Conditions: Major Depressive Disorder
Keywords: postmenopausal women depression
Allocation: NA | Intervention model: SINGLE_GROUP
Enrollment: 10
Healthy volunteers: no

Brief summary:
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent and nearly 70% of individuals with MDD do not respond to standard antidepressant therapies despite adequate dosing. An effective and well-tolerated antidepressant augmentation therapy would have important clinical and public health implications. Neuroactive steroid hormones are known to directly activate neurotransmitter receptors in the brain, and thus are potential candidates for augmentation therapies to enhance the effect of traditional antidepressants. The investigators hypothesize that administration of an allopregnanolone analog in women with treatment-resistant depression will improve depressive symptoms.

Detailed description:
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent and can have profoundly negative consequences on one's health, well-being and productivity. Women are twice as likely as men to experience depression during their lifetimes. In fact, it is reported that twelve million women in the U.S. each year will experience depression, and that one in eight women will experience a clinical depressive episode during their lifetimes. Additionally, nearly 70% of individuals with MDD do not respond to standard antidepressant therapies despite adequate dosing. Therefore, the identification of an effective and well tolerated antidepressant augmentation therapy would have important clinical and public health implications. Neuroactive steroid hormones are known to directly activate neurotransmitter receptors in the brain, and thus are potential candidates for augmentation therapies to enhance the effect of traditional antidepressants. Specifically, allopregnanolone, a steroid hormone derived from progesterone, is a potent positive modulator of GABA action at GABA-A receptors, which are known to have positive effects on mood symptoms. Data suggest that depression, chronic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder may be associated with low central nervous system allopregnanolone levels. The investigators propose to administer an oral allopregnanolone analog to 10 postmenopausal women with treatment-resistant depression as an add-on therapy to their current treatment for a period of 8 weeks followed by a 2-week taper. The investigators hypothesize that administration of the oral allopregnanolone analog in women with treatment-resistant depression will improve depressive symptoms.

Arms:
arm 1: Participants received ganaxolone

Interventions: intervention 1: Ganaxolone
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Participants received ganaxolone

Protocol document:
Prot_000.pdf: 
 
   
  
Filename: Protocol Summary  
 
  
  
   
1  
PARTNERS HUMAN RESEARCH COMMITTEE 
PROTOCOL SUMMARY  
  
Answer all questions accurately and completely in order to provide the PHRC with the relevant 
information to assess the risk-benefit ratio for the study.  Do not leave sections blank.  
  
PRINCIPAL/OVERALL INVESTIGATOR  
  
Karen Miller, MD  
  
PROTOCOL TITLE  
Treatment-Resistant Depression Augmentation Therapy with An Analog of the 
Neuroactive Steroid Allopregnanolone: A Pilot Study  
  
FUNDING  
  
  
  
VERSION DATE  
  
5/14/2018  
  
SPECIFIC AIMS  
Concisely state the objectives of the study and the hypothesis being tested.  
  
Specific Aim 1  
Allopregnanolone levels are lower in postmenopausal women with treatment-resistant 
depression (n=20) as compared to those with treatment-responsive depression (n=20) and 
those with no history of depression (n=20). We will investigate allopregnanolone levels in a 
cross-sectional study of 60 postmenopausal women with the hypothesis that allopregnanolone is 
lower in postmenopausal women with treatment-resistant depression as compared to those with 
treatment-responsive depression and controls without depression, suggesting that 
allopregnanolone plays a critical role in treatment responsiveness.  
  
Specific Aim 2.1   
Allopregnanolone analog augmentation improves depressive symptoms in women with 
treatment-resistant depression. We will investigate in women with treatment-resistant 
depression whether allopregnanolone analog augmentation leads to a reduction in depressive 
symptoms, as measured by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and Clinical 
Global Impression-Severity over an 8-week period. Note that Aim 2.1 is not dependent on Aim 1, 
as pharmacologic levels of allopregnanolone could still lead to improvement in depressive 
symptoms even if the Aim 1 hypothesis that physiologic levels of allopregnanolone are lower in 
women with treatment-resistant depression is not confirmed.  
  
