Problem: You are given an undirected unweighted connected graph consisting of n vertices and m edges. It is guaranteed that there are no self-loops or multiple edges in the given graph.

Your task is to find any spanning tree of this graph such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D (or say that there are no such spanning trees). Recall that the degree of a vertex is the number of edges incident to it.

Input

The first line contains three integers n, m and D (2 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5, n - 1 ≤ m ≤ min(2 ⋅ 10^5, (n(n-1))/(2)), 1 ≤ D < n) — the number of vertices, the number of edges and required degree of the first vertex, respectively.

The following m lines denote edges: edge i is represented by a pair of integers v_i, u_i (1 ≤ v_i, u_i ≤ n, u_i ≠ v_i), which are the indices of vertices connected by the edge. There are no loops or multiple edges in the given graph, i. e. for each pair (v_i, u_i) there are no other pairs (v_i, u_i) or (u_i, v_i) in the list of edges, and for each pair (v_i, u_i) the condition v_i ≠ u_i is satisfied.

Output

If there is no spanning tree satisfying the condition from the problem statement, print "NO" in the first line.

Otherwise print "YES" in the first line and then print n-1 lines describing the edges of a spanning tree such that the degree of the first vertex (vertex with label 1 on it) is equal to D. Make sure that the edges of the printed spanning tree form some subset of the input edges (order doesn't matter and edge (v, u) is considered the same as the edge (u, v)).

If there are multiple possible answers, print any of them.

Examples

Input


4 5 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
2 1
2 3
3 4


Input


4 5 3
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


YES
1 2
1 3
4 1


Input


4 4 3
1 2
1 4
2 3
3 4


Output


NO

Note

The picture corresponding to the first and second examples: <image>

The picture corresponding to the third example: <image>

Solution (in JAVA):

Solution:
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class D implements Runnable {
	FastReader scn;
	PrintWriter out;
	String INPUT = "4 4 2 1 2 1 4 2 4 1 3";

	int count = 0;

	void solve() {
		int n = scn.nextInt(), m = scn.nextInt(), D = scn.nextInt();
		int[] from = new int[m], to = new int[m];
		for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
			from[i] = scn.nextInt() - 1;
			to[i] = scn.nextInt() - 1;
		}
		int[][] g = packU(n, from, to);

		if (g[0].length < D) {
			out.println("NO");
			return;
		}

		boolean[] mark = new boolean[m], vis = new boolean[n];
		int[] per = new int[m];
		for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
			per[i] = i;
		}
		for (int z = 0; z <= 50; z++) {
			count = 0;
			Arrays.fill(mark, false);
			Arrays.fill(vis, false);
			DisJointSet dj = new DisJointSet(n);

			for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
				int i = per[j];
				if (D > 0 && !dj.isSame(from[i], to[i]) && (from[i] == 0 || to[i] == 0)) {
					int u = to[i] == 0 ? from[i] : to[i];
					if (!vis[u] || count == n - 1) {
						dfs(g, u, vis);
						dj.union(from[i], to[i]);
						mark[i] = true;
						D--;
					}
				}
			}
			for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
				int i = per[j];
				if (D > 0 && !dj.isSame(from[i], to[i]) && (from[i] == 0 || to[i] == 0)) {
					dj.union(from[i], to[i]);
					mark[i] = true;
					D--;
				}
			}

			for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
				int i = per[j];
				if (!mark[i] && !dj.isSame(from[i], to[i]) && (from[i] != 0 && to[i] != 0)) {
					dj.union(from[i], to[i]);
					mark[i] = true;
				}
			}

			if (dj.size == 1) {
				out.println("YES");
				for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
					if (mark[i]) {
						out.println(++from[i] + " " + ++to[i]);
					}
				}
				return;
			}
			per = scn.shuffle(per);
		}
		out.println("NO");
	}

	void dfs(int[][] g, int u, boolean[] vis) {
		if (vis[u] || u == 0) {
			return;
		}
		vis[u] = true;
		count++;
		for (int v : g[u]) {
			if (v != 0) {
				dfs(g, v, vis);
			}
		}
	}

	class DisJointSet {
		int[] table, count;
		int size, mn;
		boolean add = false;

