Problem: You are given an undirected unweighted connected graph consisting of n vertices and m edges. It is guaranteed that there are no self-loops or multiple edges in the given graph.

Your task is to find any spanning tree of this graph such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D (or say that there are no such spanning trees). Recall that the degree of a vertex is the number of edges incident to it.

Input

The first line contains three integers n, m and D (2 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5, n - 1 ≤ m ≤ min(2 ⋅ 10^5, (n(n-1))/(2)), 1 ≤ D < n) — the number of vertices, the number of edges and required degree of the first vertex, respectively.

The following m lines denote edges: edge i is represented by a pair of integers v_i, u_i (1 ≤ v_i, u_i ≤ n, u_i ≠ v_i), which are the indices of vertices connected by the edge. There are no loops or multiple edges in the given graph, i. e. for each pair (v_i, u_i) there are no other pairs (v_i, u_i) or (u_i, v_i) in the list of edges, and for each pair (v_i, u_i) the condition v_i ≠ u_i is satisfied.

Output

If there is no spanning tree satisfying the condition from the problem statement, print "NO" in the first line.

Otherwise print "YES" in the first line and then print n-1 lines describing the edges of a spanning tree such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D. Make sure that the edges of the printed spanning tree form some subset of the input edges (order doesn't matter and edge (v, u) is considered the same as the edge (u, v)).

If there are multiple possible answers, print any of them.

Examples

Input


4 5 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
2 1
2 3
3 4


Input


4 5 3
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
1 2
1 3
4 1


Input


4 4 3
1 2
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


NO

Note

The picture corresponding to the first and second examples: <image>

The picture corresponding to the third example: <image>

Solution (in JAVA):

Solution:
import java.io.*;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.*;

public class Main {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		InputStream inputStream = System.in;
		OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
		PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(outputStream);
		InputReader in = new InputReader(inputStream);
		
//		for(int i=4;i<=4;i++) {
//			InputStream uinputStream = new FileInputStream("shortcut.in");
//			String f = i+".in";
//			InputStream uinputStream = new FileInputStream(f);
//			InputReader in = new InputReader(uinputStream);
//			PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("shortcut.out")));
			Task t = new Task();
			t.solve(in, out);
			out.close();			
//		}
	}	
	
	static class Task {

		public void solve(InputReader in, PrintWriter out) throws IOException {			
			int n = in.nextInt();
			int m = in.nextInt();
			int k = in.nextInt();
			Set<Integer>[] g = new HashSet[n];
			for(int i=0;i<n;i++) g[i] = new HashSet<Integer>();
			for(int i=0;i<m;i++) {
				int from = in.nextInt()-1;
				int to = in.nextInt()-1;
				g[from].add(to);
				g[to].add(from);
			}
			boolean vis[] = new boolean[n];
			vis[0] = true;
			Set<Integer> needed = new HashSet<Integer>();
			int c = 0;
			for(int i:g[0]) {
				if(vis[i]) continue;
				c++;
				vis[i] = true;
				needed.add(i);
				dfs(g,i,vis);
			}
			if(c>k||g[0].size()<k) {
				out.println("NO");
			}else {
				if(c<k) {
					int x = k-c;
					for(int i:g[0]) {
						if(x==0) break;
						if(needed.contains(i)) continue;
						x--;
						needed.add(i);
					}
				}
				boolean vis2[] = new boolean[n];
				StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
				Queue<Integer> q = new LinkedList<Integer>();
				vis2[0] = true;
				for(int i:needed) {
					q.add(i);
					vis2[i] = true;
					sb.append(1+" "+(i+1)).append("\n");
				}
				while(!q.isEmpty()) {
					ArrayList<Integer> tmp = new ArrayList<Integer>();
					while(!q.isEmpty()) {
						tmp.add(q.poll());
					}
					for(int i:tmp) {
						for(int j:g[i]) {
							if(!vis2[j]) {
								vis2[j] = true;
								q.add(j);
								sb.append((i+1)+" "+(j+1)).append("\n");
							}
						}
					}
				}
				out.println("YES");
				out.println(sb.toString());
			}
		}
		void dfs(Set<Integer>[] g, int cur, boolean vis[]) {
			for(int i:g[cur]) {
				if(vis[i]) continue;
				vis[i] = true;
				dfs(g,i,vis);
			}
		}
		public int GCD(int a, int b) {
		   if (b==0) return a;
		   return GCD(b,a%b);
		}		
	}
	
