Problem: For each of the K^{NM} ways to write an integer between 1 and K (inclusive) in every square in a square grid with N rows and M columns, find the value defined below, then compute the sum of all those K^{NM} values, modulo D.

* For each of the NM squares, find the minimum among the N+M-1 integers written in the square's row or the square's column. The value defined for the grid is the product of all these NM values.

Constraints

* 1 \leq N,M,K \leq 100
* 10^8 \leq D \leq 10^9
* N,M,K, and D are integers.
* D is prime.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:


N M K D


Output

Print the sum of the K^{NM} values, modulo D.

Examples

Input

2 2 2 998244353


Output

35


Input

2 3 4 998244353


Output

127090


Input

31 41 59 998244353


Output

827794103

Solution (in CPP):

Solution:
/**
 *    author:  tourist
 *    created: 05.10.2019 16:17:15       
**/
#undef _GLIBCXX_DEBUG

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

template <typename A, typename B>
string to_string(pair<A, B> p);

template <typename A, typename B, typename C>
string to_string(tuple<A, B, C> p);

template <typename A, typename B, typename C, typename D>
string to_string(tuple<A, B, C, D> p);

string to_string(const string& s) {
  return '"' + s + '"';
}

string to_string(const char* s) {
  return to_string((string) s);
}

string to_string(bool b) {
  return (b ? "true" : "false");
}

string to_string(vector<bool> v) {
  bool first = true;
  string res = "{";
  for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(v.size()); i++) {
    if (!first) {
      res += ", ";
    }
    first = false;
    res += to_string(v[i]);
  }
  res += "}";
  return res;
}

template <size_t N>
string to_string(bitset<N> v) {
  string res = "";
  for (size_t i = 0; i < N; i++) {
    res += static_cast<char>('0' + v[i]);
  }
  return res;
}

template <typename A>
string to_string(A v) {
  bool first = true;
  string res = "{";
  for (const auto &x : v) {
    if (!first) {
      res += ", ";
    }
    first = false;
    res += to_string(x);
  }
  res += "}";
  return res;
}

template <typename A, typename B>
string to_string(pair<A, B> p) {
  return "(" + to_string(p.first) + ", " + to_string(p.second) + ")";
}

template <typename A, typename B, typename C>
string to_string(tuple<A, B, C> p) {
  return "(" + to_string(get<0>(p)) + ", " + to_string(get<1>(p)) + ", " + to_string(get<2>(p)) + ")";
}

template <typename A, typename B, typename C, typename D>
string to_string(tuple<A, B, C, D> p) {
  return "(" + to_string(get<0>(p)) + ", " + to_string(get<1>(p)) + ", " + to_string(get<2>(p)) + ", " + to_string(get<3>(p)) + ")";
}

void debug_out() { cerr << endl; }

template <typename Head, typename... Tail>
void debug_out(Head H, Tail... T) {
  cerr << " " << to_string(H);
  debug_out(T...);
}

#ifdef LOCAL
#define debug(...) cerr << "[" << #__VA_ARGS__ << "]:", debug_out(__VA_ARGS__)
#else
#define debug(...) 42
#endif

template <typename T>
T inverse(T a, T m) {
  T u = 0, v = 1;
  while (a != 0) {
    T t = m / a;
    m -= t * a; swap(a, m);
    u -= t * v; swap(u, v);
  }
  assert(m == 1);
  return u;
}

template <typename T>
class Modular {
 public:
  using Type = typename decay<decltype(T::value)>::type;

  constexpr Modular() : value() {}
  template <typename U>
  Modular(const U& x) {
    value = normalize(x);
  }

  template <typename U>
  static Type normalize(const U& x) {
    Type v;
    if (-mod() <= x && x < mod()) v = static_cast<Type>(x);
    else v = static_cast<Type>(x % mod());
    if (v < 0) v += mod();
    return v;
  }

  const Type& operator()() const { return value; }
  template <typename U>
  explicit operator U() const { return static_cast<U>(value); }
  constexpr static Type mod() { return T::value; }

