Conditions: Adenotonsillectomy Analgesia Surgery
Keywords: Pediatric Otolaryngology Steroid Placebo Post-operative pain
Allocation: RANDOMIZED | Intervention model: PARALLEL
Enrollment: 222
Healthy volunteers: no

Brief summary:
The goal of this study is determine if an oral systemic course of steroids is a safe and effective option in lowering pain and complications following adenotonsillectomy in various pediatric age groups. A double blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of steroids (dexamethasone) versus placebo postoperatively will be performed. Investigators will determine if there is a difference in post-operative pain and complications between groups.

Detailed description:
Purpose: To determine if post-operative dexamethasone is a safe and effective option in the reduction of post-operative pain and morbidity following adenotonsillectomy in various pediatric age groups.

Methods: The subject population will be patients between the ages of 3 and 17 who will undergo adenotonsillectomy. The study will consist of two double-blinded arms - patients receiving a course of oral dexamethasone (doses on post-operative days 2, 4, and 6; 0.5 mg/kg; max dose: 20 mg) in addition to standard pain control regimen and patients receiving an oral placebo course in addition to standard pain control regimen. In the diary they will receive, patients or caregivers will record when specific pain medications were taken each day, a symptoms survey, and pain ratings measured by the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. Patients are able to return their diary at a post-operative appointment at CHP Main, through email by scanning the diary or taking pictures with their phone, or through mailing in the survey in a pre-stamped envelope. Demographic information such as age, race, gender, and household income will be extracted from the diary and the electronic medical record. Information such as surgical technique, concurrent operations, post-operative pain prescription (types, weight based dosage, and total days prescribed) will be extracted from the electronic medical record and recorded as well. Outcomes measured will include pain scale rating and rates of complications between the two groups.

Significance: If it can be demonstrated that dexamethasone after adenotonsillectomy can reduce pain, complications, or need for opioid analgesics without appreciable side effects, a strong argument can be made for the addition of this inexpensive medication to routine post-operative adenotonsillectomy care. This would help with limiting the burden of clinical course of tonsillectomy.

The primary and secondary outcome measures were refined prior to analysis. Originally, the primary outcome measure was "average pain burden" defined as "average pain over 14 post-operative days before and after medications." However, study medication was not administered until day 2, and the power analysis was based on a study by Palme et al (2000) that compared mean pain ratings on postoperative days 2-8. Therefore, the primary outcome was revised to "average pain over 2-8 post-operative days before medications." Average pain over 2-8 post-operative after medications was added as a secondary outcome. The original primary outcome combined analysis of pain before and after medication into one measure. However, pain scores were more commonly reported prior to medication than after. Due to missing post-medication scores, it was determined that the analysis would be more appropriately conducted separately for pain scores before and after medication.

Arms:
arm 1: IV Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate will be prescribed orally at a dose of 0.5mg/kg with a max dose of 20mg to be taken the morning of days 2, 4, and 6 post-operatively. The Dexamethasone will be mixed by the parents with 5mL of pre-packaged cherry syrup.

Patients will also receive acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Acetaminophen will be prescribed at 15mg/kg to be taken every 4 hours for the first three days, except when sleeping. Ibuprofen will be prescribed at 10 mg/kg to be taken every 6 hours for the first three post-operative days.

Patients and parents/caregivers will be asked to complete a pain diary which will be used to determine the level of pain control achieved with this regimen. Families will also be asked daily to check symptoms that were experienced by the child and their child's current comfortable diet. The diary will be completed by post-operative day 14. The diary will be returned via email, mail, or a post-operative appointment at the main hospital. arm 2: An equal volume of water will be prescribed to patients (0.5mg/kg) with a max dose of 20mg to be taken the morning of days 2, 4, and 6 post-operatively. The placebo (water) will be mixed by the parents with 5mL of pre-packaged cherry syrup.

Patients will also receive acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Acetaminophen will be prescribed at 15mg/kg to be taken every 4 hours for the first three days, except when sleeping. Ibuprofen will be prescribed at 10 mg/kg to be taken every 6 hours for the first three post-operative days.

