Problem: Given are simple undirected graphs X, Y, Z, with N vertices each and M_1, M_2, M_3 edges, respectively. The vertices in X, Y, Z are respectively called x_1, x_2, \dots, x_N, y_1, y_2, \dots, y_N, z_1, z_2, \dots, z_N. The edges in X, Y, Z are respectively (x_{a_i}, x_{b_i}), (y_{c_i}, y_{d_i}), (z_{e_i}, z_{f_i}).

Based on X, Y, Z, we will build another undirected graph W with N^3 vertices. There are N^3 ways to choose a vertex from each of the graphs X, Y, Z. Each of these choices corresponds to the vertices in W one-to-one. Let (x_i, y_j, z_k) denote the vertex in W corresponding to the choice of x_i, y_j, z_k.

We will span edges in W as follows:

* For each edge (x_u, x_v) in X and each w, l, span an edge between (x_u, y_w, z_l) and (x_v, y_w, z_l).
* For each edge (y_u, y_v) in Y and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_u, z_l) and (x_w, y_v, z_l).
* For each edge (z_u, z_v) in Z and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_l, z_u) and (x_w, y_l, z_v).



Then, let the weight of the vertex (x_i, y_j, z_k) in W be 1,000,000,000,000,000,000^{(i +j + k)} = 10^{18(i + j + k)}. Find the maximum possible total weight of the vertices in an independent set in W, and print that total weight modulo 998,244,353.

Constraints

* 2 \leq N \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq M_1, M_2, M_3 \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq a_i, b_i, c_i, d_i, e_i, f_i \leq N
* X, Y, and Z are simple, that is, they have no self-loops and no multiple edges.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:


N
M_1
a_1 b_1
a_2 b_2
\vdots
a_{M_1} b_{M_1}
M_2
c_1 d_1
c_2 d_2
\vdots
c_{M_2} d_{M_2}
M_3
e_1 f_1
e_2 f_2
\vdots
e_{M_3} f_{M_3}


Output

Print the maximum possible total weight of an independent set in W, modulo 998,244,353.

Examples

Input

2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2


Output

46494701


Input

3
3
1 3
1 2
3 2
2
2 1
2 3
1
2 1


Output

883188316


Input

100000
1
1 2
1
99999 100000
1
1 100000


Output

318525248

Solution (in CPP):

Solution:
#if 0
2020.03.21

考虑一个暴力的贪心做法，从大到小枚举 S = x + y + z ，
然后对于所有 (x, y, z) ，如果之前没有与之连边的点被选，那么这个点一定要出现在最优解中。
可以给边定向，边从小连到大，那么整个图就是 DAG ，在 DAG 中抽象这个贪心：
每次选择一个点满足其到的点都没有被选，然后删掉选择它加入最优解集合。
那么一个点被选当且仅当其到的点都没被选，一个点没被选当且仅当其到的点存在被选的点（或没有出度）。
这可以对应到博弈中的必胜必败态，这个 DAG 可以看做博弈转移图，答案就是求所有必败态的权值和。

然而点数很大。
考虑对于一个 (x, y, z) ，如何快速求出其必胜必败态，
每次移动只能移动一维，这个博弈三维独立，就相当于每个维度有一个子游戏。
对于每一维求出 SG 值 f[x], g[y], h[z] ，三者异或和就是这个的 SG 值。
考虑计数，FWT 做异或卷积即可（事实上也可以三维暴力枚举 SG 值，SG 值的上界是 O(sqrt(M)) 的）。
#endif
#include <cstdio>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <set>
#define debug(...) fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__)

typedef long long ll;

struct {
	inline operator int () { int x; return scanf("%d", &x), x; }
} read;

const int maxn = 200005, mod = 998244353;
std::vector<int> G[maxn];
int sg[3][maxn];
ll f[3][maxn], g[maxn];
ll po[maxn * 3];

void FWT (ll *a, int n) {
	for (int m = 1; m < n; m <<= 1)
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i += m << 1)
			for (int k = i; k < i + m; k ++) {
			ll x = a[k], y = a[k + m];
			(a[k] = x + y) %= mod;
			(a[k + m] = x + mod - y) %= mod;
		}
}

void iFWT (ll *a, int n) {
	FWT(a, n);
	ll inv = mod - (mod - 1) / n;
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++)
		(a[i] *= inv) %= mod;
}

int main () {
	int n = read, len = 1;
	while (len < n)
		len <<= 1;

	po[0] = 1;
	ll bs = 1000000000000000000ll % mod;
	for (int i = 1; i <= n * 3; i ++)
		po[i] = po[i - 1] * bs % mod;

	for (int o = 0; o < 3; o ++) {
		int m = read;
		for (int i = 1; i <= n; i ++)
			G[i].clear();
		for (int i = 1; i <= m; i ++) {
			int u = read, v = read;
			if (u < v) G[u].push_back(v);
			if (v < u) G[v].push_back(u);
		}
		for (int i = n; i; i --) {
			std::set<int> mex;
			for (int j : G[i])
				mex.insert(sg[o][j]);
			while (mex.count(sg[o][i]))
				++ sg[o][i];
		}
		for (int i = 1; i <= n; i ++)
			(f[o][sg[o][i]] += po[i]) %= mod;
		/* FWT(f[o], len); */
	}

	ll ans = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < 500; i ++)
		for (int j = 0; j < 500; j ++)
			(ans += f[0][i] * f[1][j] % mod * f[2][i ^ j]) %= mod;
	printf("%lld\n", ans);

/* 	for (int i = 0; i < len; i ++) */
/* 		g[i] = f[0][i] * f[1][i] % mod * f[2][i] % mod; */
/* 	iFWT(g, len); */

/* 	printf("%lld\n", g[0]); */
}