Conditions: Obesity
Allocation: RANDOMIZED | Intervention model: CROSSOVER
Enrollment: 23
Healthy volunteers: yes

Brief summary:
The investigators will test the hypothesis that acute central acetylcholinesterase inhibition will restore PNS activity and reduce oxidation in AAW compared to whites.

Detailed description:
Obesity has a greater detrimental impact on the health of African American women (AAW) than on any other racial or gender group. Nearly 80% of AAW are overweight or obese. Reduced insulin sensitivity is more prevalent among AAW as compared to white women and men of both races. This condition puts AAW at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The exact mechanism underlying these pathophysiological differences remains unknown. The investigators have found that obese AAW have decreased parasympathetic nerve (PNS) activity compared to whites and recent studies in animal models showed that the PNS confers protection against oxidative stress. In our AA cohort, PNS activity was directly correlated with insulin sensitivity in obese AAW even after controlling for differences in age, blood pressure and visceral adiposity. Equally important, the investigators also showed that the decrease in insulin sensitivity was associated with increased oxidative stress as measured by plasma levels of F2-isoprostanes. Taken together these findings lead us to hypothesize that the decreased PNS activity in obese AAW compared to white women has deleterious effects on oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity.The investigators will test the hypothesis that acute central acetylcholinesterase inhibition will restore PNS activity and reduce oxidation in AAW compared to whites.

Arms:
arm 1: Galantamine 16 mg po one time dose then placebo on 2nd visit arm 2: Placebo capsule po one time dose then Galantamine 16 mg on 2nd visit

Interventions: intervention 1: Galantamine intervention 2: Placebo Oral Capsule intervention 3: Intralipid intervention 4: Heparin
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: 16 mg po prior to the infusion of intralipid intervention 2: Placebo oral capsule prior to the infusion of intralipid/heparin intervention 3: Intralipid 20% will be infused at 0.8 mL/m2/min for 4h after oral placebo or Galantamine intervention 4: heparin bolus of 1000 U will be followed by 200 U/h infusion for 4h after oral placebo or Galantamine

Protocol document:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN VAGAL CONTROL 
OF GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
NCT02365285 
June 5, 2017


 
1 
6/5/17 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN VAGAL CONTROL  
OF GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Principal Investigator: Cyndya A. Shibao, MD 
Division of Clinical Pharmacology/ 
Department of Medicine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jorge Celedonio, Research Fellow, Clinical Pharmacology,  
Naji Abumrad, Sawyers Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, 
Italo Biaggioni, Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology,  
Amy Arnold, Research Fellow, Clinical Pharmacology,  
Alfredo Gamboa, Research Assistant Professor, Clinical Pharmacology,  
Luis Okamoto, Research Fellow, Clinical Pharmacology,  
Andre Diedrich, Research Professor of Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
2 
6/5/17 
 
Table of Contents: 
 
Study Schema 
1.0 
Specific Aims 
2.0 
Background 
3.0 
Preliminary Data 
4.0 
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria 
5.0 
Enrollment/Randomization 
6.0 
Study Procedures 
7.0 
Risks of Investigational Agents/Devices (side effects) 
8.0 
Reporting of Adverse Events or Unanticipated Problems involving Risk to Participants 
or Others 
9.0 
Study Withdrawal/Discontinuation 
10.0 Privacy/Confidentiality Issues 
11.0 Follow-up and Record Retention 
 
 
Appendices 
Appendix A Study Procedure Calendar 
 
 
Specific Aim 1 
Appendix B  Study Procedure Calendar 
Specific Aim 2 


 
3 
6/5/17 
1.0 
Specific Aims 
 
Obesity has a greater detrimental impact on the health of African 
American women (AAW) than on any other racial or gender group. Nearly 
80% of AAW are overweight or obese.1 Reduced insulin sensitivity is 
more prevalent in AAW than in white women and men of both races.4-8 
This condition puts AAW at increased risk for the development of Type 2 
diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and explains its higher prevalence among AAW 
(15% versus 7% in whites, respectively).2 The exact mechanism 
underlying these pathophysiological differences remains unknown. We 
found that obese AAW have decreased parasympathetic (PNS) nerve 
activity  compared to whites (Figure 2A) whereas, sympathetic (SNS) 
activity was not significantly increased in this group (Figure 2B). 
Reduced PNS activity has been reported in AA children even prior to the 
development of obesity and its co-morbidities.9, 10 Recent animal studies 
showed that the PNS confers protection against oxidation11, 12 generated 
in response to different stimuli (ricin poisoning,12 myocardial infarction,13, 
14 fulminant hepatitis15). This effect is in part mediated through the α7-
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR).15, 16 In our cohort of AAW, PNS activity was directly correlated with 
insulin sensitivity even after controlling for differences in age, blood pressure, and visceral adiposity (Figure 3). 
Equally important, the decrease in insulin sensitivity was associated with increased oxidative stress as measured 
by plasma F2 isoprostanes levels. Similar associations between insulin resistance and oxidative stress are found 
in animal models17 and in humans,18 including a single study done in AAW.19 Notably, a 4-week administration 
of galantamine, a central acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and positive allosteric modulator of α7nAChR, increases 
PNS tone and improves insulin sensitivity in high-fat fed mice.20 Taken together these findings lead us to 
hypothesize that the decreased PNS activity in obese AAW has deleterious effects on oxidative stress and insulin 
sensitivity (Figure 1). We will test this hypothesis by two specific aims. 
 
2.0 Background  
Approximately 80% of AAW are overweight or obese, and this percentage may increase even more;1 
according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 
(NHANES) the prevalence of obesity in AAW increased by 4.3% in 
a 5-year period, whereas in whites remained the same. Multiple 
studies have reported that for the same body mass index (BMI), 
AAW had ~36-60% reduced insulin sensitivity compared to whites.4-
8 These racial differences are even present in early adolescence21 
and are not explained by differences in diet.22 Reduced insulin 
sensitivity is a well-known risk factor for the development of T2DM 
and explains the higher prevalence of this condition among AAW 
(15% vs. 7% in whites).2 T2DM is associated with a 4-year reduction 
in the life expectancy of AAW compared to whites.3  
Reduced insulin sensitivity is typically associated with increased 
visceral adiposity, elevated triglycerides, and reduced HDL-
cholesterol;23 AAW, however, have different clinical presentation. 
We recently studied 229 obese women (in collaboration with Dr. H. 
Silver) and found that AAW have reduced insulin sensitivity despite 
lower concentrations of  triglycerides and 20% lower volume of 
visceral adiposity (Table 1). In addition, we have also shown that 
insulin sensitivity was inversely associated with F2-isoprostanes 
(Table 2). Similar observations have been previously reported by others,24 including Gower et al19 who found an 
inverse relationship between insulin sensitivity with protein carbonyls, a marker of oxidative stress, in AAW but 
not in white women.  
 