Patients and parents/caregivers will be asked to complete a pain diary which will be used to determine the level of pain control achieved with this regimen. Families will also be asked daily to check symptoms that were experienced by the child and their child's current comfortable diet. The diary will be completed by post-operative day 14. The diary will be returned via email, mail, or a post-operative appointment at the main hospital.

Interventions: intervention 1: Dexamethasone intervention 2: Ibuprofen intervention 3: Acetaminophen intervention 4: Placebo
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: IV Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate will be prescribed orally at a dose of 0.5mg/kg with a max dose of 20mg to be taken the morning of days 2, 4, and 6 post-operatively. The Dexamethasone will be mixed by the parents with 5mL of pre-packaged cherry syrup intervention 2: Ibuprofen will be prescribed at 10 mg/kg to be taken every 6 hours for the first three post-operative days. After the first three days, the subject should take the ibuprofen every 6 hours as needed for pain control. The daily dose of ibuprofen is not to exceed 1200mg or more than 4 individual doses. It will be prescribed in liquid suspension form for ease of use in pediatric populations. Subjects or parents will purchase this medication and dosage will be given to subjects in easy-to-understand language. intervention 3: Acetaminophen will be prescribed at 15mg/kg to be taken every 4 hours for the first three days, except when sleeping. After the first three days, the subject should take the acetaminophen every 4 hours as needed for pain control. The daily dose of acetaminophen is not to exceed 5 doses in 24 hours. It will be prescribed in liquid suspension form for ease of use in pediatric populations. Subjects or parents will purchase this medication and dosage will be given to subjects in easy-to-understand language. intervention 4: An equal volume of water will be prescribed to patients (0.5mg/kg) with a max dose of 20mg to be taken the morning of days 2, 4, and 6 post-operatively. The placebo (water) will be mixed by the parents with 5mL of pre-packaged cherry syrup.

Protocol document:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
Page 1 of 10 
 
Study Protocol  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Official Title: Post-operative Course of Dexamethasone to Reduce 
Tonsillectomy Morbidity 
  
 
 
ClinicalTrials.gov ID (NCT number): NCT04879823    
 
 
 
Protocol Date: 01/26/2023 
 
 
 
 


Page 2 of 10 
 
Scientific Background 
 
Tonsillectomy is by far the most painful otolaryngological procedure with a mean worst post-
operative pain rating of 5.9/10 while most other procedures have mean worst post-operative 
ratings between 2.3/10 to 4.4/10.[1] Multiple interventions have been shown to decrease post-
tonsillectomy morbidity and to limit unnecessary use of opioid prescriptions in children. A 
retrospective study from our institution found that a mandated opioid consent form significantly 
decreased opioid prescriptions while not significantly increasing post-operative nursing calls or 
ED visits.[2] Intracapsular tonsillectomy in which tonsillar tissue is removed while preserving 
the capsule was associated with less pain post-operatively compared to traditional approaches.[3] 
Furthermore, intravenous steroids in the perioperative period have been consistently shown in 
randomized control trials (RCTs) to reduced post-operative pain and complications.[4] However, 
the efficacy of a post-operative course of oral steroids to decrease the burden of pediatric 
tonsillectomy is still under question. 
 
To our knowledge, there are currently two published placebo-controlled RCTs of a post-
tonsillectomy course of oral corticosteroids with predominately pediatric samples. Palme et al. 
randomized 50 patients with a mean age of approximately 14 years old to either a one-week 
course of prednisolone or placebo, however, adults and children were examined together and no 
difference in pain on a 10-point scale was revealed on any day.[5] Interestingly, there was 
significantly less nausea/vomiting in the steroid-group on days 4-7 and there was less 
acetaminophen intake on days two, seven, and eight. Macassey et al. randomized 215 children to 
a five-day course of prednisolone or placebo and the steroid group did not have a significant 
improvement in post-operative pain or any other quality of life.[6] On the other hand, Redmann 
et al. found that a post-operative course of dexamethasone (Dex) significantly decreased the 
frequency of post-operative phone calls for pain and the frequency of bleeding in a retrospective 
review.[7] Later, Greenwell et al. showed that Dex increased pain reduction on post-operative 
days three, four, and five in a non-placebo controlled randomized trial of children aged 3-10.[8] 
 
As Dex has been shown to be efficacious in a RCT and is a safe medication to use in short 
courses, we present our protocol on a placebo controlled RCT with an estimated enrollment of 
300 children aged 3-17. The experimental group will receive oral Dex on post-operative days 2, 
4, and 6 (0.5 mg/kg; max dose: 20 mg). The long-term goal is to more definitively determine the 
potential for a post-operative course of steroids to become standard of care following pediatric 
tonsillectomy. 
 
