Problem: Given are simple undirected graphs X, Y, Z, with N vertices each and M_1, M_2, M_3 edges, respectively. The vertices in X, Y, Z are respectively called x_1, x_2, \dots, x_N, y_1, y_2, \dots, y_N, z_1, z_2, \dots, z_N. The edges in X, Y, Z are respectively (x_{a_i}, x_{b_i}), (y_{c_i}, y_{d_i}), (z_{e_i}, z_{f_i}).

Based on X, Y, Z, we will build another undirected graph W with N^3 vertices. There are N^3 ways to choose a vertex from each of the graphs X, Y, Z. Each of these choices corresponds to the vertices in W one-to-one. Let (x_i, y_j, z_k) denote the vertex in W corresponding to the choice of x_i, y_j, z_k.

We will span edges in W as follows:

* For each edge (x_u, x_v) in X and each w, l, span an edge between (x_u, y_w, z_l) and (x_v, y_w, z_l).
* For each edge (y_u, y_v) in Y and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_u, z_l) and (x_w, y_v, z_l).
* For each edge (z_u, z_v) in Z and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_l, z_u) and (x_w, y_l, z_v).



Then, let the weight of the vertex (x_i, y_j, z_k) in W be 1,000,000,000,000,000,000^{(i +j + k)} = 10^{18(i + j + k)}. Find the maximum possible total weight of the vertices in an independent set in W, and print that total weight modulo 998,244,353.

Constraints

* 2 \leq N \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq M_1, M_2, M_3 \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq a_i, b_i, c_i, d_i, e_i, f_i \leq N
* X, Y, and Z are simple, that is, they have no self-loops and no multiple edges.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:


N
M_1
a_1 b_1
a_2 b_2
\vdots
a_{M_1} b_{M_1}
M_2
c_1 d_1
c_2 d_2
\vdots
c_{M_2} d_{M_2}
M_3
e_1 f_1
e_2 f_2
\vdots
e_{M_3} f_{M_3}


Output

Print the maximum possible total weight of an independent set in W, modulo 998,244,353.

Examples

Input

2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2


Output

46494701


Input

3
3
1 3
1 2
3 2
2
2 1
2 3
1
2 1


Output

883188316


Input

100000
1
1 2
1
99999 100000
1
1 100000


Output

318525248

Solution (in CPP):

Solution:
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define ll long long
#define ull unsigned ll
#define uint unsigned
#define pii pair<int,int>
#define pll pair<ll,ll>
#define IT iterator
#define PB push_back
#define fi first
#define se second
#define For(i,j,k) for (int i=(int)(j);i<=(int)(k);i++)
#define Rep(i,j,k) for (int i=(int)(j);i>=(int)(k);i--)
#define CLR(a,v) memset(a,v,sizeof(a));
#define CPY(a,b) memcpy(a,b,sizeof(a));
#define debug puts("wzpakking")
#define y1 ysghysgsygsh
using namespace std;
const int N=100005;
const int mo=998244353;
int n;
int power(int x,int y){
	int s=1;
	for (;y;y/=2,x=1ll*x*x%mo)
		if (y&1) s=1ll*s*x%mo;
	return s;
}
struct G{
	vector<int> e[N];
	int vis[N],T,sg[N],a[N];
	void init(){
		int m;
		scanf("%d",&m);
		For(i,1,m){
			int x,y;
			scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
			e[min(x,y)].PB(max(x,y));
		}
		Rep(i,n,1){
			++T;
			for (auto j:e[i]) vis[sg[j]]=T;
			for (;vis[sg[i]]==T;++sg[i]);
			//cout<<i<<' '<<sg[i]<<endl;
			a[sg[i]]=(a[sg[i]]+power(10,18*i))%mo;
		}
	}
}T[10];
int main(){
	int ans=0;
	scanf("%d",&n);
	For(i,1,3) T[i].init();
	For(i,0,1000) For(j,0,1000)
		ans=(ans+1ll*T[1].a[i]*T[2].a[j]%mo*T[3].a[i^j])%mo;
	printf("%d\n",ans);
} 
/*
3 3 3
2 2 3
2 3 2
3 2 2
1 1 3
1 3 1
3 1 1
  1 2
sg[4]=0;
sg[3]=1;
sg[2]
*/