Problem: For each of the K^{NM} ways to write an integer between 1 and K (inclusive) in every square in a square grid with N rows and M columns, find the value defined below, then compute the sum of all those K^{NM} values, modulo D.

* For each of the NM squares, find the minimum among the N+M-1 integers written in the square's row or the square's column. The value defined for the grid is the product of all these NM values.

Constraints

* 1 \leq N,M,K \leq 100
* 10^8 \leq D \leq 10^9
* N,M,K, and D are integers.
* D is prime.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:


N M K D


Output

Print the sum of the K^{NM} values, modulo D.

Examples

Input

2 2 2 998244353


Output

35


Input

2 3 4 998244353


Output

127090


Input

31 41 59 998244353


Output

827794103

Solution (in CPP):

Solution:
//Author:xht37
#include <bits/stdc++.h>

#define ui unsigned int
#define ll long long
#define ul unsigned ll
#define ld long double

#define pi pair <int, int>
#define fi first
#define se second
#define mp make_pair

#define ls (p << 1)
#define rs (ls | 1)
#define md ((t[p].l + t[p].r) >> 1)

#define vi vector <int>
#define pb push_back
#define pq priority_queue

#define dbg(x) cerr << #x" = " << x << endl
#define debug(...) fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__)

#define fl(x) freopen(x".in", "r", stdin), freopen(x".out", "w", stdout)

using namespace std;

namespace io {
	const int SI = 1 << 21 | 1;
	char IB[SI], *IS, *IT, OB[SI], *OS = OB, *OT = OS + SI - 1, c, ch[100];
	int f, t;
	#define gc() (IS == IT ? (IT = (IS = IB) + fread(IB, 1, SI, stdin), IS == IT ? EOF : *IS++) : *IS++)
	inline void flush() {
		fwrite(OB, 1, OS - OB, stdout), OS = OB;
	}
	inline void pc(char x) {
		*OS++ = x;
		if (OS == OT) flush();
	}

	template <class I>
	inline void rd(I &x) {
		for (f = 1, c = gc(); c < '0' || c > '9'; c = gc()) if (c == '-') f = -1;
		for (x = 0; c >= '0' && c <= '9'; x = (x << 3) + (x << 1) + (c & 15), c = gc());
		x *= f;
	}
	template <class I>
	inline void rd(I &x, I &y) {
		rd(x), rd(y);
	}
	template <class I>
	inline void rd(I &x, I &y, I &z) {
		rd(x), rd(y), rd(z);
	}
	template <class I>
	inline void rda(I *a, int n) {
		for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) rd(a[i]);
	}
	inline void rdc(char &c) {
		for (c = gc(); c < 33 || c > 126; c = gc());
	}
	inline void rds(char *s, int &n) {
		for (c = gc(); c < 33 || c > 126; c = gc());
		for (n = 0; c >= 33 && c <= 126; s[++n] = c, c = gc());
		s[n+1] = '\0';
	}
	inline void rds(string &s) {
		for (c = gc(); c < 33 || c > 126; c = gc());
		for (s.clear(); c >= 33 && c <= 126; s.pb(c), c = gc());
	}

	template <class I>
	inline void print(I x, char k = '\n') {
		if (!x) pc('0');
		if (x < 0) pc('-'), x = -x;
		while (x) ch[++t] = x % 10 + '0', x /= 10;
		while (t) pc(ch[t--]);
		pc(k);
	}
	template <class I>
	inline void print(I x, I y) {
		print(x, ' '), print(y);
	}
	template <class I>
	inline void print(I x, I y, I z) {
		print(x, ' '), print(y, ' '), print(z);
	}
	template <class I>
	inline void printa(I *a, int n) {
		for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) print(a[i], " \n"[i==n]);
	}
	inline void printc(char c) {
		pc(c);
	}
	inline void prints(char *s, int n) {
		for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) pc(s[i]);
		pc('\n');
	}
	inline void prints(string s) {
		int n = s.length();
		while (t < n) pc(s[t++]);
		pc('\n'), t = 0;
	}
	struct Flush {
		~Flush() {
			flush();
		}
	} flusher;
}
using io::rd;
using io::rda;
using io::rdc;
using io::rds;
using io::print;
using io::printa;
using io::printc;
using io::prints;

int P;

