Conditions: Biceps Tendonitis
Allocation: RANDOMIZED | Intervention model: PARALLEL
Enrollment: 40
Healthy volunteers: yes

Brief summary:
The standard practice for arthroscopic shoulder surgery at our institution is a general anesthetic with a long-acting interscalene block for post-operative pain control, which can reduce the amount of opiates needed after surgery. The interscalene block is effective in providing analgesia to the majority of the shoulder joint and has been shown to reduce post-operative pain scores after arthroscopic shoulder surgeries. However, there is a subset of arthroscopic shoulder surgery patients who have pain in the axilla even in the setting of a functioning interscalene brachial plexus nerve block. One of our surgeons has reported a high incidence of axillary pain in patients who undergo a sub-pectoral biceps tenodesis as part of their arthroscopic procedure. A newly described nerve block approach to the nerves that supply sensation to the axillary region called the PECS "Pectoralis" 1 \& 2 block may provide additional analgesia to these patients.

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, observer and patient blinded, single-center, sham block trial is to determine if the addition of PECS blocks to an interscalene block will reduce the severity of axillary pain following arthroscopic shoulder surgery that involves a sub-pectoral biceps tenodesis. Secondarily, the study will assess the duration of PECS 1 \& 2 and whether the block reduces post-operative opioid usage. We hypothesize that the addition of the PECS 1 \& 2 block will reduce the severity of axillary pain at 6hrs and reduce postoperative narcotic usage for the first 24 hours.

Detailed description:
Subjects that meet the inclusion criteria will be assigned a group by using a random numbers generator. All subjects will receive the standard practice at our institution of an interscalene brachial plexus block along with a general anesthetic. The intervention arm will get an additional local anesthetic block targeting nerves that we presume cover the axillary region (PECS "Pectoralis" 1 \& 2). These nerves in the upper chest are the lateral branches of the 2nd to 5th intercostal nerves, which includes the intercostobrachial nerve. The anesthesiologist placing the nerve blocks will be un-blinded to perform the procedures. Both the surgeon and the Acute Pain Service anesthesiologist will be blinded as to whether or not the intervention was provided to any given subject. The Acute Pain Service team will remain blinded and collect the data outcomes.

Initially, pilot data was collected in a total of ten patients with five patients randomized to each arm. Primary endpoint was NRS "Numerical Rating Scale" of 0-10 at 6hrs after block placement. Our pilot data indicate that the mean NRS is about 5 for the control group, with a standard deviation of 1.4. Using a two-sided two-sample t test (an alpha of 0.05 and power of 0.95), we conservatively estimate that 14 subjects per arm will be needed to detect a clinically meaningful difference of 2 in NRS between the arms. We decided to plan enrollment of 20 subjects per arm for potential loss during this randomized, double-blinded, single-center, sham block trial.

* Potential subjects undergoing arthroscopy will have their electronic medical record reviewed by the study team to look for exclusion criteria. If the subject is excluded, then they will be added to the Screening Log with date and reason for their exclusion. If all inclusion criteria are met, then the subject will be approached in the Regional Anesthesia area for their consent. A copy of the consent will be given to the study subject. The other informed consent document will be maintained by the study team in the research files.
* Patients will be asked to provide baseline pain scores both, at rest and with movement, on a scale of 0-10 (0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain). Preoperative opioid use including drug(s), dosage and frequency will be recorded. Randomization of patients will then occur through the use of sequentially numbered envelopes with only those directly involved in the care of the patient during block placement being aware of which arm of the study the patient has been randomized. Those members of the study team who will be collecting post-operative data will be blinded to the randomization.

Standard American Society of Anesthesiology monitors and oxygen will be applied. Unless there is a contraindication, each patient will receive 650mg "milligrams" of oral acetaminophen. To standardize the effect on postoperative pain, ketamine will not be given as a preoperative sedation medication or intraoperative medication. No long acting opioids will be given in the operating room or post-anesthesia care unit. Intraoperative fentanyl will be limited to 5 micrograms per kg "kilogram". Intraoperative dexamethasone will not be given for post-operative nausea/vomiting prophylaxis.

Subjects will be sedated as per usual practice and will also be blinded to their randomization. All peripheral nerve blocks will be performed by a resident or fellow under supervision by an attending anesthesiologist. The attending anesthesiologist may perform the procedures alone. All volumes and concentrations of nerve block mixtures administered will be identical to assist in the blinding process.