  Modular& operator+=(const Modular& other) { if ((value += other.value) >= mod()) value -= mod(); return *this; }
  Modular& operator-=(const Modular& other) { if ((value -= other.value) < 0) value += mod(); return *this; }
  template <typename U> Modular& operator+=(const U& other) { return *this += Modular(other); }
  template <typename U> Modular& operator-=(const U& other) { return *this -= Modular(other); }
  Modular& operator++() { return *this += 1; }
  Modular& operator--() { return *this -= 1; }
  Modular operator++(int) { Modular result(*this); *this += 1; return result; }
  Modular operator--(int) { Modular result(*this); *this -= 1; return result; }
  Modular operator-() const { return Modular(-value); }

  template <typename U = T>
  typename enable_if<is_same<typename Modular<U>::Type, int>::value, Modular>::type& operator*=(const Modular& rhs) {
#ifdef _WIN32
    uint64_t x = static_cast<int64_t>(value) * static_cast<int64_t>(rhs.value);
    uint32_t xh = static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32), xl = static_cast<uint32_t>(x), d, m;
    asm(
      "divl %4; \n\t"
      : "=a" (d), "=d" (m)
      : "d" (xh), "a" (xl), "r" (mod())
    );
    value = m;
#else
    value = normalize(static_cast<int64_t>(value) * static_cast<int64_t>(rhs.value));
#endif
    return *this;
  }
  template <typename U = T>
  typename enable_if<is_same<typename Modular<U>::Type, int64_t>::value, Modular>::type& operator*=(const Modular& rhs) {
    int64_t q = static_cast<int64_t>(static_cast<long double>(value) * rhs.value / mod());
    value = normalize(value * rhs.value - q * mod());
    return *this;
  }
  template <typename U = T>
  typename enable_if<!is_integral<typename Modular<U>::Type>::value, Modular>::type& operator*=(const Modular& rhs) {
    value = normalize(value * rhs.value);
    return *this;
  }

  Modular& operator/=(const Modular& other) { return *this *= Modular(inverse(other.value, mod())); }

  template <typename U>
  friend const Modular<U>& abs(const Modular<U>& v) { return v; }

  template <typename U>
  friend bool operator==(const Modular<U>& lhs, const Modular<U>& rhs);

  template <typename U>
  friend bool operator<(const Modular<U>& lhs, const Modular<U>& rhs);

  template <typename U>
  friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& stream, Modular<U>& number);

 private:
  Type value;
};

template <typename T> bool operator==(const Modular<T>& lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return lhs.value == rhs.value; }
template <typename T, typename U> bool operator==(const Modular<T>& lhs, U rhs) { return lhs == Modular<T>(rhs); }
template <typename T, typename U> bool operator==(U lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) == rhs; }

template <typename T> bool operator!=(const Modular<T>& lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return !(lhs == rhs); }
template <typename T, typename U> bool operator!=(const Modular<T>& lhs, U rhs) { return !(lhs == rhs); }
template <typename T, typename U> bool operator!=(U lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return !(lhs == rhs); }

template <typename T> bool operator<(const Modular<T>& lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return lhs.value < rhs.value; }

template <typename T> Modular<T> operator+(const Modular<T>& lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) += rhs; }
template <typename T, typename U> Modular<T> operator+(const Modular<T>& lhs, U rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) += rhs; }
template <typename T, typename U> Modular<T> operator+(U lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) += rhs; }

template <typename T> Modular<T> operator-(const Modular<T>& lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) -= rhs; }
template <typename T, typename U> Modular<T> operator-(const Modular<T>& lhs, U rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) -= rhs; }
template <typename T, typename U> Modular<T> operator-(U lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) -= rhs; }

template <typename T> Modular<T> operator*(const Modular<T>& lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) *= rhs; }
template <typename T, typename U> Modular<T> operator*(const Modular<T>& lhs, U rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) *= rhs; }
template <typename T, typename U> Modular<T> operator*(U lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) *= rhs; }

template <typename T> Modular<T> operator/(const Modular<T>& lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) /= rhs; }
template <typename T, typename U> Modular<T> operator/(const Modular<T>& lhs, U rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) /= rhs; }
template <typename T, typename U> Modular<T> operator/(U lhs, const Modular<T>& rhs) { return Modular<T>(lhs) /= rhs; }

template<typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> power(const Modular<T>& a, const U& b) {
  assert(b >= 0);
  Modular<T> x = a, res = 1;
  U p = b;
  while (p > 0) {
    if (p & 1) res *= x;
    x *= x;
    p >>= 1;
  }
  return res;
}

template <typename T>
bool IsZero(const Modular<T>& number) {
  return number() == 0;
}

template <typename T>
string to_string(const Modular<T>& number) {
  return to_string(number());
}

template <typename T>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const Modular<T>& number) {
  return stream << number();
}

template <typename T>
std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& stream, Modular<T>& number) {
  typename common_type<typename Modular<T>::Type, int64_t>::type x;
  stream >> x;
  number.value = Modular<T>::normalize(x);
  return stream;
}

using ModType = int;

struct VarMod { static ModType value; };
ModType VarMod::value;
ModType& md = VarMod::value;
using Mint = Modular<VarMod>;