struct modint {
    int x;
    inline modint(int x = 0) : x(x) {}
    inline modint &operator = (int o) { return x = o, *this; }
    inline modint &operator += (modint o) { return (x += o.x) >= P && (x -= P), *this; }
    inline modint &operator -= (modint o) { return (x -= o.x) < 0 && (x += P), *this; }
    inline modint &operator *= (modint o) { return x = 1ll * x * o.x % P, *this; }
    inline modint &operator ^= (ll b) {
        modint a = *this, c;
        if (!~b) b = P - 2;
        c.x = 1 % P;
        while (b) {
            if (b & 1) c *= a;
            a *= a, b >>= 1;
        }
        return x = c.x, *this;
    }
    inline modint &operator /= (modint o) { return *this *= o ^ -1; }
    inline modint &operator += (int o) { return (x += o) >= P && (x -= P), *this; }
    inline modint &operator -= (int o) { return (x -= o) < 0 && (x += P), *this; }
    inline modint &operator *= (int o) { return x = 1ll * x * o % P, *this; }
    inline modint &operator /= (int o) { return *this *= (modint)o ^ -1; }
    template <class I>
    inline friend modint operator + (modint a, I b) { return a += b; }
    template <class I>
    inline friend modint operator - (modint a, I b) { return a -= b; }
    template <class I>
    inline friend modint operator * (modint a, I b) { return a *= b; }
    inline friend modint operator ^ (modint a, ll b) { return a ^= b; }
    template <class I>
    inline friend modint operator / (modint a, I b) { return a /= b; }
    inline friend bool operator == (modint a, int b) { return a.x == b; }
    inline friend bool operator != (modint a, int b) { return a.x != b; }
    inline friend bool operator < (modint a, int b) { return a.x < b; }
    inline friend bool operator <= (modint a, int b) { return a.x <= b; }
    inline friend bool operator > (modint a, int b) { return a.x > b; }
    inline friend bool operator >= (modint a, int b) { return a.x >= b; }
    inline friend bool operator == (modint a, modint b) { return a.x == b.x; }
    inline friend bool operator != (modint a, modint b) { return a.x != b.x; }
    inline friend bool operator < (modint a, modint b) { return a.x < b.x; }
    inline friend bool operator <= (modint a, modint b) { return a.x <= b.x; }
    inline friend bool operator > (modint a, modint b) { return a.x > b.x; }
    inline friend bool operator >= (modint a, modint b) { return a.x >= b.x; }
    inline bool operator ! () { return !x; }
    inline modint operator - () { return x ? P - x : 0; }
};
inline void rd(modint &x) { rd(x.x); }
inline void print(modint x, char k = '\n') { print(x.x, k); }

const int NP = 1e6 + 7;
modint p[NP], v[NP], vp[NP];
inline void init(int n) {
  p[0] = v[0] = 1;
  for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) p[i] = p[i-1] * i;
  vp[n] = 1 / p[n];
  for (int i = n; i; i--) v[i] = vp[i] * p[i-1], vp[i-1] = vp[i] * i;
}
inline modint binom(int n, int m) {
  return (m < 0 || n < m) ? 0 : p[n] * vp[m] * vp[n-m];
}

const int N = 107;
int n, m, k;
int f[N<<2][N][N], g[N][N*N], c[N][N];

inline void upd(int &x, int y, int z) {
	x = (x + 1ll * y * z) % P;
}

int main() {
	rd(n, m, k), rd(P);
	init(max(n, m));
	for (int i = 0; i <= k; i++) {
		g[i][0] = 1;
		for (int j = 1; j <= n * m; j++) g[i][j] = 1ll * g[i][j-1] * i % P;
	}
	for (int i = 0; i <= max(n, m); i++)
		for (int j = 0; j <= i; j++) c[i][j] = binom(i, j).x;
	f[0][0][0] = 1;
	for (int t = 1, o = 0; t <= k; t++) {
		for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++)
			for (int j = 0; j <= m; j++)
				if (!!f[o][i][j]) {
					ll x = f[o][i][j], y = 1ll * g[k-t+1][j] * g[t][m-j] % P;
					for (int p = 0; i + p <= n; p++, (x *= y) %= P) upd(f[o+1][i+p][j], c[n-i][p], x);
				}
		++o;
		for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++)
			for (int j = 0; j <= m; j++)
				if (!!f[o][i][j]) {
					ll x = f[o][i][j], y = 1ll * g[k-t+1][i] * g[t][n-i] % P;
					for (int q = 0; j + q <= m; q++, (x *= y) %= P) upd(f[o+1][i][j+q], c[m-j][q], x);
				}
		++o;
		for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++)
			for (int j = 0; j <= m; j++)
				if (!!f[o][i][j]) {
					ll x = f[o][i][j], y = P - 1ll * g[k-t][j] * g[t][m-j] % P;
					for (int u = 0; i + u <= n; u++, (x *= y) %= P) upd(f[o+1][i+u][j], c[n-i][u], x);
				}
		++o;
		for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++)
			for (int j = 0; j <= m; j++)
				if (!!f[o][i][j]) {
					ll x = f[o][i][j], y = P - 1ll * g[k-t][i] * g[t][n-i] % P;
					for (int v = 0; j + v <= m; v++, (x *= y) %= P) upd(f[o+1][i][j+v], c[m-j][v], x);
				}
		++o;
	}
	print(f[k<<2][n][m]);
	return 0;
}