Table:
|  | July 27, 2019 | July 28, 2018 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ASSETS |  |  |
| Allowance for doubtful accounts and returns . | $ 127 | $ 285 |
| Sales-type and direct-financing leases | 176 | 171 |
| Inventory write-downs and capitalization | 409 | 289 |
| Investment provisions . | — | 54 |
| IPR&D, goodwill, and purchased intangible assets | 1,427 | 63 |
| Deferred revenue . | 1,150 | 1,584 |
| Credits and net operating loss carryforwards . | 1,241 | 1,087 |
| Share-based compensation expense | 164 | 190 |
| Accrued compensation | 342 | 370 |
| Other | 419 | 408 |
| Gross deferred tax assets | 5,455 | 4,501 |
| Valuation allowance | (457) | (374) |
| Total deferred tax assets . | 4,998 | 4,127 |
| LIABILITIES |  |  |
| Purchased intangible assets . | (705) | (753) |
| Depreciation . | (141) | (118) |
| Unrealized gains on investments . | (70) | (33) |
| Other | (112) | (145) |
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (1,028) | (1,049) |
| Total net deferred tax assets | $3,970 | $3,078 |
Paragraphs:
The following table presents the components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities (in millions):
As of July 27, 2019, our federal, state, and foreign net operating loss carryforwards for income tax purposes were $676 million, $1 billion, and $756 million, respectively. A significant amount of the net operating loss carryforwards relates to acquisitions and, as a result, is limited in the amount that can be recognized in any one year. If not utilized, the federal, state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in fiscal 2020. We have provided a valuation allowance of $111 million for deferred tax assets related to foreign net operating losses that are not expected to be realized.
As of July 27, 2019, our federal, state, and foreign tax credit carryforwards for income tax purposes were approximately $25 million, $1.1 billion, and $5 million, respectively. The federal tax credit carryforwards will begin to expire in fiscal 2020. The majority of state and foreign tax credits can be carried forward indefinitely. We have provided a valuation allowance of $346 million for deferred tax assets related to state and foreign tax credits that are not expected to be realized.
Question:
What was the percentage change in total deferred tax assets between 2018 and 2019?
Answer: (4998-4127)/4127 = 21.1