Conditions: Renal Cell Carcinoma
Keywords: cryosurgery ultrasonography
Allocation: NA | Intervention model: SINGLE_GROUP
Enrollment: 53
Healthy volunteers: no

Brief summary:
The purpose of the proposed trial is to determine whether contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can be used to assess the recurrence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after cryoablation compared to contrast enhanced CT or MR (the standard evaluation). This study involves the off-label use of an FDA-approved ultrasound contrast agent, Optison that flows in the vascularity. CEUS will be performed by both two and three dimensional ultrasound to examine post-cryoablation vascularity changes to screen for recurrent disease.

Detailed description:
Subjects eligible for trial enrollment will be identified by the Thomas Jefferson University Urology group from their patient population of subjects under active surveillance for recurrence of a previously cryoablated RCC. A research coordinator will explain the study to the patient. The patient will be given time to consider the risks and benefits of the study and ask questions about participation. The coordinator will review the consent form with the patient and then the patient will be given the form to review. The patient, coordinator, and a study investigator will all sign the consent form. The patient will be given a copy of the signed consent form for their records.

Screening assessments will be performed prior to CEUS imaging. Trial participants will have the presence of inclusion criteria and absence of exclusion criteria verified by providing a medical history. A full demographic profile, known drug allergies or intolerances, and a review of the subject's medical/surgical history will be recorded. If the subject is a woman of childbearing age, she will have a urine pregnancy test (the results of which will be made available to the subject prior to study initiation).

All contrast injections will be supervised by a board certified physician. Resuscitation equipment and trained personnel will be in immediate proximity to the patient during each CEUS exam. The ultrasound examinations will be performed by a qualified sonographer. Ultrasound exams will take place the morning prior to the patient's 8, 12, 18, 24, or 36 month CT/MRI follow up (scheduled as part of their clinical care) or during their consultation in Jefferson's Urology clinic (for patients who have imaging performed outside Jefferson). Procedures and equipment for this trial will be used in accordance with typical clinical procedures. All trial procedures will be conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice. For the ultrasound examination, the patient will be asked to lie in the supine position and a catheter will be placed in a superficial vein (preferably an antecubital vein). Acoustic coupling gel will be applied to the area of interest. A state of the art ultrasound scanner with 2D and 3D curvilinear probes will be used.

A baseline ultrasound grayscale scan will be used to identify the tumor and to evaluate the following criteria: size, shape, and orientation of the lesion; echogenicity compared to surrounding tissue. Standard power Doppler of the lesion will also be performed. When possible, previous MR/CT data will be uploaded onto the scanner in order to perform image fusion for ultrasound guidance during imaging. The distribution of color signals and the overall color content of the tumor will be evaluated by comparing the pattern and amount of color to the normal surrounding tissue. Following baseline scanning, patients will receive a 1 ml intravenous injection of Optison (GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ) in a peripheral vein followed by renal mass imaging in 2D CHI (a nonlinear contrast imaging package). Ten minutes after the 2D CEUS exam, patients will receive a second bolus injection of Optison followed by 3D CHI (using a curvilinear 3D array). All contrast injections will be supervised by a board certified physician. Resuscitation equipment and trained personnel will be immediate proximity to the patient during each contrast-enhanced ultrasound exam. Digital clips of the exams will be recorded through the contrast agent wash-in and wash-out phases for at least two minutes and stored for later use. The subject will then be monitored for adverse reactions for 30 minutes. If the patient wishes to continue participating in the study, they will be eligible for CEUS exams during their future clinically scheduled follow up exams as long as these take place within the study timeframe.

Patients will be monitored for AEs during and 30 minutes after contrast administration. All other procedures will be performed according to standard of care. No further patient monitoring is required as side effects of Optison are acute in nature and no renal toxicity has been reported.

Arms:
arm 1: Patients scheduled for MRI/CT follow up of a renal cancer previously treated by cryoablation therapy who will also undergo a contrast-enhanced ultrasound exam. This is a one-time imaging study and contrast ultrasound exams will be compared to the clinically scheduled MRI/CT.

Interventions: intervention 1: Optison
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Optison is an ultrasound contrast agent. The agent is a blood pooling agent administered via catheter and provides improved ultrasound visualization of the vasculature.

Protocol document:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
PROTOCOL 
 
TITLE:  TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND FOR 
SCREENING OF RENAL CELL CARCINOMA RECURRENCE FOLLOWING CRYOABLATION 
 
VERSION & DATE:  Version 3.0 – January 26th, 2015 
 
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:   
John Eisenbrey, PhD 
Research Assistant Professor 
Department of Radiology 
Thomas Jefferson University  
132 South 10th Street, 7th Floor 
Philadelphia, PA 19107 
Email address: John.Eisenbrey@jefferson.edu 
Tel: 215-503-5188 
Fax: 215-955-8549 
 
KEY PERSONNEL: 
 
Flemming Forsberg, PhD 
 
 
Edouard J. Trabulsi, MD  
 
Professor of Radiology  
 
 
Associate Professor of Urology 
 
 
 
Department of Radiology 
 
 
Department of Urology 
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital 
 
Kimmel Cancer Center 
Thomas Jefferson University 
 
 
 
Costas D. Lallas, MD 
 
 
 
Ji-Bin Liu, MD 
Associate Professor of Urology 
 
 
Research Professor of Radiology 
Department of Urology  
 
 
Department of Radiology 
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital 
 
Thomas Jefferson University 
 
Andrej Lyshchik, MD 
 
 
 
Colette Shaw, MD 
Assistant Professor 
 
 
 
Assistant Professor 
Department of Radiology  
 
 
Department of Radiology 
 
 
 
Thomas Jefferson University 
 
 
Thomas Jefferson University 
 
 
 
 
Medical Monitor: 
Patrick O’Kane, MD 
 
 
 
Assistant Professor 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Department of Radiology 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Thomas Jefferson University  
 
Research Coordinator: 
 
 
 
Sonographer: 
Coleen Dascenzo, CCRC  
 
 
Maria Stanczak, MS 
 
LOCATION OF STUDY:   
Thomas Jefferson University 
132 South 10th Street, 7th Floor 
Philadelphia, PA  19107 
 
STUDY DURATION:  2 Years 
 
CONFIDENTIALITY STATEMENT 
This document is the confidential property of Thomas Jefferson University.  No part of it may be transmitted, 
reproduced, published, or used by other persons without the permission of Thomas Jefferson University. 


 
2
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
PAGE 
SYNOPSIS  ......................................................................................................... 3 
 
1. INTRODUCTION  ....................................................................................... 5 
1.1  Background  ................................................................................................. 6 
1.2  Rationale  ...................................................................................................... 9 
 
2. TRIAL OBJECTIVES  ................................................................................. 10 
 
3 
TRIAL DESIGN  .......................................................................................... 10 
3.1  Trial Duration  .............................................................................................. 11 
 
4. TRIAL POPULATION  ............................................................................... 11 
4.1  Inclusion Criteria  ........................................................................................ 12 
4.2  Exclusion Criteria  ........................................................................................ 12 
 
5. MEDICATIONS  ......................................................................................... 12 
5.1 Administration  ............................................................................................. 13 
5.2 Contraindications  ......................................................................................... 13 
5.3 Randomization  ............................................................................................. 13 
5.4 Blinding and Unblinding Methods  .............................................................. 13 
5.5 Storage  ......................................................................................................... 13 
 
6. TRIAL PROCEDURES  .............................................................................. 14 
6.1  Patient Enrollment  ....................................................................................... 14 
6.2  Screening Assessment  ................................................................................. 14 
6.3  Ultrasound Imaging  ..................................................................................... 14 
6.4  Safety Monitoring  ........................................................................................ 15 
6.5  Efficacy Assessments  .................................................................................. 15 
6.6  Safety Assessments  ..................................................................................... 16 
 6.6.1 Risks/Benefits Assessment  .................................................................... 16 
 6.6.2 Adverse Experiences  ............................................................................. 17 
6.7  End-of-Treatment and End-of-Trial Evaluations  ........................................ 19 
 
7. DATA MANAGEMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES  .................. 20 
7.1  Data Management  ........................................................................................ 20 
7.2  Statistical Analyses  ...................................................................................... 20 
 7.2.1 Sample Size Calculation  ........................................................................ 21 
 
8. REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 22 
 
Appendix A. Investigator Obligations  
Appendix B. Optison Product Insert 
Appendix C. Case Report Forms  
Appendix D. Thomas Jefferson University IRB Approvals 
 
 
 
 


 
3
SYNOPSIS 
 
Protocol Title: Two and three dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound for screening of renal cell 
carcinoma recurrence following cryoablation 
 
Trial Objectives: The primary objective of this trial is to: 
· 
Evaluate if contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be used to successfully detect recurrence of renal cell 
carcinoma following cryoablation therapy when compared to the gold standards of contrast enhanced 
computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.   
 
