Problem: A crop circle suddenly appeared on the vast agricultural land of Argentina. A total of n crop circles were confirmed, including overlapping, popping, large, and small ones.

When a mystery hunter tried to capture the whole picture of a crop circle from the air, he found it difficult to show the beautiful pattern in the image because the outline of each circle was not clear.

Therefore, the mystery hunter proposed to emphasize the contour by installing a string of special material along the contour.

The part where the string is installed is the part on the circumference of one crop circle that is not included in any other crop circle.

The film crew asked you to create a program to measure the required string length. Enter the center coordinates and radius of each crop circle and create a program to report the length of the string to be installed.

For reference, the first and second cases of the input / output examples are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively. The part of the string is shown by a thick line.


<image>


Figure 1



<image>


Figure 2



Constraints

* n ≤ 100
* -1000 ≤ xi, yi ≤ 1000
* 0 <ri ≤ 100

Input

Multiple datasets are given as input. Each dataset is given in the following format:

n (number of crop circles: integer)
x1 y1 r1 (center coordinates and radius of the first circle: real numbers separated by blanks)
x2 y2 r2 (center coordinates and radius of the second circle: real numbers separated by blanks)
..
..
xn yn rn (center coordinates and radius of the nth circle: real numbers separated by blanks)


When n is 0, it indicates the end of input.

Output

Output the string length on one line for each dataset. The output may contain an error of 0.000001 or less.

Example

Input

4
6 4 2
4 7 3
7 10 3
13 6 1
4
7 4 2
4 7 3
7 10 3
11 6 3
0


Output

39.664699289572
45.627024663706

Solution (in CPP):

Solution:
#include "bits/stdc++.h"
#include<unordered_map>
#include<unordered_set>
#pragma warning(disable:4996)
using namespace std;
using ld = long double;
template<class T>
using Table = vector<vector<T>>;
const ld eps = 1e-9;


/* ??????????????¬ */

#include <complex>

typedef complex<ld> Point;
#define rep(i,n) for(int i=0;i<(int)(n);i++)
#define all(x) (x).begin(),(x).end()


const ld pi = acos(-1.0);
const ld dtop = pi / 180.;
const ld ptod = 1. / dtop;

namespace std {
	bool operator<(const Point &lhs, const Point &rhs) {
		if (lhs.real() < rhs.real() - eps) return true;
		if (lhs.real() > rhs.real() + eps) return false;
		return lhs.imag() < rhs.imag();
	}
}

// ????????\???
Point input_Point() {
	ld x, y;
	cin >> x >> y;
	return Point(x, y);
}

// ????????????????????????
bool eq(const ld a, const ld b) {
	return (abs(a - b) < eps);
}

// ??????
ld dot(const Point& a, const Point& b) {
	return real(conj(a) * b);
}

// ??????
ld cross(const Point& a, const Point& b) {
	return imag(conj(a) * b);
}

// ??´????????????
class Line {
public:
	Point a, b;
	Line() : a(Point(0, 0)), b(Point(0, 0)) {}
	Line(Point a, Point b) : a(a), b(b) {}
	Point operator[](const int _num)const {
		if (_num == 0)return a;
		else if (_num == 1)return b;
		else {
			assert(false);
			return Point();
		}
	}
};

// ????????????
class Circle {
public:
	Point p;
	ld r;
	Circle() : p(Point(0, 0)), r(0) {}
	Circle(Point p, ld r) : p(p), r(r) {}
};

// ccw
// 1: a,b,c??????????¨???¨?????????????????¶
//-1: a,b,c???????¨???¨?????????????????¶
// 2: c,a,b???????????´???????????¶
//-2: a,b,c???????????´???????????¶
// 0: a,c,b???????????´???????????¶
int ccw(const Point& a, const Point &b, const Point &c) {
	const Point nb(b - a);
	const Point nc(c - a);
	if (cross(nb, nc) > eps) return 1;   // a,b,c??????????¨???¨?????????????????¶
	if (cross(nb, nc) < -eps) return -1; // a,b,c???????¨???¨?????????????????¶
	if (dot(nb, nc) < 0) return 2;       // c,a,b???????????´???????????¶
	if (norm(nb) < norm(nc)) return -2;  // a,b,c???????????´???????????¶
	return 0;                          // a,c,b???????????´???????????¶
}


