1. (back) Library of Congress (LOC), FederalResearch Division (FRD), Iraq: A Country Study , edited by Helen Chapin Metz, research completedMay 1988, p. 153; Copyright(C)United States Goverment as represented by the Secretary of the Army. 2. (back) World Bank, World DevelopmentIndicators (WDI) 2003. Note that the World Bank's WDI data does not appear to include adjustmentsfor 1991 war-related population loss as is done by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in their population series for Iraq. 3. (back) Average annual growth of cerealproduction between the periods 1969-71 and 1988-90. 4. (back) Kamil Mahdi, State and Agriculturein Iraq , "Chapter 1 -- The Agricultural Resources and Population of Iraq," Exeter Arab and IslamicStudies Series, Ithaca Press; copyright(c)Kamil A. Mahdi, 2000, p.12-13. 5. (back) Compton's InteractiveEncyclopedia , Copyright(c)1993, 1994 Compton's NewMedia, Inc.; and "Iraq," Microsofts(R)Encarta(R) 98Encyclopedia . (c)1993-1997 Microsoft Corp. 6. (back) Ibid., pp.17-18. 7. (back) Ibid., p.17. 8. (back) United Nations (UN), Food andAgriculural Organization (FAO), FAOSTAT. (A hectare equals about 2.47 acres.) 9. (back) Ahmad, Mahmood. "Agricultural PolicyIssues and Challenges in Iraq: Short- and Medium-term Options," from Iraq's EconomicPredicament , Kamil Mahdi, Editor. Exeter Arab and Islamic Studies Series, Ithaca Press,copyrightÂ©Kamil Mahdi, 2002, p. 172. 10. (back) In the early 1990s, cultivated areatemporarily expanded to nearly 5.5 million hectares, due primarily to government incentives (seesection "Iraq's Agriculture in the post-gulf War Era: 1001-2002" of this report), before returning to under 4 million. 11. (back) U.N. FAO, FAOSTAT. 12. (back) Europa Publications, "Iraq: Agricultureand Food," from The Middle East and North Africa 2003 , 49th edition, pp 475. 13. (back) LOC, FRD, Iraq: A CountryStudy , "Chapter 3 -- The Economy: Industrialization," May 1988, p. 153 14. (back) Ahmad (2002), p. 170. 15. (back) Ibid., pp. 170-171. Note that 1 inchequals about 25.4 millimeters (mm). 16. (back) Mahdi (2000), p. 27. 17. (back) Agence France Presse, February 11,2003, copyright 2003 18. (back) IPR Strategic Business InformationDatabase, September 18, 2000. 19. (back) U.N. AQUASTAT, "Country Profile:Iraq," -- FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture, Food and Water DevelopmentDivision, 1997 version. Note: 1 km 3 = 1 billion m 3 . 20. (back) Mahdi (2000), p. 19. 21. (back) U.N., FAO, AQUASTAT (1997), p. 22. (back) Ibid. 23. (back) Ibid. 24. (back) Mahdi (2000), p.16. 25. (back) Okin (undated). http://www.evsc.virginia.edu/~desert/ 26. (back) Iraq was part of the Ottoman Empirefrom the mid-1500s until 1920 when it became a British Mandate. At that time, Britain establisheda monarchy in Iraq. Independence was achieved by Iraq in 1932, but Britain retained a role in defense and foreignaffairs. A military coupin 1958 ended the monarchy and established Iraq as a republic. 27. (back) LOC, FRD, Iraq: A CountryStudy , "Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform," 1990. 28. (back) Kamil A. Mahdi, State andAgriculture in Iraq , Exeter Arab and Islamic Studies Series, Ithaca Press, copyrightÂ©Kamil Mahdi,2000.p. 201. 29. (back) Europa Publications (2003), p. 474. 30. (back) LOC, FRD, Iraq: A CountryStudy , "Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform," 1990. 