a dose of 100 mg twice per day (days 1-21) for a 21 day cycle arm 3: Group 3: capecitabine at a dose of 1000 mg/m\^2 twice per day (days 1-14), quinacrine at a dose of 200 mg twice a day (days 1-21) for a 21 day cycle arm 4: Phase II will use the treatment outlined in phase I, using the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) derived from Phase I.

Patients will receive capecitabine at a dose of 1000 mg/m\^2 twice per day (days 1-14), quinacrine at a dose of 100 mg twice per day (days 1-21) for a 21 day cycle

Interventions: intervention 1: Quinacrine and Capecitabine
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: The Phase I portion of the study will aim to determine the tolerability of both agents in combinations when used at established clinical doses. This portion of the study will more closely resemble a pilot study or feasibility study rather than a dose escalation.

Protocol document:
Prot_SAP_001.pdf: 
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Quinacrine–Capecitabine Combinatorial Therapy for Advanced Stage Colorectal 
Adenocarcinoma: A Phase I/II Investigator-Initiated Clinical Trial  
 
 
Sponsor Investigator: 
Crystal Denlinger, MD      Philadelphia PA 19111  
Tel: (215) 214-1676 
 
Email: Crystal.Denlinger@fccc.edu  
 
Co-Investigator                 Arthur Winer, MD 
                                                                Fox Chase Cancer Center  
                                                                333 Cottman Avenue 
                                                                Philadelphia PA 19111 
                                                                Phone: 267-844-2814                                                         
                                                                      Email: Arthur.Winer@tuhs.temple.edu  
 
Correlative Studies          Wafik S. El-Deiry, MD, PhD 
 
Adjunct Professor  
Fox Chase Cancer Center  
333 Cottman Avenue 
Philadelphia, PA 19111 
Email:  wafik@brown.edu 
 
 
Statistician: 
Eric Ross, PhD  
Fox Chase Cancer Center  
333 Cottman Avenue 
Philadelphia, PA 19111 
Tel: (215) 728-2553 
 
Email: eric.ross@fccc.edu 
 
 
Amendment 8  
 
Protocol Version Date: 02/04/2019  
IND # 114242 
 
 


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Contents 
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 4 
1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 4 
1.2 Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ............................................................................................................ 5 
1.3 Capecitabine ...................................................................................................................................... 6 
1.4 Quinacrine ......................................................................................................................................... 7 
1.5 Pre-Clinical Data & Rationale .......................................................................................................... 7 
1.6 Correlative Studies Background ..................................................................................................... 11 
2.0 STUDY OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................... 11 
2.1 Phase I Primary objectives: ............................................................................................................. 11 
2.2 Phase I Secondary objectives: ......................................................................................................... 11 
2.3 Phase II Primary objectives: ........................................................................................................... 11 
2.4 Phase II Secondary objectives: ....................................................................................................... 12 
2.5 Phase I/II Exploratory Objectives ................................................................................................... 12 
3.0 STUDY DESIGN................................................................................................................................ 12 
3.1 Phase I ............................................................................................................................................. 12 
3.2 Phase II............................................................................................................................................ 16 
3.3 General Quinacrine Information ..................................................................................................... 17 
3.4 General Capecitabine Information .................................................................................................. 17 
3.5  Duration of therapy ........................................................................................................................ 18 
3.6  Duration of follow-up .................................................................................................................... 18 
3.7 Criteria for removal from treatment ................................................................................................ 18 
4.0 PATIENT SELECTION ..................................................................................................................... 18 
4.1 
Inclusion Criteria ........................................................................................................................ 18 
4.2 Exclusion Criteria ........................................................................................................................... 19 
4.3 Inclusion of Women and Minorities ............................................................................................... 20 
4.4 Pregnancy ........................................................................................................................................ 20 
4.5 Patient Registration ......................................................................................................................... 21 
5.0 Treatment Modifications ..................................................................................................................... 22 
5.1 Dose Reductions ............................................................................................................................. 22 
5.2 Dose Levels for Phase II ................................................................................................................. 23 
6.0 ADVERSE EVENTS .......................................................................................................................... 23 
6.1. Adverse Event Definitions ............................................................................................................. 23 
6.2 Recording and Reporting Responsibilities...................................................................................... 24 


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6.3 Pregnancy ...................................................................................................................................... 26 
7.0 CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS, CAPECITABINE AND QUINACRINE ................................ 26 
7.1 Investigational Agents .................................................................................................................... 26 
7.2 Capecitabine .................................................................................................................................... 27 
7.3 Quinacrine ....................................................................................................................................... 28 
8. CORRELATIVE/SPECIAL STUDIES ................................................................................................ 29 
8.1 Laboratory Correlative Studies ....................................................................................................... 29 
8.2 Collection of Specimens ................................................................................................................. 31 
9. STUDY CALENDAR .......................................................................................................................... 31 
10. MEASUREMENT OF ANTITUMOR EFFECT................................................................................ 32 
11. STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................... 39 
11.1 Study Design/Endpoints................................................................................................................ 39 
11.2 
Sample Size/Accrual Rate ...................................................................................................... 40 
11.3 Stratification factors ...................................................................................................................... 41 
11.4 Analysis of Primary Endpoints ..................................................................................................... 41 
11.5 Analysis of Secondary Endpoints ................................................................................................. 41 
12.0 DATA, SAFETY MONITORING PLAN ........................................................................................ 41 
12.1 Monitoring Plan ............................................................................................................................ 41 
12.2 Data Safety Monitoring Board ...................................................................................................... 41 
13.0 ADMINISTRATIVE ........................................................................................................................ 43 
13.1 Data Reporting .............................................................................................................................. 43 
13.2 Retention of Records..................................................................................................................... 43 
13.3 Study Agents ................................................................................................................................. 43 
13.4 Informed Consent.......................................................................................................................... 43 
14.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 44 
Appendix A: Sample Processing .............................................................................................................. 48 
Appendix B: Common CYP2C9 Substrates ............................................................................................. 50 
 
 
 


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1.0 INTRODUCTION 
 
1.1 Background 
 
Recently, in an attempt to rescue mutant forms of the tumor suppressor protein p53, our lab synthesized 
several small molecules using an acridine scaffold in order to mimic the effects of the structurally 
similar CP-31398, the first bioactive small molecule chemical compound found to restore wild-type 
activity of mutant p53 [1]. In addition to these small molecules, we screened quinacrine: an acridine 
derivative developed in the 1920s as an antimalarial and later used for decades in the clinic as an 
antiprotozoal, anti-rheumatic, anti-helminthic, and sclerosing agent [2]. We found that quinacrine was 
able to stabilize p53 and induce pro-apoptotic p53 targets, including DR5. We subsequently investigated 
quinacrine in the context of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) because of the drug’s propensity to accumulate 
in liver tissues at high concentrations. We found that quinacrine was able to sensitize several HCC cell 
lines to a variety of anticancer therapies, including TRAIL and Sorafenib both in vitro and in vivo. 
Importantly, we found that quinacrine, in combination with Sorafenib, could synergistically diminish 
levels of Mcl-1 protein, an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member that is essential for tumor survival in 
many types of human tumors [3]. 
 
Based on exciting finding in hepatocellular carcinoma, we continued to explore quinacrine in a variety 
of other malignancies. As shown in Figure 1, an ensuing series of dose-response experiments revealed 
that, the mean concentration of quinacrine required for 50% growth inhibition in CRC (1.56 µg/mL) was 
about half the concentration required for similar growth inhibition is HCC (3.02 µg/mL), suggesting this 
agent to be more active in CRC. 
 
EFFECT OF QUINACRINE ON CANCER CELL VIABILITY 72 HOUR TREATMENT 
 
Figure 1: quinacrine inhibits the growth of a variety of CRC (black) and HCC (red) cell lines. Cells were treated with 
quinacrine for 72 hours and their viability assayed and resulted from four independent experiments. 
 


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Importantly, quinacrine in either dose concentration did not damage or induce the death of normal cells. 
 
Based on this promising selective antitumor activity, we narrowed our investigation of quinacrine 
further, in the context of CRC. We found that quinacrine could enhance the activity of many anticancer 
therapies in CRC, including TRAIL, Sorafenib, Cisplatin, and 5-FU. Most importantly, we were able to 
demonstrate that quinacrine synergizes with 5-FU across a panel of ten genetically different human 
colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro (including those with KRAS and p53 mutations and wild types). 
Further studies in vivo showed that this combination synergizes to delay tumor growth in a mouse 
xenograft model. The combination of quinacrine and 5-FU was well tolerated at even high doses in 
mice, and effective across three different tumor xenografts [4]. Together these results suggest that 
quinacrine, which has been in Phase II clinical trials against prostate cancer, should be explored in 
combinatorial treatments with 5-FU against colorectal cancer in the clinic. 
 
1.2 Metastatic Colorectal Cancer 
 
CRC is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in industrialized nations [5]. In the United 
States, CRC is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the third most frequent cause of 
cancer-related deaths, accounting for over 140,000 new cases and more than 50,000 deaths in 2010 [6]. 
The outcome for CRC patients is strongly correlated with the clinical and pathological stage of the 
cancer at diagnosis: 5-year survival rates are over 90% when the disease is diagnosed early and localized 
to the bowel mucosa, but survival rates drop to 70% as soon as neighboring organs and lymph nodes are 
involved [6]. The 5-year survival for patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) is less than 10%, with the 
most common sites of CRC metastasis being the liver, where 30 to 60% of CRC patients develop 
metastatic lesions, and the lungs, where 20-30% of CRC patients develop metastatic lesions [7]. 
 
Although there has been noteworthy progress in the development of new therapies for mCRC— leading 
to targeted agents such as the monoclonal antibodies Cetuximab (targeted against EGFR) and 
bevacizumab (targeted against VEGF)—overall efficacy and tolerance of these agents pose significant 
problems, and the cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent 5-FU remains an essential part of standard 
treatments. First line therapy regimen against mCRC—usually consists of a combination of 5-FU, 
Leucovorin, and Oxaliplatin, or the aforementioned targeted antibody therapies—only boost patient 
survival by 20-22 months [8]. New therapeutic approaches or combinations are therefore necessary to 
complement current therapies, and to offer additional options for patients with progressive metastatic 
disease. 
 
Current research has highlighted the importance of modulating the function of commonly deregulated 
apoptotic pathways in cancer with targeted anticancer agents [9]. Indeed, the activation of inhibitors of 
apoptosis is frequently observed in cancers, and plays a key role in the resistance to chemotherapy (5-
FU) and targeted agents (TRAIL). Because the constitutive activation of the antiapoptotic transcription 
factor NF-κB is frequently observed in several cancers, including breast, prostate, CRC, and HCC, much 
effort has been dedicated to modulating the effect of this protein complex [10-14]. Although NF-κB 
inhibitors are being explored in the clinical setting, it is unlikely that NF-κB inhibition alone will result 
in apoptosis and cancer regression, due to the transcription factor’s redundant and entrenched signaling 
networks [15]. Thus targeting the effectors of NF-κB is likely to be more effective. For example, the 
expression of a particular NF-κB effector, Mcl-1, has been shown to be a key barrier to successful 


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therapy including NF-kB targeted therapy; blockade of Mcl-1 is a veritable gateway to the sensitization 
of a variety of cancers to TRAIL and other promising cytotoxic agents [16]. From our own lab’s 
previous research data, effective elimination of Mcl-1, using variable methods (sorafenib, siRNA) was 
sufficient to induce cell death in some certain tumor types, including CRC [17]. Quinacrine, which is 
active against both NF-κB and Mcl-1, should be able to overcome such resistance of CRC to 
conventional chemotherapy.   
1.3 Capecitabine 
 
Overview: Capecitabine is an FDA-approved orally administered chemotherapeutic prodrug indicated 
for use in CRC and breast cancers. The prodrug is enzymatically converted to its active metabolite, 5-
FU, in three sequential steps: it is first metabolized to 5'-DFCR, later converted to 5'-DFUR, and, finally, 
preferentially activated in tumor tissues to 5-FU [18]. In CRC, capecitabine is indicated for the adjuvant 
treatment of advanced or metastatic disease, or for the neoadjuvant treatment of rectal cancer. Beyond 
the fact that it is an easily administrable oral drug, capecitabine has several advantages over the 
traditional biweekly infusions of 5-FU and leucovorin, especially in patients with metastatic or 
unresectable CRC. A couple of Phase III clinical trials in CRC comparing capecitabine monotherapy to 
the Mayo Clinic regimen, combination of bolus 5-FU and leucovorin (IFL) demonstrated that patients 
treated with capecitabine had improved response rates as compared to the standard of care at the time of 
trial [19, 20]. A more recent meta-analysis comparing capecitabine-based treatments to 5-FU regimens 
in patients with mCRC showed a significant improvement of progression free survival among patients 
treated with capecitabine but that no significant improvement for overall survival could be shown for 
capecitabine-based treatments versus the standard of care [21]. The side effects of capecitabine therapy 
tend to be milder than standard therapy against mCRC, and patients receiving capecitabine treatment 
have lower rates of neutropenia, stomatitis, and alopecia as compared to the regimen of 5-FU and 
leucovorin [19]. Capecitabine therapy is therefore an appealing choice for potentially terminally ill 
patients with mCRC. The other intriguing fact of capecitabine is that when it is tried in patients with 
recurrent or metastatic CRC who had been treated with 5-FU, it still showed meaningful activity. 
 
Pharmacokinetics: Capecitabine is nearly 100% bioavailable after being rapidly absorbed from the GI 
tract [22]. Capecitabine and its metabolites are quickly distributed into tumors, intestinal mucosa, 
plasma, liver, and other tissues. Peak plasma concentrations of the prodrug occur within 
1.5 hours, and peak plasma concentrations of 5-FU occur 2 hours after intake [22, 23]. Although 
capecitabine and its metabolites do not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier, it is unknown 
whether the drug and its metabolites distribute into the cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue, placenta, or 
breast milk [23]. There is no evidence of drug accumulation across a range of doses [24]. Plasma protein 
binding of capecitabine and its metabolites is lower than 60% and does not depend on concentration 
[23]. The half-life of capecitabine is between 0.49 -0.89 hours, while that of 5-FU is 0.67 to 1.15 hours 
[22, 24]. Because presence of food in the GI tract favorably decreases the rate and extent of absorption 
of capecitabine and decreases the peak plasma concentration and AUC of its metabolites, capecitabine 
should be dosed within 30 minutes of food [25]. Capecitabine, mostly in the form of its metabolites, is 
excreted in urine and almost 75% of a single dose of capecitabine is excreted within 24 hours [23]. 
 