 
Figure 1,Central hypothesis. Decreased 
parasympathetic (PNS) activity in obese African 
American women, increases oxidative stress 
leading to reduced insulin sensitivity. Central 
restoration of PNS tone should result in 
decreased oxidative stress and improved 
insulin sensitivity 
White Women
AA Women
(n = 123)
(n = 106)
P value
Age (y)
37 ± 8.3
40 ± 9.1 
0.61
Height (cm)
165 ± 9.2
164 ± 7.9
0.19
Weight (kg)
96 ± 13.7
100 ± 16.4
0.06
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
35 ± 3.5
37 ± 4.8
0.001
Waist Circumference (cm)
105 ± 10.7
107 ± 11.4
0.13
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
170 ± 30.4
173 ± 34.7
0.98
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)
47 ± 13.6
48 ± 13.3
0.47
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)
102 ± 26.6
109 ± 31.7
0.32
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
107 ± 61.7
83 ± 48.6
<0.001
hs-CRP (mg/L)
5 ± 5.8
7 ± 7.2
0.21
Glucose (mg/dL)
103 ± 42.9
98 ± 25.9
0.76
Insulin (mu/mL)
11 ± 8.6
14 ± 10.9
0.006
HOMA-IR
3 ± 3.9
4 ± 4.4
0.009
Lean Mass (kg)
49 ± 8.4
52 ± 8.3
0.003
Fat Mass (kg)
43 ± 7.8
45 ± 9.7
0.32
Body Fat (% )
47 ± 4.6
46 ± 4.5
0.16
VAT area (cm3)
1646 ± 1007.5
1300 ± 661.7
0.006
Table 1. Anthropometric, Body Composition and Metabolic Risk Factors 
in 229 Obese Women
VAT, visceral adiposity measured by Dual-Enery-X-Ray Absorptionmetry 
(Silver H., Shibao C. et al, manuscript in preparation)


 
4 
6/5/17 
African Americans have impaired parasympathetic function 
Heart rate variability (HRV) provides a noninvasive and quantitative method of investigating cardiac 
autonomic modulation.25 Spectral analysis techniques can distinguish between sympathetic and 
parasympathetic sources of HRV, as these rhythms occur at different frequencies. There is consensus that the 
relative power in the high frequency (HFrri) band (>0.15 Hz) reflects PNS activity, whereas the ratio low frequency 
(LFrri) to HFrri reflects SNS modulation.25 Using this technique, we found that obese AAW have reduced PNS 
activity compared to age and BMI-matched white women (Figure 2A). Similarly, Choi et al.26 reported that young 
non-diabetic AA had low PNS activity compared to age-matched whites (log HFrri =3.9±3.2 in AA vs. 5.3±4.7 ms2 
in whites, P<0.05), even in the absence of changes in SNS activity as measured by LF/HF ratio. Impaired vagal 
function in AA is not explained by the presence of hypertension (HTN) because Zion et al9 reported low HFrri 
even in normotensive young AA men without family history of HTN (ln HFrri= 8.9 ± 1.1 vs. 9.7 ± 1.1 ms2; P = 
0.006). Reduced HFrri was also reported in AA independently of differences in physical activity and psychological 
factors.27 Low HFrri has been also reported in young AA women28 and AA children.10  
 
Parasympathetic function is an important regulator of oxidative stress and  inflammation  
Recent studies showed that the PNS confers protection against oxidation and has also been implicated in the 
regulation of inflammation (cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway).29In animal models stimulation of the PNS 
decreases oxidative stress generated in response to different stimuli 
(ricin poisoning12, myocardial infarction,13, 14fulminant hepatitis15). This 
effect is in part mediated through the α7nAChR,15, 16, 30and also via vagal 
afferents.29 Sub-diaphragmatic surgical vagotomy in rats exposed to 
endotoxin showed increased oxidative stress in the brain,11 and direct 
electrical stimulation of the peripheral vagus nerve during lethal 
endotoxemia inhibited TNF synthesis in the liver.29These findings are 
important because increased oxidative stress and sub-clinical chronic 
inflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin 
resistance.17, 18 
 
African Americans have increased oxidation in response to 
lipid infusion 
 Lopes et al31 compared oxidative stress induced by 
standardized acute hyperlipidemia (4 h infusions of Intralipid®) in 
30 subjects (15 AA and 15 whites, matched by age, gender and 
BMI). They found that hyperlipidemia-induced oxidation, as 
measured by plasma F2-isoprostanes, was at least 2-fold higher 
in AAs compared to whites. In this cohort, AAs were found to be 
more insulin resistant compared to whites as measured by fasting 
glucose, insulin levels and the HOMA index.  
 
Central acetylcholinesterase inhibition improves insulin 
sensitivity in an animal model of obesity 
 Satapathy SK et al20 examined whether galantamine, a central 
acetylcholinesterase 
inhibitor 
and 
allosteric 
modulator 
of 
α7nAChR alleviates obesity-related inflammation and its metabolic 
effect. After 8 weeks on a high-fat diet, mice were treated with 
either galantamine (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally or saline) injections 
for 4 weeks. Galantamine effectively reduced fasting plasma 
glucose and insulin, improved insulin resistance and obesity-associated inflammation by reducing the levels of 
inflammatory cytokines. Differences in oxidative stress were not assessed in this study. 
 
 
 
 
3. Preliminary Results  
 
HF rri, ms2
African Americans Whites
0
500
1000
1500
2000
P=0.04
LF/HF
African Americans Whites
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
P=0.60
A
B
Figure 2. A PNS activity (HFrri) is decreased in 
AAW compared to whites B.  Sympathetic 
modulation (LF/HF) was similar between groups 
(mean±sem, N=28 AAW vs. 12 whites). 
Clinical Characteristics
r
P value
Age, years
0.24
0.88
Body mass index, Kg/m2 
-0.22
0.16
Waist circumference, cm 
-0.21
0.18
Fat mass, Kg
-0.19
0.25
Fat free mass, Kg
-0.02
0.89
Percentage fat mass, %
-0.13
0.42
Visceral fat mass, Kg
-0.16
0.31
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg
-0.15
0.36
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg
-0.09
0.59
Heart rate, bpm
0.13
0.43
Spectranalysis of BP & HR
HF rri, ms*ms
0.32
0.04
LF to HF ratio (LF/HF)
-0.04
0.82
Marker of oxidative stress
F2-Isoprostanes, ng/ml 
-0.47
0.01
Table 2. Spearman correlations with insulin sensitivity 
in 41  AAW
HF rri= absolute power in high frequency range.


 
5 
6/5/17 
 
Parasympathetic activity is decreased in African American Women 
We studied 28 obese AAW and 12 white women matched by age (42±10 vs. 37±9 years old), BMI (36±3 vs. 
35±4 Kg/m2), blood pressure (SBP 126±13 vs. 126±14 mm Hg) and heart rate (70±11 vs. 64±9 bpm). PNS 
activity was measured with spectral analysis of HRV. Our results showed that AAW have decreased PNS activity 
compared to white women (Figure 2A) whereas sympathetic activity was not increased in AAW compared to 
whites (Figure 2B). In a separate protocol, we studied 18 AAW and 13 white women matched by age (38±7 vs. 
38±9 years old) and BMI (35±4 vs. 35±3 Kg/m2), respectively. Racial differences in SNS activity were evaluated 
with 2 techniques. First, we determined the decrease in blood pressure during autonomic withdrawal with the 
ganglionic blocker trimethaphan.32 At baseline, supine SBP was similar between groups, but the fall in SBP 
induced by autonomic withdrawal with trimethaphan was lower in AAW as compared to obese white women (-
13±13 mm Hg vs. -24±15mm Hg, P=0.04). Second, in a subgroup of 8 subjects (4 AAW and 4 whites), matched 
by BMI, we measured direct muscle sympathetic nerve activity with microneurography technique. Sympathetic 
activity was lower in obese AAW women compared to whites (22±4 vs. 37±5 burst/min, p=0.06).  
 
