Problem: Given are simple undirected graphs X, Y, Z, with N vertices each and M_1, M_2, M_3 edges, respectively. The vertices in X, Y, Z are respectively called x_1, x_2, \dots, x_N, y_1, y_2, \dots, y_N, z_1, z_2, \dots, z_N. The edges in X, Y, Z are respectively (x_{a_i}, x_{b_i}), (y_{c_i}, y_{d_i}), (z_{e_i}, z_{f_i}).

Based on X, Y, Z, we will build another undirected graph W with N^3 vertices. There are N^3 ways to choose a vertex from each of the graphs X, Y, Z. Each of these choices corresponds to the vertices in W one-to-one. Let (x_i, y_j, z_k) denote the vertex in W corresponding to the choice of x_i, y_j, z_k.

We will span edges in W as follows:

* For each edge (x_u, x_v) in X and each w, l, span an edge between (x_u, y_w, z_l) and (x_v, y_w, z_l).
* For each edge (y_u, y_v) in Y and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_u, z_l) and (x_w, y_v, z_l).
* For each edge (z_u, z_v) in Z and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_l, z_u) and (x_w, y_l, z_v).



Then, let the weight of the vertex (x_i, y_j, z_k) in W be 1,000,000,000,000,000,000^{(i +j + k)} = 10^{18(i + j + k)}. Find the maximum possible total weight of the vertices in an independent set in W, and print that total weight modulo 998,244,353.

Constraints

* 2 \leq N \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq M_1, M_2, M_3 \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq a_i, b_i, c_i, d_i, e_i, f_i \leq N
* X, Y, and Z are simple, that is, they have no self-loops and no multiple edges.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:


N
M_1
a_1 b_1
a_2 b_2
\vdots
a_{M_1} b_{M_1}
M_2
c_1 d_1
c_2 d_2
\vdots
c_{M_2} d_{M_2}
M_3
e_1 f_1
e_2 f_2
\vdots
e_{M_3} f_{M_3}


Output

Print the maximum possible total weight of an independent set in W, modulo 998,244,353.

Examples

Input

2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2


Output

46494701


Input

3
3
1 3
1 2
3 2
2
2 1
2 3
1
2 1


Output

883188316


Input

100000
1
1 2
1
99999 100000
1
1 100000


Output

318525248

Solution (in CPP):

Solution:
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define fi first
#define se second
#define pb push_back
#define mp make_pair
#define SZ(x) ((int)x.size())
#define ALL(x) x.begin(),x.end()
#define L(i,u) for (register int i=head[u]; i; i=nxt[i])
#define rep(i,a,b) for (register int i=(a); i<=(b); i++)
#define per(i,a,b) for (register int i=(a); i>=(b); i--)
using namespace std;
typedef long double ld;
typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned int ui;
typedef pair<int,int> Pii;
typedef pair<ll,ll> Pll;
typedef vector<int> Vi;
template<class T> inline void read(T &x){
	x=0; char c=getchar(); int f=1;
	while (!isdigit(c)) {if (c=='-') f=-1; c=getchar();}
	while (isdigit(c)) {x=x*10+c-'0'; c=getchar();} x*=f;
}
template<class T> T gcd(T a, T b){return !b?a:gcd(b,a%b);}
template<class T> inline void umin(T &x, T y){x=x<y?x:y;}
template<class T> inline void umax(T &x, T y){x=x>y?x:y;}
mt19937 R(chrono::system_clock().now().time_since_epoch().count());

const int N = 666666,mo=998244353;
int n;
inline void add(int &x, int y){x=x+y<mo?x+y:x+y-mo;}
inline void sub(int &x, int y){x=x-y>=0?x-y:x-y+mo;}
inline int power(int a, int n) {
	int res=1;
	while (n) {
		if (n&1) res=1LL*res*a%mo;
		a=1LL*a*a%mo; n>>=1;
	}
	return res;
}
struct Y{
	Vi e[N];int sg[N],f[N],mx;bool vis[N];
	void solve(){
		int m;read(m);
		while(m--){
			int u,v;read(u);read(v);if(u>v)swap(u,v);
			e[u].pb(v);
		}
		per(i,n,1){
			for(int j:e[i])vis[sg[j]]++;
			for(;vis[sg[i]];sg[i]++);
			for(int j:e[i])vis[sg[j]]=0;
		}
		rep(i,1,n)add(f[sg[i]],power(10,18*i)),umax(mx,sg[i]);
	}
}a,b,c;
int main() {
	read(n);
	a.solve();
	b.solve();
	c.solve();
	int res=0;
	rep(i,0,a.mx)rep(j,0,b.mx)res=(res+1ll*a.f[i]*b.f[j]%mo*c.f[i^j])%mo;
	cout<<res;
	return 0;
}