Conditions: Hip Fractures Intertrochanteric Fractures
Allocation: RANDOMIZED | Intervention model: PARALLEL
Enrollment: 128
Healthy volunteers: no

Brief summary:
Intertrochanteric hip fractures typically result in blood loss from the fracture and require surgery that can cause further blood loss. This study is being done to look at a medication called tranexamic acid which may reduce blood loss and the need for blood transfusions associated with surgery.

Detailed description:
The use of TXA in orthopedic trauma patients is an area of current research interest. A 2010 prospective randomized, controlled trial of perioperative TXA demonstrated reduction in transfusion requirements for intertrochanteric hip fractures treated with short, cephalomedullary nails. This was clinically, though not statistically, significant. Investigators recently conducted a randomized, controlled trial at this institution to evaluated the use of TXA in patients with femoral neck fractures treated with hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty and found clinically, albeit not statistically, significant reduction in transfusion requirement (accepted for publication). Perhaps tempering the effect seen with perioperative administration of TXA is the blood loss that occurs prior to surgery, the so-called "hidden" blood loss that can be as substantial as 1/3 of total blood loss from a hip fracture. This raises the question whether administration of tranexamic acid at the time of initial presentation after fracture could improve the perioperative care of these patients by decreasing the proportion of patients requiring transfusion and decreasing total blood loss.

Arms:
arm 1: Subjects will be treated with early administration of TXA in the Emergency Department arm 2: Subjects will be treated with a placebo in the Emergency Department

Interventions: intervention 1: Tranexamic Acid (TXA) intervention 2: Placebo
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Intravenously via bolus dose of 1g over ten minutes and an additional 1g over the subsequent 8 hours intervention 2: Looks exactly like the study drug, but it contains no active ingredient

Protocol document:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
 
 
Does Early Administration of Tranexamic Acid Reduce 
Blood Loss and Perioperative Transfusion Requirement in 
Low Energy Hip Fracture Patients? 
 
NCT03182751 
 
June 13, 2019 


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Does Early Administration of Tranexamic Acid Reduce Blood Loss and 
Perioperative Transfusion Requirement in Low Energy Hip Fracture 
Patients? 
 
IRB #16-04988 
 
June 13, 2019 
 
Background 
 
Antifibrinolytic medications such as tranexamic acid (TXA) have been shown to reduce blood loss and 
transfusion requirement in trauma and surgical patients across numerous sub-specialties[1]. In trauma 
surgery, a large multi-center randomized controlled trial (CRASH-2) demonstrated reduced risk of death 
from bleeding and all-cause mortality with early, continuous use upon presentation to a trauma center[2, 3]. 
In orthopedic surgery, TXA is well studied for use in elective hip and knee replacement as well as spine 
surgery [4-6].  At Mayo Clinic Rochester, the routine administration of tranexamic acid has become part of 
the typical protocol for elective hip and knee replacement as well as major spinal procedures. The use of 
TXA in orthopedic trauma patients is an area of current research interest. A 2010 prospective randomized, 
controlled trial of perioperative TXA demonstrated reduction in transfusion requirements for 
intertrochanteric hip fractures treated with short, cephalomedullary nails. This was clinically, though not 
statistically, significant [7]. We recently conducted a randomized, controlled trial at this institution to 
evaluated the use of TXA in patients with femoral neck fractures treated with hemiarthroplasty or total hip 
arthroplasty and found clinically, albeit not statistically, significant reduction in transfusion requirement[8]. 
Perhaps tempering the effect seen with perioperative administration of TXA is the blood loss that occurs 
prior to surgery, the so-called “hidden” blood loss that can be as substantial as 1/3 of total blood loss from a 


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hip fracture [7, 9]. This raises the question whether administration of tranexamic acid at the time of initial 
presentation after fracture could improve the perioperative care of these patients by decreasing the 
proportion of patients requiring transfusion and decreasing total blood loss. This would have potential 
implications for infection, morbidity and all-cause mortality from such fractures. 
 
Recent literature has substantiated the safety of TXA administration in this fragile hip fracture patient 
population. A prospective, randomized trial assessing perioperative TXA administration for extrcapsular 
hip fractures treated with cephalomedullary nails published in 2018 demonstrated reduction in blood loss 
and 20% reduction in transfusion rate without any increase in thrombotic complications[10]. Additionally, 
the protocol for bolus and subsequent infusion dosing of TXA initially recommended in the CRASH-2 trial 
has been validated with a recently published literature review evaluating the use of TXA in the pre-hospital 
setting to limit hemorrhage. They determined that the risk for vascular events was not increased due to drug 
administration above and beyond the anticipated increased risk due to the insult of trauma and hypovolemia 
secondary to blood loss. They concluded that this medication and dosing was safe for use even outside of 
the hospital setting[11].  
 
Methods 
 
A single-center, prospective randomized study is proposed. Consecutive patients presenting with 
intertrochanteric hip fractures will be treated with tranexamic acid. Treatment will be initiated in the 
emergency department according to a previously studied protocol for trauma patients.  
 
Inclusion criteria  
 
-AO/OTA fracture classification 31A 
-Surgically treated with sliding hip screw or cephalomedullary nail (short or long) 
-Low energy, isolated injury 


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-Age greater than 18 years old 
 
Exclusion Criteria  
  
-Intracapsular hip fractures: AO/OTA fracture classification 31B-C 
-Polytrauma patients 
-Creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min 
-History of unprovoked VTE and/or recurrent VTE 
-Known history of Factor V Leiden, protein C/S deficiency, prothrombin gene mutation, anti-thrombin 
deficiency, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, lupus anticoagulant  
-Pregnancy or breastfeeding (pregnancy tests will be performed on all patients of child-bearing potential) 
-History of CVA, MI, or VTE within the previous 30 days 
-Coronary stent placement within the previous 6 months 
-Disseminated intravascular coagulation 
-Intracranial hemorrhage 
 
Initial Patient Encounter 
The Orthopedic Trauma Service (OTS) in the emergency department will perform a history and physical 
exam.  Hip radiographs will be obtained to evaluate fracture type and indicated operative procedure.  If 
study criteria are met, informed consent will be obtained either from the patient or legally authorized 
representative. After consent is obtained, treatment will be initiated in the emergency room with study 
medication obtained by ED pharmacy. 
 
TXA will be administered intravenously via bolus dose of 1g over ten minutes and an additional 1g over 
the subsequent 8 hours, in accordance with a previously studied protocol utilized in the CRASH-2 trial [2, 
3]. Patients in the control group will receive a placebo medication in the ED. Neither group will receive 
perioperative bolus dosing of TXA.  
 


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Operative Course 
Prior to surgery, patients will undergo pre-anesthesia medical clearance and stabilization in coordination 
with the hospitalist medicine team.  Anesthetic type (regional vs. general) will be at the discretion of our 
anesthesia colleagues. 
 
During surgery, crystalloid maintenance fluids will be administered at a rate of 1.5 cc/kg/hour.  Blood 
losses will be replaced with crystalloid solution in a 3:1 ratio, 5% albumin in a 1:1 ratio, or a combination.  
Changes of 20% in baseline heart rate or blood pressure which are felt to be due to hypovolemia will be 
managed with boluses of 10 cc/kg crystalloid solution or 500 cc of 5% albumin. Intraoperative transfusions 
will be given for hemoglobin levels less than 8 g/dL.  If transfused, one unit of packed red blood cells will 
be administered at a time, with reassessment after each unit.  Transfusion triggers will not apply to patients 
with active myocardial ischemia or hemorrhagic shock. 
 
Surgical management will include either sliding hip screw or cephalomedullary nailing as clinically 
indicated, performed in routine fashion.  Hemostasis will be attained prior to wound closure. 
 
Hospital Course 
While admitted to the hospital, all patients will be co-managed between the orthopedic trauma service and 
the hospitalist medicine service. Hemoglobin levels will be checked daily through postoperative day three, 
and as indicated thereafter.  Conservative triggers for blood transfusion will be used for all patients.  
Transfusion will be considered for all patients with hemoglobin values of less than 8 g/dL with persistent 
symptoms or history of significant cardiac disease that may render the patient less able to compensate for 
significant anemia.  Blood transfusion will be considered in all patients with hemoglobin less than 7 g/dL, 
regardless of symptoms.  Hemoglobin triggers will not apply to patients with active myocardial ischemia or 
hemorrhage.  When the decision is made to transfuse, one unit of packed red blood cells will be 
administered at a time, with reassessment after each unit.    
 