The secondary aim of this trial is to: 
· 
Establish whether three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound provides superior screening of 
renal cell carcinoma recurrence relative to two-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound.   
 
Trial Design:  This is an open-label, non-randomized trial that will be conducted at one clinical site.  The 
subject population will be patients scheduled for follow up contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) 
or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a previously cryoablatated renal cell carcinoma (RCC) through 
Thomas Jefferson University’s Urology clinic.  Eligible follow up imaging will include patients being 
seen for an 8, 12, 18, 24, or 36 month CT/MRI follow up.  The study will consist of a single ultrasound 
exam, although patients will be eligible to re-enroll in multiple studies (for example exams at 8, 12 and 18 
months), if these exams fit within the study timeframe. 
 
Ultrasound imaging will be performed using a state of the art ultrasound scanner with two and three 
dimensional curvilinear transducers.  If available, image fusion may also be used from patient’s previous 
MR/CT imaging.  Patients will first undergo baseline grayscale B-mode and power Doppler imaging 
(PDI) of the treated mass.  Patients will then receive a bolus 1 ml contrast injection of Optison (GE 
Healthcare, Princeton, NJ), while being imaged with two-dimensional (2D) dual mode B-mode / coded 
harmonic imaging.  Following a 10 minute wait period to allow for full clearance of Optison, patients will 
receive a second bolus of contrast agent along with three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear imaging.  Tumor 
vascularity and flow kinetics will be determined using both modes and compared to the patient’s 
corresponding contrast-enhanced MRI or CT exams. 
 
Trial Population: This trial will consist of up to 100 adults (18 years of age or older) who have previously 
undergone cryoablation of RCC at Thomas Jefferson University.  
 
Trial Procedures: Subjects eligible for trial enrollment will be identified by the co-investigators, Drs. 


 
4
Shaw, Lallas and Trabulsi from their patient population of subjects being seen for follow up of a 
cryoablated renal mass.  These patients will be accrued from the Urology department, as well as from the 
Small Renal Mass Center at the Genitourinary Multidisciplinary Cancer Center of the Kimmel Cancer 
Center at Thomas Jefferson University.  Current clinically-indicated follow up intervals include 8, 12, 18, 
24, or 36 MR/CT post cryoablation.  A research coordinator will explain the study to the patient.  The 
patient will be given time to consider the risks and benefits of the study and ask questions about 
participation.  The coordinator will review the consent form with the patient and then the patient will be 
given the form to review.  The patient, coordinator, and a study investigator will all sign the consent form. 
The patient will be given a copy of the signed consent form for their records. 
 
After consenting to participate in this study, a full demographic profile, known drug allergies or 
intolerances, and review of the subject’s medical/surgical history will be recorded.  If the subject is a 
woman of childbearing potential, she will have a urine pregnancy test (the results of which will be made 
available to the subject prior to study initiation).   
 
Study participation will consist of a single ultrasound exam. A baseline ultrasound grayscale scan will be 
used to identify the tumor and to evaluate the following criteria: size, shape, and orientation of the lesion; 
echogenicity compared to surrounding tissue.  Standard PDI of the lesion will also be performed.  When 
possible, previous MR/CT data will be uploaded onto the scanner in order to perform image fusion for 
ultrasound guidance during imaging.  The distribution of color signals and the overall color content of the 
tumor will be evaluated by comparing the pattern and amount of color to the normal surrounding tissue.  
Following baseline scanning, patients will receive a 1 ml intravenous injections of Optison (GE 
Healthcare, Princeton, NJ) in a peripheral vein followed by renal mass imaging in 2D coded harmonic 
imaging (CHI; a nonlinear contrast imaging package).  Ten minutes after the 2D contrast-enhanced 
ultrasound (CEUS) exam, patients will receive a second bolus injection of Optison followed by 3D CHI 
(using a curvilinear 3D array).  All contrast injections will be supervised by a board certified physician. 
Resuscitation equipment and trained personnel will be immediate proximity to the patient during each 
contrast-enhanced ultrasound exam.  Digital clips of the exams will be recorded through the contrast 
agent wash-in and wash-out phases for at least two minutes and stored for later use.  The subject will then 
be monitored for adverse reactions for 30 minutes.  If the patient wishes to continue participating in the 
study, they will be eligible for CEUS exams during their future clinically scheduled follow up exams as 
long as these take place within the study timeframe. 
 
Both 2D and 3D CEUS exams and the clinically-indicated contrast-enhanced MRI/CT exam will be 


 
5
independent and randomly reviewed by two blinded radiologists with experience in both CEUS and body 
imaging.  Readers will evaluate the presence of signal enhancement within the mass, signal distribution 
and heterogeneity, signal intensity relative to the normal renal parenchyma, and contrast agent wash-in 
and wash-out kinetics relative to the surrounding parenchyma.  The readers will also be asked to evaluate 
if CEUS findings indicate RCC recurrence.  Recurrence will initially be defined as the presence of 
contrast enhancement within the ablation cavity.  Finally, following a one month wait period and 
randomization, readers will again review cases in order to calculate intra-reader variability.   
 
The proposed agent for the current study, Optison is a sterile non-pyrogenic suspension of encapsulated 
perflutren microbubbles [Goldberg et al 2001; Miller & Nanda 2004].  The contrast agent is consists of a 
human serum albumin shell with perflutren core and contains 5.0 - 8.0 x 108 microspheres/ ml.  The 
microbubble agent is supplied in a standard-size 3 ml vial and is prepared by manually shaking the vial.  
Optison will be stored in a secure refrigerator, with only the study investigators and research personnel 
having access.  Optison is currently only approved for use in echocardiography.  The agent will be used as 
an off-label indication for this study.   
 
Statistical Methodology: This project is a pilot study to determine if CEUS can be used for the evaluation 
renal cell carcinoma recurrence post cryoablation.  
Our statistical analysis will address two major questions:   
1. 
Does renal mass vascularity and blood flow kinetics measured on CEUS correlate with 
findings on contrast-enhanced MRI/CT (and thus, can be used as a possible recurrence 
screening imaging alternative)? 
2. 
Does the inclusion of volumetric ultrasound improve the sensitivity and specificity of CEUS 
for monitoring recurrence of RCC post cryotherapy? 
 
Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value will be 
calculated for the CEUS exams using both the standard of care contrast-enhanced MRI or CT, or 
pathology when retreatment is indicated as the reference standards.  The dichotomous parameter needed 
for these calculations will be derived by ascertaining whether blinded radiologists would recommend 
repeated treatment or not based on the degree of residual blood flow observed during the CEUS study.  
This parameter will be based off of each reader’s first read.  In the event of discordant readings during 
this analysis, recurrence will be decided by consensus by the two readers.  Correlations between these 
findings and both contrast-enhanced cross-sectional findings and patient outcomes will be compared 
using the Fisher exact test.  Inter- and intra-observer variability will also be calculated.  Quantitative 
parameters of mass vascularity, changes in perfusion, and changes in contrast fill time will also be 


 
6
computed and again correlated to the clinical standard. 
 
