VA, Education, and Labor assess education and training programs for various purposes. VA’s approval process is meant to ensure that education and training programs meet VA standards for receipt of veteran education assistance benefits, while Education’s and Labor’s processes are primarily for awarding student aid and providing apprenticeship assistance. VA administers a number of programs designed to assist individuals in gaining access to postsecondary education or training for a specific occupation (see table 1). VA generally provides its assistance in the form of payments to veterans, service persons, reservists, and certain spouses and dependents. Benefits can be used to pursue a degree program, vocational program, apprenticeship, and on-the-job training (see fig. 1). Before an individual entitled to VA education assistance can obtain money for an education or training program, the program must be approved by an SAA, or by VA in those cases in which an SAA has not been contracted to perform the work. VA’s administrative structure for the education and training assistance programs includes its national office, which oversees the four regional processing offices (RPO), and the national contract with SAAs. RPOs administer the education assistance programs and process benefits for veterans. SAAs review education and training programs to determine which programs should be approved and ensure schools and training providers are complying with VA standards. SAAs have six core duties: (1) approval of programs, (2) visits to facilities, (3) technical assistance to individuals at facilities, (4) outreach, (5) liaison with other service providers, and (6) contract management. Sixty SAAs exist in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Eight states have two SAAs. SAAs are usually part of a state’s department of education (31 SAAs). In some states, SAAs are organizationally located in other departments such as labor (9 SAAs) or veterans’ services (19 SAAs). The U.S. Department of Education’s approval process is to ensure that schools meet federal Education standards to participate in federal student financial aid programs. In order for students attending a school to receive Title IV financial aid, a school must be (1) licensed or otherwise legally authorized to provide postsecondary education in the state in which it is located, (2) accredited by an entity recognized for that purpose by the Secretary of Education, and (3) certified to participate in federal student aid programs by Education. As such, the state licensing agencies, accrediting agencies, and certain offices within Education are responsible for various approval activities. State licensing agencies grant legal authority to postsecondary institutions to operate in the state in which they are located. Each of the states has its own agency structure, and each state can choose its own set of standards. Accrediting agencies develop evaluation criteria and conduct peer evaluations to assess whether or not those criteria are met by postsecondary institutions. Institutions or programs that meet an agency’s criteria are then “accredited” by that agency. As of November 2005, there were 60 recognized private accrediting agencies of regional or national scope. The U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Postsecondary Education evaluates and recognizes accrediting agencies based on federal requirements to ensure these agencies are reliable authorities as to the quality of education or training provided by the institutions of higher education and the higher education programs they accredit. The U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Federal Student Aid determines the administrative and financial capacity of schools to participate in student financial aid programs, conducts ongoing monitoring of participant schools, and ensures participant schools are accredited and licensed by the states. The purpose of the Department of Labor’s approval process is to establish and promote labor standards to safeguard the welfare of apprentices. Labor establishes standards and registers programs that meet the standards. Labor directly registers and oversees programs in 23 states but has granted 27 states, the District of Columbia, and 3 territories authority to register and oversee their own programs, conducted by state apprenticeship councils (SACs). Labor reviews the activities of the SACs. SACs ensure that apprenticeship programs for their respective states comply with federal labor standards, equal opportunity protections, and any additional state standards. Figure 2 shows the agencies responsible for the approval processes for the various types of education and training programs. In 2001, SAAs received additional responsibilities as a result of legislative changes. This included responsibility for actively promoting the development of apprenticeship and on-the-job training programs and conducting more outreach activities to eligible persons and veterans to increase awareness of VA education assistance. SAAs were also charged with approving tests used for licensing and certification, such as tests to become a licensed electrician. For those tests that have been approved, veterans can use VA benefits to pay for testing fees. From fiscal years 2003 to 2006, SAA funding increased from $13 million to $19 million to expand services and support the additional responsibilities. Funding is scheduled to begin to decrease in fiscal year 2008. Many education and training programs approved by SAAs have