All 40 subjects will receive an ultrasound guided interscalene nerve block using 20mL "milliliters" of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 epinephrine and 1:600,000 clonidine dosed at the upper trunk location near the 6th cervical vertebral level, per standard clinical practice. The intervention arm, consisting of 20 patients, will additionally receive the following: 10mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 epinephrine and 1:600,000 clonidine at the PECS1 location and 20mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 epinephrine and 1:600,000 clonidine at the PECS2 location as described by Blanco, et al.3,4 All procedures will be performed under a sterile technique including the use of chlorhexidine prep of the skin, sterile gloves, sterile ultrasound probe covers with sterile ultrasound gel, a cap and a mask. For the interscalene block, a 21 gauge 90mm "millimeter" stimulating block needle will be directed, under real-time ultrasound guidance, into the interscalene muscle space at the level of the 5th and 6th cervical nerve roots. Twenty mL of the above local anesthetic mixture will be dosed incrementally, aspirating every 5 mL, to surround the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. For the PECS 1 \& 2 block, a 21 gauge 90mm stimulating block needle will be placed under real-time ultrasound guidance at approximately the level of the 4th and 5th ribs near the mid-axillary line. The needle will be advanced into a tissue plane between the serratus anterior muscle and the pectoralis minor muscle. Twenty mL of the same local anesthetic mixture will be dosed incrementally, every 5 mL, to spread within this PEC2 space. The needle will be withdrawn, following the first injection, to a tissue plane between the pectoralis minor and pectoralis major muscles. Ten mL of the same local anesthetic mixture will be dosed incrementally, every 5 mL, to spread within this PEC1 space.

Fifteen and 30 minutes (if no change at 15min) following block placement, success will be assessed by absence/decrease of pin-prick sensation to a 25 gauge Whitacre needle in the following manner:

Cutaneous sensation will be tested over the deltoid region to assess for successful interscalene block.

Cutaneous sensation will be tested over the lateral aspect of the pectoralis muscles at the level of the nipple.

Scoring of sensation will be the following: 0= full sensation, 1= partial sensation, 2= no sensation (complete block) Following block placements, the subjects will be transported to the OR and general anesthesia will be induced. Following intubation, surgical procedure, emergence and extubation, the subject will be transported to the recovery room. In the recovery room or via phone post-discharge, at the 6 hour mark post-block placement, we will ask the subject if they are having any axillary pain. The severity of pain will be determined using the Numerical Rating Scale of 0-10. Zero is no pain and 10 is the most pain possible. Total opiate and benzodiazepine doses will be charted for the preoperative, intraoperative and PACU time frames.

Arms:
arm 1: Twenty subjects will receive an ultrasound guided interscalene nerve block using the Solution for Injection in Interscalene Block dosed at the upper trunk location near the 6th cervical vertebral level, per standard clinical practice. A Sham Block of in area of PECS "Pectoralis" block will be done to allow for assessment of the intervention. Using the Solution for Injection in Sham Block. arm 2: Twenty patients will receive an ultrasound guided interscalene nerve block Solution for Injection in Interscalene Block dosed at the upper trunk location near the 6th cervical vertebral level, per standard clinical practice. For the Intervention, these subjects will also a PECS "Pectoralis" 1 and 2 Blocks using the Solution for Injection PECS Blocks, dosed at the PECS1 location and PECS2 location as described by Blanco, et al.

Interventions: intervention 1: PECS "Pectoralis" 1 and 2 Blocks intervention 2: Interscalene Block intervention 3: Sham Block intervention 4: Solution for Injection in Interscalene Block intervention 5: Solution for Injection in Sham Block intervention 6: Solution for Injection PECS Blocks
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: An interscalene and a PECS "Pectoralis" 1 and 2 block will be performed on the subjects. intervention 2: An interscalene block will be performed on the subjects. intervention 3: None intervention 4: 20mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 epinephrine and 1:600,000 clonidine intervention 5: Lidocaine 1% intervention 6: 10mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 epinephrine and 1:600,000 clonidine dosed at the PECS1 location and 20mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 epinephrine and 1:600,000 clonidine dosed at the PECS2 location

Protocol document:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
Protocol version: 
Template updated 9.24.14 
1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Analgesic Benefit of PECS Blocks for Biceps Tenodesis Shoulder 
Surgery  
NCT02741713 
9/29/2016 
 


Protocol version: 
Template updated 9.24.14 
2 
Study Title: Analgesic Benefit of PECS Blocks for Biceps Tenodesis Shoulder Surgery  
 
Principal Investigator, J.Wells Reynolds, MD 
Co-investigators: Michael Freehill, MD, Doug Jaffe, DO, Sean Dobson, MD, Chris Edwards, MD, 
Robert Weller, MD, Daryl Henshaw, MD. 
 