		DisJointSet(int size) {
			this.table = new int[size];
			this.count = new int[size];
			this.size = size;
			for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
				this.table[i] = i;
				this.count[i] = 1;
			}
		}

		boolean isSame(int x, int y) {
			return root(x) == root(y);
		}

		int root(int node) {
			return table[node] == node ? node : root(table[node]);
		}

		void union(int x, int y) {
			x = root(x);
			y = root(y);
			if (x != y) {
				this.size--;
				if (count[x] < count[y]) {
					x = x ^ y;
					y = x ^ y;
					x = x ^ y;
				}
				table[y] = x;
				count[x] += count[y];
			}
		}
	}

	int[][] packU(int n, int[] from, int[] to) {
		int[][] g = new int[n][];
		int[] p = new int[n];
		for (int f : from)
			p[f]++;
		for (int t : to)
			p[t]++;
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			g[i] = new int[p[i]];
		for (int i = 0; i < from.length; i++) {
			g[from[i]][--p[from[i]]] = to[i];
			g[to[i]][--p[to[i]]] = from[i];
		}
		return g;
	}

	public void run() {
		long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
		boolean oj = System.getProperty("ONLINE_JUDGE") != null;
		out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
		scn = new FastReader(oj);
		solve();
		out.flush();
		if (!oj) {
			System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(new Object[] { System.currentTimeMillis() - time + " ms" }));
		}
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		new Thread(null, new D(), "1", 1 << 26).start();
	}

	class FastReader {
		InputStream is;

		public FastReader(boolean onlineJudge) {
			is = onlineJudge ? System.in : new ByteArrayInputStream(INPUT.getBytes());
		}

		byte[] inbuf = new byte[1024];
		public int lenbuf = 0, ptrbuf = 0;

		int readByte() {
			if (lenbuf == -1)
				throw new InputMismatchException();
			if (ptrbuf >= lenbuf) {
				ptrbuf = 0;
				try {
					lenbuf = is.read(inbuf);
				} catch (IOException e) {
					throw new InputMismatchException();
				}
				if (lenbuf <= 0)
					return -1;
			}
			return inbuf[ptrbuf++];
		}

		boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
			return !(c >= 33 && c <= 126);
		}

		int skip() {
			int b;
			while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && isSpaceChar(b))
				;
			return b;
		}

		double nextDouble() {
			return Double.parseDouble(next());
		}

		char nextChar() {
			return (char) skip();
		}

		String next() {
			int b = skip();
			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
			while (!(isSpaceChar(b))) { // when nextLine, (isSpaceChar(b) && b != ' ')
				sb.appendCodePoint(b);
				b = readByte();
			}
			return sb.toString();
		}

		String nextLine() {
			int b = skip();
			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
			while ((!isSpaceChar(b) || b == ' ')) { // when nextLine, (isSpaceChar(b) && b != ' ')
				sb.appendCodePoint(b);
				b = readByte();
			}
			return sb.toString();
		}

		char[] next(int n) {
			char[] buf = new char[n];
			int b = skip(), p = 0;
			while (p < n && !(isSpaceChar(b))) {
				buf[p++] = (char) b;
				b = readByte();
			}
			return n == p ? buf : Arrays.copyOf(buf, p);
		}

		int nextInt() {
			int num = 0, b;
			boolean minus = false;
			while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'))
				;
			if (b == '-') {
				minus = true;
				b = readByte();
			}

			while (true) {
				if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') {
					num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
				} else {
					return minus ? -num : num;
				}
				b = readByte();
			}
		}

		long nextLong() {
			long num = 0;
			int b;
			boolean minus = false;
			while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'))
				;
			if (b == '-') {
				minus = true;
				b = readByte();
			}

			while (true) {
				if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') {
					num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
				} else {
					return minus ? -num : num;
				}
				b = readByte();
			}
		}

		char[][] nextMatrix(int n, int m) {
			char[][] map = new char[n][];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				map[i] = next(m);
			return map;
		}

		int[] nextIntArray(int n) {
			int[] a = new int[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nextInt();
			return a;
		}

		long[] nextLongArray(int n) {
			long[] a = new long[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nextLong();
			return a;
		}

		int[][] next2DInt(int n, int m) {
			int[][] arr = new int[n][];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
				arr[i] = nextIntArray(m);
			}
			return arr;
		}

		long[][] next2DLong(int n, int m) {
			long[][] arr = new long[n][];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
				arr[i] = nextLongArray(m);
			}
			return arr;
		}

		int[] shuffle(int[] arr) {
			Random r = new Random();
			for (int i = 1, j; i < arr.length; i++) {
				j = r.nextInt(i);
				arr[i] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
				arr[j] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
				arr[i] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
			}
			return arr;
		}

		int[] uniq(int[] arr) {
			Arrays.sort(arr);
			int[] rv = new int[arr.length];
			int pos = 0;
			rv[pos++] = arr[0];
			for (int i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {
				if (arr[i] != arr[i - 1]) {
					rv[pos++] = arr[i];
				}
			}
			return Arrays.copyOf(rv, pos);
		}

		int[] reverse(int[] arr) {
			int l = 0, r = arr.length - 1;
			while (l < r) {
				arr[l] = arr[l] ^ arr[r];
				arr[r] = arr[l] ^ arr[r];
				arr[l] = arr[l] ^ arr[r];
				l++;
				r--;
			}
			return arr;
		}

	}
}