1. INTRODUCTION  
 
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is becoming increasingly common within the US, with over 64,000 new 
cases and 13,500 deaths expected to occur in 2012 [NCI 2012].  Detection rates of RCC have doubled 
over the last 50 years, with nearly half of reported cases being detected incidentally during cross sectional 
imaging [Venkatesan et al. 2011].  While surgical extirpation remains the standard of care, cryoablation 
therapy is playing a larger role in the treatment of poor surgical candidates and also can preserve renal 
function [Levinson et al 2008].  Cryoablation is performed at our institution using a Cryocare Surgical 
System (HealthTronics, Austin TX; formerly EndocareInc, Irvine CA), an FDA approved device for the 
ablation of malignant tissues (510(k) K003811).  Protocols for follow up imaging vary, but mainly rely on 
contrast-enhanced CT or MRI 1-6 months post cryoablation to evaluate effective ablation based on a lack 
of vascularity within the mass as well as a reduction in tumor volume [Gervais et al 2008b; Zagoria 
2004].   At our institution contrast-enhanced CT or MRI at 3-4 months represents the clinical standard, as 
earlier imaging has been shown to result in false-positives due to artifacts associated with post-ablation 
inflammation [Thumar et al. 2010].  Assuming successful treatment, serial follow up imaging is then 
scheduled in 4 month intervals the first year, 6 month intervals during year 2, and annually three years 
post treatment.  While well validated in RCC recurrence post cryoablation, these contrast materials have 
been associated with nephro-toxicity (iodinated contrast) and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (gadolinium-
based contrast) [FDA Alert 2006] and are not well suited for a patient population with compromised renal 
function.  Thus, an imaging technique which could effectively screen for recurrence without the 
associated adverse renal side effects would be beneficial in this patient population.   
 
Ultrasound contrast agents are gas filled microbubbles, encapsulated by a lipid shell for stability.  Due to 
their size (1-8 μm in diameter), these agents are small enough to pass through the pulmonary capillaries, 
but still restricted to the vascular system [Goldberg et al. 2001].  These microbubbles have been approved 
for use echocardiography in the United States and also for the characterization of liver lesions throughout 
Europe and Asia [Bouakaz and de Jong, 2007].  This project will investigate the applicability of CEUS 
for monitoring RCC recurrence post cryoablation using both 2D and 3D ultrasound.  Because ultrasound 
contrast agents act as a blood pooling agent, enhancement and contrast kinetics on CEUS are expected to 
correlate well to those observed on MR/CT. 
 
1.1 Background 


 
7
Kidney and renal pelvis cancers account for 5 and 3% of new cases of cancer diagnosis in US men and 
women, respectively [ACS 2011].  When clinical intervention is deemed necessary open or laparoscopic 
surgery represents the first course of treatment [ACS 2011].  In patients not eligible for surgery such as 
those with multiple renal masses or those with comorbid conditions, ablation treatments are preferred to 
better preserve renal function [Gervais et al. 2005a].  Ablation of RCC can be performed laparoscopically 
or percutaneously.  However, percutaneous ablation has been associated with fewer probes, shorter 
anesthesia times, shorter hospital stays, lower hospital charges, and quicker time to total recovery relative 
to laparoscopic approaches [Bandi et al. 2008; Hinshaw et al. 2008].  Percutaneous ablation can be 
performed with RF heating (50-60º C for effective cell death) or cryoablation (-40 to -50º C for cell 
death).  The current clinical standard at Thomas Jefferson for renal ablation is cryoablation for two 
reasons: cryoablation creates an ice ball which can be tracked during the ablation session and is also 
significantly less painful than heat based techniques which avoids the use of general anesthesia in patients 
who are frequently suboptimal candidates for general anesthesia [Allaf et al. 2005].  Cryoablation is 
performed using a Cryocare Surgical System (HealthTronics, Austin TX; formerly EndocareInc, Irvine 
CA), an FDA approved device for the ablation of malignant tissues (510(k) K003811). Follow up is 
initially performed by contrast-enhanced CT or MRI at 3-4 months post cryoablation.  Assuming 
successful treatment, serial follow up imaging is then scheduled in 4 month intervals the first year, 6 
month intervals during year 2, and annually three years post treatment.  Unfortunately contrast 
administration with both of these imaging modalities has well-described toxicity:  iodinated intravenous 
contrast given with CT is nephrotoxic, especially in patients with renal impairment; and gadolinium-based 
contrast given with MRI has been associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with advanced 
kidney disease.   
 
Ultrasound contrast agents are well tolerated and administered intravenously, making them an ideal 
noninvasive screening tool.  Commercially available contrast imaging packages are now available on 
most ultrasound scanners.  Coded harmonic imaging (CHI) represents the current industry standard and 
improves contrast to tissue ratios by receiving higher frequency harmonics generated by the ultrasound 
contrast agents [Goldberg et al. 2001].  It has been shown that nonlinear imaging using these agents 
provides visualization of internal tumor morphology better than PDI [Forsberg et al 2007].  
 
The majority of literature involving CEUS and renal masses involves classification prior to biopsy.  
Tamai et al. performed CEUS on 29 patients prior to resection and biopsy and found sensitivities of 94.4 
and 88.9% for CEUS and contrast CT respectively but specificities of 45.5 and 72.7% [Tamai 2005].  In a 
larger study involving 143 patients with renal masses, Ignee et al. found that CEUS had a sensitivity of 


 
8
97% and specificity of 45% when predicting malignancy [Ignee et al. 2010].  Additionally, Williams et al. 
used CEUS with a flash replenishment imaging mode to measure RCC tumor response to the 
antiangiogenic drug sunitinib and found a significant drop in fractional vascularity over a two week 
treatment regime (73.2%, p < 0.002), but no correlation with progression free survival. 
 
One of the few studies in the literature using CEUS to evaluate renal ablation was performed by Meloni 
and colleagues [2008]. Using CEUS as a follow up after percutaneous RF ablation, the group found a 
sensitivity of 96.6% and specificity of 100% when comparing to either the clinical standard of contrast 
enhanced MRI or CT.  These results are quite convincing, and indicate CEUS should also be useful as a 
follow up image modality for renal cryoablation. However, this group did not use an FDA approved 
ultrasound contrast agent and did not use either a standardized ultrasound system or clinical standard.  
Consequently, our group has proposed the use of CEUS for monitoring the effectiveness of renal mass 
cryoablation [Eisenbrey et al. 2014].  In one of the first studies using CEUS as an imaging tool before and 
after cryoablation, our group showed that all masses initially showed heterogeneous enhancement with 
both subharmonic (an emerging nonlinear imaging technique) and CHI.  No adverse events were 
observed during the study.  The optimal dosages of Optison for renal imaging were found to be 1 ml for 
CHI and 2 ml for subharmonic imaging.  In cases where the lesion was adequately visualized at 4 month 
follow-up subharmonic and harmonic ultrasound showed accuracies of 83% and 75%, respectively in 
predicting treatment outcome, with a lack of enhancement on CEUS correlating to lack of enhancement 
on MRI/CT.  Additionally, relative to the ablation cavities measured on contrast-enhanced MRI/CT, SHI 
ablation volumes resulted in a mean error of 3.8 ± 5.4 cm3 (p = 0.29), and HI resulted in a mean error of 
1.7 ± 1.2 cm3 (p = 0.39) [Eisenbrey et al. 2014].  However, no cases of recurrence were observed in this 
study, making it difficult to define the technique’s predictive values.   
 
The proposed agent for the current study, Optison is a sterile non-pyrogenic suspension of encapsulated 
perflutren microbubbles [Goldberg et al 2001; Miller & Nanda 2004].  The contrast agent is consists of a 
human serum albumin shell with perflutren core and contains 5.0 - 8.0 x 108 microspheres/ ml.  The 
microbubble agent is supplied in a standard-size 3 ml vial and is prepared by manually shaking the vial.   
Optison is currently only approved for use in echocardiography.  The agent will be used as an off-label 
indication for this study.   
 