Sponsor: Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest Baptist Health 
 
Background, Rationale and Context 
The standard practice for arthroscopic shoulder surgery at our institution is a general anesthetic 
with a long-acting interscalene block for post-operative pain control, which can reduce the 
amount of opiates needed after surgery.1  The interscalene block is effective in providing 
analgesia to the majority of the shoulder joint and has been shown to reduce post-operative pain 
scores after arthroscopic shoulder surgeries.2 However, there is a subset of arthroscopic shoulder 
surgery patients who have pain in the axilla even in the setting of a functioning interscalene 
brachial plexus nerve block. One of our surgeons has reported a high incidence of axillary pain in 
patients who undergo a sub-pectoral biceps tenodesis as part of their arthroscopic procedure.  A 
newly described nerve block approach to the nerves that supply sensation to the axillary region 
called the PECS 1 & 2 block may provide additional analgesia to these patients.3,4 
 
Objectives 
The purpose of this prospective, randomized, observer and patient blinded, single-center, sham 
block trial is to determine if the addition of PECS blocks to an interscalene block will reduce the 
severity of axillary pain following arthroscopic shoulder surgery that involves a sub-pectoral 
biceps tenodesis.  Secondarily, the study will assess the duration of PECS 1 & 2 and whether the 
block reduces post-operative opioid usage. We hypothesize that the addition of the PECS 1 & 2 
block will reduce the severity of axillary pain at 6hrs and reduce postoperative narcotic usage for 
the first 24 hours.   
 
Methods and Measures 
 
Design 
Subjects that meet the inclusion criteria will be assigned a group by using a random numbers 
generator.  All subjects will receive the standard practice at our institution of an interscalene 
brachial plexus block along with a general anesthetic.  The intervention arm will get an additional 
local anesthetic block targeting nerves that we presume cover the axillary region (PECS 1 & 2).   
These nerves in the upper chest are the lateral braches of the T2 to T5 intercostal nerves, which 
includes the intercostobrachial nerve.  The anesthesiologist placing the nerve blocks will be un-
blinded to perform the procedures. Both the surgeon and the Acute Pain Service anesthesiologist 
will be blinded as to whether or not the intervention was provided to any given subject.  The 
Acute Pain Service team will remain blinded and collect the data outcomes.     
 
Setting 
Subjects undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery with a sub-pectoral biceps tenodesis, by a 
single surgeon at our institution, will be assessed either in person or by phone to obtain 
postoperative pain data.  Post-operative ambulatory surgery subjects will be asked 6 hours after 
block placement about the presence of axillary pain at rest and the Numerical Rating Scale pain 
score (0-10) will be recorded as the primary outcome. Secondary endpoints will include, but are 
not limited to; total narcotic usage, presence of nausea or vomiting through the first 24hrs, as well 
as time to return of axillary pain.  These outcomes will be assessed by phone call on post-op day 
1.  


Protocol version: 
Template updated 9.24.14 
3 
 
 
 
 
Subjects selection criteria 
 
Subjects presenting to Wake Forest Baptist Hospital for shoulder arthroscopy with sub-pectoral 
biceps tenodesis will be eligible for this study. 
 
 
Inclusion Criteria 
Adults, between 18 and 90 years of age who have agreed to a regional with general anesthesia 
technique will be recruited to participate.  
 
