ssbuild/alpaca_dolly huggingface dataset:
Instruction: Explain the Montessori Method of education in pre-school and kindergarten
Context: Montessori classrooms for children from 2+1⁄2 or 3 to 6 years old are often called Children's Houses, after Montessori's first school, the Casa dei Bambini in Rome in 1906. A typical classroom serves 20 to 30 children in mixed-age groups, staffed by a fully trained lead teacher and assistants. Classrooms are usually outfitted with child-sized tables and chairs arranged singly or in small clusters, with classroom materials on child-height shelves throughout the room. Activities are for the most part initially presented by the teacher, after which they may be chosen more or less freely by the children as interest dictates. A teacher's role within a Montessori classroom is to guide and consult students individually by letting each child create their own learning pathway. Classroom materials usually include activities for engaging in practical skills such as pouring and spooning, washing up, scrubbing tables and sweeping. Also materials for the development of the senses, mathematical materials, language materials, music, art and cultural materials, including more science-based activities like 'sink and float', Magnetic and Non magnetic and candle and air.[17]

Activities in Children's Houses are typically hands-on, tactile materials to teach concepts. For example, to teach writing, students use sandpaper letters. These are letters created by cutting letters out of sandpaper and placing them on wooden blocks. The children then trace these letters with their fingers to learn the shape and sound of each letter. Another example is the use of bead chains to teach math concepts, specifically multiplication. Specifically for multiples of 10, there is one bead that represents one unit, a bar of ten beads put together that represents 1×10, then a flat shape created by fitting 10 of the bars together to represent 10×10, and a cube created by fitting 10 of the flats together to represent 10×10×10. These materials help build a concrete understanding of basic concepts upon which much is built in the later years.
Response: The Montessori Method for Education in pre-school and kindergarten is a unique approach to teaching children to build self-confidence and independence. Learning takes place in Children's Houses and are fully staffed with a mixture of qualified teachers and teaching assistants who guide and consult the individual child by letting each child create their own learning pathway. Activities are introduced by the teacher, but there is no requirement for a child to complete the activity until they are ready, as what the child learns is fully guided by an individual child's interest. Classrooms are equipped with child-sized tables and chairs with learning materials on child height shelves. 
Education covers a variety of areas, for example completing practical tasks including pouring water, washing up, cleaning tables and sweeping floors. They will have access to materials relating to mathematics, languages, music, art and culture. They are taught to learn basic concepts of mathematics and writing through a hands-on approach using tactile materials.
Instruction: Tell me about the life and career of Alison Calder
Context: Alison Calder (born 21 December 1969) is a Canadian poet, literary critic and educator.

Life and career
Calder was born in London, England on 21 December 1969 and grew up in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. She studied at the University of Saskatchewan, where she earned a BA, and at the University of Western Ontario where she earned an MA and a PhD in English Literature.[1] She was also a Distinguished Junior Scholar in Residence at the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, University of British Columbia.[2]

In 2004, she won the RBC Bronwen Wallace Award for Emerging Writers.[3]

She wrote a collection of essays in 2005 called History, Literature, and the Writing of the Canadian Prairies which examines literary critism.[1]

Her debut collection of poetry was called Wolf Tree and was published in 2007.[1] It won the 2008 Aqua Books Lansdowne Prize for Poetry and the Eileen McTavish Sykes Award for Best First Book by a Manitoba Author at the 2008 Manitoba Book Awards.[4] It was a finalist for the Pat Lowther Memorial Award and the Gerald Lampert Memorial Award.[1] Her second collection, In the Tiger Park, was published in 2014 and was a finalist for the Lansdowne Prize for Poetry.[5]

She also co-wrote the chapbook Ghost Works: Improvisations in Letters and Poems, with Jeanette Lynes.[5]

She lives in Winnipeg, Manitoba and works at the University of Manitoba where she teaches literature and creative writing. She is married to writer Warren Cariou.[1][4]
Response: Alison Calder (born 21 December 1969) is a Canadian poet, literary critic and educator.

Calder was born in London, England on 21 December 1969 and grew up in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. She studied at the University of Saskatchewan, where she earned a BA, and at the University of Western Ontario where she earned an MA and a PhD in English Literature. She was also a Distinguished Junior Scholar in Residence at the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, University of British Columbia.

In 2004, she won the RBC Bronwen Wallace Award for Emerging Writers.

She wrote a collection of essays in 2005 called History, Literature, and the Writing of the Canadian Prairies which examines literary critism.

Her debut collection of poetry was called Wolf Tree and was published in 2007. It won the 2008 Aqua Books Lansdowne Prize for Poetry and the Eileen McTavish Sykes Award for Best First Book by a Manitoba Author at the 2008 Manitoba Book Awards. It was a finalist for the Pat Lowther Memorial Award and the Gerald Lampert Memorial Award. Her second collection, In the Tiger Park, was published in 2014 and was a finalist for the Lansdowne Prize for Poetry.

She also co-wrote the chapbook Ghost Works: Improvisations in Letters and Poems, with Jeanette Lynes.

