Conditions: Sacro-Iliac Spondylosis
Allocation: RANDOMIZED | Intervention model: PARALLEL
Enrollment: 41
Healthy volunteers: no

Brief summary:
Comparing two different corticosteroids (dexamethasone and triamcinolone) for use in sacroiliac joint injections

Detailed description:
Patients eligible for a sacroiliac joint injection will be randomized to receive one of two different steroids, dexamethasone or triamcinolone. The response immediately after injection will be assessed to confirm the diagnosis, and then they will be followed for three month to assess the degree of pain relief experienced

Arms:
arm 1: dexamethasone injected into the sacroiliac joint arm 2: triamcinolone injected into the sacroiliac joint

Interventions: intervention 1: Dexamethasone intervention 2: Triamcinolone Acetonide
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Dexamethasone injection into the sacroiliac joint intervention 2: Triamcinolone injection into the sacroiliac joint

Protocol document:
Prot_SAP_001.pdf: 
Particulate Corticosteroid Versus Non-particulate Corticosteroid for Sacroiliac Joint Injection
NCT03166761
Protocol and SAP
June 15, 2017


Randomized prospective study of particulate corticosteroid versus non-particulate 
corticosteroid for sacroiliac joint injection 
Background and Significance 
In spinal Intervention dexamethasone has been found to be non-inferior to 
particulate corticosteroids such as methylprednisolone.  Despite this, there is a 
theoretical benefit of particulate steroids as they are assumed to remain in the site 
of injection for a longer duration.  Whether or not such difference in effectiveness 
has not been studied in intra-articular injections.  In spine injections specifically, 
this has not been evaluated in the sacroiliac joint steroid injections.   
Sacroiliac joint injections are frequently employed as a treatment for suspected 
sacroiliac joint pain.  Success rates for these injections range widely, from 18% to 
62% (1).  Nearly all outcomes studies of sacroiliac joint corticosteroid injection 
utilize preparations of particulate corticosteroid.   No reports of neurologic 
infarction or other catastrophic complications have been reported following 
sacroiliac joint injection with any form of steroid.  
According to current Spine Intervention Society Guidelines, sacroiliac joints should 
be done with the use of image guidance including contrast administration with real-
time fluoroscopy.  If vascular uptake is appreciated during this, it is recommended 
the needle be repositioned.  Vascular uptake is relatively frequent, with reports of 
an incidence of 5.3% (2) There are occasions wherein despite multiple attempts at 
needle repositioning, vascular uptake persists.  In such cases, there is at least 
theoretical increased risk in administering particulate steroid and because of this 
the procedure may be cancelled.  An alternative to avoid this risk/complication or 
procedure termination would be administration of a non-particulate steroid.  
However, no evidence exists to support the practitioner in determining if injection 
of the non-particulate corticosteroid dexamethasone has equal effectiveness 
compared to particulate preparations of corticosteroid.  
Hypothesis 
Null Hypothesis: There is no difference in percentage of patients with sacroiliac joint 
pain as confirmed by positive anesthetic response (80% relief immediately after 
injection) to sacroiliac joint steroid injection that achieve moderate or good 
response (at least 50% improvement in numeric pain rating scale) between those 
receiving sacroiliac joint corticosteroid injection of 40mg of methylprednisolone 
and those receiving 10mg of dexamethasone at 4 weeks and 3 months. 
Specific Aims: 
1. Compare the proportion of patients between groups with a good response
(80% or greater improvement in index pain) after sacroiliac joint
corticosteroid injection at  2-4 weeks and 3 months.


2. Compare the proportion of patients between groups with a moderate 
response (50% or greater improvement in index pain) after sacroiliac joint 
corticosteroid injection at 2-4 weeks and 3 months. 
3. Compare the proportion of patients between groups who have at least 30% 
improvement in ODI at 2-4 weeks and 3 months 
4. Compare the proportion of patients between groups who have ODI score less 
than 20% at 2-4 weeks and 3 months. 
5. Compare the proportion of patients between groups who had a good 
response at 2-4 weeks that continue to have good response at 3 months 
6. Compare the proportion of patients between groups who had a good 
response at 2-4 weeks that continue to have at least moderate response at 3 
months. 
7. Compare the number of patients who have at least moderate response at 2-4 
weeks who require repeat injection prior to 3 months.   
8. Compare the number of patients with cessation of pain medication use, other 
than over-the-counter medication, for index pain at 2-4 weeks and 3 months  
9. Report Adverse Events 
 
Recruitment Process 
Identification of potential study participants on day they arrive to outpatient 
surgery center based on the treatment room’s schedule. 
 
 
Enrollment Process 
Potential candidates will be approached on the day of their scheduled sacroiliac 
joint steroid injection with a presentation by a physician or research assistant.  
Eligibility will be determined by interview by physician or research assistant based 
on inclusion and exclusion criteria.  Informed consent of qualifying volunteers will 
be obtained verbally and in written form. 
 
