ssanni/dolly-15k-RP huggingface dataset:
Instruction: What is the total number of geographical entities (states, territories, regions) in Africa?
Context: This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa. It includes both fully recognised states, states with limited or zero recognition, and dependent territories of both African and non-African states. It lists 56 sovereign states (54 of which are member states of the United Nations), two non-sovereign (dependent) territories of non-African sovereign states, and ten sub-national regions of non-African sovereign states. Malta and parts of France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain are located on the African continental plate, some considerably closer to the African mainland than the European mainland but, politically, are generally considered to be European by convention. Egypt, although extending into Asia through the Sinai Peninsula, is considered an African state.
Response: There are 56 sovereign states, 2 non-sovereign states, and 10 regions in Africa. This totals 56 + 2 + 10 = 68 territories.
Instruction: What city did Beatrice Prior live in?
Response: Beatrice "Tris" Prior was from Chicago.
Instruction: Does multitasking make someone more productive at work?
Response: It is a commonly held belief that multitasking is a desirable attribute for an employee to possess. This is based on the idea that multitasking results in a higher volume of work product. However, the contrary view is that multitasking diminishes the quality of work. In other words, multitasking increases productivity if the goal is simply to produce more work product; but at the same time, it decreases the quality of each individual outcome.
Instruction: What is self advocacy?
Response: Self advocacy is a process in which a person themselves or asks another individual, group, or community to discuss or publish the benefits of what that person has done with others that have external influence to benefit the original person seeking self-advocacy.  Self advocacy works well in corporate environments and is a behavior in start-up companies that does not make an impact on performance, ranking or promotion.
Instruction: What is the structure of Public Forum debate, as used in US debate competitions?
Response: A public forum debate takes place between two teams of two individuals each. For the assigned topic, one team argues for the affirmative, or pro side, and the other argues for the negative, or con side.

The debate is organized in a sequence of speeches according to the following outline:
•	Constructives (4 minutes): The first speaker of each team gives a pre-prepared case that makes arguments for their side.
•	1st Crossfire (3 minutes): The crossfire, or cross-examination, is a time for members of each team to take turns asking each other questions about their arguments. The first crossfire takes place between the first speakers of each team.
•	Rebuttals (4 minutes): The second speaker of each team presents a rebuttal, in which they respond to the points made in their opponents' constructive speech. The second speaking team's rebuttal will sometimes defend their own case along with attacking their opponents'.
•	2nd Crossfire (3 minutes): This crossfire is similar to the first crossfire, except it is between the second speakers of each team.
•	Summaries (3 minutes): The first speaker of each team gives a speech that aims to break down the main issues of the round.
•	Grand Crossfire (3 minutes): A crossfire where both members of both teams ask each other questions.
•	Final Focuses (2 minutes): The second speaker of each team gives a speech that aims to emphasize the reasons the judge should vote for them.

Additionally, each team is given 3 minutes of preparation time throughout the round, which they can choose to take before any of their speeches. It is important to note that the time duration of each stage may vary across different leagues.

After all speeches are given, the judges, or judge panel, will take some time to deliberate before casting their ballot for one of the two teams. There are no ties.
Instruction: From the passage provided, extract the official language of Tamil Nadu.
Context: Tamil Nadu (/ˌtæmɪl ˈnɑːduː/; Tamil: [ˈtamiɻ ˈnaːɽɯ] (listen), abbr. TN) is the southern-most state of India. The tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population, Tamil Nadu is the home of the Tamil people, whose Tamil language—one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world—is widely spoken in the state and serves as its official language. The capital and largest city is Chennai.
Response: Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu.
Instruction: From the passage provided find the names of the creators of Kafka. Separate them with a comma.
Context: Kafka was originally developed at LinkedIn, and was subsequently open sourced in early 2011. Jay Kreps, Neha Narkhede and Jun Rao helped co-create Kafka. Graduation from the Apache Incubator occurred on 23 October 2012. Jay Kreps chose to name the software after the author Franz Kafka because it is "a system optimized for writing", and he liked Kafka's work.
Response: Jay Kreps, Neha Narkhede, Jun Rao
Instruction: Where is Jasienica?
Response: Jasienica [jaɕeˈnit͡sa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łoniów, within Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Łoniów, 21 km (13 mi) south-west of Sandomierz, and 76 km (47 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.
Instruction: Give me the Seven Wonders of the Industrial World:
Response: Seven Wonders of the Industrial World:

- SS Great Eastern, British oceangoing passenger steamship, launched in 1858
- Bell Rock Lighthouse, in the North Sea off the coast of Angus, Scotland, completed in 1810
- Brooklyn Bridge, in New York City, New York, United States, opened to traffic in 1883
- London sewerage system, serving London, England since the late 19th century
- First transcontinental railroad, 1,912-mile (3,077 km) continuous railroad line connecting existing rail networks in Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California in the United States, completed in 1869
- Panama Canal, 51-mile (82 km) artificial waterway crossing the Isthmus of Panama and connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, completed in 1914
- Hoover Dam, on the Colorado River, spanning the border between Nevada and Arizona in the United States, completed in 1936
Instruction: What are some of the most famous rock bands from Seattle, Washington?
Response: Famous rock bands from Seattle include Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, and Foo Fighters.
Instruction: What are a couple of ways to increase profitability?
Response: Since profitability can be computed as revenue less expenses for a period, there are several ways to increase profitability.  To increase revenue, you could sell more units or increase the price.  To lower expenses, you could reduce the cost to produce your good or service or reduce SG&A costs
Instruction: What is the philosophy of the movie Up?
Response: Ellie is clearly a lot more adventurous than Carl. In fact that is clear in the first few minutes. To Carl, "Spirit of Adventure" is a balloon and for her its an abandoned house. The size, I think, matters because that is the size of the spirit of adventure.

Another thing alluding to her spirit of adventure is the loss of the baby and her subsequent rebounding from the sadness. She takes this grave loss as an adventure in her book. Carl is a good husband to point out that she needs to fulfill her "Things I am going to do" promise to herself, but does not realize how Ellie views the loss of the baby.

Carl is stuck on the aspect of having the house on Paradise island. He thinks that Ellie never lived her adventures and never added to her book since her first wish never got fulfilled. 

When an adventure presents itself in the form of Kevin, Carl, still attached to the past, prefers to fulfill the perceived wish by Ellie. When he does get the home on the water fall, it is clear that he is not satisfied. He can say that the dog nor Kevin are his problems. But when he sits down in his beloved chair, and looks through Ellie book of adventure again, he realizes that Ellie lived her adventures. She had no regrets. Her life was an adventure. And just at the right time, Carl sees the message from her to live his own adventure, i.e. Kevin.

Things become clearer for Carl. He is absolved of his guilt. He realizes that Ellie never felt bad about not being able to have her home on Paradise island. This moment of clarity is what all humans crave for. With this clarity, it was easy for him to be rid of all his attachments. He left behind his and his wife's chairs that he is clearly very attached to.

The message here, at least for the adults to discern and then communicate to the kids is to live your life. Yes you have dreams. But in day to day life, those dreams may not be achieved. Look for adventure. Look to live fully and without attachment to your dreams like Ellie did. Because, then, in living this full life, it just might be that your dream comes true. It just might be that the house is on Paradise island even without you trying like in the end of the movie!
Instruction: What is a graph in graph theory?
Context: In discrete mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a graph is a structure amounting to a set of objects in which some pairs of the objects are in some sense "related". The objects correspond to mathematical abstractions called vertices (also called nodes or points) and each of the related pairs of vertices is called an edge (also called link or line). Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots or circles for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges. Graphs are one of the objects of study in discrete mathematics.
Response: In graph theory, a graph is a structure amounting to a set of objects in which some pairs of the objects are in some sense "related".
Instruction: How many cities in the world have a population exceeding 5 million people ?
Context: There are 81 cities in the world with a population exceeding 5 million people.
Response: There are 81 cities in the world with a population exceeding 5 million people, according to 2018 estimates by the United Nations. The U.N. figures include a mixture of city proper, metropolitan area, and urban area.
Instruction: What is pseudoscience?
Context: The demarcation between science and pseudoscience has scientific, philosophical, and political implications. Philosophers debate the nature of science and the general criteria for drawing the line between scientific theories and pseudoscientific beliefs, but there is widespread agreement "that creationism, astrology, homeopathy, Kirlian photography, dowsing, ufology, ancient astronaut theory, Holocaust denialism, Velikovskian catastrophism, and climate change denialism are pseudosciences." There are implications for health care, the use of expert testimony, and weighing environmental policies.Addressing pseudoscience is part of science education and developing scientific literacy
Response: Which is not based on mainstream factual science.
Instruction: Should I use a dynamic microphone or a condenser microphone for recording a podcast? What about streaming on twitch or making youtube videos? Should I ever use a ribbon microphone?
Response: If you use a modern Apple laptop made after the year 2021, the built-in microphone has sufficient clarity and frequency response to make good recordings of your voice. It's not suitable for recording instruments, however.
Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a great house or minor house in the series "A Song of Ice and Fire": Targaryen, Stark, Tyrell, Martell, Greyjoy, Baratheon, Lannister, Cerwyn, Karstark, Hornwood, Merryweather, Tarly
Response: Great house: Targaryen, Stark, Tyrell, Martell, Greyjoy, Baratheon, Lannister
Minor house: Cerwyn, Karstark, Hornwood, Merryweather, Tarly
Instruction: Why do humans like dogs?
Response: Humans like dogs because dogs love humans and want to be with them. Humans and dogs share a close emotional connection that is unmatched by other species, including – at times – other humans. There is evidence of a humans and dogs interacting going back 18,000 years. Domesticated dogs will quickly bond to a humans, often showing affection in presence of their human owners and degrees of separation anxiety when their human owners aren’t present. Dogs will seek comfort from their human when they feel anxious or are in physical distress. Dogs often seek approval from their human by performing specific tasks in which they have been trained, or by exhibiting character traits or behaviors that they have been selectively bred for. Dogs love humans and interact with them in complex ways. Humans, in turn, interact with dogs and receive emotional satisfaction.
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Wood block, Akkordolia
Response: Akkordolia is string, Wood block is percussion.
Instruction: Which was the 5th largest recipient of FDI in world in 2020
Response: India
Instruction: Given this paragraph about Password-authenticated key exchange, what year were the first provably-secure protocols created?
Context: The first successful password-authenticated key agreement methods were Encrypted Key Exchange methods described by Steven M. Bellovin and Michael Merritt in 1992. Although several of the first methods were flawed, the surviving and enhanced forms of EKE effectively amplify a shared password into a shared key, which can then be used for encryption and/or message authentication. The first provably-secure PAKE protocols were given in work by M. Bellare, D. Pointcheval, and P. Rogaway (Eurocrypt 2000) and V. Boyko, P. MacKenzie, and S. Patel (Eurocrypt 2000). These protocols were proven secure in the so-called random oracle model (or even stronger variants), and the first protocols proven secure under standard assumptions were those of O. Goldreich and Y. Lindell (Crypto 2001) which serves as a plausibility proof but is not efficient, and J. Katz, R. Ostrovsky, and M. Yung (Eurocrypt 2001) which is practical.