1. Gerbershagen HJ, Aduckathil S, van Wijck AJ, Peelen LM, Kalkman CJ, Meissner W. Pain 
intensity on the first day after surgery: a prospective cohort study comparing 179 surgical 
procedures. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(4):934-944. 
2. Whelan RL, McCoy J, Mirson L, Chi DH. Opioid prescription and postoperative outcomes in 
pediatric patients. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(6):1477-1481. 
3. Borgström A, Nerfeldt P, Friberg D. Postoperative pain and bleeding after adenotonsillectomy 
versus adenotonsillotomy in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: an RCT. Eur Arch 
Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;276(11):3231-3238. 


Page 3 of 10 
 
4. Titirungruang C, Seresirikachorn K, Kasemsuwan P, Hirunwiwatkul P. The use of steroids to 
reduce complications after tonsillectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized 
controlled studies. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;276(2):585-604. 
5. Palme CE, Tomasevic P, Pohl DV. Evaluating the effects of oral prednisolone on recovery 
after tonsillectomy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. Laryngoscope. 2000 
Dec;110(12):2000-4. doi: 10.1097/00005537-200012000-00003. PMID: 11129008. 
6. Macassey E, Dawes P, Taylor B, Gray A. The effect of a postoperative course of oral 
prednisone on postoperative morbidity following childhood tonsillectomy. Otolaryngol Head 
Neck Surg. 2012;147(3):551-556. 
7. Redmann AJ, Maksimoski M, Brumbaugh C, Ishman SL. The effect of postoperative steroids 
on post-tonsillectomy pain and need for postoperative physician contact. Laryngoscope. 
2018;128(9):2187-2192. 
8. Greenwell AG, Isaiah A, Pereira KD. Recovery After Adenotonsillectomy-Do Steroids Help? 
Outcomes From a Randomized Controlled Trial. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Nov 
24:194599820973250. doi: 10.1177/0194599820973250. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33228459. 
 
Study Objectives 
 
Aim: To determine if an oral systemic course of steroids is a safe and effective option in 
lowering pain and complications following adenotonsillectomy in various pediatric age groups. 
 
Hypothesis 1: Post-operative pain will be lower in steroids group (experimental) as compared to 
the group receiving placebo (control). 
 
Hypothesis 2: There will be a decreased rate of post-operative complications in the steroids 
group as compared to the placebo group. There will be a decreased rate of post-operative 
complications in the steroid group as compared to the placebo group. Complications include 
oropharyngeal bleeding, pain, dehydration as evidenced by fewer calls to nurses and ED re-
presentations. 
 
Hypothesis 3: There will be a decreased frequency of opioid prescriptions and non-opioid 
analgesic consumption in the steroids group as compared to the placebo group. 
 
Study Design & Methods 
 
Design: Experimental, placebo controlled double-blinded randomized control trial. 
 
Methods: 
 
Between the time of the pre-operative appointment and the day of surgery, all listed investigators 
will be involved in the use of the electronic medical record to confirm that patients meet 
inclusion criteria, and to exclude any patients who meet the exclusion criteria. Upon completion 
of screening, patients will be randomized using a block randomization algorithm in order to have 
an equal distribution of Dexamethasone (Dex) and placebo regimens among three age groups - 


Page 4 of 10 
 
young children (ages 3-7), preadolescents (ages 8-12), and teenagers (ages 13-17). We will be 
recruiting 120 patients ages 3-7, 120 patients ages 8-12, and 60 patients ages 13-17 due to 
decreased frequency of adenotonsillectomy in this age group. 
 
At the day of surgery, the parents will receive the patient pain diary. Along with the standard 
post-operative information provided for adenotonsillectomy (which includes items such as 
emergency contact information, contact information for medical questions, and expected post-
operative progress), they will also receive a prescription for the pain medications and a pre-
packaged “Study Drug” bag, along with instructions on its proper administration. A drug 
administration instructional video was also made. This video will only be available via the link 
(ie not searchable on YouTube). 
 
