Conditions: Curvature of Spine
Allocation: RANDOMIZED | Intervention model: PARALLEL
Enrollment: 61
Healthy volunteers: no

Brief summary:
The purpose of this study is to determine if tranexamic acid reduces perioperative blood loss and red blood cell transfusion during high risk spine surgery.

Detailed description:
There are conflicting studies in the literature reporting different efficacy outcomes for the use of antifibrinolytics in spine fusion surgery. Several studies support the successful use of tranexamic acid for major orthopedic procedures, but the patient populations studied for spine surgery thus far have been small and highly variable, with less than clinically significant results. If TXA if efficacious in reducing not only perioperative blood loss, but RBC transfusion without an increase in thromboembolic events, then its use may be justified for patients at risk for major blood transfusion.

Arms:
arm 1: Tranexamic acid 10mg/kg loading dose given pre-incision and 1mg/kg/hr infusion throughout intraoperative period arm 2: Normal saline placebo loading dose 0.5ml/kg and infusion at 0.5ml/kg/hr throughout operative course

Interventions: intervention 1: Tranexamic Acid
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: intravenous administration of bolus and infusion for duration of surgical procedure

Protocol document:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
IRB #: STU00066949-MODCR0001 Approved by NU IRB for use on or after 7/6/2015 through 7/5/2016. 
L. Carabini M.D. 
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Proposed Research Protocol Form 
Northwestern University Medical School 
Department of Anesthesiology Research Committee 
Title: The Use of Tranexamic Acid to Reduce Perioperative Blood Loss during High Risk Spine 
Fusion Surgery 
Principal Investigator: Louanne Carabini, M.D.1 
Co-investigator (s): Natalie Moreland M.D., 1 Dhanesh K. Gupta, M.D.,1,2 Robert W Gould, M.D., 1  
Laura B. Hemmer, M.D.,1 John F. Bebawy, M.D.,1,2  Erin McNicholas, M.D.,1 Tyler R Koski, M.D., 2 
Antoun Koht, M.D.1,2,3  
Affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology,1 Neurological Surgery,2 and Neurology,3 
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Institution: Northwestern Memorial 
Hospital 
Research Aims:  
1. Research Questions(s):   
Does tranexamic acid (TXA) reduce perioperative blood loss and red blood cell (RBC) 
transfusion during high risk spine fusion surgery? 
2. Hypotheses:   
We hypothesize that tranexamic acid will reduce perioperative RBC transfusion by at least one 
unit per patient during high risk spine fusion surgery. 
Research significance: 
Background:  
Major spine fusion surgery for adult kyphoscoliosis is known to be associated with significant 
blood loss and coagulopathy. Operative times frequently last more than 12-16 hours with estimated 
blood loss ranging between 1200 and 11,500 mL (25-230% of a patient’s estimated blood volume).1,2 
Recent reviews reporting the increased risks of blood product transfusion clearly indicated the need for 
progressive blood conservation strategies during high risk procedures.3,4 Antifibrinolytics have been 
shown to reduce perioperative blood loss in cardiac surgery, liver transplantation, and major orthopedic 
operations.1,5-7 Furthermore, antifibrinolytics were recently reported to reduce mortality in trauma 
patients in the CRASH II multinational randomized controlled trial comparing TXA with placebo.8 The 
lysine analogs including tranexamic acid and aminocaproic acid are inexpensive and low risk therapeutic 
options for adjunctive treatment of critical surgical bleeding. TXA is approximately 10 fold more potent 
than aminocaproic acid in vitro and has been associated with moderately better clinical results.9 
Tranexamic acid (trans-4-(aminomethyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid) is a synthetic derivative of 
the amino acid, lysine. It acts by competitively inhibiting the lysine binding site on plasminogen thereby 
preventing cleavage to plasmin and the resultant fibrinolysis. It is also a non-competitive inhibitor of 
plasmin.9-12 The studies reporting TXA use in spine surgery involve a highly variable patient population 


