Problem: You are given an undirected unweighted connected graph consisting of n vertices and m edges. It is guaranteed that there are no self-loops or multiple edges in the given graph.

Your task is to find any spanning tree of this graph such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D (or say that there are no such spanning trees). Recall that the degree of a vertex is the number of edges incident to it.

Input

The first line contains three integers n, m and D (2 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5, n - 1 ≤ m ≤ min(2 ⋅ 10^5, (n(n-1))/(2)), 1 ≤ D < n) — the number of vertices, the number of edges and required degree of the first vertex, respectively.

The following m lines denote edges: edge i is represented by a pair of integers v_i, u_i (1 ≤ v_i, u_i ≤ n, u_i ≠ v_i), which are the indices of vertices connected by the edge. There are no loops or multiple edges in the given graph, i. e. for each pair (v_i, u_i) there are no other pairs (v_i, u_i) or (u_i, v_i) in the list of edges, and for each pair (v_i, u_i) the condition v_i ≠ u_i is satisfied.

Output

If there is no spanning tree satisfying the condition from the problem statement, print "NO" in the first line.

Otherwise print "YES" in the first line and then print n-1 lines describing the edges of a spanning tree such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D. Make sure that the edges of the printed spanning tree form some subset of the input edges (order doesn't matter and edge (v, u) is considered the same as the edge (u, v)).

If there are multiple possible answers, print any of them.

Examples

Input


4 5 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
2 1
2 3
3 4


Input


4 5 3
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
1 2
1 3
4 1


Input


4 4 3
1 2
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


NO

Note

The picture corresponding to the first and second examples: <image>

The picture corresponding to the third example: <image>

Solution (in JAVA):

Solution:
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

import static java.lang.Math.*;
import static java.util.Arrays.*;

public class cf1133f2 {

    static int par[], port[];

    static int find(int i) {
        return par[i] == i ? i : (par[i] = find(par[i]));
    }

    static boolean union(int i, int j) {
        int a = find(i), b = find(j);
        if (a != b) {
            par[b] = a;
            port[a] = max(port[a], port[b]);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        int n = rni(), m = ni(), d = ni(), deg0 = 0;
        par = new int[n];
        port = new int[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            par[i] = i;
            port[i] = -1;
        }
        int[][] ed = new int[m][2];
        for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
            int u = rni() - 1, v = ni() - 1;
            ed[i][0] = u;
            ed[i][1] = v;
            if (u == 0) {
                port[v] = v;
                ++deg0;
            }
            if (v == 0) {
                port[u] = u;
                ++deg0;
            }
        }
        int comp_cnt = n - 1;
        for (int[] e : ed) {
            int u = e[0], v = e[1];
            if (u == 0 || v == 0) {
                continue;
            }
            if (union(u, v)) {
                --comp_cnt;
            }
        }
        prYN(comp_cnt <= d && deg0 >= d);
        if (comp_cnt <= d && deg0 >= d) {
            List<int[]> to_union = new ArrayList<>();
            for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
                if (i == find(i)) {
                    prln(1, port[i] + 1);
                    to_union.add(new int[] {0, port[i]});
                    --d;
                }
            }
            par = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
                par[i] = i;
            }
            for (int[] ee : to_union) {
                union(ee[0], ee[1]);
            }
            for (int[] e : ed) {
                if (d == 0) {
                    break;
                }
                int u = e[0], v = e[1];
                if (u != 0 && v != 0) {
                    continue;
                }
                if (union(u, v)) {
                    prln(u + 1, v + 1);
                    --d;

                }
            }
            for (int[] e : ed) {
                int u = e[0], v = e[1];
                if (u == 0 || v == 0) {
                    continue;
                }
                if (union(u, v)) {
                    prln(u + 1, v + 1);
                }
            }
        }
        close();
    }

    static BufferedReader __in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
    static PrintWriter __out = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out));
    static StringTokenizer input;
    static Random __rand = new Random();