Insulin sensitivity is inversely associated with parasympathetic activity in African American Women 
We studied 41 non-diabetic obese AAW (42±9 years old, BMI 39±5 Kg/m2,% 
fat mass 54±6, SBP/DBP128±14/79±9 mm Hg). All subjects underwent 
measurements of insulin sensitivity using the frequently sampled intravenous 
glucose tolerance test analyzed using a modified minimal model (MINMOD) 
formula.33 Parasympathetic and SNS activity were measured with spectral 
analysis  of HRV  according to established guidelines.34, 35 We determined levels 
of  F2-isoprostanes using GC/MS,36 (Table 2). We found that ~ 50% of the 
subjects were insulin resistant (defined by insulin sensitivity index < 3 min-1/uU 
per ml).37 Insulin sensitivity was directly correlated with indices of PNS activity 
(HFrri), (Figure 3). In a multiple linear regression analyses, this relationship 
remained significantly even after adjusting for differences in age, blood pressure 
and BMI (Ra2=0.27, P<0.01). Measurement of sympathetic activity (LF/HF) was 
not associated with insulin sensitivity. Of note, levels of F2 isoprostanes, a 
marker of oxidative stress, were inversely associated with insulin sensitivity as 
well, (Table 2).  
 
 
 
4.0 
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria 
 
Inclusion Criteria 
o Female 
o African American or white (race will be self-defined, but only subjects who report both parents of the 
same race will be included) 
o 18-60 years old 
o BMI 30-45 Kg/m2  
o Not pregnant or breastfeeding 
 
Exclusion Criteria 
o Pregnant or breastfeeding 
o Diabetes diagnosis (defined by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria)38  
o Cardiovascular disease such as myocardial infarction within 6 months prior to enrollment, presence of 
angina pectoris, significant arrhythmia, congestive heart failure (LV hypertrophy acceptable), deep vein 
thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, mitral valve stenosis, aortic stenosis, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. 
o Arrhythmia (first-, second-, and third-degree AV block) 
o Significant weight change >5% in the past 3 months 
o Impaired hepatic function (AST and/or ALT >1.5X upper limit of normal range) 
o Impaired renal function (eGFR <60ml/min) 
o Users of strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 
 
 
 
Log HFrri, ms2
Log insulin sensitivity, min-1*uU per ml
0
1
2
3
4
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
r=0.33, P=0.03
Figure 3. Association between insulin 
sensitivity and PNS activity (N=41 AAW) 


 
6 
6/5/17 
o Users of other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as pyridostigmine or bethanechol 
o History of alcohol or drug abuse 
o Mental conditions rendering the subject unable to understand the nature, scope, and possible 
consequences of the study 
o Inability to comply with the protocol, e.g., uncooperative attitude, inability to return for follow-up visits, and 
unlikelihood of completing the study 
o Steroid use within 6 weeks prior to study entry 
o Any underlying or acute disease requiring regular medication which could possibly pose a threat to the 
subject or make implementation of the protocol or interpretation of the study results difficult 
o Discretion of the investigator 
 
 
5.0 
Enrollment/Randomization 
 
We will use established internet resources such as ResearchMatch, an IRB-approved volunteer database 
maintained by Vanderbilt University. We will also use newspaper and radio advertisements. 
 
6.0 
Study Procedures 
 
6.1 Specific Aim 1 will test the hypothesis that acute central acetylcholinesterase inhibition will restore PNS 
activity and reduce oxidation in AAW compared to white women.  
 
Rationale. Obese AAW have decreased PNS activity compared to whites.9, 10, 26 Continuous lipid infusion that 
causes cardiovascular autonomic imbalance (decrease in PNS activity and increase in SNS activity39) induces 
a greater increase in oxidative stress in AA compared to whites.31 Considering that PNS protects against 
oxidation and that central acetylcholinesterase inhibitors has been shown to suppress oxidative stress in animal 
models.40 We propose to test the hypothesis that the central acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine will 
attenuate oxidation in response to lipid infusion in obese AAW compared to white women.   
 
Study protocol. This will be a 2X2 cross-over design (figure 4). 
We will enroll 24 subjects (12 obese AAW and 12 obese white women); subjects will be matched by age, BMI, 
and blood pressure. Screening visit: After informed consent is obtained, subjects will be invited to come to the 
clinical research center (CRC) for a screening visit (screening visit 1) that consist of a complete history, physical 
exam, lab work (fasting electrolytes, liver enzymes, creatinine, complete blood count, lipid panel, serum beta-
hCG for women of child-bearing age), and ECG.  In a separate visit (screening visit 2), subjects will return to 
the CRC to complete a 75g oral glucose tolerance test. For subjects who participated in specific aim 2, we will 
repeat screening visits 1 and 2 if more than 3 months have passed since the first screenings. 
 
Study visits: Subjects who qualify will be admitted the day of the study in the CRC (study visit 1). Blood 
samples will be obtained for DNA analysis.A 24-hr urine collection will be obtained for sodium, creatinine, and 
F2 isoprostanes measurements. After an overnight fast with the volunteer supine, an intravenous catheter will 
be placed in one arm for blood sampling and in the contralateral arm for lipid infusion. Body composition will also 
be determined with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar IDXA, GE Healthcare, CT, USA). We will obtain 
cardiovascular autonomic measurements with spectral analysis of HRV and blood pressure variability (BPV). 
The latter was previously validated by our group as a reliable measurement of SNS activity35 (standard 
Figure 4.  AIM 1 Study design. 
red circle (blood collection for F2-isoprostanes, 
triglycerides, free fatty acids and inflammatory 
cytokines (TNF,IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6). 
yellow circles (urine collection for F2-
isoprostanes) 
 


 
7 
6/5/17 
techniques). The following parameters (PNS activity: HFrri; SNS activity: LFsbp, ration LF/HFrri ) will be obtained. 
We will also collect measurements of microvascular circulation with contrast-enhanced ultrasound technique and 
flow-mediated dilation (standard techniques). At the end of this period, blood samples will be collected for non-
esterified free fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides, F2 isoprostanes and cytokines. Then subjects will be randomly 
assigned to drug order using a permuted-block randomization algorithm. The assignment to the treatment group 
will be blinded to the investigators and subjects. The Vanderbilt Investigational Pharmacy will be responsible for 
the storage, preparation, and labeling of all investigational agents [Intralipids®, heparin, and study drugs (16 mg 
p.o. galantamine and placebo)] and for maintaining accurate drug storage and dispensing logs. The blinded 
medication (single dose) will be administered in the morning,  following the protocol of Lopes et al31. Intralipid® 
20% (Baxter Healthcare Corp. Glendale, CA) will be infused at 0.8 mL/m2/min for 4h. An initial heparin bolus of 
1000 U will be followed by 200 U/h infusion during the 4-h period to activate endothelial lipoprotein lipase and 
accelerate hydrolysis of fatty acids from the glycerol backbone of the triglycerides. Blood samples will be obtained 
at baseline, 2h, and 4h for triglycerides, NEFA, F2 isoprostanes, and inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1β, IL-18, 
IL-6). A urinary sample will be obtained at 4h for measurements of urine F2 isoprostanes. Cardiovascular 
autonomic measurements will be repeated at 2h and 4h. Microvascular circulation with contrast-enhanced 
ultrasound will be repeated at 4h. We will measure flow-mediated dilation at 2 and 4 hours. After the study is 
completed, we will allow a 2-week washout period before the subject is admitted to the CRC for a second study 
day (study visit 2) when all the procedures described above will be repeated, except for DEXA scan. 
 
