Problem: For each of the K^{NM} ways to write an integer between 1 and K (inclusive) in every square in a square grid with N rows and M columns, find the value defined below, then compute the sum of all those K^{NM} values, modulo D.

* For each of the NM squares, find the minimum among the N+M-1 integers written in the square's row or the square's column. The value defined for the grid is the product of all these NM values.

Constraints

* 1 \leq N,M,K \leq 100
* 10^8 \leq D \leq 10^9
* N,M,K, and D are integers.
* D is prime.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:


N M K D


Output

Print the sum of the K^{NM} values, modulo D.

Examples

Input

2 2 2 998244353


Output

35


Input

2 3 4 998244353


Output

127090


Input

31 41 59 998244353


Output

827794103

Solution (in CPP):

Solution:
#pragma GCC optimize ("unroll-loops")
#pragma GCC optimize ("O3")
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

using ll=long long;
//#define int ll

#define rng(i,a,b) for(int i=int(a);i<int(b);i++)
#define rep(i,b) rng(i,0,b)
#define gnr(i,a,b) for(int i=int(b)-1;i>=int(a);i--)
#define per(i,b) gnr(i,0,b)
#define pb push_back
#define eb emplace_back
#define a first
#define b second
#define bg begin()
#define ed end()
#define all(x) x.bg,x.ed
#ifdef LOCAL
#define dmp(x) cerr<<__LINE__<<" "<<#x<<" "<<x<<endl
#else
#define dmp(x) void(0)
#endif

template<class t,class u> void chmax(t&a,u b){if(a<b)a=b;}
template<class t,class u> void chmin(t&a,u b){if(b<a)a=b;}

template<class t> using vc=vector<t>;
template<class t> using vvc=vc<vc<t>>;

using pi=pair<int,int>;
using vi=vc<int>;

template<class t,class u>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& os,const pair<t,u>& p){
	return os<<"{"<<p.a<<","<<p.b<<"}";
}

template<class t> ostream& operator<<(ostream& os,const vc<t>& v){
	os<<"{";
	for(auto e:v)os<<e<<",";
	return os<<"}";
}


#define mp make_pair
#define mt make_tuple
#define one(x) memset(x,-1,sizeof(x))
#define zero(x) memset(x,0,sizeof(x))

using uint=unsigned;
using ull=unsigned long long;

template<int i,class T>
void print_tuple(ostream&,const T&){
}

template<int i,class T,class H,class ...Args>
void print_tuple(ostream&os,const T&t){
	if(i)os<<",";
	os<<get<i>(t);
	print_tuple<i+1,T,Args...>(os,t);
}

template<class ...Args>
ostream& operator<<(ostream&os,const tuple<Args...>&t){
	os<<"{";
	print_tuple<0,tuple<Args...>,Args...>(os,t);
	return os<<"}";
}

void print(ll x,int suc=1){
	cout<<x;
	if(suc==1)
		cout<<"\n";
	if(suc==2)
		cout<<" ";
}

ll read(){
	ll i;
	cin>>i;
	return i;
}

vi readvi(int n,int off=0){
	vi v(n);
	rep(i,n)v[i]=read()+off;
	return v;
}

template<class T>
void print(const vector<T>&v,int suc=1){
	rep(i,v.size())
		print(v[i],i==int(v.size())-1?suc:2);
}

string readString(){
	string s;
	cin>>s;
	return s;
}

template<class T>
T sq(const T& t){
	return t*t;
}

//#define CAPITAL
void yes(bool ex=true){
	#ifdef CAPITAL
	cout<<"YES"<<endl;
	#else
	cout<<"Yes"<<endl;
	#endif
	if(ex)exit(0);
}
void no(bool ex=true){
	#ifdef CAPITAL
	cout<<"NO"<<endl;
	#else
	cout<<"No"<<endl;
	#endif
	if(ex)exit(0);
}

constexpr ll ten(int n){
	return n==0?1:ten(n-1)*10;
}

const ll infLL=LLONG_MAX/3;

#ifdef int
const int inf=infLL;
#else
const int inf=INT_MAX/2-100;
#endif

int topbit(signed t){
	return t==0?-1:31-__builtin_clz(t);
}
int topbit(ll t){
	return t==0?-1:63-__builtin_clzll(t);
}
int botbit(signed a){
	return a==0?32:__builtin_ctz(a);
}
int botbit(ll a){
	return a==0?64:__builtin_ctzll(a);
}
int popcount(signed t){
	return __builtin_popcount(t);
}
int popcount(ll t){
	return __builtin_popcountll(t);
}
bool ispow2(int i){
	return i&&(i&-i)==i;
}
int mask(int i){
	return (int(1)<<i)-1;
}

bool inc(int a,int b,int c){
	return a<=b&&b<=c;
}

template<class t> void mkuni(vc<t>&v){
	sort(all(v));
	v.erase(unique(all(v)),v.ed);
}

ll rand_int(ll l, ll r) { //[l, r]
	#ifdef LOCAL
	static mt19937_64 gen;
	#else
    static random_device rd;
    static mt19937_64 gen(rd());
    #endif
    return uniform_int_distribution<ll>(l, r)(gen);
}

using uint=unsigned;
using ull=unsigned long long;