  


Partners Human Subjects Research Application Form   
    
Filename: Protocol Summary  
Version Date:  October 15, 2014  
  
   
2  
BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE  
Provide a brief paragraph summarizing prior experience important for understanding the 
proposed study and procedures.  
Partners Human Subjects Research Application Form 
Version Date:  October 15, 2014 
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent with significant morbidity and is 
more prevalent in women than men. Approximately 70% of patients do not respond to standard 
treatment, as demonstrated in the STAR*D trial, in which only 30% of patients with MDD 
achieved remission after 8-12 weeks of SSRI therapy despite adequate dosing. Therefore, the 
identification of an effective, well-tolerated, antidepressant augmentation therapy would have 
important clinical and public health implications. Steroid hormones and their metabolites act as 
transcription factors for parent hormone or other neurotransmitter receptors, and in some cases 
may also directly activate neurotransmitter receptors. Allopregnanolone, a progesterone 
metabolite, is a potent positive modulator of GABA action at GABAA receptors. Initial studies 
showed that antidepressant treatment in male rats elevated allopregnanolone levels in the brain. 
Investigators then demonstrated that human subjects (n=15) with treatment-naïve MDD had CSF 
allopregnanolone levels that were 60% lower than age- and sex-matched controls without MDD. 
Moreover, CSF allopregnanolone increased with SSRI treatment, and this normalization of 
allopregnanolone correlated with improvement in depressive symptoms as measured by the 
HDRS. Additionally, our own preliminary data demonstrate that allopregnanolone levels are 
inversely associated with severity of depression and anxiety in women across the weight 
spectrum, independent of BMI. Preliminary mechanistic explorations into the effects of 
allopregnanolone in mood disorders have shown alterations in amygdala activity and 
connectivity between the amygdala and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex that were correlated with 
reduction in anxiety in some studies. However, in these studies pregnenolone, a parent 
compound of allopregnanolone that was shown to subsequently increase allopregnanolone levels, 
was administered and the effect of pure allopregnanolone augmentation itself has not been 
studied. 
 has committed to provide Ganaxolone, which is 
a  
synthetic analog of allopregnanolone with an added methyl group which prevents conversion 
back to the parent compound progesterone, for the proposed pilot study. Ganaxolone has been 
developed as an anti-epileptic medication and studied in over 1,300 individuals for up to two 
years in both adults and pediatric populations. Studies have reported only minor side effects, 
including somnolence, dizziness and fatigue.  
Allopregnanolone levels are associated with severity of depression and anxiety in women 
across the weight spectrum. 36 women of a wide range of weights and depression severity were 
studied in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Allopregnanolone levels measured by 
gaschromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) were negatively associated with severity of 
depression (r= -0.45, p=0.03) and anxiety (r= -0.37, p=0.04) independent of BMI, with 15% of 
the variability in depression and 11% of the variability in anxiety symptom severity attributable 
to allo levels. Of note, there was no association between levels of progesterone, the parent 
compound of allopregnanolone, and depression or anxiety severity. In conclusion, greater 
depression and anxiety severity was negatively associated with serum allopregnanolone, but not 
progesterone, independent of BMI. This supports the hypothesis that neuroactive steroids such as 
allo may be potential therapeutic targets for depression in traditionally treatment-resistant 
groups.  


Partners Human Subjects Research Application Form   
    
Filename: Protocol Summary  
Version Date:  October 15, 2014  
  
   
3  
Additionally, we have successfully conducted studies of hormone augmentation 
strategies in women with treatment-resistant depression and have published a pilot study 
investigating the effects of low-dose testosterone augmentation on treatment-resistant depression 
in women, which formed the basis of an ongoing, NIH-funded trial and demonstrated a marked 
improvement in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores at 2 weeks 
that was sustained through the 8-week period with administration of low-dose testosterone. At 
this time, we have recruited more than 50 subjects for an ongoing NIH-funded randomized, 
double-blind clinical trial of low-dose testosterone for treatment-resistant depression in women  
in follow-up to this pilot study. We hypothesize that the potential antidepressant effects of low 
dose testosterone are mediated by neuroactive steroids, including allopregnanolone. Moreover, 
both the pilot and follow-up studies speak to our ability to recruit and study this specific 
population of women with treatment-resistant depression.  
  