For the Dex group, IV Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate (to be taken orally as is routinely done 
for croup and asthma management in CHP Emergency Department) will be prescribed at a dose 
of 0.5 mg/kg with a max dose of 20 mg to be taken the morning of days, 2, 4, and 6 post-
operatively. In the Placebo group, an equal volume of water will be prescribed to patients. 
Ibuprofen will be prescribed at 10 mg/kg every 6 hours or as needed, and acetaminophen will be 
given at 15 mg/kg every 4 hours or as needed as part of standard of care. All medications will be 
prescribed in liquid suspension form for ease of use in pediatric populations. Subjects or parents 
will purchase non-opioid analgesics while the study drug or placebo will be provided at no cost 
and dosage will be given to subjects in easy-to-understand language on a parent instruction sheet 
(eg. x mL every 4 hours or as needed, with maximum allowable amount of y mL in a day). 
Patients will not be prescribed an opioid prescription on the day of surgery. However, caregivers 
may request it for their child at any point of the study without affecting participation. It is up to 
the child's physician to determine whether or not to prescribe the opioid. An instructional drug 
administration video link will be sent to the families on Day 1 post-surgery to the cell phone 
number provided to the researchers on the consent form. 
 
A parent instruction sheet for each group was developed with the following information: 
Steroid group – 
Parents will be advised: 
-on mornings of post-operative days 2, 4, and 6, to mix a specified amount (uniquely prescribed 
based off of weight of each patient) of “Study Drug” into a 5 mL of pre-packaged cherry syrup 
using the provided oral syringe. 
As part of standard of care: 
-to give their child acetaminophen every 4 hours and ibuprofen every 6 hours around the clock 
for the first 3 days post-surgery. 
-after the first 3 days, give subject both medications on an as needed basis, depending on the 
ability of the subject to take liquids by mouth (>32 oz/day) and/or if the child complains or 
behaves like they are in pain. 
-parents may request opioids from the physician at any point during the trial (provided there are 
no health-related contraindications). 
 
Placebo group - 
Parents will be advised: 


Page 5 of 10 
 
-on mornings of post-operative days 2, 4, and 6, to mix a specified amount (uniquely prescribed 
based off of weight of each patient) of “Study Drug” into a 5 mL of pre-packaged cherry syrup 
using the provided oral syringe. 
As part of standard of care: 
-to give their child acetaminophen every 4 hours and ibuprofen every 6 hours around the clock 
for the first 3 days post-surgery. 
-after the first 3 days, give subject both medications on an as needed basis, depending on the 
ability of the subject to take liquids by mouth (>32 oz/day) and/or if the child complains or 
behaves like they are in pain. 
-parents may request opioids from the physician at any point during the trial (provided there are 
no health-related contraindications). 
 
The Pain Diary is a questionnaire which caregivers will use to assess variables of interest such as 
amount/frequency of medications taken, pain level, socioeconomic factors, side effects, and 
satisfaction with pain relief. The diary will be completed by post- operative day 14. The Wong-
Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale instructions will be included in the study folder for data 
integrity. 
Families can return the pain diary in multiple ways: 
1.) in person at the post-operative appointment: 
-A post-operative appointment at CHP Main only can be scheduled and the patient and caregiver 
will return the diary in person in order to receive the compensation for participating in this trial. 
A post-operative appointment can be scheduled at CHP Main and the family can return the diary 
to receive compensation for participation in person. 
If the family does not schedule a post-operative appointment at the main hospital, has forgotten 
the diary at the appointment or for convenience, the pain diary must be emailed to the research 
team by scanning the diary or taking pictures on their phone. 
2.) By mail using the provided post-marked envelope in the study folder 
-The $50 compensation will then be mailed to the family when the paper copy is received. 
3.) By email: 
-For families that have a post-operative appointment at locations other than the main hospital or 
do not want a post-operative appointment, they can return the pain diary by scanning the diary or 
taking pictures of the diary on their phone and emailing an electronic copy to the research team. 
The $50 compensation will then be mailed to the family when the electronic copy is received. 
 
