Problem: You are given an undirected unweighted connected graph consisting of n vertices and m edges. It is guaranteed that there are no self-loops or multiple edges in the given graph.

Your task is to find any spanning tree of this graph such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D (or say that there are no such spanning trees). Recall that the degree of a vertex is the number of edges incident to it.

Input

The first line contains three integers n, m and D (2 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5, n - 1 ≤ m ≤ min(2 ⋅ 10^5, (n(n-1))/(2)), 1 ≤ D < n) — the number of vertices, the number of edges and required degree of the first vertex, respectively.

The following m lines denote edges: edge i is represented by a pair of integers v_i, u_i (1 ≤ v_i, u_i ≤ n, u_i ≠ v_i), which are the indices of vertices connected by the edge. There are no loops or multiple edges in the given graph, i. e. for each pair (v_i, u_i) there are no other pairs (v_i, u_i) or (u_i, v_i) in the list of edges, and for each pair (v_i, u_i) the condition v_i ≠ u_i is satisfied.

Output

If there is no spanning tree satisfying the condition from the problem statement, print "NO" in the first line.

Otherwise print "YES" in the first line and then print n-1 lines describing the edges of a spanning tree such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D. Make sure that the edges of the printed spanning tree form some subset of the input edges (order doesn't matter and edge (v, u) is considered the same as the edge (u, v)).

If there are multiple possible answers, print any of them.

Examples

Input


4 5 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
2 1
2 3
3 4


Input


4 5 3
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
1 2
1 3
4 1


Input


4 4 3
1 2
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


NO

Note

The picture corresponding to the first and second examples: <image>

The picture corresponding to the third example: <image>

Solution (in JAVA):

Solution:
import java.io.*;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.*;
public class Main {

    public void sort(long b[]){
        Random rd = new Random();
        for(int i=1;i<b.length;++i){
            int c = rd.nextInt(i);
            long v = b[c];
            b[c] = b[i];
            b[i] = v;
        }
        Arrays.sort(b);
    }
    public void sort(int b[]){
        Random rd = new Random();
        for(int i = 1;i<b.length;++i){
            int c = rd.nextInt(i);
            int v = b[c];
            b[c]= b[i];
            b[i] = v;
        }
        Arrays.sort(b);
    }

    static int groups = 0;
    static int[] fa;
    static int[] sz;

    static void init(int n) {
        groups = n;
        fa = new int[n];
        for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
            fa[i] = i;
        }
        sz = new int[n];
        Arrays.fill(sz, 1);
    }

    static int root(int p) {
        while (p != fa[p]) {
            fa[p] = fa[fa[p]];
            p = fa[p];
        }
        return p;
    }

    static void combine(int p, int q) {
        int i = root(p);
        int j = root(q);
        if (i == j) {
            return;
        }
        if (sz[i] < sz[j]) {
            fa[i] = j;
            sz[j] += sz[i];
        } else {
            fa[j] = i;
            sz[i] += sz[j];
        }
        groups--;
    }

    class Pair {
        long x;long y;
        Pair(long xx,long yy){
            x = xx;y= yy;
            long g = gcd(Math.abs(x),Math.abs(y));
            if(xx*yy>=0){
                x = Math.abs(x)/g;
                y = Math.abs(y)/g;
            }else{
                x = -Math.abs(x)/g;
                y = Math.abs(y)/g;
            }
        }

        public boolean equals(Object fk){
            Pair p = (Pair)fk;
            return x == p.x && y== p.y;
        }

        public int hashCode(){
            return (int)(x*37+y);
        }

    }

    void dfs(int g, List<Integer> go[],boolean vis[]){
        vis[g] = true;
        for(int u: go[g]){
            int to = u;
            if(!vis[to]) {
                dfs(to, go, vis);
            }
        }

    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        new Main().run();}

        void solve(){


        int n = ni();
        int m = ni();
        int d = ni();

        List<Integer> g[] = new ArrayList[n+1];
        for(int i = 1; i<=n;++i){
            g[i] = new ArrayList<>();
        }
        int es[][] = new int[m][2];
        int x = 0;
        for(int i=0;i<m;++i){
            int u = ni();
            int v = ni();
            es[x][0] = u;
            es[x][1] = v;
            x++;
            g[u].add(v);
            g[v].add(u);
        }
        init(n);
        boolean vis[]  = new boolean[n+1];
        int dep = 0;
        boolean mark[] = new boolean[n+1];
        mark[1] = true;
        List<int[]> res = new ArrayList<>();
        vis[1] = true;
        for(int go:g[1]){
            if(vis[go]) continue;
            dfs(go,g,vis);
                mark[go] = true;
                dep++;
                res.add(new int[]{go,1});
                combine(0,go-1);
        }
        if(dep>d){
            println("NO");return;
        }
            for(int go:g[1]){
                if(!mark[go]&&dep<d){
                    dep++;
                    res.add(new int[]{go,1});
                    combine(0,go-1);
                }
            }
            if(dep<d){
                print("NO");return;
            }


        for(int i=0;i<m;++i){
            if(es[i][0]==1||es[i][1]==1) continue;
            if(root(es[i][0]-1)!=root(es[i][1]-1)){
                res.add(es[i]);
                combine(es[i][0]-1,es[i][1]-1);
            }
        }

            println("YES");
            for(int u[]:res){
                println(u[0]+" "+u[1]);
            }









//         PriorityQueue<int[]> q= new PriorityQueue<>((x,y)->{return x[0]-y[0];});
//
//         q.offer(new int[]{0,0});
//         boolean inq[] = new boolean[n];
//         while(q.size()>0){
//             int c[]= q.poll();
//             for(int i=h[c[1]];i!=-1;i=ne[i]){
//                 if(!inq[to[i]]) {
//                     q.offer(new int[]{ wt[i], to[i]});
//                     inq[to[i]] = true;
//                 }
//             }
//         }