She lives in Winnipeg, Manitoba and works at the University of Manitoba where she teaches literature and creative writing. She is married to writer Warren Cariou.
Instruction: Name the affiliates of the Tata Group.
Context: The Tata Group (/ˈtɑːtɑː/) is an Indian multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai.[4][5] Established in 1868, it is India's largest conglomerate, with products and services in over 150 countries, and operations in 100 countries across six continents.[6] Acknowledged as the founder of the Tata Group, Jamsetji Tata is sometimes referred to as the "father of Indian industry".[7]
Each Tata company operates independently under the guidance and supervision of its own board of directors and shareholders.[8] Philanthropic trusts control over 66% of the Tata holding company Tata Sons,[9] while the Tata family is a very small shareholder.[10]
The group's annual revenue for fiscal year 2021–22 was reported to be US$128 billion.[3] There are 29 publicly-listed Tata Group companies with a combined market capitalisation of $311 billion as of March 2022.[11] The company has operations across Asia, Africa, America, and Middle East. Significant Tata Group affiliates include Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Consumer Products, Tata Motors, Tata Power, Tata Steel, Voltas, Titan Company, Tanishq, Tata Chemicals, Tata Communications, Trent, Tata Elxsi, Indian Hotels Company, Air India, TajAir, Tata Cliq, Tata Advanced Systems, Tata Capital, Cromā, BigBasket and Tata Starbucks.[12]
Response: Significant Tata Group affiliates include Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Consumer Products, Tata Motors, Tata Power, Tata Steel, Voltas, Titan Company, Tanishq, Tata Chemicals, Tata Communications, Trent, Tata Elxsi, Indian Hotels Company, Air India, TajAir, Tata Cliq, Tata Advanced Systems, Tata Capital, Cromā, BigBasket and Tata Starbucks.
Instruction: What happened in Woodstock
Context: Woodstock Music and Art Fair, commonly referred to as Woodstock, was a music festival held during August 15–18, 1969, on Max Yasgur's dairy farm in Bethel, New York, United States,[3][4] 40 miles (65 km) southwest of the town of Woodstock. Billed as "an Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music" and alternatively referred to as the Woodstock Rock Festival, it attracted an audience of more than 400,000 attendees.[3][5][6][7] Thirty-two acts performed outdoors despite sporadic rain.[8] It was one of the largest music festivals held in history.[9][10][11]

The festival has become widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history as well as a defining event for the counterculture generation.[12][13] The event's significance was reinforced by a 1970 documentary film,[14] an accompanying soundtrack album, and a song written by Joni Mitchell that became a major hit for both Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Matthews Southern Comfort. Musical events bearing the Woodstock name were planned for anniversaries, which included the tenth, twentieth, twenty-fifth, thirtieth, fortieth, and fiftieth. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine listed it as number 19 of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll.[15] In 2017, the festival site became listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[16]
Response: The Woodstock Music and Art Fair, commonly referred to as Woodstock, was a music festival held during August 15–18, 1969, on Max Yasgur's dairy farm in Bethel, New York, United States, 40 miles (65 km) southwest of the town of Woodstock. Billed as "an Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music" and alternatively referred to as the Woodstock Rock Festival, it attracted an audience of more than 400,000 attendees. Thirty-two acts performed outdoors despite sporadic rain. It was one of the largest music festivals held in history.

The festival has become widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history as well as a defining event for the counterculture generation. The event's significance was reinforced by a 1970 documentary film, an accompanying soundtrack album, and a song written by Joni Mitchell that became a major hit for both Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Matthews Southern Comfort. Musical events bearing the Woodstock name were planned for anniversaries, which included the tenth, twentieth, twenty-fifth, thirtieth, fortieth, and fiftieth. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine listed it as number 19 of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll. In 2017, the festival site became listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Instruction: Using this paragraph about Matt Eskandari, did Matt Eskandri make any films before Victim?
Context: Matt Eskandari attended film school at the University of Southern California.[5] His thesis film, "The Taking," won the award for Best Student Film at Screamfest.[6] Following film school, Eskandari was selected as a contestant for the Steven Spielberg filmmaker competition On The Lot. He would go on to make his feature debut a year later with the independent film Victim released by IFC Films, starring Stacey Haiduk,[7] and premiered at the Cannes Film Festival.[8] The film received a theatrical release, and was distributed on IFC Midnight's Pay-per-view channel.[9][10]

In 2013 Eskandari directed and produced his film titled The Gauntlet which starred Bai Ling, and Dustin Nguyen.[11] It debuted that October at the Screamfest film festival. Filmed in Beijing, China, the movie "follows five strangers who awake in an underground, medieval dungeon." The film received distribution from Lionsgate Home Entertainment following a screening at Cannes[12] and was retitled Game of Assassins.[13] For the film, Eskandari received several accolades, including the Best Director award from the Asians On Film Festival and the Winter Film Award for Best Feature Film.[14] The official release on DVD and digital VOD was September 23, 2014.[15]