Dexamethasone is sometimes given when children return to the hospital post-operatively, are 
seen at express/urgent care, or utilize telemedicine, and they receive another dose of steroids for 
bleeding, severe pain, or edema. Families will be encouraged to continue participation in our 
study with little increased risk of short-term side effects (ie irritability). Language of continued 
participation is in the consent and on the "healthcare provider script" provided in the study 
folder. We will ask families to make note on the pain diary of details of any additional steroids 
given during the study period. 
 
Follow-up communication: 
We will be using REDCap to send out a follow-up text message the day after surgery and on day 
8. We will enable a third party web service named Twilio. Twilio is able to be enabled through 


Page 6 of 10 
 
REDCap and sends SMS texts to cell phones. We will be sending a web link to YouTube for 
video drug administration instructions in the first follow-up text. 
 
If the family did not make a post-operative appointment at the main hospital by 2 weeks post-
surgery, the research team will call the caregiver 2-6 weeks after surgery to remind them to 
return the study diary. At this time, participants may request an additional post-marked envelope 
sent to their home address instead of scanning the diary electronically. 
 
Finally, further research activities will include viewing medical charts of the included subjects, 
harvesting the data from these medical records, placing these data on a datasheet, and then 
placing the data in a database for statistical analysis. All listed investigators will work together to 
obtain the data. Prior to harvesting the data, we will assign subject numbers for all participants so 
that subjects' names do not need to be recorded on our datasheets or in our database. Data 
collection and analysis is estimated to be completed in 1-2 years by the listed investigators. Data 
will not be collected on subjects who turn 18 during the study time period (past the 18th 
birthdate). We will assure that patients who are eligible and 17 years old are not turning 18 years 
old within the first 6 weeks after surgery for follow-up data. This would be a rare occurrence and 
we will exclude these patients rather than obtaining continued consent. 
 
Eligibility Criteria  
 
Inclusion:  
Patients age 3 - 17 undergoing adenotonsillectomy meet inclusion criteria 
 
Exclusion: 
Patients with Down syndrome 
Patients with a history of coagulopathy 
Patients with craniofacial abnormalities other than plagiocephaly or submucous cleft palate 
(SMCP) 
Caregivers who cannot speak, read, or write in English proficiently 
Patients who take systemic corticosteroids during the enrollment period 
Patients who take opioids during the enrollment period 
Patients who take chronic opioids 
Patients who are pregnant 
Patients with allergy to or contraindication for taking any of the study medications (including red 
dye allergy) 
Patients who have the inability to communicate 
Patients who have the inability to localize pain 
Patients who have type 1 diabetes 
Patients who have type 2 diabetes 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Page 7 of 10 
 
Statistical Analysis Plan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Official Title: Post-operative Course of Dexamethasone to Reduce 
Tonsillectomy Morbidity 
  
 
 
ClinicalTrials.gov ID (NCT number): NCT04879823    
 
 
 
Protocol Date: 01/26/2023 
 
 


Page 8 of 10 
 
Study Objectives 
 
Aim: To determine if an oral systemic course of steroids is a safe and effective option in 
lowering pain and complications following adenotonsillectomy in various pediatric age groups. 
 
Study Outcomes 
 
Primary Outcome 
 Average pain burden pre-medication 2-8 days post-operatively. This will be self-reported 
and measured on the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (0 to 10) before taking pain 
medication via the study take-home pain diary. 
 
Secondary Outcomes 
 Emergency department or urgent care visits 30 days post-operatively from the pain diary 
and from the patients’ medical record. 
 Average pain burden post-medication 2-8 days post-operatively. This will be self-
reported and measured on the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (0 to 10) after 
taking pain medication via the study take-home pain diary. 
 
Other Outcomes 
 Number of hospital readmissions within 30 days post-operatively 
- 
Measured via medical record and study take-home pain diary. 
 
 Frequency of each analgesic used 14 days post-operatively  
- 
Measured via the study take-home pain diary. 
 
 
 Duration of each analgesic used 14 days post-operatively 
- 
Measured via the study take-home pain diary. 
 
 Overall pain satisfaction over 14 days post-operatively  
- 
Measured via the study take-home pain diary. 
 
 Frequency of request for opioid medication within 14 days post-operatively 
- 
Measured via medical record and study take-home pain diary. 
 
