Conditions: Menopause
Keywords: vaginal cytokine
Allocation: NON_RANDOMIZED | Intervention model: PARALLEL
Enrollment: 20
Healthy volunteers: yes

Brief summary:
The purpose of this study is to compare the vaginal health between premenopausal and postmenopausal women before and after using oral "estradiol" for 14 days then "estradiol" and "progesterone" for 14 days.

Detailed description:
This research project recruits 10 healthy, premenopausal women (aged 20-40 years-old) with regular menstrual cycle with interval of 24-35 days and duration of 2-7 days and 10 healthy postmenopausal women (aged 45-60 years-old) with an intact uterus and at least 12 months but not more than 36 months of spontaneous amenorrhea.

Premenopausal women will not receive any study medication(s). Postmenopausal women will be assigned the intervention described below.

• Oral "estradiol" 1.0 mg tablet for 14 days, then oral "estradiol" 1.0 mg tablet and "progesterone" 100 mg capsule for 14 days

Arms:
arm 1: No treatment arm 2: Oral hormone therapy will be given to women in this group. Daily dose of oral "estradiol" 1 mg will be given the first 14 days after enrollment. Then a daily dose of oral "estradiol" 1 mg and "progesterone" 100 mg for 14 days will be given during the following 14 days.

Interventions: intervention 1: oral estradiol 1.0 mg intervention 2: oral progesterone 100 mg
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: one tablet of oral estradiol 1.0 mg once a day for 28 days intervention 2: one tablet of oral progesterone 100 mg once a day for 14 days

Protocol document:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
 
1
Study protocol and statistical analysis plan 
 
Study title  
Effect of Oral Estradiol and Progesterone Therapy on Vaginal Cytokines in 
Postmenopausal Women 
 
NCT number NCT02224313 
 
Date 08/04/2014 
 
Participants 
Twenty healthy women (10 premenopausal and 10 postmenopausal women) were asked 
to participate in this study.  Premenopausal women were between the ages of 20-40 years, had 
regular menstrual cycles (regular menses during prior 3 months and had a luteal phase serum P4 
>3ng/mL), and were not using any hormonal contraception. Postmenopausal women were 
between the ages of 45-65 years, amenorrhea for at least 12 months, had an intact uterus, were 
not on HT and had no contraindications to HT. All women were screened for genitourinary tract 
infections including bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, gonorrhea and trichomoniasis and underwent 
a screening PAP smear. Women who did not have evidence of inflammation or infection based 
on vaginal wet preparations and PAP smears were included in the study. All participants provided 
a written Informed consent. The protocol was approved by the Eastern Virginia Medical School 
Institutional Review Board and registered on Clinicaltrial.gov NCT02224313 (August 25, 2014). 
Study Design 


 
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Each woman was followed at three visits during one menstrual cycle in premenopausal 
women or during 28 days in postmenopausal women. For premenopausal women, visit 1 was 
during the follicular phase (days 7-10 of menstrual cycle), visit 2 was during ovulatory phase (days 
12-16 of menstrual cycle), and visit 3 during luteal phase (days 19-23 of menstrual cycle). For 
postmenopausal women, visit 1 was at baseline (no hormones taken), visit 2 was after taking oral 
E2 1.0 mg daily for 14 days, and visit 3 was after taking oral E2 1.0 mg plus oral P4 100 mg daily 
for another 14 days. (Table 1) 
At each visit, peripheral venous blood sample was obtained for estimation of serum E2 
and P4 levels. A vaginal speculum examination was performed with a lateral vaginal wall swab 
for pH and vaginal epithelial cells for maturation index. A cervico-vaginal lavage using 5.0 mL of 
sterile saline was then carried out. The participants were instructed not to have intercourse for 
48 hours prior to each examination and AbaCard p30 test confirmed the absence of semen in the 
vaginal canal at each visit.  
Serum E2 and P4 analysis 
Peripheral blood samples were allowed to clot at room temperature for 15 minutes, then 
centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4000 G. The resultant supernatant was aspirated into individual 
storage tubes and frozen until assayed for serum E2 and P4 level with a chemoluminescence 
technique. 
Cervico-vaginal cytokine analysis 
Cervico-vaginal lavage was performed by repetitive flushing of the lateral, anterior and 
posterior walls and fornices of the vagina with 5mL sterile saline using a 6-inch dropper. The 
resulting fluid sample was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 500 g to remove the cellular component 


 
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and debris, and the supernatant aspirated and stored in aliquots at -20°C for later testing. 
Cytokine levels of IL-8 and IL-1β were measured in duplicate using cytokine specific sandwich 
ELISA kits (Millipore Sigma, Darmstadt, Germany). The individual wells were read at optical 
density 450 nm per manufacturer instructions and cytokine values in pg/mL were obtained by 
plotting along a standard curve of pure cytokine. As the IL-1β concentrations fell below the lower 
limit of the kit detection, the samples were subsequently concentrated 4-fold with a centrifugal 
filter (Amicon Ultra-4 10K Centrifugal Filter Device from Millipore Sigma) and the ELISA assay for 
IL-1β was repeated. The coeﬃcients of variation for both IL-8 and IL-1β are <10% for intra-assay 
and <12% for inter-assay, as determined by the manufacturer. Total protein concentration in the 
sample was determined with the bicinchoninic acid assay (Millipore Sigma). The levels of cervico-
vaginal IL-8 and IL-1β were normalized for the total protein concentration and presented as 
picogram per microgram of total protein (pg/ug protein). 
Statistical analysis 
Baseline descriptive statistics were reported as means±standard deviation for continuous 
variables and were compared between premenopausal and postmenopausal women with a 
student t-test. Mixed effects model for repeated measures compared serum E2, serum P4, 
cervico-vaginal IL-8 and IL-1β levels between premenopausal and postmenopausal women for 
each visit. Changes of these levels across 3 visits were also explored within premenopausal and 
postmenopausal group. Pairwise comparison of measures between visits was predicted 
according to the mixed effects model presented as mean difference±standard error. Correlation 
between serum E2, serum P4 with cervico-vaginal IL-8 and IL-1β levels was evaluated with 
Pearson’s pairwise correlation stratified by premenopausal and postmenopausal group. The 


 
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correlation of changes in serum E2, serum P4 with changes in cervico-vaginal IL-8 and IL-1β levels 
was also evaluated. All statistical tests were 2-sided and a p-value of 0.05 or less was considered 
statistically significant. The statistical analyses were performed in STATA software version 14.1 
(StataCorp I.P. College station, Texas).