31. (back) Ibid. 32. (back) World Bank, World DevelopmentIndicators, 2003. 33. (back) Mahdi (2000), p.31. 34. (back) Springborg, Robert. "Infitah, AgrarianTransformation, and Elite Consolidation in Contemporary Iraq," The Middle East Journal , Vol.40, No. 1, Winter 1986, pp. 33-52. 35. (back) LOC, FRD, Iraq: A CountryStudy , 2000. 36. (back) Ibid., p. 32. 37. (back) Kurtzig, Michael E. and John B.Parker. "World Agriculture and Trade: Iraq," Agricultural Outlook , November 1980, pp. 18. 38. (back) Ibid. Springborg suggests that at leasta partial motivation for this behavior by Saddam was that, by weakening the Baath Partystructure, he was able to enhance his own power base within the Party. 39. (back) Ibid., p. 40-41. 40. (back) Chaudhry, Kiren Aziz, "ConsumingInterests: Market Failure and the Social Foundations of Iraqi Etatisme," from Iraq's EconomicPredicament , Kamil Mahdi, Editor. Ithaca Press, copyrightÂ©Kamil Mahdi, 2002, pp. 245. 41. (back) Ahmad (2002), p. 184. 42. (back) Springborg (1986), p. 37. 43. (back) Chaudhry (2002), p. 245. 44. (back) Ibid., p. 247. 45. (back) Ahmad (2002), p. 191. 46. (back) USDA. January 1998. "Soil QualityResource Concerns: Salinization," Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/files/Salinzation.pdf 47. (back) Springborg (1986), p. 38-39. 48. (back) Ahmad (2002), p. 184. 49. (back) Ibid., p. 40. 50. (back) Michiel Leezenberg,"Refugee Campor Free Trade Zone? The Economy of Iraqi Kurdistan since 1991," from Iraq's EconomicPredicament , Kamil Mahdi, Editor. Exeter Arab and Islamic Studies Series, Ithaca Press,copyrightÂ©Kamil Mahdi, 2002, pp. 291. 51. (back) U.N., FAO, FAOSTAT. 52. (back) U.S. General Accounting Office(GAO), November 1990, p. 2. Note: under GSM-102 USDA's Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)guarantees repayment for credit sales of three years or less; under GSM-103, CCC guarantees repayment for creditsales of more than threeyears but less than 10 years. 53. (back) IPR Strategic Business InformationDatabase, "Iraq: 9 Million Palm Trees Lost in Wars," December 13, 2000; copyrightÂ©Info-Prod(Middle East) Ltd., 2000. 54. (back) FAOSTATS, FAO, United Nations. 55. (back) Library of Congress, FRD, Iraq:A Country Study , "The Economy -- Cropping and Livestock," p.162. 56. (back) FAOSTATS, FAO, United Nations. 57. (back) Ahmad, Mahmood. "AgriculturalPolicy Issues and Challenges in Iraq" Short- and Medium-term Options," from Iraq's EconomicPredicament , Kamil Mahdi, Editor. Ithaca Press, copyrightÂ©Kamil Mahdi, 2002, pp. 179-180. 58. (back) For a discussion of Security Councilresolutions and requirements on Iraq, see CRS Issue Brief IB92117, Iraq: Weapons Programs,U.N. Requirements, and U.S. Policy . 59. (back) For a discussion of Security Councilresolutions related to the Oil-For-Food Program in Iraq, see CRS Report RL30472 , Iraq: Oil-For-FoodProgram, International Sanctions, and Illicit Trade ; and United Nations, Office of the Iraq Program -- Oil forFood; "About theProgram: In Brief." http://www.un.org/depts/oip/background/inbrief.html 60. (back) Parker, John, Michael Kurtzig, andTom Bickerton. "Iraq Faces Embargo," Agricultural Outlook , ERS, USDA, September 1990, pp.16. ; and USDA "PSD online database." 61. (back) U.S. General Accounting Office. Iraq's Participation in U.S. Agricultural Export Programs , NSIAD-91-76, November 1990, p. 2. 62. (back) U.S. Bureau of the Census,International Data Base (IDB), Iraq, Oct. 10, 2002. 63.