Problem: You are given an undirected unweighted connected graph consisting of n vertices and m edges. It is guaranteed that there are no self-loops or multiple edges in the given graph.

Your task is to find any spanning tree of this graph such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D (or say that there are no such spanning trees). Recall that the degree of a vertex is the number of edges incident to it.

Input

The first line contains three integers n, m and D (2 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5, n - 1 ≤ m ≤ min(2 ⋅ 10^5, (n(n-1))/(2)), 1 ≤ D < n) — the number of vertices, the number of edges and required degree of the first vertex, respectively.

The following m lines denote edges: edge i is represented by a pair of integers v_i, u_i (1 ≤ v_i, u_i ≤ n, u_i ≠ v_i), which are the indices of vertices connected by the edge. There are no loops or multiple edges in the given graph, i. e. for each pair (v_i, u_i) there are no other pairs (v_i, u_i) or (u_i, v_i) in the list of edges, and for each pair (v_i, u_i) the condition v_i ≠ u_i is satisfied.

Output

If there is no spanning tree satisfying the condition from the problem statement, print "NO" in the first line.

Otherwise print "YES" in the first line and then print n-1 lines describing the edges of a spanning tree such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D. Make sure that the edges of the printed spanning tree form some subset of the input edges (order doesn't matter and edge (v, u) is considered the same as the edge (u, v)).

If there are multiple possible answers, print any of them.

Examples

Input


4 5 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
2 1
2 3
3 4


Input


4 5 3
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
1 2
1 3
4 1


Input


4 4 3
1 2
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


NO

Note

The picture corresponding to the first and second examples: <image>

The picture corresponding to the third example: <image>

Solution (in JAVA):

Solution:
// package CF1133;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class CF1133F2 {
    static FastReader s;
    static PrintWriter out;
    static String INPUT = "4 4 3\n" +
            "1 2\n" +
            "1 4\n" +
            "2 3\n" +
            "3 4\n";

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
        boolean oj = System.getProperty("ONLINE_JUDGE") != null;
        out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        s = new FastReader(oj);
        int n = s.nextInt();

        int m = s.nextInt(), D = s.nextInt();
        int[] from = new int[m], to = new int[m];
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
            from[i] = s.nextInt() - 1;
            to[i] = s.nextInt() - 1;
        }
        int[][] g = packU(n, from, to);

        if (g[0].length < D) {
            System.out.println("NO");
            return;
        }

        boolean[] mark = new boolean[m], vis = new boolean[n];
        DisJointSet dj = new DisJointSet(n);
        vis[0] = true;

        for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
            if (!dj.isSame(from[i], to[i]) && (from[i] == 0 || to[i] == 0)) {
                int u = to[i] == 0 ? from[i] : to[i];
                if (!vis[u]) {
                    dfs(g, u, vis);
                    dj.union(from[i], to[i]);
                    mark[i] = true;
                    D--;
                }
            }
        }

        if(D < 0) {
            System.out.println("NO");
            return;
        }

        for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
            if (D > 0 && !dj.isSame(from[i], to[i]) && (from[i] == 0 || to[i] == 0)) {
                dj.union(from[i], to[i]);
                mark[i] = true;
                D--;
            }
        }

        if(D != 0) {
            System.out.println("NO");
            return;
        }

        for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
            if (!mark[i] && !dj.isSame(from[i], to[i]) && (from[i] != 0 && to[i] != 0)) {
                dj.union(from[i], to[i]);
                mark[i] = true;
            }
        }

        if (dj.size == 1) {
            out.println("YES");
            for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
                if (mark[i]) {
                    out.println(++from[i] + " " + ++to[i]);
                }
            }
        } else {
            out.println("NO");
        }
        out.flush();
    }

    private static void dfs(int[][] g, int u, boolean[] vis) {
        for (int v : g[u]) {
            if(!vis[v]) {
                vis[v] = true;
                dfs(g, v, vis);
            }
        }
    }

    private static class DisJointSet {
        int[] table, count;
        int size, mn;
        boolean add = false;

