Problem: You are given an undirected unweighted connected graph consisting of n vertices and m edges. It is guaranteed that there are no self-loops or multiple edges in the given graph.

Your task is to find any spanning tree of this graph such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D (or say that there are no such spanning trees). Recall that the degree of a vertex is the number of edges incident to it.

Input

The first line contains three integers n, m and D (2 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5, n - 1 ≤ m ≤ min(2 ⋅ 10^5, (n(n-1))/(2)), 1 ≤ D < n) — the number of vertices, the number of edges and required degree of the first vertex, respectively.

The following m lines denote edges: edge i is represented by a pair of integers v_i, u_i (1 ≤ v_i, u_i ≤ n, u_i ≠ v_i), which are the indices of vertices connected by the edge. There are no loops or multiple edges in the given graph, i. e. for each pair (v_i, u_i) there are no other pairs (v_i, u_i) or (u_i, v_i) in the list of edges, and for each pair (v_i, u_i) the condition v_i ≠ u_i is satisfied.

Output

If there is no spanning tree satisfying the condition from the problem statement, print "NO" in the first line.

Otherwise print "YES" in the first line and then print n-1 lines describing the edges of a spanning tree such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D. Make sure that the edges of the printed spanning tree form some subset of the input edges (order doesn't matter and edge (v, u) is considered the same as the edge (u, v)).

If there are multiple possible answers, print any of them.

Examples

Input


4 5 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
2 1
2 3
3 4


Input


4 5 3
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
1 2
1 3
4 1


Input


4 4 3
1 2
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


NO

Note

The picture corresponding to the first and second examples: <image>

The picture corresponding to the third example: <image>

Solution (in JAVA):

Solution:
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
public class Main
{
    static class Graph
{
    HashMap<Integer,ArrayList<Integer>> graph;
    //HashMap<Integer,Integer> map;
    public Graph(int n)
    {
        graph=new HashMap<>();
        for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
        {
            graph.put(i,new ArrayList<Integer>());
        }
    }
    public void addEdge(int u,int v)
    {   
        graph.get(u).add(v);
        graph.get(v).add(u);
    }
    public void dfs(int source,boolean visited[])
    {
        visited[source]=true;
        for(int i:graph.get(source))
        {
            if(visited[i]==false)dfs(i,visited);
        }
    }
    public boolean contains(int i)
    {
        return graph.get(1).contains(i);
    }
    public void bfsNew(int source,boolean visited[])
    {
        System.out.println("YES");
        Queue<Integer> queue=new LinkedList<>();
        queue.add(1);
        visited[1]=true;
        while(queue.isEmpty()==false)
        {
            int temp=queue.remove();
            for(int i:graph.get(temp))
            {
                if(visited[i]==false)
                {
                    visited[i]=true;
                    System.out.println(temp+" "+i);
                    queue.add(i);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    public void addRemainingEdges(Graph gnew,int rem,HashMap<Integer,Integer> map)
    {
        for(int i:graph.get(1))
        {
            if(rem==0)break;
            if(map.containsKey(i)==false)
            {
                gnew.addEdge(1,i);
                rem--;
            }
            // if(gnew.contains(i)==false)
            // {
            //     gnew.addEdge(1,i);
            //     rem--;
            // }
        }
    }
    public void bfs(int source,Graph gnew,boolean visited[],HashMap<Integer,Integer> map)
    {
       // map=new HashMap<>();
        Queue<Integer> queue=new LinkedList<>();
        queue.add(source);
        visited[source]=true;
        while(queue.isEmpty()==false)
        {
           int temp=queue.remove();
           for(int i:graph.get(temp))
           {
               if(visited[i]==false)
               {
                   gnew.addEdge(temp,i);visited[i]=true;
                   if(i!=1)queue.add(i);
                   if(i==1)map.put(temp,i);
               }
           }
        }
    }
    public void printGraph()
    {
        for(Map.Entry e:graph.entrySet())
        {
            System.out.print(e.getKey()+"->");
            ArrayList<Integer> arr=(ArrayList)e.getValue();
            for(Object o:arr)
            {
                System.out.print((int)o+",");
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }
    
   
}
	public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException {
		FastReader kb=new FastReader();
        int n=kb.nextInt(),m=kb.nextInt(),d=kb.nextInt();
        Graph g=new Graph(n);
        Graph gnew=new Graph(n);
        boolean visited[]=new boolean[n+1];
        int degree=0;
        while(m-->0)
        {
            int u=kb.nextInt(),v=kb.nextInt();
            g.addEdge(u,v);
            if(u==1 || v==1)degree++;
        }
        if(d>degree){System.out.println("NO");return;}
        visited[1]=true;
        int count=0;
        for(int i=2;i<=n;i++)
        {
            if(visited[i]==false){
                count++;g.dfs(i,visited);
            }
        }
        HashMap<Integer,Integer> map=new HashMap<>();
        if(d<count){System.out.println("NO");return;}
        Arrays.fill(visited,false);
        for(int i=2;i<=n;i++)
        {
            visited[1]=false;
            if(visited[i]==false)
            {
                g.bfs(i,gnew,visited,map);
            }
        }
        int rem=d-count;
        
        g.addRemainingEdges(gnew,rem,map);
        Arrays.fill(visited,false);
        gnew.bfsNew(1,visited);
	}
	static class FastReader 
    { 
        BufferedReader br; 
        StringTokenizer st; 
  
        public FastReader() 
        { 
            br = new BufferedReader(new
                     InputStreamReader(System.in)); 
        } 
  
        String next() 
        { 
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) 
            { 
                try
                { 
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine()); 
                } 
                catch (IOException  e) 
                { 
                    e.printStackTrace(); 
                } 
            } 
            return st.nextToken(); 
        } 
  
        int nextInt() 
        { 
            return Integer.parseInt(next()); 
        } 
  
        long nextLong() 
        { 
            return Long.parseLong(next()); 
        } 
  
        double nextDouble() 
        { 
            return Double.parseDouble(next()); 
        } 
  
        String nextLine() 
        { 
            String str = ""; 
            try
            { 
                str = br.readLine(); 
            } 
            catch (IOException e) 
            { 
                e.printStackTrace(); 
            } 
            return str; 
        } 
    } 
  
}