Rationale for the use of galantamine. Galantamine hydrobromide (Razadyne®) is a competitive 
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which increases the availability of acetylcholine. Okazaki et al41 showed that central 
acetylcholinesterase inhibition increases PNS tone in an animal model as measured by the decrease in heart 
rate and HFrri. Galantamine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of 
mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's dementia. We chose the dose of 16 mg p.o. based on pharmacokinetic 
studies in normal volunteers and patients with dementia of Alzheimer type.42-45 This dose exhibits linear 
pharmacokinetics after oral administration; the oral bioavailability is about 90%,42 the maximum concentration is 
achieved at 1 hour post-administration, and it has a short half-life of 7 hours. The FDA has exempted our 
studies from the need of an Investigational New Drug Application (IND). 
 
Endpoints: The primary analyses will focus on the increase in plasma F2-isoprostanes levels with lipid 
infusion (ISO) during placebo versus galantamine. Secondary analyses will focus on the increase in urinary F2-
isoprostanes, inflammatory cytokines, NEFA, triglycerides and cardiovascular measurements of PNS tone (HFrri) 
and SNS tone (LFsbp, ration LF/HFrri) with lipid infusion during placebo versus galantamine. 
 
Sample size and power calculation: sample size was calculated based on the ability to detect a difference 
in ISO measured in the same subjects during treatment with placebo versus galantamine. Lopes et al31 reported 
that  mean and standard deviation of ISO was 5±2.9 in whites and 12±2.6 in AAs. We observed a standard 
deviation of 2.02 for F-2 isoprostanes (preliminary data). A sample size of 12 would provide 85% power to detect 
a 1.5 mmHg difference in whites (30% improvement in ISO), with a standard deviation of differences of 1.55 
(assuming a correlation of 0.7 between two repeated measurements in the same subject) using a paired t-test 
with a 0.05 two-sided significance level. The study has 99% power to detect a 30% improvement in ISO in AA.  
For comparison modest caloric restriction in women improves F2-isoprostanes levels by 50%.46 
 
Interpretation and alternative approach. Previous studies in animal models showed that the stimulation of 
the PNS decreases oxidative stress. However, this effect in humans is largely unexplored. If our hypothesis is 
true then restoration of PNS activity will greatly attenuate lipid-induced oxidation in AAW compared to white 
women. We also anticipate that restoration of PNS tone in AAW will improve sub-clinical inflammation as 
previously observed by Tracey KJ et al29 in animal models. It is well established that lipid infusion induces 
activation of the SNS via increases in NEFA levels.39 We have designed our study to measure both branches of 
the autonomic nervous system and will account for changes in SNS activity with our intervention, in the final 
analysis. Central acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can potentially induce bradycardia. This side effect has been 
reported to be increased mostly with donezepil (Aricept®) because of its long half life (~80 hours).47 For 
comparison galantamine (our study drug) has a short half-life of 7 hours. The risk of bradycardia will be minimized 
by excluding subjects with AV blockade diagnosed during the screening visit. There is a possibility that acute 


 
8 
6/5/17 
restoration of PNS activity may not be enough to suppress lipid-induced oxidation. In specific aim 2, we will 
determine if chronic restoration of PNS activity improves oxidation. Dr. Naji Abumrad (co-mentor) et al48 reported 
that F2-isoprostanes levels are 10 times higher in adipose tissue compared to plasma and decreased within 1 
week after gastric bypass surgery. In specific aim 2, we will obtain fat pad biopsies and will measure changes in 
oxidative stress in adipose tissue using this technique. 
 
 6.2 Specific Aim 2. We will test the hypothesis that chronic restoration of PNS activity with a central 
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor improves insulin sensitivity and reduces adipose tissue oxidation in obese AAW 
compared to white women. Rationale Our preliminary data showed that obese AAW have decreased PNS 
activity compared to whites; PNS activity was positively correlated with insulin sensitivity, and the decrease in 
insulin sensitivity was associated with increased oxidative stress as measured by plasma levels of F2-
isoprostanes. Treatment with a central acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that increase PNS activity has been shown 
to improve insulin sensitivity and inflammation in an animal model of obesity,49 but it is still unknown whether 
similar effects occur in humans. We will test the hypothesis that chronic restoration of PNS activity improves 
insulin sensitivity and reduces adipose tissue oxidation in obese AAW. 
 
 
Study protocol. This is a 2X2 cross-over design (Figure 5). We will enroll 28 subjects (14 obese AAW and 
14 obese white women). Subjects will be matched by age, BMI, and blood pressure. After informed consent is 
obtained, subjects will complete screening visits 1 and 2 as previously described in section 6.1. For subjects 
who participated in specific aim 1, we will only repeat screening visits 1 and 2 if more than 3 months have passed. 
Subjects who will be screened for the first time will have the body composition assessment with DEXA scan 
during the study days only. Subjects who meet inclusion criteria will report to the CRC in the morning in the 
fasting state to undergo measurements of insulin, glucose levels, and serum beta hCG (only women of child-
bearing potential). Subjects will be randomized to drug order using a permuted-block randomization algorithm. 
The investigational pharmacist will provide a 4-week supply of study drug (period 1, Figure 5). The dosage of 
galantamine will be slowly escalated to increase tolerability starting with 4 mg p.o. twice a day (bid) for 4 weeks 
(8 mg/day). Each subject will be provided with the study medication, a medication diary, and verbal and written 
instructions. Follow up telephone calls will be placed one, three, and seven days following randomization and 
then weekly thereafter. Subjects will be instructed on how to keep their diet constant.  After subjects complete 
the 4-week treatment period, they will be admitted the day of the study to the CRC. They will be requested to 
bring their medication diary and pill bottles. A pill count will be performed. We will use structured case report 
forms to assess compliance, concurrent medications, medical conditions, and adverse events. 
 
The study will start after a 12-hour, overnight fast. Subjects will receive the morning dose of the study drug. We 
will obtain blood samples for measurements of plasma F2-isoprostanes, inflammatory cytokines, and pancreatic 
polypeptide (marker of PNS activity). We will obtain blood samples for serum beta hCG (only women of child-
bearing potential). We will obtain a urine sample for F2-isoprostanes. We will also obtain baseline blood pressure 
and cardiovascular autonomic measurements (PNS activity assessment: HFrri,; SNS assessment: LFsbp, ratio 
LF/HFrri). Subsequently, the subject will undergo a one-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (standard 
techniques). Subjects will undergo a fat-pad biopsy for measurement of F2-isoprostanes in adipose tissue 
(patient can opt-out from fat biopsy) and body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar IDXA, 
GE Healthcare, CT, USA, standard techniques). After completion of period 1, subjects will stop the medication, 
Figure 5. AIM 2 Study Design. OGTT, Oral 
Glucose Tolerance Test, HI-Eu clamp, 
hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Fat bx, fat 
biopsy is optional. Galantamine dose (8 mg/day), 
period 1 and period 2 will last 4 weeks.  The 
wash-out period is 4 weeks. 