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS  
Briefly describe study design and anticipated enrollment, i.e., number of subjects to be enrolled 
by researchers study-wide and by Partners researchers.  Provide a brief summary of the eligibility 
criteria (for example, age range, gender, medical condition).  Include any local site restrictions, 
for example, “Enrollment at Partners will be limited to adults although the sponsor’s protocol is 
open to both children and adults.” 
  
Subjects: Aim 1 will study 60 women ages 50-75 in menopause (amenorrhea >1 year or elevated 
FSH in women with prior hysterectomy). Aims 2.1 and 2.2 will study 10 women with 
treatmentresistant depression.  
   
Aim 1 Inclusion Criteria   
1. Female, age 50-75  
2. Postmenopausal, defined as amenorrhea for greater than one year and/or elevated FSH for 
women with prior hysterectomy  
3. Meet criteria for one of three subgroups:  
• 
Treatment-resistant depression (N=20): MDD diagnosed by the SCID-I/P and with 
MADRS ≥16 who are currently treated with an SSRI or SNRI at an adequate dose for at 
least six weeks. Meet DSM-IV criteria for a current major depressive episode, as assessed 
by SCID  
• 
Treatment-responsive depression (N=20): Patients with history of MDD treated with an 
SSRI or SNRI who have achieved remission (MADRS <10)  
• 
Controls (N=20): Patients with no current or past depression by SCID and no history of 
antidepressant use. Allopregnanolone levels will be measured by GC-MS.  
  
 Aim 1 Exclusion Criteria  
1. Serious suicide or homicide risk, as assessed by evaluating clinician  
2. Unstable medical illness including cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, respiratory, 
endocrine, neurologic   
3. Substance use disorder active within last six months  
4. Psychotic features (current episode or lifetime), as assessed by SCID  
5. Laboratory evidence of untreated hypothyroidism  
6. Use of hormones (estrogens, androgens or related hormones) within the prior three 
months  


Partners Human Subjects Research Application Form   
    
Filename: Protocol Summary  
Version Date:  October 15, 2014  
  
   
4  
7. Any investigational psychotropic drug within the last two weeks   
8. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or creatinine > 3x upper limit of normal.  
  
Aims 2.1 and 2.2 Inclusion Criteria  
1. Female, age 50-75  
2. Postmenopausal, defined as amenorrhea for greater than one year and/or elevated FSH for 
women with prior hysterectomy  
3. Meet DSM-IV criteria (by SCID) for Major Depressive Disorder   
4. Meet DSM-IV criteria for a current major depressive episode, as assessed by SCID  
5. MADRS16 at baseline visit  
6. Currently treated with SSRI or SNRI, with or without adjunctive therapy, at an adequate 
dose for at least six weeks  
  
Aims 2.1 and 2.2 Exclusion Criteria  
1. Serious suicide or homicide risk, as assessed by evaluating clinician  
2. Unstable medical illness including cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, respiratory, endocrine, 
neurologic   
3. Substance use disorder active within last six months  
4. Psychotic features (current episode or lifetime), as assessed by SCID  
5. Laboratory evidence of untreated hypothyroidism  
6. If treated hypothyroidism, significant change in levothyroxine dose within the prior three 
months   
7. Use of hormones (estrogens, androgens or related hormones) within the prior three 
months  
8. Any investigational psychotropic drug within the last two weeks   
9. In the judgment of the study clinician, unlikely to be able to participate safely throughout 
the study period (three or more episodes of self-harm in the past year, documented history 
of poor treatment adherence, or frequent missed appointments (>50%) in the past year)  
10. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or creatinine > 3x upper limit of normal.  
11. History of a hormone-responsive cancer  
12. Receiving strong CYP3A4 inducers or inhibitors or who intend to consume grapefruit 
products regularly during the study   
  
  
Briefly describe study procedures.  Include any local site restrictions, for example, “Subjects 
enrolled at Partners will not participate in the pharmacokinetic portion of the study.”  Describe 
study endpoints. 
  
