From fiscal years 2002 through 2007, several changes occurred that affected refuge management including changes in funding and staffing levels, refuge system policy initiatives, and the influence of external factors, such as extreme weather and human development. Fluctuations in refuge funding. Inflation-adjusted funding (in 2002 dollars) for core refuge system activities—measured as obligations for refuge operations, maintenance, and fire management—peaked in fiscal year 2003, for the celebration of the refuge system’s centennial, at about $391 million—6.8 percent above fiscal year 2002 levels—and then declined quickly to 4.7 percent below peak levels by fiscal year 2005, before increasing again to 2.3 percent below peak levels in fiscal year 2007; it ended 4.3 percent above fiscal year 2002 levels. In nominal dollars, core funding increased each year over the time period from about $366 million in fiscal year 2002 to about $468 million in fiscal year 2007. At the refuge level, inflation-adjusted core funding at refuges varied considerably during the time period, with about as many losing funding as gaining funding since fiscal year 2002. Specifically, from fiscal year 2002 through fiscal year 2007, core inflation-adjusted funding decreased for 96 of 222 complexes and stand-alone refuges and increased for 92, with funding remaining about the same for 34. The magnitude of the changes in core funding at the refuge level were also more pronounced than for the trend overall. Specifically, core funding for 39 complexes and stand-alone refuges decreased by more than 25 percent during this time period. Fluctuations in staffing levels. Staffing levels for core refuge activities (core staffing), as measured by full-time equivalents (FTE) the refuge system actually used, peaked one year later than core inflation-adjusted funding and then declined more slowly. Specifically, core staffing, which includes operations, maintenance, and fire management, peaked in fiscal year 2004 at a level 10.0 percent higher than in fiscal year 2002, but declined after that to 4.0 percent below peak staffing levels in fiscal year 2007. This level, however, was still 5.5 percent higher than the staffing level in fiscal year 2002. While operations and maintenance FTEs increased 3.6 percent overall during our study period, they ended the period down 6.9 percent from their 2004 peak. Fire management FTEs, on the other hand, increased 14.3 percent over fiscal year 2002 levels. Similar to FTEs, the number of employees on board in refuge system positions also declined after peaking in fiscal year 2004. Through fiscal year 2007, nearly 375 employees were lost from the refuge system’s peak staffing levels, a reduction of 8.4 percent over this period. About three- quarters of this loss came through a reduction in permanent employees (a 7.5 percent reduction), which refuge managers and regional and headquarters officials told us are a key measure of the effective strength of the workforce available to conduct core refuge activities because they represent employees on board indefinitely. Though 38 complexes and stand-alone refuges increased their permanent staff by more than 5 percent since 2004, more than three times as many lost at least 5 percent. Figure 1 compares the trends in the refuge system’s core funding, staffing, and permanent employee levels during our study period. New policy initiatives. Several new refuge system policy initiatives were implemented during this period: Recognizing that funding declines after 2003 were exacerbating an already high proportion of staff costs in refuge budgets, regional offices began to (1) reduce staff positions through attrition and by further consolidating some stand-alone refuges into complexes, and (2) categorize refuges into three tiers for the purpose of prioritizing funding and staffing allocations among refuges. These measures are primarily responsible for the decline in FTEs and permanent employees from fiscal year 2004 peak levels and the shifts in staffing among complexes and stand-alone refuges. Recognizing that the refuge system was not on pace to meet a mandate in the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 to complete conservation plans for each refuge by 2012, refuge system officials created a completion schedule and, beginning in 2004, began requiring staff at refuges to turn their attention to completing the plans. While refuge officials believe that they can meet the deadline, current information shows that some plans are behind schedule. To help spread visitor service funds across as many refuges as possible, refuge officials began placing a greater emphasis on constructing smaller visitor facility structures, such as informational kiosks and restrooms, at a larger number of refuges rather than constructing a smaller number of traditional visitor centers. To improve safety and address other concerns, refuge system management began an initiative to increase the number of full-time law enforcement officers and their associated training and experience requirements. However, refuge officials told us that they need to hire about 200 additional officers in order to reach the minimum number needed to provide adequate protection to refuge resources and visitors. Various refuge system, FWS, and Interior policies increased requirements on nonadministrative staff to