Optison Clinical Safety 
Optison is well tolerated and has been used extensively in echocardiography applications [Goldberg et al 
2001].  In pre-market clinical trials, Optison was administered to 279 patients.  In these patients 47 


 
9
(16.8%) reported at least one adverse event.  Of these events, 1 was classified as serious and required 
antihistamines for hypersensitivity manifestations of dizziness, nausea, flushing, and temperature 
elevation.  No deaths were reported.  Of the reported adverse reactions following the use of Optison the 
most frequently reported were headache (5.4%), nausea and/or vomiting (4.3%), warm sensation or 
flushing (3.6%), and dizziness (2.5%).  Additional risks associated with the contrast material are 
described in the attached Optison Product insert (Appendix B).  All of the non-serious reported side 
effects have been transient, usually lasting only a few minutes.   
 
Table 1. Selected Adverse Events Reported in  0.5% of the Subjects who Received Optison in 
Controlled Clinical Studies (From Optison Product Insert). 
SELECTED ADVERSE EVENTS REPORTED IN ≥ 0.5% OF THE SUBJECTS WHO 
RECEIVED OPTISON™ IN CONTROLLED CLINICAL STUDIES   
No. of Patients Exposed to OPTISON™  
279  
No. of Patients Reporting on Adverse Event  
47 (16.8%)  
Body as a Whole  
38 (13.6%)  
Headache  
15 (5.4%)  
Warm Sensation/Flushing  
10 (3.6%)  
Chills/fever  
4 (1.4%)  
Flu-like Symptoms  
3 (1.1%)  
Malaise/Weakness/Fatigue  
3 (1.1%)  
Cardiovascular System  
12 (4.3%)  
Dizziness  
7 (2.5%)  
Chest Pain  
3 (1.1%)  
Digestive System  
12 (4.3%)  
Nausea and/or Vomiting  
12 (4.3%)  
Nervous System  
3 (1.1%)  
Respiratory System  
5 (1.8%)  
Dyspnea  
3 (1.1%)  
Skin & Appendages  
11 (3.9%)  
Injection Site Discomfort  
3 (1.1%)  
Erythema  
2 (0.7%)  
Special Senses  
9 (3.2%)  
Altered Taste  
5 (1.8%)  
(1) Patients are counted separately within each body system. (2) The body system is reported if 
the aggregate is ≥ 0.5%. Details are not shown if the subsystem is not ≥ 0.5%.  
 
Additional information concerning pre-clinical and clinical experience with Optison, including the dosing 
levels and reported subject complaints, can be found in the Optison Package Insert that is included as 
Appendix B. 
 
1.2  Rationale 


 
10
The fundamental theory behind this study is that 2D and 3D CEUS, which uses a blood pooling agent for 
contrast, will provide a good indicator of changes in vascularity post-ablation over time, and that these 
findings will correlate with MRI/CT recurrence findings. If CEUS correlates with the current clinical 
standard of a contrast-enhanced MRI or CT, this alternative will lead to substantial cost savings and a 
non-nephrotoxic follow up imaging alternative in patients with renal compromise. 
 
We propose a clinical trial to determine the feasibility of using 2D and 3D CEUS for the evaluation of 
RCC recurrence post cryoablation.  The purpose of this study is to compare ultrasound derived vascularity 
and blood flow measurements post ablation to both the clinical evaluation standard and patient outcomes 
(when retreatment is indicated and pathology becomes available).  
 
2. TRIAL OBJECTIVES 
 
Trial Objectives: The primary objective of this trial is to: 
· 
Evaluate if CEUS can be used to successfully detect RCC recurrence in patients who are up to three 
years post cryotherapy. 
 
The secondary aim of this trial is to: 
· 
Establish whether 3D CEUS provides an improvement over 2D CEUS in monitoring cryoablation 
therapy and detecting recurrence.    
 
The tertiary aim of this trial is to: 
· 
Add to the emerging literature on the safety of Optison in patients with renal impairment.   
 
 
3. TRIAL DESIGN 
 
This is an open-label, non-randomized trial that will be conducted at one clinical site.  The subject 
population will be patients scheduled for follow up contrast enhanced CT or MRI of a previously 
cryoablatated RCC through Thomas Jefferson University’s Urology clinic.  Eligible follow up imaging 
will include patients being seen for an 8, 12, 18, 24, or 36 month CT/MRI follow up.  The study will 
consist of a single ultrasound exam, although patients will be eligible to re-enroll in multiple studies (for 
example exams at 8, 12 and 18 months), if these exams fit within the study timeframe.  Study 
participation will consist of a single ultrasound exam. During each exam patients will undergo a grayscale 
B-mode, power Doppler, and 2 CEUS exams of the tumor.  The CEUS will involve 1 ml bolus injections 
of Optison through an 18- to 20-gauge angiocatheter placed in a peripheral arm vein, preferably an 


 
11
antecubital vein.  Each bolus injection of Optison will be followed with a slow flush of 5 ml of normal 
saline.  CEUS will first be performed using a 2D curvilinear transducer at a low mechanical index in CHI 
mode.  Data will be stored over the contrast wash-in and wash-out cycle and compared to MRI / CT 
follow up results and patient outcomes.  When available, image fusion may also be incorporated to aid in 
scanning and lesion identification.  The second CEUS exam will then use a 3D curvilinear probe to 
provide volumetric CHI of the mass.  At a minimum, volumes will be acquired at baseline, contrast wash-
in, peak enhancement, and during contrast wash-out.  Volumes will again be compared to MRI / CT 
follow up results and patient outcomes. 
 
3.1  Trial Duration 
Individual participation for the majority of patients will be limited to 1 ultrasound exam during their 
cryoablation follow up in Thomas Jefferson University’s Urology clinic.  However, patients will be 
eligible for serial imaging (for example exams at 8, 12 and 18 months), if these exams fit within the study 
timeframe.  Exams will take place the day of the patient’s MRI/CT follow up or during their Urology 
clinic follow up (in cases where MR/CT imaging is performed outside of Jefferson).  The entire 
ultrasound imaging protocol will require approximately one hour including a 30 min observation period.  
Patients will be monitored for at least 30 minutes before being discharged. 
 
Subject recruitment is expected to last 22 months (January 2015 – November, 2016). Analysis and 
publication of results are expected to take an additional 2 months (November 2016– January, 2016).  
Volunteer Registry Database forms will be submitted to the National Institute of Health’s Office of 
Regulatory Compliance and Quality at the completion of the research study.   
 
4.  TRIAL POPULATION 
 
Trial Population: This trial will consist of up to 100 adults (18 years of age or older) undergoing MRI/CT 
imaging to monitor recurrence of RCC following cryoablation therapy. 
 
Subjects eligible for trial enrollment will be identified by the co-investigators, Drs. Shaw, Lallas and 
Trabulsi from their patient population of subjects who have previously undergone cryoablation of RCC 
and are being monitored for recurrence.  These patients will be accrued from the Urology department, as 
well as from the Small Renal Mass Center at the Genitourinary Multidisciplinary Cancer Center of the 
Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital.  A research coordinator will explain the 
study to the patient.  The patient will be given time to consider the risks and benefits of the study and ask 


 
12
questions about participation.  The coordinator will review the consent form with the patient and then the 
patient will be given the form to review.  The patient, coordinator, and a study investigator will all sign 
the consent form.  The patient will be given a copy of the signed consent form for their records. 
4.1  Inclusion Criteria 
All subjects accepted for this trial must: 
 
Previously received cryotherapy of RCC. 
 
Be scheduled for contrast-enhanced MRI/CT to monitoring of RCC recurrence as part of their 
8, 12, 18, 24, or 36 month CT/MRI follow up. 
 
Be at least 18 years of age. 
 
Be medically stable. 
 
If a female of child-bearing age, must have a negative pregnancy test. 
 
Have signed Informed Consent to participate in the study. 
 