 


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1.4 Quinacrine 
 
Overview: Quinacrine is an acridine derivative that was developed in the early 1920s and used 
extensively as an antimalarial during the Second World War, which was previously approved by FDA. It 
was used by over 3 million soldiers for up to 4 years in a controlled setting, which makes it as the best-
studied drugs [26]. Although it has been superseded by chloroquine in the treatment of malaria, 
quinacrine is still used for the treatment of giardiasis and a host of autoimmune disorders including 
systemic lupus erythematous and rheumatoid arthritis [27-31], and available by prescription. Quinacrine 
has also been used as an intra-pleural sclerosing agent to prevent recurrence of pleural effusion or 
pneumothorax as well as for regional cancer therapy in cases of pericardial and abdominal effusions [32-
37]. Due to its effectiveness as a sclerosing agent, quinacrine has also been used for non-surgical female 
sterilization, especially in developing countries [38, 39]. Quinacrine is under current clinical 
investigation for the treatment of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, because it binds to the C-terminal helix of 
cellular prion protein, and for the treatment of a variety of cancers, because of its dual abilities to 
suppress NF-κB and activate p53 [40-42]. It should be noted that for some of these conditions 
quinacrine has been superseded by other agents, however the use of quinacrine has to date not become 
contraindicated due to safety concerns. Its activity and favorable safety profile make quinacrine useful in 
a wide variety of contexts, including as an anticancer agent. 
Pharmacokinetics:  Quinacrine is usually administered orally with a full glass of water after a meal [26, 
32, 33, 35, 43-45]. It is absorbed quickly after oral administration with plasma levels 
increasing 2-4 hours after administration and reaching a peak in 8-12 hours [26, 46, 47]. Plasma 
concentration increases fast during the first week and equilibrates by the fourth week [48, 49]. The 
highest concentrations of quinacrine are found in the liver, spleen, lungs, and adrenal glands, lowest are 
found in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle [47]. Concentration in the liver may be 20,000 times that in 
the plasma [50]. Quinacrine is deposited in the skin, fingernails and hair [26]. The drug crosses the 
placental barrier and, concentrations in fetal tissue are similar to maternal concentrations [51, 52]. 
Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations are 1 to 5% of corresponding plasma level [47]. 80-90% of the drug 
is bound to plasma proteins when given at therapeutic doses. Half-life of the drug is 5-14 days 
depending on the dosing regimen [48, 53]. Excretion of quinacrine occurs principally through the urine 
where less than 11% is eliminated daily. Small amounts are excreted in bile, sweat, saliva and breast 
milk [47]. Elimination via the renal system may be enhanced by acidification and reduced by 
alkalization [26, 46, 47]. Quinacrine may be detected in the urine up to 2 months after therapy has been 
discontinued.  
1.5 Pre-Clinical Data & Rationale 
 
The scientific rationale and preclinical data for this study mainly stems from research in our lab. This 
work has been published: 
 
Wenge Wang, Jean-Nicolas Gallant, Sharyn I. Katz, Nathan G. Dolloff, Charles D. Smith, Junaid 
Abdulghani, Joshua E. Allen, David T. Dicker, Bo Hong, Arunasalam Navaraj and Wafik S. El- Deiry. 
Quinacrine sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to TRAIL and chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer 
Biology & Therapy, 12:3. 229-238. 01 August 2011. 
 
Jean-Nicolas Gallant, Joshua E. Allen, Charles D. Smith, David T. Dicker, Wenge Wang, Nathan 


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G. Dolloff, Arunasalam Navaraj and Wafik S. El-Deiry. Quinacrine synergizes with 5- fluorouracil and 
other therapies in colorectal cancer. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 12:3. 239-251. 01 August 2011. 
 
Since its discovery as a potent antimalarial compound nearly one hundred years ago, quinacrine has 
been used effectively in the clinic as a medication for a wide range of disorders. Due to its anti-
inflammatory activity, it has been used to treat lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial 
asthma, and other inflammatory diseases. Its multimodal mechanisms of action have also led to its use as 
an approved antihelmintic, antiprotozoal, and, most recently, anticancer agent. Indeed, quinacrine’s 
antitumor efficacy was noted in the early 1950s, its use as an anticancer agent against malignant pleural 
effusions developed in the 1970s, and its molecular mechanisms justly expounded—quinacrine was 
recently shown to be a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein complex NF-κB and a simultaneously 
strong inducer of apoptosis and the tumor suppressor protein p53 [1, 42, 54, 55]. 
 
Studies conducted by our lab have demonstrated some of quinacrine’s unique anticancer properties and 
its potential in novel combinatorial anticancer therapies. We have shown that quinacrine is able to rescue 
p53 from proteasomal degradation and induce p53 targets, including the pro-apoptotic cell death 
receptor, DR5 [1]. We also have demonstrated that quinacrine is able to sensitize HCC cells to TRAIL 
and other chemotherapies, in part due to quinacrine’s ability to stabilize p53, both in vitro and in vivo 
via a mouse xenograft model of HCC [3]. Combinatorial high-dose quinacrine-Sorafenib therapy was 
well tolerated in several cohorts of mice and resulted in notable tumor growth inhibition [3]. In the 
context of HCC, quinacrine is remarkable in its ability to synergize with Sorafenib to effectively ablate 
levels of the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1. 
 
After discovery of quinacrine activity in HCC, our lab further found it to be particularly active in CRC. 
As previously shown in Figure 1, we established quinacrine as a potent cytostatic agent in CRC. 
Furthermore, we confirmed that quinacrine is a potent inhibitor of NF-κB and inducer of p53 in this 
malignancy [4]. Most importantly, we were able to show that quinacrine synergizes with 5-FU both in 
vitro and in vivo against CRC, augmenting each agent’s antiproliferative ability independently of p53 
and KRAS mutational status. This key result, recapitulated in Figure 2 on the following page, is the 
rationale undergirding this clinical protocol. Quinacrine and 5-FU synergize to delay tumor growth in 
three different CRC mouse xenografts, while having minimal toxicity at 100 mg/kg quinacrine. We 
hypothesize that quinacrine and capecitabine will similarly synergize in humans to maximize each 
agent’s anticancer activity, providing patients with an attractive option in their fight against mCRC. 
 
Quinacrine-capecitabine combinatorial therapy for mCRC is particularly appealing for several reasons. 
Namely: (1) the combination of quinacrine and 5-FU synergizes to delay tumor growth at low doses as 
shown in mouse model, (2) quinacrine is an extremely well-studied pharmaceutical agent with unique 
upside as an anticancer therapy, and (3) the combination of two oral medications would be well 
tolerated, and affect the QOL of potentially terminally ill patients with CRC less compared to toxic 
chemotherapeutic agents. 
 
The pharmacological model of synergy (Chou-Talalay) used in our research is that, the synergy 
observed with quinacrine and 5-FU in vitro and in our mouse models should equally be observed in 
people [56]. In vitro synergy described using the Choi-Talalay model has led to several successful Phase 
III clinical trials, most notably of paclitaxel and cisplatin, in the treatment of ovarian cancer [57]. We 
further expect to see synergy between quinacrine and capecitabine because the doses at which synergy 


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was observed in vitro, are comparable to achievable plasma concentrations of both quinacrine and 5-FU 
[4]. Although we were unable to describe the precise mechanism of quinacrine’s synergy with 5-FU, 
quinacrine’s multimodal anticancer mechanisms mean that the potential for synergy to be translated to 
humans is rather high. In other words, quinacrine’s polypharmacology—its ability to have effects on the 
p53, NF- κB, mTOR, AKT, and arachidonic acid pathways—means that its effects on multiple key 
signaling pathways make the drug a promising candidate for combination therapies for patients with 
CRC. 
 
The safety and bioavailability of quinacrine make it an attractive agent for use in combinatorial therapy. 
Quinacrine’s long-term safety has been demonstrated in patients with chronic diseases, such as 
rheumatoid arthritis and malaria; patients have taken daily quinacrine for months at a time to control 
their symptoms, with few side effects. As previously mentioned, the pharmacokinetics and safety of 
quinacrine have been extensively studied as it was administered as a protective measure to millions of 
US soldiers in the Pacific region during World War II. Some of the more serious side effects of 
quinacrine are mild in comparison to other anti-cancer chemotherapeutics and most of the conditions can 
be easily reversed after treatment cessation or dose reduction. Many of quinacrine's side effects develop 
gradually, starting from minor lesions in the case of dermatitis or a slight decrease in blood counts in the 
development of anemia, and have been found to be completely and easily reversible, if quinacrine use is 
discontinued at this early stage [2]. In our lab work, the minimal weight loss caused by the quinacrine 
combinatorial therapies was reversed upon cessation of treatment. Some of the side effects exhibited due 
to quinacrine treatment can be used in the clinical setting to confirm proper dosing of the drug in the 
treatment of cancer patients. The yellow discoloration of the skin due to the accumulation of the bright 
yellow compound would indicate to the clinician that the drug has reached the equilibrium and as in the 
case of squamous cell carcinomas, has potentially reached areas where tumor has developed [58]. 
 
 
 


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Figure 2: Quinacrine delays tumor growth and enhances the effects of 5-FU in vivo. Effect of quinacrine/5-FU combinatorial therapy 
on HT-29-luc (A), DLD-1 (B) and RKO (C) xenografts in nu/nu mice (n = 3–5/group ± s.d.). Quinacrine was administered via oral 
gavage every 48 h, 5-FU was given intraperitoneally once a week. (D) Tumor delay in days necessary for a tumor to reach a volume 5 
times greater than the initial volume (or 10 times the bioluminescent signal). (E) Effect of combinatorial therapy on the body weight of 
the mice of all 3 xenograft experiments (n = 13–15/group ± s.d.) [4]. 
 


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We plan to use capecitabine instead of intravenous 5-FU for this study because of the pro-drug’s 
favorable safety profile and ease of administration. While some intravenous medications may be more 
bioavailable and have greater effects, as previously discussed, capecitabine produces serum levels of 5-
FU comparable to the continuous infusion while having similar activity [19, 20]. We thus expect 
Capecitabine to act in the same manner in this study as 5-FU did in our preclinical work. The fact that 
Capecitabine is an oral drug makes it convenient for both the patient and study center in this trial. The 
typical administration of intravenous 5-FU usually requires a hospital visit where the patient begins 
receiving the medication over the course of 48 hours via a central line infusion. Conversely, patients can 
take Capecitabine in the comfort of their own homes, adding to their QOL. This mode of administration 
will also reduce the lengths of hospitalizations and costs associated with this study. 
 
Based on the extensive clinical history of quinacrine, the proven efficacy of capecitabine, and our 
preclinical data, we plan to conduct a Phase I/II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of quinacrine in 
combination with Capecitabine in patients with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the colon or 
rectum, that is metastatic, recurrent and unresectable and for which standard curative or palliative 
measures do not exist or are no longer effective. 
 
1.6 Correlative Studies Background 
Blood draws for pharmacokinetics and banking for future research will be collected. Archival tissue, if 
available, will be procured for molecular studies (Caris Life Sciences®).  
 
 
2.0 STUDY OBJECTIVES 
 
2.1 Phase I Primary objectives: 
To determine the MTD of quinacrine in combination with a fixed dose of capecitabine and describe the 
tolerability and safety of the combination in patients with advanced mCRC. 
 
2.2 Phase I Secondary objectives: 
To determine toxicities/adverse reactions of quinacrine treatment in combination with capecitabine in 
patients with advanced mCRC 
 
To evaluate rate of response (CR, PR, SD) and time to tumor progression in patients with advanced 
mCRC receiving quinacrine treatment in combination with capecitabine. 
 
2.3 Phase II Primary objectives: 
To evaluate  the rate of response (CR, PR, SD) and time to tumor progression in patients with advanced 
mCRC receiving quinacrine treatment in combination with capecitabine. 
 


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2.4 Phase II Secondary objectives: 
To determine the duration of response in patients receiving quinacrine treatment in combination with 
capecitabine for advanced mCRC. 
 
To estimate the overall and progression free survival distribution for patients receiving quinacrine 
treatment in combination with capecitabine for advanced mCRC. 
 
To determine 1-year survival and safety in patients receiving quinacrine treatment in combination with 
capecitabine for advanced mCRC. 
 
2.5 Phase I/II Exploratory Objectives 
 
To investigate the pharmacokinetics of quinacrine and capecitabine, perform genetic analysis on tumor 
tissue, and evaluate/follow biomarkers and CEA levels in patients with advanced mCRC quinacrine. 
 
3.0 STUDY DESIGN 
3.1 Phase I 
Because of the well published safety profiles of both quinacrine and capecitabine, the Phase I portion of 
our study will aim to determine the tolerability of both agents in combinations when used at established 
clinical doses. Given that capecitabine is considered as standard treatment for mCRC, a full dose of 
1000mg/m2 orally bid of capecitabine will be administered with different doses of quinacrine. The 
maximum dose of quinacrine to be tested is 200 mg bid. The first patient in this study will be treated 
with 1000 mg/m2 orally bid of capecitabine on days 1- 14, and a starting dose of 100 mg orally daily of 
quinacrine on days 1-21 of a 21 day cycle (dose level -2 in table below). All patients will be evaluated 
for baseline toxicity. Toxicity will be evaluated according to the National Cancer Institute Common 
Toxicity Criteria (current version 4.0).  
 
A modified version 4B of Simon’s accelerated titration design (Figure 3) will be used in the Phase I 
portion of our study to limit the number of patients treated at potentially sub therapeutic doses [60]. In 
this design, a cohort has at least one patient treated at a dose level (designated as “i”). If no DLT is 
observed (i.e. no toxicity, T, >2) at cycle 1, another single-patient cohort is treated with the next higher 
dose level (i.e., “Add 1 to i”). On the other hand, if a DLT is observed in a single- patient cohort in the 
first cycle, an additional two patients are treated at the same dose level (i.e. Dose i 2 patients). If another 
instance of toxicity > grade 2 is observed, three additional patients will be treated at that dose level. If at 
most 2 of the 6 patients treated at a dose level experience a DLT, that dose level is identified as the 
MTD.  
 
Dose Escalation 
Dose Level 
Dose * 
Quinacrine 
(mg) 
Capecitabine 
(mg/m2)  
Level -2 
100, qd  
1000 bid 


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Level -1 
100, bid 
1000 bid 
Level 0 
200, bid 
1000 bid 
 
Adopting the modified version 4B of Simon’s accelerated titration design, it is possible that only three 
patients are enrolled in Phase I. This situation can occur in the event that the first patient that received 
dose level -2, the first patient that received dose level -1 and the first patient that received dose level 0 
do not experience toxicity>2.   
 