        DisJointSet(int size) {
            this.table = new int[size];
            this.count = new int[size];
            this.size = size;
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                this.table[i] = i;
                this.count[i] = 1;
            }
        }

        boolean isSame(int x, int y) {
            return root(x) == root(y);
        }

        int root(int node) {
            return table[node] == node ? node : root(table[node]);
        }

        void union(int x, int y) {
            x = root(x);
            y = root(y);
            if (x != y) {
                this.size--;
                if (count[x] < count[y]) {
                    x = x ^ y;
                    y = x ^ y;
                    x = x ^ y;
                }
                table[y] = x;
                count[x] += count[y];
            }
        }
    }

    static int[][] packU(int n, int[] from, int[] to) {
        int[][] g = new int[n][];
        int[] p = new int[n];
        for (int f : from)
            p[f]++;
        for (int t : to)
            p[t]++;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            g[i] = new int[p[i]];
        for (int i = 0; i < from.length; i++) {
            g[from[i]][--p[from[i]]] = to[i];
            g[to[i]][--p[to[i]]] = from[i];
        }
        return g;
    }
    private static class Matrix {

        static long[][] I;
        static long mod = 1000000007;

        public static long[][] exp(long[][] M, long n) {
            if (n <= 0) {
                I = new long[M.length][M.length];
                for (int i = 0; i < M.length; i++) {
                    I[i][i] = 1L;
                }
                return I;
            }
            if (n == 1) return M;
            long[][] res = exp(M, n / 2);
            res = mult(res, res);
            if (n % 2 == 0) return res;
            return mult(res, M);
        }

        public static long[][] mult(long[][] p, long[][] q) {
            long[][] r = new long[p.length][q[0].length];
            for (int i = 0; i < p.length; i++)
                for (int j = 0; j < q[0].length; j++)
                    for (int k = 0; k < q.length; k++) {
                        r[i][j] += p[i][k] * q[k][j];
                        r[i][j] %= mod;
                    }
            return r;
        }
    }

    private static class Maths {
        static ArrayList<Long> printDivisors(long n) {
            // Note that this loop runs till square root
            ArrayList<Long> list = new ArrayList<>();
            for (long i = 1; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i++) {
                if (n % i == 0) {
                    if (n / i == i) {
                        list.add(i);
                    } else {
                        list.add(i);
                        list.add(n / i);
                    }
                }
            }
            return list;
        }


        //    GCD - Using Euclid theorem.
        private static long gcd(long a, long b) {
            if (b == 0) {
                return a;
            }

            return gcd(b, a % b);
        }

        //    Extended euclidean algorithm
//    Used to solve equations of the form ax + by = gcd(a,b)
//    return array [d, a, b] such that d = gcd(p, q), ap + bq = d
        static long[] extendedEuclidean(long p, long q) {
            if (q == 0)
                return new long[]{p, 1, 0};

            long[] vals = extendedEuclidean(q, p % q);
            long d = vals[0];
            long a = vals[2];
            long b = vals[1] - (p / q) * vals[2];
            return new long[]{d, a, b};
        }

        // X ^ y mod p
        static long power(long x, long y, long p) {
            long res = 1;
            x = x % p;

            while (y > 0) {
                if ((y & 1) == 1)
                    res = (res * x) % p;
                y = y >> 1;
                x = (x * x) % p;
            }
            return res;
        }

        // Returns modulo inverse of a
        // with respect to m using extended
        // Euclid Algorithm. Refer below post for details:
        // https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/multiplicative-inverse-under-modulo-m/
        static long inv(long a, long m) {
            long m0 = m, t, q;
            long x0 = 0, x1 = 1;

            if (m == 1)
                return 0;

            // Apply extended Euclid Algorithm
            while (a > 1) {
                q = a / m;
                t = m;
                m = a % m;
                a = t;
                t = x0;
                x0 = x1 - q * x0;
                x1 = t;
            }

            // Make x1 positive
            if (x1 < 0)
                x1 += m0;

            return x1;
        }

        // k is size of num[] and rem[].
        // Returns the smallest number
        // x such that:
        // x % num[0] = rem[0],
        // x % num[1] = rem[1],
        // ..................
        // x % num[k-2] = rem[k-1]
        // Assumption: Numbers in num[] are pairwise
        // coprime (gcd for every pair is 1)
        static long findMinX(long num[], long rem[], long k) {
            int prod = 1;
            for (int i = 0; i < k; i++)
                prod *= num[i];

            int result = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
                long pp = prod / num[i];
                result += rem[i] * inv(pp, num[i]) * pp;
            }

            return result % prod;
        }
    }

    private static class BS {
        //  Binary search
        private static int binarySearch(int[] arr, int ele) {
            int low = 0;
            int high = arr.length - 1;
            while (low <= high) {
                int mid = (low + high) / 2;
                if (arr[mid] == ele) {
                    return mid;
                } else if (ele < arr[mid]) {
                    high = mid - 1;
                } else {
                    low = mid + 1;
                }
            }
            return -1;
        }