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All patients will receive standardized DVT prophylaxis including lower extremity sequential compression 
devices and low-molecular weight heparin, unless medically contraindicated or full therapeutic 
anticoagulation is required.  Postoperative mobilization will begin as soon as clinically indicated.   
 
Each hospital day, patients will be clinically evaluated for signs of symptomatic venous thromboembolic 
event (VTE), myocardial infarction (MI), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and wound complications.  
Diagnostic workup will be performed only in the setting of acute symptoms. There will be no routine or 
mandatory screening with the exception of daily clinical evaluation by a member of the OTS trauma team 
as well as the hospitalist medicine team.  VTE will be defined as symptomatic deep venous thrombosis 
diagnosed by duplex ultrasound, or pulmonary embolism diagnosed by contrast spiral chest CT or 
ventilation-perfusion scan.  MI will be diagnosed using electrocardiogram and serial serum cardiac 
enzymes.  CVA will be defined as transient ischemic attack or stroke diagnosed by head CT or MRI.  
Wound complications will include hematoma formation, dehiscence, and deep or superficial infection. 
 
Clinical Follow-up 
Patient follow-up and disposition will be at the discretion of the treating surgeon.  For the purposes of this 
study, patients will be followed for a period of six months from the day of surgery.  At the time of follow-
up, patients will be assessed for the incidence of complication including VTE, MI, CVA, wound 
complication, and all-cause mortality.  If patients are not able to return to clinic, they (or their legally 
authorized representative) will be contacted by phone. 
  
Primary Outcome 
-Proportion of patients transfused at least 1 unit of packed red blood cells during hospital admission  
 
Secondary Outcomes 
-Mean number of units transfused per patient 
-Calculated blood loss    
-Incidence of symptomatic VTE diagnosed within 6 months of surgery 


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-Wound complications diagnosed within 6 months of surgery 
-MI diagnosed within 6 months of surgery 
-CVA diagnosed within 6 months of surgery 
-All-cause mortality at 6 months 
 
Safety Monitoring 
All patients will be monitored for signs and symptoms of reaction to the administration of tranexamic acid 
during administration and throughout their hospital stay.  Their care will otherwise be performed in 
standard fashion, coordinated between the orthopedic trauma service and the hospitalist medicine team.  A 
Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) comprised of three outside faculty members (
 
) will meet quarterly.  Outcome data including adverse 
events (VTE, MI, CVA, mortality, wound complications) will be compiled quarterly and reviewed by the 
DSMB. In order to facilitate evaluation of complications for potential relatability, patients may be 
selectively unblinded at the request of the DSMB. They will then determine if the complication is likely or 
unlikely to be related to the study intervention. If there is concern for increased complication rates, the data 
will be submitted to the Department of Biostatistics for evaluation and comparison to a previously studied 
control group. In the event of increased adverse events in the treatment group, data would be submitted to 
the appropriate governing body for review. 
 
 
Statistical Considerations 
 
Randomization and Blinding 
Subjects will be randomized into one of two study groups: TXA administration (treatment) or placebo 
(control).   Subjects will be assigned to either the treatment group or control group using a pre-generated 
blocked randomization design.  The randomization schedule will be developed by the study statistician and 
will be provided to Research pharmacy personnel who will make the study group assignment.  Medications 


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will then be delivered to the emergency department in packaging that does not delineate whether it contains 
placebo or tranexamic acid.  Thus, the patient, treating surgeon, emergency department physician, 
residents, hospitalist group, anesthesiologist, and data collectors will remain blinded to the treatment 
assignment. 
 
