Most civilian federal employees participate in one of two federal retirement systems. In general, employees hired before 1984 are covered by the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) and those who were hired in 1984 or later are covered by the Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS). Employees enrolled in CSRS do not pay Social Security taxes and do not earn Social Security benefits based on their employment in the federal government. Employees enrolled in FERS pay Social Security taxes and earn Social Security benefits. Employees in either system can contribute to the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP), but only employees enrolled in FERS receive employer matching contributions. As governmental plans, CSRS and FERS are not subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA; P.L. 93-406 ), which governs many aspects of employer-sponsored retirement plans in the private sector. ERISA establishes certain rights for the spouses and former spouses of participants in private-sector plans. To protect spouses and former spouses, ERISA requires that the default form of benefit in a defined benefit pension plan must be a joint and survivor annuity with at least a 50% survivor benefit; a retirement plan must comply with the terms of a qualified domestic relations order (QDRO) issued by a state court that divides retirement benefits between the parties to a divorce; the written consent of both spouses must be secured in order for a married participant in a defined contribution plan to name anyone other than his or her spouse as the beneficiary if the participant were to die; and the default form of annuity in a defined contribution plan that offers this form of benefit must be a joint and survivor annuity. Retirement benefits for federal employees are governed by chapters 83 (CSRS) and 84 (FERS) of Title 5 of the United States Code. These chapters establish rights of the spouse or former spouse of a current or former federal employee that are similar in many respects to those established by ERISA for private-sector plans; however, there are a few important differences. For example, like ERISA, Title 5 requires the default form of benefit under CSRS and FERS to be a joint and survivor annuity, and both ERISA and Title 5 require the written consent of the participant and spouse in order to waive the survivor annuity. On the other hand, while both ERISA and Title 5 allow a pension to be divided between the parties to a divorce, the laws differ with respect to when pension payments to the former spouse can begin. Under ERISA, a court can require a plan to begin paying benefits to the former spouse when the plan participant has reached the earliest retirement age under the plan, regardless of whether the participant has yet retired. In contrast, even if a state court decree of divorce or annulment has awarded a share of a federal employee's retirement annuity to a former spouse, Title 5 prohibits payment of any part of a CSRS or FERS annuity to a former spouse until the employee has separated from federal service, is eligible to receive a CSRS or FERS annuity, and has applied for an annuity. Another difference between ERISA and Title 5 is in the designation of beneficiaries in defined contribution plans. ERISA requires a married participant in a defined contribution plan to secure the written consent of his or her spouse in order to name anyone other than the spouse as the plan beneficiary in the event of the participant's death. In contrast, federal regulations allow a participant in the Thrift Savings Plan for federal employees to name anyone as the plan beneficiary in the event of the participant's death "without the knowledge or consent of any person, including his or her spouse." A state court decree of divorce, annulment, or legal separation can award a former spouse of a federal employee either a share of the employee's retirement annuity, a survivor annuity, or both types of annuity. To award a former spouse both a share of the employee's retirement annuity and a survivor annuity, the court order must specify both benefits. The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) will pay only the benefits that are specified in the court order. Section 8346 of Title 5 generally exempts CSRS from the proceedings of state courts. However, Section 8345 of Title 5 allows a former spouse of a federal employee to be awarded a share of the employee's CSRS retirement annuity in accordance with the terms of a state court decree of divorce, annulment, or legal separation or a property settlement pursuant to such decree. OPM will divide the retired employee's monthly annuity as directed by the court order and pay the specified share to the former spouse. Only payments made after OPM receives the court order will be divided between the employee and his or her former spouse. OPM will not execute a court order dividing a federal employee's retirement annuity until the employee has separated from federal service, is eligible for an annuity, and has applied for an annuity. The right of a former spouse to receive a share of a retired federal employee's retirement annuity terminates when the retired employee dies. For the former spouse to receive a survivor annuity, either the retiree must have elected a survivor annuity for the former spouse or a court order must specify that the former spouse is to receive a survivor annuity. A former spouse of a deceased federal employee may receive a CSRS survivor annuity if the employee elected a survivor annuity for the former spouse or if a state court decree of divorce, annulment, or separation requires a survivor annuity. A CSRS survivor annuity is 55% of the single-life annuity that the retired worker would have received. To fund the joint and survivor annuity, the retired worker's annual pension is reduced by 2.5% of the first $3,600 plus 10% of the annuity above that amount. This entitles the worker's spouse or former spouse to a survivor annuity equal to 55% of the worker's full annuity before the reduction for survivor benefit is taken into account. The sum of CSRS survivor annuities paid to the employee's spouse at the time of death and all former spouses cannot exceed 55% of the single-life annuity to which the annuitant was entitled. If the full amount of a survivor annuity has been awarded to a former spouse through a court order, the employee's current spouse is not entitled to receive a survivor annuity unless the former spouse has died or remarried before the age of 55. A survivor annuity paid to a former spouse of a federal employee terminates when the former spouse dies or if he or she remarries before the age of 55. There is an exception to the termination of a survivor annuity paid to a former spouse in the case of remarriage prior to age 55 if the former spouse's marriage to the employee lasted at least 30 years (applicable to remarriages that have occurred on or after January 1, 1995). If the remarriage ends in death, divorce, or annulment, the annuity restarts in the same amount. An employee's election to provide a survivor annuity, or a court order awarding a survivor annuity to a former spouse, can be modified only before the employee retires or dies. A court order awarding a survivor annuity to a former spouse of an employee will not be honored by OPM if the former spouse previously waived his or her right to a survivor annuity. If an employee separating from federal service elects to receive a refund of his or her contributions to the retirement system, he or she forfeits the right to receive a CSRS annuity. Section 8342 of Title 5 allows a state court to block payment of a refund if a former spouse has been awarded a share of the employee's annuity or a survivor annuity. Section 8470 of Title 5 generally exempts FERS from the proceedings of state courts. However, Section 8467 allows a FERS retirement annuity to be divided between a federal annuitant and a former spouse, pursuant to a state court decree of divorce, annulment, or legal separation. OPM will divide the retired employee's monthly annuity as directed by the court order and pay the specified share to the former spouse. Only payments made after OPM receives the court order will be divided between the employee and his or her former spouse. OPM will not execute a court order dividing a federal employee's retirement annuity until the employee has separated from federal service, is eligible for an annuity, and has applied for an annuity. The right of a former spouse to receive a share of a retired federal employee's retirement annuity terminates when the retiree dies. For the former spouse to receive a survivor annuity, either the retiree must have elected a survivor annuity for the former spouse or a court order must specify that the former spouse is to receive a survivor annuity. Section 8445 of Title 5 allows a federal employee to elect a FERS survivor annuity for a former spouse, and it permits a state court to award a former spouse of a federal employee a survivor annuity in the event that the employee predeceases the former spouse. A survivor annuity under FERS is equal to 50% of the single-life annuity to which the retired worker would have been entitled. The joint and survivor annuity is funded by reducing the retiree's single-life annuity amount by 10%. In return for this reduction, the worker's spouse or former spouse is entitled to a survivor annuity equal to 50% of the worker's full annuity before the reduction is taken into account. An employee may provide for the equivalent of no more than one FERS spouse survivor annuity. The sum of FERS survivor annuities paid to the employee's spouse at the time of death and all former spouses cannot exceed 50% of the single-life annuity to which the annuitant was entitled.