Conditions: Diabetes Hyperglycemia Surgical Site Infection
Keywords: Glycemic control
Allocation: RANDOMIZED | Intervention model: PARALLEL
Enrollment: 37
Healthy volunteers: no

Brief summary:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three different glycemic treatment conditions (tight, conventional, and standard) in the intraoperative period on: 1) postoperative surgical site infections, and 2) postoperative procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein levels in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Secondary aims of the study were to investigate the effects of the three glycemic treatment conditions on: 1) intraoperative blood glucose; 2) intraoperative glycemic stability; and 3) intensive care unit length of stay, in patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

Detailed description:
An experimental design with a multilevel, single factor, within-subjects design was utilized. Patients were nested within anesthesia provider teams. The design was counterbalanced by means of a Latin square, where each of three anesthesia provider teams dispensed each of three glycemic treatment conditions once.

Arms:
arm 1: The tight glycemic group received a continuous intravenous infusion of regular insulin in the intraoperative period titrated per a modified Portland Protocol from Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee. The initial bolus of insulin and insulin infusion was initiated prior to induction of anesthesia if the morning blood glucose was greater than 149 mg/dl or any time intraoperatively the blood glucose elevated above 149 mg/dl.The titration of insulin for the tight glycemic group maintained blood glucose levels between 110-149 mg/dl throughout the intraoperative period. The intraoperative blood glucose was titrated to blood glucose levels sampled every 30 minutes.Upon transfer to the intensive care unit the protocol ended and all subjects received the same glycemic control. arm 2: The conventional glycemic group received a continuous intravenous infusion of regular insulin in the intraoperative period titrated per a modified Portland Protocol from Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee. The initial insulin bolus and infusion was initiated prior to induction of anesthesia if the morning blood glucose was greater than 180 mg/dl or any time intraoperatively that the blood glucose elevated above 180 mg/dl. The insulin infusion was titrated throughout the intraoperative period to maintain blood glucose levels between 150-180 mg/dl.The intraoperative blood glucose was titrated to blood glucose levels sampled every 30 minutes. Upon transfer to the ICU the intraoperative protocol ended and all subjects received the standardized glycemic control for the ICU. arm 3: The standard glycemic group received intravenous injections of regular insulin in the intraoperative period titrated per the usual care protocol utilized at the study site. The initial bolus of insulin was initiated prior to induction of anesthesia if the morning blood glucose is greater than 180 mg/dl or any time intraoperatively that the blood glucose rises above 180 mg/dl. The intraoperative blood glucose was titrated to blood glucose levels sampled every 30 minutes.Upon transfer to the ICU the intraoperative protocol ended and all subjects received the standardized glycemic control for the ICU.

Interventions: intervention 1: Tight Glycemic intervention 2: Conventional Glycemic intervention 3: Standard Glycemic
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: The insulin infusion consisted of 100 units of regular insulin in 100 ml of normal saline. intervention 2: The insulin infusion consisted of 100 units of regular insulin in 100 ml of normal saline. intervention 3: Insulin was Regular Insulin administered intravenous bolus.

Protocol document: