Problem: You are given an undirected unweighted connected graph consisting of n vertices and m edges. It is guaranteed that there are no self-loops or multiple edges in the given graph.

Your task is to find any spanning tree of this graph such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D (or say that there are no such spanning trees). Recall that the degree of a vertex is the number of edges incident to it.

Input

The first line contains three integers n, m and D (2 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5, n - 1 ≤ m ≤ min(2 ⋅ 10^5, (n(n-1))/(2)), 1 ≤ D < n) — the number of vertices, the number of edges and required degree of the first vertex, respectively.

The following m lines denote edges: edge i is represented by a pair of integers v_i, u_i (1 ≤ v_i, u_i ≤ n, u_i ≠ v_i), which are the indices of vertices connected by the edge. There are no loops or multiple edges in the given graph, i. e. for each pair (v_i, u_i) there are no other pairs (v_i, u_i) or (u_i, v_i) in the list of edges, and for each pair (v_i, u_i) the condition v_i ≠ u_i is satisfied.

Output

If there is no spanning tree satisfying the condition from the problem statement, print "NO" in the first line.

Otherwise print "YES" in the first line and then print n-1 lines describing the edges of a spanning tree such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D. Make sure that the edges of the printed spanning tree form some subset of the input edges (order doesn't matter and edge (v, u) is considered the same as the edge (u, v)).

If there are multiple possible answers, print any of them.

Examples

Input


4 5 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
2 1
2 3
3 4


Input


4 5 3
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
1 2
1 3
4 1


Input


4 4 3
1 2
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


NO

Note

The picture corresponding to the first and second examples: <image>

The picture corresponding to the third example: <image>

Solution (in JAVA):

Solution:
import javafx.scene.layout.Priority;
import java.io.*;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.net.Inet4Address;
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.PriorityQueue;
public class templ implements Runnable {
    static class pair implements Comparable
    {
        int f,s;
        pair(int fi,int se)
        {
            f=fi;
            s=se;
        }
        public int compareTo(Object o)
        {
            pair pr=(pair)o;
            if(s>pr.s)
                return 1;
            else
                return -1;
        }
        public boolean equals(Object o)
        {
            pair ob=(pair)o;
            int ff;
            int ss;
            if(o!=null)
            {
                ff=ob.f;
                ss=ob.s;
                if((ff==this.f)&&(ss==this.s))
                    return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
        public int hashCode()
        {
            return (this.f+" "+this.s).hashCode();
        }
    }
    public class triplet implements Comparable
    {
        int f,t;
        int s;
        triplet(int f,int s,int t)
        {
            this.f=f;
            this.s=s;
            this.t=t;
        }
        public boolean equals(Object o)
        {
            triplet ob=(triplet)o;
            int ff;
            int ss;
            int tt;
            if(o!=null)
            {
                ff=ob.f;
                ss=ob.s;
                tt=ob.t;
                if((ff==this.f)&&(ss==this.s)&&(tt==this.t))
                    return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
        public int hashCode()
        {
            return (this.f+" "+this.s+" "+this.t).hashCode();
        }
        public int compareTo(Object o)
        {
            triplet tr=(triplet)o;
            if(t>tr.t)
                return 1;
            else
                return -1;
        }
    }
    ArrayList<Integer>g[];
    ArrayList<pair>ans=new ArrayList<>();
    HashSet<Integer>hs=new HashSet<>();
    int vis[],par[];
    int p;
    void dfs(int u,int pp,PrintWriter out)
    {
        vis[u]=p;
        par[u]=pp;
        if(!hs.contains(u))
        {
            ans.add(new pair(u, pp));
        }
        for(int v : g[u])
        {
            if(vis[v]==0)
                dfs(v,u,out);
        }
    }
    public static void main(String args[])throws Exception
    {
        new Thread(null,new templ(),"templ",1<<27).start();
    }
    public void run()
    {
        try
        {
            InputReader in = new InputReader(System.in);
            PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
            int n=in.ni();
            int m=in.ni();
            int d=in.ni();
            vis=new int[n+1];
            par=new int[n+1];
            g=new ArrayList[n+1];
            for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
                g[i]=new ArrayList<>();
            ArrayList<Integer>al=new ArrayList<>();
            for(int i=1;i<=m;i++)
            {
                int u=in.ni();
                int v=in.ni();
                if(u==1)
                {
                    hs.add(v);
                    al.add(v);
                }
                else if(v==1)
                {
                    al.add(u);
                    hs.add(u);
                }
                else
                {
                    g[u].add(v);
                    g[v].add(u);
                }
            }
            if(hs.size()<d)
            {
                out.println("NO");
                out.close();
                return;
            }
            for(int i : al)
            {
                if(vis[i]==0)
                {
                    ans.add(new pair(1,i));
                    p=i;
                    d--;
                    if(d==-1)
                        break;
                    dfs(i,1,out);
                }
            }
            if(d==-1)
            {
                out.println("NO");
            }
            else
            {
                for(int i : al)
                {
                    if(vis[i]==i)
                        continue;
                    if(d!=0)
                    {
                        d--;
                        ans.add(new pair(1,i));
                    }
                    else
                        ans.add(new pair(i,par[i]));
                }
                out.println("YES");
                for(pair p : ans)
                    out.println(p.f+" "+p.s);
            }
            out.close();
        }
        catch(Exception e){
            return;
        }
    }
    static class InputReader {

        private final InputStream stream;
        private final byte[] buf = new byte[8192];
        private int curChar, snumChars;

        public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
            this.stream = stream;
        }

        public int read() {
            if (snumChars == -1)
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            if (curChar >= snumChars) {
                curChar = 0;
                try {
                    snumChars = stream.read(buf);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                }
                if (snumChars <= 0)
                    return -1;
            }
            return buf[curChar++];
        }

        public int ni() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                c = read();
            }
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-') {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            int res = 0;
            do {
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res * sgn;
        }

        public long nl() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                c = read();
            }
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-') {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            long res = 0;
            do {
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res * sgn;
        }

        public int[] nextIntArray(int n) {
            int a[] = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                a[i] = ni();
            }
            return a;
        }

        public String readString() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                c = read();
            }
            StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
            do {
                res.appendCodePoint(c);
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res.toString();
        }

        public String nextLine() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
            do {
                res.appendCodePoint(c);
                c = read();
            } while (!isEndOfLine(c));
            return res.toString();
        }

        public boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
            return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
        }

        private boolean isEndOfLine(int c) {
            return c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == -1;
        }

    }
}