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with a wide range of blood loss and relatively small sample sizes which leads to conflicting results and 
reduced generalizability.1,9-14  
Lysine analogs are inexpensive compared to other procoagulant medications such as recombinant 
activated factor seven for the treatment of hemorrhage and dilutional coagulopathy. Furthermore, they 
can be used proactively, thereby avoiding major transfusion during high risk surgery.6,15 There is a 
mechanistic risk of thromboembolism with the use of antifibrinolytic medications, however there have 
been no reports of increased incidence of arterial or venous thromboembolic events in any of the studies 
using TXA for orthopedic, cardiac, or spine surgery.5,8,16  Overall, TXA is a low risk procoagulant that 
might be considered for use in major surgery with anticipated critical bleeding as part of a multimodal 
approach to blood conservation. 
There are no standards of care for minimization of perioperative blood loss specific to spine 
surgery. The use of cell saver and adjunctive pro-coagulation medications are patient specific and at the 
discretion of the surgeon and anesthesiologist depending on the specific surgery, indications and patient 
medical history. The data from this study would be instrumental in the reporting of a clear benefit for 
pharmacologic therapies to decrease operative blood loss and transfusion. 
Significance:  
There are conflicting studies in the literature reporting different efficacy outcomes for the use of 
antifibrinolytics in spine fusion surgery. Several studies support the successful use of tranexamic acid for 
major orthopedic procedures, but the patient populations studied for spine surgery thus far have been 
small and highly variable with less than clinically significant results. If TXA is efficacious in reducing 
not only perioperative blood loss, but RBC transfusion without an increase in thromboembolic events, 
then its use may be justified for patients at risk for major blood transfusion. 
Investigational Plan 
Study design: 
  
Double blinded, placebo controlled, block randomized clinical trial 
Methods: 
1. Primary outcome: Total perioperative red blood cells transfused 
a. This will include intraoperative and the first 24 hours postoperative autologous and 
allogenic packed RBCs and cell saver units. 
2. Size of study groups: 
a. In our most recent set of high risk spine patients who have had major transfusion, 7.5 ± 2.3 
units of RBCs were transfused.  Therefore, with 85 patients in each group, we would have 
80% power to detect a 1 unit difference in RBCs transfused between drug groups using an 
unpaired two-sided t-test with an alpha of 0.05.  Using the O’Brien Fleming Spending 
Function, an interim analysis with 22 patients per group will be able to detect a 2 unit 
difference in RBCs transfused between drug groups using an interim stopping alpha of 
0.001. 
3. Secondary outcomes: 
a. Additional blood product transfused (FFP, Cryoprecipitate, and Platelets) 


