Problem: Given are simple undirected graphs X, Y, Z, with N vertices each and M_1, M_2, M_3 edges, respectively. The vertices in X, Y, Z are respectively called x_1, x_2, \dots, x_N, y_1, y_2, \dots, y_N, z_1, z_2, \dots, z_N. The edges in X, Y, Z are respectively (x_{a_i}, x_{b_i}), (y_{c_i}, y_{d_i}), (z_{e_i}, z_{f_i}).

Based on X, Y, Z, we will build another undirected graph W with N^3 vertices. There are N^3 ways to choose a vertex from each of the graphs X, Y, Z. Each of these choices corresponds to the vertices in W one-to-one. Let (x_i, y_j, z_k) denote the vertex in W corresponding to the choice of x_i, y_j, z_k.

We will span edges in W as follows:

* For each edge (x_u, x_v) in X and each w, l, span an edge between (x_u, y_w, z_l) and (x_v, y_w, z_l).
* For each edge (y_u, y_v) in Y and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_u, z_l) and (x_w, y_v, z_l).
* For each edge (z_u, z_v) in Z and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_l, z_u) and (x_w, y_l, z_v).



Then, let the weight of the vertex (x_i, y_j, z_k) in W be 1,000,000,000,000,000,000^{(i +j + k)} = 10^{18(i + j + k)}. Find the maximum possible total weight of the vertices in an independent set in W, and print that total weight modulo 998,244,353.

Constraints

* 2 \leq N \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq M_1, M_2, M_3 \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq a_i, b_i, c_i, d_i, e_i, f_i \leq N
* X, Y, and Z are simple, that is, they have no self-loops and no multiple edges.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:


N
M_1
a_1 b_1
a_2 b_2
\vdots
a_{M_1} b_{M_1}
M_2
c_1 d_1
c_2 d_2
\vdots
c_{M_2} d_{M_2}
M_3
e_1 f_1
e_2 f_2
\vdots
e_{M_3} f_{M_3}


Output

Print the maximum possible total weight of an independent set in W, modulo 998,244,353.

Examples

Input

2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2


Output

46494701


Input

3
3
1 3
1 2
3 2
2
2 1
2 3
1
2 1


Output

883188316


Input

100000
1
1 2
1
99999 100000
1
1 100000


Output

318525248

Solution (in CPP):

Solution:
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

void read(int &x) {
    x=0;int f=1;char ch=getchar();
    for(;!isdigit(ch);ch=getchar()) if(ch=='-') f=-f;
    for(;isdigit(ch);ch=getchar()) x=x*10+ch-'0';x*=f;
}

void print(int x) {
    if(x<0) putchar('-'),x=-x;
    if(!x) return ;print(x/10),putchar(x%10+48);
}
void write(int x) {if(!x) putchar('0');else print(x);putchar('\n');}

#define lf double
#define ll long long 

#define pii pair<int,int >
#define vec vector<int >

#define pb push_back
#define mp make_pair
#define fr first
#define sc second

#define data asd09123jdf02i3h

#define FOR(i,l,r) for(int i=l,i##_r=r;i<=i##_r;i++)

const int maxn = 1e6+10;
const int inf = 1e9;
const lf eps = 1e-8;
const int mod = 998244353;

int sg[3][maxn],n,f[3][maxn],r[maxn],c[3][maxn];
vector<int > e[maxn];

int qpow(int a,int x) {
    int res=1;
    for(;x;x>>=1,a=1ll*a*a%mod) if(x&1) res=1ll*res*a%mod;
    return res;
}

void update(int &x,int y) {x+=y;if(x>=mod) x-=mod;}

void solve(int t) {
    int m;read(m);
    for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) e[i].clear();
    for(int i=1,x,y;i<=m;i++) read(x),read(y),e[x].pb(y),e[y].pb(x);
    for(int i=n;i;i--) {
        for(auto v:e[i]) if(v>i) r[sg[t][v]]=1;
        int x=0;for(;r[x];x++);sg[t][i]=x;c[t][x]++;
        for(auto v:e[i]) r[sg[t][v]]=0;
        update(f[t][sg[t][i]],qpow(10,18*i));
    }
}

int main() {
    read(n);
    for(int i=0;i<=2;i++) solve(i);
    int ans=0;
    for(int i=0;c[0][i];i++)
        for(int j=0;c[1][j];j++) {
            int k=i^j;
            // printf("%d %d %d\n",f[0][i],f[1][j],f[2][k]);
            update(ans,1ll*f[0][i]*f[1][j]%mod*f[2][k]%mod);
        }
    write(ans);
    return 0;
}