4.2  Exclusion Criteria 
Subjects with any of the following conditions or who have had the following procedures will be excluded 
from this trial: 
 
Females who are pregnant or nursing. 
 
Patients who are medically unstable, patients who are seriously or terminally ill, and patients 
whose clinical course is unpredictable.  For example: 
 
Patients on life support or in a critical care unit. 
 
Patients with unstable occlusive disease (eg, crescendo angina) 
 
Patients with clinically unstable cardiac arrhythmias, such as recurrent ventricular 
tachycardia. 
 
Patients with uncontrolled congestive heart failure (NYHA Class IV) 
 
Patients with recent cerebral hemorrhage. 
 
Patients with known sensitivities to albumin, blood, or blood products 
 
Patients who have undergone surgery within 24 hours prior to the study sonographic 
examination. 
 
Patients with known hypersensitivity to perflutren 
 
Patients with cardiac shunts. 
 
Patients with congenital heart defects. 
 
Patients with severe emphysema, pulmonary vasculitis, or a history of pulmonary emboli. 
 
Patients with respiratory distress syndrome. 
 
Patients with renal insufficiency such that they cannot get intravenous contrast as part of 
screening or follow-up. 
 
Subject identification will be maintained with a study specific alphanumeric code including the subject 
number (01-100).  
 
5.  MEDICATIONS 
Optison will be provided by GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ.   


 
13
 
Optison is a sterile non-pyrogenic suspension of encapsulated perflutren microbubbles [Goldberg et al 
2001; Miller & Nanda 2004].  The contrast agent is consists of a human serum albumin shell with 
perflutren core and contains 5.0 - 8.0 x 108 microspheres/ ml.  The microbubble agent is supplied in a 
standard-size 3 ml vial and is prepared by manually shaking the vial.  Detailed instructions are provided 
in the Optison Product Insert, found in Appendix B. 
 
Optison will be stored in a secure refrigerator, with only the study investigators and research personnel 
having access.  Unused drug and empty vials will be properly disposed of after reconciling the log of 
study drug kept at Thomas Jefferson University. 
 
5.1 Administration 
All contrast injections will be supervised by a board certified physician.  Resuscitation equipment and 
trained personnel will be immediate proximity to the patient during each contrast-enhanced ultrasound 
exam.  Optison will be administered by bolus IV injection through an 18- to 20-gauge angiocatheter 
placed in a peripheral arm vein, preferably an antecubital vein.  Subjects will be instructed not to move 
their arm during the administration of the contrast agent. 
 
5.2 Contraindications  
Optison should not be administered to patients with known or suspected hypersensitivity to perflutren, 
blood, or blood products.  The safety of Optison in patients with 1) right-to-left, bi-directional or transient 
right-to-left cardiac shunts; 2) severe emphysema, pulmonary vasculitis or a history of pulmonary emboli; 
3) respirator distress syndrome has not been studied.  Therefore, patients with any of these conditions will 
be excluded from participation. 
 
5.3  Randomization 
This is a non-randomized trial; therefore, no randomization procedure is required. 
 
5.4 Blinding and Unblinding Methods 
This is an open-label trial; therefore, no blinding or unblinding procedures for the trial drug are required.  
 
5.5  Storage 


 
14
Optison vials will be stored in a secure refrigerator, with only the study investigators and research 
personnel having access.  The study research nurse will be responsible for drug suspension and inventory 
control. 
 
6.  TRIAL PROCEDURES 
 
6.1 Patient Enrollment  
Trial Procedures: Subjects eligible for trial enrollment will be identified by the co-investigators, Drs. 
Shaw, Lallas and Trabulsi from their patient population of subjects under active surveillance for 
recurrence of a previously cryoablated RCC.  A research coordinator will explain the study to the patient.  
The patient will be given time to consider the risks and benefits of the study and ask questions about 
participation.  The coordinator will review the consent form with the patient and then the patient will be 
given the form to review.  The patient, coordinator, and a study investigator will all sign the consent form.  
The patient will be given a copy of the signed consent form for their records. 
 
6.2 Screening Assessments 
Screening assessments will be performed prior to CEUS imaging.  Trial participants will have the 
presence of inclusion criteria and absence of exclusion criteria verified by providing a medical history.  A 
full demographic profile, known drug allergies or intolerances, and a review of the subject’s 
medical/surgical history will be recorded.  If the subject is a woman of childbearing age, she will have a 
urine pregnancy test (the results of which will be made available to the subject prior to study initiation).  
 
6.3 Ultrasound Imaging 
All contrast injections will be supervised by a board certified physician.  Resuscitation equipment and 
trained personnel will be in immediate proximity to the patient during each CEUS exam.  The ultrasound 
examinations will be performed by a qualified sonographer.  Ultrasound exams will take place the 
morning prior to the patient’s 8, 12, 18, 24, or 36 month CT/MRI follow up (scheduled as part of their 
clinical care) or during their consultation in Jefferson’s Urology clinic (for patients who have imaging 
performed outside Jefferson).  Procedures and equipment for this trial will be used in accordance with 
typical clinical procedures.  All trial procedures will be conducted in accordance with Good Clinical 
Practice.  For the ultrasound examination, the patient will be asked to lie in the supine position and a 
catheter will be placed in a superficial vein (preferably an antecubital vein).  Acoustic coupling gel will be 
applied to the area of interest.  A state of the art ultrasound scanner with 2D and 3D curvilinear probes 
will be used.   


 
15
 
A baseline ultrasound grayscale scan will be used to identify the tumor and to evaluate the following 
criteria: size, shape, and orientation of the lesion; echogenicity compared to surrounding tissue.  Standard 
power Doppler of the lesion will also be performed.  When possible, previous MR/CT data will be 
uploaded onto the scanner in order to perform image fusion for ultrasound guidance during imaging.  The 
distribution of color signals and the overall color content of the tumor will be evaluated by comparing the 
pattern and amount of color to the normal surrounding tissue.  Following baseline scanning, patients will 
receive a 1 ml intravenous injection of Optison (GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ) in a peripheral vein 
followed by renal mass imaging in 2D CHI  (a nonlinear contrast imaging package).  Ten minutes after 
the 2D CEUS exam, patients will receive a second bolus injection of Optison followed by 3D CHI (using 
a curvilinear 3D array).  All contrast injections will be supervised by a board certified physician. 
Resuscitation equipment and trained personnel will be immediate proximity to the patient during each 
contrast-enhanced ultrasound exam.  Digital clips of the exams will be recorded through the contrast 
agent wash-in and wash-out phases for at least two minutes and stored for later use.  The subject will then 
be monitored for adverse reactions for 30 minutes.  If the patient wishes to continue participating in the 
study, they will be eligible for CEUS exams during their future clinically scheduled follow up exams as 
long as these take place within the study timeframe. 
 
6.4  Safety Monitoring 
Patients will be monitored for AEs during and 30 minutes after contrast administration. All other 
procedures will be performed according to standard of care. No further patient monitoring is required as 
side effects of Optison are acute in nature and no renal toxicity has been reported (See Table 1, section 
2.1).  
 
6.5 Efficacy Assessments 
Both 2D and 3D CEUS exams and the clinically-indicated contrast-enhanced MRI/CT exam will be 
independent and randomly reviewed by two blinded radiologists with experience in both CEUS and body 
imaging.  Readers will evaluate the presence of signal enhancement within the mass, signal distribution 
and heterogeneity, signal intensity relative to the normal renal parenchyma, and contrast agent wash-in 
and wash-out kinetics relative to the surrounding parenchyma.  The readers will also be asked to evaluate 
if CEUS findings indicate RCC recurrence.  Recurrence will initially be defined as the presence of 
contrast enhancement within the ablation cavity.  Finally, following a one month wait period and 
randomization, readers will again review cases in order to calculate intra-reader variability.  Both 
qualitative and quantitative findings will be obtained for the ultrasound study. Sensitivity, specificity, 


 
16
accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value will be calculated for the contrast-
enhanced ultrasound exam using both the standard of care contrast-enhanced CT or MRI, and pathology 
(if retreated) as the reference standards.  The dichotomous parameter needed for these calculations will be 
derived by ascertaining whether blinded radiologists would recommend further treatment or not based on 
the degree of residual blood flow observed during the CEUS study.  Correlations between these 
assessments and both contrast-enhanced MRI or CT findings will be compared using the Fisher exact test.  
Inter- and intra-observer variability will also be calculated.  Quantitative parameters of mass vascularity, 
perfusion, and contrast fill time will be computed relative to the surrounding renal parenchyma and again 
correlated to the clinical standard.  Finally, the patient’s billed amount for their contrast-enhanced 
MRI/CT exam (cost of exam prior to insurance reimbursements) will be recorded and compared to the 
cost of a real ultrasound exam and one vial of ultrasound contrast agent to compare potential cost savings 
to the patient.  Quantitative parameters will be compared between recurrent and disease free groups using 
a Student’s t-test. 
 