//const uint mod=998244353;
//const uint mod=1000000007;
uint mod=1;
struct mint{
	uint v;
	mint(ll vv=0){s(vv%mod+mod);}
	mint& s(uint vv){
		v=vv<mod?vv:vv-mod;
		return *this;
	}
	mint operator-()const{return mint()-*this;}
	mint& operator+=(const mint&rhs){return s(v+rhs.v);}
	mint&operator-=(const mint&rhs){return s(v+mod-rhs.v);}
	mint&operator*=(const mint&rhs){
		v=ull(v)*rhs.v%mod;
		return *this;
	}
	mint&operator/=(const mint&rhs){return *this*=rhs.inv();}
	mint operator+(const mint&rhs)const{return mint(*this)+=rhs;}
	mint operator-(const mint&rhs)const{return mint(*this)-=rhs;}
	mint operator*(const mint&rhs)const{return mint(*this)*=rhs;}
	mint operator/(const mint&rhs)const{return mint(*this)/=rhs;}
	mint pow(int n)const{
		mint res(1),x(*this);
		while(n){
			if(n&1)res*=x;
			x*=x;
			n>>=1;
		}
		return res;
	}
	mint inv()const{return pow(mod-2);}
	/*mint inv()const{
		int x,y;
		int g=extgcd(v,mod,x,y);
		assert(g==1);
		if(x<0)x+=mod;
		return mint(x);
	}*/
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&os,const mint&m){
		return os<<m.v;
	}
	bool operator<(const mint&r)const{return v<r.v;}
	bool operator==(const mint&r)const{return v==r.v;}
};

const int vmax=(1<<21)+10;
mint fact[vmax],finv[vmax],invs[vmax];
void initfact(){
	fact[0]=1;
	rng(i,1,vmax){
		fact[i]=fact[i-1]*i;
	}
	finv[vmax-1]=fact[vmax-1].inv();
	for(int i=vmax-2;i>=0;i--){
		finv[i]=finv[i+1]*(i+1);
	}
	for(int i=vmax-1;i>=1;i--){
		invs[i]=finv[i]*fact[i-1];
	}
}
mint choose(int n,int k){
	return fact[n]*finv[n-k]*finv[k];
}
mint binom(int a,int b){
	return fact[a+b]*finv[a]*finv[b];
}
mint catalan(int n){
	return binom(n,n)-(n-1>=0?binom(n-1,n+1):0);
}

const int nmax=110;
mint dp[2][nmax][nmax],buf[nmax][nmax];

mint ps[nmax][nmax*nmax];
mint ips[nmax][nmax*nmax];

signed main(){
	cin.tie(0);
	ios::sync_with_stdio(0);
	cout<<fixed<<setprecision(20);
	
	int n,m,k;cin>>n>>m>>k;
	cin>>mod;
	initfact();
	
	rep(i,k+1){
		ps[i][0]=1;
		rep(j,n*m)
			ps[i][j+1]=ps[i][j]*i;
	}
	rep(i,k+1){
		ips[i][0]=1;
		mint w=mint(i).inv();
		rep(j,n*m)
			ips[i][j+1]=ips[i][j]*w;
	}
	
	int cur=0;
	dp[cur][0][0]=1;
	
	per(w,k){
		int nx=cur^1;
		zero(dp[nx]);
		rep(i,n+1)rep(j,m+1)
			dp[cur][i][j]*=finv[i]*finv[j]*ps[k-w][(n-i)*(m-j)];
		rep(ij,n+m+1){
			zero(buf);
			rep(i,n+1){
				int j=ij-i;
				if(inc(0,j,m))
					buf[i][j]=dp[cur][i][j];
			}
			rep(i,n+1)rng(j,max(ij-i,int(0)),m+1){
				buf[i+1][j]+=buf[i][j]*ps[w+1][j];
				buf[i][j+1]+=buf[i][j]*ps[w+1][i];
				dp[nx][i][j]+=buf[i][j]*finv[i+j-ij];
			}
		}
		zero(dp[cur]);
		rep(ij,n+m+1){
			zero(buf);
			rep(i,n+1){
				int j=ij-i;
				if(inc(0,j,m))
					buf[i][j]=dp[nx][i][j];
			}
			rep(i,n+1)rng(j,max(ij-i,int(0)),m+1){
				buf[i+1][j]-=buf[i][j]*ps[w][j];
				buf[i][j+1]-=buf[i][j]*ps[w][i];
				dp[cur][i][j]+=buf[i][j]*finv[i+j-ij];
			}
		}
		rep(i,n+1)rep(j,m+1){
			dp[cur][i][j]*=ips[k-w][(n-i)*(m-j)]*fact[i]*fact[j];
		}
	}
	
	cout<<dp[cur][n][m]<<endl;
}