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b. Adjunctive procoagulant medications (DDAVP and rFVIIa administration) 
c. Estimated intraoperative blood loss 
d. Postoperative blood loss for the first 24 hrs. 
e. Intravenous fluid administration 
f. Incidence of cerebral, cardiac, or renal thromboembolism prior to discharge 
g. Incidence of venous thromboembolism prior to discharge 
4. Patient entry, exclusion and dropout criteria: 
Inclusion Criteria:  Adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) undergoing posterior spine fusion surgery for 
kyphoscoliosis with a ≥ 80% chance of major transfusion (more than 4 units of total RBCs) based on the 
Generalizable Model for Predicting Major Transfusion in Spine Fusion Surgery. 
Exclusion Criteria:  Patients under 18 years of age, non-English speaking patients, pregnancy, 
emergent procedures, surgery for tumor, trauma or infection, severe coronary artery disease, history of 
venous thromboembolism, history of cerebral vascular accident, renal insufficiency with GFR < 40 
ml/min/m2, and known or suspected allergy or intolerance to study drug or its components. 
Dropout Criteria:  Any patient who has an allergic reaction or any patient who is not given the full 
loading dose prior to surgical incision. 
5. Protocol specific methods:   
Enrollment and Randomization 
All qualified patients will be approached by a neuroanesthesiologist and/or neuroanesthesia 
fellow and asked to participate in this study prior to surgery.  After answering all questions and 
obtaining consent, the patient will be assigned a study ID number and block randomized in groups of ten 
to receive the study drug infusion (tranexamic acid) or placebo. 
Anesthetic Management 
Anesthetic management will be per routine in accordance with the Northwestern University High 
Risk Spine Active Management Protocol at the discretion of the anesthesiologist managing the case.13 
Study Drug Administration 
The study drug will be prepared by pharmacy as per routine. One of the investigators not directly 
involved in the patient care will blind the study drug or placebo with an opaque bag labeled with the 
study ID number. The study drug consists of tranexamic acid (1gram per 100ml of normal saline) 
administered as a loading dose of 10 mg/kg over 20 minutes given 20-60 minutes prior to incision 
followed by an infusion of 1 mg/kg/hr for the duration of surgery discontinued at the end of skin closure. 
The placebo will be an identical 100 ml bag of normal saline. The patient, neurosurgical team, anesthesia 
team, and the critical care team taking care of the patient throughout their perioperative course will 
remain blinded to the study group assignment. 
Data Collection and Outcome Assessment 
Neuroanesthsiologists and neuroanesthsia fellows blinded to patient group assignment will be 
responsible for data collection and outcome assessment including blood product and cell saver 
administration, pro-coagulant drug administration, estimated intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative 
surgical drain output. L. Carabini and N. Moreland will be primarily responsible for data entry and 
management for all patients enrolled in the study. 


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Data Storage 
Data will be stored in a locked cabinet and a unique Study ID Number will be affixed to a 
deidentified database stored on a department server behind a fire wall with limited password 
protected access.  
6. Risks/Benefits:   
The potential benefits to administering an infusion of tranexamic acid to a patient undergoing major 
spine fusion surgery are a possible reduction in perioperative blood loss and red blood cell 
transfusion. There is a small risk of allergic reactions which would be treated immediately, and an 
extremely rare occurrence of thromboembolic events such as blood clots to the leg or lung, the heart, 
eye, or brain. 
  
There is also a minimal risk of loss of patient confidentiality. In an effort to minimize this risk and 
protect study subjects, data will be reviewed in a strictly confidential manner with patient records 
stored in a locked cabinet and a unique Study ID Number will be affixed to a de-identified database 
stored on a department server behind a fire wall with limited password protected access.  
7. Data collection form:   
Demographic data, relevant past medical history and medications, (obtained from the most recent 
internist or preoperative evaluation in the patient’s chart), surgical procedure specifics (obtained from 
attending surgeons procedure note), intraoperative procoagulant medications (including DDAVP and 
recombinant activated factor seven), fluid and blood product administration (from the anesthetic record 
and fluid flowsheet), laboratory findings, perioperative blood loss and blood conservation strategies 
(EBL, postoperative drain output, and cell salvage), and specifics of study drug administration including 
total dose, time of loading dose, and completion of infusion.  
8. Feasibility of the project: 
Recruitment: 1-2 patients per week; 80-100 patients per year 
Materials: Study drug and placebo 
Timeline: IRB approval by August 2012 
   Interim analysis of one third of the patients by April 2013       
   Study completed and manuscript drafted by September 2014 
Literature:   
1. 
Elgafy H, Bransford RJ, McGuire RA, Dettori JR, Fischer D. Blood loss in major spine surgery: are there effective 
measures to decrease massive hemorrhage in major spine fusion surgery? Spine 2010;35:S47-56. 
2. 
Yang BP, Ondra SL, Chen LA, Jung HS, Koski TR, Salehi SA. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of thoracic and 
lumbar pedicle subtraction osteotomy for fixed sagittal imbalance. Journal of neurosurgery Spine 2006;5:9-17. 
3. 
Bernard AC, Davenport DL, Chang PK, Vaughan TB, Zwischenberger JB. Intraoperative transfusion of 1 U to 2 U 
packed red blood cells is associated with increased 30-day mortality, surgical-site infection, pneumonia, and sepsis in general 
surgery patients. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2009;208:931-7, 7 e1-2; discussion 8-9. 
4. 
Ferraris VA, Davenport DL, Saha SP, Austin PC, Zwischenberger JB. Surgical outcomes and transfusion of minimal 
amounts of blood in the operating room. Arch Surg 2012;147:49-55. 


