Problem: Given are simple undirected graphs X, Y, Z, with N vertices each and M_1, M_2, M_3 edges, respectively. The vertices in X, Y, Z are respectively called x_1, x_2, \dots, x_N, y_1, y_2, \dots, y_N, z_1, z_2, \dots, z_N. The edges in X, Y, Z are respectively (x_{a_i}, x_{b_i}), (y_{c_i}, y_{d_i}), (z_{e_i}, z_{f_i}).

Based on X, Y, Z, we will build another undirected graph W with N^3 vertices. There are N^3 ways to choose a vertex from each of the graphs X, Y, Z. Each of these choices corresponds to the vertices in W one-to-one. Let (x_i, y_j, z_k) denote the vertex in W corresponding to the choice of x_i, y_j, z_k.

We will span edges in W as follows:

* For each edge (x_u, x_v) in X and each w, l, span an edge between (x_u, y_w, z_l) and (x_v, y_w, z_l).
* For each edge (y_u, y_v) in Y and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_u, z_l) and (x_w, y_v, z_l).
* For each edge (z_u, z_v) in Z and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_l, z_u) and (x_w, y_l, z_v).



Then, let the weight of the vertex (x_i, y_j, z_k) in W be 1,000,000,000,000,000,000^{(i +j + k)} = 10^{18(i + j + k)}. Find the maximum possible total weight of the vertices in an independent set in W, and print that total weight modulo 998,244,353.

Constraints

* 2 \leq N \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq M_1, M_2, M_3 \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq a_i, b_i, c_i, d_i, e_i, f_i \leq N
* X, Y, and Z are simple, that is, they have no self-loops and no multiple edges.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:


N
M_1
a_1 b_1
a_2 b_2
\vdots
a_{M_1} b_{M_1}
M_2
c_1 d_1
c_2 d_2
\vdots
c_{M_2} d_{M_2}
M_3
e_1 f_1
e_2 f_2
\vdots
e_{M_3} f_{M_3}


Output

Print the maximum possible total weight of an independent set in W, modulo 998,244,353.

Examples

Input

2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2


Output

46494701


Input

3
3
1 3
1 2
3 2
2
2 1
2 3
1
2 1


Output

883188316


Input

100000
1
1 2
1
99999 100000
1
1 100000


Output

318525248

Solution (in CPP):

Solution:
#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string>
#include <bitset>
#include <vector>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <queue>
#include <algorithm>
#include <sstream>
#include <stack>
#include <iomanip>
#include <assert.h>
using namespace std;
#define pb push_back
#define mp make_pair
typedef pair<int,int> pii;
typedef long long ll;
typedef double ld;
typedef vector<int> vi;
#define fi first
#define se second
#define fe first
#define FO(x) {freopen(#x".in","r",stdin);freopen(#x".out","w",stdout);}
#define Edg int M=0,fst[SZ],vb[SZ],nxt[SZ];void ad_de(int a,int b){++M;nxt[M]=fst[a];fst[a]=M;vb[M]=b;}void adde(int a,int b){ad_de(a,b);ad_de(b,a);}
#define Edgc int M=0,fst[SZ],vb[SZ],nxt[SZ],vc[SZ];void ad_de(int a,int b,int c){++M;nxt[M]=fst[a];fst[a]=M;vb[M]=b;vc[M]=c;}void adde(int a,int b,int c){ad_de(a,b,c);ad_de(b,a,c);}
#define es(x,e) (int e=fst[x];e;e=nxt[e])
#define esb(x,e,b) (int e=fst[x],b=vb[e];e;e=nxt[e],b=vb[e])
const int MOD=998244353;
#define SZ 666666
int n;
struct G
{
vector<int> v[SZ];
int sg[SZ];
bool b[SZ];
void dfs(int x)
{
	if(b[x]) return;
	b[x]=1;
	set<int> sp;
	for(auto bb:v[x])
	{
		dfs(bb);
		sp.insert(sg[bb]);
	}
	sg[x]=0;
	while(sp.count(sg[x]))
		++sg[x];
}
void ip()
{
	int m;
	scanf("%d",&m);
	while(m--)
	{
		int a,b;
		scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
		if(a>b) swap(a,b);
		v[a].pb(b);
	}
	for(int i=n;i>=1;--i) dfs(i);
}
}T[3];
ll qp(ll a,ll b)
{
	ll x=1; a%=MOD;
	while(b)
	{
		if(b&1) x=x*a%MOD;
		a=a*a%MOD; b>>=1;
	}
	return x;
}
map<int,int> c[3];
int main()
{
	scanf("%d",&n);
	ll x[2]={1,0};
	for(int i=0;i<3;++i)
	{
		T[i].ip();
		for(int j=1;j<=n;++j) (c[i][T[i].sg[j]]+=qp(1e18,j))%=MOD;
	}
	ll ans=0;
	for(auto i_:c[0])
		for(auto j_:c[1])
		{
			int i=i_.fi,j=j_.fi;
			ans+=c[0][i]*(ll)c[1][j]%MOD*c[2][i^j]%MOD;
		}
	cout<<(ans%MOD+MOD)%MOD<<"\n";
}