In 2016, Eskandari began filming a new film he co-wrote entitled The Deep End.[16] The film's cast included Tobin Bell,[17] Nora-Jane Noone,[18] and Alexandra Park.[19] It was re-titled to 12 Feet Deep and released wide on June 20, 2017 by Mar Vista Entertainment.[20]
Response: Matt Eskandari filmed "The Taking" before his feature debut with the film Victim.
Instruction: Based on the reference text, provide a bulleted list of the benefits workers receive from Proposition 22
Context: 2020 California Proposition 22

Proposition 22 was a ballot initiative in California that became law after the November 2020 state election, passing with 59% of the vote and granting app-based transportation and delivery companies an exception to Assembly Bill 5 by classifying their drivers as "independent contractors", rather than "employees".[1][2][3][4] The law exempts employers from providing the full suite of mandated employee benefits (which include time-and-a-half for overtime, paid sick time, employer-provided health care, bargaining rights, and unemployment insurance) while instead giving drivers new protections:

120 percent of the local minimum wage for each hour a driver spends driving (with passenger or en route), but not for time spent waiting
$0.30/mile for expenses for each mile driven with passenger or en route
health insurance stipend for drivers who average more than 15 hours per week driving
requiring the companies to pay medical costs and some lost income for drivers hurt while driving or waiting
prohibiting workplace discrimination and requiring that companies develop sexual harassment policies, conduct criminal background checks, and mandate safety training for drivers.[5][6][7][8]
The initiative became state law after passage in November 2020, was challenged in California state courts in 2021, and was upheld on appeal in 2023.
Response: Under Proposition 22, workers receive the following benefits:
- 120% of the local minimum wage
- $0.30 per mile driven
- Health insurance stipend
- Covered medical costs and some lost income for injuries on the job
- Workplace discrimination protections
Instruction: Where did xiaolongbao originate from and what are some key types
Context: "Xiaolongbao" originated in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, by Wan Hua Tea House in the years of Daoguang Emperor (1820 to 1850). Xiaolongbao evolved from the guantangbao (soup-filled dumplings/buns) from Kaifeng, Henan province, the capital city of Northern Song Dynasty (AD 960–1127).[3]

There are numerous styles of xiaolongbao in Jiangsu cuisine. Shanghai-style xiaolongbao originated in Nanxiang, which was a neighboring village of Shanghai in Jiangsu that eventually ended up becoming an outer suburb of Shanghai's Jiading District.[4][5] The inventor of xiaolongbao sold them in his first store in Nanxiang next to the town's notable park, Guyi Garden. From there the xiaolongbao expanded into downtown Shanghai and outward. The Suzhou and Wuxi styles are larger (sometimes twice as large as a Nanxiang-style soup dumpling) and have sweeter fillings.[6] The Nanjing style is smaller with an almost translucent skin and less meat.[7]
Response: Xiaolongbao were first seen in Chengzhou which is located in Jiangsu province.
Since it's humble beginnings it has spread far and wide and there exist many variants.
A few common types are the:
- Shanghai Style
- Suzhou Style
- Wuxi Style
- Nanjing Style
Instruction: What marathon did the first woman officially finish, based on the paragraph.
Context: For a long time after the Olympic marathon started, there were no long-distance races, such as the marathon, for women. Although a few women, such as Stamata Revithi in 1896, had run the marathon distance, they were not included in any official results.[32][33] Marie-Louise Ledru has been credited as the first woman to complete a marathon, in 1918.[34][35][36] Violet Piercy has been credited as the first woman to be officially timed in a marathon, in 1926.[32]

Arlene Pieper became the first woman to officially finish a marathon in the United States when she completed the Pikes Peak Marathon in Manitou Springs, Colorado, in 1959.[37][38] Kathrine Switzer was the first woman to run the Boston Marathon "officially" (with a number), in 1967.[39] However, Switzer's entry, which was accepted through an "oversight" in the screening process, was in "flagrant violation of the rules", and she was treated as an interloper once the error was discovered.[40] Bobbi Gibb had completed the Boston race unofficially the previous year (1966),[41] and was later recognized by the race organizers as the women's winner for that year, as well as 1967 and 1968.[42]
Response: The first marathon that a woman officially finished was the Pikes Peak Marathon, completed by Arlene Pieper in 1959.
Instruction: Given a reference text about George Koukou, tell me when he was arrested and why.
Context: George Koukou (born 25 May 1945) was acting Speaker of the National Transitional Legislative Assembly of Liberia from 17 March 2005 to January 2006. Originally from Nimba County, he now resides in the capital city of Monrovia. He is a member of the Mano ethnic group.