 
9 
6/5/17 
wash out drug for 4 weeks, and then begin the next treatment period (period 2) in which all the procedures 
described above will be repeated.  
 
Endpoints: The primary analyses will focus on insulin sensitivity as measured by glucose infusion rate (M), 
insulin sensitivity index (M/I),during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Secondary endpoints will focus on 
measurements of F2 isoprostanes in plasma and adipose tissue (if fat pad biopsy is obtained), fasting insulin, 
fasting glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cardiovascular measurements of PNS tone  (HFrri) and 
SNS tone (LFsbp, ratio LF/HFrri), pancreatic polypeptide, and inflammatory cytokines.  
 
Sample size and power calculation: Sample size was calculated based on the ability to detect a difference 
in glucose infusion rate measured in the same subjects during treatment with placebo versus galantamine. We 
observed a standard deviation of 11.4 in glucose infusion rate from a previous study.7 A sample size of 14 in 
each racial group would provide 85% power to detect a 10 µmol/Kg FFM/min difference in glucose infusion rate 
(30% improvement) with a standard deviation of differences of 11.4 (assuming a conservative correlation of 0.5 
between two repeated measurements in the same subject) using a paired t-test with a 0.05 two-sided significance 
level.  
 
Interpretation and alternative approaches. If our hypothesis is correct then restoring PNS tone with the 
central acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, galantamine, will produce a greater improvement in insulin sensitivity and 
adipose tissue oxidation in obese AAW compared to white women. Furthermore, we will also determine if 
restoration of PNS tone will improve obesity related inflammation. The effect of galantamine on insulin sensitivity 
could be explained by mechanism other than a reduction in adipose tissue oxidation. The PNS is known to 
regulate hepatic glucose production in dogs,50 and galantamine decreases hepatic fat deposit in high-fat fed 
mice.49 To determine changes in insulin sensitivity, we chose to perform a one-step hyperinsulinemic clamp 
technique. The effect of galantamine on insulin sensitivity could be explained by mechanism other than 
restoration of PNS tone. In a study by Satapathy SK et al20, galantamine also induces weight loss in high-fat fed 
mice. We designed our study to control for this confounding effect; we will advise our subjects not to change 
their diet while in the study. Patient's weight will be collected in each study visit, and we will adjust for changes 
in weight, in the final analysis.  
 
Statistical Considerations 
Data analysis plan: Standard graphing and screening techniques will be used to detect outliers and to ensure 
data accuracy. We will assess continuous outcomes for normality. If normality is violated, we will apply data 
transformation or consider non-parametric analysis methods. Summary statistics for both continuous and 
categorical variables will be provided by randomization groups to describe the study sample. These basic data 
analyses will be conducted for both study aims. We are using a 2x2 cross-over design in both study aims. 
Although we have designed the study to avoid carryover effect, we will test for carryover effect using the T-test 
approach described in Section 2.3 (page 21) of Jones and Kenwood.51 If there is evidence for a carryover effect, 
we will only use data collected before the crossover to estimate the treatment effects. This would result in a loss 
of power; however it would ensure valid estimates. Most likely, there will be no carryover effect due to the 
carefully chosen washout.  We will use mixed-effect models with a random subject effect and treatment 
(galantamine versus placebo), race (AA versus whites), and their interaction as fixed effects. In Aim 1, the time 
effect (baseline, 2 h, and 4 h into the lipid infusion) will also be included as a fixed effect in the model. We will 
use an autoregressive model of order 1 [AR(1)] or other plausible covariance structures for the error covariance. 
In addition to evaluating these fixed effects using regression analysis, we will calculate within-subject mean 
differences and 95% confidence intervals for galantamine versus placebo comparison within each racial group 
and test for treatment effect using paired t-test or sign rank test as appropriate.  
 
Standard Techniques 


10 
6/5/17 
Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Insulin infusion rates were 
chosen to suppress hepatic glucose production and maximally stimulating 
peripheral glucose utilization during the infusion (80 mu/m2/min) in insulin-
resistant subjects.52 A priming insulin dose will be given at the time of the 
insulin infusion change. Plasma glucose will be measured every 2.5-5 
minutes, and an exogenous infusion of 20% glucose will be adjusted to 
maintain the plasma glucose at a target glycemia of 90 mg/dl by a modification 
of the glucose clamp technique.53 Potassium will be administered orally as 
needed to achieve potassium levels above 4.0 mmol/l. Heart rate and ECG 
will be recorded continuously.  
 Spectral analysis of heart rate and blood pressure. Blood pressure 
fluctuates with a 10-second periodicity, and these fluctuations are commonly 
termed “Mayer” waves. This low-frequency variability (LFSBP) is thought to 
reflect sympathetic regulation of vasomotor tone. LFSBP correlates with direct 
measurements of sympathetic traffic using microneurography. For spectral 
analysis, beat-to-beat data are recorded using the WINDAQ data acquisition 
system (DI220, DATAQ, Acron, OH, 14 Bit, 1000Hz) and processed off line 
using a custom-written software in PV-Wave language (PV-wave, Visual 
Numerics Inc., Houston, TX).  Detected beat-to-beat values of R-R intervals 
and blood pressure values are interpolated and low-pass filtered (cutoff 2 Hz). 
Data segments of interest are used for spectral analysis. Linear trends are 
removed, and power spectral density is estimated with the FFT-based Welch 
algorithm. The power in the frequency range of low frequencies (LF: 0.04 to 
<0.15 Hz) and high frequencies (HF: 0.15 to < 0.40 Hz) were calculated according to the Task Force 
recommendations.34  
Assays: Plasma glucose will be measured with a YSI glucose analyzer (YSI Life Sciences, Yellow Springs, 
OH). Plasma insulin concentrations will be determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA; Millipore, St. Charles, MO).  
Lipid Analysis: Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL will be determined using automated techniques 
(UniCel® DxC 800 Synchron® Clinical System, Beckman Coulter). NEFA will be determined using a 
commercially available enzymatic assay (Wako Chemicals, Dallas, TX). F2 isoprostanes will be measured by 
gas chromatography and negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.36 Adipose tissue from the 
abdominal subcutaneous tissue will be obtained with a needle biopsy. F2 isoprostanes in adipose tissue will be 
analyzed as previously reported.48 
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Imagings will be obtained using a linear-array transducer connected to an 
ultrasound system (L9-3 transducer, iU22; Phillips Ultrasound, Santa Ana, CA). This equipment has the 
capability to obtain real-time imaging using low (0.08) and high mechanical index (1.2) while the contrast 
(microbubbles; Definity; Bristol-Myers Squibb,Princeton, NJ)) are infused at a constant rate that produce 
moderate opacification in fat and muscle tissue. We will dilute one vial (2 ml)  in 20 cc of normal saline. The 
medication will be administered intravenously (approximately, 1.2-1.5 ml/min) in 24 hours.  
We will use one vial per day per subject. The high mechanical index (1.2) will be used to destroy the 
microbubbles at the beginning of each recording whereas the low mechanical index (0.08) will allow the 
microbubbles to resonate without destruction, thereby allowing recording of the replenishment of the 
microbubbles in the vasculature. The first seconds (0.5) of recording after destruction of the microbubbles 
correspond to filling of rapid-filling vessels (arterioles, veins, venules) which will be subtracted leaving only 
measurements of microvascular blood velocity.  Images will be analyzed in our laboratory using Q-Lab; Philips 
software.  
Flow-mediated dilation.Patient will be studied in a quiet, temperature-controlled room (22-23C). After 15-min 
of rest in a supine position, the right brachial artery will be imaged with a high ultrasound resolution machine. 
Figure 6. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic 
clamp (high insulin dose 120 
mU/m2/min). Upper panel is the glucose 
level (in red) and glucose infusion rate 
(blue). Lower panel is the plasma insulin 
levels. Time points 90-> 120 min 