6.6 Safety Assessments 
Adverse events will be monitored during the entire procedure.  Specifically, the patient will be monitored 
with non-leading questions to monitor the patient for the transient side effects that are described below. 
 
6.6.1  Risks/Benefits Assessment.   
Serious cardiopulmonary and allergic reactions including fatalities have occurred during or following 
administration of Optison, causing the FDA to place a black box warning on the agent.  However these 
occurrences have been rare (less than 1 in 5,000 patients).  As a result, patients with cardiac shunts or 
unstable cardiopulmonary conditions will be excluded.  All contrast injections will be supervised by a 
board certified physician.  Resuscitation equipment and trained personnel will be immediate proximity to 
the patient during each contrast-enhanced ultrasound exam.  Patients will also be monitored for 30 
minutes after contrast administration for any adverse reactions. The majority of adverse events from 
Optison were transient and mild in severity. Of the reported adverse reactions following the use of 
Optison the most frequently reported were headache (5.4%), nausea and/or vomiting (4.3%), warm 
sensation or flushing (3.6%), and dizziness (2.5%). 
 
The use of an intravenous needle and the fluids given through the needle may cause minor discomfort, 
bleeding under the skin (bruise), and possible infection at the site of needle insertion.   
 


 
17
Clinically significant adverse effects from the administration of Optison are unlikely.  The validation of 
an imaging technique which could replace a clinical standard that uses in a nephrotoxic contrast media in 
renally compromised patients would be of immense benefit.    
 
To minimize and/or eliminate risks a nurse will be present during the entire procedure.  Adverse events 
will be monitored during the entire procedure and for 30 minutes post injection.   
 
The risk benefit ratio is low.  Based on the available non-clinical and clinical safety data and the dosage 
levels of Optison that will be used in this study, safety concerns are minimal.  The potential side effects 
related to Optison administration are described in Table 1 above.  
 
6.6.2  Adverse Events 
An AE includes any condition that was not present prior to trial treatment, but appeared following 
initiation of trial medication; any condition that was present prior to trial treatment, but worsened during 
trial medication; or any condition, of which the subject has a history, that was not present prior to trial 
medication initiation but reappeared following administration of Optison.  This would include conditions 
that are likely to be associated with an underlying or intermittent disease (e.g., angina, flu, etc.). 
 
The subjects will be monitored for AEs during the entire procedure.  All AEs, including both observed or 
volunteered problems, complaints, signs or symptoms, and diagnoses, occurring from the initiation of 
Optison dosing until the completion of the Optison administration will be recorded on a serious or non-
serious AE data form, whether or not associated with the use of the trial medication.  All adverse events 
are reported to the Clinical Trial Support Office (CTSO) via the password protected Kimmel Cancer 
Center Adverse Event Reporting System.  In addition all unexpected and serious adverse events (SAEs) 
are reported to the TJU IRB and to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) if applicable.  The 
investigator is required to submit all unexpected and serious adverse events to the TJU IRB and the 
DSMB within 48 hours.  Fatal adverse events related to treatment which are unexpected must be reported 
within 24 hours to the TJU IRB and the DSMB through the CTSO.  Fatalities not related to the study 
drug/device must be reported within 5 days. 
 
The AE forms will include: subject identification number and initials; subject’s date of birth, gender, and 
ethnicity; date of Optison administration; signs/symptoms and severity; date of onset; date of resolution 
or death; relationship to the study drug; action taken; concomitant medication(s) including dose, and route 
and duration of treatment.   


 
18
 
Whenever possible, the AE will be evaluated and reported as a diagnosis rather than individual signs and 
symptoms.  If a definitive diagnosis is not possible, the individual signs and symptoms will be recorded.  
The investigator will evaluate and note the duration, intensity, and relationship to (association with) the 
Optison administration, the action taken, and the determination of seriousness for each AE. 
 
INTENSITY OF AES 
The intensity of the AE will be characterized as mild, moderate, or severe.  Mild AEs are usually 
transient, require no special treatment, and do not interfere with the subject's daily activities.  Moderate 
AEs traditionally introduce a low level of inconvenience or concern to the subject and may interfere with 
daily activities but are usually ameliorated by simple therapeutic measures.  Severe AEs interrupt a 
subject's usual daily activity and typically require systemic drag therapy or other treatment.  When the 
intensity of the AE changes over time, the maximum intensity will be recorded. 
 
RELATIONSHIP TO OPTISON ADMINISTRATION 
The relationship or association of the AE to the Optison administration will be characterized as 
"unlikely," "possible," or "probable."  A relationship assessment will be performed by the investigator to 
determine if an AE is attributable to Optison and will be recorded on a data form.  The investigator will 
refer to the Optison Package Insert for assistance in determining AE relationship. 
 
An "unlikely" relationship indicates that there is little or no chance that Optison caused the reported AE; 
other conditions, including concurrent illnesses, progression or expression of the disease state, or a 
reaction to a concurrent medication, appear to explain the reported AE. 
 
A "possible" relationship indicates that the association of the AE with Optison is unknown.  However, the 
AE is not reasonably attributed to any other condition. 
 
A "probable" relationship indicates that a reasonable temporal association exists between the AE and 
Optison administration and, based upon the investigator's clinical experience, the association of the event 
with the trial medication seems likely. 
 
SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS 
A "serious" AE (SAE) is defined as a significant clinical hazard, contraindication, or precaution that: 
Results in death 


 
19
 
Is life-threatening (In the opinion of the investigator, there is an immediate risk of death from the 
AE as it occurred. This does not include an AE that had it occurred in a more serious form may 
have caused death.) 
 
Results in a persistent or significant temporary disability/incapacity defined as a substantial 
disruption of a person's ability to conduct normal life functions 
 
Results in or prolongs an existing in-patient hospitalization (an overnight stay in the hospital, 
regardless of length) [Note: A hospitalization for an elective procedure or treatment which is not 
associated with an AE, hospitalization for a pre-existing condition which did not worsen, and 
hospitalization for reasons of convenience or observation, do not constitute an SAE.] 
 
Is a congenital anomaly/birth defect (in offspring of a subject taking the trial medication, 
regardless of time to diagnosis) 
 
Is an important medical event that may not result in death, be life-threatening, or require 
hospitalization but based upon the appropriate medical judgment, the event may jeopardize the 
subject and may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed for 
the definition of a serious adverse experience. 
 
All unexpected and serious adverse events are reported to the TJU IRB and to FDA if applicable.  The 
investigator is required to submit all unexpected and serious adverse events to the TJU IRB and the data 
safety monitoring board within 48 hours.  Fatal adverse events related to treatment which are unexpected 
must be reported within 24 hours to the TJU IRB and the DSMB through the CTSO.  
 
The written report for any SAEs that occur during the study, whether or not related to the Optison 
administration will be submitted immediately (within 24 hours) to the TJU IRB. 
 
The designated medical monitor will review all serious and unexpected adverse events associated with the 
protocol and provide an unbiased written report of the event within 10 calendar days of the initial report.  
At a minimum, the medical monitor will comment on the outcomes of the adverse event and relationship 
of the event to the Optison administration.   
 
