Conditions: Influenza
Keywords: Flu Immunity Virology Investigational Healthy Volunteer
Allocation: RANDOMIZED | Intervention model: PARALLEL
Enrollment: 45
Healthy volunteers: yes

Brief summary:
Background:

Influenza (flu) is a virus that infects people of all ages. Some people may have mild flu symptoms. Others may get very sick and even die from the flu. Flu vaccines help protect people against the flu, but if the flu strains in the vaccine are not a good match with the strains circulating in the community, the vaccine is not as effective. Researchers want to make flu vaccines that protect against changing flu strains.

Objective:

To test if a new flu vaccine is safe and if it creates an immune response.

Eligibility:

Healthy adults ages 18-55 who do not smoke and have not received a flu vaccine in the 8 weeks prior or a COVID-19 vaccine in the 4 weeks prior to enrollment.

Design:

Participants will be screened on a separate protocol.

Participants will have 9 visits over 7 months. They will get a combination of study vaccine and/or placebo, both as a shot in the arm and as a spray into the nose, at 2 visits. For 7 days after getting the vaccines, they will take their temperature and complete online surveys at home to record any symptoms.

At each visit, participants will have a physical exam and medical history. They will give blood and urine samples. They will have nasal testing. For this, a thin absorptive strip will be inserted into their nostril for 1 minute to collect mucus. At some visits, the inside of their nose will be wiped with a small brush to collect cells. For this, their nostril will be numbed to make it more comfortable. Some blood and nasal samples will be used for genetic testing. Participants who get flu-like symptoms during the study will be asked to collect nasal samples at home and send these samples back to NIH to test if they actually have the flu.

Detailed description:
Study Description: This is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, single-center, phase 1 clinical trial of beta-propiolactone (BPL)- inactivated quadruple influenza virus cocktail vaccine (BPL-1357) administered intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) in 2 doses 28 days apart. Participants will be randomized to one of three groups for treatment assignment. The primary hypothesis is that IN and IM BPL-1357 will be well tolerated.

Objectives:

Primary Objective:

1\. To assess the safety of BPL-1357 given IM or IN, compared to placebo.

Secondary Objective:

1. To further assess the safety of BPL-1357 given IM or IN, compared to placebo.
2. To assess the immunogenicity of BPL-1357 given IM or IN, compared to placebo.

Tertiary Objective:

1. To characterize the systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses induced by BPL-1357 given IM or IN, compared to placebo.
2. To further characterize the immune response induced by BPL-1357 given IM or IN through variable, diversity, and joining (VDJ) gene repertoire analysis, cytokine analysis, cytometry, transcriptomics, and assessment of T-cell responses.
3. To assess the rates of influenza disease among groups given IM or IN BPL-1357 compared to placebo.

Endpoints:

Primary Endpoints:

1. Type and severity (by grading) of adverse events (AEs) through vaccine 2 (V2) day 28 (D28) \[28 days after vaccine dose 2\].
2. Type of serious adverse events (SAEs) through V2D28 \[28 days after vaccine dose 2\].

Secondary Endpoints:

1. Safety

   1. Type and severity (by grading) of AEs through V2D182 \[182 days after vaccine dose 2\].
   2. Type of SAEs through V2D182 \[182 days after vaccine dose 2\].
2. Immunogenicity

   1. Antibodies against H1, H3, H5, and H7 head and stalk as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from blood and mucosal samples at V2D28.
   2. Antibodies against N1, N3, N8, and N9 as measured by neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) or ELISA from blood and mucosal samples at V2D28.

Tertiary Endpoints:

1. Additional antibody titer characterization via:

   1. Antibodies against H1, H3, H5, and H7 head and stalk as measured by HAI or ELISA from blood and mucosal samples at V1D7, V1D14, V1D28, V2D7, V2D14, V2D56, and V2D182.
   2. Antibodies against N1, N3, N8, and N9 as measured by NAI or ELISA from blood and mucosal samples at V1D7, V1D14, V1D28, V2D7, V2D14, V2D56, and V2D182.
2. Additional immune response characterization via:

   1. VDJ gene repertoire analysis.
   2. Cytokine analysis.
   3. Flow cytometric phenotyping of lymphocytes.
   4. Transcriptomic gene expression.
   5. T-cell responses.
3. Influenza disease

Arms:
arm 1: 15 participants receiving IM BPL1357 \&amp; IN Placebo arm 2: 15 participants receiving IN BPL1357 \&amp; IM Placebo arm 3: 15 participants receiving IM and IN placebo

Interventions: intervention 1: IN Placebo intervention 2: IM Placebo intervention 3: BPL-1357
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: The placebo is normal saline in two syringes administered IN. intervention 2: The placebo is normal saline in a syringe administered IM. intervention 3: BPL-1357 contains 4 whole inactivated avian influenza viruses: A /Environment /Maryland/261/2006 H7N3, A/Mallard /Maryland/802/2007 H5N1, A/Pintail/Ohio /339/1987 H3N8, and A/Mallard/Ohio /265/1987 H1N9. It is administered either IM or IN depending on the assigned treatment group.

Protocol document:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Protocol #: 000320
Version Date: June 30, 2022 
Title: Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Study of the Safety and 
Immunogenicity of BPL-1357, A BPL-Inactivated, Whole-Virus, Universal Influenza Vaccine 
Investigators:
Principal Investigator (PI):
Matthew J. Memoli, MD, MS
Director, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (LID) Clinical 
Studies Unit (CSU)
Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (LID)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
MSC 3203 33 North Dr Room 3E13C4
Bethesda, MD 20892-3203
Phone: 301-443-5971
Email: memolim@niaid.nih.gov
Investigational Agent:
Drug Name:
BPL-1357
Investigational New 
Drug (IND) Number:
027691
Sponsor:
Office of Clinical Research Policy and Regulatory 
Operations (OCRPRO), NIAID
Manufacturer:
Charles River Laboratories, Malvern, PA
Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB): NIAID Intramural DSMB 


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE ................................................................................................8
1
PROTOCOL SUMMARY.......................................................................................................9
1.1
Synopsis ............................................................................................................................9
1.2
Schema............................................................................................................................10
1.3
Schedule of Activities .....................................................................................................11
2
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................13
2.1
Study Rationale...............................................................................................................13
2.2
Background .....................................................................................................................13
2.3
Risk/Benefit Assessment.................................................................................................19
2.3.1
Known Potential Risks ............................................................................................19
2.3.1.1
Risks of BPL-1357 Influenza Vaccination ......................................................................19
2.3.1.2
Risks of Placebo Administration .....................................................................................21
2.3.1.3
Risks of Blood Draw........................................................................................................21
2.3.1.4
Risks of Nasal Sampling..................................................................................................22
2.3.1.5
Risks of Urine Drug Testing............................................................................................22
2.3.2
Known Potential Benefits........................................................................................22
2.3.3
Assessment of Potential Risks and Benefits............................................................22
3
OBJECTIVES AND ENDPOINTS.......................................................................................22
4
STUDY DESIGN ..................................................................................................................23
4.1
Overall Design ................................................................................................................23
4.2
Scientific Rationale for Study Design.............................................................................24
4.3
Justification for Dose ......................................................................................................24
5
STUDY POPULATION........................................................................................................24
5.1
Inclusion Criteria.............................................................................................................24
5.2
Exclusion Criteria ...........................................................................................................25
5.3
Inclusion of Vulnerable Participants...............................................................................26
5.4
Lifestyle Considerations .................................................................................................27
5.5
Screen Failures................................................................................................................27
5.6
Strategies for Recruitment and Retention .......................................................................27
5.6.1
Costs ........................................................................................................................28
5.6.2
Compensation ..........................................................................................................28


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
6
STUDY INTERVENTION ...................................................................................................29
6.1
Study Interventions Administration................................................................................29
6.1.1
Study Intervention Description................................................................................29
6.1.2
Dosing and Administration......................................................................................29
6.1.3
Drug Administration................................................................................................29
6.2
Preparation/Handling/Storage/Accountability................................................................29
6.2.1
Acquisition and Accountability ...............................................................................29
6.2.2
Formulation, Appearance, Packaging, and Labeling...............................................30
6.2.3
Product Storage and Stability ..................................................................................30
6.2.4
Preparation...............................................................................................................30
6.3
Measures to Minimize Bias: Randomization and Blinding ............................................31
6.3.1
Randomization.........................................................................................................31
6.3.2
Blinding ...................................................................................................................31
6.3.3
Scheduled Unblinding .............................................................................................31
6.3.4
Unscheduled Unblinding .........................................................................................31
6.4
Study Intervention Compliance ......................................................................................32
6.5
Concomitant Therapy......................................................................................................32
7
STUDY INTERVENTION DISCONTINUATION AND PARTICIPANT 
DISCONTINUATION/WITHDRAWAL .....................................................................................33
7.1
Discontinuation of Study Intervention............................................................................33
7.2
Participant Discontinuation/Withdrawal from the Study................................................33
7.3
Lost to Follow-up............................................................................................................33
8
STUDY ASSESSMENTS AND PROCEDURES.................................................................34
8.1
Screening Procedures......................................................................................................34
8.2
Efficacy Assessments......................................................................................................34
8.2.1
Clinical Evaluations.................................................................................................34
8.2.2
Biospecimen Evaluations.........................................................................................34
8.2.3
Correlative Studies for Research/Pharmacokinetic Studies ....................................35
8.2.4
Samples for Genetic/Genomic Analysis..................................................................37
8.2.4.1
Description of the scope of genetic/genomic analysis.....................................................37
8.2.4.2
Description of how privacy and confidentiality of medical information/biological 
specimens will be maximized..........................................................................................................37
8.2.4.3
Management of results.....................................................................................................37


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
8.2.4.4
Genetic counseling...........................................................................................................37
8.3
Safety and Other Assessments ........................................................................................37
8.4
Safety Definitions, Management, and Sponsor Reporting..............................................38
8.4.1
Definitions ...............................................................................................................38
8.4.2
Protocol-Specified Exempt Events (PSEEs) ...........................................................42
8.4.3
Documenting, Assessing, Recording, and Reporting Events ..................................42
8.4.3.1
Investigator Assessment of Adverse Events....................................................................43
8.4.3.1.1
Severity Grading........................................................................................................43
8.4.3.1.2
Causality....................................................................................................................44
8.4.3.2
Recording of Events.........................................................................................................45
8.4.3.3
Investigator Reporting Responsibilities...........................................................................45
8.4.3.3.1
Adverse Events..........................................................................................................46
8.4.3.3.2
Serious Adverse Events (Expedited Reporting)........................................................46
8.4.3.3.3
Unanticipated Problems.............................................................................................47
8.4.3.3.4
Pregnancy ..................................................................................................................47
8.4.3.4
Sponsor’s Reporting Responsibilities..............................................................................48
8.4.4
Withdrawal Criteria for an Individual Subject ........................................................48
8.4.4.1
Re-enrollment and Unplanned Procedure Repetition ......................................................49
8.4.4.2
Replacement of Withdrawn Subjects or Subjects Who Discontinue Study Agent..........49
8.4.5
Additional Safety Oversight ....................................................................................49
8.4.5.1
Safety Review and Communications Plan.......................................................................49
8.4.5.2
Sponsor Medical Monitor ................................................................................................49
8.4.5.3
Oversight Committees .....................................................................................................49
8.4.5.3.1
Data and Safety Monitoring Board............................................................................49
8.4.6
Pausing Rules for the Protocol ................................................................................50
8.4.6.1
Reporting a Pause ............................................................................................................50
8.4.6.2
Resumption Following a Pause........................................................................................50
8.4.6.3
Discontinuation of Study Agent.......................................................................................51
8.4.7
Halting Rules for the Protocol .................................................................................51
8.4.7.1
Reporting a Study Halt.....................................................................................................51
8.4.7.2
Resumption of a Halted Study.........................................................................................51
8.4.7.3
Discontinuation of Study Agent.......................................................................................52


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
8.5
Unanticipated Problems ..................................................................................................52
8.5.1
Definition of Unanticipated Problems.....................................................................52
8.5.2
Unanticipated Problem Reporting ...........................................................................52
8.5.3
NIH Intramural IRB Reporting of IND Safety Reports...........................................52
8.6
Additional Reporting Requirements ...............................................................................52
8.6.1
Reporting to the NIH IRB........................................................................................52
8.6.2
Reporting to the NIAID Clinical Director...............................................................52
9
STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................52
9.1
Statistical Hypothesis......................................................................................................52
9.2
Sample Size Determination.............................................................................................52
9.3
Populations for Analyses ................................................................................................53
9.3.1
Evaluable for Toxicity .............................................................................................53
9.3.2
Evaluable for Objective Response...........................................................................53
9.3.3
Evaluable Non-Target Disease Response................................................................53
9.4
Statistical Analyses .........................................................................................................54
9.4.1
General Approach....................................................................................................54
9.4.2
Analysis of the Primary Endpoints..........................................................................54
9.4.3
Baseline Descriptive Statistics.................................................................................54
9.4.4
Sub-Group Analyses................................................................................................54
9.4.5
Tabulation of Individual Participant Data ...............................................................54
9.4.6
Exploratory Analyses...............................................................................................54
10
REGULATORY AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS.......................................55
10.1
Informed Consent Process ..............................................................................................55
10.1.1
Consent/Assent Procedures and Documentation.....................................................55
10.1.2
Consent for Minors When They Reach the Age of Majority ..................................55
10.1.3
Telephone Consent ..................................................................................................55
10.1.4
Telephone Assent.....................................................................................................55
10.1.5
Participation of Subjects Who Are/Become Decisionally Impaired .......................55
10.1.1
Participation of NIH Employees..............................................................................56
10.2
Study Discontinuation and Closure.................................................................................56
10.3
Confidentiality and Privacy ............................................................................................56
10.4
Future Use of Stored Specimens and Data......................................................................57


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
10.5
Safety Oversight..............................................................................................................57
10.6
Clinical Monitoring.........................................................................................................57
10.7
Quality Assurance and Quality Control..........................................................................58
10.8
Data Handling and Record Keeping ...............................................................................58
10.8.1
Data Collection and Management Responsibilities.................................................58
10.8.2
Study Records Retention .........................................................................................59
10.9
Protocol Deviations.........................................................................................................59
10.9.1
NIH Definition of Protocol Deviation .....................................................................59
10.10 Publication and Data Sharing Policy ..............................................................................59
10.10.1 Human Data Sharing Plan .......................................................................................59
10.10.2 Genomic Data Sharing Plan.....................................................................................60
10.11 Collaborative Agreements...............................................................................................60
10.11.1 Agreement Type ......................................................................................................60
10.12 Conflict of Interest Policy...............................................................................................60
11
ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................60
12
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................63
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Schedule of Activities......................................................................................................11
Table 2: Objectives and Endpoints................................................................................................22
Table 3. Participant Remuneration ................................................................................................28
Table 4: Vaccine Component Total Protein Concentrations, Volumes and Amounts ..................30
Table 5. Volumes for Specimen Collection...................................................................................34
Table 6. Standard Event Recording, Assessment, and Reporting Timeframes.............................42
Table 7. PSEE List and Reporting.................................................................................................42
Table 8. Probability of meeting pausing criteria ...........................................................................52
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. BPL-1357 Phase 1 Group Randomization Flowchart....................................................10
Figure 2. BPL-1357 Phase 1 Study Timeline ................................................................................10


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
Figure 3a,b,c. Serum IgG and BAL IgA titers against HA (H1, H3, H5, H7) and NA (N1, N3, 
N8, N9) as measured by ELISA area-under-the-curve (AUC) in mice vaccinated with 
intramuscular (IM) BPL-1357, intranasal (IN) BPL-1357, or mock vaccine................................16
Figure 4. Weight loss and survival following lethal challenge with H1N1 (A), H5N1 (B), H5N8 
(C), H6N1 (D), H7N1 (E), H7N9 (F), and H10N7 (G) in mice vaccinated with intramuscular 
(IM) BPL-1357, intranasal (IN) BPL-1357, or mock vaccine.......................................................17
Figure 5. Ferret histopathology following viral challenge in ferrets vaccinated with BPL-1357 
intramuscularly (IM), intranasally (IN), or mock vaccine.............................................................18
Figure 6. Viral lung titers and immunohistochemistry following viral challenge in ferrets 
vaccinated with BPL-1357 intramuscularly (IM), intranasally (IN), or mock vaccine.................19
Figure 7: Drug Product Labels ......................................................................................................30


8
Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE
The trial will be carried out in accordance with International Council on Harmonisation (ICH) 
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and the following: 
United States (US) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) applicable to clinical studies (45 
CFR Part 46, 21 CFR Part 50, 21 CFR Part 56, 21 CFR Part 312, and/or 21 CFR Part 
812). 
NIH-funded investigators and clinical trial site staff who are responsible for the conduct, 
management, or oversight of NIH-funded clinical trials have completed Human Subjects 
Protection and ICH GCP Training.
The protocol, informed consent form(s), recruitment materials, and all participant materials will 
be submitted to the institutional review board (IRB) for review and approval. Approval of both 
the protocol and the consent form must be obtained before any participant is enrolled. Any 
amendment to the protocol will require review and approval by the IRB before the changes are 
implemented to the study. In addition, all changes to the consent form will be IRB-approved; a 
determination will be made regarding whether a new consent needs to be obtained from 
participants who provided consent using a previously approved consent form.


