Commemorative commissions are entities established to oversee the commemoration of a person or event. These commissions typically coordinate celebrations, scholarly events, public gatherings, and other activities, often to coincide with a milestone anniversary. For example, the Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee Commission was created "to prepare a comprehensive program for commemorating the quincentennial of the voyages of discovery of Christopher Columbus, and to plan, encourage, coordinate, and conduct observances and activities commemorating the historic events associated with those voyages." This report examines commemorative commissions created by statute since the 96 th Congress (1979-1980) and focuses on the content of typical legislative language used to create commemorative commissions and how commemorative commissions are funded. This report does not address noncommemorative congressional commissions, nor does it address commemorative entities created by the President or statutory commissions tasked with designing and building monuments and memorials in Washington, DC. Bills creating commemorative commissions are introduced regularly in Congress. For example, since the 112 th Congress (2011-2012), more than a dozen bills were introduced to establish commemorative commissions. Similar numbers of bills have been proposed in previous Congresses. Most of these bills, however, are not enacted. To compile a list of commemorative commissions created since the 96 th Congress, a database search was conducted using the Legislative Information System (LIS). Each piece of legislation returned was examined to determine (1) if the legislation contained a commission, and (2) if the commission was commemorative in nature. A total of 21 commemorative commissions were identified by this search. Table 1 lists the name, public law number, and date of enactment for each of these commissions. Nine of the commissions were created to commemorate individuals and coincided with a milestone anniversary of their birth. The other 12 commissions were related to the commemoration of historical events and coincided with a milestone anniversary of the event. Statutes establishing commemorative commissions generally include language that states the mandate of the commission, provides a membership and appointment structure, outlines the commission's duties and powers, and sets a termination date for the commission. A variety of options are available for each of these organizational choices, and legislators can tailor the composition, organization, and working arrangements of a commission, based on the particular goals of Congress. As a result, the organizational structure and powers of individual commissions are often unique. A commission's establishment is generally prescribed in a brief introductory paragraph. The Dwight David Eisenhower Centennial Commission was established with a single sentence: "There is established the Dwight David Eisenhower Centennial Commission." A bill creating a commemorative commission will usually provide congressional "findings" identifying the conditions justifying the creation of the panel. The bill proposing the Centennial of Flight Commission includes six specific findings related to the historical ramifications of the development of flight technology and the importance of commemorating the event. In other cases, legislation creating a commemorative commission may simply include a short "purpose" section describing the justification for the creation of the commission, in lieu of "findings." Commemorative commission statutes contain a variety of membership and appointment structures. Similar to general congressional advisory commission statutes, the legislation may require that commission membership contain specifically designated Members of Congress, typically Members in chamber or committee leadership positions. In other cases, selected congressional leaders appoint commission members, who may or may not be Members of Congress. A third common statutory scheme is to have selected congressional leaders recommend members, who may or may not be Members of Congress, for appointment to a commission. These leaders are often required to act either in parallel or jointly, and the recommendation may be made either to other congressional leaders, such as the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore of the Senate, or to the President. In some cases, statutory provisions may have the effect of limiting the degree of autonomy a Member has in appointing or making recommendations for commission membership. For example, statutory language may require the appointing official to select members who are specifically qualified by virtue of their education, knowledge, training, experience, expertise, distinguished service, or recognized eminence in a particular field or fields. Limitations placed on the type of individuals who can be appointed to the commission can restrict available candidates and make finding suitable appointments more difficult. Limitations, however, also allow Congress to potentially retain control over the nomination process in instances when the President or another noncongressional official is the commission's appointing authority. Most commemorative commissions do not compensate their members, except to reimburse members for expenses directly related to their service, such as travel costs. The duties of commemorative commissions are numerous and varied. The acts establishing several of the commissions instructed them to study ideas for a commemoration and to submit a report to Congress with their findings. For example, P.L. 105-341 instructed the Women's Progress Commemorative Commission to produce a report that identifies sites of historical significance to the women's