/* ???????????? */

// ??´?????¨??´??????????????????
bool isis_ll(const Line& l, const Line& m) {
	return !eq(cross(l.b - l.a, m.b - m.a), 0);
}

// ??´?????¨?????????????????????
bool isis_ls(const Line& l, const Line& s) {
	return isis_ll(l, s) &&
		(cross(l.b - l.a, s.a - l.a) * cross(l.b - l.a, s.b - l.a) < eps);
}

// ????????¨?????????????????????
bool isis_ss(const Line& s, const Line& t) {
	return ccw(s.a, s.b, t.a) * ccw(s.a, s.b, t.b) <= 0 &&
		ccw(t.a, t.b, s.a) * ccw(t.a, t.b, s.b) <= 0;
}

// ????????´????????????
bool isis_lp(const Line& l, const Point& p) {
	return (abs(cross(l.b - p, l.a - p)) < eps);
}

// ?????????????????????
bool isis_sp(const Line& s, const Point& p) {
	return (abs(s.a - p) + abs(s.b - p) - abs(s.b - s.a) < eps);
}

// ??????????¶?
Point proj(const Line &l, const Point& p) {
	ld t = dot(p - l.a, l.b - l.a) / norm(l.a - l.b);
	return l.a + t * (l.b - l.a);
}

//???????±??????????????????????
Point reflect(const Line &l, const Point &p) {
	Point pr = proj(l, p);
	return pr * 2.l - p;
}

// ??´?????¨??´????????????
Point is_ll(const Line &s, const Line& t) {
	Point sv = s.b - s.a, tv = t.b - t.a;
	assert(cross(sv, tv) != 0);
	return s.a + sv * cross(tv, t.a - s.a) / cross(tv, sv);
}
// ??´?????¨??´????????????
vector<Point> is_ll2(const Line &s, const Line& t) {
	Point sv = s.b - s.a, tv = t.b - t.a;
	if (cross(sv, tv) != 0)return vector<Point>(1, is_ll(s, t));
	else {
		vector<Point>ans;
		for (int k = 0; k < 2; ++k) {
			if (isis_sp(s, t[k]) && find(ans.begin(), ans.end(), t[k]) == ans.end())ans.push_back(t[k]);
			if (isis_sp(t, s[k]) && find(ans.begin(), ans.end(), s[k]) == ans.end())ans.push_back(s[k]);
		}
		return ans;
	}
}
// ????????¨???????????????
//???????????£????????¨???????????¨assert(false)
Point is_ss(const Line &s, const Line& t) {
	if (isis_ss(s, t)) {
		for (int k = 0; k < 2; ++k) {
			for (int l = 0; l < 2; ++l) {
				if (s[k] == t[l])return s[k];
			}
		}
		return is_ll(s, t);
	}
	else {
		//??????isis_ss?????????
		assert(false);
		return Point(0, 0);
	}
}
// ????????¨???????????????
vector<Point> is_ss2(const Line &s, const Line& t) {
	vector<Point> kouho(is_ll2(s, t));
	vector<Point>ans;
	for (auto p : kouho) {
		if (isis_sp(s, p) && isis_sp(t, p))ans.emplace_back(p);
	}
	return ans;
}
// ??´?????¨???????????¢
ld dist_lp(const Line& l, const Point& p) {
	return abs(p - proj(l, p));
}

//??´?????¨??´???????????¢
ld dist_ll(const Line& l, const Line& m) {
	return isis_ll(l, m) ? 0 : dist_lp(l, m.a);
}

// ??´?????¨??????????????¢
ld dist_ls(const Line& l, const Line& s) {
	return isis_ls(l, s) ? 0 : min(dist_lp(l, s.a), dist_lp(l, s.b));
}

// ????????¨???????????¢
ld dist_sp(const Line& s, const Point& p) {
	Point r = proj(s, p);
	return isis_sp(s, r) ? abs(r - p) : min(abs(s.a - p), abs(s.b - p));
}