also been approved by Education and Labor. Sixty-nine percent of all programs approved by SAAs are offered by institutions that have also been certified by Education. Seventy-eight percent of SAA-approved programs in institutions of higher learning (e.g., colleges and universities) have been certified by Education. Also, 64 percent of SAA-approved non-college degree programs are in institutions that have been certified by Education. Although less than 2 percent of all programs approved by SAAs are apprenticeship programs, VA and SAA officials reported that many of these programs have also been approved by Labor. Similar categories of approval standards exist across agencies, but the specific standards within each category vary and the full extent of overlap is unknown. For example, while VA and Education’s approval standards both have requirements for student achievement, the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, an accrediting agency, requires that students demonstrate competence in various areas such as writing and logical thinking, while VA does not have this requirement. Also among the student achievement standards, VA requires schools to give appropriate credit for prior learning, while Education does not have such a requirement. Table 2 shows the similar categories of standards that exist across agencies. policies related to student achievement, such as minimum satisfactory grades, but the requirements differ in level of specificity. Despite the overlap in approved programs and standards, VA and SAAs have made limited efforts to coordinate approval activities with Education and Labor. VA reported that while it has coordinated with Education and Labor on issues related to student financial aid and apprentices’ skill requirements, it believes increased coordination is needed for approval activities in order to determine the extent of duplicative efforts. Most of the SAA officials we spoke with reported that they have coordinated with SACs to register apprenticeship programs in their states. Labor reported that it coordinated with VA’s national office in several instances, including providing a list of registered apprenticeship programs. Education reported that it does not have formalized coordination with VA but has had some contacts to inform VA of its concerns regarding specific institutions. Information is not available to determine the amount of resources spent on SAA duties and functions, including those that may overlap with those of other agencies. VA does not require SAAs to collect information on the amount of resources they spend on specific approval activities. The SAA officials we spoke with said that their most time-consuming activity is conducting inspection and supervisory visits of schools and training facilities. However, the lack of data on resource allocation prevented us from determining what portions of funds spent by SAAs were for approval activities that may overlap with those of other agencies. SAA and other officials reported that SAA activities add value because they provide enhanced services to veterans and ensure program integrity. According to these officials, SAAs’ added value includes a focus on student services for veterans and on VA benefits, more frequent on-site monitoring of education and training programs than Education and Labor, and assessments and approval of a small number of programs that are not reviewed by other agencies, such as programs offered by unaccredited schools, on-the-job training programs, and apprenticeship programs not approved by Labor. SAA approval activities reportedly ensure that (1) veterans are taking courses consistent with occupational goals and program requirements, (2) schools and training programs have evaluated prior learning and work experience and grant credit as appropriate, and (3) school or program officials know how to complete paperwork and comply with policies required by VA educational assistance through technical assistance. According to officials we interviewed, SAAs generally conduct more frequent on-site monitoring of education and training programs than Education or Labor, possibly preventing fraud, waste, and abuse. Some officials reported that SAAs’ frequent visits were beneficial because they ensure that schools properly certify veterans for benefits and that benefits are distributed accurately and quickly. States, schools, and apprenticeship officials we spoke with reported that without SAAs, the quality of education for veterans would not change. However, veterans’ receipt of benefits could be delayed and the time required to complete their education and training programs could increase. Despite areas of apparent added value, it is difficult to fully assess the significance of SAA efforts. VA does measure some outputs, such as the number of supervisory visits SAAs conduct, but it does not have outcome- oriented measures, such as the amount of benefit adjustments resulting from SAAs’ review of school certification transactions, to evaluate the overall effectiveness and progress of SAAs. (See table 3.) We made several recommendations to the Department of Veterans Affairs to help ensure that federal dollars are spent efficiently and effectively. We recommended that the Secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs take steps to monitor its spending and identify whether any resources are spent on activities that duplicate the efforts of other agencies. The extent of these actions should be in proportion to the total resources of the program.