	
    static class ArrayUtils {
        static final long seed = System.nanoTime();
        static final Random rand = new Random(seed);

        public static void sort(int[] a) {
            shuffle(a);
            Arrays.sort(a);
        }

        public static void shuffle(int[] a) {
            for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
                int j = rand.nextInt(i + 1);
                int t = a[i];
                a[i] = a[j];
                a[j] = t;
            }
        }

    }	
	static class BIT{
		int arr[];
		int n;
		public BIT(int a) {
			n=a;
			arr = new int[n];
		}
		int sum(int p) {
			int s=0;
			while(p>0) {
				s+=arr[p];
				p-=p&(-p);
			}
			return s;
		}
		void add(int p, int v) {
			while(p<n) {
				arr[p]+=v;
				p+=p&(-p);
			}
		}
	}
	static class DSU{
		int[] arr;
		int[] sz;
		public DSU(int n) {
			arr = new int[n];
			sz = new int[n];
			for(int i=0;i<n;i++) arr[i] = i;
			Arrays.fill(sz, 1);
		}
		public int find(int a) {
			if(arr[a]!=a) arr[a] = find(arr[a]);
			return arr[a];
		}
		public void union(int a, int b) {
			int x = find(a);
			int y = find(b);
			if(x==y) return;
			arr[x] = y;
			sz[y] += sz[x];
		}
		public int size(int x) {
			return sz[find(x)];
		}
	}	
	static class MinHeap<Key> implements Iterable<Key> {
		private int maxN;
		private int n;
		private int[] pq;
		private int[] qp;
		private Key[] keys;
		private Comparator<Key> comparator;
		
		public MinHeap(int capacity){
			if (capacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			this.maxN = capacity;
			n=0;
			pq = new int[maxN+1];
			qp = new int[maxN+1];
			keys = (Key[]) new Object[capacity+1];
			Arrays.fill(qp, -1);
		}
		
		public MinHeap(int capacity, Comparator<Key> c){
			if (capacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			this.maxN = capacity;
			n=0;
			pq = new int[maxN+1];
			qp = new int[maxN+1];
			keys = (Key[]) new Object[capacity+1];
			Arrays.fill(qp, -1);
			comparator = c;
		}			
		public boolean isEmpty()	{ return n==0; 	}
		public int size()			{ return n;		}
		public boolean contains(int i) {
	        if (i < 0 || i >= maxN) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
	        return qp[i] != -1;
		}	
		public int peekIdx() {
	        if (n == 0) throw new NoSuchElementException("Priority queue underflow");
	        return pq[1];		
		}	
		public Key peek(){
			if(isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("Priority queue underflow");
			return keys[pq[1]];
		}
		public int poll(){
			if(isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("Priority queue underflow");
			int min = pq[1];
			exch(1,n--);
			down(1);
			assert min==pq[n+1];
			qp[min] = -1;
			keys[min] = null;		
			pq[n+1] = -1;
			return min;
		}
	    public void update(int i, Key key) {
	        if (i < 0 || i >= maxN) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
	        if (!contains(i)) {
	        	this.add(i, key);
	        }else {
	        	keys[i] = key;
	        	up(qp[i]);
	        	down(qp[i]);
	        }
	    }	
		private void add(int i, Key x){
	        if (i < 0 || i >= maxN) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
	        if (contains(i)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("index is already in the priority queue");
	        n++;
	        qp[i] = n;
	        pq[n] = i;
	        keys[i] = x;
	        up(n);
		}
		private void up(int k){
			while(k>1&&less(k,k/2)){
				exch(k,k/2);
				k/=2;
			}
		}
		private void down(int k){
			while(2*k<=n){
				int j=2*k;
				if(j<n&&less(j+1,j)) j++;
				if(less(k,j)) break;
				exch(k,j);
				k=j;
			}
		}
		
