Table:
|  | 2019 €m | 2018 €m | 2017 €m |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Adjusted EBITDA | 14,139 | 14,737 | 14,149 |
| Depreciation, amortisation and loss on disposal of fixed assets | (9,665) | (9,910) | (10,179) |
| Share of adjusted results in equity accounted associates and joint ventures1 | (291) | 389 | 164 |
| Adjusted operating profit | 4,183 | 5,216 | 4,134 |
| Impairment losses | (3,119) | – | – |
| Restructuring costs | (486) | (156) | (415) |
| Amortisation of acquired customer based and brand intangible assets | (583) | (974) | (1,046) |
| Other (expense)/income | (262) | 213 | 1,052 |
| Operating (loss)/profit (IAS 18 basis) | (267) | 4,299 | 3,725 |
| Impact of adoption of IFRS 152 | (684) |  |  |
| Operating loss (IFRS 15 basis) | (951) |  |  |
Paragraphs:
The Group’s measure of segment profit, adjusted EBITDA, excludes depreciation, amortisation, impairment loss, restructuring costs, loss on disposal of fixed assets, the Group’s share of results in associates and joint ventures and other income and expense. A reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to operating profit is shown below. For a reconciliation of operating profit to profit for the financial year, see the Consolidated income statement on page 111.
Note: 1 Share of adjusted results in equity accounted associates and joint ventures excludes amortisation of acquired customer bases and brand intangible assets, restructuring costs and other costs of €0.6 billion (2018: €0.4 billion, 2017: €0.1 billion) which are included in amortisation of acquired customer base and brand intangible assets, restructuring costs and other income and expense respectively
2 See note 31 “IAS 18 basis primary statements” for further details.
Question:
What is the change in average adjusted EBITDA between 2018 and 2019, and 2017 and 2018?
Answer: [(14139+14737)/2] - [(14737+14149)/2] = -5