        //    First occurence using binary search
        private static int binarySearchFirstOccurence(int[] arr, int ele) {
            int low = 0;
            int high = arr.length - 1;
            int ans = -1;
            while (low <= high) {
                int mid = (low + high) / 2;
                if (arr[mid] == ele) {
                    ans = mid;
                    high = mid - 1;
                } else if (ele < arr[mid]) {
                    high = mid - 1;
                } else {
                    low = mid + 1;
                }
            }
            return ans;
        }


        //    Last occurenece using binary search
        private static int binarySearchLastOccurence(int[] arr, int ele) {
            int low = 0;
            int high = arr.length - 1;
            int ans = -1;
            while (low <= high) {
                int mid = (low + high) / 2;
                if (arr[mid] == ele) {
                    ans = mid;
                    low = mid + 1;
                } else if (ele < arr[mid]) {
                    high = mid - 1;
                } else {
                    low = mid + 1;
                }
            }
            return ans;
        }
    }

    private static class arrays {
        // Merge sort
        static void merge(int arr[], int l, int m, int r) {
            int n1 = m - l + 1;
            int n2 = r - m;
            int L[] = new int[n1];
            int R[] = new int[n2];
            for (int i = 0; i < n1; ++i)
                L[i] = arr[l + i];
            for (int j = 0; j < n2; ++j)
                R[j] = arr[m + 1 + j];
            int i = 0, j = 0;
            int k = l;
            while (i < n1 && j < n2) {
                if (L[i] <= R[j]) {
                    arr[k] = L[i];
                    i++;
                } else {
                    arr[k] = R[j];
                    j++;
                }
                k++;
            }

            while (i < n1) {
                arr[k] = L[i];
                i++;
                k++;
            }

            while (j < n2) {
                arr[k] = R[j];
                j++;
                k++;
            }
        }

        static void sort(int arr[], int l, int r) {
            if (l < r) {
                int m = (l + r) / 2;
                sort(arr, l, m);
                sort(arr, m + 1, r);
                merge(arr, l, m, r);
            }
        }

        static void sort(int[] arr) {
            sort(arr, 0, arr.length - 1);
        }
    }

    private static class UnionFindDisjointSet {
        int[] parent;
        int[] size;
        int n;
        int size1;

        public UnionFindDisjointSet(int n) {
            this.n = n;
            this.parent = new int[n];
            this.size = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                parent[i] = i;
            }

            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                size[i] = 1;
            }

            this.size1 = n;
        }

        private int numDisjointSets() {
            System.out.println(size1);
            return size1;
        }

        private boolean find(int a, int b) {
            int rootA = root(a);
            int rootB = root(b);
            if (rootA == rootB) {
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        private int root(int b) {
            if(parent[b] != b) {
                return parent[b] = root(parent[b]);
            }
            return b;
        }

        private void union(int a, int b) {
            int rootA = root(a);
            int rootB = root(b);
            if (rootA == rootB) {
                return;
            }

            if (size[rootA] < size[rootB]) {
                parent[rootA] = parent[rootB];
                size[rootB] += size[rootA];
            } else {
                parent[rootB] = parent[rootA];
                size[rootA] += size[rootB];
            }
            size1--;
//            System.out.println(Arrays.toString(parent));
        }
    }

    private static class SegTree {
        int[] st;
        int[] arr;

        public SegTree(int[] arr) {
            this.arr = arr;
            int size = (int) Math.ceil(Math.log(arr.length) / Math.log(2));
            st = new int[(int) ((2 * Math.pow(2, size)) - 1)];
            buildSegmentTree(1, 0, arr.length - 1);
        }

        //**********JUST CALL THE CONSTRUCTOR, THIS FUNCTION WILL BE CALLED AUTOMATICALLY******
        private void buildSegmentTree(int index, int L, int R) {
            if (L == R) {
                st[index] = arr[L];
                return;
            }

            buildSegmentTree(index * 2, L, (L + R) / 2);
            buildSegmentTree(index * 2 + 1, (L + R) / 2 + 1, R);
//          Replace this line if you want to change the function of the Segment tree.
            st[index] = Math.min(st[index * 2], st[index * 2 + 1]);
        }

        //***********We have to use this function **************
        private int Query(int queL, int queR) {
            return Query1(1, 0, arr.length - 1, queL, queR);
        }