// make it understandable one day...
namespace fft {

typedef double dbl;

struct num {
  dbl x, y;
  num() { x = y = 0; }
  num(dbl x_, dbl y_) : x(x_), y(y_) {}
};

inline num operator+(num a, num b) { return num(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y); }
inline num operator-(num a, num b) { return num(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y); }
inline num operator*(num a, num b) { return num(a.x * b.x - a.y * b.y, a.x * b.y + a.y * b.x); }
inline num conj(num a) { return num(a.x, -a.y); }

int base = 1;
vector<num> roots = {{0, 0}, {1, 0}};
vector<int> rev = {0, 1};

const dbl PI = static_cast<dbl>(acosl(-1.0));

void ensure_base(int nbase) {
  if (nbase <= base) {
    return;
  }
  rev.resize(1 << nbase);
  for (int i = 0; i < (1 << nbase); i++) {
    rev[i] = (rev[i >> 1] >> 1) + ((i & 1) << (nbase - 1));
  }
  roots.resize(1 << nbase);
  while (base < nbase) {
    dbl angle = 2 * PI / (1 << (base + 1));
//      num z(cos(angle), sin(angle));
    for (int i = 1 << (base - 1); i < (1 << base); i++) {
      roots[i << 1] = roots[i];
//        roots[(i << 1) + 1] = roots[i] * z;
      dbl angle_i = angle * (2 * i + 1 - (1 << base));
      roots[(i << 1) + 1] = num(cos(angle_i), sin(angle_i));
    }
    base++;
  }
}

void fft(vector<num>& a, int n = -1) {
  if (n == -1) {
    n = (int) a.size();
  }
  assert((n & (n - 1)) == 0);
  int zeros = __builtin_ctz(n);
  ensure_base(zeros);
  int shift = base - zeros;
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (i < (rev[i] >> shift)) {
      swap(a[i], a[rev[i] >> shift]);
    }
  }
  for (int k = 1; k < n; k <<= 1) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i += 2 * k) {
      for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
        num z = a[i + j + k] * roots[j + k];
        a[i + j + k] = a[i + j] - z;
        a[i + j] = a[i + j] + z;
      }
    }
  }
}

vector<num> fa, fb;

vector<int64_t> square(const vector<int>& a) {
  if (a.empty()) {
    return {};
  }
  int need = (int) a.size() + (int) a.size() - 1;
  int nbase = 1;
  while ((1 << nbase) < need) nbase++;
  ensure_base(nbase);
  int sz = 1 << nbase;
  if ((sz >> 1) > (int) fa.size()) {
    fa.resize(sz >> 1);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < (sz >> 1); i++) {
    int x = (2 * i < (int) a.size() ? a[2 * i] : 0);
    int y = (2 * i + 1 < (int) a.size() ? a[2 * i + 1] : 0);
    fa[i] = num(x, y);
  }
  fft(fa, sz >> 1);
  num r(1.0 / (sz >> 1), 0.0);
  for (int i = 0; i <= (sz >> 2); i++) {
    int j = ((sz >> 1) - i) & ((sz >> 1) - 1);
    num fe = (fa[i] + conj(fa[j])) * num(0.5, 0);
    num fo = (fa[i] - conj(fa[j])) * num(0, -0.5);
    num aux = fe * fe + fo * fo * roots[(sz >> 1) + i] * roots[(sz >> 1) + i];
    num tmp = fe * fo;
    fa[i] = r * (conj(aux) + num(0, 2) * conj(tmp));
    fa[j] = r * (aux + num(0, 2) * tmp);
  }
  fft(fa, sz >> 1);
  vector<int64_t> res(need);
  for (int i = 0; i < need; i++) {
    res[i] = llround(i % 2 == 0 ? fa[i >> 1].x : fa[i >> 1].y);
  }
  return res;
}