// ????????¨??????????????¢
ld dist_ss(const Line& s, const Line& t) {
	if (isis_ss(s, t)) return 0;
	return min({ dist_sp(s, t.a), dist_sp(s, t.b), dist_sp(t, s.a), dist_sp(t, s.b) });
}


//??´?????¨??´?????????????????????????????????
Line bisection(const Line &s, const Line &t) {
	const Point laglanju(is_ll(s, t));
	const Point avec = !(abs(laglanju - s[0])<eps) ? s[0] - laglanju : s[1] - laglanju;
	const Point bvec = !(abs(laglanju - t[0])<eps) ? t[0] - laglanju : t[1] - laglanju;

	return Line(laglanju, laglanju + (abs(bvec)*avec + abs(avec)*bvec) / (abs(avec) + abs(bvec)));
}


//???????????´?????????????????????
//???????????´??????????????§???????????¨????¢?????????¨?????????
Point  inner_center(const vector<Line>&ls) {
	vector<Point>vertics;
	for (int i = 0; i <static_cast<int>(ls.size()); ++i) {
		vertics.push_back(is_ll(ls[i], ls[(i + 1) % 3]));
	}
	if (vertics[0] == vertics[1] || vertics[1] == vertics[2] || vertics[2] == vertics[0])return vertics[0];
	Line bi1(bisection(Line(vertics[0], vertics[1]), Line(vertics[0], vertics[2])));
	Line bi2(bisection(Line(vertics[1], vertics[2]), Line(vertics[1], vertics[0])));
	if (bi1[0] == bi2[0])return bi1[0];
	else {
		return is_ll(bi1, bi2);
	}
}

//???????????´?????????????????????
//???????????´??????????????§???????????¨????¢?????????¨?????????
vector<Point>  ex_center(const vector<Line>&ls) {
	vector<Point>vertics;
	for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(ls.size()); ++i) {
		vertics.push_back(is_ll(ls[i], ls[(i + 1) % 3]));
	}
	if (abs(vertics[0] - vertics[1])<eps || abs(vertics[1] - vertics[2])<eps || (abs(vertics[2] - vertics[0])<eps))return vector<Point>();
	vector<Point>ecs;
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
		Line bi1(bisection(Line(vertics[i], vertics[i] * 2.0l - vertics[(i + 2) % 3]), Line(vertics[i], vertics[(i + 1) % 3])));
		Line bi2(bisection(Line(vertics[(i + 1) % 3], vertics[(i + 1) % 3] * 2.0l - vertics[(i + 2) % 3]), Line(vertics[(i + 1) % 3], vertics[i])));
		ecs.push_back(is_ll(bi1, bi2));
	}
	return ecs;
}


//a,b:??????
//c:????????§??????
//???????????´?????????????????¢?????????????±??????????
vector<Point>  same_dis(const vector<Line>&ls) {
	vector<Point>vertics;
	vertics.push_back(is_ll(ls[0], ls[2]));
	vertics.push_back(is_ll(ls[1], ls[2]));

	if (abs(vertics[0] - vertics[1]) < eps)return vector<Point>{vertics[0]};
	Line bis(bisection(ls[0], ls[1]));
	vector<Point>ecs;

	Line abi(bisection(Line(vertics[0], vertics[1]), ls[0]));
	ecs.push_back(is_ll(bis, abi));


	Line bbi(bisection(Line(vertics[0], 2.l*vertics[0] - vertics[1]), ls[0]));
	ecs.push_back(is_ll(bis, bbi));

	return ecs;
}
/* ??? */

// ?????¨????????????
vector<Point> is_cc(const Circle& c1, const Circle& c2) {
	vector<Point> res;
	ld d = abs(c1.p - c2.p);
	ld rc = (d * d + c1.r * c1.r - c2.r * c2.r) / (2 * d);
	ld dfr = c1.r * c1.r - rc * rc;
	if (abs(dfr) < eps) dfr = 0.0;
	else if (dfr < 0.0) return res; // no intersection
	ld rs = sqrt(dfr);
	Point diff = (c2.p - c1.p) / d;
	res.push_back(c1.p + diff * Point(rc, rs));
	if (dfr != 0.0) res.push_back(c1.p + diff * Point(rc, -rs));
	return res;
}