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
1
PROTOCOL SUMMARY
1.1
SYNOPSIS
Title:
Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Study of 
the Safety and Immunogenicity of BPL-1357, a BPL-Inactivated, 
Whole-Virus, Universal Influenza Vaccine
Study Description:
This is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 
single-center, phase 1 clinical trial of β-propiolactone (BPL)-
inactivated quadruple influenza virus cocktail vaccine (BPL-1357) 
administered intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) in 2 doses 28 
days apart. Participants will be randomized to one of three groups 
for treatment assignment. The primary hypothesis is that IN and IM 
BPL-1357 will be well tolerated.
Objectives:
Primary Objective:
1. To assess the safety of BPL-1357 given IM or IN, compared 
to placebo.
Secondary Objective:
1. To further assess the safety of BPL-1357 given IM or IN, 
compared to placebo.
2. To assess the immunogenicity of BPL-1357 given IM or IN, 
compared to placebo.
Tertiary Objective:
1. To characterize the systemic and mucosal humoral immune 
responses induced by BPL-1357 given IM or IN, compared 
to placebo.
2. To further characterize the immune response induced by 
BPL-1357 given IM or IN through variable, diversity, and 
joining (VDJ) gene repertoire analysis, cytokine analysis, 
cytometry, transcriptomics, and assessment of T-cell 
responses.
3. To assess the rates of influenza disease among groups given 
IM or IN BPL-1357 compared to placebo.
Endpoints:
Primary Endpoints:
1. Type and severity (by grading) of adverse events (AEs) 
through vaccine 2 (V2) day 28 (D28) [28 days after vaccine 
dose 2].
2. Type of serious adverse events (SAEs) through V2D28 [28 
days after vaccine dose 2].
Secondary Endpoints:
1. Safety
a.
Type and severity (by grading) of AEs through 
V2D182 [182 days after vaccine dose 2].


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
b. Type of SAEs through V2D182 [182 days after 
vaccine dose 2].
2. Immunogenicity
a.
Antibodies against H1, H3, H5, and H7 head and 
stalk as measured by hemagglutination inhibition 
(HAI) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 
(ELISA) from blood and mucosal samples at V2D28.
b. Antibodies against N1, N3, N8, and N9 as measured 
by neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) or ELISA from 
blood and mucosal samples at V2D28.
Tertiary Endpoints:
1. Additional antibody titer characterization via: 
a.
Antibodies against H1, H3, H5, and H7 head and 
stalk as measured by HAI or ELISA from blood and 
mucosal samples at V1D7, V1D14, V1D28, V2D7, 
V2D14, V2D56, and V2D182.
b. Antibodies against N1, N3, N8, and N9 as measured 
by NAI or ELISA from blood and mucosal samples 
at V1D7, V1D14, V1D28, V2D7, V2D14, V2D56, and 
V2D182.
2. Additional immune response characterization via:
a.
VDJ gene repertoire analysis.
b. Cytokine analysis.
c.
Flow cytometric phenotyping of lymphocytes.
d. Transcriptomic gene expression.
e.
T-cell responses.
3. Influenza disease
Study Population:
Healthy volunteers, male and female,  18 to  55 years of age. The 
target sample size is 45 participants with an accrual ceiling of 
100 participants.
Phase:
Phase 1
Description of 
Sites/Facilities 
Enrolling 
Participants:
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center (CC)
Description of Study 
Intervention:
Two-doses 28 days apart of BPL-1357 and/or normal saline placebo, 
according to randomized (1:1:1) group assignment: Group A will 
receive two-doses IM BPL-1357 plus two-doses IN placebo; Group 
B will receive two-doses IM placebo plus two-doses IN BPL-1357; 
and Group C will receive two-doses IM placebo and two-doses IN 
placebo. 
Study Duration:
12 months


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
Participant Duration:
7 months
1.2
SCHEMA
Figure 1. BPL-1357 Phase 1 Group Randomization Flowchart
V1=Vaccine dose 1, V2=Vaccine dose 2. D=Day
Figure 2. BPL-1357 Phase 1 Study Timeline


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
1.3
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
Table 1. Schedule of Activities
Study Visit (window, in days)
Procedure/Evaluation
V1D0
V1D7
(± 1)
V1D14
(± 2)
V2D0
(± 2)
V2D7
 (± 2)
V2D14
 (± 2)
V2D28
 (± 7)
V2D56
 (± 7)
V2D182
 (± 7)
Written informed consent
Xa
Randomization
Xa
Medical/Medication history
Xa
X
X
Xa
X
X
X
X
X
Clinician assessment and 
PE
Xa
X
X
Xa
X
X
X
X
X
Vaccine injection-site and 
AE assessment
X
X
Xa
X
X
Survey distributionb
X
X
Survey review
X
X
Vital signsc
Xa
X
X
Xa
X
X
X
X
X
Urine pregnancy testd
Xa
Xa
Urine drug test
Xa
Nasal SAM
Xa
X
X
Xa
X
X
X
X
X
Nasal cytology brushing
Xe
Xe
Vaccination 
Xf
Xf
CBC + diff
Xa
X
X
Xa
X
X
X
X
X
Acute care, mineral, and 
hepatic panels
Xa
X
X
Xa
X
X
X
X
X
LDH, uric acid, creatine 
kinase, and total protein
Xa
X
X
Xa
X
X
X
X
X
HLA testing
Xa
Serum collection
Xa
X
X
Xa
X
X
X
X
X
Whole blood collection 
(PBMC)
Xa
X
X
Xa
X
X
X
X
X
Whole blood collection 
(PAXgene)
Xa
X
Xa
X
AE = adverse event; CBC + diff = complete blood count with differential; D = day; HLA = human leukocyte antigen; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase; PBMC = peripheral blood 
mononuclear cells; PE = physical exam; SAM = synthetic absorptive matrices; X = to be performed.
Notes: 
Screening will be performed under NIH screening protocol 11-I-0183.


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
If medically necessary (e.g., if a safety condition arises), the participant may be asked to return for an unscheduled interim visit for AE assessment and other safety assessments 
as appropriate.
Acute care panel includes Sodium (NA), Potassium (K), Chloride (CL) Total CO2 (Bicarbonate), Creatinine, Glucose, Urea nitrogen, eGFR, Anion Gap 
Mineral panel includes Albumin, Calcium, Magnesium (Mg), and Phosphorus.
Hepatic panel includes Alkaline Phosphatase, ALT/GPT, AST/GOT, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin
a Complete prior to vaccine administration.
b Survey (paper or electronic) will be completed each evening for 7 evenings starting V1D0 and for another 7 evenings starting V2D0 to capture temperature and any local 
symptoms (e.g. redness, swelling, and pain) or general symptoms (e.g., fever, chills, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting).
c Prior to vital sign collection, participant must be sitting for a minimum of 5 minutes; vital signs include blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, 
temperature, weight, and pulse oximetry. Height will be performed once on V1D0.
d Females of childbearing potential only.
e To be collected after nasal SAM is completed.
f Post-vaccination monitoring: Vital signs at 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes post-vaccination (± 15 minutes); and vaccine injection-site and AE assessment at 60 minutes 
and 120 minutes (± 15 minutes).


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
2
INTRODUCTION
2.1
STUDY RATIONALE
Since the start of 20th century, humanity has experienced five waves of influenza pandemics. The 
large diversity of influenza viruses in animal reservoirs portends a constant risk of the next 
inevitable pandemic. Current influenza vaccines are designed to protect against seasonal 
influenza but leave individuals largely susceptible against heterologous influenza viruses. The 
development of a new vaccine which can greatly expand the breadth of immunity to future 
pandemic strains would have the potential to save many lives and decrease global morbidity by a 
significant amount.
2.2
BACKGROUND 
Influenza A virus infections, including annual influenza epidemics of continually drifting H3N2 
and H1N1 strains, ongoing zoonotic infections with animal-derived influenza viruses (e.g. H5N1 
or H7N9), and unpredictable pandemics, all make influenza a major health threat and the control 
of influenza a global public health priority. Globally, influenza results in 3 to 5 million severe 
illnesses and up to 500,000 deaths annually1,2. Influenza pandemics - in which novel influenza A 
viruses (IAVs) unpredictably emerge and against which most humans lack protective immunity - 
can have even larger global impacts3. The 1918 influenza pandemic resulted in at least 50 million 
deaths4. Current vaccine strategies rely on matching circulating viruses with vaccine antigens 
and have a less than optimal effectiveness. This approach will not work in a pandemic because 
current manufacturing techniques require months to produce enough seasonal vaccine and even 
with matching vaccine strains to circulating strains during the season, effectiveness is 60%.5 
Because these vaccines are unlikely to protect against an antigenically divergent strain or a new 
pandemic virus with a novel hemagglutinin (HA) subtype6, there is a critical need for influenza 
vaccines that protect against all IAVs, a so-called “universal” vaccine7. Recently, there has been 
a large focus, both governmental and nongovernmental, to develop new generations of broadly 
protective or “universal” influenza vaccines8.
IAVs are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses with 
segmented genomes. In addition to humans, IAVs infect large numbers of warm-blooded animal 
hosts including over 100 avian species and many mammalian species, with numerous species of 
wild aquatic birds serving as the major natural reservoir4. IAVs express three surface proteins—
HA, neuraminidase (NA), and matrix 2 (M2). IAVs are subtyped by antigenic characterization of 
the HA and NA glycoproteins. Sixteen HA and 9 NA subtypes are consistently found in avian 
hosts in various combinations (e.g., H1N1 or H3N2), and these wild bird viruses are thought to 
be the ultimate source of previous human pandemic influenza viruses. IAV genome 
segmentation allows for viral reassortment, and since HA and NA are encoded on separate gene 
segments, novel IAVs of any subtype can be generated following mixed infections in any host, a 
process that has been termed “antigenic shift.” IAVs are also evolutionarily dynamic RNA 
viruses with high mutation rates. Mutations that change amino acids in the antigenic portions of 
HA and NA proteins may allow strains to evade population immunity (“antigenic drift”). 
Unfortunately, despite enhanced surveillance and research on host switch events, future 
pandemics cannot be predicted, including when and where a pandemic virus strain will emerge, 


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what the viral subtype will be, or how pathogenic it will be in humans. Severe human infections 
with animal-origin IAVs have also been observed, including recent human infections with avian 
H5N1 and H7N9 viruses9,10.
Therefore, there are two major issues that with existing influenza vaccines that need to be 
improved upon: breadth of protection (including against IAVs not currently endemic in the 
human population) and vaccine effectiveness. It is not well understood why influenza vaccines 
have not been able to improve their efficacy rate since their development nearly 70 years ago,2,11 
but there has been recent interest among the scientific community in the otherwise neglected role 
of mucosal immunity. While intramuscular vaccines primarily induce immunoglobulin G (IgG) 
and not immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses, IgA is much more prevalent in upper respiratory 
mucosa compared to IgG, which may play a larger role in the lower respiratory tract.12 Mucosal 
influenza vaccination has been shown to be effective in animal studies,13 but outside of live 
attenuated vaccines, has not been well studied in humans. 
Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (LID) Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section (VPES) has 
completed pre-clinical development of a novel universal influenza vaccine candidate which 
offers broad protective efficacy against a wide variety of IAV subtypes and strains in mice and 
ferrets. Preclinical development and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) production of the 
vaccine have been facilitated by a gift fund from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) 
to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). 
The vaccine is a non-infectious, chemically inactivated, whole-virus vaccine consisting of four 
low-pathogenicity avian IAVs (H1N9, H3N8, H5N1, H7N3) representing 4 different HA and 4 
different NA subtypes. The vaccine has been shown to provide broad protection in mice and 
ferrets with either IM (adjuvanted with AddaVaxTM, a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion) or 
IN dose administration.
In mice, BPL-1357 was immunogenic. Vaccinated animals developed detectable antibodies 
against the vaccine antigen HA heads, HA stalks, and against NA (Figure 3d,e,f. Serum IgG and 
BAL IgA titers against HA (H1, H3, H5, H7) and NA (N1, N3, N8, N9) as measured by ELISA 
area-under-the-curve (AUC) in mice vaccinated with intramuscular (IM) BPL-1357, intranasal 
(IN) BPL-1357, or mock vaccine.). IM vaccinated animals generally had more robust serum 
titers while IN vaccinated animals had more robust mucosal titers. However, both routes of 
administration were protective after infectious challenge. Protection was observed in vaccinated 
animals subsequently challenged with lethal doses of multiple strains of IAV (Figure 4. Weight 
loss and survival following lethal challenge with H1N1 (A), H5N1 (B), H5N8 (C), H6N1 (D), 
H7N1 (E), H7N9 (F), and H10N7 (G) in mice vaccinated with intramuscular (IM) BPL-1357, 
intranasal (IN) BPL-1357, or mock vaccine.), including mismatched (Figure 4a, 4d) and 
heterosubtypic viruses (Figure 4g) compared to mock-vaccinated animals (either phosphate-
buffered saline [PBS] IN or PBS+adjuvant IM). Vaccinated mice showed improved survival and 
decreased weight loss compared to control animals in the face of lethal challenge. These 
observations demonstrated very broad, potent, protective efficacy, including protection against 
lethal infections of completely novel IAVs. 