Study visits   
  
Aim 1  
Screening Visit/ Baseline Visit (n=120): A “Screening Visit” will be conducted to determine 
eligibility for the protocol.  It is estimated that 120 women will need to be screened to obtain 
60 eligible study subjects (20 with treatment-resistant depression, 20 with treatment responsive 
depression and 20 controls with no depression). The screening visit and baseline visit are 
simultaneous, and labs will be drawn if the subject passes the psychiatric assessments and 
qualifies per above criteria. o A physical examination, medical history and urine toxicology   


Partners Human Subjects Research Application Form   
    
Filename: Protocol Summary  
Version Date:  October 15, 2014  
  
   
5  
o Psychiatric assessments:  SCID and MADRS o MGH Anti-depressant history 
form   
o If qualified based on psychiatric assessment, blood draw for ALT, creatinine, 
cbc, thyroid function tests  
o Additional aliquots will be drawn for future testing of allopregnanolone and 
other hormones Aim 2  
Screening Visit (n=20): A screening visit will take place to determine eligibility for enrollment.  
Participants will be asked to complete the MGH ATRQ and sign release of information forms to 
request documentation from prescribing clinicians.   
   Screening visit testing will include:  
o Complete medical history o Physical examination, including height, weight 
and vital signs  o 0800h Blood draw for ALT, AST, bilirubin, creatinine, 
CBC, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and FSH  
o Urine toxicology  
o Urine pregnancy test in women <55 years of age o Diagnostic interview with 
SCID o MDD symptom assessment with MADRS  
o Completion of the MGH ATRQ  
If antidepressant-resistance is confirmed following screening procedures, the subject will be 
scheduled for a baseline visit approximately 1-2 weeks later.  
   
Baseline Visit for the Ganaxolone Augmentation Study (n=10): Eligible subjects will 
undergo baseline testing immediately before the augmentation phase of the protocol.   
Baseline visit testing will include the following. However, the safety labs will not be 
repeated if the Baseline visit occurs within 6 weeks of the screening visit.   
o Weight, vital signs, waist-to-hip ratio, and consumptive habits (alcohol, 
caffeinated beverages) will be recorded.   
o Electrocardiogram   
o Neuroactive steroid panel, including allopregnanolone, morning blood 
cortisol, late night salivary cortisol and 8 a.m. salivary cortisol   
o Depression efficacy endpoints:  MADRS, HAM-D, IDS-SR and SDQ o 
Cognitive Functioning: CPFQ  
o Persistent/residual symptom assessment:  SF-36, BFI, ESS, FSS, DISF, SFQ,  
GAD-7 o Safety assessments: SAFTEE-SI and CHRT o We will 
distribute the Study Drug Compliance and Hot Flash Diary  o Cognitive 
testing (Probabilistic Reward and Pattern Separation Tasks) will be 
performed  
  
Follow-up Visits (Ganaxolone Augmentation Phase):  Subjects will then receive Ganaxolone 
therapy.  In the case of a drop out, subjects will be asked to come in for an optional close-out 
visit. This visit will include all of the week 8 measures. Follow-up visits will take place at weeks 
1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 post-baseline.    
Follow up visits will include: o Weight and vital signs will be recorded (weeks 1,2, 4, 6, 8 
and 10); electrocardiogram will be performed in any subject with bradycardia 
(HR<60) or tachycardia (HR>100)  
o Waist-to-hip ratio (week 8)  
o Depression:  MADRS, IDS-SR, CGI-S, CGI-I, SDQ (weeks 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10),  