Prior to becoming a member of the National Transitional Legislative Assembly, Koukou was a senator from Nimba County.[1] Koukou replaced George Dweh as Speaker of the transitional legislature on 17 March 2005 after Dweh was suspended indefinitely on 14 March for spending money without proper authorization.[2]

On 17 July 2007, Koukou was arrested along with several others, including former army chief of staff Charles Julue, for alleged participation in a coup plot against President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.[3] He and Julu were charged with treason.[4] Koukou claimed that he did not have the money to hire a lawyer. On 27 August, Monrovia Magistrate Court Judge Milton Taylor ruled that his court could not try Koukou because treason was above its jurisdiction, and he transferred the trial to Criminal Court "A".[5]
Response: George Koukou was arrested on July 17, 2007 for allegedly participating in a coup against President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.
Instruction: What was Barthelemy Hus-Desforges famous for
Context: Barthélemy Hus, called Hus-Desforges (18 July 1699 in Bordeaux – 1 September 1786 in Lyon, aged 63) was an 18th-century French comedian and troupe leader.

The son of maître à danser [fr] Jérôme Hus and Marguerite Pageot, called Desforges, he was the youngest member of the Hus family and with his brother François, directed a touring company known as the "Hus brothers troupe."

Around 1722, he married Marie Anne Daguerre Ascorette, actress born in Namur (1709-1736). The couple had at least seven children who would be part of the troupe.

On 27 January 1750, he married in Brussels his second wife, Louise Vivier de Courtenay, descendant of the famous Courtenay family.

Barthélemy Hus-Desforges was the grandfather of musician Pierre-Louis Hus-Desforges (1773-1838).
Response: Barthelemy Hus, called Hus-Desforges (18 July 1699 in Bordeaux – 1 September 1786 in Lyon, aged 63) was an 18th-century French comedian and troupe leader.

The son of maitre a danser [fr] Jerome Hus and Marguerite Pageot, called Desforges, he was the youngest member of the Hus family and with his brother Francois, directed a touring company known as the "Hus brothers troupe."

Around 1722, he married Marie Anne Daguerre Ascorette, actress born in Namur (1709-1736). The couple had at least seven children who would be part of the troupe.

On 27 January 1750, he married in Brussels his second wife, Louise Vivier de Courtenay, descendant of the famous Courtenay family.

Barthelemy Hus-Desforges was the grandfather of musician Pierre-Louis Hus-Desforges (1773-1838).
Instruction: Given this text, what is the third wealthiest state in the USA?
Context: Hawaii became a unified, internationally recognized kingdom in 1810, remaining independent until American and European businessmen overthrew the monarchy in 1893; this led to annexation by the U.S. in 1898. As a strategically valuable U.S. territory, Hawaii was attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, which brought it global and historical significance, and contributed to America's decisive entry into World War II. Hawaii is the most recent state to join the union, on August 21, 1959.[17] In 1993, the U.S. government formally apologized for its role in the overthrow of Hawaii's government, which spurred the Hawaiian sovereignty movement.

Historically dominated by a plantation economy, Hawaii remains a major agricultural exporter due to its fertile soil and uniquely tropical climate in the U.S. Its economy has gradually diversified since the mid-20th century, with tourism and military defense becoming the two largest sectors. The state attracts tourists, surfers, and scientists with its diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches, oceanic surroundings, active volcanoes, and clear skies on the Big Island. Hawaii hosts the U.S. Pacific Fleet, the world's largest naval command, as well as 75,000 employees of the Defense Department.[18]

Its relative isolation results in one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and Hawaii is the third-wealthiest state.
Response: According to this text, Hawaii is the third wealthiest state in the United States of America.
Instruction: From the passage provided, extract the sobriquets Tagore was known by. Separate them with a comma.
Context: Rabindranath Tagore FRAS (/rəˈbɪndrənɑːt tæˈɡɔːr/ (listen); pronounced [rɔˈbindɾɔnatʰ ˈʈʰakuɾ];[1] 7 May 1861[2] – 7 August 1941[3]) was a Bengali polymath who worked as a poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer and painter.[4][5][6] He reshaped Bengali literature and music as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" poetry of Gitanjali,[7] he became in 1913 the first non-European and the first lyricist to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.[8] Tagore's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial; however, his "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal.[9] He was a fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal",[10][5][6] Tagore was known by sobriquets: Gurudeb, Kobiguru, Biswokobi.[a]
Response: Gurudeb, Kobiguru, Biswokobi.
Instruction: What is the largest fresh water lake?
Context: Lake Baikal (/baɪˈkɑːl, -ˈkæl/,[3] Russian: Oзеро Байкал, romanized: Ozero Baykal [ˈozʲɪrə bɐjˈkaɫ])[a] is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Republic of Buryatia to the southeast. With 23,615.39 km3 (5,670 cu mi) of water,[1] Lake Baikal is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume, containing 22–23% of the world's fresh surface water,[5][6] more than all of the North American Great Lakes combined.[7] It is also the world's deepest lake,[8] with a maximum depth of 1,642 metres (5,387 feet; 898 fathoms),[1] and the world's oldest lake,[9] at 25–30 million years.[10][11] At 31,722 km2 (12,248 sq mi)—slightly larger than Belgium—Lake Baikal is the world's seventh-largest lake by surface area.[12] It is among the world's clearest lakes.[13]