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In ferrets, broad, potent, protective efficacy was observed against mismatched and completely 
heterosubtypic challenge with a variety of influenza virus challenge strains. Vaccinated ferrets 
showed marked abrogation of pneumonia as assessed by histopathology (Figure 5) and 
immunohistochemistry (Figure 6) for viral antigen as well as reduced viral loads (Figure 6). 
Lung sections of unvaccinated ferrets showed marked pathological changes involving over 50% 
of the lung parenchyma, including multifocal, moderate-to-severe, necrotizing bronchitis and 
bronchiolitis, along with moderate-to-severe alveolitis with a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate, 
and focal pulmonary edema and fibrinous exudates. In a separate experiment (data not shown) 
with ferrets to determine the effect of pre-existing immunity on vaccine response, animals were 
exposed to either seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 viruses prior to vaccination. Subsequent vaccine-
associated protective efficacy was still demonstrated after challenge with heterosubtypic virus 
(H3N2 for animals initially exposed to H1N1, and H1N1 for animals initially exposed to H3N2). 
These data suggest that protective efficacy is not negatively impacted by pre-existing immunity 
from prior influenza virus exposure.


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Figure 3a,b,c. Serum IgG and BAL IgA titers against HA (H1, H3, H5, H7) and NA (N1, 
N3, N8, N9) as measured by ELISA area-under-the-curve (AUC) in mice vaccinated with 
intramuscular (IM) BPL-1357, intranasal (IN) BPL-1357, or mock vaccine.
* denotes p<0.05. ** denotes p<0.01. *** denotes p<0.001.


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Figure 3d,e,f. Serum IgG and BAL IgA titers against HA (H1, H3, H5, H7) and NA (N1, 
N3, N8, N9) as measured by ELISA area-under-the-curve (AUC) in mice vaccinated with 
intramuscular (IM) BPL-1357, intranasal (IN) BPL-1357, or mock vaccine. Serum 
hemagglutinin inhibiting antibody titers also provided. 
* denotes p<0.05. ** denotes p<0.01. *** denotes p<0.001.


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Figure 4. Weight loss and survival following lethal challenge with H1N1 (A), H5N1 (B), 
H5N8 (C), H6N1 (D), H7N1 (E), H7N9 (F), and H10N7 (G) in mice vaccinated with 
intramuscular (IM) BPL-1357, intranasal (IN) BPL-1357, or mock vaccine. 
DPC=days post challenge.


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Figure 5. Ferret histopathology following viral challenge in ferrets vaccinated with BPL-
1357 intramuscularly (IM), intranasally (IN), or mock vaccine. 
TCID50 refers to median tissue culture infectious disease and is defined as the concentration at which 50% of inoculated cells are infected.
Representative images from both IM and IN vaccinated animals.


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Figure 6. Viral lung titers and immunohistochemistry following viral challenge in ferrets 
vaccinated with BPL-1357 intramuscularly (IM), intranasally (IN), or mock vaccine.
TCID50 refers to median tissue culture infectious disease and is defined as the concentration at which 50% of inoculated cells are infected. 
Dotted line reflects lower limit of detection.
In light of the encouraging mouse and ferret data, a phase 1 clinical trial was designed to test the 
safety of the vaccine in humans, given either IM or IN.
2.3
RISK/BENEFIT ASSESSMENT
2.3.1
Known Potential Risks
2.3.1.1
Risks of BPL-1357 Influenza Vaccination
The risks for administration of BPL-1357 IM or IN are not well known. As an inactivated 
influenza vaccine, the risks of BPL-1357 IM or IN are presumably similar to other inactivated 
protein vaccines, such as seasonal influenza vaccines (some of which are inactivated using 
BPL)14 given IM or IN, and are listed below. 
Possible risks of IM BPL-1357:

Redness, pain, swelling, and/or bruising at the injection site

Hoarseness

Painful, red, or itchy eyes 

Runny or stuffy nose


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
Cough

Fatigue/tiredness

Fever 

Headache

Muscle pain or aches

Joint pain

Nausea or vomiting

Diarrhea 

Poor appetite

Sore throat

Chills

Itching

Sneezing 

Dizziness or fainting after vaccination
Rare but serious potential side effects could include:

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The link between flu vaccine and GBS is not well 
established. The annual risk of GBS is 1-2 per 100,000 people in the general population. 
If the flu vaccine does increase risk, it likely adds a risk of 1-2 cases per million 
vaccinated people. It is possible BPL-1357 could have similar risk.

Severe arm pain due to brachial neuritis. This is a rare risk with less than 1 in a million 
cases occurring with possible relationship to flu vaccination. The annual risk of brachial 
neuritis is 2-3 per 100,000 people in the population. It is possible BPL-1357 could have 
similar risk.

Severe allergic reaction. The risk of severe allergic reaction is rare and anaphylaxis risk is 
about 1.3 in a million vaccinated people. The general lifetime risk of a severe allergic 
reaction is 2-3 in 100 people. It is possible BPL-1357 could have similar risk. Subjects 
will be monitored at least 2 hours after vaccination and provided treatment if needed.

Serious injury or death. This is extremely rare. It is possible BPL-1357 could have similar 
risk.
Possible Risks of IN BPL-1357:

Runny or stuffy nose

Nose irritation

Cough

Wheezing

Difficulty breathing

Fatigue/tiredness

Fever 

Chills

Headache

Muscle pain or aches

Joint pain

Nausea or vomiting


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
Diarrhea 

Poor appetite

Sore throat

Abnormal taste

Hoarseness

Painful, red, or itchy eyes 

Itching

Sneezing 

Nosebleed

Dizziness or fainting after vaccination
Rare but serious potential side effects could include:

GBS. The link between flu vaccine and GBS is not well established. The annual risk of 
GBS is 1-2 people per 100,000 in the general population. If the flu vaccine does increase 
risk, it likely adds a risk of 1-2 cases per million vaccinated people. It is possible BPL-
1357 could have similar risk.

Bell’s palsy. The risk of Bell’s palsy in patients who received the inactivated IN flu 
vaccine Nasalflu (Berna Biotech) is believed to be due to the vaccine adjuvant, which is 
not present in BPL-1357. Bell’s palsy risk increased by 13 cases per 10,000 vaccinated 
persons. Bell’s palsy has been reported in post-marketing studies of FluMist at an 
unknown rate. It is possible BPL-1357 could have similar risk.

Severe allergic reaction. The risk of severe allergic reaction is is rare and anaphylaxis risk 
is about 1.3 in one million vaccinated people. The general lifetime risk of a severe 
allergic reaction is 2-3 in 100 people. It is possible BPL-1357 could have similar risk. 
Subjects will be monitored at least 2 hours after vaccination by trained personnel and 
provided treatment if needed. 

Serious injury or death. This is extremely rare with influenza vaccination. It is possible 
BPL-1357 could have similar risk.
Individuals with previous allergic reactions to influenza vaccines are excluded to minimize the 
risk of severe allergic reactions (See Exclusion Criteria). 
2.3.1.2
Risks of Placebo Administration
IM Placebo Administration: IM injection of saline can cause muscle soreness and injection-site 
pain, redness, swelling, and bruising.
IN Placebo Administration: IN administration of normal saline can cause sneezing, coughing, 
nose irritation, abnormal taste, and nose bleeding.
2.3.1.3
Risks of Blood Draw 
Risks of blood draw include pain, bruising, bleeding, and rarely fainting, blood clot, or infection. 


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2.3.1.4
Risks of Nasal Sampling 
Risks of nasal sampling with synthetic absorptive matrices (SAM) or cytology brushing include 
local discomfort, coughing, gagging, or minor nose bleeding. Prior to nasal brushing, the nostril 
will be numbed using lidocaine with phenylephrine spray to minimize discomfort. Possible side 
effects of lidocaine with phenylephrine include lightheadedness, anxiety, dizziness, vomiting, 
local edema, and local erythema. There is also a very rare risk of allergic reaction to lidocaine 
with phenylephrine, which could involve symptoms such as itching, sneezing, hives, difficulty 
breathing, hypotension, or death.
2.3.1.5
Risks of Urine Drug Testing 
The risks of obtaining urine samples for drug testing are minimal. However, the results will be 
stored in the medical record.
2.3.2
Known Potential Benefits
There is no known direct benefit to the participant. The results of this study may improve the 
investigators’ understanding of influenza vaccines, the differences between IN and IM 
administration of influenza vaccines, and how those methods may protect against infection.
2.3.3
Assessment of Potential Risks and Benefits
The risks of influenza to both individual and society are significant. Administration of yearly 
influenza vaccine is recommended as standard-of-care to nearly all individuals to mitigate the 
morbidity and mortality associated with influenza, despite effectiveness ranging from only 10%-
60%2. The potential benefit of a universal influenza vaccine justifies the potential risks described 
above to determine if this strategy is safe and effective. Additionally, potential risks are 
minimized by careful design of participant eligibility criteria and post-vaccination monitoring. 
The improved vaccine efficacy that could come from this and follow-up studies would be highly 
beneficial to worldwide public health.
3
OBJECTIVES AND ENDPOINTS
Table 2: Objectives and Endpoints
OBJECTIVES
ENDPOINTS
JUSTIFICATION FOR 
ENDPOINTS
Primary 
To assess the safety of BPL-1357 
given IM or IN, compared to 
placebo.
a.
Type and severity (by grading) 
of AEs through day V2D28.
b.
Type of SAEs through day 
V2D28.
The standard way to 
determine safety is to 
evaluate AE incidence 
and severity.
Secondary
1.
To further assess the safety 
of BPL-1357 given IM or 
IN, compared to placebo.
2.
To 
assess 
the 
immunogenicity of BPL-
1. Safety
a.
Type and severity (by grading) 
of AEs through day V2D182.
Analysis of antibody 
titers will enhance our 
understanding of the 
immune response to 
BPL-1357.  


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OBJECTIVES
ENDPOINTS
JUSTIFICATION FOR 
ENDPOINTS
1357 given IM or IN, 
compared to placebo.
b.
Type of SAEs through day 
V2D182.
2. Immunogenicity
c.
Antibodies against H1, H3, H5, 
and H7 head and stalk as 
measured by HAI or ELISA 
from blood and mucosal 
samples at V2D28.
d.
Antibodies against N1, N3, N8, 
and N9 as measured by NAI or 
ELISA from blood and mucosal 
samples at V2D28.
Tertiary/Exploratory 
1.
To characterize the 
systemic and mucosal 
immune responses induced 
by BPL-1357 given IM or 
IN, compared to placebo.
2.
To further characterize the 
immune response induced 
by BPL-1357 given IM or 
IN through variable, 
diversity, and joining 
(VDJ) gene repertoire 
analysis, cytokine analysis, 
cytometry, transcriptomics, 
and assessment of T-cell 
responses. 
3.
To assess the rates of 
influenza disease among 
groups given IM or IN 
BPL-1357 compared to 
placebo.
1.
 
a)
Antibodies against H1, H3, H5, 
and H7 head and stalk as 
measured by HAI or ELISA 
from blood and mucosal 
samples at V1D7, V1D14, 
V1D28, V2D7, V2D14, V2D56, 
and V2D182.
b)
Antibodies against N1, N3, N8, 
and N9 as measured by NAI or 
ELISA from blood and mucosal 
samples at V1D7, V1D14, 
V1D28, V2D7, V2D14, V2D56, 
and V2D182.
2.
 
b.
VDJ gene repertoire analysis.
c.
Cytokine analysis.
d.
Flow cytometric phenotyping of 
lymphocytes.
e.
Transcriptomic gene 
expression.
f.
T-cell responses.
3.     Influenza disease
Additional analysis of 
antibody titers will 
further enhance our 
understanding of the 
immune response to 
BPL-1357.  
VDJ gene repertoire 
analysis, cytokine 
analysis, flow 
cytometry, 
transcriptomic analysis, 
and analysis of T-cell 
activity may help 
identify other possible 
correlates of protection 
for influenza after 
vaccination, such as 
innate and other cellular 
responses.
Rates of influenza 
disease among groups 
may provide additional 
data regarding vaccine-
associated immunity


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
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4
STUDY DESIGN
4.1
OVERALL DESIGN
This is a randomized, placebo-controlled, single-center, phase 1 clinical trial of BPL-1357 
administered via IM or IN routes. The primary safety hypothesis is that BPL-1357 given IN or 
IM will be well-tolerated with minor side effects.
Participants will be randomized 1:1:1 to one of three groups: 

Group A will receive IM BPL-1357 plus IN placebo. 

Group B will receive IM placebo plus IN BPL-1357. 

Group C will receive IM and IN placebo.
This study will test a single dose of vaccine given at two timepoints 28 days apart. Group C will 
receive IM and IN placebo. 
For each participant, the duration of study participation will be about 7 months (Figure 2). 
Participants will be followed regularly for 210 days to assess for side effects and to collect nasal 
mucosal and blood samples to evaluate immunity and characterize immune response. 
Participants will receive the intervention on ‘vaccine 1 day 0’ (V1D0) and will return for follow-
up on vaccine 1 day 7±1 14±2, and 28±2. They will receive the second dose of vaccine/placebo 
on ‘day 28’, referred to as ‘vaccine 2 day 0’ (V2D0). Subsequent visits will be scheduled with 
respect to the timing of V2D0 (i.e. V2D7 will be scheduled for 7 days after V2D0 and not 35 days 
after V1D0, if there is disagreement between the two). Participants will return for follow-up on 
vaccine 2 day 7±2, 14±2, 28±7, 56±7, and 182±7 (Table 1). Participants will also complete a 
survey questionnaire at home for 7 days after each vaccine dose to further evaluate safety 
(APPENDIX A). Participants will be sent home with a thermometer to facilitate at home 
temperature monitoring and instructions will be provided (APPENDIX B). Participants who 
develop symptoms concerning for influenza-like illness (ILI) (including but not limited to 
rhinorrhea, sore throat, change in smell or taste, cough, wheezing, dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, 
malaise, dizziness, fever, chills, headache, myalgias, arthralgias, diarrhea) will contact the study 
team regarding evaluation. Those with confirmed influenza-like illness by the study team who 
are unable to be evaluated expeditiously at NIH will be instructed to perform an at-home nasal 
swab and/or nasal SAM and send the specimens in for testing. Collection and packing materials 
will be provided to participants either in person or will be mailed to participants. Detailed 
instructions for sample collection and packaging will be given to participants (APPENDIX C). 
4.2
SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE FOR STUDY DESIGN
Randomization will be used to minimize bias in the assignment of participants to treatment 
groups, to increase the likelihood that known and unknown participant attributes (e.g., 
demographic and baseline characteristics) are evenly balanced across treatment groups, and to 
enhance the validity of statistical comparisons across treatment groups. Likewise, use of double 
blinding and placebo-administered controls helps to minimize bias and accurately determine the 
true effects of the intervention.