    // references
    // IBIG = 1e9 + 7
    // IMAX ~= 2e9
    // LMAX ~= 9e18

    // constants
    static final int IBIG = 1000000007;
    static final int IMAX = 2147483647;
    static final int IMIN = -2147483648;
    static final long LMAX = 9223372036854775807L;
    static final long LMIN = -9223372036854775808L;
    // math util
    static int minof(int a, int b, int c) {return min(a, min(b, c));}
    static int minof(int... x) {if (x.length == 1) return x[0]; if (x.length == 2) return min(x[0], x[1]); if (x.length == 3) return min(x[0], min(x[1], x[2])); int min = x[0]; for (int i = 1; i < x.length; ++i) if (x[i] < min) min = x[i]; return min;}
    static long minof(long a, long b, long c) {return min(a, min(b, c));}
    static long minof(long... x) {if (x.length == 1) return x[0]; if (x.length == 2) return min(x[0], x[1]); if (x.length == 3) return min(x[0], min(x[1], x[2])); long min = x[0]; for (int i = 1; i < x.length; ++i) if (x[i] < min) min = x[i]; return min;}
    static int maxof(int a, int b, int c) {return max(a, max(b, c));}
    static int maxof(int... x) {if (x.length == 1) return x[0]; if (x.length == 2) return max(x[0], x[1]); if (x.length == 3) return max(x[0], max(x[1], x[2])); int max = x[0]; for (int i = 1; i < x.length; ++i) if (x[i] > max) max = x[i]; return max;}
    static long maxof(long a, long b, long c) {return max(a, max(b, c));}
    static long maxof(long... x) {if (x.length == 1) return x[0]; if (x.length == 2) return max(x[0], x[1]); if (x.length == 3) return max(x[0], max(x[1], x[2])); long max = x[0]; for (int i = 1; i < x.length; ++i) if (x[i] > max) max = x[i]; return max;}
    static int powi(int a, int b) {if (a == 0) return 0; int ans = 1; while (b > 0) {if ((b & 1) > 0) ans *= a; a *= a; b >>= 1;} return ans;}
    static long powl(long a, int b) {if (a == 0) return 0; long ans = 1; while (b > 0) {if ((b & 1) > 0) ans *= a; a *= a; b >>= 1;} return ans;}
    static int fli(double d) {return (int) d;}
    static int cei(double d) {return (int) ceil(d);}
    static long fll(double d) {return (long) d;}
    static long cel(double d) {return (long) ceil(d);}
    static int gcf(int a, int b) {return b == 0 ? a : gcf(b, a % b);}
    static long gcf(long a, long b) {return b == 0 ? a : gcf(b, a % b);}
    static int lcm(int a, int b) {return a * b / gcf(a, b);}
    static long lcm(long a, long b) {return a * b / gcf(a, b);}
    static int randInt(int min, int max) {return __rand.nextInt(max - min + 1) + min;}
    static long mix(long x) {x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15L; x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9L; x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111ebL; return x ^ (x >> 31);}
    // array util
    static void reverse(int[] a) {for (int i = 0, n = a.length, half = n / 2; i < half; ++i) {int swap = a[i]; a[i] = a[n - i - 1]; a[n - i - 1] = swap;}}
    static void reverse(long[] a) {for (int i = 0, n = a.length, half = n / 2; i < half; ++i) {long swap = a[i]; a[i] = a[n - i - 1]; a[n - i - 1] = swap;}}
    static void reverse(double[] a) {for (int i = 0, n = a.length, half = n / 2; i < half; ++i) {double swap = a[i]; a[i] = a[n - i - 1]; a[n - i - 1] = swap;}}
    static void reverse(char[] a) {for (int i = 0, n = a.length, half = n / 2; i < half; ++i) {char swap = a[i]; a[i] = a[n - i - 1]; a[n - i - 1] = swap;}}
    static void shuffle(int[] a) {int n = a.length - 1; for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {int ind = randInt(i, n); int swap = a[i]; a[i] = a[ind]; a[ind] = swap;}}
    static void shuffle(long[] a) {int n = a.length - 1; for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {int ind = randInt(i, n); long swap = a[i]; a[i] = a[ind]; a[ind] = swap;}}
    static void shuffle(double[] a) {int n = a.length - 1; for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {int ind = randInt(i, n); double swap = a[i]; a[i] = a[ind]; a[ind] = swap;}}
    static void rsort(int[] a) {shuffle(a); sort(a);}
    static void rsort(long[] a) {shuffle(a); sort(a);}
    static void rsort(double[] a) {shuffle(a); sort(a);}
    static int[] copy(int[] a) {int[] ans = new int[a.length]; for (int i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) ans[i] = a[i]; return ans;}
    static long[] copy(long[] a) {long[] ans = new long[a.length]; for (int i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) ans[i] = a[i]; return ans;}
    static double[] copy(double[] a) {double[] ans = new double[a.length]; for (int i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) ans[i] = a[i]; return ans;}
    static char[] copy(char[] a) {char[] ans = new char[a.length]; for (int i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) ans[i] = a[i]; return ans;}
    // graph util
    static List<List<Integer>> g(int n) {List<List<Integer>> g = new ArrayList<>(); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) g.add(new ArrayList<>()); return g;}
    static List<Set<Integer>> sg(int n) {List<Set<Integer>> g = new ArrayList<>(); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) g.add(new HashSet<>()); return g;}
    static void c(List<? extends Collection<Integer>> g, int u, int v) {g.get(u).add(v); g.get(v).add(u);}