Partners Human Subjects Research Application Form   
    
Filename: Protocol Summary  
Version Date:  October 15, 2014  
  
   
6  
HAM-D (week 8 only) o Cognitive Functioning: 
CPFQ (weeks 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10)  
o Persistent/residual symptom assessment:  SF-36, BFI, ESS, FSS, DISF, SFQ,  
GAD-7 (weeks 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) o Safety: SAFTEE-
SI, CHRT (weeks 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) o Salivary cortisol 
(week 8)  
o Medication management sessions (weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8) o Neuroactive steroid 
panel (week 8)  
o Blood draw for ALT, AST, bilirubin (week 8)  
o We will distribute the Study Drug Compliance and Hot Flash Diary (weeks 2,  
4, 6, and 8) o Cognitive testing (Probabilistic Reward and Pattern 
Separation Tasks) will be performed (week 8 only)  
o Measurement of ganaxolone levels  
  
Taper: After the 8-week visit, subjects receiving 
 
 A 10-week visit will be performed and will include:  
o Vital signs o Safety: SAFTEE-SI, CHRT o Depression:  MADRS, IDS-SR, 
CGI-I  
o Persistent/residual symptom assessment:  SF-36, BFI, ESS, FSS, DISF, SFQ, 
SDQ, GAD-7  
  
3-Month Follow Up Questionnaires: Three months after the 10-week visit or last 
visit completed, subjects will be sent the following questionnaires to complete:  o IDS-
SR, BFI, SDQ, GAD-7  
  
Blood collection  
  
Aim 1  
154 mL of blood will be drawn at the one study visit for Aim 1  
  
Aim 2  
Subjects will complete a blood draw at all study visits except the week 1 and week 10 visits. This 
will total 526mL of blood over the approximate 10-week study period from screening to the final 
visit  
  
For studies involving treatment or diagnosis, provide information about standard of care at 
Partners (e.g., BWH, MGH) and indicate how the study procedures differ from standard care.  
Provide information on available alternative treatments, procedures, or methods of diagnosis. 
  
Subjects being studied in this protocol will still have at least moderate depression.  Standard care 
alternatives are presented in the Consent form.  Subjects at MGH are offered three months of 
free medication management clinic services for depression treatment after completion of a 
clinical trial such as this one.  Research staff will assist in arranging subsequent treatment by 
providing referrals and communications to subsequent providers.   
  


Partners Human Subjects Research Application Form   
    
Filename: Protocol Summary  
Version Date:  October 15, 2014  
  
   
7  
Describe how risks to subjects are minimized, for example, by using procedures which are 
consistent with sound research design and which do not unnecessarily expose subjects to risk or 
by using procedures already being performed on the subject for diagnostic or treatment purposes. 
The procedures to protect against or minimize potential risks include the following: (1) the 
assignment of unique study subject numbers to patients, (2) the use of these primary identifiers 
throughout the study, (3) storage of information in locked file cabinets, and (4) access limited to 
study personnel for these file cabinets and data.  
We have set up exclusion criteria to minimize risks:  
• 
Subjects must be medically stable as defined in this protocol.    
• 
We exclude people who may be considered particularly vulnerable in clinical trials, 
including those at acute risk for suicide, those with active substance abuse or dependence, 
and those with psychosis (or treated with antipsychotic medications).    
• 
Because we are investigating the efficacy of a hormone, it will be important to exclude 
patients with other endocrine abnormalities which could contribute to treatment 
resistance or with a changing endocrine status.  
  
Study Subjects will be discontinued from the study if they:  
a. Score a 6 or 7 on the CGI-I on 2 consecutive study visits  
  
  
Describe explicitly the methods for ensuring the safety of subjects.  Provide objective criteria for 
removing a subject from the study, for example, objective criteria for worsening disease/lack of 
improvement and/or unacceptable adverse events.  The inclusion of objective drop criteria is 
especially important in studies designed with placebo control groups. 
  
Suicide Prevention: Suicidal ideation will be assessed by the Beck Suicide Index at each visit. 
Patients who develop active suicidal ideation, or who are felt by the study clinician to be at high 
risk for suicide, will be discontinued from the study and referred for hospitalization and further 
treatment if clinically indicated. In addition, each study subject will be extensively interviewed 
at each study visit by a highly trained psychiatrist, who not only has extensive experience in the 
treatment of major depression, but also with these issues in the setting of clinical trial protocols.  
Patients in research protocols have much more access to psychiatrists than patients in the 
community, as a study psychiatrist is available by pager 24 hours per day.  Moreover, the studies 
are performed in hospitals in which patients can be immediately admitted, if necessary to ensure 
safety.    
  