The first password-authenticated key retrieval methods were described by Ford and Kaliski in 2000.

A considerable number of alternative, secure PAKE protocols were given in work by M. Bellare, D. Pointcheval, and P. Rogaway, variations, and security proofs have been proposed in this growing class of password-authenticated key agreement methods. Current standards for these methods include IETF RFC 2945, RFC 5054, RFC 5931, RFC 5998, RFC 6124, RFC 6617, RFC 6628 and RFC 6631, IEEE Std 1363.2-2008, ITU-T X.1035 and ISO-IEC 11770-4:2006.
Response: The first provably-secure protocols for Password-authenticated key exchanges(PAKE) were presented in 2000 at "Eurocrypt 2000" by two groups Mihir Bellare, David Pointcheval and Phillip Rogaway, and Victor Boyko, Philip MacKenzie and Sarvar Patel.
Instruction: Rank American Presidents
Response: Abraham Lincoln is mostly regarded as the greatest president for his leadership during the Civil War and the abolition of slavery. Franklin D. Roosevelt for leading the country out of the Great Depression and during World War II. Founding Father and first president George Washington for setting several enduring and important precedents for the office of the presidency, including the peaceful transition of power.
Instruction: How do you wheelie a motorcycle?
Response: While moving at constant speed, have your right foot covering the brake, compress the motorcycles suspension by pushing down equally on the handle bars and foot pegs, as the suspension starts to rebound upward, blip the throttle. This will lift the front wheel off the ground. If the wheel goes too high use the rear brake to bring it back down.
Instruction: Who were the founding members of id Software?
Context: id Software LLC (/ɪd/) is an American video game developer based in Richardson, Texas. It was founded on February 1, 1991, by four members of the computer company Softdisk: programmers John Carmack and John Romero, game designer Tom Hall, and artist Adrian Carmack.
Response: The founding members of id Software were John Carmack, John Romero, Tom Hall, and Adrian Carmack.
Instruction: who won the oscar 2023 for best original song music
Response: M.M.Keeravani , Chnadrabose won the oscar for Naatu Naatu song  from film RRR. RRR is one the biggest and top grosser in Indian films and got various applauds internationally. RRR was directed by S.S.Rajamouli one of the greatest Director who directed films like Baahubali which is the one of the biggest periodic drama. Ramcharan and NTR are the lead actors in RRR.
Instruction: Tell me whether those are countries or cities: Paris, Amsterdam, South Africa, Australia, Vienna, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, Argentina
Response: Paris, Amsterdam and Vienna are cities. South Africa, Australia, Malaysia, Brunei and Argentina are countries. Singapore is actually both a city and a country.
Instruction: What is a side slide in aviation?
Response: It is a technique used to compensate for a crosswind.  It is used primarily during takeoff and landing.  It is first established by lowering the upwind wing using aileron by moving the yoke or stick in the direction of the wind.  Then apply enough rudder to keep from turning.
Instruction: Summarize the different types of firestop pillows.
Context: Firestop pillows are passive fire protection items used for firestopping holes to achieve fireproofing. The various kinds of firestop pillows are intended to slow the spread of fire. They are often used to meet fire-resistance ratings in conduits that need frequent access.