    static void cto(List<? extends Collection<Integer>> g, int u, int v) {g.get(u).add(v);}
    static void dc(List<? extends Collection<Integer>> g, int u, int v) {g.get(u).remove(v); g.get(v).remove(u);}
    static void dcto(List<? extends Collection<Integer>> g, int u, int v) {g.get(u).remove(v);}
    // input
    static void r() throws IOException {input = new StringTokenizer(rline());}
    static int ri() throws IOException {return Integer.parseInt(rline());}
    static long rl() throws IOException {return Long.parseLong(rline());}
    static double rd() throws IOException {return Double.parseDouble(rline());}
    static int[] ria(int n) throws IOException {int[] a = new int[n]; r(); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) a[i] = ni(); return a;}
    static int[] riam1(int n) throws IOException {int[] a = new int[n]; r(); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) a[i] = ni() - 1; return a;}
    static long[] rla(int n) throws IOException {long[] a = new long[n]; r(); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) a[i] = nl(); return a;}
    static double[] rda(int n) throws IOException {double[] a = new double[n]; r(); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) a[i] = nd(); return a;}
    static char[] rcha() throws IOException {return rline().toCharArray();}
    static String rline() throws IOException {return __in.readLine();}
    static String n() {return input.nextToken();}
    static int rni() throws IOException {r(); return ni();}
    static int ni() {return Integer.parseInt(n());}
    static long rnl() throws IOException {r(); return nl();}
    static long nl() {return Long.parseLong(n());}
    static double rnd() throws IOException {r(); return nd();}
    static double nd() {return Double.parseDouble(n());}
    static List<List<Integer>> rg(int n, int m) throws IOException {List<List<Integer>> g = g(n); for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) c(g, rni() - 1, ni() - 1); return g;}
    static void rg(List<List<Integer>> g, int m) throws IOException {for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) c(g, rni() - 1, ni() - 1);}
    static List<List<Integer>> rdg(int n, int m) throws IOException {List<List<Integer>> g = g(n); for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) cto(g, rni() - 1, ni() - 1); return g;}
    static void rdg(List<List<Integer>> g, int m) throws IOException {for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) cto(g, rni() - 1, ni() - 1);}
    static List<Set<Integer>> rsg(int n, int m) throws IOException {List<Set<Integer>> g = sg(n); for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) c(g, rni() - 1, ni() - 1); return g;}
    static void rsg(List<Set<Integer>> g, int m) throws IOException {for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) c(g, rni() - 1, ni() - 1);}
    static List<Set<Integer>> rdsg(int n, int m) throws IOException {List<Set<Integer>> g = sg(n); for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) cto(g, rni() - 1, ni() - 1); return g;}
    static void rdsg(List<Set<Integer>> g, int m) throws IOException {for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) cto(g, rni() - 1, ni() - 1);}
    // output
    static void pr(int i) {__out.print(i);}
    static void prln(int i) {__out.println(i);}
    static void pr(long l) {__out.print(l);}
    static void prln(long l) {__out.println(l);}
    static void pr(double d) {__out.print(d);}
    static void prln(double d) {__out.println(d);}
    static void pr(char c) {__out.print(c);}
    static void prln(char c) {__out.println(c);}
    static void pr(char[] s) {__out.print(new String(s));}
    static void prln(char[] s) {__out.println(new String(s));}
    static void pr(String s) {__out.print(s);}
    static void prln(String s) {__out.println(s);}
    static void pr(Object o) {__out.print(o);}
    static void prln(Object o) {__out.println(o);}
    static void prln() {__out.println();}
    static void pryes() {prln("yes");}
    static void pry() {prln("Yes");}
    static void prY() {prln("YES");}
    static void prno() {prln("no");}
    static void prn() {prln("No");}
    static void prN() {prln("NO");}
    static void pryesno(boolean b) {prln(b ? "yes" : "no");};
    static void pryn(boolean b) {prln(b ? "Yes" : "No");}
    static void prYN(boolean b) {prln(b ? "YES" : "NO");}
    static void prln(int... a) {for (int i = 0, len = a.length - 1; i < len; pr(a[i]), pr(' '), ++i); if (a.length > 0) prln(a[a.length - 1]); else prln();}
    static void prln(long... a) {for (int i = 0, len = a.length - 1; i < len; pr(a[i]), pr(' '), ++i); if (a.length > 0) prln(a[a.length - 1]); else prln();}
    static void prln(double... a) {for (int i = 0, len = a.length - 1; i < len; pr(a[i]), pr(' '), ++i); if (a.length > 0) prln(a[a.length - 1]); else prln();}
    static <T> void prln(Collection<T> c) {int n = c.size() - 1; Iterator<T> iter = c.iterator(); for (int i = 0; i < n; pr(iter.next()), pr(' '), ++i); if (n >= 0) prln(iter.next()); else prln();}
    static void h() {prln("hlfd"); flush();}
    static void flush() {__out.flush();}
    static void close() {__out.close();}}