//???????????????????????????
/*  0 => out
1 => on
2 => in*/
int is_in_Circle(const Circle &cir, const  Point& p) {
	ld dis = abs(cir.p - p);
	if (dis > cir.r + eps)return 0;
	else if (dis < cir.r - eps)return 2;
	else return 1;
}
//???lc??????rc??????????????????
/*0 => out
1 => on
2 => in*/
int Circle_in_Circle(const Circle &lc, const  Circle&rc) {
	ld dis = abs(lc.p - rc.p);
	if (dis < rc.r - lc.r - eps)return 2;
	else if (dis>rc.r - lc.r + eps)return 0;
	else return 1;
}

// ?????¨??´????????????
vector<Point> is_lc(const Circle& c, const Line& l) {
	vector<Point> res;
	ld d = dist_lp(l, c.p);
	if (d < c.r + eps) {
		ld len = (d > c.r) ? 0.0 : sqrt(c.r * c.r - d * d); //safety;
		Point nor = (l.a - l.b) / abs(l.a - l.b);
		res.push_back(proj(l, c.p) + len * nor);
		res.push_back(proj(l, c.p) - len * nor);
	}
	return res;
}

// ?????¨??????????????¢
vector<Point> is_sc(const Circle& c, const Line& l) {
	vector<Point> v = is_lc(c, l), res;
	for (Point p : v)
		if (isis_sp(l, p)) res.push_back(p);
	return res;
}

// ?????¨????????\???
vector<Line> tangent_cp(const Circle& c, const Point& p) {
	vector<Line> ret;
	Point v = c.p - p;
	ld d = abs(v);
	ld l = sqrt(norm(v) - c.r * c.r);
	if (isnan(l)) { return ret; }
	Point v1 = v * Point(l / d, c.r / d);
	Point v2 = v * Point(l / d, -c.r / d);
	ret.push_back(Line(p, p + v1));
	if (l < eps) return ret;
	ret.push_back(Line(p, p + v2));
	return ret;
}

// ?????¨????????\???
vector<Line> tangent_cc(const Circle& c1, const Circle& c2) {
	vector<Line> ret;
	if (abs(c1.p - c2.p) - (c1.r + c2.r) > -eps) {
		Point center = (c1.p * c2.r + c2.p * c1.r) / (c1.r + c2.r);
		ret = tangent_cp(c1, center);
	}
	if (abs(c1.r - c2.r) > eps) {
		Point out = (-c1.p * c2.r + c2.p * c1.r) / (c1.r - c2.r);
		vector<Line> nret = tangent_cp(c1, out);
		ret.insert(ret.end(), all(nret));
	}
	else {
		Point v = c2.p - c1.p;
		v /= abs(v);
		Point q1 = c1.p + v * Point(0, 1) * c1.r;
		Point q2 = c1.p + v * Point(0, -1) * c1.r;
		ret.push_back(Line(q1, q1 + v));
		ret.push_back(Line(q2, q2 + v));
	}
	return ret;
}
//??????????????????????????¢???
ld two_Circle_area(const Circle&l, const Circle&r) {
	ld dis = abs(l.p - r.p);
	if (dis > l.r + r.r)return 0;
	else if (dis + r.r < l.r) {
		return r.r*r.r*pi;
	}
	else if (dis + l.r < r.r) {
		return l.r*l.r*pi;
	}
	else {
		ld ans = (l.r)*(l.r)*acos((dis*dis + l.r*l.r - r.r*r.r) / (2 * dis*l.r)) +
			(r.r)*(r.r)*acos((dis*dis + r.r*r.r - l.r*l.r) / (2 * dis*r.r)) -
			sqrt(4 * dis*dis*l.r*l.r - (dis*dis + l.r*l.r - r.r*r.r)*(dis*dis + l.r*l.r - r.r*r.r)) / 2;
		return ans;
	}