Drug Safety:   
  
Women with treatment-resistant depression will be administered Ganaxolone (
  
. A determination will be made at the one- 
week visit as to whether the Ganaxolone dose will be escalated
 
. This will be based on tolerability and absence of side effects, including the presence of 
sedation and dizziness, which will be specifically asked about. The dose will not be escalated if a 
subject has experienced either of these – or other significant side effects. Rather, such subjects 
will be maintained on the lower dose 
. Subjects receiving 
 who 
experience daytime drowsiness may be subsequently reduced
 
. If drowsiness continues on this lower dose, the dose will be reduced 


Partners Human Subjects Research Application Form   
    
Filename: Protocol Summary  
Version Date:  October 15, 2014  
  
   
8  
. A phone call will be made to each subject in whom a dose adjustment is made 
one week after the dose adjustment to determine if the subject continues to experience 
continuing side effects. Subjects will be advised to take Ganaxolone with food to maximize 
medication absorption and to avoid alcohol. In person psychiatric reassessment will occur at 2, 4, 
6, 8 and 10 weeks with MADRS. Close monitoring of patients throughout the study will ensure 
that adverse effects from treatment, exacerbation of symptoms, or emergence of suicidality, 
mania or psychosis will be promptly recognized so that patients can be treated appropriately. All 
patients will be instructed on how to contact study clinicians in the case of an emergency. They 
will also be instructed on how to contact the Acute Psychiatry Service (APS) at MGH, which 
provides  


 

SAP_001.pdf: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Treatment-Resistant Depression Augmentation 
Therapy with An Analog of the Neuroactive Steroid 
Allopregnanolone: A Pilot Study 
 
 
 
NCT02900092 
 
Version Date: 11/8/18 
 
 


 
 
I. 
BIOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS 
 
A. Specific data variables being collected for the study (e.g., data collection 
sheets) 
Table 1. Schedule of Clinician and Patient 
Ratings 
  
  
  
 
 
Clinician 
Rating 
Screening 
Baseline Week 
2 
Week 
4 
Week 
6  
Week 
8 
Week 
10 
3 Mo 
Follow 
up  
SCID and MGH 
ATRQ 
x 
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
MADRS 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
 
CGI-I, S 
  
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
 
HAM-D 
 
x 
 
 
 
x 
 
 
Patient 
Rating 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
SDQ 
 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
IDS-SR  
  
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
SF-36 
  
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
 
CHRT 
  
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
 
SAFTEE-SI 
  
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
 
CPFQ 
  
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
 
BFI 
  
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
ESS 
  
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
 
FSS 
  
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
 
DISF 
  
x 
x 
x 
x 
X 
x 
 
SFQ 
 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
 
GAD-7 
 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
Probabilistic 
Reward 
Task 
 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
x 
 
Pattern 
Separation 
Task 
 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
x 
 
 
B. Study Endpoints 
The primary endpoint will be change in depression severity as measured by the 
change in MADRS from baseline to 8 weeks. Secondary endpoints of efficacy include 
both self-rated and clinician-rated assessments as listed below.  
 
C. Statistical Methods 
Data will be examined for normality using Shapiro-Wilk testing and log-transformed 
if not normally distributed. Longitudinal data will be analyzed using paired T tests. 
Univariate regression modeling will be performed to determine whether an increase 
in allopregnanolone levels predict an improvement in depression symptom severity.  
Power Analysis 


Determination of an n=10 women with treatment-resistant depression:  Based 
on our pilot data of the effect of low-dose testosterone on depresion severity in nine 
women with treatment-resistant depression in which there was an effect size of 10.7 
points on the MADRS with an SD 7.5, we will have ample power to detect a 
clinically significant effect size with the proposed sample size.13  The data from this 
study will provide an effect size for power calculations for applications for further 
funding.