Table:
|  |  | Years Ended |  | 2019 vs. 2018 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | July 27, 2019 | July 28, 2018 | July 29, 2017 | Variance in Dollars |
| Gains (losses) on investments, net: |  |  |  |  |
| Available-for-sale debt investments | $(13) | $(242) | $(42) | $229 |
| Marketable equity investments | (3) | 529 | (45) | (532) |
| Non-marketable equity and other investments | 6 | 11 | (46) | (5) |
| Net gains (losses) on investments | (10) | 298 | (133) | (308) |
| Other gains (losses), net | (87) | (133) | (30) | 46 |
| Other income (loss), net | $(97) | $165 | $(163) | $(262) |
Paragraphs:
Other Income (Loss), Net The components of other income (loss), net, are summarized as follows (in millions):
The total change in net gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt investments was primarily attributable to lower realized losses as a result of market conditions, and the timing of sales of these investments.
The total change in net gains (losses) on marketable equity investments was attributable to market value fluctuations and the timing of recognition of gains and losses.
The change in net gains (losses) on non-marketable equity and other investments was primarily due to lower realized gains, partially offset by higher unrealized gains.
The change in other gains (losses), net was primarily driven by higher donation expense in the prior year.
Question:
What was the  total change in net gains (losses) on marketable equity investments attributable to?
Answer: market value fluctuations and the timing of recognition of gains and losses.