}

/* ????§???¢ */

typedef vector<Point> Polygon;

// ??¢???
ld area(const Polygon &p) {
	ld res = 0;
	int n = p.size();
	rep(j, n) res += cross(p[j], p[(j + 1) % n]);
	return res / 2;
}

//????§???¢????????¢??????
bool is_counter_clockwise(const Polygon &poly) {
	ld angle = 0;
	int n = poly.size();
	rep(i, n) {
		Point a = poly[i], b = poly[(i + 1) % n], c = poly[(i + 2) % n];
		angle += arg((c - b) / (b - a));
	}
	return angle > eps;
}

// ??????????????????
/*0 => out
1 => on
2 => in*/
int is_in_Polygon(const Polygon &poly, const  Point& p) {
	ld angle = 0;
	int n = poly.size();
	rep(i, n) {
		Point a = poly[i], b = poly[(i + 1) % n];
		if (isis_sp(Line(a, b), p)) return 1;
		angle += arg((b - p) / (a - p));
	}
	return eq(angle, 0) ? 0 : 2;
}
//??????????????????2?????????
enum { out, on, in };
int convex_contains(const Polygon &P, const Point &p) {
	const int n = P.size();
	Point g = (P[0] + P[n / 3] + P[2 * n / 3]) / 3.0l; // inner-point
	int a = 0, b = n;
	while (a + 1 < b) { // invariant: c is in fan g-P[a]-P[b]
		int c = (a + b) / 2;
		if (cross(P[a] - g, P[c] - g) > 0) { // angle < 180 deg
			if (cross(P[a] - g, p - g) > 0 && cross(P[c] - g, p - g) < 0) b = c;
			else                                                  a = c;
		}
		else {
			if (cross(P[a] - g, p - g) < 0 && cross(P[c] - g, p - g) > 0) a = c;
			else                                                  b = c;
		}
	}
	b %= n;
	if (cross(P[a] - p, P[b] - p) < 0) return 0;
	if (cross(P[a] - p, P[b] - p) > 0) return 2;
	return 1;
}

// ??????
//???????????????????????¨????????????????????§??¨???
Polygon convex_hull(vector<Point> ps) {
	int n = ps.size();
	int k = 0;
	sort(ps.begin(), ps.end());
	Polygon ch(2 * n);
	for (int i = 0; i < n; ch[k++] = ps[i++])
		while (k >= 2 && ccw(ch[k - 2], ch[k - 1], ps[i]) <= 0) --k;
	for (int i = n - 2, t = k + 1; i >= 0; ch[k++] = ps[i--])
		while (k >= t && ccw(ch[k - 2], ch[k - 1], ps[i]) <= 0) --k;
	ch.resize(k - 1);
	return ch;
}



//????????????
vector<Polygon> convex_cut(const Polygon &ps, const Line& l) {
	int n = ps.size();
	Polygon q;
	Polygon r;
	rep(i, n) {
		Point a = ps[i], b = ps[(i + 1) % n];
		Line m = Line(a, b);
		if (ccw(l.a, l.b, a) != -1) q.push_back(a);
		if (ccw(l.a, l.b, a) != 1) r.push_back(a);
		if (ccw(l.a, l.b, a) * ccw(l.a, l.b, b) < 0 && isis_ll(l, m)) {
			q.push_back(is_ll(l, m));
			r.push_back(is_ll(l, m));
		}
	}
	const vector<Polygon>polys{ q,r };
	return polys;
}


