Problem: We have an N×N checkerboard.

From the square at the upper left corner, a square that is i squares to the right and j squares below is denoted as (i, j). Particularly, the square at the upper left corner is denoted as (0, 0).

Each square (i, j) such that i+j is even, is colored black, and the other squares are colored white.

We will satisfy the following condition by painting some of the white squares:

* Any black square can be reached from square (0, 0) by repeatedly moving to a black square that shares a side with the current square.



Achieve the objective by painting at most 170000 squares black.

Constraints

* 1 \leq N \leq 1,000

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:


N


Output

Print the squares to paint in the following format:


K
x_1 y_1
x_2 y_2
:
x_K y_K


This means that a total of K squares are painted black, the i-th of which is (x_i, y_i).

Judging

The output is considered correct only if all of the following conditions are satisfied:

* 0 \leq K \leq 170000
* 0 \leq x_i, y_i \leq N-1
* For each i, x_i + y_i is odd.
* If i \neq j, then (x_i, y_i) \neq (x_j, y_j).
* The condition in the statement is satisfied by painting all specified squares.

Examples

Input

2


Output

1
1 0


Input

4


Output

3
0 1
2 1
2 3

Solution (in JAVA):

Solution:
import java.io.IOException; 
import java.io.InputStream; 
import java.io.PrintWriter; 
import java.util.*; 
 

class Main{ 

	static void solve(){ 
		int n=ni();
		List<Integer> pos = new ArrayList<>();
		for(int i=0;i<n;i+=6){
			for(int j=1;j<n;j+=2)pos.add(i*n + j);
		}
		for(int i=3;i<n;i+=6){
			for(int j=0;j<n;j+=2)pos.add(i*n + j);
		}
		for(int i=1;i<n;i+=6)pos.add(i*n);
		for(int i=5;i<n;i+=6)pos.add(i*n);
		if((n-1)%6==2){
			for(int j=1;j<n;j+=2)pos.add((n-1)*n + j);
		}
		if((n-1)%6==5){
			for(int j=2;j<n;j+=2)pos.add((n-1)*n + j);
		}
		Set<Integer> used = new HashSet<>();

		out.println(pos.size());
		for(int t: pos){
			int i = t/n, j = t%n;
			out.println(j+" "+i);
			if(!used.add(t)){
				out.println("NyaN");return;
			}
		}
	} 
 
 
 
 
	 public static void main(String[] args){ 
		 solve(); 
		 out.flush(); 
	 } 
	 private static InputStream in = System.in; 
	 private static PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out); 
 
	 static boolean inrange(int y, int x, int h, int w){ 
		 return y>=0 && y<h && x>=0 && x<w; 
	 } 
	 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 
	 static<T extends Comparable> int lower_bound(List<T> list, T key){ 
		 int lower=-1;int upper=list.size(); 
		 while(upper - lower>1){ 
		 int center =(upper+lower)/2; 
		 if(list.get(center).compareTo(key)>=0)upper=center; 
		 else lower=center; 
		 } 
		 return upper; 
	 } 
	 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 
	 static <T extends Comparable> int upper_bound(List<T> list, T key){ 
		 int lower=-1;int upper=list.size(); 
		 while(upper-lower >1){ 
		 int center=(upper+lower)/2; 
		 if(list.get(center).compareTo(key)>0)upper=center; 
		 else lower=center; 
		 } 
		 return upper; 
	 } 
	 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 
	 static <T extends Comparable> boolean next_permutation(List<T> list){ 
		 int lastIndex = list.size()-2; 
		 while(lastIndex>=0 && list.get(lastIndex).compareTo(list.get(lastIndex+1))>=0)--lastIndex; 
		 if(lastIndex<0)return false; 
		 int swapIndex = list.size()-1; 
		 while(list.get(lastIndex).compareTo(list.get(swapIndex))>=0)swapIndex--; 
		 T tmp = list.get(lastIndex); 
		 list.set(lastIndex++, list.get(swapIndex)); 
		 list.set(swapIndex, tmp); 
		 swapIndex = list.size()-1; 
		 while(lastIndex<swapIndex){ 
		 tmp = list.get(lastIndex); 
		 list.set(lastIndex, list.get(swapIndex)); 
		 list.set(swapIndex, tmp); 
		 ++lastIndex;--swapIndex; 
		 } 
		 return true; 
	 } 
	 private static final byte[] buffer = new byte[1<<15]; 
	 private static int ptr = 0; 
	 private static int buflen = 0; 
	 private static boolean hasNextByte(){ 
		 if(ptr<buflen)return true; 
		 ptr = 0; 
		 try{ 
			 buflen = in.read(buffer); 
		 } catch (IOException e){ 
			 e.printStackTrace(); 
		 } 
		 return buflen>0; 
	 } 
	 private static int readByte(){ if(hasNextByte()) return buffer[ptr++]; else return -1;} 
	 private static boolean isSpaceChar(int c){ return !(33<=c && c<=126);} 
	 private static int skip(){int res; while((res=readByte())!=-1 && isSpaceChar(res)); return res;} 
 
	 private static double nd(){ return Double.parseDouble(ns()); } 
	 private static char nc(){ return (char)skip(); } 
	 private static String ns(){ 
		 StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); 
		 for(int b=skip();!isSpaceChar(b);b=readByte())sb.append((char)b); 
		 return sb.toString(); 
	 } 
	 private static int[] nia(int n){ 
		 int[] res = new int[n]; 
		 for(int i=0;i<n;++i)res[i]=ni(); 
		 return res; 
	 } 
	 private static long[] nla(int n){ 
		 long[] res = new long[n]; 
		 for(int i=0;i<n;++i)res[i]=nl(); 
		 return res; 
	 } 
	 private static int ni(){ 
		 int res=0,b; 
		 boolean minus=false; 
		 while((b=readByte())!=-1 && !((b>='0'&&b<='9') || b=='-')); 
		 if(b=='-'){ 
			 minus=true; 
			 b=readByte(); 
		 } 
		 for(;'0'<=b&&b<='9';b=readByte())res=res*10+(b-'0'); 
		 return minus ? -res:res; 
	 } 
	 private static long nl(){ 
		 long res=0,b; 
		 boolean minus=false; 
		 while((b=readByte())!=-1 && !((b>='0'&&b<='9') || b=='-')); 
		 if(b=='-'){ 
			 minus=true; 
			 b=readByte(); 
		 } 
		 for(;'0'<=b&&b<='9';b=readByte())res=res*10+(b-'0'); 
		 return minus ? -res:res; 
	} 
}