Description and use
Firestop pillows are used for firestopping holes in wall or floor assemblies, particularly in openings that require frequent access (e.g., cable changes), requiring the removal of the firestopping and resealing after the changes are completed. The products are required to have fire-resistance ratings and to be used in accordance with a certification listing.

There are three types of firestop pillows:[citation needed]

rockwool batts with intumescent resin inside plastic bags
vermiculite with intumescent graphite inside of fibreglass bags
intumescent foam rubber
The intumescent resins in batt-based firestop pillows contains hydrates, or chemically bound water. On the fire side, the plastic bag burns off exposing the intumescent to the fire, which releases the water in the form of vapour or steam. The steam rises and hits the plastic bag interior on the unexposed side, where it condenses back to water, and runs back down to cool the installation below. Batt-based pillows are held in place by compressing them, allowing friction to restrain them.

The vermiculite fabric bag and the graphite are noncombustible. There is also no significant release of chemically bound water.

The foam-based pillows intumesce, swelling as a result of heat exposure.
Response: Firestop pillows are protection items used to achieve fireproofing. There are three types of firestop pillows:
1. Rockwool Batts
2. Vermiculite
3. Intumescent Foam Rubber
Instruction: How do I build a campfire?
Response: Safety should always come first when starting a campfire. Ensure you have water or another way to extinguish your fire readily available. Use a campfire ring, pit, or clear a large area around your campfire location. Also, make sure campfires are permitted in your area. 

With safety out of the way, all a fire needs are heat, fuel, and oxygen. Any combustible material will start a fire, but good campfire fuel sources include tinder, kindling, and dry logs.

Use stuff like dry pine needles, dry leaves, grasses, and wood shavings for tinder. You could also use newspaper (or any paper), dryer lint, or cardboard. For kindling, use smaller pieces of wood, such as twigs and sticks no thicker than 1 inch in diameter (about the thickness of your thumb). Dry or well-seasoned logs will ensure a good burn. Stack the wood in a way that guarantees oxygen can easily reach your flame. Many prefer a teepee or log cabin stacking design. Now, use a heat source to create a flame or spark and apply this to your tinder. Once the tinder combusts, it should light the kindling, and the kindling should eventually ignite your logs. If all goes well, you should now be enjoying your campfire.
Instruction: Who was Manchester United's most successful manager?
Context: Manchester United have won a record 20 League titles, 12 FA Cups, six League Cups, and a record 21 FA Community Shields. They have won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League three times, and the UEFA Europa League, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the UEFA Super Cup, the Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup once each. In 1968, under the management of Matt Busby, 10 years after eight of the club's players were killed in the Munich air disaster, they became the first English club to win the European Cup. Sir Alex Ferguson is the club's longest-serving and most successful manager, winning 38 trophies, including 13 league titles, five FA Cups, and two Champions League titles between 1986 and 2013. In the 1998–99 season, under Ferguson, the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the European treble of the Premier League, FA Cup, and UEFA Champions League. In winning the UEFA Europa League under José Mourinho in 2016–17, they became one of five clubs to have won the original three main UEFA club competitions (the Champions League, Europa League and Cup Winners' Cup).
Response: Manchester United's most successful manager is Sir Alex Ferguson who won 38 trophies including 13 league titles
Instruction: Is Moore's law still viable?
Context: Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years. Moore's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend. Rather than a law of physics, it is an empirical relationship linked to gains from experience in production. The observation is named after Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel (and former CEO of the latter), who in 1965 posited a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit, and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade. In 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised the forecast to doubling every two years, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 41%. While Moore did not use empirical evidence in forecasting that the historical trend would continue, his prediction held since 1975 and has since become known as a "law". Moore's prediction has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development, thus functioning to some extent as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Advancements in digital electronics, such as the reduction in quality-adjusted microprocessor prices, the increase in memory capacity (RAM and flash), the improvement of sensors, and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras, are strongly linked to Moore's law. These ongoing changes in digital electronics have been a driving force of technological and social change, productivity, and economic growth. Industry experts have not reached a consensus on exactly when Moore's law will cease to apply. Microprocessor architects report that semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide since around 2010, slightly below the pace predicted by Moore's law. In September 2022 Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang considered Moore's law dead, while Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger was of the opposite view.
Response: Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a circuit doubles about every two years. Through advancements in technology, Moore's law is still viable since 1975 with some experts believing the observation still holds and some seeing a slowing of Moore's observation.
Instruction: Name the moon rocket that NASA is going to launch thru Space Launch System vehicle
Response: Artemis I
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Crystallophone, Kacapi
Response: Kacapi is string, Crystallophone is percussion.
Instruction: Why can't the whole world be 2 countries?
Response: The whole world cannot be split into two countries because it would be impossible to maintain the balance of power between the two countries.
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Tubular bells, Cuataro
Response: Cuataro is string, Tubular bells is percussion.
Instruction: What are the top 10 songs on the Billboard Year End list from 1987?
Response: The top 10 songs from the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1987 are as follows:

1.	"Walk Like An Egyptian", The Bangles
2.	"Alone", Heart
3.	"Shake You Down", Gregory Abbott
4.	"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)", Whitney Houston
5.	"Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now", Starship
6.	"C'est La Vie", Robbie Nevil
7.	"Here I Go Again", Whitesnake
8.	"The Way It Is", Bruce Hornsby and the Range
9.	"Shakedown", Bob Seger
10.	"Livin' on a Prayer", Bon Jovi
Instruction: What's next generation energy?
Response: Currently we have solar energy everywhere. It still can't replace the oil as the main energy source. Most likely if we can break through the nuclear power technology, it will be the next generation energy. It's much more cleaner and powerful.
Instruction: What do I need to know about drones to become a hobbyist drone pilot?
Response: Aerial drones are a great way to gain a unique perspective and view of the world we live in.  As a recreational drone pilot you can capture and immortalize the incredible views experienced in nature while engaging in many outdoor activities. Many also engage in racing and building highly customized high speed drones using first person view (FPV) goggles to fly against other pilots in a close loop course. Before engaging in this fun and rewarding activity there are many rules that a drone pilot must be aware of in order to safely and legally operate your drone. These rules do not apply to racing drones in sanctioned races but do apply to all drones flown in public airspace.  All drones over 0.55lbs or 250g need to be registered through the FAA website and can not weigh over 55lbs.  If you plan to fly your drone over highly populated areas such as towns, sporting events, or concerts you will need to check local rules and ordinances that require special local licensing, insurance, or approvals.  Many higher end drones come with automated software that provides a geospatial mapping software in their interface that lets you know if you are flying in any restricted areas.  These include airports, helipads, government facilities, wildlife sanctuaries, etc.  All hobbyist drone pilots must follow two main rules.  You can never fly above 400 feet and regardless of range you must keep the drone within line of sight.  You are completely responsible for any damage your drone causes in the event of loss of control that results in a crash.  Lastly, use common sense and don’t invade others' personal space or to invade others’ personal privacy.  Staying within these guidelines can provide a joyful and rewarding experience for those who both fly and view the content produced by this hobby and will ensure our ability to do so into the future.
Instruction: Write a sarcastic apology letter to a neighbor after they complained about you being too loud in the middle of the day. Make it no longer than three sentences.
Response: Dear neighbor. I apologize for being loud during the daytime when everyone is awake. It surely was a huge burden for you to know that I exist. I'll try to be less perceivable in the future. Sincerely, You Noisy Neighbor.
Instruction: Tell me whether these are mammals or amphibians: Kangaroo, Hellbender, Horse, Taita African Caecilian, Monkey, Pangolins, Squirrel, Frogs
Response: Horse, Kangaroo, Monkey, Pangolin, and Squirrel are mammals. Frogs, Hellbenders, and Taita African Caecilian are Amphibians.
Instruction: Classify each of these car manufacturers as either French, German, American, Japanese, or other: Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, DS, Ford, Tesla, Fiat, KIA
Response: French: DS
German: Mercedes-Benz
American: Ford, Tesla
Japanese: Toyota
other: Fiat, KIA
Instruction: Provide a bulleted list of 5 cool things to do in Europe
Response: The following are 5 cool things to do in Europe:
1. Go running with the bulls in Pamplona, Spain.
2. Go to a Real Madrid vs Barcelona soccer game.
3. Party in the night clubs of Ibiza.
4. Go to yacht week in Croatia. 
5. Go to Germany for Oktoberfest.
Instruction: What is Ruby?
Response: Ruby is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language which supports multiple programming paradigms. It was designed with an emphasis on programming productivity and simplicity. In Ruby, everything is an object, including primitive data types. It was developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan.
Instruction: From the text, extract the ships commanded by Charles Henry Bromedge Caldwell
Context: Charles Henry Bromedge Caldwell was born in Hingham, Massachusetts on February 24, 1823. He entered the navy as midshipman February 27, 1838, and became lieutenant September 4, 1852. He commanded the USS Vandalia in the US Navy's second Fiji expedition, an 1859 punitive expedition against Waya Island warriors who had cannibalized two American traders. In 1862, he commanded the gun-boat Itasca, of the western gulf blockading squadron, and took part in the bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. On the night of April 20, his gun-boat, with the Pinola, was sent on an expedition under the command of Fleet-Capt. Bell, to make a passage for the fleet through the chain obstructions near the forts. Lieut. Caldwell and his party boarded one of the hulks that held the chains, and succeeded in detaching the latter, in spite of the heavy fire to which they were subjected. The Itasca was then swept on shore by the current, in full sight of the forts, and it was half an hour before she was afloat again. She was unable to pass the forts with the rest of the fleet, owing to a shot that penetrated her boiler. Lieut. Caldwell was in the action at Grand Gulf, June 9, 1862, and was promoted to commander on July 16.