 
 


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 Figure 3: Accelerated Titration Design to be adopted in Phase I.  At each dose level i, one patient will be initially treated. If that patient’s common toxicity criteria score, T, is at most 2 the next patient 
is dosed at the next higher level (i.e. add 1 to i), unless dose i is dose 0 (the highest dose tested in this study). On the other hand, if the patient’s score exceeds 2, two more patients are treated at the 
same dose level i. If these additional two patients’ scores are both at most 2, the next patient is treated at the next higher dose level (i.e. add 1 to i), unless dose i is dose 0 (the highest dose tested in 
this study).  On the other hand, if both patients have scores higher than 2, the next patient is dosed at the next lower level (i.e. subtract 1 from i), unless dose i is dose -2 (the lowest dose tested in this 
study). If only one of the two has a score higher than 2, then 3 additional patients are treated at the current dose level. If at most 2 of the 6 patients treated at this dose level have scores higher than 2, 
this dose is declared the MTD. 


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The chart below presents the different scenarios that can occur at a particular dose level, given the 
number of patients treated and number of patients that experience DLT, and the actions to be taken in 
the phase I dose escalation part of this study. The chart, therefore, is another means of understanding the 
research design of the Phase I portion of this study.  Based on the research design, either 1, 3 or 6 
patients can be treated with a particular dose level. The action will be either to escalate to the next dose 
with a single patient, add new patients to the current dose level (either 2, 3 or 5), de-escalate to the next 
lower dose level, declare the current dose level the MTD, or finally, declare all dose levels too toxic. For 
example, suppose dose level -2 does not result in a DLT, then dose level -1 is given to the next patient. 
If the patient treated with dose level -1 has a DLT, two more patients are treated with dose level -1. If all 
three patients treated with dose level -1 have DLTs, the study will be continued with the reduced dose, 
dose level -2. Because one patient was already treated at dose level -2 and no DLT’s were observed, and 
there were patients previously treated at a higher dose (dose level -1), 5 more patients will be treated at 
dose level -2. If at most 2 of the six patients treated with dose level -2 have DLTs, dose level -2 will be 
declared MTD.  
 
*NA indicates that the action taken is the same regardless of whether there were patients previously 
treated at a higher dose 
 
The MTD will be used at recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) unless there are any safety concerns. 
Patients who needed a dose reduction after being treated with RP2D in phase I will receive the reduced 
dose in phase II. 
Number of 
patients 
treated at 
dose level 
Numb
er of 
DLT’s 
Were there patients 
previously treated 
at higher dose 
level? (Y/N) 
Action required 
1 
0 
N 
If level<0, escalate and treat 1 patient on higher dose level. 
If level = 0, declare level 0 as MTD 
 
Y 
Treat 5 more patients with this dose level 
1 
1 
NA* 
Treat 2 more patients with this dose level 
3 
1 
N 
If level<0, escalate and treat 1 patient on higher dose level. 
If level = 0, declare level 0 as MTD 
 
Y 
Treat 3 more patients with this dose level 
3 
2 
NA 
Treat 3 more patients with this dose level 
3 
3 
NA 
Reduce dose to next lower dose level. Continue study, taking 
note of the total number of patients treated with the lower 
dose level and number of DLT’s and taking corresponding 
action required. 
If current dose level is -2, terminate study for excess toxicity 
6 
1 or 2 
NA 
Declare this dose the MTD 
6 
3 or 
more 
 
Reduce dose to next lower dose level. Continue study, taking 
note of the total number of patients treated with the lower 
dose level and number of DLT’s and taking corresponding 
action required. 
If current dose level is -2, terminate study for excess toxicity 


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For the purposes of quinacrine dose escalation, the dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) that will be taken into 
account include toxicity grade >2 hematological, GI/diarrhea, skin, LFT abnormality or otherwise 
unexpected grade 3 toxicity or higher, associated with the combination therapy. Quinacrine dose 
modifications will not be made in the event of toxicities that are primarily attributed to capecitabine; 
namely, > grade 2 alopecia and hand and foot syndrome (HFS). Patients experiencing DLT will be 
permitted to continue their treatment after a single step dose reduction. 
 
Intra-patient dose escalation will occur only for patients experiencing Common Toxicity Criteria < grade 
2 toxicity on a previous course. The intra-patient dose escalation for a patient in lower level dose cohort 
will be on hold until the highest dose cohort patient completes first cycle of therapy. For purposes of 
toxicity assessment, patient response to the initial dose received will be considered. Total time in 
therapy, however, will be adjudged to include the whole duration the patient received treatment, 
regardless of the doses received.  
 
General concomitant medications, dose adjustment, drug warnings and supportive care guidelines, 
duration of therapy, duration of follow up, and criteria for removal from treatment, as described 
throughout the protocol will be applied to both Phase I and II. 
 
The endpoint of the Phase I portion of this study will occur when the safety and tolerability of the 
quinacrine-capecitabine combination is evaluated. Based on our preclinical data and the history of use of 
both capecitabine and quinacrine, we expect that the following regimen will be safely tolerated by the 
majority of patients. 
 
  
Agent 
Premedications; 
Precautions 
Dose 
Route 
Schedule 
Cycle 
Length 
Quinacrine 
After a meal with a 
glass of water 
200 mg tablets 
Orally twice a 
day 
Orally: 
at least 8 hours 
between each 
dose 
Daily on 
Days 1-21 
21 days 
(3 weeks) 
Capecitabine* 
Within 30 minutes 
after a meal with 
water 
1000 mg/m² 
Orally twice a 
day 
Orally: 
at least 8 hours 
between each 
dose 
Daily on 
Days 1-14 
*The calculated total daily capecitabine dose by body surface area (BSA) will be rounded down 
to allow doses using 500mg tablets 
 
After finishing cycle #1, start cycle #2 on day 22, and continue every 21 days. 
 
3.2 Phase II 
 
An open label, single stage design will be used in the Phase II portion of this study. The treatment 
outlined in the previous section, using RP2D derived from Phase I, will be administered on an outpatient 
basis. The patient will be requested to maintain a medication diary of each dose of medication. The 
medication diary will be returned to clinic staff at the end of each cycle. Reported adverse events and 


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potential risks of quinacrine and capecitabine are described in Section 6. Appropriate dose modifications 
for quinacrine and capecitabine are described in Section 5. No investigational or commercial agents or 
therapies other than those described below may be administered with the intent to treat the patient's 
malignancy.  
 
3.3 General Quinacrine Information 
 
Quinacrine: 
Convulsive seizures have occurred in patients receiving quinacrine and corticosteroids 
concomitantly [62]. Concurrent use of primaquine with quinacrine may inhibit the metabolism of 
Primaquine or may displace it from tissue-binding sites, thereby increasing serum concentrations and 
potential toxicity of primaquine. These effects may last for up to 3 months after the last dose of 
quinacrine is administered. Therefore concurrent use of quinacrine and primaquine is contraindicated) 
[47, 51]. Since quinacrine concentrates in the liver, it should be used with caution in conjunction with 
hepatotoxic drugs and in patients with hepatic disease or alcohol dependence [51]. Alcohol, or alcohol-
containing medication, is not recommended during quinacrine treatment (quinacrine has been reported 
to produce a mild Disulfram-like reaction when ingested with alcohol, which may be due to quinacrine's 
inhibition of the intermediary metabolism of alcohol; ingestion of alcohol or alcohol containing 
medication is not recommended during quinacrine treatment) [51]. 
 
Pregnancy/Lactation: FDA Pregnancy Risk Category C:  Quinacrine should not be given to pregnant 
women because the drug readily crosses the placenta and reaches the fetal circulation system [52]. There 
is one case of possible renal agenesis and hydrocephalus in an infant, although normal pregnancies have 
been reported after quinacrine ingestion during the first 4 weeks of gestation [63]. Adequate, well-
controlled human studies are lacking, and animal studies have shown a risk to the fetus or are lacking as 
well. There is a chance of fetal harm if the drug is given during pregnancy; but the potential benefits 
may outweigh the potential risk [63]. Quinacrine was embryo lethal but not teratogenic in rats 
administered intrauterine quinacrine and gestation day 8 or day 12 [64]. A small amount of quinacrine is 
excreted in breast milk. However, problems in humans have not been documented [26]. 
 
3.4 General Capecitabine Information 
Capecitabine: 
Capecitabine should be administered within 30 minutes after a meal. Capecitabine and/or its 
metabolites may inhibit cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2C9 isoenzyme, and therefore increase levels of 
substrates of CYP2C9:  Because the decreased rate of anticoagulant metabolism may increase patient 
response to coumarin and indandione derivatives, capecitabine and these agents should be used 
concomitantly with great caution [23]. If capecitabine is used concomitantly with a coumarin 
anticoagulant, prothrombin time (PT) or international normalized ratio (INR) should be monitored 
frequently, and the anticoagulant dose should be adjusted accordingly. Concomitant use of phenytoin 
and capecitabine may result in toxicity from increased serum phenytoin concentrations. In patients 
receiving capecitabine, serum concentrations of phenytoin must be monitored carefully, and reduction in 
the phenytoin dosage may be necessary [23]. Concomitant use of folic acid may affect the metabolism 
of capecitabine [23]. Leucovorin (LV) potentiates the antineoplastic activity of 5-FU and also may 
increase its toxicity. Deaths from severe enterocolitis, diarrhea, and dehydration have been reported in 
geriatric patients receiving a weekly regimen of combination therapy with LV and 5-FU [23]. 


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Pregnancy/Lactation: FDA Pregnancy Risk category: Studies in humans, or investigational or post-
marketing data, have demonstrated fetal risk. Nevertheless, potential benefits from the use of the drug 
may outweigh the potential risk. For example, the drug may be acceptable if needed in a life threatening. 
In lactating mice receiving a single dose of capecitabine, significant amounts of capecitabine 
metabolites were distributed into milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions to 
capecitabine in nursing infants, nursing should be discontinued during capecitabine therapy. 
 
Dose adjustments: For mild renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance 30-50 mL/min), it is recommended 
to reduce dose by 25%. For severe renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min), treatment is not 
recommended.  For elderly patients, lower doses may be required due to higher incidences of serious 
adverse reactions. 
3.5  Duration of therapy 
 
Treatment continues until at least one of the following criteria applies: 
 
 Disease progression, 
 Intercurrent illness that prevents further administration of treatment, 
 Unacceptable adverse event(s) (DLT) 
 Patient decides to withdraw from the study, or 
 General or specific changes in the patient’s condition render the patient unacceptable for further 
treatment in the judgment of the investigator. 
3.6  Duration of follow-up 
 
Patients will be followed for five years after removal from treatment or until death, whichever occurs 
first.  Patients removed from treatment for unacceptable adverse events will be followed until resolution 
or stabilization of the adverse event. We expect that most patients will not require a follow-up of 5 years 
due to their poor prognosis. However we want to include long time survivors due to the combination of 
quinacrine treatment with capecitabine. Patients will be followed every 3 months either in clinic or via 
the telephone. Patients will continue to require tumor measurements every 6-9 weeks per section 10.1 
until disease progression. 
3.7 Criteria for removal from treatment 
 
Patients will be removed from treatment when any of the criteria listed in Section 3.5 applies. 
The reason for removal from treatment and the date the patient was removed must be documented in 
eCRF system. 
 
4.0 PATIENT SELECTION 
4.1 Inclusion Criteria 
Participants must meet all of the following inclusion criteria: 
 
4.1.1 On primary diagnosis, patients must have had histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma 
of the colon or rectum. Metastasis or recurrence do not need to be histologically 
confirmed 


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4.1.2 Standard, curative or palliative measures do not exist or are no longer effective 
 
4.1.3 Patients must have measurable recurrence or metastases, per RECIST 1.1 
 
4.1.4 Patients must have prior chemotherapy for advanced CRC and have previously received 
both an oxaliplatin and an irinotecan based regimen. Patients who are not appropriate for 
second line therapy because of their KRAS mutational status or because they cannot 
tolerate second line therapy, will be included even after only one prior therapy regimen 
 
4.1.5 All prior systemic cancer therapy (hormonal, chemotherapeutic, and immunotherapeutic) 
must be completed at least 4 weeks before the baseline visit 
 
4.1.6 Patients must be at least 4 weeks from radiation therapy or major surgery and have 
recovered from prior toxicities 
 
4.1.7 Age >18 years 
 
4.1.8 Life expectancy greater than 3 months 
 
4.1.9 ECOG performance status of 0, 1, or 2 
 
4.1.10 Patients must have normal organ and marrow function as defined below: 
 
Leukocytes >1,500/mcL 
Absolute neutrophil count >1,500/mcL 
Platelets >100,000/mcL 
Total bilirubin <2.5 ULN 
AST/ALT <3.0 ULN 
Creatinine  <2.0  
Creatinine Clearance* ≥ 50 
 
*Creatinine Clearance must be calculated using Cockroft-Gault formula 
 
4.1.11 Patient must be able to swallow capsules 
 
4.1.12 Patients must be able to understand and willing to sign a written informed consent 
document  
 
4.2 Exclusion Criteria 
All candidates meeting any of the exclusion criteria at baseline will be excluded from study 
participation: 
 
 
4.2.1 
Patients may not be receiving any other investigational agents. 
 


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4.2.2 
Patients who have had chemotherapy or radiotherapy 4 weeks or more prior to entering 
the study who’s adverse events have not recovered to grade 1 or less with the exception 
of alopecia and neuropathy 
 
4.2.3 
Patients with known brain metastases  
 
4.2.4 
History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic 
composition to quinacrine, capecitabine or fluorouracil. 
 
4.2.5 
Patients receiving any medications or substances that are substrates, inducers, or 
inhibitors of CYP2C9 enzyme.  For a list of common CYP2C9 substrates, inducers, and 
inhibitors, see Appendix B 
 
4.2.6 
Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection 
symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, or 
psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements. 
 