Analysis 
The primary outcome will be the proportion of patients transfused at least 1 unit of packed red blood cells 
during hospital admission.  Secondary outcomes will include mean number of units transfused per patient, 
calculated blood loss, and incidence of adverse events at six months including: VTE, MI, CVA, wound 
complications, and all-cause mortality as previously defined. The cohort of patients treated with early 
administration of TXA in the ED will be compared to a control group who were not treated with TXA at 
any point.  All outcomes will be reported descriptively using appropriate summary statistics, including 95% 
confidence intervals, where appropriate.  Baseline variables, including fracture type, surgical procedure, 
presenting hemoglobin, history of coronary artery disease, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 
score, length of surgery, length of anesthesia and type of anesthesia will be summarized overall and 
separately by study group; because this is a prospective, randomized trial, no formal between-group 
comparisons of baseline covariates will be performed.   Adverse events as well as the primary and 
secondary outcomes  occurring during the hospital stay and  up to six months following surgery will be 
evaluated using chi-square tests and logistic regression (for categorical variables)  if complete follow-up is 
obtained for the study subjects If follow-up varies because of subject withdrawal or lack of response at 6 
months, these outcomes will be estimated and evaluated using survivorship methods such as Kaplan-Meier 
estimation and Cox proportional hazards regression.  Two-sample t-tests will be used to compare 
continuous variables between the study groups.  All statistical tests will be two-sided and the threshold of 
statistical significance will be set at α = 0.05.  
 
Sample Size 
In a prospective randomized, controlled trial conducted in Denmark evaluating a similar outcome in the 
same patient population, there was a transfusion rate of 84.6% in the control group, who never received 


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TXA [9]. However, a retrospective evaluation of the transfusion rate for the population of interest at our 
institution in 2014 with standard transfusion thresholds as reflected in the above described protocol was 
50%. Utilizing this transfusion rate, the sample size was calculated to be able to detect a difference of 50% 
versus 25% (a reduction of risk by 1/2) between the control group and treatment group, respectively.  A 
sample of 58 subjects per study group (116 in total) will provide 80% power to detect a difference in the 
proportion of patients receiving blood transfusion of  50% versus 25% (α=0.05, two-sided test) [10].  We 
will assume an attrition rate of at least 15%, thus the target sample size will be 78 patients per group, 156 in 
total.  
 
References 
1. 
Ker, K., D. Prieto-Merino, and I. Roberts, Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression 
of the effect of tranexamic acid on surgical blood loss. Br J Surg, 2013. 100(10): p. 1271-9. 
2. 
collaborators, C.-t., et al., Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and 
blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, 
placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2010. 376(9734): p. 23-32. 
3. 
Williams-Johnson, J.A., et al., Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and 
blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2) A randomised, 
placebo-controlled trial. West Indian Med J, 2010. 59(6): p. 612-24. 
4. 
Elwatidy, S., et al., Efficacy and safety of prophylactic large dose of tranexamic acid in spine 
surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Spine (Phila Pa 
1976), 2008. 33(24): p. 2577-80. 
5. 
Sethna, N.F., et al., Tranexamic acid reduces intraoperative blood loss in pediatric patients 
undergoing scoliosis surgery. Anesthesiology, 2005. 102(4): p. 727-32. 
6. 
Watts, C.D. and M.W. Pagnano, Minimising blood loss and transfusion in contemporary hip and 
knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2012. 94(11 Suppl A): p. 8-10. 
7. 
Zufferey, P.J., et al., Tranexamic acid in hip fracture surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Br J 
Anaesth, 2010. 104(1): p. 23-30. 
8. 
Watts, C.D., et al., Tranexamic Acid Safely Reduced Blood Loss in Hemi- and Total Hip 
Arthroplasty for Acute Femoral Neck Fracture: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Orthop Trauma, 
2017. 31(7): p. 345-351. 
9. 
Smith, G.H., et al., The hidden blood loss after hip fracture. Injury, 2011. 42(2): p. 133-5. 
10. 
Tian, S., et al., The effect of tranexamic acid on hidden bleeding in older intertrochanteric 
fracture patients treated with PFNA. Injury, 2018. 49(3): p. 680-684. 
11. 
Stansfield, R., D. Morris, and E. Jesulola, The Use of Tranexamic acid (TXA) for The Management 
of Haemorrhage In Trauma Patients In The Prehospital Environment: Literature Review and 
Descriptive Analysis of Principal Themes. Shock, 2019. 
9.  
Tengberg, P.T., et al., Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss in patients with extracapsular fractures 
of the hip. Bone Joint J, 2016. 98-B: 747-53. 
10. 
Fleiss, J.L., Tytun, A., Ury, S.H.K., A simple approximation for calculating sample sizes for 
comparing independent proportions. Biometrics 36(1980) pp. 343-346