Baikal's age is estimated at 25–30 million years, making it the most ancient lake in geological history.[10][11] It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, as its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. Russian, U.S., and Japanese cooperative studies of deep-drilling core sediments in the 1990s provide a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 6.7 million years.[19][20]
Response: Lake Baikal, located in Russia in the southern region of Sibera is the largest and deepest fresh water lake, containing 20% of Earth's fresh surface water.
Instruction: What are some of the uses of gilding metal?
Context: Gilding metal is a form of brass (an alloy of copper and zinc) with a much higher copper content than zinc content. Exact figures range from 95% copper and 5% zinc[1] to “8 parts copper to 1 of zinc” (11% zinc) in British Army Dress Regulations.[2]

Gilding metal is used for various purposes, including the jackets of bullets, driving bands on some artillery shells,[3] as well as enameled badges and other jewellery. The sheet is widely used for craft metalworking by hammer working.[1] It is also used particularly as a lower-cost training material for silversmiths. Starting in 1944, shell casings made of gilding metal were melted down by the United States Mint to be made into pennies.[4] These pennies replaced the less popular steel cent of 1943, and the pennies of this composition were produced until 1946.

Gilding metal was also used for the "bronze" Olympic medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan in 2021.[5]

Gilding metal may be annealed by heating to between 800–1,450 °F (427–788 °C).[6] It should be cooled slowly afterwards, to reduce risk of cracking.[7]
Response: Army Dress, weapons, metalworking, penny production, and Olympic medals
Instruction: From the given text, can you please extract all possible technical details of the aeroplane in the JSON format {key:value} where key is the attribute and value is the data for the attribute.
Context: The aircraft involved in the accident was a 4-year-old Airbus A330-203, with manufacturer serial number 660, registered as F-GZCP. Its first flight was on 25 February 2005, and it was delivered 2 months later to the airline on 18 April 2005. At the time of the crash, it was Air France's newest A330.[7][8] The aircraft was powered by two General Electric CF6-80E1A3 engines with a maximum thrust of 68,530 or 60,400 lbf (304.8 or 268.7 kN) (take-off/max continuous),[9] giving it a cruise speed range of Mach 0.82–0.86 (470–493 knots or 870–913 kilometres per hour or 541–567 miles per hour), at 35,000 feet (11,000 m) of altitude and a range of 12,500 km (6,700 nmi; 7,800 mi). The aircraft underwent a major overhaul on 16 April 2009, and at the time of the accident had accumulated about 18,870 flying hours.[10]
Response: Here are the technical details of the aeroplane that I could parse and format it in JSON format {key:value}.

{
"age in years":"4",
"aircraft manufacturer":"Airbus",
"aircraft model":"A330-203",
"manufacturer serial number":"660",
"aircraft registration number":"F-GZCP",
"first flight date":"25 February, 2005",
"airline delivery date":"18 April, 2005",
"airline name":"Air France",
"aircraft engine type":"General Electric CF6-80E1A3",
"aircraft engine maximum thrust":"60400",
"aircraft engine maximum thrust unit":"lbf",
"aircraft cruise speed range":"Mach0.82-0.86",
"aircraft cruise speed attitude":"35000",
"aircraft cruise speed attitude unit":"feet",
"aircraft range":"12500",
"aircraft range unit":"km",
"aircraft major overhaul date":"16 April, 2009",
"aircraft accumulated flying hours":"18870"
}
Instruction: How many national championships has Nick Saban won at Alabama?
Context: The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama (variously Alabama, UA, or Bama) in the sport of American football. The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC).[4] The team's head coach is Nick Saban, who has led the Tide to six national championships over his tenure.[5] The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history. Since beginning play in 1892, the program claims 18 national championships,[6][7][8] including 13 wire-service (AP or Coaches') national titles in the poll-era, and five other titles before the poll-era.[8][9][10] From 1958 to 1982, the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul "Bear" Bryant, who won six national titles with the program.[7] Despite numerous national and conference championships, it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy, when running back Mark Ingram II became the university's first winner. In 2015, Derrick Henry became the university's second Heisman winner.[11] The Crimson Tide won back to back Heisman trophies in 2020 and 2021, with DeVonta Smith and Bryce Young.
Response: As head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Nick Saban has won six national championships. Alabama claims 18 football national championships in the program's history.
Instruction: Who was Singhari Shyamasundar Kar
Context: Desaraja Adiguru Singhari Shyamasundar Kar (Odia: ସିଂହାରୀ ଶ୍ୟାମସୁନ୍ଦର କର, romanized: Singhāri Syāmasundara Kara; 4 March 1908 – 16 March 1975) was a renowned Odissi musician, Guru, singer, scholar and composer. Born to a sebayata (servitor) family of the Jagannatha Temple, he was groomed under veteran masters of the temple tradition and soon rose to be one of the towering Gurus of Odissi classical music in the 20th century. He was most known for his powerful voice and intricate style, his command over the Mardala as well as his contribution towards the academic institutionalization of Odissi music education. Most of the performers of Odissi music, Mardala and Odissi dance of his period admit to having come under the commanding influence and knowledge of Singhari. He died on 16 March 1975.[1][2]
Response: Desaraja Adiguru Singhari Shyamasundar Kar (4 March 1908 – 16 March 1975) was a renowned Odissi musician, Guru, singer, scholar and composer. Born to a sebayata (servitor) family of the Jagannatha Temple, he was groomed under veteran masters of the temple tradition and soon rose to be one of the towering Gurus of Odissi classical music in the 20th century. 