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
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4.3
JUSTIFICATION FOR DOSE
The vaccine dose targets a dose comparable (but lower) by body weight to the dosing given in 
rabbits. In preclinical testing, rabbits were dosed at a dose to body mass ratio of 0.008993mg/kg 
per each virus component without adverse event. Adjusted for a 30 kg individual, this would 
correspond to a dose of each component of 269.79 ug which is higher than the dose proposed for 
the clinical study. Using 0.25 ml of each component for a total of 1 ml of vaccine, we achieve 
doses for each individual component ranging from 90.9025 ug to 133.61 ug, as shown in Table 4.
5
STUDY POPULATION
5.1
INCLUSION CRITERIA
Individuals must meet all of the following criteria to be eligible for study participation:
1. ≥ 18 and ≤ 55 years of age.
2. Non-smoker (tobacco and cannabis) and does not use vape or e-cigarette products.
3. Has not received influenza vaccination of any type in the 8 weeks prior to enrollment and 
willing to not receive influenza vaccination of any type until after the V2D56 visit. 
Participants who enroll in our study will be informed of the Centers for Disease Control 
and Prevention (CDC) recommendation to receive seasonal influenza vaccination 
annually.
4. Has not received Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) vaccination of any type in the 4 
weeks prior to enrollment and willing to not receive COVID-19 vaccination of any type 
until after the V2D28 visit. Participants who enroll in our study who are interested in 
getting a COVID-19 vaccination will be counselled to receive it prior to enrolling into 
our study.  
5. A female participant is eligible for this study if she is not pregnant or breastfeeding and 
meets one of the following criteria, beginning at least 4 weeks prior to enrollment 
through the end of the study period (V2D182): 
a.
Is infertile, including postmenopausal status (as defined by no menses for ≥ 1 
year) or history of hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy. 
b. Agrees to practice abstinence. 
c.
Agrees that, with heterosexual intercourse with a fertile male partner, she will use 
an acceptable form of contraception and her male partner will use a condom with 
spermicide. Acceptable effective methods of female contraception include the 
following: bilateral tubal ligation, implant of levonorgestrel, injectable 
progestogen, intrauterine device, oral contraceptive pills, and diaphragm with 
spermicide. 
6. Able to provide informed consent.
7. Able to speak English.
8. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uninfected with a negative test within 60 days of 
enrollment.


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9. Does not use IN medications (including but not limited to nasal sprays, sinus rinses), 
over-the-counter medications (including but not limited to aspirin, decongestants, 
antihistamines, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and herbal medications 
(including but not limited to herbal tea or St. John’s Wort) within 14 days prior to study 
enrollment, and agrees not to use these mediations through the final study visit, unless 
approved by the investigator. 
10. Agrees not to donate blood or blood products from 3 months prior to enrollment through 
the final study visit.
5.2
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Individuals meeting any of the following criteria will be excluded from study participation:
1. Presence of self-reported or medically documented significant medical condition 
including but not limited to:
a.
Chronic pulmonary disease (e.g., asthma, emphysema).
b. Chronic cardiovascular disease (e.g., cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, 
cardiac surgery, ischemic heart disease, known anatomic defects).
c.
Chronic medical conditions requiring close medical follow-up or hospitalization 
during the past 5 years (e.g., insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, 
hemoglobinopathies).
d. Immunosuppression, immune deficiency, or ongoing malignancy.
e.
Neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g., Bell’s palsy, cerebral palsy, 
epilepsy, stroke, seizures).
f.
Postinfectious or postvaccine neurological sequelae including GBS.
g. Body mass index (BMI)  18 and ≥ 35. 
2. Acute illness within 7 days prior to enrollment.
3. Individuals who have grade 2 or above clinically significant laboratory values outside the 
limits thus specified by normal laboratory parameters.
4. Known allergy to influenza vaccination or excipients contained in the influenza vaccine 
used.
5. Known allergy to lidocaine or phenylephrine.
6. Receipt of blood or blood products (including immunoglobulins) within 3 months prior to 
enrollment.
7. Receipt of any unlicensed drug within 3 months or 5.5 half-lives (whichever is greater) 
prior to enrollment.
8. Receipt of any unlicensed vaccine within 6 months prior to enrollment, not including 
COVID-19 vaccines under Emergency Use Authorization.
9. Self-reported or known history of alcoholism or drug abuse within 6 months prior to 
enrollment, or positive urine test for drugs of abuse (i.e., amphetamines, cocaine 


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
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metabolites, benzodiazepines, opiates, or tetrahydrocannabinol) prior to vaccination on 
V1D0.
10. Self-reported or known history of psychiatric or psychological issues that require 
treatment and are deemed by the principal investigator (PI) to be a contraindication to 
protocol participation. 
11. History of angioedema or anaphylaxis.
12. History of SARS-COV-2 infection with residual or ongoing symptoms.
13. Any condition or event that, in the judgment of the PI, is a contraindication to protocol 
participation or impairs the participant’s ability to give informed consent.
Co-enrollment Guidelines: Co-enrollment in other trials is restricted but may take place with 
the approval of the PI and after study staff notification. Study staff should be notified of 
co-enrollment on any other protocol as it may require the approval of the PI or sponsor medical 
monitor (SMM).
5.3
INCLUSION OF VULNERABLE PARTICIPANTS
Pregnant women: In this study, a novel vaccine candidate will be administered to the 
participants, and the effects of BPL-1357 on pregnant women or the developing human fetus are 
unknown. Therefore, pregnant women will be excluded as the risk to these individuals may be 
increased. 
Children: Individuals younger than 18 years of age will be excluded from the study because 
there are insufficient data regarding dosing or AEs available in adults to judge the potential risk 
in children.
Adults over 55 years: Older individuals have diminished responses to standard quadrivalent 
vaccination and may need higher doses. They may also have a higher rate of diagnosed or 
undiagnosed medical problems which may confound a phase 1 clinical trial assessing safety. 
Therefore, only adults aged 55 years and younger are included in this study.
Decisionally Impaired Adults: Adults who are unable to consent are not eligible for this study. 
Loss of ability to consent will be handled according to section 10.1.5. 
NIH Employees: NIH employees and members of their immediate families may participate in 
this protocol as this population meets the study entry criteria.  Neither participation nor refusal to 
participate as a subject in the research will have an effect, either beneficial or adverse, on the 
participant’s employment or position at NIH.
Every effort will be made to protect participant information, but such information may be 
available in medical records and may be available to authorized users outside of the study team 
in both an identifiable an unidentifiable manner.
The NIH Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for Staff Who are Considering Participation in 
NIH Research will be made available.   


30
Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022

The employee participant’s privacy and confidentiality will be preserved in accordance 
with NIH CC and NIAID policies, which define the scope and limitations of the 
protections.

The importance of maintaining confidentiality when obtaining potentially sensitive and 
private information from co-workers or subordinates will be reviewed with the study staff 
at least annually and more often if warranted.
Non-English Speakers: Non-english speaking participants will be excluded from the study due 
to unavailability of the Redcap questionnaire in languages other than English
5.4
LIFESTYLE CONSIDERATIONS
Not applicable.
5.5
SCREEN FAILURES
Screen failures are defined as participants who consent to be screened for participation in this 
clinical trial but do not meet eligibility criteria to be entered in the study. Screening will take 
place on a separate screening protocol 11-I-0183 (“Screening for LID Clinical Studies Unit 
Healthy Volunteer Protocols”). Therefore, no screen failure will be consented for this protocol. 
5.6
STRATEGIES FOR RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION
Healthy volunteers will be carefully selected using the inclusion and exclusion criteria described 
in sections 5.1 and 5.2 to select the optimum participants for completing the study objectives and 
minimize the risk of AEs. Participant selection will not be limited based on sex, race, or 
ethnicity. The target sample size is 45 participants with an accrual ceiling of 100 participants.
Potential study participants will be identified and recruited from the community through multiple 
methodologies including local advertisement, direct contact of prior study participants, and 
word-of-mouth advertisement. Participants will be recruited through the NIH screening study 11-
I-0183, “Screening for LID Clinical Studies Unit Healthy Volunteer Protocols.” Individuals will 
be carefully screened and evaluated under that protocol. Study team members will record 
histories, perform physicals, review labs, and examine electrocardiograms (EKGs), and 
individuals who meet the study eligibility criteria will be contacted by phone or email and given 
the opportunity to be enrolled into this study. Retention is encouraged through increasing 
participant remuneration at later visits. 
If a participant has completed the screening study 11-I-0183 more than 60 days prior to enrolling 
in this study, they will be asked to come to the NIH CC for another screening visit under 
11-I-0183 to repeat HIV testing and complete any laboratory or other testing as deemed 
necessary by the investigator to ensure that it remains safe for the participant to take part in this 
study. All eligible participants will be consented and enrolled for this study only after completion 
of all necessary screening studies under protocol 11-I-0183.
5.6.1
Costs
There are no costs to participation in this study.


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
5.6.2
Compensation
Participants will be remunerated according to Table 3. Participant Remuneration. 
Table 3. Participant Remuneration
Study Visit
Amount
V1D0
$225
V1D7 (± 1 days)
$150
V1D14 (± 2 days)
$150
V2D0 (± 2 days)
$225
V2D7 (± 2 days)
$150
V2D14 (± 2 days)
$150
V2D28 (± 7 days)
$200
V2D56 (± 7 days)
$200
V2D182 (± 7 days)
$250
Expected total for completion of ALL study 
visits
$1700 
Study-requested interim visits
$75
Remuneration will be given according to the number of visits participants complete. Participants 
will only be remunerated for interim visits requested by the investigators if medically necessary. 
Remuneration will not be provided for interim visits requested by the participant. Remuneration 
will be provided to the participants in 3 intervals: after V2D0, V2D28, and V2D182 via direct 
deposit or check.
Reimbursement will not be provided for travel and meal vouchers will not be issued. 
Renumeration will not be provided for participants who are determined to be ineligible by the 
urine drug screen on V1D0.
6
STUDY INTERVENTION
6.1
STUDY INTERVENTIONS ADMINISTRATION
6.1.1
Study Intervention Description
BPL-1357 contains 4 whole inactivated avian influenza viruses: 
A/Environment/Maryland/261/2006 H7N3, A/Mallard/Maryland/802/2007 H5N1, 
A/Pintail/Ohio/339/1987 H3N8, and A/Mallard/Ohio/265/1987 H1N9. It will be administered 
either IM or IN depending on the assigned treatment group. The placebo will be 1 mL normal 
saline in a syringe administered IM or 0.5 mL normal saline in two syringes administered IN, 
depending on the assigned treatment group.


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
6.1.2
Dosing and Administration
A single study agent dose of 1 mL will be used either IM or given in two doses of 0.5 mL IN in 
each nare. Participants will be randomized to receive IM and IN doses of study agents twice 28 
days apart as follows:

Group A: IM BPL-1357 and IN placebo. 

Group B: IM placebo and IN BPL-1357. 

Group C: IM and IN placebo.
6.1.3
Drug Administration
Participants will be administered study agent via IM and IN routes by study staff or personnel 
trained to administer the vaccine. 
Participants will receive IM BPL-1357 or placebo in the arm per standard methods. A 1- to 1.5-
inch 22G-25G needle as appropriate will be attached to the syringe and 1 dose will be 
administered in the deltoid muscle of the upper arm. Doses will be given within 4 hours of 
preparation. Used syringes will be disposed of in biohazard trash, which is handled according to 
site biohazard trash guidelines.
Participants will receive IN BPL-1357 or placebo using a syringe with nasal atomizer. 
Participants will be asked to lie down with their heads in a neutral to slightly tilted back position. 
Two MAD Nasal (Teleflex Incorporated) intranasal mucosal atomization devices will be 
attached to 2 syringes and 1 half-dose will be administered in each nostril. 
6.2
PREPARATION/HANDLING/STORAGE/ACCOUNTABILITY 
6.2.1
Acquisition and Accountability
BPL-1357 and placebo will be maintained by the NIH CC Pharmacy. Unused BPL-1357 and 
placebo will be disposed of and accounted for according to standard policies of the NIH CC 
Pharmacy. Records will be kept by the pharmacy for performing drug accountability monitoring.
6.2.2
Formulation, Appearance, Packaging, and Labeling
BPL-1357 is a non-infectious, chemically inactivated, whole virus vaccine consisting of four low 
pathogenicity avian influenza A viruses (H1N9, H3N8, H5N1, H7N3). The products will be 
packaged and labeled individiually with investigational labels prior to mixing by the pharmacy, 
as shown below.


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
Figure 7: Drug Product Labels
Both BPL-1357 and placebo are colorless liquids and will have identical packaging to maintain 
blinding. 
6.2.3
Product Storage and Stability
BPL-1357 will be handled in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice by the 
NIH CC Pharmacy. It will be stored at -60°C to -90oC. Partially used vials of BPL-1357 will be 
stored and used within 8 hours. Stability will be tested every 6 months by measuring the HA 
activity.
Placebo will be stored according to the saline manufacturer’s recommendations.
6.2.4
Preparation
BPL-1357 preparation: BPL-1357 vaccine will be prepared using 4 different inactivated 
influenza A virus strains. Viruses are vialed individually with a fill volume of 0.3mL and varying 
concentrations:
1.
A/Mallard/Ohio/265/1987 H1N9: 373.62 µg/mL (Lot# H1N9_0002A)
2.
A/Pintail/Ohio/339/1987 H3N8: 444.81 µg/mL (Lot# H3N8_0002B)
3.
A/Mallard/Maryland/802/2007 H5N1: 385.49 µg/mL (Lot# H5N1_0002C)
4.
A/Environment/Maryland/261/2006 H7N3: 364.73 µg/mL (Lot# H7N3_0002D)
Equal 0.25 mL volumes of each virus will be mixed together by the NIH CC Pharmacy prior to 
administration for a final volume of 1 ml. 
For IN vaccination, the vaccine will be drawn up into two syringes at volumes of 0.5 mL for 
administration in each nostril. 
For IM vaccination, the vaccine will be drawn up into a single syringe at a volume of 1 mL.
Table 4: Vaccine Component Total Protein Concentrations, Volumes, and Amounts
Vaccine 
Component
Total Protein 
Concentration 
(ug/mL)
Volume of Each 
Component (mL)
Total Protein 
Amount (ug)
H1N9
373.62
0.25
93.4


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
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H3N8
444.81
0.25
111.2
H5N1
385.49
0.25
96.4
H7N3
364.73
0.25
91.2
Placebo preparation: 1 mL of normal saline will be drawn up for IM administration or 0.5 mL 
of normal saline drawn up in each of two syringes for IN administration.
6.3
MEASURES TO MINIMIZE BIAS: RANDOMIZATION AND BLINDING
6.3.1
Randomization
Participants will be randomized at enrollment in a 1:1:1 ratio to treatment groups A, B, and C. 
Randomization will occur using computer-generated randomization codes. This code will be sent 
to the pharmacy where the unblinded pharmacist will have the key and prepare the appropriate 
agent for administration. The randomization code list will be maintained by the Investigational 
Drug Management Research Section (IDMRS) in the electronic Investigational Drug 
Management System (IDMS).
6.3.2
Blinding
The participants, the clinical staff, and the study team will be blinded to study treatment 
allocation. The IDMRS staff is responsible for maintaining security of the study treatment 
assignments.
6.3.3
Scheduled Unblinding
After all participants have completed V2D182, the study will be unblinded. Participants will be 
informed about their study treatment assignment.
6.3.4
Unscheduled Unblinding
Intentional: Participants who withdraw from the study prematurely will not be unblinded. In 
cases of emergency, participants will be unblinded in order to provide medical care. To break a 
treatment blind, the PI will request a participant’s treatment assignment from the IDMRS. If an 
emergency request for treatment assignment is made by an individual other than the PI and the PI 
is not immediately available, the request will be made to the PI’s designee, who will then contact 
the IDMRS or appropriate NIH Pharmacy after-hours contact to obtain the treatment assignment. 
If a participant’s study agent assignment is unblinded, the information will be provided to only 
the individuals needing it for treatment decisions; all attempts will be made to maintain the blind 
of the study team.
Unintentional: If unintentional unblinding of study agent assignment occurs, the PI will create a 
plan for ongoing management of the participant(s) involved and for preventing the recurrence of 
a similar incident, as appropriate. If the study team determines that the unintentional unblinding 
may have a significant impact on the study plan (e.g., if the treatment codes for multiple 
participants or an entire cohort were accidentally broken), the need for a protocol amendment 
will be addressed as soon as possible.