vector<int64_t> multiply(const vector<int>& a, const vector<int>& b) {
  if (a.empty() || b.empty()) {
    return {};
  }
  if (a == b) {
    return square(a);
  }
  int need = (int) a.size() + (int) b.size() - 1;
  int nbase = 1;
  while ((1 << nbase) < need) nbase++;
  ensure_base(nbase);
  int sz = 1 << nbase;
  if (sz > (int) fa.size()) {
    fa.resize(sz);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
    int x = (i < (int) a.size() ? a[i] : 0);
    int y = (i < (int) b.size() ? b[i] : 0);
    fa[i] = num(x, y);
  }
  fft(fa, sz);
  num r(0, -0.25 / (sz >> 1));
  for (int i = 0; i <= (sz >> 1); i++) {
    int j = (sz - i) & (sz - 1);
    num z = (fa[j] * fa[j] - conj(fa[i] * fa[i])) * r;
    fa[j] = (fa[i] * fa[i] - conj(fa[j] * fa[j])) * r;
    fa[i] = z;
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < (sz >> 1); i++) {
    num A0 = (fa[i] + fa[i + (sz >> 1)]) * num(0.5, 0);
    num A1 = (fa[i] - fa[i + (sz >> 1)]) * num(0.5, 0) * roots[(sz >> 1) + i];
    fa[i] = A0 + A1 * num(0, 1);
  }
  fft(fa, sz >> 1);
  vector<int64_t> res(need);
  for (int i = 0; i < need; i++) {
    res[i] = llround(i % 2 == 0 ? fa[i >> 1].x : fa[i >> 1].y);
  }
  return res;
}

vector<int> multiply_mod(const vector<int>& a, const vector<int>& b, int m) {
  if (a.empty() || b.empty()) {
    return {};
  }
  int eq = (a.size() == b.size() && a == b);
  int need = (int) a.size() + (int) b.size() - 1;
  int nbase = 0;
  while ((1 << nbase) < need) nbase++;
  ensure_base(nbase);
  int sz = 1 << nbase;
  if (sz > (int) fa.size()) {
    fa.resize(sz);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < (int) a.size(); i++) {
    int x = (a[i] % m + m) % m;
    fa[i] = num(x & ((1 << 15) - 1), x >> 15);
  }
  fill(fa.begin() + a.size(), fa.begin() + sz, num {0, 0});
  fft(fa, sz);
  if (sz > (int) fb.size()) {
    fb.resize(sz);
  }
  if (eq) {
    copy(fa.begin(), fa.begin() + sz, fb.begin());
  } else {
    for (int i = 0; i < (int) b.size(); i++) {
      int x = (b[i] % m + m) % m;
      fb[i] = num(x & ((1 << 15) - 1), x >> 15);
    }
    fill(fb.begin() + b.size(), fb.begin() + sz, num {0, 0});
    fft(fb, sz);
  }
  dbl ratio = 0.25 / sz;
  num r2(0, -1);
  num r3(ratio, 0);
  num r4(0, -ratio);
  num r5(0, 1);
  for (int i = 0; i <= (sz >> 1); i++) {
    int j = (sz - i) & (sz - 1);
    num a1 = (fa[i] + conj(fa[j]));
    num a2 = (fa[i] - conj(fa[j])) * r2;
    num b1 = (fb[i] + conj(fb[j])) * r3;
    num b2 = (fb[i] - conj(fb[j])) * r4;
    if (i != j) {
      num c1 = (fa[j] + conj(fa[i]));
      num c2 = (fa[j] - conj(fa[i])) * r2;
      num d1 = (fb[j] + conj(fb[i])) * r3;
      num d2 = (fb[j] - conj(fb[i])) * r4;
      fa[i] = c1 * d1 + c2 * d2 * r5;
      fb[i] = c1 * d2 + c2 * d1;
    }
    fa[j] = a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 * r5;
    fb[j] = a1 * b2 + a2 * b1;
  }
  fft(fa, sz);
  fft(fb, sz);
  vector<int> res(need);
  for (int i = 0; i < need; i++) {
    int64_t aa = llround(fa[i].x);
    int64_t bb = llround(fb[i].x);
    int64_t cc = llround(fa[i].y);
    res[i] = static_cast<int>((aa + ((bb % m) << 15) + ((cc % m) << 30)) % m);
  }
  return res;
}