He was most known for his powerful voice and intricate style, his command over the Mardala as well as his contribution towards the academic institutionalization of Odissi music education. Most of the performers of Odissi music, Mardala and Odissi dance of his period admit to having come under the commanding influence and knowledge of Singhari. He died on 16 March 1975.
Instruction: Given a reference text about Wagyu, tell me the different types of cattle that are together known as wagyu.
Context: Wagyu 

Cattle were brought to Japan from China at the same time as the cultivation of rice, in about the second century AD, in the Yayoi period.[5]: 209  Until about the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were used only as draught animals, in agriculture, forestry, mining and for transport, and as a source of fertilizer. Milk consumption was unknown, and – for cultural and religious reasons – meat was not eaten. Cattle were highly prized and valuable, too expensive for a poor farmer to buy.[1]: 2 

Japan was effectively isolated from the rest of the world from 1635 until 1854; there was no possibility of the intromission of foreign genes to the cattle population during this time. Between 1868, the year of the Meiji Restoration, and 1887, some 2600 foreign cattle were imported.[1]: 7  At first, there was little interest in cross-breeding these with the native stock, but from about 1900, it became widespread. It ceased abruptly in 1910 when it was realised that, while the cross-breeds might be larger and have better dairy qualities, their working capacity and meat quality was lower.[1]: 7  From 1919, the various heterogeneous regional populations that resulted from this brief period of cross-breeding were registered and selected as "Improved Japanese Cattle". Four separate strains were characterised, based mainly on which type of foreign cattle had most influenced the hybrids, and were recognised as individual breeds in 1944.[1]: 8  They are collectively known as wagyū, and are:[5]: 66 [6]: 420 [7]

The Japanese Black (黒毛和種, kuroge washu), which constitutes over 90% of beef cattle in Japan;[8] regional strains within the breed include the Tottori, Tajima, Shimane and Okayama.[9]
The Japanese Brown or Japanese Red (褐毛和種, akage washu or akaushi), the other main breed, representing about 5% of all beef cattle;[10]: 17  reared in southern Japan, in Kōchi Prefecture on Shikoku island, and in Kumamoto Prefecture on Kyushu island.[1]: 8 [9]
The Japanese Polled (無角和種, mukaku washu), found principally in Yamaguchi Prefecture[1]: 8 
The Japanese Shorthorn (日本短角和種, nihon tankaku washu), reared in northern Japan, mainly in Iwate Prefecture; it constitutes less than one percent of all wagyu cattle.[
Response: The different types of cattle that are known as Wagyu are:
- The Japanese Black
- The Japanese Brown
- The Japanese Polled
- The Japanese Shorthorn
Instruction: Extract the total population and total area of California from the reference text
Context: California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2 million residents[6] across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2),[11] it is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million.[12] Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country. San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; and it has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west.
Response: California has a population of 39.2 million residents and an area of 163,696 square miles.
Instruction: Extract the names of the four Grand Slam tournaments and list them using bullets. Include the months of the year when each of the tournaments is generally played.
Context: The Grand Slam in tennis is the achievement of winning all four major championships in one discipline in a calendar year, also referred to as the "Calendar-year Grand Slam" or "Calendar Slam". In doubles, a team may accomplish the Grand Slam playing together or a player may achieve it with different partners. Winning all four major championships consecutively but not within the same calendar year is referred to as a "non-calendar-year Grand Slam", while winning the four majors at any point during the course of a career is known as a "Career Grand Slam".[1][2]

The Grand Slam tournaments, also referred to as majors, are the world's four most important annual professional tennis tournaments. They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and the longest matches for men (best of five sets, best of three for the women). The tournaments are overseen by the International Tennis Federation (ITF),[3] rather than the separate men and women's tour organizing bodies, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and Women's Tennis Association (WTA), but both the ATP and WTA award ranking points based on players' performances in them.[4]

The four Grand Slam tournaments are the Australian Open in January, the French Open from late May to early June, Wimbledon in late June to early July, and the US Open in August–September, with each played over two weeks. The Australian and the United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest tournament, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905, but it was not until 1925 that all four were held as officially sanctioned majors.[5]
Response: •	The Australian Open, January
•	The French Open, Late May to Early June
•	Wimbledon, Late June to Early July
•	The US Open, August - September
Instruction: Name the academic institutions which John Cena attended.
Context: Cena was born in West Newbury, Massachusetts on April 23, 1977,[21] to Carol (née Lupien) and John Joseph Cena.[22] His mother is of English and French-Canadian descent, while his father, a former ring announcer for Chaotic Wrestling,[21] has Italian ancestry.[23] His maternal grandfather was baseball player Tony Lupien,[24] while his maternal great-grandfather was businessman Ulysses J. Lupien.[23] He is the second oldest of five brothers: Dan, Matt, Steve, and Sean.[25] A fan of wrestling growing up, he would create championship belts out of cardboard for himself and his brothers.[22] He is a cousin of computer scientist Natalie Enright Jerger and was raised Roman Catholic. Cena was teased and beaten up while in school, and asked for a weightlifting bench at the age of 12.[23]