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5. 
Henry D, Carless P, Fergusson D, Laupacis A. The safety of aprotinin and lysine-derived antifibrinolytic drugs in 
cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale 
canadienne 2009;180:183-93. 
6. 
Henry DA, Carless PA, Moxey AJ, et al. Anti-fibrinolytic use for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood 
transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD001886. 
7. 
Kagoma YK, Crowther MA, Douketis J, Bhandari M, Eikelboom J, Lim W. Use of antifibrinolytic therapy to reduce 
transfusion in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery: a systematic review of randomized trials. Thrombosis research 
2009;123:687-96. 
8. 
Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood 
transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 
2010;376:23-32. 
9. 
Elwatidy S, Jamjoom Z, Elgamal E, Zakaria A, Turkistani A, El-Dawlatly A. Efficacy and safety of prophylactic 
large dose of tranexamic acid in spine surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Spine 
2008;33:2577-80. 
10. 
Endres S, Heinz M, Wilke A. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss in posterior lumbar spine surgery 
for degenerative spinal stenosis with instability: a retrospective case control study. BMC surgery 2011;11:29. 
11. 
Gill JB, Chin Y, Levin A, Feng D. The use of antifibrinolytic agents in spine surgery. A meta-analysis. The Journal 
of bone and joint surgery American volume 2008;90:2399-407. 
12. 
Tsutsumimoto T, Shimogata M, Ohta H, Yui M, Yoda I, Misawa H. Tranexamic acid reduces perioperative blood 
loss in cervical laminoplasty: a prospective randomized study. Spine 2011;36:1913-8. 
13. 
Halpin RJ, Sugrue PA, Gould RW, et al. Standardizing care for high-risk patients in spine surgery: the Northwestern 
high-risk spine protocol. Spine 2010;35:2232-8. 
14. 
Tzortzopoulou A, Cepeda MS, Schumann R, Carr DB. Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis 
surgery in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD006883. 
15. 
Dirkmann D, Gorlinger K, Gisbertz C, Dusse F, Peters J. Factor XIII and Tranexamic Acid But Not Recombinant 
Factor VIIa Attenuate Tissue Plasminogen Activator-Induced Hyperfibrinolysis in Human Whole Blood. Anesthesia and 
analgesia 2012;114:1182-8. 
16. 
Ozier Y, Bellamy L. Pharmacological agents: antifibrinolytics and desmopressin. Best practice & research Clinical 
anaesthesiology 2010;24:107-19. 
Budget: 
1. Materials:   
Tranexamic Acid 10mg/kg loading dose with 1mg/kg/hr infusion (labeled study drug)  
Cost: $64.22 per gram ($128.44 per patient * 85 pts = $10917.40) 
              Average dose for 70kg patient = 10mg/kg then infusion of 1mg/kg/hr = 700 + 70*8hrs =  
                                                                        1-2gm per patient. 
            Placebo: normal saline bag of 50-100ml (labeled study drug) 
2. Labor Requirements:   
Obtaining consent: Neuroanesthesiologist and neuroanesthesia fellows (co-investigators and 
PI) Collection of Data:  LM Carabini, M.D. and Neuroanesthesia fellows Statistical Analysis:  
DK Gupta, M.D. and MJ Avram, Ph.D. 
Manuscript and Poster Preparation: Neuroanesthesiologists and neuroanesthesia fellows 
3. Presentation Cost:   
ASA and SNACC: $3000 
4. Source of Funding: 
Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 


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Is this project a grant submission?     No