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Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
Intentional and unintentional unscheduled unblinding will be documented in the appropriate 
source and/or research record and will include the reason for the unscheduled unblinding, the 
date it occurred, who approved the unblinding, who was unblinded, who was notified of the 
unblinding, and the plan for the subject. The PI will report all cases of intentional and 
unintentional unscheduled unblinding to the data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) in writing 
within 1 business day after site awareness via email to the DSMB mailbox 
(niaiddsmbia@niaid.nih.gov) outlining the reason for the unblinding and the date it occurred. 
The report will also be submitted to the SMM and to the institutional review board (IRB), as 
appropriate.
If an SAE has resulted in unblinding, this information will be included in the SAE Report (see 
section 8.4.3.3.2).
6.4
STUDY INTERVENTION COMPLIANCE
Study intervention administration will be documented by study staff in the Clinical Research 
Information Management System of the NIAID (CRIMSON). 
6.5
CONCOMITANT THERAPY
All concomitant prescription medications, over-the-counter medications, or herbal remedies 
taken during study participation must be approved by the PI and will be recorded in the 
participant’s source documents during follow-up visits or on the survey. For this protocol, a 
prescription medication is defined as a medication that can be prescribed only by a properly 
authorized/licensed clinician. 
Treatment with the following drugs and procedures will not be permitted unless discussed with 
and approved by the PI:

Influenza vaccination during the study period, including 8 weeks prior to receiving study 
agent through the final study visit.

IN medications (including but not limited to nasal sprays, sinus rinses), over-the-counter 
medications (including but not limited to aspirin, decongestants, antihistamines, and other 
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and herbal medications (including but not limited 
to herbal tea or St. John’s Wort) within 14 days of receiving the study agent, during the 
study period through the final study visit.

Donation or receipt of blood or blood products within 3 months prior to receiving study 
agent through the final study visit. 

Administration of unlicensed drug within 3 months or 5.5 half-lives (whichever is 
greater) prior to receiving the study agent through the final study visit.

Administration of unlicensed vaccine (not including COVID-19 vaccines under 
emergency use authorization) within 6 months prior to receiving the study agent through 
the final study visit.


36
Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
7
STUDY INTERVENTION DISCONTINUATION AND PARTICIPANT 
DISCONTINUATION/WITHDRAWAL 
7.1
DISCONTINUATION OF STUDY INTERVENTION
Study intervention may be discontinued for a single route (i.e., pausing), or it may be 
discontinued for all participants and enrollment suspended (i.e., halting). Pausing and halting 
rules and procedures are described in sections Error! Reference source not found. and 8.4.6.
7.2
PARTICIPANT DISCONTINUATION/WITHDRAWAL FROM THE STUDY
Participants are free to withdraw from participation in the study at any time upon request.
Criteria and procedures for withdrawal and replacement of a participant by the investigator are 
provided in section 8.4.4.2.
7.3
LOST TO FOLLOW-UP
A participant will be considered lost to follow-up if he or she fails to return for one scheduled 
visit and is unable to be contacted by the study staff. 
The following actions must be taken if a participant fails to return to the clinic for a required 
study visit:

The site will attempt to contact the participant and reschedule the missed visit within the 
allotted timeframe for that particular visit, and counsel the participant on the importance 
of maintaining the assigned visit schedule and ascertain if the participant wishes to and/or 
should continue in the study.

Before a participant is deemed lost to follow-up, the investigator or designee will make 
every effort to regain contact with the participant (where possible, 3 telephone calls, 
emails, and/or text messages and, if necessary, a certified letter to the participant’s last 
known mailing address or equivalent methods). These contact attempts will be 
documented in the participant’s medical record or study file. 

Should the participant continue to be unreachable, he or she will be considered to have 
withdrawn from the study with a primary reason of lost to follow-up.
8
STUDY ASSESSMENTS AND PROCEDURES
8.1
SCREENING PROCEDURES
Participants will be screened and evaluated for eligibility under NIH protocol 11-I-0183. The 
screening visit will take place within 60 days prior to enrollment (section 5.6). 
Screening procedures/assessments performed under protocol 11-I-0183 include the following:

Review of medical/medication history.

Vital signs, including blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, 
temperature, height, weight, assessment of BMI, and measurement of oxygen saturation.


37
Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022

Clinician assessment/physical exam.

Blood chemistry testing including acute care, mineral, and hepatic panels, plus total 
protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), uric acid, and creatine kinase.

Complete blood count (CBC) with differential.

Lipid panel.

HIV and hepatitis B and C testing.

Serum pregnancy test for females of childbearing potential.

Urine drug abuse screen (amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines, opiates, and 
tetrahydrocannabinol).

EKG.

Blood collection for storage of serum and RNA isolation for baseline gene expression 
analysis.
8.2
EFFICACY ASSESSMENTS
8.2.1
Clinical Evaluations
Clinical evaluations will be performed to assess safety (see section 8.3) but not efficacy. 
8.2.2
Biospecimen Evaluations
Standard laboratory testing will be performed for safety purposes (see section 8.3) but not for 
efficacy. 
Table 5. Volumes for Specimen Collection
Study Visit
Laboratory 
Evaluation
Blood 
Volume
V1D0
V1D7
V1D14
V2D0
V2D7
V2D1
4
V2D28
V2D56
V2D18
2
CBC + diff
3.0 mL
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Chemistrya
4.0 mL
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
HLA testing
10.0 mL
10.0
Serum for 
research
5.0 mL 
× 5
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
Whole blood 
collection 
(PBMC)
10.0 mL 
× 3
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
Whole blood 
collection 
(PAXgene)
2.5 mL
2.5
2.5
-
2.5
2.5
-
-
-
-
Daily volume (mL)
74.5
64.5
62
64.5
64.5
62
62
62
62
Cumulative volume 
(mL)
74.5
139
201
265.5
330
392
454
516
578


38
Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
CBC + diff = complete blood count with differential; D = day; HLA = human leukocyte antigen; PBMC = peripheral blood 
mononuclear cells.
aChemistry: Acute care, mineral, and hepatic panels, lactate dehydrogenase, uric acid, creatine kinase, and total protein.
Of note, volume estimations reflect maximums and depending on availability of specimen collection tubes, actual blood volumes 
collected may be less.
Any clinically relevant test results will be shared with the participant throughout the study. 
Results of research procedures or evaluations (including incidental findings) will be shared with 
participants if they are medically actionable. Such results will be discussed with the participant 
along with guidance for appropriate follow-up with their healthcare provider. Any findings 
discovered beyond the completion of the primary research will not be returned.
If unexpected or incidental medical conditions are diagnosed during the medical evaluation in 
this protocol, the participant will be referred to an appropriate physician and/or hospital and 
encouraged to follow up for treatment of their condition. Standard of care treatment may be 
offered by the study team if necessary while the participant is being referred to appropriate 
outside medical care.
8.2.3
Correlative Studies for Research/Pharmacokinetic Studies
Serum (25 mL), whole blood (up to 32.5 mL), and nasal mucosal samples collected at study 
visits (see section 1.3 for schedule) will be used for research laboratory evaluations described 
here and in section 8.2.4. 
Blood collection will occur using standard methods.
To collect nasal secretions with SAM, the procedure is as follows: 

Wash hands and put on gloves.

Inspect the nasal cavity using a head lamp and use the nondominant thumb to retract the 
patient's nose to visualize the nasal cavity. 

Visualize the nasal cavity and inferior turbinate prior to sampling. 

Pass the SAM gently up the lumen of the nostril, orienting it to be flat against the inferior 
turbinate.

Ask the participant to use an index finger to press the SAM onto the nasal mucosa. 

After absorption for a minimum of 1 minute, remove the SAM from the nostril and put 
back into the original tube.

Repeat in second nostril with another SAM.

Store tubes in the refrigerator.

Tubes will be picked up by the study team and undergo further processing and storage by 
research lab personnel.


39
Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
To collect nasal epithelial cells with cytology brush, the procedure is as follows:

The participant will sit comfortably upright with his or her head tilted slightly back. 

Up to 1.5 mL of local anesthetic (4% lidocaine with 1% phenylephrine) will be 
administered in 1 nostril by nasal atomizer. 

After at least 2 minutes the study staff member will insert a cytology brush through the 
nasal vestibule along the floor of the nasal cavity, until the brush is alongside the inferior 
turbinate. 

The brush will be rolled laterally, under the inferior turbinate, then rotated 180 degrees 
clockwise and counter-clockwise, then rolled away from the inferior turbinate and 
removed from the nose. 

The brush will then be placed in an appropriate tube and gently agitated for 5 seconds. 
Then, the brush handle will be cut at the tube opening. 

Store tube in refrigerator.

The tube will be picked up by the study team and undergo further processing and storage 
by research lab personnel.
Stored blood samples and mucosal samples will be used for research laboratory evaluations. 
Endpoints will be evaluated using, but not limited to, the following:

Antibody titers against H1, H3, H5 and/or H7 head and/or stalk as measured by HAI 
and/or ELISA from blood and mucosal samples.

Antibodies against N1, N3, N8, and/or N9 as measured by NAI and/or ELISA from blood 
and mucosal samples.

VDJ gene repertoire analysis.

Cytokine analysis.

Flow cytometric phenotyping of lymphocytes.

Transcriptomic gene expression.

T-cell responses.
Patients with ILI will perform at home nasal sampling with a nasal swab and/or SAM and ship 
specimens to NIH for testing or will be tested in clinic for influenza (and possibly, other 
respiratory pathogens).
Laboratory studies are generally performed in the NIAID LID with the exception of 
transcriptomic analysis which is sent to Kathie Walters at the Institute for Systems Biology. 


40
Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
8.2.4
Samples for Genetic/Genomic Analysis
8.2.4.1
Description of the scope of genetic/genomic analysis
Transcriptomic analysis of gene expression will be performed, including broad RNA sequencing, 
with a focus on genes which have a change in transcriptomic activity as a response to 
vaccination. Transcriptomics will be performed on blood and mucosal samples.
8.2.4.2
Description of how privacy and confidentiality of medical information/biological 
specimens will be maximized
Privacy and confidentiality will be protected as described in section 10.3.
8.2.4.3
Management of results
We do not anticipate that the transcriptomic analyses will result in information that is clinically 
relevant to participants, so no transcriptomics results will be returned.
8.2.4.4
Genetic counseling
Not applicable.
8.3
SAFETY AND OTHER ASSESSMENTS
Evaluations to assess safety will include a review of systems, AE surveys, and physical exam 
targeting examination of the vaccination site and any concerns raised by the review of systems or 
AE surveys.
Physical examination: Physical examination will be performed at every visit to identify any 
potential side effects or AEs related to the intervention. 

Review of medical history.

Review of systems.

Vital signs, including weight, temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, mean arterial 
pressure, respiratory rate, and measurement of oxygen saturation.

Physical examination including but not limited to general, eye, nasal, oral, lymph, 
pulmonary, cardiovascular, abdominal, and peripheral extremity examination.
Photographs may be taken if physical examination findings identify a possible side effect.
AE survey: On a daily basis for a 7-day period after vaccination (V1D0 and V2D0), participants 
will evaluate and record temperature and any local or general symptoms they experience via 
paper or electronic (Research Electronic Data Capture system [REDCap]) survey (APPENDIX 
A). A thermometer will be provided to facilitate temperature checks and participants will be 
instructed on how to use it. The survey will be completed by the participant in the evening before 
going to sleep. Participants will be instructed on how to complete the survey and, for participants 
using the paper survey, to bring it to the V1D3, V1D7, V2D3, and V2D7 study visits. The survey 
will be reviewed by the study team and evaluated for AEs. If surveys are not completed, the 


41
Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
study team will review the AEs that occurred during that timeframe to the best of the 
participant’s recollection.
Biological specimen collection and laboratory evaluations: Approximately 7 mL of blood will 
be obtained at each visit to test for AEs. The following tests will be obtained:

Blood chemistry testing including acute care, mineral, and hepatic panels, plus total 
protein, LDH, uric acid, and creatine kinase. 

CBC with differential.
Urine will be collected for a drug abuse screen (amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines, 
opiates, and tetrahydrocannabinol) and pregnancy testing according to the schedule in section 
1.3.
Unscheduled interim visit: If medically necessary (e.g., if a safety condition arises), the 
participant may be asked to return for an unscheduled visit for AE assessment. This visit may 
include any of the safety assessments listed above or other testing as deemed necessary by the PI 
or designee.
8.4
SAFETY DEFINITIONS, MANAGEMENT, AND SPONSOR REPORTING
8.4.1
Definitions
The NIAID Clinical Safety Office (CSO) is responsible for sponsor safety oversight of this 
study, and the definitions below comply with CSO requirements.
Adverse Event: An AE is any untoward or unfavorable medical occurrence in a human subject, 
including any abnormal sign (e.g., abnormal physical exam or laboratory finding), symptom, or 
disease, temporally associated with the subject’s participation in the research, whether or not 
considered related to the research.
Adverse Reaction (AR): An AR means any AE caused (see “Causality” below) by a study 
agent. ARs are a subset of all suspected adverse reactions (SARs; defined below) where there is 
reason to conclude that the study agent caused the event.
Suspected Adverse Reaction (SAR): SAR means any AE for which there is a reasonable 
possibility that the study agent caused the AE.
Per US FDA guidance: 
For the purposes of IND safety reporting, “reasonable possibility” means there is evidence to 
suggest a causal (see “Causality” below) relationship between the study agent and the AE. A 
SAR implies a lesser degree of certainty about causality than an AR, which means any AE 
caused by a study agent.
SARs are the subset of all AEs for which there is a reasonable possibility that the study agent 
caused (see “Causality” below) the event. Inherent in this definition, and in the requirement 


42
Abbreviated Title: BPL-1357 Phase 1
Version Date: June 30, 2022
to report SARs, is the need for the sponsor to evaluate the available evidence and make a 
judgment about the likelihood that the study agent actually caused the AE. 
The sponsor is responsible for making the causality judgment.
Serious Adverse Event: An SAE:

is an AE that results in death.

is an AE that is life-threatening event (places the subject at immediate risk of death from 
the event as it occurred).

is an AE that requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongs an existing hospitalization.
NOTE:
o
Hospitalization is considered required if outpatient treatment would generally be 
considered inappropriate.
o
Same-day surgical procedures that are required to address an AE are considered 
hospitalizations, even if they do not involve an overnight admission.
o
Hospitalization due to a condition that has not worsened and that pre-dates study 
participation (e.g., elective correction of an unchanged baseline skin lesion), or 
due to social circumstance (e.g., prolonged stay to arrange aftercare), or that is 
planned/required “per protocol” AND that proceeds without prolongation or 
complication, is NOT considered an SAE by this criterion.

is, or results in, a persistent or significant incapacity or substantial disruption of the 
ability to conduct normal life functions.

is a congenital anomaly/birth defect/miscarriage/stillbirth.
NOTE: This definition is more inclusive than some commonly published definitions. 
It includes an affected conceptus/neonate whose:
o
biological mother was exposed to a study agent at any point from conception 
through the end of the pregnancy, AND/OR, if breastfeeding, the 30-day neonatal 
period; or
o
biological father was exposed to a study agent at any point during the 90 days 
prior to conception.
This is separate from, and in addition to, general reporting of pregnancy in a study 
participant or female partner of a male participant (see section 8.4.3.3.4 below).

is a medically important event.
NOTE: Medical and scientific judgment should be exercised. Events that significantly 
jeopardize the subject and/or require intervention to prevent one of the SAE outcomes 
listed above are generally considered medically important, and are thus SAEs.