Cena attended Central Catholic High School in Lawrence, Massachusetts, before transferring to Cushing Academy, a private prep boarding school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts. He then attended Springfield College in Springfield, Massachusetts,[26] where he was an NCAA Division III All-American center and captain on their college football team,[27][28] wearing the number 54.[26] He graduated from Springfield College in 1999 with a degree in exercise physiology and body movement,[29] after which he pursued a bodybuilding career[28] and worked as a limousine driver.[30] Cena worked in the store area of Gold's Gym for $6 an hour.[31]
Response: Central Catholic High School, Cushing Academy, a private prep boarding school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts, Springfield College.
Instruction: Extract a list of notable dates and events in the mentioned text in the format, choosing the earliest year when the text provides a range of dates, and place them in a bullet list: {Year} - {Event}
Context: The first two centuries of the Roman Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana (lit. 'Roman Peace'). Rome reached its greatest territorial expanse during the reign of Trajan (AD 98–117); a period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus (177–192). In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a crisis that threatened its existence, as the Gallic and Palmyrene Empires broke away from the Roman state, and a series of short-lived emperors, often from the legions, led the Empire. It was reunified under Aurelian (r. 270–275). To stabilize it, Diocletian set up two different imperial courts in the Greek East and Latin West in 286; Christians rose to positions of power in the 4th century following the Edict of Milan of 313. Shortly after, the Migration Period, involving large invasions by Germanic peoples and by the Huns of Attila, led to the decline of the Western Roman Empire. With the fall of Ravenna to the Germanic Herulians and the deposition of Romulus Augustus in AD 476 by Odoacer, the Western Roman Empire finally collapsed; the Eastern Roman emperor Zeno formally abolished it in AD 480. The Eastern Roman Empire survived for another millennium, until Constantinople fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks under Mehmed II.[i]
Response: * 98 - Rome reached it's greatest territorial expanse during the reign of Trajan
* 177 - Increasing trouble and decline began with the rain of Commodus
* 270 - Rome reunified under Aurelian after Gallic and Palmyrene Empires broke away
* 286 - Two imperial courts setup by Diocletian in the Greek East and Latin West
* 313 - Edict of Milan led to Christians rising to positions of power
* 476 - Deposition of Romulus Augustus by Odoacer following the fall of Ravenena to the Germanic Herulians
* 480 - Eastern Roman emperor Zeno formally abolished the Western Roman Empire
* 1453 - Eastern Roman Empire fell to the Ottoman Turks
Instruction: Given this paragraph, how much control of the world's cocaine market did the Cali Cartel have at its peak?
Context: The Cali Cartel (Spanish: Cartel de Cali) was a drug cartel based in southern Colombia, around the city of Cali and the Valle del Cauca. Its founders were the brothers Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela and José Santacruz Londoño. They broke away from Pablo Escobar and his Medellín associates in 1987, when Hélmer "Pacho" Herrera joined what became a four-man executive board that ran the cartel.[2]