4.2.7 
Pregnant or breast feeding women are excluded from this study  
 
4.2.8 
Other reasons: 
 Patients currently being treated with quinacrine or drugs related to quinacrine 
 Patients who require anti-arrhythmic treatment with Amiodarone or any drug with a 
quinidine-like effect on the heart or who have history of a malignant ventricular 
arrhythmia unless they have a functioning Automatic Implantable Cardio 
Defibrillator (AICD) implanted. 
 Patients who have a history of noninfectious (toxic, autoimmune) hepatitis or 
alcoholism. 
 Patients with a lifetime history of porphyria or psoriasis  
 Patients with documented glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. 
 Patients with a history of seizure disorder (except infant febrile seizures). 
 Patients with a lifetime history of dermatitis as an allergic/toxic reaction to any 
medication.  
 Patients with known dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)deficiency. 
4.3 Inclusion of Women and Minorities 
 
Both men and women and members of all races and ethnic groups are eligible for this trial. However, 
we will require that women of child bearing potential use adequate contraception during the 
administration of the study drugs. 
4.4 Pregnancy 
The effects of capecitabine and quinacrine on the developing human fetus at the recommended 
therapeutic dose are unknown.  For this reason women of child-bearing potential (WOCBP) and men 
must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) 
prior to study entry, for the duration of treatment, and for at least 3 months after the completion of 
treatment.  Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this 
study, she must inform her treating physician immediately. 


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Prior to study enrollment, WOBCP must be advised of the importance of avoiding pregnancy during 
trial participation and the potential risk factors for an unintentional pregnancy.  In additional, men 
enrolled on this study should understand the risks to any sexual partner of childbearing potential. 
 
All WOCBP must have a negative pregnancy test within 72 hours prior to receiving the first dose of 
the investigational agent(s).  If the pregnancy test is positive, the patient must not receive protocol 
treatment and must not be enrolled in the study. 
 
WOCBP is defined as follows: Any female who has experienced menarche and who has not 
undergone successful surgical sterilization (hysterectomy, bilateral tubal ligation, or a bilateral 
oophorectomy) or is not postmenopausal (defined as amenorrhea > 12 consecutive months, or women 
on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with documented plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
level > 35 mIU/ml).  Even women who are using oral, implanted, or injectable contraceptive 
hormones or mechanical products (diaphragm, condoms, spermicides) to prevent pregnancy or 
practicing abstinence or where partner is sterile (e.g. vasectomy), should be considered to be WOCBP. 
4.5 Patient Registration 
Participants may be registered from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm EST excluding holidays by emailing the study 
monitor at: FCCC.MONITOR@fccc.edu. Eligible participants will be entered on study centrally 
once the following items have been received by email: 
 
 Completed registration form  
 Consent and HIPAA signature pages  
 Eligibility checklist 
 
Following registration, participants must begin protocol treatment within 7 days of registration.  Issues 
that would cause treatment delays must be discussed with the Principal Investigator.  If a registered 
participant does not receive protocol therapy following registration, the participant will be recorded as 
withdrawn from study.  The Study Monitor must be notified as soon as possible if a participant does 
not begin protocol treatment as scheduled. For additional registration questions, please email 
FCCC.MONITOR@fccc.edu  
 
The study monitor or their designee will notify the site by email once registration is confirmed and the 
sequence number has been assigned.  Participants must be registered and have received a sequence 
number prior to the initiation of treatment.   
 
Exceptions to the current registration policies will not be permitted.  
 
 
 


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5.0 Treatment Modifications  
5.1 Dose Reductions 
 
In the event of alopecia, HFS, or stomatis, only capecitabine dose will be reduced according to the 
following table. 
 
Hand and Foot 
Syndrome/Stomatitis/Alopecia 
Management/Next Dose for Capecitabine 
  
Grade 1 
No change in dose 
Grade 2 
Hold until ≤ Grade 1.  Resume at same dose level. 
Grade 3 
Hold until < Grade 1.  Resume at one dose level lower, if 
indicated. (Per Section 5.2 Dose Levels) 
Grade 4 
Off protocol therapy 
 
In the event of other toxicities that are specifically attributable to capecitabine (such as hand-foot 
syndrome, diarrhea), the dose of capecitabine will be delayed or reduced first. If toxicity progresses or 
does not improve within 72 hours after capecitabine delay or reduction, quinacrine will also be delayed/ 
dose-reduced. Dosing delays/modifications will be done according to the following schema: 
 
Diarrhea 
Management/Next Dose for 
quinacrine 
Management/Next Dose for 
capecitabine 
Grade 1 
No change in dose 
No change in dose 
Grade 2 
Hold until ≤ Grade 1.  Resume at 
same dose level. 
Hold until ≤ Grade 1.  Resume at 
same dose level. If it reoccurs, hold 
until < Grade 1 and resume at one 
dose level lower. (Per Section 5.2 
Dose Levels)  
Grade 3 
Hold until < Grade 1.  Resume at 
one dose level lower, if indicated. 
Hold* until < Grade 1.  Resume at 
one dose level lower, if 
indicated.** (Per Section 5.2 Dose 
Levels) 
Grade 4 
Off protocol therapy 
Off protocol therapy 
Recommended management:  Loperamide antidiarrheal therapy 
Adjunct anti-diarrheal therapy is permitted and should be recorded when used. 
 
All other toxicities 
Management/Next Dose for 
quinacrine 
Management/Next Dose for 
capecitabine 
Grade 1 
No change in dose 
No change in dose 
Grade 2 
Hold until ≤ Grade 1.  Resume at 
same dose level. 
Hold until ≤ Grade 1.  Resume at 
same dose level. 
Grade 3 
Hold until < Grade 1.  Resume at 
one dose level lower, if indicated. 
Hold until < Grade 1.  Resume at 
one dose level lower, if indicated. 
(Per Section 5.2 Dose Levels)   
Grade 4 
Off protocol therapy 
Off protocol therapy 
Recommended management for nausea: antiemetics 
 


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If treatment needs to be held for more than 3 weeks due to severe treatment related toxicities that cannot 
be resolved despite maximum supportive care, the patient will be taken off protocol therapy. 
5.2 Dose Levels for Phase II 
Dose reductions will be as follows: 
 
Dose Level 
Quinacrine 
Capecitabine 
-2 
50% reduction 
500 mg/m2, schedule 
-1 
50% reduction 
750 mg/m2, schedule 
0 
RP2D 
1000 mg/m2, schedule 
 
The number of dose de-escalations will depend upon the RP2D. For example if RP2D is 400mg/day of 
quinacrine and 1000mg/m2 of capecitabine 2 dose reductions are possible but if RP2D is 200mg/day of 
quinacrine and 1000mg/m2 of capecitabine of quinacrine only 1 dose reduction is possible or if RP2D is 
100mg/day of quinacrine and 1000mg/m2 of capecitabine no dose reductions are possible. In this study 
for Phase 2, dose re-escalations are allowed up to RP2D at the discretion of the treating Physician. 
 
6.0 ADVERSE EVENTS 
6.1. Adverse Event Definitions  
6.1.1 Adverse Events (AE) is any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory 
finding), symptom or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational) 
product, treatment or procedure regardless of whether it is considered related to the medical treatment or 
procedure (NCI CTEP Guidelines March 28, 2011). 
 
6.1.2 Serious Adverse Event (SAE) is an AE that is fatal or life threatening, requires inpatient 
hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization (for > 24 hours), persistent or significant 
incapacity or substantial disruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions, or is a congenital 
anomaly/ birth defect, or results in any important medical event that may not result in death, be life 
threatening, or require hospitalization may be considered an SAE when, based upon appropriate medical 
judgment, may jeopardize the subject and may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent any of 
the above outcomes.  A “life-threatening” adverse event places the patient at immediate risk of death in 
the judgment of the investigator or sponsor. 
 
6.1.3 Severity Rating  
The investigator will evaluate the severity of each adverse event.  NCI Common Terminology Criteria 
for Adverse Events (CTCAE v.4.0) or study specific toxicity tables provided in the protocol define 
severity.  If not included in CTCAE v.4.0, severity is expressed in numerical grade using the following 
definitions: 
1. Grade 1: Mild-asymptomatic or mild symptoms; clinical or diagnostic observations only; 
intervention not indicated. 
2. Grade 2: Moderate-minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated; limiting age 
appropriate instrumental ADL. 
3. Grade 3: Severe-severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening; 
hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated; disabling; limiting self care 
ADL. 
4. Grade 4: Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated.  
5. Grade 5: Death related to AE 


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6.1.4 Attribution/Relationship to study drug   
1. Definite – clearly related 
2. Probable – likely related 
3. Possible – may be related 
4. Unlikely – doubtfully related 
5. Unrelated – clearly not related 
6.1.5 Expectedness 
 An Expected Adverse Event is one where the specificity or severity is consistent with the 
current information available from the resources. 
An Unexpected Adverse Event is one where the nature, severity, or frequency of the event is 
related to participation in the research is not consistent with either: 
 
1. 
The known or foreseeable risk of adverse events associated with the procedures 
involved in the research that are described in (a) the protocol-related documents, such 
as the IRB-approved research protocol, any applicable investigator brochure, and the 
current IRB-approved informed consent document, and (b) other relevant sources of 
information, such as product labeling and package inserts: or 
 
2. 
The expected natural progression of any underlying disease, disorder, or condition of 
the subject (s) experiencing the adverse event and the subjects(s) predisposing risk 
factor profile for the adverse event. 
 
6.2 Recording and Reporting Responsibilities 
 
6.2.1 Investigative Site Recording Responsibilities: 
1. Upon identification of an AE or SAE, the site investigator will utilize the above 
definitions to properly classify the event.  Each category listed above must be 
recorded for each event. 
 
2. All AEs and SAEs will be recorded in the “AE case report forms” (CRF) and in 
progress reports with details about the grade and attribution of each episode, 
action taken with respect to the study drug, and the patient’s outcome will be 
recorded in the CRF.  All events will be recorded on case report forms for the 
duration of the study until they resolve. 
 
3. All SAEs will be recorded on the FDA MedWatch form 3500a.  After submitting 
the initial report it may be necessary to submit follow up reports to the OCR, 
Sponsor and the FDA should the event require further investigation. 
 
 
 
6.2.2 Investigative Site Reporting Responsibilities: 
1. The investigator/ site is responsible to report all SAEs that occur on or after the first 
day of study treatment to the sponsor within 24 hours of becoming aware of the 
event.  All subsequent SAEs must be reported for up to 30 days after the last 


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treatment. 
 
 
Each investigator is responsible to report all AEs/SAEs to their local IRB following 
guidelines set by that IRB.  The FCCC OCR reserves the right to request an event be 
reported to the IRB at their discretion.  Copies of events reviewed by the IRB must 
be sent email to SAE.FCCC@fccc.edu.  
 
2. If the investigator or IRB feels the event warrants a revision to the informed consent 
that was not already initiated by the OCR, draft revisions will be made in track 
changes and submitted to the OCR for consideration.  Any consent revisions must 
receive OCR approval prior to submission to the IRB. 
 
3. Any investigator who is in doubt of whether a particular AE needs to be reported is 
directed to call the Study Monitor for confirmation with the Sponsor Investigator 
 
4. If the results of an investigator or OCR investigation show an adverse event not 
initially determined to be reportable is so reportable, the investigator will report the 
event following the above guidelines based on the date the determination is made. 
 
5. Copies of all related correspondence and reporting documents must be submitted to 
the ISRU and will be maintained in the trial master file.  
 
Participating sites should report events to: 
 
Investigator-Sponsored Research Unit 
Office of Clinical Research 
Fox Chase Cancer Center 
SAE.FCCC@fccc.edu 
 
 
6.2.3 Sponsor Reporting Responsibilities: 
1. Adverse events which meet all of the following criteria must be reported to all 
participating institutions for IRB submission within 2 weeks of notification of the 
event.   
i. Unexpected (in terms of nature, severity, or frequency) given (a) the research 
procedures that are described in the protocol-related documents, such as the 
IRB-approved research protocol and informed consent document; and (b) the 
characteristics of the subject population being studied; 
ii. Possibly related to participation in the research (possibly related means there 
is a reasonable possibility that the incident, experience, or outcome may have 
been caused by the procedures involved in the research); and 
iii. Serious (refer to above definition) or otherwise one that suggests that the 
research places subjects or others at a greater risk of physical or psychological 
harm than was previously known or recognized. 
2. If the adverse event requires modification of the study protocol and informed 
consent, these changes will be provided to all participating institutions in the form 
of an amendment from the OCR for each site’s IRB of record along with the 
report of the adverse event.   


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3. Copies of all related correspondence and reporting documents will be maintained 
in a centralized regulatory file for this study at OCR. 
4. SAEs that are related, unexpected, fatal, or life threatening are reportable through 
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) MedWatch program by telephone or 
fax no later than 7 calendar days after initial receipt of the information.   
Further information on the timing of submissions are as directed by FDA 
guidelines  (http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/index.html).  Serious, unexpected 
events that suggest significant clinical risk will be submitted to within 15 calendar 
days after initial receipt of this information. 
 
Food and Drug Administration: 
Telephone 1-800-332-1088 
Fax 1-800-332-0178 
http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/report.htm 
 
 
6.3 Pregnancy  
 
All WOCBP should be instructed to contact the Investigator immediately if they suspect 
they might be pregnant (e.g., missed or late menstrual period) at any time during study 
participation. 
 
In the event of a confirmed pregnancy in a patient participating in the study, the 
Investigator must immediately notify the Study Monitor at 215-214-3704 who will notify 
Crystal Denlinger, MD. 
 
 
7.0 CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS, CAPECITABINE AND QUINACRINE 
 
The concomitant use of quinacrine and primaquine is contraindicated. Since quinacrine concentrates in 
the liver, it should be used with caution in conjunction with hepatotoxic drugs and in patients with 
hepatic disease or alcohol dependence. Alcohol or alcohol-containing medications is not recommended 
during quinacrine treatment  (quinacrine has been reported to produce a mild Disulfram-like reaction 
when ingested with alcohol, which may be due to quinacrine's inhibition of the intermediary metabolism 
of alcohol; ingestion of alcohol or alcohol containing medications is not recommended during 
quinacrine treatment). Patients receiving any medications or substances that are substrates of CYP2C9 
enzyme are ineligible because Capecitabine inhibits CYP2C9.  
 
7.1 Investigational Agents 
 
Delivery of medications: Study drug – Quinacrine will be ordered and delivered to the 
investigational drug pharmacy, and then given to the patient on day 1 of each cycle. Capecitabine 
is available commercially. 
 
 
Quinacrine (NSC#: 14229) 
Capecitabine (NSC#:71280)  
Available dosage forms 
100 mg capsules 
150 mg and 500 mg tablets 


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Route of administration 
Oral administration with a 
glass of water within 30 
minutes after a meal 
Oral administration within 30 
minutes after a meal 
Supplier 
Philadelphia Professional 
Compounding Pharmacy 
Commercial Supply 
7.2 Capecitabine 
NSC#: 712807 
 
Supplier: Commercially Available 
 
Hematologic 
Hematologic side effects including lymphopenia (58% to 94%), anemia (44% to 74%), neutropenia 
(16% to 22%), and thrombocytopenia (15% to 21%) have been reported. Cases of severe 
hypertriglyceridemia induced by capecitabine have also been reported.  
 