		public boolean less(int i, int j){
	        if (comparator == null) {
	            return ((Comparable<Key>) keys[pq[i]]).compareTo(keys[pq[j]]) < 0;
	        }
	        else {
	            return comparator.compare(keys[pq[i]], keys[pq[j]]) < 0;
	        }
		}

		public void exch(int i, int j){
	        int swap = pq[i];
	        pq[i] = pq[j];
	        pq[j] = swap;
	        qp[pq[i]] = i;
	        qp[pq[j]] = j;
		}

		@Override
		public Iterator<Key> iterator() {
			// TODO Auto-generated method stub
			return null;
		}
	}  	

    private static class InputReader
    {
        private InputStream stream;
        private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
        private int zcurChar;
        private int znumChars;
        private SpaceCharFilter filter;

        public InputReader(InputStream stream)
        {
            this.stream = stream;
        }

        public int read()
        {
            if (znumChars == -1)
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            if (zcurChar >= znumChars)
            {
            	zcurChar = 0;
                try
                {
                    znumChars = stream.read(buf);
                } catch (IOException e)
                {
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                }
                if (znumChars <= 0)
                    return -1;
            }
            return buf[zcurChar++];
        }

        public int nextInt()
        {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-')
            {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            int res = 0;
            do
            {
                if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res * sgn;
        }

        public String nextString()
        {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
            do
            {
                res.appendCodePoint(c);
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res.toString();
        }

        public double nextDouble()
        {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-')
            {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            double res = 0;
            while (!isSpaceChar(c) && c != '.')
            {
                if (c == 'e' || c == 'E')
                    return res * Math.pow(10, nextInt());
                if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            }
            if (c == '.')
            {
                c = read();
                double m = 1;
                while (!isSpaceChar(c))
                {
                    if (c == 'e' || c == 'E')
                        return res * Math.pow(10, nextInt());
                    if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                        throw new InputMismatchException();
                    m /= 10;
                    res += (c - '0') * m;
                    c = read();
                }
            }
            return res * sgn;
        }

        public long nextLong()
        {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-')
            {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            long res = 0;
            do
            {
                if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res * sgn;
        }

        public boolean isSpaceChar(int c)
        {
            if (filter != null)
                return filter.isSpaceChar(c);
            return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
        }

        public String next()
        {
            return nextString();
        }

        public interface SpaceCharFilter
        {
            public boolean isSpaceChar(int ch);
        }
        public int[] readIntArray(int n) {
            int[] ret = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                ret[i] = nextInt();
            }
            return ret;
        }        
    }    

	static class Dumper {
		static void print_int_arr(int[] arr) {
			for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
				System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
			}
			System.out.println();
			System.out.println("---------------------");
		}

		static void print_char_arr(char[] arr) {
			for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
				System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
			}
			System.out.println();
			System.out.println("---------------------");
		}

		static void print_double_arr(double[] arr) {
			for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
				System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
			}
			System.out.println();
			System.out.println("---------------------");
		}

		static void print_2d_arr(int[][] arr, int x, int y) {
			for (int i = 0; i < x; i++) {
				for (int j = 0; j < y; j++) {
					System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
				}
				System.out.println();
			}
			System.out.println();
			System.out.println("---------------------");
		}

		static void print_2d_arr(boolean[][] arr, int x, int y) {
			for (int i = 0; i < x; i++) {
				for (int j = 0; j < y; j++) {
					System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
				}
				System.out.println();
			}
			System.out.println();
			System.out.println("---------------------");
		}

		static void print(Object o) {
			System.out.println(o.toString());
		}

		static void getc() {
			System.out.println("here");
		}
	}
}