/* ??¢??¬??????????????? */
void add_Point(vector<Point> &ps, const Point p) {
	for (Point q : ps) if (abs(q - p) < eps) return;
	ps.push_back(p);
}

typedef int Weight;
struct edge {
	int src, dst;
	Weight weight;
	edge(int src, int dst, Weight weight) :
		src(src), dst(dst), weight(weight) { }
};

typedef vector<edge> edges;
typedef vector<edges> graph;

void add_edge(graph &g, const int from, const int to, const Weight& weight) {
	g[from].push_back(edge{ from, to, weight });
}

graph segment_arrangement(const vector<Line> &s, const vector<Point> &p) {
	int n = p.size(), m = s.size();
	graph g(n);
	rep(i, m) {
		vector<pair<ld, int>> vec;
		rep(j, n) if (isis_sp(s[i], p[j]))
			vec.emplace_back(abs(s[i].a - p[j]), j);
		sort(all(vec));
		rep(j, vec.size() - 1) {
			int from = vec[j].second, to = vec[j + 1].second;
			add_edge(g, from, to, static_cast<Weight>(abs(p[from] - p[to])));
		}
	}
	return g;
}
graph sennbunn_arrangement(const vector<Line>&s) {
	vector<Point>crss;
	for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(s.size()); ++i) {
		for (int j = i + 1; j < static_cast<int>(s.size()); ++j) {
			if (isis_ss(s[i], s[j])) {
				crss.push_back(is_ll2(s[i], s[j])[0]);
			}
		}
	}
	for (int i = 0; i <static_cast<int>(s.size()); ++i) {
		crss.push_back(s[i][0]);
		crss.push_back(s[i][1]);
	}
sort(crss.begin(), crss.end());
crss.erase(unique(crss.begin(), crss.end()), crss.end());
	return segment_arrangement(s, crss);
}

graph Circle_arrangement(const vector<Circle> &c, const vector<Point> &p) {
	int n = p.size(), m = c.size();
	graph g(n);
	rep(i, m) {
		vector<pair<ld, int>> vec;
		rep(j, n) if (abs(abs(c[i].p - p[j]) - c[i].r) < eps)
			vec.emplace_back(arg(c[i].p - p[j]), j);
		sort(all(vec));
		rep(j, vec.size() - 1) {
			int from = vec[j].second, to = vec[j + 1].second;
			ld angle = vec[j + 1].first - vec[j].first;
			add_edge(g, from, to, static_cast<Weight>(angle * c[i].r));
		}
		if (vec.size() >= 2) {
			int from = vec.back().second, to = vec.front().first;
			ld angle = vec.front().first - vec.back().first;
			add_edge(g, from, to, static_cast<Weight>(angle * c[i].r));
		}
	}
	return g;
}

int main() {
	cout << setprecision(11) << fixed;
	while (1) {
		int N; cin >> N;
		if (!N)break;
		vector<Circle>cs;
		for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
			ld x, y, r; cin >> x >> y >> r;
			cs.push_back(Circle(Point(x, y), r));
		}
		vector<vector<ld>>contacts(N);
		for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
			for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) {
				if (i == j)continue;
				else {
					vector<Point>cons = is_cc(cs[i], cs[j]);
					for (auto con : cons) {
						Point avec = con - cs[i].p;
						contacts[i].push_back(arg(avec));
					}
				}
			}
		}
		for (auto &contact : contacts) {
			sort(contact.begin(), contact.end());
		}


		ld ans = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
			vector<ld>contact = contacts[i];
			if(contact.empty()||contact.size()==1){
				bool flag = true;
				for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) {
					if (i == j)continue;
					else {
						if (Circle_in_Circle(cs[i], cs[j]))flag = false;
					}
				}
				if (flag)ans += cs[i].r*2*pi;
			}
			else {
				for (int j = 0; j < contact.size(); ++j) {
					ld amid = j == contact.size() - 1 ? (2*pi+contact[0] + contact[contact.size() - 1])/2 : (contact[j + 1] + contact[j])/2;
					ld sa= j == contact.size() - 1 ? 2*pi+contact[0] - contact[contact.size() - 1] : contact[j + 1] - contact[j];
					Point avec(cs[i].p.real() + cs[i].r*cos(amid), cs[i].p.imag() + cs[i].r*sin(amid));
					
					bool flag = true;
					for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) {
						if (i == j)continue;
						else {
							if (Circle_in_Circle(cs[i], cs[j]))flag = false;
							if (is_in_Circle(cs[j], avec))flag = false;
						}
					}
					if (flag)ans += cs[i].r*sa;
				}
			}
		}
		cout << ans << endl;
	}
	return 0;
}