Table:
|  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|  |  | (Dollars in millions) |  |
| Interest expense: |  |  |  |
| Gross interest expense | $2,093 | 2,230 | 1,559 |
| Capitalized interest | (72) | (53) | (78) |
| Total interest expense | $2,021 | 2,177 | 1,481 |
Paragraphs:
Interest Expense
Interest expense includes interest on total long-term debt. The following table presents the amount of gross interest expense, net of capitalized interest:
Question:
What does interest expense include?
Answer: interest on total long-term debt.