A copy of the SAE will be retained on file with the respective subject's data forms.  
 
6.7  End-of-Treatment and End-of-Trial Evaluations 
Subjects will be free to discontinue trial participation at any time.  The investigator will also discontinue 
any subject from the trial if, in the investigator's opinion, it is not safe for the subject to continue.  The 


 
20
date the subject is withdrawn from a treatment and/or from the trial and the reason for discontinuation 
will be recorded on the CRF. 
 
Trial participation will be considered completed if the subject has met the following trial requirements: 
 
Has received two injections of Optison combined with 2D and 3D imaging of the area of interest 
If a subject's participation in the trial is interrupted for any reason (e.g., because of an AE) and the subject 
has met the criteria described above for completing the trial, the subject's trial participation will be 
considered completed.  If a subject's trial participation is interrupted for any reason by the subject's or 
investigator's choice and the subject has not met all of the criteria listed above, then the subject will be 
considered a discontinued subject. 
 
Findings from this study will be submitted in abstract form to the annual meetings of the American 
Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, the Radiological Society of North American, and the American 
Urological Association.  A manuscript detailing study findings will also be submitted to either a  
Radiology of Urology journal.   
 
7.  DATA MANAGEMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES 
 
7.1  Data Management 
 
Data forms will be completed for all subjects enrolled in the trial.  The subject study files will be stored in 
a secure file cabinet and maintained by the research study coordinator.  Subject study files will be kept for 
7 years after the completion of the study.  The final data will be entered into a database.  The investigator 
will be responsible for management of the database.  The database will be maintained within an organized 
and secure directory system. 
 
Findings from this study will be submitted in abstract form to the annual meetings of the American 
Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, the Radiological Society of North American, and the American 
Urological Association.  A manuscript detailing study findings will also be submitted to either a  
Radiology of Urology journal.   
 
7.2 Statistical Analyses 
Qualitative findings will be generated from Radiologist interpretations of exams.  Both 2D and 3D CEUS 
exams and the clinically-indicated contrast-enhanced MRI/CT exam will be independent and randomly 


 
21
reviewed by two blinded radiologists with experience in both CEUS and body imaging.  Readers will 
evaluate the presence of signal enhancement within the mass, signal distribution and heterogeneity, signal 
intensity relative to the normal renal parenchyma, and contrast agent wash-in and wash-out kinetics 
relative to the surrounding parenchyma.  The readers will also be asked to evaluate if CEUS findings 
indicate RCC recurrence.  This parameter will be based off of each reader’s first read.  In the event of 
discordant readings during this analysis, recurrence will be decided by consensus by the two readers.  
Finally, following a one month wait period and randomization, readers will again review cases in order to 
calculate intra-reader variability. 
 
Quantitative findings we be generated by calculating of mass vascularity, perfusion, and contrast fill time.  
This will be done using a commercial contrast quantification package, which fits wash-in and wash-out 
curves to signal intensity as a function of time to quantify key parameters.  Contrast parameters in the 
area of the previously treated mass will be computed relative to the surrounding renal parenchyma and 
again correlated to the clinical standard.  Finally, the patient’s billed amount for their contrast-enhanced 
MRI/CT exam (cost of exam prior to insurance reimbursements) will be recorded and compared to the 
cost of a real ultrasound exam and one vial of ultrasound contrast agent to compare potential cost savings 
to the patient. 
 
Data will first be analyzed on a per case basis (treating each case as an independent data point).  
However, analysis may also be performed on a patient by patient basis if a large number of enrolled 
patients undergo serial imaging (potentially required to ensure adequate enrollment).  Sensitivity, 
specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value will be calculated for the 
qualitative data using both the standard of care contrast-enhanced CT or MRI, and pathology (if retreated) 
as the reference standard.  The dichotomous parameter needed for these calculations will be derived by 
ascertaining whether blinded radiologists would recommend further treatment or not based on the degree 
of residual blood flow observed during the contrast-enhanced ultrasound.  Correlations between these 
findings and both contrast-enhanced MRI or CT findings will be compared using the Fisher exact test.  
Inter-rater variability will be calculated using each reader’s first set of reads, while intra-rater variability 
will be calculated by comparing each reader’s initial and 1 month analysis. Intra-rater and inter-rater 
variability will be calculated using a Shrout and Fleiss Interclass Correlation [Shrout and Fleiss 1979]. 
Quantitative parameters will be compared between groups using a Student’s t-test. 
 
7.2.1  Sample Size Calculation  
We hope to enroll up to 100 patients within 22 months as part of this study.  This should be achievable, 


 
22
given that our Urology clinic sees approximately 200 cryoablation follow up patients annually.  As this is 
a pilot feasibility study it is difficult to estimate statistical power a priori.  However, a power analysis was 
run in PASS12 (NCSS LLC, Kaysville, UT) to estimate the size of the confidence interval when 
estimating the test’s overall level of specificity.  A two sided confidence interval of one proportion was 
simulated using a Clopper-Pearson exact solution, assuming 100 patients and a total study recurrence rate 
of 5%.  The relationship between the confidence level and 95% confidence interval and confidence 
interval width is shown below. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Confidence 
Size 
Target 
Actual 
Proportion 
Lower 
Upper 
Width if 
Level 
(N) 
Width 
Width 
(P) 
Limit 
Limit 
P = 0.5 
0.800 
95 
 
0.089 
0.900 
0.849 
0.938 
0.141 
0.850 
95 
 
0.099 
0.900 
0.842 
0.941 
0.157 
0.900 
95 
 
0.112 
0.900 
0.834 
0.946 
0.177 
0.950 
95 
 
0.131 
0.900 
0.821 
0.952 
0.209 
 
 
Thus, we expect 100 patients will enable us to estimate the specificity of the test to within 11% with 90% 
confidence.  While multiple time points of the same patients cannot strictly be treated as independent 
samples (required to achieve adequate sample size within the two year window), data will also be 
analyzed on a per patient basis.  Additionally, data from this study will also be used for future grant 
submissions to run a fully powered study in which conclusive hypotheses comparing 2D and 3D, as well 
as quantifiable parameters can be answered. 
 
8.   REFERENCES 
 
Allaf ME, Varkarakis IM, Bhayani SB, et al. Pain control requirements for percutaneous ablation of renal 
tumors: cryoablation versus radiofrequency ablation- initial observations. Radiology, 237: 366-
370, 2005. 
 
American Cancer Society .Cancer Facts and Figures 2011. 
 
Bandi G, Hedican SP, Nakada SY. Current practice patterns in the use of ablation technology for the 
management of small renal masses at academic centers in the United States. Urology 71:113-117, 
2008.  
 
Bouakaz A, de Jong N. WFUMB Safety Symposium on Echo-Contrast Agents: nature and types of 
ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasound Med Biol, 33:187-196, 2007. 
 
Eisenbrey JR, Shaw CM Lyshchik A, et al.  Contrast-enhanced subharmonic and harmonic ultrasound of 
renal masses undergoing percutaneous cryoablation. Submitted to Ultrasound Med Biol, Sept 
2014. 
 
FDA Alert.  Information for Healthcare Professionals. Micro-bubble Contrast Agents (marketed as 


 
23
Definity (Perflutren Lipid Microsphere) Injectable Suspension and Optison (Perflutren Protein-
Type A Microspheres for Injection). 10/12/2007, updated 7/17/2008 (accessed May 23, 2010). 
 
FDA Alert. Public Health Advisory.Information for Healthcare Professionals Gadolinium-Based Contrast 
Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (marketed as Magnevist, MultiHance, Omniscan, 
OptiMARK, ProHance).  12/22/2006, updated 5/23/2007. 
 
Forsberg F, Piccoli CW, Ro R, et al.  Contrast enhanced subharmonic breast imaging: work in progress.  
Proc. IEEE Ultrason Symp, 625-628, 2005. 
 