Exclusion Criteria 
Subjects with contraindications to regional anesthesia, such as history of allergy to amide 
local anesthetics, presence of a progressive neurological deficit, a pre-existing coagulopathy, 
infection, significant pulmonary disease contraindicating phrenic nerve blockade(a known 
side effect of an interscalene block) or the following conditions: chronic use of an opioid 
analgesic (>3 months of a combined total of more than 40mg oxycodone equivalents a day), 
body habitus that makes successful placement of PECS blocks unlikely or pregnancy. 
              Sample Size  
Initially, pilot data was collected in a total of ten patients with five patients randomized to  
each arm.  Primary endpoint was Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of 0-10 at 6hrs after block 
placement.  Our pilot data indicate that the mean NRS is about 5 for the control group, with a 
standard deviation of 1.4. Using a two-sided two-sample t test (an alpha of 0.05 and power of 
0.95), we conservatively estimate that 14 subjects per arm will be needed to detect a clinically 
meaningful difference of 2 in NRS between the arms. We decided to plan enrollment of 20 
subjects per arm for potential loss during this randomized, double-blinded, single-center, 
sham block trial.  
 
Interventions and Interactions 
 
All patients scheduled by Dr.Freehill for arthroscopy with biceps tenodesis surgery will be 
given the PECS Study Consent Form during the orthopedic clinic visit for review.  The study 
team will then examine the electronic medical record of these potential subjects for exclusion 
criteria. If the subject is excluded, then they will be added to the Screening Log with date and 
reason for their exclusion.  If all inclusion criteria are met, then the subject will be 
approached in the Regional Anesthesia area on the day of surgery for further discussion of the 
study protocol. Upon completion of consent, one signed copy will remain with the subject 
while a second signed document will be maintained by the study team in the research files.  
 
Patients will be asked to provide baseline verbal pain scores both, at rest and with movement, 
on a scale of 0-10 (0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain). Preoperative opioid use 
including drug(s), dosage and frequency will be recorded. Randomization of patients will 
then occur through the use of sequentially numbered envelopes with only those directly 
involved in the care of the patient during block placement being aware of which arm of the 
study the patient has been randomized. Those members of the study team who will be 
collecting post-operative data will be blinded to the randomization.  
 
Standard ASA monitors and oxygen will be applied. Unless there is a contraindication, each 
patient will receive 650mg of PO acetaminophen. To standardize the effect on postoperative 
pain, ketamine will not be given as a preoperative sedation medication or intraoperative 
medication.  No long acting opioids will be given in the operating room or PACU. 


Protocol version: 
Template updated 9.24.14 
4 
Intraoperative fentanyl will be limited to 5 micrograms per kg.  Intraoperative dexamethasone 
will not be given for PONV prophylaxis.   
 
Subjects will be sedated as per usual practice and will also be blinded to their randomization.  
All peripheral nerve blocks will be performed by a resident or fellow under supervision by an 
attending anesthesiologist.  The attending anesthesiologist may perform the procedures alone.  
All volumes and concentrations of nerve block mixtures administered will be identical to 
assist in the blinding process.  
 
All 40 subjects will receive an ultrasound guided interscalene nerve block using 20mL of 
0.25% bupivacaine with 1:400k epinephrine and 1:600k clonidine dosed at the upper trunk 
location near the C6 vertebral level, per standard clinical practice.  The intervention arm, 
consisting of 20 patients, will additionally receive the following: 10mL of 0.25% bupivacaine 
with 1:400k epinephrine and 1:600K clonidine at the PECS1 location and 20mL of 0.25% 
bupivacaine with 1:400k epinephrine and 1:600k clonidine at the PECS2 location as 
described by Blanco, et al.3,4  
 
All procedures will be performed under a sterile technique including the use of chlorhexidine 
prep of the skin, sterile gloves, sterile ultrasound probe covers with sterile ultrasound gel, a 
cap and a mask. For the interscalene block, a 21 gauge 90mm stimulating block needle will 
be directed, under real-time ultrasound guidance, into the interscalene muscle space at the 
level of the C5 and C6 nerve roots. Twenty mL of the above local anesthetic mixture will be 
dosed incrementally, aspirating every 5 mL, to surround the upper trunk of the brachial 
plexus. For the PECS 1 & 2 block, a 21 gauge 90mm stimulating block needle will be placed 
under real-time ultrasound guidance at approximately the level of the 4th and 5th ribs near the 
mid-axillary line. The needle will be advanced into a tissue plane between the serratus 
anterior muscle and the pectoralis minor muscle. Twenty mL of the same local anesthetic 
mixture will be dosed incrementally, every 5 mL, to spread within this PEC2 space. The 
needle will be withdrawn, following the first injection, to a tissue plane between the 
pectoralis minor and pectoralis major muscles.  Ten mL of the same local anesthetic mixture 
will be dosed incrementally, every 5 mL, to spread within this PEC1 space. 
 