}  // namespace fft

template <typename T>
typename enable_if<is_same<typename Modular<T>::Type, int>::value, vector<Modular<T>>>::type operator*(
    const vector<Modular<T>>& a,
    const vector<Modular<T>>& b) {
  if (a.empty() || b.empty()) {
    return {};
  }
  if (min(a.size(), b.size()) < 150) {
    vector<Modular<T>> c(a.size() + b.size() - 1, 0);
    for (int i = 0; i < (int) a.size(); i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < (int) b.size(); j++) {
        c[i + j] += a[i] * b[j];
      }
    }
    return c;
  } 
  vector<int> a_mul(a.size());
  for (int i = 0; i < (int) a.size(); i++) {
    a_mul[i] = static_cast<int>(a[i]);
  }
  vector<int> b_mul(b.size());
  for (int i = 0; i < (int) b.size(); i++) {
    b_mul[i] = static_cast<int>(b[i]);
  }
  vector<int> c_mul = fft::multiply_mod(a_mul, b_mul, T::value);
  vector<Modular<T>> c(c_mul.size());
  for (int i = 0; i < (int) c.size(); i++) {
    c[i] = c_mul[i];
  }
  return c;
}

template <typename T>
typename enable_if<is_same<typename Modular<T>::Type, int>::value, vector<Modular<T>>>::type& operator*=(
    vector<Modular<T>>& a,
    const vector<Modular<T>>& b) {
  return a = a * b;
}

Mint C[123][123];
Mint pw[123][123 * 123];
Mint inv_pw[123][123 * 123];
Mint fact[123];
Mint inv_fact[123];

int main() {
  ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cin.tie(0);
  int n, m, k;
  cin >> n >> m >> k >> md;
  for (int i = 0; i < 123; i++) for (int j = 0; j < 123; j++) if (j == 0) C[i][j] = 1; else if (i == 0) C[i][j] = 0; else C[i][j] = C[i - 1][j] + C[i - 1][j - 1];
  for (int i = 0; i < 123; i++) { pw[i][0] = 1; for (int j = 1; j < 123 * 123; j++) pw[i][j] = pw[i][j - 1] * i; }
  inv_pw[0][0] = 1; for (int i = 1; i < 123; i++) { inv_pw[i][0] = 1; for (int j = 1; j < 123 * 123; j++) inv_pw[i][j] = inv_pw[i][j - 1] / i; }
  fact[0] = 1; for (int i = 1; i < 123; i++) fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * i;
  for (int i = 0; i < 123; i++) inv_fact[i] = 1 / fact[i];
  vector<vector<Mint>> dp(n + 1, vector<Mint>(m + 1, 0));
  dp[0][0] = 1;
  for (int v = 0; v < k; v++) {
    {
      vector<int> a((n + 1) * (2 * m + 1), 0);
      for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j <= m; j++) {
          a[i * (2 * m + 1) + j] = (dp[i][j] * inv_fact[i] * inv_fact[j] * inv_pw[k - v][i * j] * pw[v + 1][(n - i) * (m - j)])();
        }
      }
      vector<int> b((n + 1) * (2 * m + 1), 0);
      for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j <= m; j++) {
          b[i * (2 * m + 1) + j] = (inv_fact[i] * inv_fact[j])();
        }
      }
      auto c = fft::multiply_mod(a, b, md);
      for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j <= m; j++) {
          dp[i][j] = c[i * (2 * m + 1) + j] * fact[i] * fact[j] * pw[k - v][i * j] * inv_pw[v + 1][(n - i) * (m - j)];
        }
      }
    }
    if (v == k - 1) {
      break;
    }
    {
      vector<int> a((n + 1) * (2 * m + 1), 0);
      for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j <= m; j++) {
          a[i * (2 * m + 1) + j] = (dp[i][j] * inv_fact[i] * inv_fact[j] * inv_pw[k - v - 1][i * j] * pw[v + 1][(n - i) * (m - j)])();
        }
      }
      vector<int> b((n + 1) * (2 * m + 1), 0);
      for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j <= m; j++) {
          b[i * (2 * m + 1) + j] = (inv_fact[i] * inv_fact[j] * (((i + j) & 1) ? -1 : 1))();
        }
      }
      auto c = fft::multiply_mod(a, b, md);
      for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j <= m; j++) {
          dp[i][j] = c[i * (2 * m + 1) + j] * fact[i] * fact[j] * pw[k - v - 1][i * j] * inv_pw[v + 1][(n - i) * (m - j)];
        }
      }
    }
  }
  cout << dp[n][m] << '\n';
  return 0;
}