 
Inclusion Criteria: 
 
- 
aged >18, capable of understanding and providing consent in English, 
capable of complying with the outcome instruments used, capable of 
attending all planned follow up visits 
- 
unilateral low back/buttocks pain of at least 2 weeks.   
- 
Patient reported 7 day average of numeric pain rating score (NPRS) low 
back/buttocks pain of at least 5/10 at baseline evaluation 
- 
Clinical diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain as diagnosed by a board certified 
Physiatrist including history of low back/buttocks pain and at least 2 positive 
physical exam findings (including positive fortin finger sign, pain with 
palpation of posterior superior iliac spine, positive FABER’s test, positive 
Gaenslan’s test, positive sacral distraction, positive thigh thrust, positive 
lateral compression, positive sacral thrust) 
- 
Patient consents to sacroiliac joint corticosteroid injection in a shared 
decision-making process with the treating physician. 


-
80% or more relief of index pain within first 5-15 minutes after injection
Exclusion Criteria: 
-
Clinical suspicion of alternative process is greater than clinical suspicion of
sacroiliac joint pain
-
Those receiving remuneration for their pain treatment (e.g., disability,
worker’s compensation).
-
Those involved in active litigation relevant to their pain.
-
Those unable to read English and complete the assessment instruments.
-
Those unable to attend follow up appointments
-
The patient is incarcerated.
-
History of prior sacroiliac joint fusion
-
Progressive lower extremity neurologic deficit (from active radiculopathy,
unhealed radiculopathy, or neuromuscular disease)
-
Sacroiliac joint steroid injection within the prior 12 months
-
2 Positive lumbar medial branch blocks within the past 12 months
-
Radiofrequency ablation of the lumbar spine within the past 12 months
-
Lumbar facet steroid injections within the past 12 months
-
Prior epidural steroid injection within the prior 3 months in any location
within the spine.
-
Possible pregnancy or other reason that precludes the use of fluoroscopy.
-
Allergy to steroid, contrast media, or local anesthetics.
-
BMI>40.
-
Systemic inflammatory arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing
spondylitis, lupus).
-
Active infection or treatment of infection with antibiotics within the past 7
days.
-
Medical conditions causing significant functional disability (e.g., stroke,
decompensated COPD, decompensated heart failure)
-
Chronic widespread pain or somatoform disorder (e.g. fibromyalgia).
-
Addictive behavior, severe clinical depression, or psychotic features.
Outcome Instruments 
(The baseline examination and all baseline questionnaires will be completed within 2 
weeks before the first injection). 
-
Location of pain
-
Duration of pain
-
Demographics
-
BMI


Baseline 
Follow-up 
-
Adverse effects
-
Baseline and Follow-up 
-
NPRS back/buttocks pain (7-day average)
-
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
Injection Treatment 
Based on clinical evaluation patients will be scheduled for a unilateral fluoroscopic 
guided sacroiliac joint steroid injection.  On arrival to the procedure center eligible 
patients will be enrolled and consented.  Patients will then be randomized to 
receiving sacroiliac joint steroid injection with 1 cc of 2% lidocaine and either 40mg 
Methylprednisolone (40mg/cc) vs 10mg dexamethasone (10mg/cc) 
All injection for this protocol represent different variations all of which fall within 
the realm of standard of care.   
Sacroiliac Joint Steroid injection: 
-
date of injection recorded
-
side of injection (right or left)
-
Needle as preferred by physician
-
Oral anxiolysis with low dose benzodiazepine as determined by physician
-
Local anesthetizing of skin as determined by physician not to exceed 2 cc of
superficial 1% lidocaine
-
Technique as determined by 2013 International Spine Intervention Society
Practice Guidelines:  patients will be prepped in sterile fashion with alcohol
based antiseptic and sterile drapes. Patients will be positioned prone on the
table.  Access to the sacroiliac joint will be done.  Using multiple fluoroscopic
view including alternating lateral obliquity and cranio-caudal tilt, a spot 1-2
cm cephalad of the inferior posterior margin of the joint will be identified as
the target.  The needle with then be advanced in this view towards to target
point until the sacrum is contact.  The needle will then be withdrawn and
slightly redirected into the joint space until loss of bony resistance is felt.
Depth will then be confirmed via a spot lateral fluoroscopic view.  Once
needle position has been confirmed in both oblique and lateral view, minimal
volume of contrast (0.2-0.5 cc of Omnipaque 300) will be administered
through extension tubing under real-time fluoroscopy to ensure intra-
articular placement and to rule out vascular flow pattern.   Extension tubing
will then be removed.  The injectate of 1cc of 2% lidocaine and 1cc of either
10mg dexamethasone or 40 mg methylprednisolone will then be
administered. The procedure can be abandoned at any time at the discretion
of the physician or patient.   Patients will be observed for 15 min post