Gastrointestinal 
Gastrointestinal side effects including diarrhea (50%), nausea (44%), vomiting (26%), stomatitis (23%), 
abdominal pain (17%), constipation (9%), and dyspepsia (6%) have been reported. A case of 
capecitabine-induced pancreatitis has also been reported. 
 
Dermatologic 
Dermatologic side effects including hand and foot syndrome (35% to 45%), dermatitis (23% to 31%), 
nail disorder (4%), alopecia, erythematous rash, pruritus, eruptive multiple lentigo maligna-like lesions, 
radiation recall dermatitis, pyogenic granulomas, photoeruption, hyperpigmentation, inflammatory 
responses in actinic keratosis have been reported. A case of leopard-like vitiligo and a case of subacute 
cutaneous lupus erythematosus have also been reported. 
 
Hepatic 
Hepatic side effects including hyperbilirubinemia (34%) and hepatic failure have been reported. 
 
General 
General side effects including fatigue (34%), pyrexia (10%), and limb pain (4%) have been 
reported. 
 
Metabolic 
Metabolic side effects including anorexia (20%) and dehydration (5%) have been reported. 
 
Nervous system 
Nervous system side effects including paresthesia (12%), headache (7%), dizziness (5%), and insomnia 
(3%) have been reported. A case of cerebellar ataxia has also been reported.  
 
Ocular 
Ocular side effects including eye irritation (10%) and lacrimal duct stenosis have been reported. 
 
Cardiovascular 
Cardiovascular side effects including edema (6%) have been reported. Three cases of severe 


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angina-like chest pain possibly or probably related to Capecitabine treatment have been reported. One 
case of Capecitabine-induced coronary vasospasm has also been reported. 
 
Musculoskeletal 
Musculoskeletal side effects including myalgia (4%) have been reported. 
 
Other 
Other side effects including a case of tumor lysis syndrome have been reported. 
 
Over dosage of capecitabine would be expected to cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, GI irritation and 
bleeding, and bone marrow depression. Patients receiving capecitabine 1657 mg/sq m daily (as 2 
divided doses) in a continuous daily regimen for at least 6 weeks experienced severe palmar-plantar 
erythrodysesthesia, mucositis, and diarrhea [25]. 
 
Patients experiencing any of the following adverse effects of capecitabine at the severity 
described should immediately discontinue capecitabine therapy and promptly notify their clinician 
nocturnal stools or an increase of 4-6 stools daily or greater, nausea with a substantial decrease in food 
intake, frequent vomiting (i.e., 2-5 or more episodes of vomiting in a 24-hour period), painful erythema 
and swelling of the hands and/or feet that results in discomfort, affecting activities of  daily living, 
painful erythema, edema, or ulcers of the mouth or tongue. Patients who develop a fever of 100.5 degree 
Fahrenheit or greater or other evidence of potential infection should promptly notify their clinician [25]. 
Capecitabine should be avoided in elderly patients with renal dysfunction or overlapping toxicities. 
7.3 Quinacrine 
NSC #: 14229 
  
Supplier: Philadelphia Professional Compounding Pharmacy  
23 South York Road 
 
Adverse reactions were shown to be mostly minor. Many of quinacrine’s side effects develop gradually 
and have been found to be completely and easily reversible, if quinacrine use is discontinued at this 
early stage [28, 65-68]. 
 
Hematologic 
Aplastic anemia - increased reports from 0.66/100,000 to 2.84 with using of quinacrine during 
World War II – in this report, 48 out of 57 patients were receiving quinacrine. 
 
Gastrointestinal 
Gastrointestinal side effects including abdominal cramping, diarrhea, reversible hepatitis reported in 
high dose (300mg daily), one case report of peritonitis on high dose. Mild anorexia, nausea has also 
been reported. 
 
Dermatologic 
Dermatologic side effects including rashes (1.67%) – eczematous rash is most common, rest can be 
lichenoid, and exfoliative. Lichen planus reported in 1/2000 soldiers who received 100mg daily, and 
1/500 in ones received 200mg daily. 
 


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Quinacrine temporarily imparts a yellow color to the urine and skin; however the drug does not 
cause jaundice [55].  Patients should be counseled regarding urine discoloration and/or skin 
discoloration. Since quinacrine may precipitate severe attacks of psoriasis and may exacerbate 
porphyria, the drug should not be used in patients with these conditions unless the potential benefits 
justify the possible risks [55]. 
 
Hepatic 
Long-term high dose use was occasionally associated with reversible hepatitis. 
 
General 
General side effects include mild transient headache, dizziness (33%). 
 
Metabolic 
Metabolic side effects including anorexia (20%) and dehydration (5%) have been reported. 
 
Nervous system 
Nervous system side effects including fast frequencies in EEG have been reported. High dose 
usage can rarely be associated with restlessness, vertigo, insomnia, nightmares, hyperirritability, 
psychosis and convulsion (0.1-0.4% reported). 
 
Ocular 
Only one retinotoxicity case has been reported. High dose use can be associated with 
hypersensitivity reaction as corneal edema, reported in 600mg daily dose. 
 
Cardiovascular 
No known cardiovascular side effects. 
Musculoskeletal 
No known musculoskeletal side effects. 
 
Other 
Quinacrine is an oxidizing agent and can cause methemoglobinemia or hemolytic anemia especially in 
patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency [69]. It should 
be administered with caution to patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency [55]. 
 
Toxicity:   Although some adults have survived single quinacrine hydrochloride doses up to 25 g, a dose 
of 6.8 g has been fatal when given intraduodenally. Symptoms of acute quinacrine 
toxicity include CNS excitation with restlessness, insomnia, psychic stimulation, and seizures; GI 
disorders; vascular collapse with hypotension, shock, cardiac arrhythmias or arrest; and 
yellow skin pigmentation [55]. 
 
8. CORRELATIVE/SPECIAL STUDIES 
8.1 Laboratory Correlative Studies  
 
8.1.1 Pharmacokinetic (PK) study 
 


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Pharmacokinetic information including Cmax, T1/2(half-life) and AUC of investigational drugs 
capecitabine and quinacrine will be collected as exploratory objectives of phase I and II parts of the 
study. Given linear kinetics of quinacrine, and a short half-life (4hrs) from previous human study data, 
blood sample for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis in this study will be collected on 5 different time points 
on day 1 of cycle 1, and on day 1 of cycle 2 and cycle 3. For pharmacokinetic analysis, 4.5mL of blood 
will be drawn into a lithium heparin tube at each time point. . 
 
 
8.1.2 Sera / Plasma for Banking 
 
Sera, plasma and red blood cells will be acquired and banked for possible exploratory studies for future 
testing to investigate toxicities or treatment outcomes. 
 
8.1.3 Archival Tissue 
If tissue is available and the patient has signed consent, samples will be submitted to Caris Life 
Sciences® for mutational studies and additional biomarker analysis. 
 
T 25-30 (4-5m) unstained sections placed on positively charged slides will be prepared and sent to 
Caris Life Sciences® under the patient’s name for testing. Results will be returned for placement into 
the patient’s medical records, clinical trial record and to the attending physician. Caris will provide data 
under the patient study number for informatics manipulation to be performed at Fox Chase Cancer 
Center.  
 
If a biopsy is performed on the patient as standard of care, and the patient has signed consent, and if 
sufficient tumor tissue is collected, the tumor biopsy, in addition or in place of archival tissue, will be 
submitted to Caris as described above. 
 
 
 


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Correlative Special Studies. 
 
Sample requirements: 
  Timepoints 
 PK (Quinacrine/ 
        Capecitabine) 
Sera/Plasma for 
banking  
Tissue ++ 
(Archival or Biopsy) 
Prior to treatment 
Screening (Day -14 to -1)    
 
 
25-30 (4-5m)  
      unstained slides 
Cycle 1 Day 1 Pre 0hr 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
1(5mL) red top 
1(4mL) EDTA# 
 
            1hr post dose 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
 
            2hr post dose 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
 
            4hr post dose 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
 
            8hr post dose 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
 
Cycle 2 Day 1 Pre 0hr 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
 
Cycle 3 Day 1 Pre 0hr 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
 
# And at end of treatment or at progression,whichever comes first. 
++ If archival tissue is available, or if a standard of care biopsy is being performed 
8.2 Collection of Specimens 
 
Blood samples will be drawn at the same time as other blood for routine clinical tests. All samples will 
be processed, stored, and/or distributed by the Protocol Support Laboratory at Fox Chase Cancer Center. 
The Protocol Support Laboratory will be responsible for labeling of all specimens with the patient 
assigned study number only.  
 
No additional tests or samples for the study will be requested following the final cycle of chemotherapy.   
 
9. STUDY CALENDAR 
 
Baseline evaluations are to be conducted within 14 days prior to administration of protocol therapy.  
Scans and x-rays must be done ≤ 4 weeks prior to the start of therapy.  In the event that the patient’s 
condition is deteriorating, laboratory evaluations should be repeated within 48 hours prior to initiation of 
the next cycle of therapy. 
 
 


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10. MEASUREMENT OF ANTITUMOR EFFECT 
  
 
PRE-TX C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 C 9 
C 10 
C 11 
C12-18 
End of 
Treatment 
Follow 
Upf 
Quinacrine (Days 1-21 of 
each cycle) 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
Capecitabine (Days 1-14 of 
each cycle) 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
Informed consent 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demographics 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medical history 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concurrent meds 
X 
X---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------X 
 
 
Physical exam 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
Vital signsC  
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
Height 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weight 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
ECOG P/S 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
CBC w/diff, plts 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
Serum chemistrya 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
EKG (as indicated) 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CEA & CA 19-9k 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
AE evaluation 
 
X---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------X 
X 
 
Radiologic evaluation 
X 
Radiologic measurements should be performed after every 3 cycles. Documentation 
(radiologic) must be provided for patients removed from study for progressive disease. 
 
X e 
B-HCG 
Xb 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PKs Phase I & II 
 
X 
x 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tissue Collection 
 
xj 
 
 
Sera/Plasma banking 
 
xi 
                                                                                                                         x 
 
Overall Survival 
 
xd 
a:Albumin, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, bicarbonate, BUN, calcium, chloride, creatinine, glucose, LDH, 
phosphorus,potassium, total protein, SGOT[AST], SGPT[ALT], sodium.  
b:Serum pregnancy test (women of childbearing potential) to be performed within 72 hours of beginning therapy  
c:Vital Signs: Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Respirations, Temperature. 
d:Telephone call is appropriate if patient is unable to be seen in clinic. 
e:Every 6 or 9 weeks per protocol until disease progression. 
f: Until death, lost to follow up or off study due to 5 years passing from the removal of therapy 
I: Sera/Plasma for banking  C1D1 pre and end of treatment 
J: If archival tissue is available (or if a standard of care biopsy is performed) unstained slides will be prepared for submission to 
Caris Life Sciences® for evaluation. 
K: CEA and CA 19-9 are to be performed on day one of every  cycle 
C = cycle # and day 1 of that cycle. 


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For the purposes of this study, patients should be re-evaluated for response after every 3 cycles.  In 
addition to a baseline scan, confirmatory scans should also be obtained 6 weeks following initial 
documentation of objective response. 
 
Response and progression will be evaluated in this study using the revised Response Evaluation Criteria 
in Solid Tumors (RECIST) guideline (version 1.1). Changes in the largest diameter (unidimensional 
measurement) of the tumor lesions and the shortest diameter in the case of malignant lymph nodes are 
used in the RECIST criteria. 
 
Definitions 
Evaluable for toxicity:  All patients will be evaluable for toxicity from the time of their first treatment 
with quinacrine in combination with capecitabine. During the course of treatment, patients will be 
evaluated according to the National Cancer Institute CTCAE (current version 4.0). 
 
Evaluable for objective response:  Only those patients who have measurable disease present at baseline, 
have received at least one cycle of therapy, and have had their disease re-evaluated will be considered 
evaluable for response.  These patients will have their response classified according to the definitions 
stated below.  (Note:  Patients who exhibit objective disease progression prior to the end of cycle 1 will 
also be considered evaluable.) 
 
Evaluable Non-Target Disease Response:  Patients who have lesions present at baseline that are 
evaluable but do not meet the definitions of measurable disease, have received at least one cycle of 
therapy, and have had their disease re- evaluated will be considered evaluable for non-target disease.  
The response assessment is based on the presence, absence, or unequivocal progression of the lesions. 
 
Disease Parameters 
Measurable disease: Measurable lesions are defined as those that can be accurately measured in at least 
one dimension (longest diameter for non-nodal lesions and short axis for nodal lesions to be recorded) as 
>20 mm by chest x-ray, as >10 mm with CT scan, or >10 mm with calipers by clinical exam.  All tumor 
measurements must be recorded in millimeters (or decimal fractions of centimeters). 
Note:  Tumor lesions that are situated in a previously irradiated area might or might not be considered 
measurable.  If the investigator thinks it appropriate to include them, the conditions under which such 
lesions should be considered must be defined in the protocol. 
 
Malignant lymph nodes:  To be considered pathologically enlarged and measurable, a lymph node must 
be >15 mm in short axis when assessed by CT scan (CT scan slice thickness recommended to be no 
greater than 5 mm). At baseline and in follow-up, only the short axis will be measured and followed. 
 
Non-measurable disease: All other lesions (or sites of disease), including small lesions (longest diameter 
<10 mm or pathological lymph nodes with ≥ 10 to < 15 mm short axis), are considered non-measurable 
disease.  Bone lesions, leptomeningeal disease, ascites, pleural/pericardial effusions, lymphangitis 
cutis/pulmonitis, inflammatory breast disease, and abdominal masses (not followed by CT or MRI), are 
considered as non-measurable. 
 
Note:  Cystic lesions that meet the criteria for radiographically defined simple cysts should not be 
considered as malignant lesions (neither measurable nor non- measurable) since they are, by definition, 
simple cysts. 


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‘Cystic lesions’ thought to represent cystic metastases can be considered as measurable lesions, if they 
meet the definition of measurability described above. However, if non-cystic lesions are present in the 
same patient, these are preferred for selection as target lesions. 
 