 
11 
6/5/17 
The artery will be scanned over a longitudinal section 3-5 cm above the elbow. The focus zone will be set to 
the depth of the anterior vessel wall. Depth and gain settings will be optimized to identify the lumen vessel wall 
interface. The diameter of the right brachial artery will be measured continuously at rest, during reactive 
hyperemia and after 10 minutes recovery period. A pneumatic tourniquet will be placed around the forearm 
distal to the target artery and will be inflated to a pressure 50 mm Hg above patient’s systolic blood pressure 
for 5 min. Reactive hyperemia will be induced by sudden cuff deflation. The brachial artery will be continuously 
imaged for 30 s prior to and 180 s after cuff release.  
 
7.0 
Risks 
 
Potential risks and adequacy of protection against risks   
•   Central acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can potentially induce bradycardia. However, this risk has been 
reported to be increased only with donezepil (Aricept®) because of its long half-life (~80 hours).47 For 
comparison galantamine (our study drug) has a half-life of 7 hours. We will exclude subjects with AV blockade 
diagnosed during the screening visit by ECG to minimize the risk of bradycardia. 
•   Gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly nausea, are the most common side effects associated with the use 
of central acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. This adverse event (AE) could be minimized with a dose-escalation 
schedule. For specific aim 2 (chronic study), we are planning to initiate galantamine with the lower available 
dose 4 mg p.o. twice a day for 2 weeks followed by 8 mg p.o. twice a day (16mg/day, target dose). 
•   The metabolism of galantamine is primarily through the cytochrome P450 system, specifically the CYP2D6 
and CYP3A4 isoenzymes. We will exclude subjects who have impaired hepatic function and/or who are 
currently using strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 (e.g., ketoconazole and paroxetine, respectively). 
 
 
8.0 
Reporting of Adverse Events or Unanticipated Problems involving Risk to Participants or Others 
 
Any protocols will be reviewed and approved by the Vanderbilt Institutional Review Board (IRB) before any 
subject is enrolled. The PI will be responsible for ensuring both data integrity and for ensuring that study 
participants are safely cared for and that all AEs are noted, followed, and reported to the IRB. Any untoward 
medical event will be classified as an adverse event, regardless of its causal relationship with the study. An 
adverse event will be classified as serious if it a) results in death, b) is life-threatening, c) requires inpatient 
hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, d) results in persistent or significant disability or 
incapacity, e) is a congenital anomaly or birth defect. Serious adverse events will be reported to Dr. Satish R. 
Raj, the Data and Safety Monitoring Officer (DSMO), and the IRB within 10 days of the PI’s notification of the 
event. Non-serious, unexpected adverse events will be reported to the IRB at the time of the annual continuing 
review.  
 
Data and Safety Monitoring Plan: The PI will be responsible for preparing an administrative progress report 
every 12 months describing the progress of the study and safety data. The reports will be reviewed internally 
by her mentors and also by Dr. Satish Raj, the Data and Safety Monitoring Officer (DSMO). All studies will be 
registered in ClinicalTrials.gov prior to enrolling subjects. 
 
 
9.0  
Study Withdrawal/Discontinuation 
 
Criteria for study withdrawal/discontinuation 
 
• 
Drug-related toxicity 
• 
Requirement for prohibited concomitant medications (see exclusion criteria) 
• 
Pregnancy 
• 
Request by subject to terminate treatment 
• 
Clinical reasons believed life threatening by the physician, even if not addressed on the potential 
risk section (Section 7.0) 
 


 
12 
6/5/17 
  
10.0 
Privacy/Confidentiality Issues 
 
All data will be collected specifically for the proposed research project. A unique identification case number 
will be used to protect the confidentiality of the study participants. Only case numbers will be included in 
spreadsheets used for the statistical analysis. PHI and access to the key for the ID numbers will only be 
viewable by members of the research team. Member of the research team will have access to the the 
patient's medical record during the screening visit and throughout the study until the patient completes her 
participation in the study or meets any of the criteria for study withdrawal/discontinuation. 
 
        
11.0 
Follow Up and Record Retention 
 
Research records will be maintained for at least three (3) years from the date the research is closed with the 
Vanderbilt University IRB. All research records will be accessible for inspection and copying by authorized 
representatives of the IRB, federal regulatory agency representatives, and the department or agency 
supporting the research.  
 
All Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-related documentation will be maintained for at 
least six (6) years from the date of the last use or disclosure of the Protected Health Information (PHI).  
 
 


 
13 
6/5/17 
Appendix A: 
Title: Racial Differences in Vagal Control of Glucose Homeostasis 
Study Procedure Calendar 
Specific Aim 1 
 
Schedule of Activities 
Screening 1 
Screening 2 
Study Visit 
1 
Study Visit 2 
Informed consent 
X 
 
 
 
Medical history 
X 
 
 
 
Physical examination 
X 
 
 
 
Lab analysis (CBC, CMP, lipid profile) 
X 
 
 
 
Pregnancy test (serum β-hCG) 
X 
 
X 
 
Pregancy test (urine β-hCG) 
 
 
 
X 
ECG without interpretation 
X 
 
 
 
75 gram OGTT 
 
X 
 
 
Body composition (DEXA scan) 
 
 
X 
 
24-hr urine collection (sodium, 
creatinine) 
 
 
X 
X 
Baseline urine F2 isoprostanes 
 
 
X 
X 
4 hr urine F2 isoprostanes 
 
 
X 
X 
Study drug (placebo or galantamine) 
 
 
X 
X 
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with 
microbubbles/flow-mediated dilation 
 
 
X 
X 
Spectranalysis of BP & HR variability 
 
 
X 
X 
Lipid infusion (intralipids) 
 
 
X 
X 
Baseline blood (NEFA, F2 
isoprostanes, triglycerides, FFA, 
cytokines) 
 
 
X 
X 
2h blood (NEFA, F2 isoprostanes, 
triglycerides, FFA, cytokines) 
 
 
X 
X 
4h blood (NEFA, F2 isoprostanes, 
triglycerides, FFA, cytokines) 
 
 
X 
X 
Medication reconciliation 
 
 
X 
X 
Evaluation of adverse events (AE) 
 
 
X 
X 
Heparin bolus/infusion 
 
 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 


 
14 
6/5/17 
 
 
Schedule of Activities 
Screening 1 
Screening 2 
Phone 1 visit 
Phone 3 visit 
Phone 7 visit 
Phone 
weekly visit 
Study day 1 
wash out 
Short visit 
Phone 1 visit 
Phone 3 visit 
Phone 7 visit 
Phone 
weekly visit 
Study day 2 
Informed consent 
X 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Medical history 
X 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Physical Examination 
X 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Lab analysis (CBC, CMP, lipid profile) 
X 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Pregnancy test (serum β-hCG) 
X 
  
  
  
  
  
X 
  
  
  
  
  