        //This is a helper function.
        //************* DO NOT USE THIS ****************
        private int Query1(int index, int segL, int segR, int queL, int queR) {
            if (queL > segR || queR < segL) {
                return -1;
            }

            if (queL <= segL && queR >= segR) {
                return st[index];
            }

            int ans1 = Query1(index * 2, segL, (segL + segR) / 2, queL, queR);
            int ans2 = Query1(index * 2 + 1, (segL + segR) / 2 + 1, segR, queL, queR);
            if (ans1 == -1) {
                return ans2;
            }

            if (ans2 == -1) {
                return ans1;
            }
//             Segment tree implemented for range minimum query. Change the below line to change the function.
            return Math.min(ans1, ans2);
        }

        private void update(int idx, int val) {
            update1(1, 0, arr.length - 1, idx, val);
        }

        private void update1(int node, int queL, int queR, int idx, int val) {
            // idx - index to be updated in the array
            // node - index to be updated in the seg tree
            if (queL == queR) {
                // Leaf node
                arr[idx] += val;
                st[node] += val;
            } else {
                int mid = (queL + queR) / 2;
                if (queL <= idx && idx <= mid) {
                    // If idx is in the left child, recurse on the left child
                    update1(2 * node, queL, mid, idx, val);
                } else {
                    // if idx is in the right child, recurse on the right child
                    update1(2 * node + 1, mid + 1, queR, idx, val);
                }
                // Internal node will have the min of both of its children
                st[node] = Math.min(st[2 * node], st[2 * node + 1]);
            }
        }
    }

    private static class FastReader {
        InputStream is;

        public FastReader(boolean onlineJudge) {
            is = onlineJudge ? System.in : new ByteArrayInputStream(INPUT.getBytes());
        }

        byte[] inbuf = new byte[1024];
        public int lenbuf = 0, ptrbuf = 0;

        int readByte() {
            if (lenbuf == -1)
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            if (ptrbuf >= lenbuf) {
                ptrbuf = 0;
                try {
                    lenbuf = is.read(inbuf);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                }
                if (lenbuf <= 0)
                    return -1;
            }
            return inbuf[ptrbuf++];
        }

        boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
            return !(c >= 33 && c <= 126);
        }

        int skip() {
            int b;
            while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && isSpaceChar(b))
                ;
            return b;
        }

        double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }

        char nextChar() {
            return (char) skip();
        }

        String next() {
            int b = skip();
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            while (!(isSpaceChar(b))) { // when nextLine, (isSpaceChar(b) && b != ' ')
                sb.appendCodePoint(b);
                b = readByte();
            }
            return sb.toString();
        }

        String nextLine() {
            int b = skip();
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            while ((!isSpaceChar(b) || b == ' ')) { // when nextLine, (isSpaceChar(b) && b != ' ')
                sb.appendCodePoint(b);
                b = readByte();
            }
            return sb.toString();
        }

        char[] next(int n) {
            char[] buf = new char[n];
            int b = skip(), p = 0;
            while (p < n && !(isSpaceChar(b))) {
                buf[p++] = (char) b;
                b = readByte();
            }
            return n == p ? buf : Arrays.copyOf(buf, p);
        }

        int nextInt() {
            int num = 0, b;
            boolean minus = false;
            while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'))
                ;
            if (b == '-') {
                minus = true;
                b = readByte();
            }

            while (true) {
                if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') {
                    num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
                } else {
                    return minus ? -num : num;
                }
                b = readByte();
            }
        }

        long nextLong() {
            long num = 0;
            int b;
            boolean minus = false;
            while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'))
                ;
            if (b == '-') {
                minus = true;
                b = readByte();
            }

            while (true) {
                if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') {
                    num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
                } else {
                    return minus ? -num : num;
                }
                b = readByte();
            }
        }

        char[][] nextMatrix(int n, int m) {
            char[][] map = new char[n][];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                map[i] = next(m);
            return map;
        }

        int[] nextIntArray(int n) {
            int[] a = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                a[i] = nextInt();
            return a;
        }

        long[] nextLongArray(int n) {
            long[] a = new long[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                a[i] = nextLong();
            return a;
        }

        int[][] next2DInt(int n, int m) {
            int[][] arr = new int[n][];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                arr[i] = nextIntArray(m);
            }
            return arr;
        }

        long[][] next2DLong(int n, int m) {
            long[][] arr = new long[n][];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                arr[i] = nextLongArray(m);
            }
            return arr;
        }

        int[] shuffle(int[] arr) {
            Random r = new Random();
            for (int i = 1, j; i < arr.length; i++) {
                j = r.nextInt(i);
                arr[i] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
                arr[j] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
                arr[i] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
            }
            return arr;
        }

        int[] uniq(int[] arr) {
            Arrays.sort(arr);
            int[] rv = new int[arr.length];
            int pos = 0;
            rv[pos++] = arr[0];
            for (int i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {
                if (arr[i] != arr[i - 1]) {
                    rv[pos++] = arr[i];
                }
            }
            return Arrays.copyOf(rv, pos);
        }
    }

}