He commanded the iron-clad Essex, of the Mississippi squadron in 1862–63, and took part in the operations at Port Hudson, from March to July 1863, in command of the Essex and the mortar flotilla.

He commanded the Glaucus of the North Atlantic blockading squadron from 1863 till 1864, and the R. R. Cuyler, of the same squadron, from 1864 till 1865. He became captain, December 12, 1867, chief of staff of the North Atlantic fleet in 1870, and commodore on June 14, 1874.

He died on November 30, 1877.
Response: Vandalia, Itasca, Essex, Glaucus, R. R. Cuyler
Instruction: What is the typical lifespan of a dog?
Context: The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i.e., the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1.2 years longer than purebred dogs.
Response: The median lifespan of most dogs is between 10 and 13 years. It varies depending on the breed of the dog.
Instruction: Is C++ hard to learn?
Response: That depends on your current ability to program and how easily you will be able to understand C++ concepts. C++ can be a very powerful language, but it also has many pitfalls which can make learning it more difficult than some other languages.
Instruction: Tell me who the first three countries to give women the vote were. Give it to me in a bulleted list.
Response: The first three countries to grant the right of women to an equal vote were:
- New Zealand (1893)
- Australia (1902)
- Finland (1906)
Instruction: What are the best Sherlock Holmes short stories?
Response: While "best" can be subjective, the author of the Sherlock Holmes series, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, selected his own list of 12 short stories that he thought were the best. His list was this: 
1. The Speckled Band
2. The Red-Headed League
3. The Dancing Men
4. The Final Problem
5. A Scandal in Bohemia
6. The Empty House
7. The Five Orange Pips
8. The Second Stain
9. The Devil’s Foot
10. The Priory School
11. The Musgrave Ritual
12. The Reigate Squires
Instruction: Classify the below companies based on their market capitalization.
Reliance, Adani Enterprise, Tanla, Globus Spirits, Apollo Hospitals, NELCO, Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd
Response: Small Cap - Tanla, Globus Spirits, NELCO
Mid Cap - Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd
Large Cap - Reliance, Adani Enterprise, Apollo Hospitals
Instruction: Who are the best golfers of all time?
Response: Golf is a sport that has been around for hundreds of years.  In modern golf (1900 - Present) there have been a few really great players.  In the early half of the 20th century, Bobby Jones from Atlanta, GA was probably the best in the world.  Then Ben Hogan from Texas came along and was another great player.  From there, Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods are likely the best since.  Winning major championships is really what defines greatness in golf. Major championships include: The Masters, The US Open, The British Open and the PGA Championship.  Jack Nicklaus holds the record for most majors won.
Instruction: You and your friends are discussing the best tier ratings of common London-based football teams. You are trying to determine whether Chelsea F.C., Arsenal F.C., Tottenham Hotspur F.C., West Ham United F.C., Fulham F.C. and Crystal Palace F.C. are considered by fans to be the 'best', 'ok' and 'worst'.
Response: best: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
ok: Chelsea F.C., West Ham United F.C., Fulham F.C. and Crystal Palace F.C.
worst: Arsenal F.C.
Instruction: List the architects who designed Klovska station
Context: Klovska — is a station on Kyiv Metro's Syretsko-Pecherska Line. Originally the station was a temporary terminus of the line between its opening date 31 December 1989 and prior to the expansion of the line to Vydubichy in December 1991.

Designed by architects A. Krushinskiy, L. Kachalova, O. Cherevko and M. Solyanyk the station is a standard pylon trivault, but with aesthetics resembling the metallic Prague Metro stations, rather than the traditional marble-clad Soviet ones. The emphasis was to give the station monumentalism, which is achieved by giving a bright high contrast gleam to the appearance. The vault ceilings are covered by set of green aluminium planes. Highly contrasting with this are the black niches which hold a line of powerful fluorescent lighting elements. White marble is used for the walls.
Response: A. Krushinskiy, L. Kachalova, O. Cherevko and M. Solyanyk
Instruction: Given a reference text about José Francisco Miguel António de Mendonça, tell me when he was appointed patriarch and when he died.
Context: José Francisco Miguel António de Mendonça, or rather, Mendoça (Lisbon, October 2, 1725 - Lisbon, February 11, 1808), was the fifth Patriarch of Lisbon under the name of D. José II.

Biography
He was the son of Nuno Manuel de Mendoça, 4th Count of Vale de Reis, and his wife, D. Leonor Maria Antónia de Noronha. He was the younger brother of the 5th Count and 1st Count of Azambuja, and of D. João Rafael de Mendonça, Bishop of Porto.