movement; and recommends actions, under the National Historic Preservation Act and other law, to rehabilitate and preserve the sites and provide to the public interpretive and educational materials and activities at the sites. In other instances, the enacted legislation tasked the commission with actually carrying out events in commemoration of the individual or event. For example, P.L. 99-624 directed the Dwight David Eisenhower Centennial Commission to encourage, plan, develop, and coordinate observances and activities commemorating the centennial of the birth of Dwight David Eisenhower; and submit recommendations to Congress relating to a joint meeting of both Houses of Congress to commemorate that centennial. Most commemorative congressional commissions are authorized to hold public meetings to discuss commission matters, usually at the call of the chair or the majority of the commission. Some commissions are empowered to secure information from federal agencies. For example, the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission was authorized to secure directly from any department or agency of the United States information necessary to enable the Commission to carry out this Act. Upon the request of the Chair of the Commission, the head of that department or agency shall furnish that information to the Commission. In addition, Congress often grants commemorative commissions the ability to accept gifts and donations. For example, the Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary Commission was authorized to accept donations of "money, personal services, and real or personal property related to Benjamin Franklin or the occasion of the tercentenary of his birth." Commissions may also be given the following powers: the authority to contract with public agencies and private firms, and the authority to use the mails in the same manner as departments and agencies of the United States. Commemorative commissions are usually authorized to hire staff. Many of these commissions are specifically authorized to appoint a staff director and other personnel as necessary. The size of the staff is not generally specified, allowing the commission flexibility in judging its own staffing requirements. Typically, maximum pay rates will be specified, but the commission will be granted authority to set actual pay rates within those guidelines. Many commemorative commissions are also authorized to accept voluntary services: Nothwithstanding section 1342 of title 31, United States Code, the Commission may accept and use voluntary and uncompensated services as the Commission determines necessary. For some commemorative commissions, their statutes also specify that they are to work with the General Services Administration (or another agency) to offer administrative support or available space to the commission: Upon the request of the Commission, the Administrator of General Services shall make available nationwide to the Commission, at a normal rental rate for Federal agencies, such assistance and facilities as may be necessary for the Commission to carry out its duties under this Act. In fulfilling their duties, most commemorative commissions have encouraged, worked closely with, and provided coordination for private groups, state and local governments, and other federal government entities taking part in the general commemoration of the person or event. Because of these cooperative efforts, federally created commissions are only a portion of any commemoration, and federal funds appropriated to a commemorative commission are only a portion of the total funding ultimately expended nationwide for commemorative activities and events. For example, P.L. 107-41 directed the Brown v. Board of Education 50 th Anniversary Commission to work in cooperation with the Brown Foundation for Educational Equity, Excellence, and Research in Topeka, Kansas, and such other public or private entities as the Commission considers appropriate, [to] encourage, plan, develop, and coordinate observances of the anniversary of the Brown decision. Similarly, P.L. 98-101 instructed the Commission on the Bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution to encourage private organizations, and State and local governments to organize and participate in bicentennial activities commemorating or examining the drafting, ratification, and history of the Constitution and the specific features of the document; coordinate, generally, activities throughout all of the States; and serve as a clearinghouse for the collection and dissemination of information about bicentennial events and plans. Commemorative commissions are usually statutorily mandated to terminate. Termination dates for most commissions are linked to either a fixed period of time after the establishment of the commission, the selection of members, or the date of submission of the commission's final report. Alternatively, some commissions are given fixed calendar termination dates. Commemorative commissions have been funded in two ways: through appropriations or through solicitation of nonfederal money. At times, commissions are authorized both for appropriations and to fundraise or accept donations. In addition, some commemorative commissions are not provided with explicit authorization to solicit funds or accept donations. Commissions without the statutory authority to solicit funds or accept donations are generally prohibited from engaging in those activities. Commemorative commissions approved since the 96 th Congress (1979-1980) have also varied widely in the amount of funding authorized by the acts establishing the commissions, as well as in the manner in which the funding was authorized. Table 2 lists the authorizing language and the funding amounts authorized by each of the acts.