Table:
|  |  |  | Pro Forma (1) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
| Net income (loss) | $(5,269) | (1,733) | 1,508 |
| Income tax expense | 503 | 170 | (770) |
| Total other expense, net | 2,040 | 2,133 | 2,147 |
| Depreciation and amortization expense | 4,829 | 5,120 | 5,125 |
| Share-based compensation expenses | 162 | 186 | 238 |
| Goodwill impairment | 6,506 | 2,726 | 0 |
| Adjusted EBITDA | 8,771 | 8,602 | 8,248 |
| Exclude: transaction related expenses | 0 | 0 | 192 |
| Exclude: integration and transformation costs(1) | 234 | 378 | 164 |
| Exclude: special items(1) | 65 | 60 | 82 |
| Adjusted EBITDA excluding integration and transformation costs and special items | $9,070 | 9,040 | 8,686 |
| Total revenue | $22,401 | 23,443 | 24,128 |
| Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 39.2% | 36.7% | 34.2% |
| Adjusted EBITDA Margin, excluding integration and transformation costs and special items | 40.5% | 38.6% | 36.0% |
Paragraphs:
Adjusted EBITDA Non-GAAP Reconciliation
(UNAUDITED)
($ in millions)
(1) Refer to Non-GAAP Integration and Transformation Costs and Special Items table for details of the integration and transformation costs and special items included above.
Question:
What is the total change in the Adjusted EBITDA margin between 2019 and 2017?
Answer: 39.2%-34.2% = 5