He graduated in canon law, having been canon of the Patriarchal See of Lisbon, Monsignor and still principal of the same church.

José Mendonca succeeded D. Francisco de Lemos as rector of the University of Coimbra from 1780 to 1785. During his tenure he attempted introduce a number of reforms.

In 1786, he was appointed Patriarch of Lisbon. By 1792 he was still trying to get permission from the Real Mesa Censória (Royal Censorial Court) to publish two pastoral letters. A law passed on April 5, 1768 reaffirmed the right of "temporal sovereignty" over the prohibition of "pernicious books and papers" in the interest of political defense. As the Mesa had jurisdiction over all printed materials, this included pastoral letters.

Pope Pius VI made him a cardinal in 1788. He died in 1808 and his body is buried in the Convent of Grace.
Response: José Francisco Miguel António de Mendonça was appointed Patriarch of Lisbon in 1786 and died in 1808.
Instruction: Explain the answer to this riddle: What has four legs in the morning, two legs in the afternoon, and three legs in the evening?
Response: This riddle is referring to a human. A human in infancy (morning) crawls using four limbs. A human adult (afternoon) walks on two legs. An elderly person (evening) walks on two legs and a cane.
Instruction: Kingsway a 3 km stretch was built as a ceremonial boulevard by whom?
Response: Edwin Lutyens & Herbert Baker
Instruction: Why are plants green?
Response: Green coloration comes from the reflection of light off of a plant's cells. The plants cells are full of photosynthesizing chemicals called chlorophyll which reflect a green color. Not all plants look green though, due to the ability to reflect other wavelengths of light. When plants lose chlorophyll they will tend to lose the green color. This is why plants lose their green color in the fall and turn into red, orange, and yellow.
Instruction: Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Reptil, Beast Boy
Response: Beast Boy is DC, Reptil is Marvel
Instruction: What would you suggest as to how someone could sell a bike?
Response: There are a number of ways to sell a bike. The simplest way is to ask friends or family if someone would be interested in purchasing, next look at your closest community. Usually in apartments, or even in towns, there are community noticeboards that you could use to advertise your bike. Finally, there are many online community sites on platforms such as Facebook, where you could list your bike for sale.
Instruction: Where is the corporate headquarters of Adobe Systems?
Context: The Adobe World Headquarters is the corporate headquarters of Adobe Systems, located in San Jose, California.

The buildings are known for their green design. The West Tower is listed as an Energy Star labeled building by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In 2006, all three towers were awarded Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum certification by the United States Green Building Council for environmental sustainability.
Response: San Jose, California
Instruction: We all know the saying "what goes up must come down," but what goes up but does not come down?
Response: Age
Instruction: How do I make a traditional Bolognese sauce?
Response: Bolognese sauce, sometimes called Bolognese Ragu has many variations, so I will provide the most common method. Dice one brown onion and then sauté in 25g of butter and 4 tablespoons of olive oil. Once the onions start to colour add 35 grams of diced pancetta and let the fat render. Add a mix of 1 chopped carrot, 1 chopped celery stick and 1 diced clove of garlic, stirring for 3-4 minutes. Add 500g of ground beef, seasoning the beef with salt and pepper. Next evaporate 1 cup of red wine, making sure the mixture reduces. Then evaporate 3/4 of a cup of fresh milk, also reducing the mixture. Add 4 chopped and peeled fresh tomatoes, 1 bay leaf and 1/4 tsp of chopped fresh thyme leaves and then simmer the sauce on low to medium heat for 1 and a half to two hours. Season again before serving with pasta.
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Violetta, Kaval
Response: Violetta is string, Kaval is woodwind.
Instruction: List some American candy bars that have chocolate and caramel.
Response: Twix, Snickers, Rolo, Caramel M&Ms, Milky Way, Milk Duds
Instruction: Given this paragraph about the domestication of mammals, tell me the earliest known time period in which dairying occurred and also give me the location.
Context: Humans first learned to consume the milk of other mammals regularly following the domestication of animals during the Neolithic Revolution or the development of agriculture. This development occurred independently in several global locations from as early as 9000–7000 BC in Mesopotamia to 3500–3000 BC in the Americas. People first domesticated the most important dairy animals – cattle, sheep and goats – in Southwest Asia, although domestic cattle had been independently derived from wild aurochs populations several times since. Initially animals were kept for meat, and archaeologist Andrew Sherratt has suggested that dairying, along with the exploitation of domestic animals for hair and labor, began much later in a separate secondary products revolution in the fourth millennium BC. Sherratt's model is not supported by recent findings, based on the analysis of lipid residue in prehistoric pottery, that shows that dairying was practiced in the early phases of agriculture in Southwest Asia, by at least the seventh millennium BC. From Southwest Asia domestic dairy animals spread to Europe (beginning around 7000 BC but did not reach Britain and Scandinavia until after 4000 BC), and South Asia (7000–5500 BC). The first farmers in central Europe and Britain milked their animals. Pastoral and pastoral nomadic economies, which rely predominantly or exclusively on domestic animals and their products rather than crop farming, were developed as European farmers moved into the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the fourth millennium BC, and subsequently spread across much of the Eurasian steppe. Sheep and goats were introduced to Africa from Southwest Asia, but African cattle may have been independently domesticated around 7000–6000 BC.
Response: The earliest known dairying occurred between 9000-7000 BC in Mesopotamia.
Instruction: How does increasing interest rates impact inflation?
Response: Increased interest rates raises the cost of borrowing money, which tends to reduce spending and ultimately inflation.
Instruction: Give me some tips for increase my savings
Response: To increase the savings, one needs to always strike a mindful balance between wants and needs and more importantly, it also depends on individual circumstances. Here are some things that one can start doing to increase the savings