X 
ECG without interpretation 
X 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
75 gram OGTT 
  
X 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Body composition (DEXA scan) 
  
  
  
  
  
X  
  
  
  
  
  
X  
4-wk drug supply administered  (8 mg/day for 2 wks, 16 mg/day for 2 wks) 
  
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
Medication diary, verbal/written instructions 
  
  
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
  
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Evaluation of adverse events (AEs) 
  
  
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
  
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
one-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp 
  
  
  
  
  
  
X 
  
  
  
  
  
X 
Blood collection (F2 isoprostanes, cytokines, pancreatic polypeptide) 
  
  
  
  
  
  
X 
  
  
  
  
  
X 
Urine collection (F2 isoprostanes) 
  
  
  
  
  
  
X 
  
  
  
  
  
X 
Spectranalysis of BP & HR variability 
  
  
  
  
  
  
X 
  
  
  
  
  
X 
Fat-pad biopsy (F2 isoprostanes measurement in adipose tissue (optional) 
  
  
  
  
  
  
X 
  
  
  
  
  
X 
Medication reconciliation 
  
  
  
  
  
  
X 
  
  
  
  
  
X 
Appendix B: 
Title: Racial Differences in Vagal Control of Glucose Homeostasis 
Study Procedure Calendar 
Specific Aim 2 


 
15 
6/5/17 
 
 
Reference List 
 
 
(1)  Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight 
and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA 2006 April 5;295(13):1549-55. 
 
(2)  Lipton RB, Liao Y, Cao G, Cooper RS, McGee D. Determinants of incident non-insulin-dependent 
diabetes mellitus among blacks and whites in a national sample. The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-
up Study. Am J Epidemiol 1993 November 15;138(10):826-39. 
 
(3)  Kochanek KD, Arias E, Anderson RN. How did cause of death contribute to racial differences in life 
expectancy in the United States in 2010? NCHS Data Brief 2013 July;(125):1-8. 
 
(4)  Ellis AC, Alvarez JA, Granger WM, Ovalle F, Gower BA. Ethnic differences in glucose disposal, 
hepatic insulin sensitivity, and endogenous glucose production among African American and European 
American women. Metabolism 2012 May;61(5):634-40. 
 
(5)  Goedecke JH, Dave JA, Faulenbach MV, Utzschneider KM, Lambert EV, West S, Collins M, Olsson 
T, Walker BR, Seckl JR, Kahn SE, Levitt NS. Insulin response in relation to insulin sensitivity: an 
appropriate beta-cell response in black South African women. Diabetes Care 2009 May;32(5):860-5. 
 
(6)  van der Merwe MT, Crowther NJ, Schlaphoff GP, Gray IP, Joffe BI, Lonnroth PN. Evidence for insulin 
resistance in black women from South Africa. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000 
October;24(10):1340-6. 
 
(7)  Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ, Berman DM. Racial differences in insulin resistance and mid-thigh fat deposition 
in postmenopausal women. Obes Res 2002 May;10(5):336-44. 
 
(8)  Haffner SM, D'Agostino R, Saad MF, Rewers M, Mykkanen L, Selby J, Howard G, Savage PJ, Hamman 
RF, Wagenknecht LE, . Increased insulin resistance and insulin secretion in nondiabetic African-
Americans and Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis 
Study. Diabetes 1996 June;45(6):742-8. 
 
(9)  Zion AS, Bond V, Adams RG, Williams D, Fullilove RE, Sloan RP, Bartels MN, Downey JA, De 
Meersman RE. Low arterial compliance in young African-American males. Am J Physiol Heart Circ 
Physiol 2003 August;285(2):H457-H462. 
 
(10)  Graziano PA, Calkins SD, Keane SP, O'Brien M. Cardiovascular regulation profile predicts 
developmental trajectory of BMI and pediatric obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011 
September;19(9):1818-25. 
 
(11)  Abdel-Salam OM, Abdel-Rahman RF, Sleem AA, Mosry FA, Sharaf HA. Effects of afferent and 
efferent denervation of vagal nerve on endotoxin-induced oxidative stress in rats. J Neural Transm 2013 
December;120(12):1673-88. 
 
(12)  Mabley JG, Pacher P, Szabo C. Activation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway reduces ricin-
induced mortality and organ failure in mice. Mol Med 2009 May;15(5-6):166-72. 


 
16 
6/5/17 
 
(13)  Tsutsumi T, Ide T, Yamato M, Kudou W, Andou M, Hirooka Y, Utsumi H, Tsutsui H, Sunagawa K. 
Modulation of the myocardial redox state by vagal nerve stimulation after experimental myocardial 
infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2008 March 1;77(4):713-21. 
 
(14)  Kong SS, Liu JJ, Yu XJ, Lu Y, Zang WJ. Protection against Ischemia-Induced Oxidative Stress 
Conferred by Vagal Stimulation in the Rat Heart: Involvement of the AMPK-PKC Pathway. Int J Mol 
Sci 2012;13(11):14311-25. 
 
(15)  Hiramoto T, Chida Y, Sonoda J, Yoshihara K, Sudo N, Kubo C. The hepatic vagus nerve attenuates Fas-
induced apoptosis in the mouse liver via alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Gastroenterol 2008 
June;134(7):2122-31. 
 
(16)  Parada E, Egea J, Romero A, del BL, Garcia AG, Lopez MG. Poststress treatment with PNU282987 can 
rescue SH-SY5Y cells undergoing apoptosis via alpha7 nicotinic receptors linked to a Jak2/Akt/HO-1 
signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2010 December 1;49(11):1815-21. 
 
(17)  Houstis N, Rosen ED, Lander ES. Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of 
insulin resistance. Nature 2006 April 13;440(7086):944-8. 
 
(18)  Meigs JB, Larson MG, Fox CS, Keaney JF, Jr., Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ. Association of oxidative stress, 
insulin resistance, and diabetes risk phenotypes: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes Care 2007 
October;30(10):2529-35. 
 
(19)  Fisher G, Alvarez JA, Ellis AC, Granger WM, Ovalle F, Man CD, Cobelli C, Gower BA. Race 
differences in the association of oxidative stress with insulin sensitivity in African- and European-
American women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012 May;20(5):972-7. 
 
(20)  Satapathy SK, Ochani M, Dancho M, Hudson LK, Rosas-Ballina M, Valdes-Ferrer SI, Olofsson PS, 
Harris YT, Roth J, Chavan S, Tracey KJ, Pavlov VA. Galantamine alleviates inflammation and other 
obesity-associated complications in high-fat diet-fed mice. Mol Med 2011;17(7-8):599-606. 
 
(21)  Chandler-Laney PC, Phadke RP, Granger WM, Fernandez JR, Munoz JA, Man CD, Cobelli C, Ovalle 
F, Gower BA. Age-related changes in insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function among European-
American and African-American women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011 March;19(3):528-35. 
 
(22)  Lindquist CH, Gower BA, Goran MI. Role of dietary factors in ethnic differences in early risk of 
cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 March;71(3):725-32. 
 
(23)  DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, 
obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991 
March;14(3):173-94. 
 
(24)  Goran MI, Nagy TR, Treuth MS, Trowbridge C, Dezenberg C, McGloin A, Gower BA. Visceral fat in 
white and African American prepubertal children. Am J Clin Nutr 1997 June;65(6):1703-8. 
 