procedure in the procedure center recovery area and monitored for 
complications.   
-
Immediate relief of index pain will be documented prior to discharge
Power Analysis 
A total of 102 patients (51 dexamethasone and 51 methylprednisolone) will provide 
over 80% power to detect a difference of 20% between groups in the proportion of 
patients achieving at least moderate improvement on the NPRS using repeated 
measures binary logistic regression with a level of significance of α = 0.05.  This 
calculation is based on previous literature showing the proportion of patients 
achieving at least moderate improvement to be roughly 50% (1).  Additionally, this 
calculation conservatively assumes moderate autocorrelation among the time 
points and includes an extra 15% to account for potential loss to follow up. 
Data Analysis  
Descriptive statistics will be presented as frequencies and percentages for 
categorical variables and means and 95% confidence intervals for continuous 
variables.  Differences in baseline demographics and clinical characteristics between 
groups will be assessed with chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical 
variables and independent samples t-tests or single factor ANOVAs (or the 
nonparametric equivalents) for continuous variables.   
Study Timeline: 
Baseline:  
Participants who meet inclusion and exclusion criteria will be enrolled into the 
study after consenting to and before receiving a sacroiliac joint steroid injection. 
The baseline examination and all baseline questionnaires will be completed within 2 
weeks before the first injection.   Patients will be evaluated within 15 minutes after 
the injection to determine if they achieve self-reported measure at least 80% 
improvement after injection.  Failure to achieve at least 80% relief results in a 
patient being removed from the study due to failure to achieve the final enrollment 
criteria.  This is based on evidence that there is 100% negative predictive value of a 
negative anesthetic response in predicting 100% pain relief at 2-4 weeks and and 
84% negative predictive value of a negative anesthetic response in predicting at 
least 50% relief at 2-4 weeks (Kennedy and Schneider publication pending) 
Follow-up:  
Routine scheduled follow-up will occur at 4 weeks (+/- 1 week) and 3 months (+/- 2 
weeks) at which times all follow-up measures will be obtained.  All patients will 
follow-up with the primary investigator who performed the injection. 


This study is intended to compare outcomes at 2-4 weeks and 3 months following 
an initial sacroiliac joint steroid injection.   The patient’s first injection will define 
the study start date and the outcome assessment timeline for that respective 
patient.  During the 3 months from this start date, a participant may receive one 
additional injection per protocol, at which point the follow-up schedule will revert 
back to the beginning, starting with the 4 week time point and continuing up to the 
final 3-month follow-up.  Repeat injection will be with the same steroid the patient 
initially randomized to.  Only one additional injection is allowed within the protocol. 
Study Protocol 
Patients are divided into 2 groups based on randomization that occurs on the day of 
the first injection.   Pre-procedural data categorization will be entered at the time of 
group assignment.   
Repeat Injection Criteria: 
An patient who achieves at least 80% relief immediately after the injection and 
subsequently reports less than moderate relief (<50% relief on NPRS) at any point 
in the study will be offered repeat sacroiliac joint steroid injection.  Repeat injection 
will be performed on the same side(s) as the initial injection and with the same 
steroid the patient was initially randomized to.  If any additional injections are 
deemed warranted by the treating physician the patient will be considered a 
treatment failure in the study.  
Injection: Unilateral or bilateral Injection will be allowed at the discretion of the 
treating physician. 
Co-Intervention:  
Patients are allowed to receive usual care, including co-interventions, as deemed 
necessary by the treating physician.  
Primary Outcomes: 
The primary outcome is comparison of successful treatment rates between groups 
at 2-4 weeks as defined as moderate or good response to treatment (at least 50% 
improvement in index NPRS pain) at 2-4 weeks follow up.  Other comparisons 
between groups based on NPRS outcomes include categorical comparison of: 
1. Moderate or good response at 3 months
2. Number of injections needed to achieve moderate or good response at 3
months.
Secondary Outcomes: 
1.
Disability (ODI)
Data Management 


Data will be collected on standardized case report forms and entered into a 
database on HIPPA-compliant encrypted Vanderbilt laptop(e.g. Microsoft Excel) All 
study-related hard copy materials will be stored in locked file cabinets. 
Analysis  
Results of this randomized prospective pragmatic trial will be primarily determined 
by comparative analysis of comparative data at 4 weeks and 3 months.  Overall 
success as defined by at least moderate response (at least 50% improvement on 
NPRS at 4 weeks and 3 months will be calculated for the entire cohort.  No cross 
over will be allowed.  Intention to treat analysis will be used. All adverse events will 
be recorded and reported. 
1.
Kennedy DJ, Engel A, Kreiner DS, Nampiaparampil D, Duszynski B, MacVicar J.
Fluoroscopically Guided Diagnostic and Therapeutic Intra-Articular Sacroiliac
Joint Injections: A Systematic Review. Pain Med Malden Mass. 2015
Aug;16(8):1500–18.
2.
Sullivan WJ, Willick SE, Chira-Adisai W, Zuhosky J, Tyburski M, Dreyfuss P, et al.
Incidence of intravascular uptake in lumbar spinal injection procedures. Spine.
2000 Feb 15;25(4):481–6.