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Unexpected Adverse Event: An AE is unexpected if it is not listed in the investigator’s 
brochure or package insert (for marketed products) at the frequency, AND specificity, AND 
severity that has been observed.
NOTE:

Such events should also be evaluated for possible reporting as unanticipated problems 
(UPs) (see section 8.4.3.3.3 below).

Unexpected, as used in this definition, also refers to AEs or SARs that are mentioned in 
the investigator’s brochure as occurring with a class of drugs/biologics, or as anticipated 
from the pharmacological properties of the study agent but are not specifically mentioned 
as occurring with the particular study agent under investigation.
Serious and Unexpected Suspected Adverse Reaction (SUSAR): A SUSAR is an SAR 
(defined above) that is both serious and unexpected.
Unanticipated Problem: A UP is any incident, experience, or outcome that meets all the 
following criteria:
1.
Unexpected (in terms of nature, severity, or frequency) given 
a.
the research procedures that are described in the protocol-related documents, such 
as the IRB-approved research protocol, investigator’s brochure, and informed 
consent document; and 
b. the characteristics of the subject population being studied; and
2.
Related or possibly related to participation in the research (possibly related means 
there is a reasonable possibility that the incident, experience, or outcome may have 
been caused by the procedures involved in the research), and
3.
Suggests the research places subjects or others (which may include research staff, 
family members or other individuals not directly participating in the research) at a 
greater risk of harm (including physical, psychological, economic, or social harm) 
related to the research than was previously known or expected.
NOTE:
o
Per the sponsor, an SAE always meets this “greater risk” criterion.
o
An incident, experience, or outcome that meets the definition of a UP generally 
will warrant consideration of changes to the protocol or informed consent form, or 
to study procedures (e.g., the manual of procedures for the study), in order to 
protect the safety, welfare, or rights of participants or others. Some UPs may 
warrant a corrective and preventive action plan (CAPA) at the discretion of the 
sponsor or other oversight entities.


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Unanticipated Problem that is not an Adverse Event (UPnonAE): A UPnonAE belongs to a 
subset of UPs that:

meets the definition of a UP, AND

does NOT fit the definition of an AE or an SAE.
NOTE: Examples of UPnonAEs include, but are not limited to:
o
a breach of confidentiality
o
prolonged shedding of a vaccine virus beyond the anticipated timeline
o
unexpectedly large number of pregnancies on a study
o
subject departure from an isolation unit prior to meeting all discharge criteria
o
accidental destruction of study records
o
unaccounted-for study agent
o
overdosage, underdosage, or other significant error in administration or use of 
study agent or intervention, even if there is no AE/SAE
o
development of an actual or possible concern for study agent purity, sterility, 
potency, dosage, etc
NOTE: A decision to temporarily quarantine, or to permanently not use all or 
part of study agent supply due to an unexpected finding or event (e.g., 
particulate, cloudiness, temperature excursion), even if there is no known or 
proven issue (i.e., out of an “abundance of caution”), is considered a 
UPnonAE.
Protocol Deviation: Any change, divergence, or departure from the IRB-approved research 
protocol.
1. Major Deviations: Deviations from the IRB-approved protocol that have, or may have 
the potential to, negatively impact the rights, welfare, or safety of the subject, or to 
substantially negatively impact the scientific integrity or validity of the study.
2. Minor Deviations: Deviations that do not have the potential to negatively impact the 
rights, safety, or welfare of subjects or others, or the scientific integrity or validity of the 
study.
Non-compliance: Failure of investigator(s) to follow the applicable laws, regulations, or 
institutional policies governing the protection of human subjects in research, or the requirements 
or determinations of the IRB, whether intentional or not.
1. Serious non-compliance: Non-compliance, whether intentional or not, that results in 
harm or otherwise materially compromises the rights, welfare and/or safety of the subject. 
Non-compliance that materially affects the scientific integrity or validity of the research 


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may be considered serious non-compliance, even if it does not result in direct harm to 
research subjects.
2. Continuing non-compliance: A pattern of recurring non-compliance that either has 
resulted, or, if continued, may result in harm to subjects or otherwise materially 
compromise the rights, welfare and/or safety of subjects, affect the scientific integrity of 
the study or validity of the results. The pattern may comprise repetition of the same non-
compliant action(s), or different non-compliant events. Such non-compliance may be 
unintentional (e.g. due to lack of understanding, knowledge, or commitment), or 
intentional (e.g. due to deliberate choice to ignore or compromise the requirements of any 
applicable regulation, organizational policy, or determination of the IRB).
8.4.2
Protocol-Specified Exempt Events (PSEEs)
PSEEs are events, identified in detail within the protocol and specified in advance, that will be 
handled in a protocol/study-specific manner that differs from statutory and general rules for 
reporting. These events may include, but are not limited to:

laboratory values

clinical findings

statutory AEs or SAEs per the standard definition

hospitalizations and procedures
PSEEs are protocol/study-specific rules for events that are, to some degree, expected/anticipated 
(due to population or condition under study, concomitant treatments, etc.). Reporting is generally 
downgraded/diminished from the general standard.
8.4.3
Documenting, Assessing, Recording, and Reporting Events
ALL AEs, including those that may appear to have a non-study cause (see “Causality” below), 
will be documented (e.g., on the clinical chart/progress notes/clinical laboratory record), 
recorded (e.g., in the study-specified research database, CRIMSON), and reported (e.g., 
cumulatively from the research database, or according to protocol-specified expedited reporting 
mechanism) to the sponsor from the time informed consent is obtained through the timeframe 
specified below. At each contact with the subject, information regarding AEs will be elicited by 
open-ended questioning and examinations.
AEs and SAEs will generally be recorded, assessed, and reported according to the timeframes 
outlined in Table 6. Standard Event Recording, Assessment, and Reporting Timeframes. 
Descriptions of PSEEs and timeframes for assessing and reporting these events are outlined in 
Table 7. PSEE List and Reporting.
Table 6. Standard Event Recording, Assessment, and Reporting Timeframes
Event type
Record, assess, and report through


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Related SAEs
End of subject participation in study, or if study personnel become 
aware thereafter
Unrelated SAEs
End of subject participation in study 
Related non-serious 
AEs of grade 1 to 3
End of subject participation in study
All other related non-
serious AEs
End of subject participation in study
Unrelated non-serious 
AEs
End of subject participation in study
Table 7. PSEE List and Reporting
Event description
How event will be reported

Grade 1 lab and vital sign 
abnormalities found prior 
to study agent 
administration and deemed 
not clinically significant 
by the PI.

If baseline abnormalities increase in severity or 
resolve and then recur after study agent 
administration, report as AEs according to standard 
reporting procedures.
8.4.3.1
Investigator Assessment of Adverse Events
The investigator will assess all AEs with respect to seriousness (according to SAE definition 
above), severity (intensity or grade, see below), and causality (relationship to study agent and 
relationship to participation in the research, see below).
8.4.3.1.1 Severity Grading
The investigator will grade the severity of each AE, including laboratory and testing 
abnormalities and results, according to the “Guidance for Industry: Toxicity Grading Scale for 
Healthy Adult and Adolescent Volunteers Enrolled in Preventive Vaccine Clinical Trials” which 
can be found at: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-
documents/toxicity-grading-scale-healthy-adult-and-adolescent-volunteers-enrolled-preventive-
vaccine-clinical
Events that are NOT gradable using the above specified table will be graded as follows:

Mild = grade 1

Moderate = grade 2

Severe = grade 3


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
Potentially life threatening = grade 4

Death = grade 5
NOTE: A subject death should always be reported as grade 5.
8.4.3.1.1.1 Laboratory Value Assessment and Clinical Significance Criteria
Except as specified in Table 7 and below, ALL abnormal lab values of grade 1 or above are 
REPORTABLE.
Grade 1 and 2 abnormal laboratory values are considered CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT, and 
are to be recorded in the research database, and reported, if they meet ONE or more of the 
following criteria: 

result in a study agent dosage adjustment, interruption, or discontinuation

are accompanied by clinically abnormal signs or symptoms that are likely related to the 
laboratory abnormality (e.g., clinical jaundice)

indicate a possible organ toxicity (e.g., elevated serum creatinine)

result in additional/repeat testing or medical intervention (procedures/treatments) (e.g., 
EKG to evaluate arrhythmia potential with a high serum potassium; one or more EKGs to 
assess an elevated troponin level; potassium supplementation for hypokalemia)

indicates possible over-dosage 

are considered clinically significant by the investigator or SMM
8.4.3.1.1.2 Laboratory Toxicity Table Adjustments
Not applicable
8.4.3.1.2 Causality
Causality (likelihood that the event is caused by the study agents) will be assessed by the PI 
considering the factors listed under the following categories:
Definitely Related

reasonable temporal relationship

follows a known response pattern

clear evidence to suggest a causal relationship

there is no alternative etiology
Probably Related

reasonable temporal relationship

follows a suspected response pattern (based on similar agents)

no evidence of a more likely alternative etiology


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Possibly Related

reasonable temporal relationship

little evidence for a more likely alternative etiology
Unlikely Related

does not have a reasonable temporal relationship
AND/OR

there is good evidence for a more likely alternative etiology
Not Related

does not have a temporal relationship
AND/OR

definitely due to an alternative etiology
Note: Other factors (e.g., dechallenge, rechallenge, if applicable) should also be considered for 
each causality category when appropriate. Causality assessment is based on available 
information at the time of the assessment of the AE. The investigator may revise the causality 
assessment as additional information becomes available.
Causality assessment will be reviewed by the sponsor. The sponsor may make a separate and 
final determination on the “reasonable possibility” that the event was “related” (comprising 
definitely, probably, and possibly related) or “unrelated” (comprising unlikely and not related) to 
the study agent, in keeping with applicable (US FDA) guidance on sponsor IND safety reporting.
8.4.3.2
Recording of Events
AEs will be promptly recorded in the research database, regardless of possible relationship to 
study interventions. If a diagnosis is clinically evident (or subsequently determined), the 
diagnosis rather than the individual signs and symptoms or laboratory abnormalities will be 
recorded as the AE. The investigator will review events regularly to ensure they have been 
captured correctly and to perform assessment of events individually and cumulatively to assess 
possible safety trends.
8.4.3.3
Investigator Reporting Responsibilities
The PI and/or equally qualified designee will check daily for events that may require expedited 
reporting. 
The PI and/or equally qualified designee will also monitor all accumulating data no less than 
weekly, or according to superseding NIH or NIAID policy, whichever is more frequent.
Data will be reviewed by the PI/designee on a regular basis for accuracy and completeness. 


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Data will be submitted to the sponsor in keeping with all applicable agreements and when 
requested, such as for periodic safety assessments, review of IND annual reports, review of IND 
safety reports, and preparation of final study reports.
The PI and/or other study designee will ensure prompt reporting to safety oversight bodies (e.g., 
CSO, DSMB), regulatory entities, and stakeholders as specified below, and according to any 
additional requirements or agreements.
8.4.3.3.1 Adverse Events
Unless otherwise specified above, AE data will be entered into the research database no less than 
every other week and will include all data through one week prior to database entry. AEs, 
including laboratory abnormalities, will be followed until resolution or stabilization.  
8.4.3.3.2 Serious Adverse Events (Expedited Reporting)
Unless otherwise specified above, all SAEs (regardless of relationship and whether or not they 
are also UPs) must be reported to the CSO as specified by the CSO (e.g., REDCap system; use 
the Safety Expedited Report Form [SERF]/email if REDCap is not available). If the 
preferred/indicated mechanism for reporting is not available, the CSO/SMM should be contacted 
by telephone, fax, or other reasonable mechanism to avoid delays in reporting.
CSO CONTACT INFORMATION:
Clinical Safety Office
5705 Industry Lane
Frederick, MD 21704
Phone: 301-846-5301
Fax: 301-846-6224
Email: rchspsafety@mail.nih.gov 
REDCap access: https://crimsonredcap.cc.nih.gov/redcap/index.php
Unless otherwise specified above, deaths and immediately life-threatening SAEs must be 
reported to the CSO promptly, and no later than the first business day following the day of 
study personnel awareness. 
All other SAEs must be reported to the CSO no later than the third business day following the 
day of study personnel awareness.
If an individual subject experiences multiple SAEs in a closely timed/overlapping “cause-and-
effect” (cascade) sequence, the PI, after careful evaluation, will report ONLY 
primary/precipitating event(s) individually. SAEs that are determined to be definitely secondary 
to other SAEs will be detailed in the narrative portion of the report of the relevant 
primary/precipitating SAE. A clinical rationale and findings to support such reporting should be 
part of the narrative. 


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For each SAE report, the research database entry MUST match the corresponding entries on the 
SAE report (e.g., start and stop dates, event type, relationship, and grade), and must be updated 
if necessary (e.g., if the SAE report was generated after the corresponding AE was entered in the 
research database).
Unless otherwise specified above, SAEs that have not resolved by the end of the per-protocol 
follow-up period for the subject are to be followed until final outcome is known (to the degree 
permitted by the IRB-approved informed consent form). If it is not possible to obtain a final 
outcome for an SAE (e.g., the subject is lost to follow-up), and to update the CSO, the last 
known status and the reason a final outcome could not be obtained will be recorded by the 
investigator on an SAE report update and in CRIMSON.
8.4.3.3.3 Unanticipated Problems
Unless otherwise specified above, UPs (as defined in this protocol, or as defined by the IRB of 
record, whichever definition is more conservative) that are also AEs or SAEs, must be reported 
to the CSO (by REDCap, or by email and SERF if REDCap is not available) no later than when 
they are due to be reported to the IRB.
UPnonAEs are NOT reported to the CSO but must be reported to the Clinical Trials 
Management (CTM) group and the IRB according to their requirements and preferred methods. 
If the UPnonAE raises a significant potential subject safety concern, the SMM should be 
consulted by email or phone no later than when reports are made to the IRB and/or CTM and 
provide details of the UPnonAE.
8.4.3.3.4 Pregnancy
Unless otherwise specified above, all pregnancies will be reported (by REDCap, or by email and 
SERF if REDCap is not available) to the CSO no later than the first business day following the 
day of study personnel awareness.
Pregnancy outcome data (e.g., delivery outcome, spontaneous or elective termination of the 
pregnancy) will be reported to the CSO no later than the third business day following the day of 
study personnel awareness (by REDCap, or by email and SERF if REDCap is not available).
Pregnancy itself is not an AE. Events that meet AE or SAE criteria in relation to pregnancy, 
delivery, or the conceptus/neonate (see section 8.4.1) are reportable (by REDCap, or by email 
and SERF if REDCap is not available).
In the event of pregnancy in a study subject exposed to study agent, the following actions will be 
taken, with the goal of ensuring maternal and fetal well-being, in consultation with the SMM and 
DSMB:

Discontinue the following study-specific procedures:
o
Collection of whole blood (peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMC] and 
PAXgene for RNA) and serum for research testing.
o
Nasal SAM.