At the height of the Cali Cartel's reign from 1993 to 1995, they were cited as having control of over 80% of the world's cocaine market and were said to be directly responsible for the growth of the cocaine market in Europe, controlling 80% of the market there as well.[3] By the mid-1990s, the leaders of the Cali Cartel's multibillion-dollar international drug trafficking empire were operating a US$20 billion a year global criminal empire.
Response: At the Cali Cartel's peak from 1993 to 1995, they controlled over 80% of the world's cocaine market.
Instruction: Extract the 2021 Total Profit or Operating Income from the following text
Context: Type	Public
Traded as	
ASX: WBC
NZX: WBC
S&P/ASX 200 component
Industry	Banking
Financial services
Predecessor	Bank of New South Wales
Commercial Bank of Australia
Founded	8 April 1817 (as the Bank of New South Wales)
4 May 1982 (as Westpac Banking Corporation)
Headquarters	Westpac Place
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	John McFarlane (Chairman)
Peter King (CEO)
Products	Finance and insurance, consumer banking, corporate banking, investment banking, investment management, global wealth management, private equity, mortgages, credit cards
Operating income	Increase A$21.22 billion (2021)[1]
Net income	Increase A$5.46 billion (2021)[1]
Total assets	Increase A$935.88 billion (2021)[1]
Total equity	Increase A$72.09 billion (2021)[1]
Number of employees	40,143 (2021)[1]
Subsidiaries	St George Bank
BankSA
Bank of Melbourne
Westpac New Zealand
Website	
westpac.com.au
westpac.co.nz
Response: The 2021 Operating Income was A$21.22 billion
Instruction: Extract the total number of employees  in 2021 at Westpac Bank in Australia?
Context: Type	Public
Traded as	
ASX: WBC
NZX: WBC
S&P/ASX 200 component
Industry	Banking
Financial services
Predecessor	Bank of New South Wales
Commercial Bank of Australia
Founded	8 April 1817 (as the Bank of New South Wales)
4 May 1982 (as Westpac Banking Corporation)
Headquarters	Westpac Place
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	John McFarlane (Chairman)
Peter King (CEO)
Products	Finance and insurance, consumer banking, corporate banking, investment banking, investment management, global wealth management, private equity, mortgages, credit cards
Operating income	Increase A$21.22 billion (2021)[1]
Net income	Increase A$5.46 billion (2021)[1]
Total assets	Increase A$935.88 billion (2021)[1]
Total equity	Increase A$72.09 billion (2021)[1]
Number of employees	40,143 (2021)[1]
Subsidiaries	St George Bank
BankSA
Bank of Melbourne
Westpac New Zealand
Website	
westpac.com.au
westpac.co.nz
Response: 40,143 people
Instruction: what is petrified wood
Context: Petrified wood, also known as petrified tree (from Ancient Greek πέτρα meaning 'rock' or 'stone'; literally 'wood turned into stone'), is the name given to a special type of fossilized wood, the fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. Petrifaction is the result of a tree or tree-like plants having been replaced by stone via a mineralization process that often includes permineralization and replacement.[1] The organic materials making up cell walls have been replicated with minerals (mostly silica in the form of opal, chalcedony, or quartz). In some instances, the original structure of the stem tissue may be partially retained. Unlike other plant fossils, which are typically impressions or compressions, petrified wood is a three-dimensional representation of the original organic material.

The petrifaction process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried in water or volcanic ash. The presence of water reduces the availability of oxygen which inhibits aerobic decomposition by bacteria and fungi. Mineral-laden water flowing through the sediments may lead to permineralization, which occurs when minerals precipitate out of solution filling the interiors of cells and other empty spaces. During replacement, the plant's cell walls act as a template for mineralization.[2] There needs to be a balance between the decay of cellulose and lignin and mineral templating for cellular detail to be preserved with fidelity. Most of the organic matter often decomposes, however some of the lignin may remain.[3] Silica in the form of opal-A, can encrust and permeate wood relatively quickly in hot spring environments.[4] However, petrified wood is most commonly associated with trees that were buried in fine grained sediments of deltas and floodplains or volcanic lahars and ash beds.[5][6] A forest where such material has petrified becomes known as a petrified forest.
Response: Petrified wood is one of fossils, it is a plant which the inner part has been replaced by stone by compressions and impressions through millions of years
Instruction: What's Jiang's theoretical contribution?
Context: Jiang Zemin[a] (17 August 1926 – 30 November 2022) was a Chinese politician who served as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1989 to 2002, as chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004, and as president of China from 1993 to 2003. Jiang was paramount leader of China from 1989 to 2002. He was the core leader of the third generation of Chinese leadership, one of four core leaders alongside Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Xi Jinping.

Born in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, Jiang joined the CCP while he was in college. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he received training at the Stalin Automobile Works in Moscow in the 1950s, later returning to Shanghai in 1962 to serve in various institutes, later being sent between 1970-1972 to Romania as part of an expert team to establish machinery manufacturing plants in the country. After 1979, he was appointed as the vice chair of two commissions by vice premier Gu Mu to oversee the newly-established special economic zones (SEZs). He became the vice minister of the newly-established Ministry of Electronics Industry and a member of the CCP Central Committee in 1982.

Jiang was appointed as the mayor of Shanghai in 1985, later being promoted to its Communist Party secretary, as well as a member of the CCP Politburo, in 1987. Jiang came to power unexpectedly as a compromise candidate following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, when he replaced Zhao Ziyang as CCP general secretary after Zhao was ousted for his support for the student movement. As the involvement of the "Eight Elders" in Chinese politics steadily declined,[1] Jiang consolidated his hold on power to become the "paramount leader" in the country during the 1990s.[b] Urged by Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in 1992, Jiang officially introduced the term "socialist market economy" in his speech during the 14th CCP National Congress held later that year, which accelerated "opening up and reform".[2]

Under Jiang's leadership, China experienced substantial economic growth with the continuation of market reforms. The returning of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom in 1997 and of Macau from Portugal in 1999, and entry into the World Trade Organisation in 2001, were landmark moments of his era.[3] China also witnessed improved relations with the outside world, while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the state. Jiang faced criticism over human rights abuses, including the crackdown on the Falun Gong movement. His contributions to party doctrine, known as the "Three Represents", were written into the CCP constitution in 2002. Jiang gradually vacated his official leadership titles from 2002 to 2005, being succeeded in these roles by Hu Jintao, although he and his political faction continued to influence affairs until much later. On 30 November 2022, Jiang died from leukemia and multiple organ failure in Shanghai.[4]
Response: The Three Represents