(25)  Anonymous. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, 
and multiple system atrophy. Neurol 1996;46:1470. 
 
(26)  Choi JB, Hong S, Nelesen R, Bardwell WA, Natarajan L, Schubert C, Dimsdale JE. Age and ethnicity 
differences in short-term heart-rate variability. Psychosom Med 2006 May;68(3):421-6. 


 
17 
6/5/17 
 
(27)  Lampert R, Ickovics J, Horwitz R, Lee F. Depressed autonomic nervous system function in African 
Americans and individuals of lower social class: a potential mechanism of race- and class-related 
disparities in health outcomes. Am Heart J 2005 July;150(1):153-60. 
 
(28)  Faulkner MS, Hathaway D, Tolley B. Cardiovascular autonomic function in healthy adolescents. Heart 
Lung 2003 January;32(1):10-22. 
 
(29)  Borovikova LV, Ivanova S, Zhang M, Yang H, Botchkina GI, Watkins LR, Wang H, Abumrad N, Eaton 
JW, Tracey KJ. Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. 
Nature 2000 May 25;405(6785):458-62. 
 
(30)  Wang H, Yu M, Ochani M, Amella CA, Tanovic M, Susarla S, Li JH, Wang H, Yang H, Ulloa L, Al-
Abed Y, Czura CJ, Tracey KJ. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator 
of inflammation. Nature 2003 January 23;421(6921):384-8. 
 
(31)  Lopes HF, Morrow JD, Stojiljkovic MP, Goodfriend TL, Egan BM. Acute hyperlipidemia increases 
oxidative stress more in African Americans than in white Americans. Am J Hypertens 2003 May;16(5 
Pt 1):331-6. 
 
(32)  Shibao C, Gamboa A, Diedrich A, Ertl AC, Chen KY, Byrne DW, Farley G, Paranjape SY, Davis SN, 
Biaggioni I. Autonomic contribution to blood pressure and metabolism in obesity. Hypertension 2007 
January;49(1):27-33. 
 
(33)  Bergman RN, Finegood DT, Ader M. Assessment of insulin sensitivity in vivo. Endocr Rev 
1985;6(1):45-86. 
 
(34)  Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task 
Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and 
Electrophysiology. Circulation 1996 March 1;93(5):1043-65. 
 
(35)  Diedrich A, Jordan J, Tank J, Shannon JR, Robertson R, Luft FC, Robertson D, Biaggioni I. The 
sympathetic nervous system in hypertension: assessment by blood pressure variability and ganglionic 
blockade. J Hypertens 2003 September;21(9):1677-86. 
 
(36)  Awad JA, Morrow JD, Takahashi K, Roberts LJ. Identification of non-cyclooxygenase-derived 
prostanoid (F2-isoprostane) metabolites in human urine and plasma. J Biol Chem 1993 February 
25;268(6):4161-9. 
 
(37)  Bergman RN, Phillips LS, Cobelli C. Physiologic evaluation of factors controlling glucose tolerance in 
man: measurement of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell glucose sensitivity from the response to 
intravenous glucose. J Clin Invest 1981 December;68(6):1456-67. 
 
(38)  Standards of medical care in diabetes--2010. Diabetes Care 2010 January;33 Suppl 1:S11-S61. 
 
(39)  Paolisso G, Manzella D, Rizzo MR, Ragno E, Barbieri M, Varricchio G, Varricchio M. Elevated plasma 
fatty acid concentrations stimulate the cardiac autonomic nervous system in healthy subjects. Am J Clin 
Nutr 2000 September;72(3):723-30. 
 
(40)  Saxena G, Singh SP, Agrawal R, Nath C. Effect of donepezil and tacrine on oxidative stress in 
intracerebral streptozotocin-induced model of dementia in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2008 March 
10;581(3):283-9. 


18 
6/5/17 
(41) Okazaki Y, Zheng C, Li M, Sugimachi M. Effect of the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil on cardiac
remodeling and autonomic balance in rats with heart failure. J Physiol Sci 2010 January;60(1):67-74.
(42) Bickel U, Thomsen T, Weber W, Fischer JP, Bachus R, Nitz M, Kewitz H. Pharmacokinetics of
galanthamine in humans and corresponding cholinesterase inhibition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991
October;50(4):420-8.
(43) Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Wessel T, Yuan W. Galantamine in AD: A 6-month randomized, placebo-
controlled trial with a 6-month extension. The Galantamine USA-1 Study Group. Neurol 2000 June
27;54(12):2261-8.
(44) Wilcock GK, Lilienfeld S, Gaens E. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with mild to moderate
Alzheimer's disease: multicentre randomised controlled trial. Galantamine International-1 Study Group.
Br Med J 2000 December 9;321(7274):1445-9.
(45) Farlow MR. Clinical pharmacokinetics of galantamine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42(15):1383-92.
(46) Buchowski MS, Hongu N, Acra S, Wang L, Warolin J, Roberts LJ. Effect of modest caloric restriction
on oxidative stress in women, a randomized trial. PLoS One 2012;7(10):e47079.
(47) Hernandez RK, Farwell W, Cantor MD, Lawler EV. Cholinesterase inhibitors and incidence of
bradycardia in patients with dementia in the veterans affairs new England healthcare system. J Am
Geriatr Soc 2009 November;57(11):1997-2003.
(48) Ueda Y, Hajri T, Peng D, Marks-Shulman PA, Tamboli RA, Shukrallah B, Saliba J, Jabbour K, El-Rifai
W, Abumrad NA, Abumrad NN. Reduction of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha in the first week after Roux-
en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011 August;19(8):1663-8.
(49) Satapathy SK, Ochani M, Dancho M, Hudson LK, Rosas-Ballina M, Valdes-Ferrer SI, Olofsson PS,
Harris YT, Roth J, Chavan S, Tracey KJ, Pavlov VA. Galantamine alleviates inflammation and other
obesity-associated complications in high-fat diet-fed mice. Mol Med 2011;17(7-8):599-606.
(50) Cardin S, Walmsley K, Neal DW, Williams PE, Cherrington AD. Involvement of the vagus nerves in
the regulation of basal hepatic glucose production in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
2002 November;283(5):E958-E964.
(51) Jones B, Kenward MG. Design and Analysis of Crossover Trials. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
LLC; 2003.
(52) Tam CS, Xie W, Johnson WD, Cefalu WT, Redman LM, Ravussin E. Defining insulin resistance from
hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Diabetes Care 2012 July;35(7):1605-10.
(53) DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin
secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol 1979 September;237(3):E214-E223.
(54) WALL JS, STEELE R, DE BODO RC, ALTSZULER N. Effect of insulin on utilization and production
of circulating glucose. Am J Physiol 1957 April;189(1):43-50.
(55) STEELE R. Influences of glucose loading and of injected insulin on hepatic glucose output. Ann N Y
Acad Sci 1959 September 25;82:420-30.


19 
6/5/17 
(56) DEBODO RC, STEELE R, ALTSZULER N, DUNN A, BISHOP JS. ON THE HORMONAL
REGULATION OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; STUDIES WITH C14 GLUCOSE. Recent
Prog Horm Res 1963;19:445-88.
(57) Finegood DT, Bergman RN, Vranic M. Estimation of endogenous glucose production during
hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamps. Comparison of unlabeled and labeled exogenous glucose
infusates. Diabetes 1987 August;36(8):914-24.