Fifteen and 30 minutes (if no change at 15min) following block placement, success will be 
assessed by absence/decrease of pin-prick sensation to a 25gauge Whitacre needle in the 
following manner:  
o Cutaneous sensation will be tested over the deltoid region to assess for successful 
interscalene block. 
o Cutaneous sensation will be tested over the lateral aspect of the pectoralis 
muscles at the level of the nipple.  
o Scoring of sensation will be the following: 0= full sensation, 1= partial sensation, 
2= no sensation (complete block) 
 
Following block placements, the subjects will be transported to the OR and general 
anesthesia will be induced.  Following intubation, surgical procedure, emergence and 
extubation, the subject will be transported to the recovery room. In the recovery room or via 
phone post-discharge, at the 6hr mark post-block placement, we will ask the subject if they 
are having any axillary pain.  The severity of pain will be determined using the Numerical 
Rating Scale of 0-10. Zero is no pain and 10 is the most pain possible. Total opiate and 
benzodiazepine doses will be charted for the Pre-Op, Intra-Op and PACU time frames.  
 
Expected time commitment for the subjects is the following: (40 minutes total) 
o Enrollment- 15 minute discussion and signing of documents 
o Block placement and assessment- 15 minutes more than non-participants 
(additional 2 injections) 
o Recovery room data collection- 5 minutes 
o Postop day 1 phone call data collection- 5 minutes 


Protocol version: 
Template updated 9.24.14 
5 
 
Schedule of Events 
o 0-1 hours:  
Enrollment, consent, block placement and assessment 
o 1-4 hours:  
Typical operating room time for surgery 
o 4-5 hours:  
Typical recovery room times 
o Hour 6:  
Assessment in recovery room or via phone. 
o Hour 24: 
Phone call for data collection. Termination of the study. 
 
Outcome Measure(s) 
Primary: Post-operative ambulatory surgery subjects will be asked 6 hours after block placement 
about the presence of axillary pain at rest.  Visual analog pain scores (0-10) will be recorded with 
0= no pain, 10=most pain possible.  
Secondary: These endpoints will include, but are not limited to; total narcotic usage, VAS pain 
scores at rest at 24hrs, the presence of nausea or vomiting through the first 24hrs and the time to 
return of axillary pain.  These outcomes we be assessed by phone call on the morning of post-op 
day 1.  
 
Analytical Plan 
Results will be analyzed initially using descriptive statistics for baseline characteristics.  The primary 
outcome VAS will be analyzed using a two sample t test. In the situation where the primary outcome 
VAS is highly skewed, we will use a non-parametric Wilcoxon Rank Sum test to determine the 
intervention effect. For secondary outcomes, comparison between groups will be done using chi square 
tests for proportions, and two sample t-tests for continuous variables.   
 
Human Subjects Protection 
 
Subject Recruitment Methods 
The subject will be identified by examining the operating room schedule and the surgeon’s notes for 
shoulder arthroscopy procedures with a sub-pectoral biceps tenodesis component.  Assuming the subjects 
meet inclusion criteria, they will be assigned to the Regional Anesthesia area and any of the following 
will enroll the subjects: Wells Reynolds, MD, Sean Dobson, MD, Chris Edwards, MD, Daryl Henshaw, 
MD, Doug Jaffe, DO, or Robert Weller, MD. The subjects will be contacted via phone with numbers 
provided during recruitment.  Both genders will be included equally and only exclusion criteria noted 
earlier will be used. The recruitment of potential subjects will only be evident by a marking on the 
operating room schedule, within the secure electronic medical record, that denotes their assignment to the 
Regional Anesthesia Pre-operative area. This marking does not identify the subjects as research study 
candidates. 
 
 
For studies using PHI to identify subjects via medical records search or referral from a treating 
physician, who will then be contacted, you will need a limited waiver of HIPAA authorization,  If 
this applies to your study, please provide the following information: 
o Under this limited waiver, you are allowed to access and use only the minimum amount 
of PHI necessary to review eligibility criteria and contact potential subjects.  What 
information are you planning to collect for this purpose?  
 