 Frequency of post-operative oropharyngeal bleed within 30 days post-operatively 
- 
Measured via medical record 
 
 Need for follow-up appointment within two months post-operatively 
- 
Measured via the study take-home pain diary. 
 
 Night-time awakenings within 14 days post-operatively 
- 
Measured via the study take-home pain diary. 
 


Page 9 of 10 
 
 Post-operative nursing phone calls within 30 days post-operatively  
- 
Measured via medical record  
 
 Duration of hospital admission 
- 
Measured via medical record  
 
 Socioeconomic variables at the time of caregivers’ filling out the pain diary 
- 
Measured via the study take-home pain diary. 
 Household income – Check the box that matches income categories  
 Education level – Check the box that matches the highest education level achieved by 
anyone in the household  
 
 Side effects of medications within 14 days post-operatively, including bleeding from 
mouth or throat, anxiety, difficulty breathing, nausea or vomiting, stomach 
pain/discomfort, fever (100.4F and higher), assessed daily.  
- 
Measured via the study take-home pain diary. 
 
Sample Size Calculation 
 
For the power analysis we used Palme et al.'s data as this is the only placebo-controlled RCT 
with a predominantly pediatric sample that used a pain scale with a 0-10 range. The mean pain 
rating in post-operative days 2-8 was 3.43 in the prednisolone group and 3.92 in the placebo 
group, with an effect size of 0.49. The standard deviation was consistently approximately 2 for 
both groups across the 8 days. [1] 
 
As we are conducting a placebo-controlled RCT of Dexamethasone (which is a little more than 
six times as potent as Prednisolone in its anti-inflammatory properties [2]), we are conservatively 
multiplying the effect size of pain score in Palme et al's study by 1.5, therefore we conducted our 
power analysis with an estimated average pain of 3.92 in placebo group and 3.18 in the 
Dexamethasone (Dex) group with a standard deviation of 2 in both groups. To be powered at 0.8 
and an alpha of 0.05 with a hypothesis that Dex will decrease pain (one-tailed hypothesis), our 
total sample size would need to be 182. To be powered at 0.9 and an alpha of 0.5, our total 
sample size will need to be 250. Therefore we will aim to enroll 300 children and have a 
minimum retention rate of 83%. 
 
[1] Palme CE, Tomasevic P, Pohl DV. Evaluating the effects of oral prednisolone on recovery 
after tonsillectomy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. Laryngoscope. 
2000;110(12):2000-2004. 
[2] Schimmer B, Parker K. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adrenal Steroids, and the Adrenal 
Cortex. In : Schimmer BP, Funder JW : Goodman & Gilman’s - The Pharmacological Basis of 
Therapeutics 13th Edition. New York: McGrawHill; 2018. p.853. 
 
 
 


Page 10 of 10 
 
Analyses 
 
Stata/SE 16.0 will be used for all statistical analysis.  
All outcomes will be analyzed between dexamethasone and placebo groups.  
P value < .05 will be used for statistical significance.  
 
Primary Outcome 
The primary outcome measure ‘average pain burden pre-medication 2-8 days post-operatively’ 
will be analyzed with an independent samples, one-tailed t-test if pain scores are normally 
distributed and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests if pain scores are not normally distributed. Means or 
medians and 95% confidence intervals (CI) and ranges will be reported. 
 
Secondary Outcome 
The secondary outcome measure ‘average pain burden post-medication 2-8 days post-
operatively’ will be analyzed as described above. ‘Emergency department or urgent care visits 30 
days post-operatively’ will be analyzed with Fisher’s Exact test.  
 
Other Outcomes 
Along with descriptive statistics, univariable and multivariable analyses with tests such as Chi-
squared, Fisher’s exact, Wilcoxon rank-sum, t-tests, linear and logistic regression, and analysis 
of variance will be performed. 
 
Cross-Over 
Not applicable 
 
Analysis Inclusion  
Only those who meet eligibility criteria will be included in the final analysis. Specific outcome 
measures will be ascertained only in patients who return the pain diary, as indicated.  
 
Missing Data 
Data imputation will not be used for missing data.  
 
Harms 
 
Serious Adverse Events and adverse events will be collected up until the post-operative 
appointment with a maximum of 9 weeks post-operatively.