        }


       int err = 0;



    void go(int rt,int pt,int fa) {
        stk[rt] = pt;
        for(int i=h[rt];i!=-1;i=ne[i]) {
            if(to[i]==pt||to[i]==fa) continue;
            go(to[i],pt,rt);
        }
    }



    int ct = 0;
    void add(int u,int v,int w,int q){
        to[ct] = v;
        wt[ct] = w;
        qt[ct] = q;
        ne[ct] = h[u];
        h[u] = ct++;
//
//        to1[ct] = u;
//        wt1[ct] = w;
//        ne1[ct] = h1[v];
//        h1[v] = ct++;
    }
    int []h,ne,to,wt,qt,stk;


    long inv(long a, long MOD) {
        //return fpow(a, MOD-2, MOD);
        return a==1?1:(long )(MOD-MOD/a)*inv(MOD%a, MOD)%MOD;
    }


    void inverse(){
        int MAXN = 10000;
        long inv[] = new long[MAXN+1];
        inv[1] = 1; //注意初始化
        long mod = 1000000007;
        for (int i=2; i<=MAXN; ++i) {
            inv[i] = (mod - mod / i) * inv[(int) (mod % i)] % mod;
        }
    }



    // 计算某个特别大的组合数
    long C(long n,long m, long MOD) {
        if(m+m>n)m=n-m;
        long up=1,down=1;
        for(long i=0;i<m;i++)
        {
            up=up*(n-i)%MOD;
            down=down*(i+1)%MOD;
        }
        return up*inv(down, MOD)%MOD;
    }


    void solve2() {

            int n = ni();
            String s=  ns();
            int g[][] = new int[3][3];
            for(int i = 0;i<n;++i){
                char c = s.charAt(i);
                int idx = 0;
                if(c=='G'){
                    idx =1;
                }else if(c=='B'){
                    idx =2;
                }
                g[c][i%3]++;
            }







        }































//    int []h,to,ne,wt;

    long t1[];
    //    long t2[];
    void update(long[] t,int i,long v){
        for(;i<t.length;i+=(i&-i)){
            t[i] += v;
        }
    }
    long get(long[] t,int i){
        long s = 0;
        for(;i>0;i-=(i&-i)){
            s += t[i];
        }
        return s;
    }

    int equal_bigger(long t[],long v){
        int s=0,p=0;
        for(int i=Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(Integer.highestOneBit(t.length));i>=0;--i) {
            if(p+(1<<i)< t.length && s + t[p+(1<<i)] < v){
                v -= t[p+(1<<i)];
                p |= 1<<i;
            }
        }
        return p+1;
    }


    long gcd(long a,long b){ return b==0?a: gcd(b,a%b);}
    InputStream is;PrintWriter out;
    void run() throws Exception {is = System.in;
      //  is = new FileInputStream("C:\\Users\\Luqi\\Downloads\\P1600_2.in");

        out = new PrintWriter(System.out);solve();out.flush();}
    private byte[] inbuf = new byte[2];
    public int lenbuf = 0, ptrbuf = 0;
    private int readByte() {
        if (lenbuf == -1) throw new InputMismatchException();
        if (ptrbuf >= lenbuf) {
            ptrbuf = 0;
            try {lenbuf = is.read(inbuf);} catch (IOException e) {throw new InputMismatchException();}
            if (lenbuf <= 0) return -1;
        }
        return inbuf[ptrbuf++];}
    private boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {return !(c >= 33 && c <= 126);}
    private int skip() {int b;while((b = readByte()) != -1 && isSpaceChar(b));return b;}
    private double nd() {return Double.parseDouble(ns());}
    private char nc() {return (char) skip();}
    private char ncc() {int b;while((b = readByte()) != -1 && !(b >= 32 && b <= 126));return (char)b;}
    private String ns() {int b = skip();StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        while (!(isSpaceChar(b))) { // when nextLine, (isSpaceChar(b) && b != ' ')
            sb.appendCodePoint(b);b = readByte(); }
        return sb.toString();}
    private char[] ns(int n) {char[] buf = new char[n];int b = skip(), p = 0;
        while (p < n && !(isSpaceChar(b))) { buf[p++] = (char) b;b = readByte(); }
        return n == p ? buf : Arrays.copyOf(buf, p);}
    private String nline() {int b = skip();StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        while (!isSpaceChar(b) || b == ' ') { sb.appendCodePoint(b);b = readByte(); }
        return sb.toString();}
    private char[][] nm(int n, int m) {char[][] a = new char[n][];for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) a[i] = ns(m);return a;}
    private int[] na(int n) {int[] a = new int[n];for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) a[i] = ni();return a;}
    private long[] nal(int n) { long[] a = new long[n];for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) a[i] = nl();return a;}
    private int ni() { int num = 0, b; boolean minus = false;
        while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-')){};
        if (b == '-') { minus = true; b = readByte(); }
        while (true) {
            if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') num = (num << 3) + (num << 1) + (b - '0');
            else return minus ? -num : num;
            b = readByte();}}
    private long nl() { long num = 0; int b;
        boolean minus = false;
        while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-')){};
        if (b == '-') { minus = true; b = readByte(); }
        while (true) {
            if (b >= '0' && b <= '9')  num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
            else return minus ? -num : num;
            b = readByte();}}
    void print(Object obj){out.print(obj);}
    void println(Object obj){out.println(obj);}
    void println(){out.println();}
}