enter additional data into certain systems and respond to numerous data calls. Refuge system officials are beginning to implement changes to reduce some of these administrative burdens. Increasing external factors. The influence of external factors––those outside the control of the refuge system that complicate refuges’ abilities to protect and restore habitat quality, including extreme weather and development on adjacent lands––increased over this period. For example, refuge managers reported that between fiscal years 2002 and 2007, the influence of development—such as the expansion of urban areas and the conversion of off-refuge land near refuges to agriculture or industrial use—increased around refuges and contributed to refuge habitat problems for almost one half of the refuges. Such development can pollute refuge lands and waters and make it more difficult to maintain viable, interconnected habitat in and around a refuge’s borders. From fiscal years 2002 through 2007, several changes occurred in refuges’ habitat management and visitor services, creating concerns about the refuges’ abilities to maintain high quality habitat and visitor services in the future. Habitat management. Habitats on refuges for five types of key species— waterfowl, other migratory birds, threatened and endangered species, candidate threatened and endangered species, and state species of concern—improved between fiscal years 2002 and 2007—about two times as often as they worsened (see table 1). Refuge managers reported two to nearly seven times as often that habitats for several types of key species were of high quality than low quality in 2007 (see table 2). Habitat quality is determined by the availability of several key components, including fresh water, food sources, and nesting cover, among other things, and the absence of habitat problems, such as invasive species. High quality habitat generally provides adequate amounts of each of these main habitat components and is not significantly affected by habitat problems, while low quality habitat generally lacks these components and may have significant problems; moderate quality habitat has a mixture of these attributes. Complicating habitat management is growing pressure from increasing habitat problems occurring on refuges and the influence of external factors. Our survey found that invasive plant species and habitat fragmentation––the disruption of natural habitat corridors, often caused by human development activities––were the leading problems, affecting 55 percent and 44 percent of refuges, respectively, and both were increasing on more than half of refuges. Managers at refuges close to urban centers showed us busy roads adjacent to their refuge that have cut off natural habitat corridors, leading to animals trying to cross them or cutting them off from other members of their species, leading to genetic homogeneity and inbreeding. Managers of more rural refuges talked about increasing pressures to convert lands to agricultural uses, citing factors such as the increasing price of corn, or to industrial uses, such as oil and gas development. At the same time, refuge managers reported increasing the time spent on a number of key habitat management activities on many refuges between fiscal years 2002 and 2007 (see table 3). Importantly, time spent on developing comprehensive conservation plans, which are required by the Improvement Act, increased for 59 percent of refuges during our study period. In addition, refuges that increased the time spent on habitat management activities were about three times more likely to report that habitat quality for waterfowl and other migratory birds improved rather than worsened. In light of increasing problems and threats affecting refuge conditions, as well as recent funding and staffing constraints, refuge managers and regional and headquarters officials expressed concern about refuges’ abilities to sustain or improve current habitat conditions for wildlife into the future. Even though our survey showed that a large number of refuges increased staff time on habitat management activities, some refuge managers we interviewed explained that staff were simply working longer hours to get the work done. Several refuge managers repeatedly indicated that despite growing habitat problems, an increasing administrative workload, and reduced staffing, they are still trying to do everything possible to maintain adequate habitat, especially habitats for key species, such as waterfowl, other migratory birds, and threatened and endangered species. Several managers said that attention to key habitats is the last thing that will stop receiving management attention in the event of declining funding. Several managers even said that they have to limit the amount of time staff spend at the refuge, as these employees are working overtime without extra pay. Visitor services. Our survey found that the quality of all six wildlife- dependent visitor services was stable or improving between fiscal years 2002 and 2007, according to the vast majority of refuge managers responding to our survey. Most notably, environmental education and interpretation programs showed the largest percentage of refuges reporting improvement, although these programs also showed the largest percentage reporting declines as well, as compared to other visitor services (see table 4).