Forsberg F, Piccoli CW, Merton DA, Palazzo JJ, Hall AL.  Breast lesions: imaging with contrast-
enhanced subharmonic US - initial experience.  Radiology, 244:718-726, 2007. 
 
Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Arellano RS, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma I. 
Indications, results, and role in patient management over a 6-year period and ablation of 100 
tumors. AJR Roentgenol 185:64-71, 2005a. 
 
Gervais DA, Arellano RS, McGovern FJ et al. Radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma II Lessons 
learned with ablation of 100 tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 188:72-80, 2005b. 
 
Goldberg BB, Raichlen JS, Forsberg F.  Ultrasound Contrast Agents: Basic Principles and Clinical 
Applications, 2nd Ed, Martin Dunitz Ltd., London, 2001. 
 
Hinshaw JL, Shadid AM, Nakada SY, et al. Comparison of percutaneous and laparoscopic cryoablation 
for the treatment of solid renal masses. AJR J Roentgenol 191:1159-1168, 2008.  
 
Ignee A, Straub B, Brix D, et al. The value of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the 
characterization of patients with renal masses. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 46:275-290, 2010. 
 
Levinson AW, Su LM, Agarwal D, et al. Long-term oncological and overall outcomes or percutaneous 
radio frequency ablation in high risk surgical patients with a solitary mass. J Urol, 180:499-504, 
2008. 
 
Miller AP, Nanda NC.  Contrast echocardiography: new agents.  Ultrasound Med Biol., 30:425-434, 
2004. 
 
Miloni MF, Bertolotto M, Alberzoni C, et al. Follow-up after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of 
renal cell carcinoma: contrast-enhanced sonography versus contrast-enhanced CT or MRI. AJR J 
Roentgenol, 191:1233-1238, 2008. 
 
National Cancer Institute. Kidney cancer home page.www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/kidney. 
Accessed April 17th, 2012. 
 
Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Interclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin 
1979; 86:420-8. 
 
Tamai H, Takiguchi Y, Oka M, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of solid renal 
tumors. J Ultrasound Med, 24:1635-1640, 2005. 
 
Thumar AB, Trabulsi EJ, Lallas CD, Brown DB. Thermal ablation of renal cell carcinoma: triage, 
treatment, and follow-up. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 21:S233-241, 2010. 


 
24
 
Venkateson AM, Wood BJ, Gervais DA. Percutaneous ablation in the kidney. Radiology, 261:375-391, 
2011.  
 
Zagoria RJ. Imaging-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal masses. Radiographics, 24:S59-71, 2004.


 
25
APPENDIX A - INVESTIGATOR OBLIGATIONS 
 
 
A. 
Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Human Subjects Research Review Board (HSRRB) 
Review/Approval 
 
The protocol and informed consent for this study must be reviewed and approved by an appropriate IRB 
and HSRRB prior to enrollment of participants in the study.  It is the responsibility of the investigator to 
assure that all aspects of the ethical review are conducted in accordance with FDA Regulations 21 CFR 
Part 56.  A letter documenting the IRB and HSRRB approval which specifically identifies the 
study/protocol must be obtained by the investigator prior to initiation of the study.  Amendments to the 
protocol will be subject to the same requirements as the original protocol.  The HSRRB must review and 
approve each modification to the study prior to implementation. 
 
A progress report with a request for re-evaluation and re-approval will be submitted by the investigator to 
the IRB and HSRRB at intervals required by the IRB, and not less than annually.  
 
After completion or termination of the study, the investigator will submit a final report to the IRB. This 
report should include: deviations from the protocol, the number and types of participants evaluated, the 
number of participants who discontinued (with reasons), results of the study, if known, and all AEs, 
including deaths. 
 
 
B. 
Informed Consent 
 
Signed, written informed consent which conforms to FDA Regulation 21 CFR Part 50, must be obtained 
from each participant prior to entering the study.  Each participant will be provided a written consent form 
and verbal information in an understandable manner which describes the nature and duration of the study.  
The research study coordinator or the investigator will conduct the informed consent interview in a 
private examination room.  The potential subject will be allowed to discuss the study with the 
investigator, research study coordinator, or any persons who may have accompanied the potential subject.  
Additionally, the participant must be allowed adequate time to consider the potential risks and benefits 
associated with his participation in the study.  The research study coordinator will sign the informed 
consent as the person conducting the consent interview.   
 
 
C. 
Data Reporting and Data Forms  
 
Data reflecting participant's experiences with the study will be recorded on CRFs by the investigator.  
 
 
D. 
Records Retention 
 
All records pertaining to the conduct of the clinical study, including CRFs, informed consent forms, 
source documents, and other study documentation must be retained for seven (7) years after the end of the 
study. 
 
Other study documentation includes all protocols and amendments, drug supply receipt, dispensing and 
final disposition records, IRB correspondence and approvals, signed consent forms, a blank copy of study 
consent forms, Form 1572, curriculum vitae or biosketches of members of the research team including the 
medical monitor, HSRRB correspondence and approval, and Statement of Investigator forms. 


 
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Source documents include all original records of observations, results, and activities necessary to 
reconstruct and evaluate the study.  Source documents include but are not limited to laboratory reports, 
electrocardiogram tracings, X-ray films, ultrasound images, subject diaries, subject progress notes, 
hospital charts, appointment books, radiologic reports or pharmacy records, and any other records or 
reports of procedures performed during the study.  Source documents also may include copies of the CRF 
or sponsor supplied worksheets when original information is recorded directly onto these forms. 
 
Whenever possible, an original recording of an observation should be retained as the source document.  
However, a photocopy of a record is acceptable provided it is legible and is a verified copy of the original 
document. 
 
 
E. 
Deviation from the Protocol 
 
The investigator will not deviate from the protocol without prior written approval from the IRB and the 
HSRRB.  In medical emergencies, the investigator will use medical judgment and remove the participant 
from immediate hazard.  The HSRRB and the IRB will be notified regarding the type of emergency and 
course of action taken.  Any other changes to or deviations from the protocol will be made as an 
amendment to the protocol.  The amendment must be submitted for review and approval to the local IRB 
and the HSRRB for review and approval. 
 
 
F. 
Roles and Responsibilities of Study Personnel 
 
John Eisenbrey, PhD, Research Assistant Professor of Radiology, will serve as Principal Investigator on 
this project.  He will be responsible for the scientific goals of the project.  Dr. Eisenbrey will oversee 
patient recruitment, informed consent, ultrasound studies, and the data entry and statistical analyses.  He 
will also supervise the data acquisition from patients. 
 
Flemming Forserbg, PhD, Professor of Radiology and Director of Ultrasound Research will assist in data 
collection, data analysis, and publication of results.   
 
Colette Shaw, MD,   Assistant Professor of Radiology will assist with the patient recruitment, interpret 
ultrasound images and advise on clinical issues.  
 
Edouard Trabulsi, MD Associate Professor of Urology will assist with the patient identification and 
recruitment, interpret clinical results and advise on clinical issues.   
 
Costas D. Lallas, MD, Assistant Professor of Urology will assist with the patient identification and 
recruitment, interpret clinical results and advise on clinical issues.   
 
 
Ji-Bin Liu, MD, Research Professor of Radiology will assist with interpretation of results and advise on 
clinical issues.   
 
Andrej Lyshchik, MD, Assistant Professor of Radiology will assist with interpretation of results and 
advise on clinical issues 
 
Maria Stanczak, MS, Research Sonographer in the Department of Radiology will be responsible for 
performing the ultrasound examinations and interpreting results. 


 
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Colleen Dascenzo, CCRC, will be responsible for screening, recruiting, and scheduling patients and will 
explain the study to them.  In addition, she/he will perform data entry.   
 
Patrick O’Kane, M.D., Assistant Professor of Radiology, will act as the medical monitor for this project. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Signature of PI:  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
John Eisenbrey, PhD 


 
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APPENDIX B – OPTISON PRODUCT INSERT 


 
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APPENDIX C – CASE REPORT FORMS  


 
APPENDIX D – THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY IRB APPROVAL