1. Try to pay off the debt as soon as possible.
2. The principal of "Pay oneself first". It doesn't mean spend this money on wishes, but on the contrary, first put the fixed amount in the savings accounts and then try to go by your expenses.
3. Track your expenses. Sometimes we just don't know that we have so many useless subscriptions that are squeezing your hard earned money under your own eyes.
4. Try to cook at home rather than going to the restaurants or ordering food online on frequent basis.
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Bass guitar, Duduk
Response: Bass guitar is string, Duduk is woodwind.
Instruction: Name three national parks in California.
Response: Three national parks in California are Yosemite, Sequoia, and Joshua Tree.
Instruction: Why is the University of Waterloo the best school for software engineering?
Response: The University of Waterloo boasts an impressive history of successful alumni in the software industry. One major reason for this success is its cooperative education program. It implements a system in which six four month internships are spread across a four year degree, combining experiential learning with theoretical education. Because of this, Waterloo's students, who are selected from the brightest in Canada, gain extensive exposure to the software engineering industry prior to graduation.
Instruction: Who were the Ottomans?
Context: The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.
Response: The Ottomans belonged to the Ottoman empire which was founded in Anatolia, a region in Turkey and over the centuries spread more vastly to become a transcontinental empire.
Instruction: What teams were a part of the 2021 Valletta Cup?
Context: The 2021 Valletta Cup was a Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket tournament held in Malta between 21 and 24 October 2021. It was the second edition of the Valletta Cup. The matches were played at the Marsa Sports Club in Marsa. The participating teams were the hosts Malta along with Bulgaria, Gibraltar and Switzerland.

This was the first international tournament for Switzerland since the introduction of global T20I status in January 2019, and their re-admittance to the International Cricket Council (ICC) in July 2021. Cricket Switzerland (previously known as the Swiss Cricket Association), had been suspended by the ICC in 2012 due to non-compliance following the formation of a second organization also claiming to oversee cricket in the country. They were one of three nations to gain Associate membership after the ICC's annual general meeting in July 2021.

Switzerland finished on top of the round-robin stage with three wins. Malta defeated Switzerland in the final, after Bulgaria defeated Gibraltar in the third-place playoff. After the tournament, Malta and Gibraltar played a rain-affected two-match bilateral T20I series that was shared after one game was lost to the weather and the other finished as a DLS method tie.
Response: Malta, Bulgaria, Gibraltar & Switzerland were of the participating teams in the 2021 Valletta Cup.
Instruction: I'm putting together an exercise plan that needs to have both cardio and strength exercises, but I want to separate exercises into each category. Running, deadlifts, cycling, pushups, swimming, jump rope,  lunges and squats.
Response: Running, cycling, swimming and jump rope are all forms of cardio exercise. Deadlifts, pushups, lunges and squats are forms of strength exercise.
Instruction: What is the mona lisa?
Response: The Mona Lisa is one of the rarest and most valuable paintings in history.  It was painted by  Leonardo da Vinci in 1503.  Appraisers also say the Mona Lisa is priceless, but if it was ever auctions that it would be worth more than a billion dollars.  The Mona Lisa is currently on display at the Louvre Museum in Paris, France.  You can pay for a tour of the Louvre Museum and at the end of the tour or walk through you get to see the Mona Lisa.
Instruction: Who is the prime minister of India
Response: The prime minister of India is Narendra Modi who has been in power since 2014. He belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He is the 14th prime minister of India.
Instruction: What is VTEC?
Response: VTEC stands for "Variable Valve Timing & Lift Electronic Control." It is a technology used by some Honda cars for changing the way an engine runs based on the engine speeds. It works   by using oil pressure to activate a different camshaft profile at higher engine speeds. The camshaft profile allows more air to enter the engine cylinders, and thus causes more effective combustion and more power. At lower engine speeds, VTEC disengages and uses a default camshaft profile, which is optimized for fuel efficiency.