Table:
| EURm | 2019 | 2018 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Total segment operating profit(1) | 2,003 | 2,180 |
| Amortization and depreciation of acquired intangible assets and property, plant and equipment | (924) | (940) |
| Restructuring and associated charges | (502) | (321) |
| Gain on defined benefit plan amendment | 168 | - |
| Product portfolio strategy costs | (163) | (583) |
| Transaction and related costs, including integration costs relating to the acquisition of Alcatel Lucent | (48) | (220) |
| Impairment of assets, net of impairment reversals | (29) | (48) |
| Operating model integration | (12) | - |
| Release of acquisition-related fair value adjustments to deferred revenue and inventory | (6) | (16) |
| Divestment of businesses | (2) | (39) |
| Fair value changes of legacy IPR fund | - | (57) |
| Other | - | (15) |
| Total operating profit/(loss) | 485 | (59) |
Paragraphs:
Operating profit/loss
Our operating profit in 2019 was EUR 485 million, a change of EUR 544 million, compared to an operating loss of EUR 59 million in 2018. The change in operating result was primarily due to lower selling, general and administrative expenses, research and development expenses and a net positive fluctuation in other operating income and expenses, partially offset by lower gross profit. Our operating margin in 2019 was 2.1%, compared to approximately breakeven in 2018.
(1) Excludes costs related to the acquisition of Alcatel Lucent and related integration, goodwill impairment charges, intangible asset amortization and other purchase price fair value adjustments, restructuring and associated charges and certain other items.
The following table sets forth the impact of unallocated items on operating profit/loss:
Question:
What was the rationale for change in operating profit / (loss)?
Answer: The change in operating result was primarily due to lower selling, general and administrative expenses, research and development expenses and a net positive fluctuation in other operating income and expenses, partially offset by lower gross profit.