Generally, DOD provides longevity retirement pay to military service members upon completion of 20 creditable years of active duty service. DOD also provides disability retirement pay to eligible servicemembers who are determined unfit for duty–that is, unable to perform their military duties. To qualify for military disability retirement, the servicemember’s disability must have been determined by DOD medical personnel to be permanent and the servicemember must have (1) at least 20 years of creditable service or (2) an evaluation board determination that the servicemember has a physical disability rating of at least 30 percent, and either at least 8 years of creditable service or a disability resulting from active duty. Nearly 1.5 million retired servicemembers received retirement and disability retirement pay in fiscal year 2002. In fiscal year 2000, the average disability retiree who had been an officer received about $2,022 per month, while the average enlisted disability retiree received about $698 per month. VA provides monthly disability compensation to veterans who have service-connected disabilities to compensate them for the average reduction in earnings capacity that is expected to result from injuries or diseases incurred or aggravated by military service. The payment amount is based on a disability rating scale that begins at 0 for the lowest severity and increases in 10-percent increments to 100 percent for the highest severity. Many veterans claim multiple disabilities, and veterans can reapply for higher ratings and more compensation if their disabilities worsen. For veterans who claim more than one disability, VA rates each claim separately and then combines them into a single rating. About 65 percent of compensated veterans receive payments based on a rating of 30 percent or less and about 8 percent are rated at 100 percent. Average monthly compensation payments in 2002 ranged from about $100 for a 10-percent rating to over $2,100 for a 100-percent rating. Military retirees with disabilities incurred during their military service may receive military retirement pay (based on either longevity or disability, whichever is more financially advantageous to the servicemember) from DOD and disability compensation from VA. For example, a servicemember who incurs a disability may still be fit for duty, depending on the nature and severity of the impairment. If that servicemember completes 20 years of creditable service, he or she may retire based on longevity and also qualify for VA disability compensation for the same impairment or a different impairment that is also service-connected. Similarly, a servicemember who incurs a disability and is found unfit for duty may receive military retirement pay based on disability if he or she meets additional eligibility requirements. This servicemember may also qualify for VA disability compensation for the same impairment or a different impairment that is also service-connected. Current law requires that military retirement pay be reduced (“offset”) by the amount of VA disability benefits received. In 1891, Congress passed legislation to prohibit what it regarded to be dual compensation for either past or current service and a disability pension. Despite the reduction in military retirement pay, it is often to a retiree’s advantage to receive VA disability compensation in lieu of military retirement pay. These VA benefits provide an after-tax advantage because they are not subject to federal income tax, as military retirement pay generally is. In addition, the disability compensation VA pays can be increased if medical reevaluation of the retiree’s condition is found by VA to have worsened. Because VA disability compensation is based on the severity of the disability and not on actual earnings (as is military retirement pay), the VA benefit may, in some instances, be larger than the amount of military retirement pay. For certain retirees with serious disabilities, the National Defense Authorization Act of 2000 provides a cash benefit that is less than what they would have received through concurrent receipt of their military retirement pay and VA disability compensation. The statute states that these special compensation payments are not military retirement pay. As such, they are not subject to the offset provisions, and the legislation did not change the statute that prohibits concurrent receipt. The special compensation payments were reauthorized in 2001 and 2002. In addition, the 2003 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 107-314) authorized a new category of “special compensation” for retirees with disabilities, including those who received a Purple Heart or have a disability due to “combat-related” activities. Under the new law, eligible retirees would now be able to receive the financial equivalent of concurrent receipt, although, again, the legislation did not repeal the statute prohibiting concurrent receipt. Military retirees may become eligible for this special compensation if (1) their disability is attributable to an injury for which the member was awarded the Purple Heart, and is not rated less than a 10-percent disability by DOD or VA; or (2) they receive a disability rating of at least 60 percent from either DOD or VA for injuries that were incurred due to involvement in “armed conflict,” “hazardous service,” “duty simulating war” and through an instrumentality of war. Retirees who are eligible under this new special compensation category will no longer be entitled to the special compensation payments first enacted in 2000. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated that this new special compensation would cost about $6 billion over 10 years. Table 1 shows the 2003 monthly payments amounts of the special compensation enacted in 2000 as well as the monthly payment amounts for the new category of special compensation. Current proposals before Congress pertaining to concurrent receipt would, if enacted, expand the number of those eligible to simultaneously receive the equivalent of their full retirement pay and compensation for a disability beyond the 2003 National Defense Authorization Act. CBO estimated that an earlier version of these proposals would cost about $46 billion over 10 years. Over a longer time horizon, the additional financial liability would be of even greater significance because of mounting concerns about the long-term fiscal consequences of federal entitlements. Among the programs that provide benefits to individuals based on their previous work experience or their inability to continue working because of disability, many use offset provisions when an individual qualifies for benefits under more than one program. The specific rationales for these offset provisions vary, but they generally focus on restoring equity and fairness by treating beneficiaries of more than one program in a similar manner as beneficiaries who qualify for benefits under only one of the programs. Table 2 provides examples of benefit programs that include offset provisions. (See app. I for a description of these programs.) Some programs use offset provisions to ensure that the total benefits received from two programs do not exceed the total income received while working. For example, the Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) program provides benefits to insured persons to replace the income lost when they are unable to work because of physical or mental impairments. In addition to DI benefits, some individuals may also be eligible for workers’ compensation (WC) if the illness or injury is work-related. WC benefits are designed to replace the loss of earnings resulting from work- related illnesses or injuries. Each state and the District of Columbia generally requires employers operating in its jurisdictions to provide WC insurance for their employees. The Social Security Administration (SSA) generally requires that DI benefits be reduced for persons who also receive WC. This offset applies when combined DI and WC benefits exceed 80 percent of the injured worker’s average current earnings. The reduction can apply even if the DI and WC benefits are for unrelated injuries or illnesses. In 1971, the Supreme Court validated the WC offset provision stating that it was intended to provide an incentive for injured employees to return to work because the Congress did not believe it was desirable for injured workers to receive disability benefits that, in combination with their WC benefits, exceeded their preinjury earnings. Some programs use offset provisions to adjust benefit computation formulas that were not originally designed to account for individuals or their dependents working under more than one retirement system. An example is Social Security’s Government Pension Offset (GPO) provision, enacted in 1977 to equalize the treatment of workers covered by Social Security and those with government pensions not covered by Social Security. The Social Security Act requires that most workers be covered by Social Security benefits. In addition to paying retirement and disability benefits to covered workers, Social Security also generally pays benefits to spouses of retired, disabled, or deceased workers. Although state and local government workers were originally excluded from Social Security, today about two-thirds of state and local government workers are covered by Social Security. Prior to 1977, a spouse receiving a pension from a government position not covered by Social Security could receive a full pension benefit and a full Social Security spousal benefit as if he or she were a nonworking spouse. The GPO prevents spouses from receiving a full spousal benefit in addition to a full pension benefit earned from noncovered government employment. Offset provisions are also used by state governments. For example, 29 states and the District of Columbia permit insurers to reduce WC cash payments when the beneficiary also receives other types of benefits, such as those from Social Security retirement, survivor, or disability programs or from government or private pension plans. In addition, as required by federal law, states must deduct from unemployment compensation the value of pensions, retirement pay, or annuities based on previous work in certain situations. The purpose of this offset is to reduce the incentive for retirees who receive pensions to file for unemployment compensation and increase their incentive to seek work. Private sector insurers also use offsets. Our study of three large private disability insurers found that nearly two-thirds of those receiving private long-term disability benefits from the three private insurers also received DI benefits. In such cases, the private disability benefit payments were generally reduced by the amount of the DI benefit payment. In addition to the cost of the benefits, allowing concurrent receipt would have implications for VA program management. Allowing concurrent receipt of military retirement pay and VA disability compensation could provide new incentives for military retirees to file for VA compensation or to seek increases in their disability ratings for VA compensation that they are already receiving. These new claims could further tax VA’s claims processing system.