Problem: Given are simple undirected graphs X, Y, Z, with N vertices each and M_1, M_2, M_3 edges, respectively. The vertices in X, Y, Z are respectively called x_1, x_2, \dots, x_N, y_1, y_2, \dots, y_N, z_1, z_2, \dots, z_N. The edges in X, Y, Z are respectively (x_{a_i}, x_{b_i}), (y_{c_i}, y_{d_i}), (z_{e_i}, z_{f_i}).

Based on X, Y, Z, we will build another undirected graph W with N^3 vertices. There are N^3 ways to choose a vertex from each of the graphs X, Y, Z. Each of these choices corresponds to the vertices in W one-to-one. Let (x_i, y_j, z_k) denote the vertex in W corresponding to the choice of x_i, y_j, z_k.

We will span edges in W as follows:

* For each edge (x_u, x_v) in X and each w, l, span an edge between (x_u, y_w, z_l) and (x_v, y_w, z_l).
* For each edge (y_u, y_v) in Y and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_u, z_l) and (x_w, y_v, z_l).
* For each edge (z_u, z_v) in Z and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_l, z_u) and (x_w, y_l, z_v).



Then, let the weight of the vertex (x_i, y_j, z_k) in W be 1,000,000,000,000,000,000^{(i +j + k)} = 10^{18(i + j + k)}. Find the maximum possible total weight of the vertices in an independent set in W, and print that total weight modulo 998,244,353.

Constraints

* 2 \leq N \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq M_1, M_2, M_3 \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq a_i, b_i, c_i, d_i, e_i, f_i \leq N
* X, Y, and Z are simple, that is, they have no self-loops and no multiple edges.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:


N
M_1
a_1 b_1
a_2 b_2
\vdots
a_{M_1} b_{M_1}
M_2
c_1 d_1
c_2 d_2
\vdots
c_{M_2} d_{M_2}
M_3
e_1 f_1
e_2 f_2
\vdots
e_{M_3} f_{M_3}


Output

Print the maximum possible total weight of an independent set in W, modulo 998,244,353.

Examples

Input

2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2


Output

46494701


Input

3
3
1 3
1 2
3 2
2
2 1
2 3
1
2 1


Output

883188316


Input

100000
1
1 2
1
99999 100000
1
1 100000


Output

318525248

Solution (in JAVA):

Solution:
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.InputMismatchException;
import java.util.Set;

public class Main {
	static InputStream is;
	static PrintWriter out;
	static String INPUT = "";
	static int mod = 998244353;
	
	static void solve()
	{
		int n = ni();
		int h = Integer.highestOneBit(n)*2;
		long[] a = fwht(Arrays.copyOf(go(n), h), mod);
		long[] b = fwht(Arrays.copyOf(go(n), h), mod);
		long[] c = fwht(Arrays.copyOf(go(n), h), mod);
		
		long[] d = new long[h];
		for(int i = 0;i < h;i++){
			d[i] = a[i] * b[i] % mod * c[i]%mod;
		}
		d = fwht(d, mod);
		
		out.println(d[0]*invl(h, mod) % mod);
	}
	
	public static long invl(long a, long mod) {
		long b = mod;
		long p = 1, q = 0;
		while (b > 0) {
			long c = a / b;
			long d;
			d = a;
			a = b;
			b = d % b;
			d = p;
			p = q;
			q = d - c * q;
		}
		return p < 0 ? p + mod : p;
	}

	
	static long Z = 1000000000000000000L % mod;
	static long[] pows = enumPows((int)Z, 100005, mod);
	
	static long[] go(int n)
	{
		int m = ni();
		int[] from = new int[m];
		int[] to = new int[m];
		for(int i = 0;i < m;i++){
			from[i] = ni()-1;
			to[i] = ni()-1;
		}
		int[][] g = packU(n, from, to);
		
		int[] ved = new int[n];
		Arrays.fill(ved, -1);
		long[] ret = new long[n];
		
		for(int i = n-1;i >= 0;i--){
			Set<Integer> set = new HashSet<>();
			for(int e : g[i]){
				set.add(ved[e]);
			}
			for(int j = 0;;j++){
				if(!set.contains(j)){
					ved[i] = j;
					break;
				}
			}
			int ph = ved[i];
			ret[ph] += pows[i+1];
			if(ret[ph] >= mod)ret[ph] -= mod;
		}
		return ret;
	}
	
	public static long[] enumPows(int a, int n, int mod)
	{
		a %= mod;
		long[] pows = new long[n+1];
		pows[0] = 1;
		for(int i = 1;i <= n;i++)pows[i] = pows[i-1] * a % mod;
		return pows;
	}