Target lesions:  All measurable lesions up to a maximum of 2 lesions per organ and 5 lesions in total, 
representative of all involved organs, should be identified as target lesions and recorded and measured at 
baseline.  Target lesions should be selected on the basis of their size (lesions with the longest diameter), 
be representative of all involved organs, but in addition should be those that lend themselves to 
reproducible repeated measurements.  It may be the case that, on occasion, the largest lesion does not 
lend itself to reproducible measurement in which circumstance the next largest lesion which can be 
measured reproducibly should be selected.  A sum of the diameters (longest for non-nodal lesions, short 
axis for nodal lesions) for all target lesions will be calculated and reported as the baseline sum 
diameters.  If lymph nodes are to be included in the sum, then only the short axis is added into the sum.  
The baseline sum diameters will be used as reference to further characterize any objective tumor 
regression in the measurable dimension of the disease. 
 
Non-target lesions:  All other lesions (or sites of disease) including any measurable lesions over and 
above the 5 target lesions should be identified as non-target lesions and should also be recorded at 
baseline.  Measurements of these lesions are not required, but the presence, absence, or in rare cases 
unequivocal progression of each should be noted throughout follow-up. 
 
Methods for Evaluation of Measurable Disease 
All measurements should be taken and recorded in metric notation using a ruler or calipers. All baseline 
evaluations should be performed as closely as possible to the beginning of treatment and never more 
than 4 weeks before the beginning of the treatment. 
 
The same method of assessment and the same technique should be used to characterize each identified 
and reported lesion at baseline and during follow-up. Imaging-based evaluation is preferred to 
evaluation by clinical examination unless the lesion(s) being followed cannot be imaged but are 
assessable by clinical exam. 
 
Clinical lesions:  Clinical lesions will only be considered measurable when they are superficial (e.g., 
skin nodules and palpable lymph nodes) and ≥ 10 mm diameter as assessed using calipers (e.g., skin 
nodules). In the case of skin lesions, documentation by color photography, including a ruler to estimate 
the size of the lesion, is recommended. 
 
Chest x-ray:  Lesions on chest x-ray are acceptable as measurable lesions when they are clearly defined 
and surrounded by aerated lung.  However, CT is preferable. 
 
Conventional CT and MRI:  This guideline has defined measurability of lesions on CT scan based on the 
assumption that CT slice thickness is 5 mm or less. If CT scans have slice thickness greater than 5 mm, 
the minimum size for a measurable lesion should be twice the slice thickness.  MRI is also acceptable in 
certain situations (e.g. for body scans). 
 
Use of MRI remains a complex issue.  MRI has excellent contrast, spatial, and temporal resolution; 
however, there are many image acquisition variables involved in MRI, which greatly impact image 


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quality, lesion conspicuity, and measurement.  Furthermore, the availability of MRI is variable globally.  
As with CT, if an MRI is performed, the technical specifications of the scanning sequences used should 
be optimized for the evaluation of the type and site of disease.  Furthermore, as with CT, the modality 
used at follow-up should be the same as was used at baseline and the lesions should be 
measured/assessed on the same pulse sequence.  It is beyond the scope of the RECIST guidelines to 
prescribe specific MRI pulse sequence parameters for all scanners, body parts, and diseases. Ideally, the 
same type of scanner should be used and the image acquisition protocol should be followed as closely as 
possible to prior scans. Body scans should be performed with breath-hold scanning techniques, if 
possible. 
 
PET-CT:  At present, the low dose or attenuation correction CT portion of a combined PET-CT is not 
always of optimal diagnostic CT quality for use with RECIST measurements.  However, if the site can 
document that the CT performed as part of a PET-CT is of identical diagnostic quality to a diagnostic 
CT (with IV and oral contrast), then the CT portion of the PET-CT can be used for RECIST 
measurements and can be used interchangeably with conventional CT in accurately measuring cancer 
lesions over time. Note, however, that the PET portion of the CT introduces additional data which may 
bias an investigator if it is not routinely or serially performed. 
 
Ultrasound:  Ultrasound is not useful in assessment of lesion size and should not be used as a method of 
measurement.  Ultrasound examinations cannot be reproduced in their entirety for independent review at 
a later date and, because they are operator dependent, it cannot be guaranteed that the same technique 
and measurements will be taken from one assessment to the next.  If new lesions are identified by 
ultrasound in the course of the study, confirmation by CT or MRI is advised.  If there is concern about 
radiation exposure at CT, MRI may be used instead of CT in selected instances. 
 
Endoscopy, Laparoscopy:  The utilization of these techniques for objective tumor evaluation is not 
advised.  However, such techniques may be useful to confirm complete pathological response when 
biopsies are obtained or to determine relapse in trials where recurrence following complete response 
(CR) or surgical resection is an endpoint. 
 
Tumor markers:  Tumor markers alone cannot be used to assess response.  If markers are initially above 
the upper normal limit, they must normalize for a patient to be considered in complete clinical response.   
 
Cytology, Histology:  These techniques can be used to differentiate between partial responses (PR) and 
complete responses (CR) in rare cases (e.g., residual lesions in tumor types, such as germ cell tumors, 
where known residual benign tumors can remain). 
 
The cytological confirmation of the neoplastic origin of any effusion that appears or worsens during 
treatment when the measurable tumor has met criteria for response or stable disease is mandatory to 
differentiate between response or stable disease (an effusion may be a side effect of the treatment) and 
progressive disease. 
 
 
FDG-PET: While FDG-PET response assessments need additional study, it is sometimes reasonable to 
incorporate the use of FDG-PET scanning to complement CT scanning in assessment of progression 
(particularly possible 'new' disease).  New lesions on the basis of FDG-PET imaging can be identified 
according to the following algorithm: 


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a. 
Negative FDG-PET at baseline, with a positive FDG-PET at follow-up is a sign of PD 
based on a new lesion. 
b. 
No FDG-PET at baseline and a positive FDG-PET at follow-up:  If the positive FDG-
PET at follow-up corresponds to a new site of disease confirmed by CT, this is PD.  If the 
positive FDG-PET at follow-up is not confirmed as a new site of disease on CT, 
additional follow-up CT scans are needed to determine if there is truly progression 
occurring at that site (if so, the date of PD will be the date of the initial abnormal FDG-
PET scan).  If the positive FDG-PET at follow-up corresponds to a pre-existing site of 
disease on CT that is not progressing on the basis of the anatomic images, this is not PD. 
c. 
FDG-PET may be used to upgrade a response to a CR in a manner similar to a biopsy in 
cases where a residual radiographic abnormality is thought to represent fibrosis or 
scarring.  The use of FDG-PET in this circumstance should be prospectively described in 
the protocol and supported by disease-specific medical literature for the indication.  
However, it must be acknowledged that both approaches may lead to false positive CR 
due to limitations of FDG-PET and biopsy resolution/sensitivity. 
 
Note: A ‘positive’ FDG-PET scan lesion means one which is FDG avid with an uptake greater 
than twice that of the surrounding tissue on the attenuation corrected image. 
 
Response Criteria 
 
Evaluation of Target Lesions 
 
Complete Response (CR): 
Disappearance of all target lesions.  Any pathological lymph nodes 
(whether target or non-target) must have reduction in short axis to <10 mm. 
 
Partial Response (PR): 
At least a 30% decrease in the sum of the diameters of target lesions, 
taking as reference the baseline sum diameters. 
 
Progressive Disease (PD): 
At least a 20% increase in the sum of the diameters of target lesions, 
taking as reference the smallest sum on study (this includes the baseline sum if that is the smallest on 
study).  In addition to the relative increase of 20%, the sum must also demonstrate an absolute increase 
of at least 5 mm.  (Note:  the appearance of one or more new lesions is also considered progressions). 
 
Stable Disease (SD): 
Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to 
qualify for PD, taking as reference the smallest sum diameters while on study. 
 
 
 
 


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Evaluation of Non-Target Lesions 
 
Complete Response (CR): 
Disappearance of all non-target lesions and normalization of tumor marker 
level.  All lymph nodes must be non-pathological in size (<10 mm short axis). 
 
Note:  If tumor markers are initially above the upper normal limit, they must normalize for a patient to 
be considered in complete clinical response. 
 
Non-CR/Non-PD: 
Persistence of one or more non-target lesion(s) and/or maintenance of tumor 
marker level above the normal limits. 
 
Progressive Disease (PD): 
Appearance of one or more new lesions and/or unequivocal progression of 
existing non-target lesions. Unequivocal progression should not normally trump target lesion status.  It 
must be representative of overall disease status change, not a single lesion increase. 
 
Although a clear progression of “non-target” lesions only is exceptional, the opinion of the treating 
physician should prevail in such circumstances, and the progression status should be confirmed at a later 
time by the review panel (or Principal Investigator). 
 
 
 
 


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Evaluation of Best Overall Response 
The best overall response is the best response recorded from the start of the treatment until disease 
progression/recurrence (taking as reference for progressive disease the smallest measurements recorded 
since the treatment started).  The patient's best response assignment will depend on the achievement of 
both measurement and confirmation criteria. 
 
For patients with measureable disease (i.e. Target Disease) 
Target Lesions 
Non-Target Lesions New Lesions 
Overall Response Best Overall Response 
when Confirmation is 
Required* 
CR 
CR 
No 
CR 
>4 wks. confirmation** 
CR 
Non-CR/Non-PD 
No 
PR 
>4 wks. confirmation** 
CR 
Not evaluated 
No 
PR 
PR 
Non-CR/Non-PD/not 
evaluated 
No 
PR 
SD 
Non-CR/Non-PD/not 
evaluated 
No 
SD 
documented at least 
once >4 wks from 
baseline** 
PD 
Any 
Yes or No 
PD 
no prior SD, PR or CR 
Any 
PD*** 
Yes or No 
PD 
Any 
Any 
Yes 
PD 
*        See RECIST 1.1 manuscript for further details on what is evidence of a new lesion. 
**      Only for non-randomized trials with response as primary endpoint. 
***    In exceptional circumstances, unequivocal progression in non-target lesions may be accepted 
as disease progression. 
Note: Patients with a global deterioration of health status requiring discontinuation of treatment 
without objective evidence of disease progression at that time should be reported as “symptomatic 
deterioration.” Every effort should be made to document the objective progression even after 
discontinuation of treatment. 
 
 
 
 


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For patients with Non-Measurable Disease (i.e. Non-Target Disease) 
Non-Target Lesions 
New Lesions 
Overall Response 
CR 
No 
CR 
Non-CR/non-PD 
No 
Non-CR/non-PD* 
Not all evaluated 
No 
not evaluated 
Unequivocal PD 
Yes or No 
PD 
Any 
Yes 
PD 
* 
‘Non-CR/non-PD’ is preferred over ‘stable disease’ for non-
target disease since SD is increasingly used as an endpoint for 
assessment of efficacy in some trials so to assign this category when no 
lesions can be measured is not advised 
 
 
Duration of Response 
Duration of overall response:  The duration of overall response is measured from the time measurement 
criteria are met for CR or PR (whichever is first recorded) until the first date that recurrent or 
progressive disease is objectively documented (taking as reference for progressive disease the smallest 
measurements recorded since the treatment started). 
 
The duration of overall CR is measured from the time measurement criteria are first met for CR until the 
first date that progressive disease is objectively documented. 
 
Duration of stable disease:  Stable disease is measured from the start of the treatment until the criteria 
for progression are met, taking as reference the  smallest measurements recorded since the treatment 
started, including the baseline measurements. 
 
11. STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 
 
11.1 Study Design/Endpoints 
 
The study is designed as a combined Phase I/II interventional non-randomized single-center study of the 
safety and efficacy of quinacrine in combination with capecitabine in the treatment of patients with 
advanced stage colorectal adenocarcinoma. 
 
The primary aims in Phase I are to describe toxicities/adverse reactions of quinacrine treatment in 
combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced CRC. Simon’s accelerated titration 4B design 
is used to determine the dose for Phase II part of the trial. This trial design will be utilized given that 
quinacrine has been used in the clinic for many decades. We are not anticipating additional toxicity due 
to the combination with capecitabine. Total Phase I enrollment will be between 3 and 18. 
 
Figure 3 charts the accelerated titration phase I design. It indicates that at each dose level one patient 
will be initially treated. If that patient’s common toxicity criteria score, T, is at most 2 the next patient is 
dosed at the next higher level. If the patient’s score exceeds 2, two more patients are treated at the same 
dose level. If these two patients’ scores are both at most 2, the next patient is treated at the next higher 
dose level.  If both patients have scores higher than 2, the dose is de-escalated one level. If only one of 


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the two has a score higher than 2, then 3 additional patients are treated at the current dose level. Finally, 
if at most 2 patients among the 6 at this dose level have scores higher than 2, this dose is declared the 
MTD. When the dose is de-escalated, the number of patients treated at the lower dose level is enlarged 
to 6 by adding 5, if escalation from it was made using only one patient, or by adding 3, if 3 patients have 
been previously treated with the lower dose. The table below lists the chance of dose escalation, pesc, in 
terms of the underlying chance that this dose will result in a score, T > 2. For example, if the chance that 
T will exceed 2 is 30% the chance of escalation is 85%. The table also lists the chance of de-escalation, 
pdesc, in the same way, and the chance that the MTD will be decided, pstay, on first entering a dose 
level. The chance that a dose level will be declared MTD when being reached by de-escalation, mtddsc, 
is listed directly below line listing p (T>2).  
 
              Chance of escalation, MTD in place or de-escalation 
 pesc:   0.981  0.928  0.847  0.744  0.625  0.496  0.363  0.232  0.109 
pstay:   0.013  0.033  0.043  0.041  0.031  0.018  0.008  0.002  0.000 
pdesc:   0.006  0.039  0.110  0.215  0.344  0.486  0.629  0.766  0.891 
 
p(T>2):  0.100  0.200  0.300  0.400  0.500  0.600  0.700  0.800  0.900 
 
mtddesc: 0.990  0.936  0.828  0.676  0.500  0.324  0.172  0.064  0.010 
                          Chance of MTD on de-escalation 
 
The primary efficacy endpoint for Phase II is the rate of response by RECIST (CR, PR, SD, PD). The 
null hypothesis to be tested is that the RP2D observed in Phase I is not efficacious. We will use the 
standard Simon's two-stage design with 80% power at alpha level 0.05. The response rate is assumed to 
be 5% for the standard treatment and 20% for quinacrine in combination with capecitabine. The Phase II 
portion will first enroll 10 patients. The trial will be stopped if no patient responds to treatment. 
Otherwise, 19 additional patients will be enrolled for a total of 29 patients. The drug will be declared to 
have sufficient response rate if 4 or more subjects respond to treatment. 
 
The other primary end point for Phase II is time to tumor progression, which will be analyzed by the 
Kaplan and Meier method. 
 