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o
Nasal brushing. 

Continue to follow for safety for the duration of the pregnancy.

Request to unblind the subject, if applicable, AND if doing so would offer a benefit to the 
subject.

Report, no later than the first business day after study personnel awareness, to the DSMB 
and/or the IRB.

Advise subject to notify the obstetrician of study participation and study agent exposure, 
providing contact information for the obstetrician to contact the study PI, should this be 
required, and with the subject’s consent.
8.4.3.4
Sponsor’s Reporting Responsibilities
Events reported to the sponsor will be promptly evaluated and will be reported as required 
according to FDA IND safety reporting guidance and regulations. IND safety reports will be sent 
to other investigators conducting research under the same IND and will be shared with other 
stakeholders according to applicable agreements.
The sponsor will also submit an IND annual report of the progress of the investigation to the 
FDA as defined in 21 CFR 312.33.
All UPs will be evaluated by the sponsor, and a summary of the event, and any necessary 
(corrective/preventative) actions, will be distributed to investigators conducting research under 
the same IND as may be relevant and appropriate.
8.4.4
Withdrawal Criteria for an Individual Subject
An individual subject will be withdrawn from the study for any of the following:

An individual subject’s decision. (The investigator should attempt to determine the 
reason for the subject’s decision.)

Non-compliance with study procedures to the extent that it is potentially harmful to the 
subject or to the integrity of the study data.

A change in the subject’s condition as follows:
o
At the PI’s discretion, development of any condition so that the participant no 
longer meets one or more of the eligibility criteria.

The investigator determines that continued participation in the study would not be in the 
best interest of the subject.
Participants may withdraw prior to vaccine administration and no further testing or follow-up 
will be performed. The PI or designee will discuss with the participant why she/he wants to 
prematurely withdraw from the study to determine the best course of action for the participant. If 
the participant would like to withdraw after vaccination, clinical laboratory tests and procedures 
for safety purposes will continue as obtainable and at a frequency determined by the PI. If the 
participant does not return for scheduled follow-up visits, the study staff will make every 


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reasonable effort to contact the participant by phone, mail, or email, or a combination of the 
three and reiterate that follow-up visits are strongly encouraged for safety reasons.
8.4.4.1
Re-enrollment and Unplanned Procedure Repetition
Unless otherwise specified within this protocol, each person who is a subject in this study may 
be enrolled, and may pass through each step and process outlined in the protocol, only ONCE 
(i.e., subjects may not “go back” and repeat a protocol step already completed). On a case-by-
case basis, a request for re-enrollment, or for repetition of a protocol step or procedure already 
completed, may be submitted to, reviewed by, and approved by the SMM in writing. The SMM 
may also recommend or require consultation of the IRB and/or DSMB.
8.4.4.2
Replacement of Withdrawn Subjects or Subjects Who Discontinue Study Agent
A participant who withdraws before study agent administration will be removed, and no data will 
be used in the safety or efficacy analysis or publication of the study. If this occurs, another 
participant from the over accrual may be added and randomized to a trial arm.
Additional participants from the over accrual may also be added to compensate for participants 
who withdraw or are lost to follow-up after study vaccine administration on V1D0 but before the 
V2D7 visit.
All subjects exposed to study agents will be included in the safety dataset.
8.4.5
Additional Safety Oversight
8.4.5.1
Safety Review and Communications Plan
A safety review and communication plan (SRCP) is required for this protocol. The SRCP is an 
internal communications document between the PI and the CSO, as sponsor representative, 
which delineates key safety oversight responsibilities of the PI, the CSO, and other stakeholders. 
The SRCP includes a plan for conducting periodic safety surveillance assessments by the CSO.
8.4.5.2
Sponsor Medical Monitor
A SMM, representing the sponsor, has been appointed for oversight of safety in this clinical 
study. The SMM will be responsible for performing safety assessments as outlined in the SRCP.
8.4.5.3
Oversight Committees
8.4.5.3.1 Data and Safety Monitoring Board
The NIAID intramural DSMB includes independent experts that do not have direct involvement 
in the conduct of the study and have no significant conflicts of interest as defined by NIAID 
policy. The DSMB will review the study protocol, consent document, and investigator brochure 
prior to initiation and at least once a year thereafter, or at a frequency determined by the DSMB..
The DSMB may convene additional reviews as necessary. The DSMB will review the study data 
as needed to evaluate the safety, efficacy, study progress, and conduct of the study. 


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All deaths, SAEs, UPs, pregnancies, and IND safety reports will be reported to the DSMB at the 
same time they are submitted to the IRB and CSO unless otherwise specified herein. A summary 
of PSEEs will also be provided for review by the DSMB along with study documents submitted 
for periodic scheduled DSMB reviews.
All cases of intentional or unintentional unblinding will be reported to the DSMB not later than 
one business day from the time of study personnel awareness. 
The PI will notify the DSMB at the time pausing or halting criteria are met and obtain a 
recommendation concerning continuation, modification, or termination of the study. The PI will 
submit the written DSMB summary reports with recommendations to the IRB.
8.4.6
Pausing Rules for the Protocol
“Pausing” is discontinuation of study intervention/treatment/dosing (agent/placebo/procedure, 
etc) in a protocol-defined dose group or “arm” at the discretion of the sponsor until a decision is 
made to either resume or permanently discontinue such activity. The IM or IN route of study 
agent administration may be paused at the discretion of the DSMB who will not be blinded. The 
investigators will continue to be blinded as to which study arm is paused. Subjects will continue 
to be followed for safety during a pause.
The pausing criteria for a group of subjects in this study include any one or more of the 
following:

A subject experiences an SAE that is unexpected (per the investigator’s brochure or 
product label) and possibly, probably, or definitely related to a study agent or route of 
administration;

A subject experiences two grade 3 or greater AEs that are unexpected (per the 
investigator’s brochure or product label) and possibly, probably, or definitely related to a 
study agent or route of administration. 
The PI or the CSO may also pause dosing/study interventions for one or more subjects for any 
safety issue. The DSMB may recommend a pause to the CSO.
8.4.6.1
Reporting a Pause
If a pausing criterion is met, a description of the AE(s) or safety issue must be reported by the PI 
within 1 business day to the CSO and the IRB according to their requirements. The PI will also 
notify the DSMB and FDA. In the event of a SUSAR, the FDA will also be notified by sponsor.
8.4.6.2
Resumption Following a Pause
The CSO, in collaboration with the PI and DSMB, will determine if study activities, including 
agent administration and/or other study interventions, may be resumed, and any additional 
modifications or requirements that may apply, for the impacted subject(s), or whether the events 
that triggered the pause require expansion to a study halt (see section 8.4.6).


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The CSO or sponsor designee will notify the PI of the decision. The PI will notify the IRB of the 
decision according to the IRB’s process.
8.4.6.3
Discontinuation of Study Agent
Subjects who received study agent/study intervention will continue to be followed for protocol-
specified safety assessments or as clinically indicated, whichever is more conservative, during a 
study pause.
8.4.7
Halting Rules for the Protocol
“Halting” is discontinuation of study intervention/treatment/dosing (agent/placebo/procedure, 
etc.) for all subjects in a study and suspension of enrollment until a decision is made to either 
resume or permanently discontinue such activity. Subjects continue to be followed for safety 
during a halt.
The halting rules are:

Two or more SAEs that are unexpected (in consultation with the sponsor) that are 
possibly, probably, or definitely related to the study agent(s);
OR

Two or more subjects experience the same or similar grade 3 or greater AEs that are 
unexpected and possibly, probably, or definitely related to a study agent;
OR

Any safety issue that the PI or the CSO determines should halt the study. The DSMB 
may recommend a halt to the CSO.
In addition, the FDA or any regulatory body having oversight authority may halt the study at any 
time. 
8.4.7.1
Reporting a Study Halt
If a halting criterion is met, a description of the AE(s) or safety issue must be reported by the PI 
within 1 business day to the CSO and the IRB according to their requirements. The PI will also 
notify the DSMB. 
8.4.7.2
Resumption of a Halted Study
The CSO, in collaboration with the PI, DSMB, and FDA (if applicable), will determine if study 
activities, including enrollment, study agent administration, and/or other study interventions, 
may be resumed and any additional modifications or requirements that may apply.
The CSO or sponsor designee will notify the PI of the decision. The PI will notify the IRB of the 
decision according to the IRB’s process.


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8.4.7.3
Discontinuation of Study Agent
Subjects who received study agent/intervention/treatment will continue to be followed for 
protocol-specified safety assessments or as clinically indicated, whichever is more conservative, 
during a halt.
8.5
UNANTICIPATED PROBLEMS
8.5.1
Definition of Unanticipated Problems
The definition of a UP is provided in section 8.4.1.
8.5.2
 Unanticipated Problem Reporting 
The investigator will report UPs to the NIH IRB according to NIH Human Research Protections 
Program (HRPP) Policy 801.
8.5.3
NIH Intramural IRB Reporting of IND Safety Reports
Only IND Safety Reports that meet the definition of a UP will need to be reported to the NIH 
IRB.
8.6
ADDITIONAL REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
8.6.1
Reporting to the NIH IRB
Non-compliance and other reportable events will be reported to the NIH IRB according to HRPP 
Policy 801.
8.6.2
Reporting to the NIAID Clinical Director
The PI will report UPs, major protocol deviations, and deaths to the NIAID clinical director 
according to institutional timelines.
9
STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
9.1
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
The primary hypothesis of this study is that IN or IM BPL-1357 will be well tolerated with 
minor side effects. 
9.2
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
There will be 15 participants in each treatment group. The study will have adequate power to 
observe safety signals as defined by the 2 pausing criteria.

A subject experiences an SAE that is unexpected (per the investigator’s brochure or 
product label) and possibly, probably, or definitely related to a study agent or route of 
administration;


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
A subject experiences two grade 3 or greater AEs that are unexpected (per the 
investigator’s brochure or product label) and possibly, probably, or definitely related to a 
study agent or route of administration. 
Table 7 gives the probability of meeting either criteria in just one arm under various true rates. 
The table shows that if the true rate in a single vaccine arm is 15% there would be a high 
probability of detecting the safety signal (power of 0.913). If we meet pausing criteria in both 
arms, then we also meet halting criteria for study.
Table 8. Probability of meeting pausing criteria 
True rate of pausing 
criteria 1 or 2 (%)
Probability of pausing 
( 1/15)
5%
0.537
10%
0.794
15%
0.913
We will also compare AE rates for the combined vaccine arms to the placebo arm at V2D28. We 
will use a 1-sided .05 level test for the comparison of proportions. With this test we will have 
80% power if the true rate in the placebo arm is 5% and the true rate in the vaccine arms is 36%. 
We will also have 80% power if the true rate in the placebo arm is 10% and the true rate in the 
vaccine arms is 44%. (This calculation was performed using the SWOG statistical tool website 
with no continuity correction).
For the safety secondary objective we will compares AE rates in a similar manner but at the end 
of study, V2D182. For the immunogenicity secondary objective, we will compare antibodies 
against H1, H3, H5, H7, N1, N3, N8, and N9 from both blood and mucosal samples between all 
3 arms at V2D28. With 15 participants in each arm there will be power of 0.82 to detect an 
effective size of 1.25 (the effective size is the mean/std) using a two-sided 0.05/3=.0167 level t-
test. The level of the test has been adjusted to control for the 3 comparisons between all groups. 
A similar analysis will be performed at other timepoints for one of the exploratory objectives.
9.3
POPULATIONS FOR ANALYSES
Safety will be evaluated with intention-to-treat analysis comparing IN vs IM routes. All subjects 
receiving the vaccine will be included in the analysis.
9.3.1
Evaluable for Toxicity 
All participants will be evaluable for toxicity from the time of their first treatment with BPL-
1357 or placebo.
9.3.2
Evaluable for Objective Response 
Not applicable.


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9.3.3
Evaluable Non-Target Disease Response
Not applicable.
9.4
STATISTICAL ANALYSES
9.4.1
General Approach
AE’s and SAE’s will be tabulated by severity and by group. Tests of proportions with no 
continuity correction will be used to test for differences between groups. Confidence intervals 
around the difference in proportions will be calculated. Antibodies will be compared using t-
tests. Antibody data may be transformed by using log transformation to stabilize the variance if 
the data are skewed.
9.4.2
Analysis of the Primary Endpoints
If 1 or more related SAE’s are observed in an arm, the primary safety endpoint for that arm will 
have been met. For the AE safety endpoints, summary statistics will be provided for unexpected 
safety events. Unexpected safety events will be summarized by treatment group, as well as by 
individual AE and grouped by type of event. Tests of proportions will be used to compare rates 
between groups. 90% confidence intervals will be calculated for safety endpoints. This will be 
done at V2D28 for the primary endpoint, but a similar analysis will be done for the secondary 
safety endpoint at V2D182.
Two-sided t-tests will be used to compare antibody endpoints at V2D28 for the secondary 
objective. All three arms will be compared to each other. A 0.05/3= 0.0167 significance level 
will be used to adjust for the 3 group comparisons. Confidence intervals around group 
differences will be calculated using the significance level adjusting for the 3 comparisons (each 
confidence interval will be at the 1-0.0167 = 0.983 level). Antibody data maybe transformed by 
using the log10 transformation to stabilize the variance if the data are skewed.
9.4.3
Baseline Descriptive Statistics
Baseline population characteristics including gender, race, ethnicity, age, and BMI will be 
presented. Statistical analysis will not be performed on baseline characteristics.
9.4.4
Sub-Group Analyses
Subgroup differences between various age groups or races are not expected and the sample size 
may be too small to determine statistically significant differences, but exploratory analyses may 
be performed (particularly on gender differences).
9.4.5
Tabulation of Individual Participant Data
Not applicable.
9.4.6
Exploratory Analyses
Exploratory endpoints include characterization of systemic/mucosal humoral responses at all 
timepoints, as well as further characterization of the immune response through flow cytometric 


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phenotyping of lymphocytes, cytokine analysis, transcriptomics, and assessment of T-cell 
responses. Given the exploratory nature of these endpoints, what analyses will be possible 
depends heavily on the results. Standard methods of transcriptomic, T-cell activity, cytokine 
analysis, and immunophenotyping analysis will be performed, followed by more focused 
analyses based on those initial results. 
Categorical endpoints will be analyzed using Fishers exact test. Logistic regression may be used 
to adjust for covariates. Continuous endpoints will be analyzed using t-tests. Regression models 
may be used to adjust for covariates. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models may be 
used to examine longitudinal endpoints. All exploratory analyses will be performed at the .05 
level with all publications noting the endpoints as exploratory and a discussion on the number of 
endpoints that have been analyzed will be included.
Rates of influenza disease among groups will be compared using analysis of variance testing and 
post-hoc Tukey.
10 REGULATORY AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
10.1 INFORMED CONSENT PROCESS
10.1.1 Consent/Assent Procedures and Documentation
Informed consent is a process where information is presented to enable persons to voluntarily 
decide whether or not to participate as a research participant. It is an ongoing conversation 
between the human research participant and the researchers, which begins before consent is 
given and continues until the end of the participant’s involvement in the research. Discussions 
about the research will provide essential information about the study and include purpose, 
duration, experimental procedures, alternatives, risks, and benefits. Participants will be given the 
opportunity to ask questions and have them answered. 
The participants will sign the informed consent document prior to undergoing any research 
procedures. The participants may withdraw consent at any time throughout the course of the trial. 
A copy of the informed consent document will be given to the participants for their records. The 
researcher will document the signing of the consent form in the participant’s medical record. The 
rights and welfare of the participant will be protected by emphasizing to them that the quality of 
their medical care will not be adversely affected if they decline to participate in this study. 
The study will be introduced and explained to the potential participant during the screening visit 
on protocol 11-I-0183, which will be within 60 days of the V1D0 visit. Informed consent will be 
obtained at the V1D0 clinic visit prior to enrolling into the study. Consent will be obtained in 
person by the PI and/or equally qualified designee. 
10.1.2 Consent for Minors When They Reach the Age of Majority 
Not applicable.