	
	public static long[] fwht(long[] a, int mod)
	{
		int n = a.length;
		assert (n&n-1) == 0;
		a = Arrays.copyOf(a, n);
		for(int w = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(n)-1;w >= 0;w--){
			for(int i = 0;i < n;i++){
				if(i<<~w>=0){
					long nal = a[i]+a[i|1<<w];
					long nar = a[i]-a[i|1<<w];
					if(nal >= mod)nal -= mod;
					if(nar < 0)nar += mod;
					a[i] = nal; a[i|1<<w] = nar;
				}
			}
		}
		return a;
	}

	
	public static long pow(long a, long n, long mod) {
		//		a %= mod;
		long ret = 1;
		int x = 63 - Long.numberOfLeadingZeros(n);
		for (; x >= 0; x--) {
			ret = ret * ret % mod;
			if (n << 63 - x < 0)
				ret = ret * a % mod;
		}
		return ret;
	}

	
	static int[][] packU(int n, int[] from, int[] to) {
		int[][] g = new int[n][];
		int[] p = new int[n];
		for (int f : from)
			p[f]++;
		for (int t : to)
			p[t]++;
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			g[i] = new int[p[i]];
		for (int i = 0; i < from.length; i++) {
			g[from[i]][--p[from[i]]] = to[i];
			g[to[i]][--p[to[i]]] = from[i];
		}
		return g;
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
	{
		long S = System.currentTimeMillis();
		is = INPUT.isEmpty() ? System.in : new ByteArrayInputStream(INPUT.getBytes());
		out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
		
		solve();
		out.flush();
		long G = System.currentTimeMillis();
		tr(G-S+"ms");
	}
	
	private static boolean eof()
	{
		if(lenbuf == -1)return true;
		int lptr = ptrbuf;
		while(lptr < lenbuf)if(!isSpaceChar(inbuf[lptr++]))return false;
		
		try {
			is.mark(1000);
			while(true){
				int b = is.read();
				if(b == -1){
					is.reset();
					return true;
				}else if(!isSpaceChar(b)){
					is.reset();
					return false;
				}
			}
		} catch (IOException e) {
			return true;
		}
	}
	
	private static byte[] inbuf = new byte[1024];
	static int lenbuf = 0, ptrbuf = 0;
	
	private static int readByte()
	{
		if(lenbuf == -1)throw new InputMismatchException();
		if(ptrbuf >= lenbuf){
			ptrbuf = 0;
			try { lenbuf = is.read(inbuf); } catch (IOException e) { throw new InputMismatchException(); }
			if(lenbuf <= 0)return -1;
		}
		return inbuf[ptrbuf++];
	}
	
	private static boolean isSpaceChar(int c) { return !(c >= 33 && c <= 126); }
//	private static boolean isSpaceChar(int c) { return !(c >= 32 && c <= 126); }
	private static int skip() { int b; while((b = readByte()) != -1 && isSpaceChar(b)); return b; }
	
	private static double nd() { return Double.parseDouble(ns()); }
	private static char nc() { return (char)skip(); }
	
	private static String ns()
	{
		int b = skip();
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		while(!(isSpaceChar(b))){
			sb.appendCodePoint(b);
			b = readByte();
		}
		return sb.toString();
	}
	
	private static char[] ns(int n)
	{
		char[] buf = new char[n];
		int b = skip(), p = 0;
		while(p < n && !(isSpaceChar(b))){
			buf[p++] = (char)b;
			b = readByte();
		}
		return n == p ? buf : Arrays.copyOf(buf, p);
	}
	
	private static char[][] nm(int n, int m)
	{
		char[][] map = new char[n][];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++)map[i] = ns(m);
		return map;
	}
	
	private static int[] na(int n)
	{
		int[] a = new int[n];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++)a[i] = ni();
		return a;
	}
	
	private static int ni()
	{
		int num = 0, b;
		boolean minus = false;
		while((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'));
		if(b == '-'){
			minus = true;
			b = readByte();
		}
		
		while(true){
			if(b >= '0' && b <= '9'){
				num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
			}else{
				return minus ? -num : num;
			}
			b = readByte();
		}
	}
	
	private static long nl()
	{
		long num = 0;
		int b;
		boolean minus = false;
		while((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'));
		if(b == '-'){
			minus = true;
			b = readByte();
		}
		
		while(true){
			if(b >= '0' && b <= '9'){
				num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
			}else{
				return minus ? -num : num;
			}
			b = readByte();
		}
	}
	
	private static void tr(Object... o) { if(INPUT.length() != 0)System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(o)); }
}