Toxicity endpoint: If ever 5 of the initial cohort of 10 patients experience DLTs, or if ever 8 of the 29 
total evaluable phase II patients do, the trial will be halted for excess toxicity and either dose adjusted or 
terminated. If the true chance of DLT is 33.3% the trial will be halted in this way with power 80.5%. If 
the true toxicity is at most 15%, the chance of termination in error is at most 6.3%. 
 
11.2 
Sample Size/Accrual Rate 
Sample size for Simon's two-stage Optimum design will be as large as 29 (if the study progresses 
to stage 2) as described in section 12.1. If the study requires a dose reduction after the first 6 patients 
have enrolled, the sample size may be as large as 35 (29 at a 100 mg daily dose of 
 quinacrine plus 6 patients who were treated at a 100mg bid dose of quinacrine).  The study is expected 
to accrue over two years. 
 
Patient Replacement: If during the Phase I or phase II portion of the study a patient is lost to follow-up 
before the patient can be evaluated at least once clinically or radiologically, the patient will not be 


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evaluable for the primary endpoint and will be replaced. Patients that are taken off-treatment due to 
severe drug related toxicity will not be replaced. If a patient is lost to follow-up after at least one 
evaluation is completed the patient will not be replaced and will be considered a failure towards the 
primary endpoint. 
11.3 Stratification factors 
 
 
There are no stratification factors. 
11.4 Analysis of Primary Endpoints 
 
The intent-to-treat population will include all patients who have received at least one dose of both 
Capecitabine and quinacrine. The response rate and its 95% confidence interval will be estimated using 
the approach described by Koyama and Chen (71), which accounts for the interim futility analysis. 
 
11.5 Analysis of Secondary Endpoints 
 
• 
Progression-free survival will be displayed with a Kaplan-Meier curve and the median 
PFS will be reported with its 95% confidence interval. 
• 
PK parameters (C max, T1/2, AUC of quinacrine) will be described using graphical 
display and summarized using summary statistics (e.g., mean, median, confidence intervals). 
• 
Adverse events will be tabulated by type and grade. 
 
 
12.0 DATA, SAFETY MONITORING PLAN 
12.1 Monitoring Plan  
FCCC ISRU will monitor the medical and study records of each participant accrued 
throughout the course of the study.  In addition, the ISRU will collect and report data to the 
study Sponsor Investigator who will review these data on a regular basis at a rate 
dependent on subject accrual.  All serious adverse events (SAEs) will be reviewed on a real 
time basis first by the study site PI and subsequently by the ISRU and Sponsor Investigator 
as applicable. 
 
12.2 Data Safety Monitoring Board   
Interim analysis of toxicity, outcome and ongoing scientific investigations may be 
performed at least every 3 months by the Fox Chase Cancer Center Data Safety Monitoring 
Board (FCCCDSMB).  In this capacity the FCCCDSMB will serve as an advisory 
committee to the Sponsor Investigator.  The FCCCDSMB will review those aspects of this 
trial that are outlined in the responsibilities section of the Data and Safety Monitoring Plan 
(DSMP).  If the committee decides that changes should be made to this trial, it will make 
recommendations in writing to the Study Principal Investigator, the Associate Director of 
Clinical Research, and the Protocol Management Executive Committee, which, in turn, 
have the authority to approve or disapprove these recommendations.  These changes will be 
discussed with the Sponsor Investigator before they are implemented.  These changes may 


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include early termination of accrual.  Other changes might include altering the accrual 
goals or changing the eligibility criteria for the trial. 
 
 
 


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13.0 ADMINISTRATIVE   
This study will be conducted in accordance will local, state and Federal regulations and according 
to accepted good clinical practice guidelines. 
 
13.1 Data Reporting 
The FCCC Study Monitor will request case report forms to be completed within 2 weeks of 
the protocol visit.  Participating sites are responsible to respond to queries prior to the next 
scheduled monitoring visit. 
 
The ISRU is responsible for compiling and submitting data to the Sponsor Investigator and 
statistician on an ongoing basis for monitoring as described in the data safety monitoring 
plan and reporting to the Data and Safety Monitoring Board. 
 
All patient information will be stored in an EDC system accessible only to the study team 
members for the purpose of entering, reviewing and analyzing data.  Any paper records, 
such as case report files, produced will be stored in a secure location.  
 
The ISRU is responsible for distributing and tracking review of all IND Action Letters, 
Safety Reports, study specific Serious Adverse Events. 
 
13.2 Retention of Records   
Time points for the retention of records are described in detail in the contract between the 
grantor and the OCR and passed on to the participating site.  Please refer to the study 
specific terms for specific time points.  In all cases the Study Monitor must be notified of 
any plans to move records to an offsite location prior to doing so. 
13.3 Study Agents 
Any study agent supplied through the OCR from the manufacturer or a third party 
distributor may not be used for any purpose outside the scope of this protocol.  The agent 
may not be transferred to any party not participating in the clinical trial. 
 
13.4 Informed Consent 
The IRB approved informed consent documents must be signed by the patient, or the 
patient’s legally authorized representative, before his or her participation in the study.  The 
case history for each patient shall document that informed consent was obtained prior to 
participation in the study.  A copy of the informed consent documents must be provided to 
the patient or the patient’s legally authorized representative.   
 
Original signed consent forms must be filed in each patient’s study file or medical record 
with a copy in the study file. 
 
 
 
 


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Appendix A: Sample Processing 
 
 
 
PK – Quinacrine is “light sensitive” and PK sample tubes will be wrapped in foil before and after 
sample collection. Samples must be gently mixed by inversion and placed in ice following collection. 
There is no special handling for the capecitabine samples. 
 
Samples will be transported to the Protocol Support Laboratory(PSL) by the PSL staff, remixed gently, 
centrifuged at 1500-2000 x g (3000rpm) 10-15min 4oC, aliquots prepared (quinacrine samples placed in 
amber tubes, capecitabine in clear tubes) and frozen at -70oC for batched storage.  
 
PKs will be batched and analyzed at the end of the study.  
 
Sera/Plasma samples for banking – Samples will be gently mixed by inversion at the time of 
collection and transported to the Protocol Support Laboratory (PSL) by the PSL staff, remixed gently, 
(red top tube will be allowed to clot – 30-60 min from time of collection), then both tubes centrifuged at 
1500-2000 x g (3000rpm) 10-15min 4oC, aliquots prepared and frozen at -70oC for batched storage. In 
addition the red blood cells remaining in the EDTA tube will be divided into two aliquots and frozen at -
70oC for batched storage to be used as a normal patient control, if needed.  
 
Archival tissue – Tumor tissue, if available and if the patient has signed consent, will be located during 
screening. Once treatment is initiated 25-30 (4-5m) unstained sections placed on positively charged 
slides will be prepared by the PSL. Slides will be sent to Caris Life Sciences® under the patient’s name 
for testing. Results will be returned to the Clinical Pathology department for placement into the patient’s 
medical records, to the attending physician and a copy to the PSL for incorporation into the clinical trial 
records. Caris will provide data under the patient study number for informatics manipulation to be 
performed at Fox Chase Cancer Center.  
 
If a biopsy is performed on the patient as standard of care, and the patient has signed consent, and if 
sufficient tumor tissue is collected, the biopsy tumor, in addition or in place of archival tissue, will be 
submitted to Caris as described above. 
 
 
 


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Version Date 02/04/2019 
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Appendix A: Sample Processing: 
 
Sample Collection Chart 
 
  Timepoints 
 PK (Quinacrine/ 
        Capecitabine) 
 
Sera/Plasma for 
banking  
Tissue ++ 
(Archival or Biopsy) 
Prior to treatment 
Screening (Day -14 to -1)    
 
 
 
25-30 (4-5m)  
      unstained slides 
Cycle 1 Day 1 Pre 0hr 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
1(5mL) red top 
1(4mL) EDTA# 
 
            1hr post dose 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
 
 
            2hr post dose 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
 
 
            4hr post dose 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
 
 
            8hr post dose 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
 
 
Cycle 2 Day 1 Pre 0hr 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
 
 
Cycle 3 Day 1 Pre 0hr 
1(4mL) Li heparin 
1(4mL) EDTA 
 
 
 
# And at end of treatment or at progression, whichever comes first. 
++ If archival tissue is available, or if a standard of care biopsy is being performed 
 
 


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Appendix B: Common CYP2C9 Substrates 
 
CYP2C9 is the primary enzyme responsible for metabolizing NSAIDs, oral antidiabetic agents, and 
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).The following is a list of common CYP2CP substrates, 
inducers, and inhibitors.   
 
This list is not comprehensive  
All medications must be individually verified to not be an inducer, inhibitor, or substrate of CYP2CP  
 

ICF_000.pdf: 
IRB #15-1022
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INFORMED CONSENT DOCUMENT
Quinacrine–Capecitabine Combinatorial Therapy for Advanced Stage Colorectal 
Adenocarcinoma: A Phase I/II Investigator Initiated Clinical Trial
Principal Investigator:   Crystal Denlinger, MD
This is a clinical trial, a type of research study. Research studies are voluntary and include only 
people who choose to take part.  Please read this consent form carefully and take your time 
making your decision.  As your study doctor or and study staff discusses this consent form with 
you, please ask him/her to explain any words or information that you do not clearly understand.  
We encourage you to talk with your family, friends or family doctor before you decide to take 
part in this research study.
You are being asked to take part in this research study because you have advanced stage 
colorectal cancer that is metastatic, meaning it has spread.
The sponsor of this study is the Fox Chase Cancer Center.
Why is this research study being done?
The purpose of the first part of this research study, (Phase 1) is to find the maximum dose of 
quinacrine and capecitabine that can be given together without causing severe or intolerable 
side effects. Study doctors will determine the safety and side effects of the combination of 
quinacrine and capecitabine in patients with advanced metastatic colorectal cancer.
The purpose of the second part of this study (Phase 2) is to see how well patients being treated 
with quinacrine and capecitabine respond to treatment.
We do not know if you will benefit from this research study.  It is possible that your condition will 
get better, but it is also possible that there will be no effect on your condition or that your 
condition will get worse.  We can use what we learn from this research study to help other 
people with the same disease.  
How many people will take part in this research study?
Between 3 and 18 people will be a part of Phase 1 and between 10 and 29 additional patients 
will be a part of Phase 2.
What will happen if you take part in this research study?
Before you begin the research study
You will need to have the following exams, tests or procedures to find out if you can be in the 
research study.  
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These exams, tests, or procedures are part of regular cancer care and may be done even if you 
do not join the research study.  If you have had some of them recently, they may not need to be 
repeated.  This will be up to your study doctor.

Medical history including and medications or supplements you may be taking

Physical exam

Vital signs including
o
Heart rate or pulse
o
Blood Pressure
o
Breathing rate
o
Temperature 

Height

Weight

Blood Counts: (1 teaspoon of blood)

Blood Chemistry: (2 teaspoons of blood)

CEA and CA 19-9 Blood tests (about 4 teaspoons)

ECG (as needed, this is a test to measure the electrical activity of your heart)

Tumor Imaging and measurements using a CT Scan or MRI
o
A CT scan is a computerized x-ray that gives your study doctor pictures of the 
inside of your body
o
A MRI scan uses a magnetic field and radio waves to take pictures of the inside 
of your body

Blood Pregnancy Test (2 teaspoons of blood)

Study Related Blood Tests 

Blood collection for future research (about 7 tablespoons of blood)

If you choose to agree, tissue from your tumor will be sent to Caris Life Sciences for 
biomarker testing and mutational analysis. Mutational analysis or testing identifies 
changes or abnormalities in the DNA of your cancer tissue. 
o
This information will become a part of your permanent medical records, your 
clinical trial records and a copy of the report will be given to your study doctor. 
o
Your tumor tissue may be from a previous biopsy or a new biopsy if you are  
scheduled to have one. You will not be asked to have a new biopsy solely for this 
optional tissue collection. 
o
You will be asked to sign a separate consent form for this optional testing. 
o
Your decision will not affect your ability to participate in this clinical research 
study.
During the research study
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Study Treatment

Treatments will be given in a 21-day period called a cycle.

On day 1 of every cycle, you will receive both study drugs, quinacrine and capecitabine.

Both quinacrine and capecitabine are pills that are taken orally.

Quinacrine should be taken after a meal with water.

You will take quinacrine each day of the cycle (Days 1-21).

Capecitabine should be taken within 30 minutes after a meal with water.

You will take capecitabine days 1-14 of the cycle.
If you are in the phase I part of this study, you will have up to 6 cycles of treatment. Once the 
safe level of quinacrine is found in phase I, you may be able to be a part of phase 2. Your 
treatment may  last up to a year in total. 
If you start in the phase 2 part you will have up to 1 year of treatments.  
Your study doctor will tell you your dose and how many pills of capecitabine and quinacrine to 
take. The capecitabine dose is based on your height and weight.
You should not drink alcohol or use medicines that have alcohol in them like cough syrup or 
dental mouthwashes while taking the study medications.
Tests and Procedures
If the exams, tests and procedures show that you can be in the research study, and you choose 
to take part, then you will need the following tests and procedures.  They are part of regular 
cancer care. 

Physical exam

Vital signs 
o
Heart rate or pulse
o
Blood Pressure
o
Breathing rate
o
Temperature 

Weight

Blood Counts: (1 teaspoon of blood)

Blood Chemistry: (2 teaspoons of blood)

CEA and CA 19-9 Blood tests (about 4 teaspoons) (Day 1 of every cycle)

Tumor Imaging and measurements using a CT Scan or MRI (After every 3 Cycles)
o
A CT scan is a computerized x-ray that gives your study doctor pictures of the 
inside of your body
o
A MRI scan uses a magnetic field and radio waves to take pictures of the inside 
of your body
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You will need these tests and procedures that are either being tested in this research study or 
being done to see how the research study is affecting your body.