We will need to review the Surgeon’s note to determine if the potential subjects 
are having a sub-pectoral biceps tenodesis component to their surgery.  
 
o How will confidentiality/privacy be protected prior to ascertaining desire to participate?   
 
Both the operating room schedule and Surgeon’s notes are contained in a 
secured, electronic medical record keeping system called Epic.  
 


Protocol version: 
Template updated 9.24.14 
6 
o When and how will you destroy the contact information if an individual declines 
participation?   
 
No contact information will be kept other than a screening log with gender, race 
and date of screening. This will be kept secured with other Study records.  
 
Informed Consent 
 
Signed informed consent will be obtained from each subject by any of the following 
Investigators: Wells Reynolds, MD, Sean Dobson, MD, Chris Edwards, MD, Daryl Henshaw, 
MD, Doug Jaffe, DO, or Robert Weller, MD. Consent will be obtained in the Regional 
Anesthesia Area adjacent to the Operating Room on the morning of surgery.  
 
The most recent IRB approved informed consent form will be used to obtain informed consent 
from potential research subjects. This will be identified by a version date and an expiration date 
in the footer.  
 
The person obtaining informed consent will introduce themselves to the potential subject and 
discuss the following: 
o Explanation of what the clinical research study is and why you are approaching them. 
o What they can expect if they choose to participate in the research study. 
o How participation affects their regular care. 
 
Ample time will be given for the subject to read and/or listen to the consent form being read or 
reviewed with them and to ask any questions.  
 
All questions will be answered fully by the person obtaining informed consent.  
 
The person obtaining informed consent will acknowledge that the potential subject has an 
understanding of the research and research related procedures that are to be done.  
 
The person obtaining informed consent will sign and date the last page of the consent form.  
 
A copy of the fully signed consent form will be given to the subject and the original will be filed 
in the subject’s research file.  
 
Written informed consent will be obtained before any research related procedures are performed.  
  
Confidentiality and Privacy 
Confidentiality will be protected by collecting only information needed to assess study outcomes, 
minimizing to the fullest extent possible the collection of any information that could directly 
identify subjects, and maintaining all study information in a secure manner.  To help ensure 
subject privacy and confidentiality, only a unique study identifier will appear on the data 
collection form.  Any collected patient identifying information corresponding to the unique study 
identifier will be maintained on a linkage file, store separately from the data.  The linkage file 
will be kept secure, with access limited to designated study personnel.  Following data collection, 
subject identifying information will be destroyed within 3 years of closing the study consistent 
with data validation and study design, producing an anonymous analytical data set.  Data access 
will be limited to study staff.  Data and records will be kept locked and secured, with any 
computer data password protected.  No reference to any individual participant will appear in 
reports, presentations, or publications that may arise from the study. 
 
Data and Safety Monitoring 
The principal investigator will be responsible for the overall monitoring of the data and safety of 
study participants.  The principal investigator will be assisted by other members of the study staff. 
 
Reporting of Unanticipated Problems, Adverse Events or Deviations 
Any unanticipated problems, serious and unexpected adverse events, deviations or protocol 
changes will be promptly reported by the principal investigator or designated member of the 
research team to the IRB and sponsor or appropriate government agency if appropriate. 


Protocol version: 
Template updated 9.24.14 
7 
 
 
References 
1. Chen HP, Shen SJ, Tsai HI, Kao SC, Yu HP. Effects of Interscalene Nerve Block for Postoperative 
Pain Management in Patients after Shoulder Surgery. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:902745. 
2. Zoremba M, Kratz T, Dette F, Wulf H, Steinfeldt T, Wiesmann T. Supplemental Interscalene Blockade 
to General Anesthesia for Shoulder Arthroscopy: Effects on Fast Track Capability, Analgesic Quality, 
and Lung Function. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:325012.  
3. Blanco R. The 'pecs block': a novel technique for providing analgesia after breast surgery. Anaesthesia. 
2011 Sep;66(9):847-8.  
 
4. Blanco R, Fajardo M, Parras Maldonado T. Ultrasound description of Pecs II (modified Pecs I): a 
novel approach to breast surgery. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2012 Nov;59(9):470-5. 
 
Appendix 
1. Data collection form 
2. Consent form if one will be used