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10.1.3 Telephone Consent 
Not applicable. 
10.1.4 Telephone Assent
Not applicable. 
10.1.5 Participation of Subjects Who Are/Become Decisionally Impaired
Adults unable to give consent are excluded from enrolling in the protocol. However, re-consent 
may be necessary and there is a possibility, though unlikely, that subjects could become 
decisionally impaired. Because there is no prospect of direct benefit from participation in this 
study, if a subject becomes decisionally impaired while on study, they may continue to undergo 
safety evaluations if deemed appropriate by the PI in consultation with the SMM. All remaining 
research interventions will be discontinued.
10.1.1 Participation of NIH Employees
For NIH employee participants, consent will be obtained by an individual independent of the 
employee’s team whenever possible. Otherwise, the consent procedure will be independently 
monitored by the CC Department of Bioethics Consultation Service in order to minimize the risk 
of undue pressure on the staff member. Those in a supervisory position to any employee and co-
workers of the employee will not obtain consent.
10.2 STUDY DISCONTINUATION AND CLOSURE
The study may be temporarily suspended or permanently terminated as described in the halting 
rules (section 8.4.6). In addition to the reporting described in that section, the PI will promptly 
contact the study participants, provide the reason(s) for the termination or suspension, and, if 
applicable, inform them of changes to study visit schedule.
The PI will consult with the IRB, in addition to the CSO, DSMB, and FDA prior to resuming the 
study following a halt.
10.3 CONFIDENTIALITY AND PRIVACY
All records will be kept confidential to the extent provided by federal, state, and local law. The 
study monitors and other authorized representatives of the sponsor may inspect all documents 
and records required to be maintained by the investigator, including but not limited to, medical 
records. Records will be kept locked and data will be coded. Any personally identifiable 
information maintained for this study will be kept on restricted-access computers and networks. 
Personally identifiable information will only be shared with individuals authorized to receive it 
under this protocol. Individuals not authorized to receive personally identifiable information will 
be provided with coded information only, as needed. Clinical information will not be released 
without written permission of the participant, except as necessary for monitoring by IRB, the 
FDA, the NIAID, the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP), or the sponsor’s 
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Access to research samples will be limited using a locked freezer in a locked laboratory. Samples 
and data will be stored using codes assigned by the investigators. Data will be kept in password-
protected computers. Only investigators and their designees will have access to the samples and 
data. Samples will initially be stored in laboratories of the PI and associate investigators. 
Samples will be tracked using a database located on password-protected computers, which will 
be maintained by the investigators and their designees. Only investigators and their designees 
will have access to this database. 
Any loss or unanticipated destruction of samples (for example, due to freezer malfunction) or 
data (for example, misplacing a printout of data with identifiers) that meets the definition of a 
reportable event will be reported to the IRB according to Policy 801. 
Participants may decide at any point during study participation or after not to have their samples 
stored. In this case, the PI will destroy all known remaining samples and report what was done to 
both the participant and to the IRB. This decision will not affect the subject’s participation in this 
protocol or any other protocols at NIH. 
To further protect the privacy of study participants, a Certificate of Confidentiality has been 
issued by the NIH. This certificate protects identifiable research information from forced 
disclosure. It allows the investigator and others who have access to research records to refuse to 
disclose identifying information on research participation in any civil, criminal, administrative, 
legislative, or other proceeding, whether at the federal, state, or local level. By protecting 
researchers and institutions from being compelled to disclose information that would identify 
research participants, Certificates of Confidentiality help achieve the research objectives and 
promote participation in studies by helping assure confidentiality and privacy to participants.
10.4 FUTURE USE OF STORED SPECIMENS AND DATA
Participants are consented at enrollment for permission to indefinite storage and future use of 
specimens and data. Samples, specimens, and data collected under this protocol may be used to 
study aspects of immunity to influenza, influenza infection, and disease related to influenza 
infection. Genetic testing will not be performed in the future on stored samples.
Storage and Tracking: Access to and tracking of stored samples and data will be secured and 
limited as described above (section 10.3). 
Disposition: 

In the future, other investigators (both at NIH and outside) may wish to use these samples 
and/or data for research purposes. If the planned research falls within the category of 
“human subjects research” on the part of the NIH researchers, IRB review and approval 
will be obtained. This includes the NIH researchers sending out coded and linked samples 
or data and getting results that they can link back to their subjects.


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10.5 SAFETY OVERSIGHT
Safety oversight is described in section 8.4.5.
10.6 CLINICAL MONITORING
As per ICH E6(R2) GCP guidelines section 5.18 and FDA 21 CFR 312.50, clinical protocols are 
required to be adequately monitored by the study sponsor. This study monitoring will be 
conducted according to the “NIAID Intramural Clinical Monitoring Guidelines.” Monitors under 
contract to the NIAID/Office of Clinical Research Policy and Regulatory Operations (OCRPRO) 
will visit the clinical research site to monitor aspects of the study in accordance with the 
appropriate regulations and the approved protocol. The objectives of a monitoring visit will be: 
1) to verify the existence of signed informed consent documents and documentation of the 
consent process for each monitored participant; 2) to verify the prompt and accurate recording of 
all monitored data points in CRIMSON and prompt reporting of all SAEs; 3) to compare 
abstracted information entered into CRIMSON with individual participants’ records and source 
documents (participants’ charts, laboratory analyses and test results, physicians’ progress notes, 
nurses’ notes, and any other relevant original participant information); and 4) to help ensure 
investigators are in compliance with the protocol. The monitors also will inspect the clinical site 
regulatory files to ensure that regulatory requirements (FDA and OHRP) and applicable 
guidelines (ICH GCP) are being followed. During the monitoring visits, the investigator (and/or 
designee) and other study personnel will be available to discuss the study progress and 
monitoring visit.
The investigator (and/or designee) will make study documents (e.g., consent forms, CRIMSON 
data abstracts) and pertinent hospital or clinical records, including CRIMSON, readily available 
for inspection by the FDA, IRB, site monitors, and NIAID staff for confirmation of the study 
data. 
A specific protocol monitoring plan will be discussed with the PI and study staff prior to 
enrollment of the first participant. The plan will outline the frequency of monitoring visits based 
on such factors as study enrollment, data collection status, and regulatory obligations.
10.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL
During the study, the PI and study team will be responsible for implementing a quality 
management plan. Additionally, the study team will be responsible for completing and 
submitting a summary report on the quality plan to the NIAID Clinical Director or designee at 
least annually as detailed in the quality management plan. A courtesy copy will also be sent to 
CTM.
10.8 DATA HANDLING AND RECORD KEEPING
10.8.1 Data Collection and Management Responsibilities
Data collection is the responsibility of the clinical trial staff at the site under the supervision of 
the PI. The investigator is responsible for ensuring the accuracy, completeness, legibility, and 
timeliness of the data reported.


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Clinical data (including AEs, concomitant medications, and data on expected ARs) and clinical 
laboratory data will be collected and maintained in CRIMSON and REDCap. Information will be 
collected directly from participants during study visits and telephone calls. Source documents 
include all recordings of observations or notations of clinical activities and all reports and 
records necessary to confirm the data abstracted for this study. Data entry into CRIMSON and 
REDCap will be performed by authorized individuals. Please refer to 


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 for the REDCap survey.
Data that may potentially unblind the treatment assignment (e.g., treatment allocation) will be 
handled with special care to ensure that the integrity of the blind is maintained and the potential 
for bias is minimized. This can include making special provisions, such as segregating the data in 
question from view by the investigators, sponsor clinical team, or others as appropriate until the 
time of database lock and unblinding.
10.8.2 Study Records Retention
The investigator is responsible for retaining all essential documents listed in the ICH GCP 
guidelines. Study records will be maintained by the PI according to the timelines specified in 21 
CFR 312.62 or a minimum of 7 years, and in compliance with institutional, IRB, state, and 
federal medical records retention requirements, whichever is longest. All stored records will be 
kept confidential to the extent required by federal, state, and local law. 
Should the investigator wish to assign the study records to another party and/or move them to 
another location, the investigator will provide written notification of such intent to 
OCRPRO/NIAID with the name of the person who will accept responsibility for the transferred 
records and/or their new location. NIAID will be notified in writing and written 
OCRPRO/NIAID permission shall be obtained by the site prior to destruction or relocation of 
research records.
10.9 PROTOCOL DEVIATIONS
It is the responsibility of the investigator to use continuous vigilance to identify and report 
deviations to the NIH IRB according to HRPP Policy 801. All deviations must be addressed in 
study source documents and reported to CTM. The investigator is responsible for knowing and 
adhering to the reviewing IRB requirements.
10.9.1 NIH Definition of Protocol Deviation
The definition of a protocol deviation is provided in section 8.4.1.
10.10 PUBLICATION AND DATA SHARING POLICY
10.10.1
 Human Data Sharing Plan
This study will be conducted in accordance with the following publication and data sharing 
policies and regulations:
NIH Public Access Policy, which ensures that the public has access to the published results of 
NIH funded research. It requires scientists to submit final peer-reviewed journal manuscripts that 
arise from NIH funds to the digital archive PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication.
This study will comply with the NIH Data Sharing Policy and Policy on the Dissemination of 
NIH-Funded Clinical Trial Information and the Clinical Trials Registration and Results 
Information Submission rule. As such, this trial will be registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, and 


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results information from this trial will be submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov. In addition, every 
attempt will be made to publish results in peer-reviewed journals.
Human data generated in this study will be shared for future research as follows:

De-identified data in an NIH-funded or approved public repository, including the Gene 
Expression Omnibus (GEO) database repository.

Identified data in the Biomedical Translational Research Information System (BTRIS, 
automatic for activities in the CC).
Data will be shared at the time of publication or shortly thereafter.
Provisions for protection of data privacy and confidentiality are described in section 10.3.
10.10.2
 Genomic Data Sharing Plan
This study will comply with the NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy, which applies to all NIH-
funded research that generates large-scale human or non-human genomic data, as well as the use 
of these data for subsequent research. Large-scale data include genome-wide association studies, 
single nucleotide polymorphisms arrays, and genome sequence, transcriptomic, epigenomic, and 
gene expression data.
10.11 COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENTS 
10.11.1
Agreement Type
Not applicable.
10.12 CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY
The independence of this study from any actual or perceived influence, such as by the 
pharmaceutical industry, is critical. Therefore, any actual conflict of interest of persons who have 
a role in the design, conduct, analysis, publication, or any aspect of this trial will be disclosed 
and managed. Furthermore, persons who have a perceived conflict of interest will be required to 
have such conflicts managed in a way that is appropriate to their participation in the design and 
conduct of this trial. The study leadership will follow NIAID policies and procedures for all 
study group members to disclose and manage all conflicts of interest and will establish a 
mechanism for the management of all reported dualities of interest.
11 ABBREVIATIONS
AE
adverse event
AR
adverse reaction
BMGF
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
BMI
body mass index
BPL
β-propiolactone
BTRIS
Biomedical Translational Research Information System 
CBC
complete blood count 


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CC
Clinical Center
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CRIMSON
Clinical Research Information Management System of the National Institute of 
Allergy and Infectious Diseases
CSO
Clinical Safety Office
CSU
Clinical Studies Unit
CTM
Clinical Trials Management
DSMB
data and safety monitoring board 
EKG
electrocardiogram
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
GBS
Guillain-Barré syndrome
GCP
Good Clinical Practice
GEE
generalized estimating equation
GMP
Good Manufacturing Practice
HA
hemagglutinin
HAI
hemagglutination inhibition
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HRPP
Human Research Protection Program
IAV
influenza A virus
ICH
International Council on Harmonisation 
IDMRS
Investigational Drug Management Research Section
ILI
influenza-like illness
IM
intramuscular(ly)
IN
intranasal(ly)
IND
investigational new drug
IRB
institutional review board
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
LID
Laboratory of Infectious Diseases
M2
matrix 2 (surface protein)
MAD
mucosal atomization device
NA
neuraminidase
NAI
neuraminidase inhibition
NIAID
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 
NIH
National Institutes of Health
OCRPRO
Office of Clinical Research Policy and Regulatory Operations
OHRP
Office for Human Research Protections
PBMC
peripheral blood mononuclear cells
PI
principal investigator
PSEE
protocol-specified exempt event
REDCap
Research Electronic Data Capture (system)
RNA
ribonucleic acid
SAE
serious adverse event
SAM
synthetic absorptive matrices
SAR
suspected adverse reaction
SERF
safety expedited report form


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SMM
sponsor medical monitor
SRCP
safety review and communications plan
SUSAR
serious and unexpected suspected adverse reaction
TP
total protein
UP
unanticipated problem
UPnonAE
unanticipated problem that is not an adverse event
US
United States
VDJ
variable, diversity, and joining (genes)
VPES
Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section


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Past Seasons Vaccine Effectiveness Estimates. 2019. (Accessed December 13 2019, at 
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Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Continuing challenges in influenza. Ann N Y Acad Sci 
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Taubenberger JK, Kash JC. Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic 
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Treanor JJ, Talbot HK, Ohmit SE, et al. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines in 
the United States during a season with circulation of all three vaccine strains. Clin Infect Dis 
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Krammer F, Palese P, Steel J. Advances in universal influenza virus vaccine design and 
antibody mediated therapies based on conserved regions of the hemagglutinin. Curr Top 
Microbiol Immunol 2015;386:301-21.
7.
Morens DM, Taubenberger JK. Making Universal Influenza Vaccines: Lessons From the 
1918 Pandemic. J Infect Dis 2019;219:S5-S13.
8.
Erbelding EJ, Post DJ, Stemmy EJ, et al. A Universal Influenza Vaccine: The Strategic 
Plan for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. J Infect Dis 2018;218:347-54.
9.
Malik Peiris JS. Avian influenza viruses in humans. Rev Sci Tech 2009;28:161-73.
10.
Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. H7N9 avian influenza A virus and the 
perpetual challenge of potential human pandemicity. mBio 2013;4.
11.
Salk JE, Menke Jr WJ, Francis Jr T. A clinical, epidemiological and immunological 
evaluation of vaccination against epidemic influenza. American Journal of Epidemiology 
1945;42:57-93.
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Chen K, Magri G, Grasset EK, Cerutti A. Rethinking mucosal antibody responses: IgM, 
IgG and IgD join IgA. Nat Rev Immunol 2020;20:427-41.
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McMahon M, Kirkpatrick E, Stadlbauer D, Strohmeier S, Bouvier NM, Krammer F. 
Mucosal Immunity against Neuraminidase Prevents Influenza B Virus Transmission in Guinea 
Pigs. MBio 2019;10.
14.
Flucelvax Quadrivalent [package insert]. Holly Springs, NC: Seqirus; 2020.
15.
DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Kimmel M, et al. Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-
dose influenza vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med 2014;371:635-45.


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