Study Related Blood Tests 
o
Pharmacokinetic (PK) study (to measure the amount of quinacrine and 
capecitabine in your blood. (about 2 teaspoons of blood) 

This will be done several times:

Before you receive study drugs on day 1 of your first treatment

1 Hour after your first treatment

2 Hours after your first treatment

4 Hours after your first treatment

8 Hours after your first treatment

Cycle 2 Day 1

Cycle 3 Day 1
After you are finished study treatment
You will be followed for the rest of your life. 
How long will you be in the research study?
You will be asked to take quinacrine and capecitabine as long as you are benefitting from 
treatment.  After you are finished treatments, the research study will involve long-term follow-up. 
We would like to keep track of your medical condition for the rest of your life.  We would like to 
do this by calling you on the telephone once a year to see how you are doing.  Keeping in touch 
with you and checking on your condition every year helps us look at the long-term effects of the 
study.
Can you stop being in the research study?
Yes. Your participation in this research is completely voluntary. If you agree to participate now 
and change your mind later, you may withdraw at any time.   Tell the study doctor if you are 
thinking about stopping or decide to stop.  He or she will tell you how to stop safely and will 
discuss with you options for withdrawal such as continuing to provide further data collection 
from routine medical care.  
.
Can you be removed from this research study?
The study doctor may stop you from taking part in this research study at any time if he/she 
believes it is in your best interest; if you do not follow the research study rules; or if the research 
study is stopped.
What side effects or risks can you expect from being in the research study?
You may have side effects while on the research study.  Everyone taking part in the research 
study will be watched carefully for any side effects.  However, doctors don't know all the side 
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effects that may happen.  Side effects may be mild or very serious.  Your health care team may 
give you medicines to help lessen side effects.  Many side effects go away soon after you stop 
taking the quinacrine and capecitabine.  In some cases, side effects can be serious, long 
lasting, or may never go away.  There is also a risk of death. 
You should talk to your study doctor about any side effects that you have while taking part in the 
research study. The combination of quinacrine and capecitabine may involve risks that are 
unknown.
 
It is not clear how often or severe the side effects quinacrine will be. However, some risks and 
side effects possibly related to the quinacrine include those which are:
Likely (≥ 20%)

loss of appetite

nausea (Feeling sick to your stomach) 

vomiting (Throwing Up)

diarrhea

dizziness

stomach pain

fever
Less likely (5% to 19%)

headache

nervousness 

black and blue skin

blurred vision or visual 'halos'

emotional or mood changes

nightmares

trouble sleeping

seizures (convulsions)

skin rash, itching, peeling skin

yellowing of the eyes or skin

hepatitis

abnormal heart rhythm (beating slow, fast or irregularly)

yellow nails or urine (this will go away when you stop taking the medicine)
Rare but Serious (< 5%)

confusion

Aplastic anemia 
o
A condition where the bone marrow does not make enough blood cells
Risks and side effects related to the Capecitabine include those which are:
Likely (≥ 20%)

Tiredness

Palmar-Plantar Erythrodyesthesia (Hand-Foot-Syndrome) Redness, tenderness, pain 
and possible peeling of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The redness looks 
like a sunburn. The affected area can become dry and peel with numbness or tingling 
developing

Diarrhea – increased frequency of bowel movements with loose, watery stools

Skin inflammation
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
Abnormal sensation of the skin that may include numbness, tingling, pricking, burning, or 
creeping feeling on the skin

Anemia (low hemoglobin, low hematocrit or low red blood cell count) Red blood cells 
carry oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Symptoms that may be experienced as 
a result of low red blood cell counts may include feeling tired and weak, shortness of 
breath, increased heart rate, dizziness or lightheadedness, headache, chest pain and 
pale skin

Leukopenia/Neutropenia: (low white blood cell count) A low white blood cell count makes 
it hard for you to fight off infections

Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) Platelets are important in stopping bleeding. A 
low platelet count can increase the time to form a blood clot

Mucositis/stomatitis- sores in the lining of your mouth and/or throat that can be painful 
and make it hard to swallow

Nausea-feeling sick to your stomach

Vomiting- throwing up

Decrease or Loss of appetite

Belly pain

Elevated liver enzymes: Liver enzymes are proteins made by the liver that are measured 
in the blood, with a blood draw. Liver enzymes indicate how well your liver is functioning. 
Elevated liver enzymes may or may not indicate damage to your liver. You may not feel 
any symptoms, however higher liver enzyme levels may cause you to feel overly tired or 
weak, you may bruise or bleed more easily, and you may experience abdominal pain or 
have a yellowing of the skin or eyes
Less Likely (5% to 19%)

Swelling of the extremities

Fever

Pain

Irritation of the eyes

Shortness of breath

Loss of hair

Changes in skin color or nail changes

Heartburn

Constipation – difficulty having a bowel movement

Blood clots

Headache

Dizziness

Difficulty falling asleep

Change in mood or depression

Skin redness

Skin rash

Dehydration – loss of water in the body which can cause weakness, dry mouth, 
increased thirst, dark urine, and decreased urination

Bleeding

Changes in taste

Muscle or joint pain

Pain in back, arms or legs

Vision changes

Cough

Difficulty swallowing
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Rare But Serious (< 5%)

Chest pain

Heart attack – symptoms may include chest pain/tightness, shortness of breath, nausea, 
sweating, dizziness

Abnormal heart rhythm that could cause your heart beat differently (too fast or slow) – 
symptoms may include make you feel tired or short of breath

Stroke

Difficulty breathing

Clotting disorders

Bowel inflammation or obstruction causing death of tissue

Radiation recall reaction – a sunburn-like reaction in an area that has received radiation

Death
Radiation Risk for Diagnostic Imaging

It is unlikely that there will be any harmful effects from the radiation exposure you will 
receive from participating in this study.

At high levels of exposure, scientists agree that radiation can cause cancer.

At low exposure levels most scientists agree that the risk, if any, is very low.  You will 
have low levels of radiation exposure with diagnostic imaging procedures.

Risks from exposure to radiation may accumulate over a lifetime.
Blood Draw Risks

Fainting

Bleeding

Bruising at the place on your arm where the blood was drawn or needle inserted

Pain

Swelling

Infection (rare)
Reproductive Risks

Study treatment may make you sterile (unable to have children).

The drugs in this study may affect a baby, before or after the baby is born.

You should not become pregnant or father a baby while on this research study because 
the drugs you take could possibly hurt an unborn baby.

If you are pregnant now or if you are breast-feeding now, you may not take part in this 
research study.

If you become pregnant while you are on the research study, you may not continue to 
take part in the research study.
For women who can become pregnant:

You should not become pregnant while you are in this study.

You should not breast-feed your baby while taking drugs for this research study.
For men:

You should not make a woman pregnant while you are in this study.
For women and men:

If you are having sex that could lead to pregnancy, you should use birth control while 
you are in this study.
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
Check with the study doctor about birth control methods and how long to use them.  
Some methods might not be approved for use in this study.  
Are there benefits to taking part in the study?
Taking part in this study may or may not make your health better.  While doctors hope that 
quinacrine and capecitabine will be more useful against cancer compared to the usual 
treatment, there is no proof of this yet.  We do know that the information from this study will help 
doctors learn more about quinacrine and capecitabine as a treatment for cancer.  This 
information could help future cancer patients.
What other choices do you have if you do not take part in this research study?
Your other choices may include:

Getting treatment or care for your cancer without being in a study 

Taking part in another study 

Getting no treatment 
Talk to your doctor about your choices before you decide if you will take part in this study.
Will your medical information be kept private? 
We will do our best to make sure that the personal information in your medical record will be 
kept private.  However, we cannot guarantee total privacy.  Your personal information may be 
given out if required by law.  If information from this study is published or presented at scientific 
meetings, your name and other personal information will not be used. 
Organizations that may look at and/or copy your medical records for research, quality 
assurance, and data analysis include:

Fox Chase Cancer Center and affiliated Joint Centers, The Institutional Review Boards 
of The Fox Chase Cancer Center and Temple University, Temple University, Temple 
University Health System, Inc., and its affiliates or subsidiaries and other authorized 
representatives of these organizations.

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and other government agencies, like the Food and 
Drug Administration (FDA), involved in keeping research safe for people 
A description of this clinical trial will be available on http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, as required by 
U.S. Law. This Web site will not include information that can identify you. At most, the Web site 
will include a summary of the results. You can search this Web site at any time.
You will be given a separate form to review regarding the steps we will take to guard your 
privacy as part of your participation in the research study.  By signing that additional 
authorization, you will be providing your consent to use and disclose information described in 
that form connected with your participation in this research study.
What are the costs?
 
You and/or your health plan/insurance company will need to pay for some or all of the costs of 
treating your cancer in this study.  Some health plans will not pay these costs for people taking 
part in studies.  Check with your health plan or insurance company to find out what they will pay 
for.  Taking part in this study may or may not cost your insurance company more than the cost 
of getting regular cancer treatment.
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Even though it probably won’t happen, it is possible that the manufacturer may not continue to 
provide the quinacrine for this study.  If there is no quinacrine available at all, no one will be able 
to get more and the study would close.
If your insurance will not pay for medicines you may need to help with side effects, you may 
have to pay for them.
For more information on clinical trials and insurance coverage, you can visit the National Cancer 
Institute’s Web site at http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/understanding/insurance-coverage .    You 
can print a copy of the “Clinical Trials and Insurance Coverage” information from this Web site.
Another way to get the information is to call 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) and ask them 
to send you a free copy.
Will you be compensated?
You will not be paid for taking part in this research study.  
What if you are injured while taking part in this research study?
If you are injured as a result of your participation in this research study, seek immediate medical 
care.  Temple University Health System or its subsidiaries will treat the injury, though there is no 
commitment to provide monetary compensation or free medical care. Other financial 
compensation (such as lost wages or pain and suffering) for such injuries is not available. In the 
case of injury resulting from this study, you do not lose any of your legal rights to seek payment 
by signing this form. 
What are your rights if you take part in this research study?
Taking part in this research study is your choice.  You may choose either to take part or not to 
take part in the research study.  If you decide to take part in this study, you may leave the study 
at any time.  No matter what decision you make, there will be no penalty to you and you will not 
lose any of your regular benefits.  Leaving the study will not affect your medical care.  You can 
still get your medical care from our institution. 
In the case of injury resulting from this study, you do not lose any of your legal rights to seek 
payment by signing this form. 
New findings
We will tell you about new information or changes in the study that may affect your health or 
your willingness to continue in the study.
Who can answer your questions about the research study?
Important Contact Numbers
If you are enrolled at the Fox Chase location (333 Cottman Ave)
If you have questions about:
Please Call:
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This study, including if you get sick or hurt
Dr. Crystal Denlinger at 215-728-4300
If you have a concern or complaint
Risk Management Department at 215-728-2591
Your rights as a research participant on this study 
FCCC Institutional Review Board at 215-214-3754
Your bills or health insurance coverage
Clinical Trial Financial Counselor at 215-214-3768
Where can you get more information?
You may call the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service at: 
1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) 
You may also visit the NCI website at http://cancer.gov

For NCI's clinical trials information, go to: http://cancer.govclinicaltrials/ 

For NCI's general information about cancer, go to: http://cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ 
By signing below, you tell us that you have gotten all of the information you need; that you have 
received clear answers to your questions, and that you agree to take part in the research study.  
You will receive a copy of this form. You may also request a copy of the research plan. 
________________________      __________________________
_____________
Signature of Participant
        Print Name of Participant
Date
By signing this form the Physician obtaining consent indicates that the research participant has 
been fully informed of all aspects of the research study.
____________________________   _______________________           ____________
Signature of Physician
Print Name of Physician 
          Date
Obtaining Consent
Obtaining Consent
By signing this form the person obtaining consent indicates that the research participant has 
been fully informed of all aspects of the research study.
________________________       _________________________
_____________
Signature of Person         
        Print Name of Person                          Date
Obtaining Consent                       Obtaining Consent
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Informed Consent Document for Use of Tissue for Research
Please note:  This section of the informed consent form is about additional research studies that 
are being done with people who are taking part in the main study.  You may take part in these 
additional studies if you want to.  You can still be a part of the main study even if you say 'no' to 
taking part in any of these additional studies.
You can say "yes" or "no" to each of the following studies. Please mark your choice for each 
study.
About Using Tissue for Research
We would like to use some of the tissue that is left over from your previous biopsy if you have 
had one, or if you are going to have a biopsy for future research.  If you agree, this tissue will be 
sent to Caris Life Sciences to learn more about cancer and other diseases.  If you would like to 
read more about how tissue is used for research, you can visit the National Cancer Institutes’ 
website at http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/learningabout/providingtissue 
The research that may be done with your tissue is not designed specifically to help you. The 
results from this testing will be stored in your medical record and might help you or people who 
have cancer and other diseases in the future. 
Reports about research done with your tissue will be given to your doctor.  These reports will be 
put in your health record.  The research will not have an effect on your care. 
Things to Think About 
The choice to let us use your tissue for this research is up to you.  No matter what you decide to 
do, it will not affect your care. 
If you decide now that your tissue can be used for research, you can change your mind at any 
time. Just contact us and let us know that you do not want us to use your tissue. Then any 
tissue that remains will no longer be used for research.  
Tissue that is used for genetic testing may reveal information about diseases that are passed on 
in families. Even if your tissue is used for this kind of research, the results will not be put in your 
medical records. 
Your tissue will be used only for testing and will not be sold. 
The information or results gathered from the testing of you tissue may be sold. It may help to 
develop new products in the future. 
Even if your information from the testing of your tissue is sold, leads to a treatment or future 
research, you will not be paid.
Benefits 
The benefits of research using tissue include learning more about what causes cancer and 
other diseases, how to prevent them, and how to treat them. 
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Risks 
The greatest risk to you is the release of information from your health records.  We will do our 
best to make sure that your personal information will be kept private.  The chance that this 
information will be given to someone else is very small. 
Making Your Choice 
Please read each sentence below and think about your choice.  After reading each sentence, 
circle "Yes" or "No."  If you have any questions, please talk to your doctor or nurse, or call our 
research review board 215-214-3754.
No matter what you decide to do, it will not affect your care.
1.  My tissue may be sent to Caris Life Sciences for genetic testing. The results of this testing 
will be placed in my health record and made available to my study doctor 
YES 
NO
2.. The results of my tumor’s genetic or mutational analysis may be for use in research to learn 
about, prevent, or treat cancer. This may mean that information about my health and my family’s 
health could be discovered by someone reviewing this information.
YES 
NO
3.  Someone may contact me in the future to ask me to take part in more research. 
YES 
NO
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By signing below, you tell us that you have gotten all of the information you need; that you have 
received clear answers to your questions, and that you agree to take part in the research study.  
You will receive a copy of this form. You may also request a copy of the research plan. 
___________________________   ________________________           _____________
Signature of Participant
Print Name of Participant              Date
By signing this form the Physician obtaining consent indicates that the research participant has 
been fully informed of all aspects of the research study.
____________________________   _______________________           ____________
Signature of Physician
Print Name of Physician 
          Date
Obtaining Consent
Obtaining Consent
By signing this form the person obtaining consent indicates that the research participant has 
been fully informed of all aspects of the research study.
____________________________   _______________________
____________
Signature of Person
            Print Name of Person 
Date
Obtaining Consent
Obtaining Consent
IRB#: 15-1022MOD12 Approved: 2/20/2019 Expires: 8/13/2019