USAID is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and has field locations in approximately 90 countries to provide economic, development, and humanitarian assistance worldwide in support of U.S. foreign policy goals. USAID’s OAA has overall responsibility for the administration of A&A instruments in headquarters. Its A&A staff provide professional advice and technical support to USAID’s functional and geographic bureaus for developing and managing A&A instruments. USAID A&A staff at overseas missions provide advice and support to mission staff who design and manage assistance activities; they also have overall responsibility for the administration of A&A instruments at overseas missions. A&A offices are typically headed by a CO who reports to the mission director or deputy mission director. At most bilateral missions, COs are co-located with A&A specialists and CTOs. However, under USAID’s regional mission structure, COs often provide A&A support to more than one mission and are not necessarily co-located with either the CTOs or the A&A specialists who assist them. Some missions with no on-site CO may instead have on-site A&A specialists who provide A&A support to CTOs. Within USAID, the Office of Human Resources (OHR) is the primary office that defines and manages the agency’s workforce planning process, including managing the human resources databases and directing the workforce planning program. USAID’s total obligations for A&A instruments more than doubled from about $5 billion in fiscal year 2002 to about $11 billion in fiscal year 2008. Most notably, A&A obligations overseas increased by 600 percent, from about $1 billion in fiscal year 2002 to about $6 billion in fiscal year 2008. In fiscal year 2008, A&A obligations managed by overseas missions made up a little more than half of A&A obligations. USAID’s total number of A&A instruments from fiscal years 2002 through 2008 also increased substantially, from about 6,000 to about 13,000. In fiscal year 2008, about 62 percent of the total number of A&A instruments was managed by overseas missions. In September 2008, we reported that USAID lacked the capacity to develop and implement an A&A strategic workforce plan because the agency lacked sufficiently reliable and up-to-date overseas A&A staff level data and comprehensive information on the competencies of its A&A staff, who play a critical role in assisting COs and CTOs in overseas missions. Two offices in USAID collect data on A&A staff levels—the Office of Human Resources (OHR) and the Office of Acquisition and Assistance (OAA). We found that the data collected by OHR was not sufficiently reliable and OHR officials acknowledged that they had concerns about the reliability and accuracy of overseas staffing level data reported by its overseas missions. These officials added that misclassification and inaccurate reporting of A&A staff levels may occur because mission staff may not have received adequate guidance for classifying overseas staff positions. Furthermore, OHR officials do not validate or confirm the data they collect from missions nor do they know if overseas missions validate the data before submitting it to OHR, according to these officials. We also noted that OAA does not systematically track the number of overseas A&A specialists, and its data on overseas A&A staff levels are out of date. According to OAA officials, the office’s most recent data on the agency’s entire A&A workforce are the result of a fiscal year 2005 survey of all overseas missions to analyze workload and staffing within OAA. While OAA’s data are not current, the OHR officials told us that OAA’s data may still be more accurate than the data collected by OHR in fiscal year 2005. Our analysis of OAA’s and OHR’s separately collected data on overseas A&A staff levels for the end of fiscal year 2005 revealed substantial discrepancies. For example, comparing the two sets of data showed that OAA’s reported total overseas A&A staff levels for fiscal year 2005 were more than 78 percent higher than those reported by OHR—OAA reported 264 overseas A&A staff, while OHR reported 148. In addition, we found that, at certain missions, OHR’s data showed no A&A specialists, whereas OAA’s data indicated several A&A specialists. Although ready access to the OHR’s databases would allow other USAID offices to identify and resolve discrepancies in their staffing data, the offices lack such access. To date, according to OHR officials, OAA has not specifically requested OHR staffing data in order to compare them to its own. We also reported that USAID has not collected comprehensive information on the competencies—including knowledge, skills, abilities, and experience levels—of its overseas A&A staff. In May 2008, OAA and OHR jointly conducted competency assessments for A&A staff in headquarters and COs in overseas missions. These assessments identified key A&A staff competencies, assessed A&A staff competency levels, and established strategies to reduce skill gaps through recruitment and training. However, USAID has not yet begun similar competency assessments of A&A specialists at overseas locations and, according to OHR officials, USAID will likely not begin implementation until fiscal year 2011 at the earliest. Without sufficiently reliable data on its entire A&A workforce—including A&A specialists overseas—USAID cannot collect comprehensive competency information; identify gaps in the numbers, skills, and competencies of its A&A workforce; and develop strategies to address them. A possible effect of USAID’s lack of reliable and up-to-date data on the level of A&A staffing at its overseas locations is that the numbers and competencies of A&A staff do not match A&A workload. At some missions we visited last year, the numbers of A&A staff with the necessary competencies were considerably less than adequate, while at other missions they were more than adequate, according to mission officials. Officials at five missions we visited—Thailand, Cambodia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Mali—told us that at times their A&A staff could not provide adequate and timely support, such as providing guidance to CTOs and approving A&A documents, primarily because the numbers of A&A staff with the necessary competencies to manage their workloads were insufficient. We found several such examples, including the following: A CO at the regional mission in Thailand said that she sometimes could not address some missions’ needs in a timely manner because of competing workload demands. Staff at Cambodia, one of the missions for which the regional mission provides A&A support, told us that at times they have not received adequate A&A support, primarily due to a decline in A&A specialist staff levels as well as the inexperience of the mission’s one remaining on-site A&A specialist. The mission director told us that, as a result, she has had to perform tasks that are among A&A staff’s responsibilities, such as revising A&A documents. The mission director and A&A staff in Kazakhstan—a regional mission responsible for A&A activities at missions in Kazakhstan and four other Central Asian countries that do not have on-site A&A specialists—told us that they could not adequately support A&A activities at those four missions because of a heavy workload and competing demands from other missions in the region. Staff at one such mission, in the Kyrgyz Republic, noted that A&A staff were unavailable when needed to provide more guidance to their less experienced CTOs. Officials at the mission in Mali, which received A&A support from COs at the regional mission in Ghana, told us that these remotely located COs were sometimes not available to assist them in meeting their activities’ goals. For example, they said they had delayed time-sensitive seasonal agricultural projects because the CO was not available when needed to approve contracts. Our survey of A&A staff overseas generally supported these findings from our fieldwork. For example, about 70 percent of A&A respondents overseas reported that it was somewhat or very difficult to alter staffing patterns to meet the demands of changing workloads. Most notably, one respondent reported a disparity between the workload, numbers, and competencies of A&A staff levels at the missions to which she was previously and currently assigned. While the respondent found the workload to be less manageable at her prior mission with inexperienced A&A staff, she found the workload at her current mission more easily manageable because it had more experienced A&A staff. In contrast, we noted that two missions we visited—Peru and Indonesia— had more than adequate numbers of A&A staff with the necessary competencies to manage their workload. Some staff even indicated to us that these missions may not need all of their assigned COs to adequately manage their A&A work. For example, a CO at the mission in Peru told us that because the mission had so many experienced or competent A&A staff, the A&A workload was more easily managed, and staff even had sufficient time to volunteer the mission as a location for USAID to pilot a new system through which USAID A&A instruments will be awarded. USAID has launched some ad hoc attempts to address its A&A workforce issues. However, as the following indicates, these efforts lack critical elements of a strategic A&A workforce plan, particularly comprehensive information on its A&A specialists overseas: Proposal to increase OAA staff levels. In May 2008, OAA officials proposed to the Management Bureau an increase in staff from 133 to 218 in OAA headquarters. According to Management Bureau officials, OAA has been approved for 154 positions for fiscal year 2008. This proposal only addresses A&A staff levels in headquarters, however, and does not consider A&A staff levels overseas.