Critical infrastructures are physical or virtual systems and assets so vital to the nation that their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating impact on national and economic security and on public health and safety. These systems and assets—such as the electric power grid, chemical plants, and water treatment facilities—are essential to the operations of the economy and the government. Recent terrorist attacks and threats have underscored the need to protect our nation’s critical infrastructures. If vulnerabilities in these infrastructures are exploited, our nation’s critical infrastructures could be disrupted or disabled, possibly causing loss of life, physical damage, and economic losses. Although the vast majority of our nation’s critical infrastructures are owned by the private sector, the federal government owns and operates key facilities that use control systems, including oil, gas, water, energy, and nuclear facilities. Control systems are computer-based systems that are used within many infrastructures and industries to monitor and control sensitive processes and physical functions. Typically, control systems collect sensor measurements and operational data from the field, process and display this information, and relay control commands to local or remote equipment. Control systems perform functions that range from simple to complex. They can be used to simply monitor processes—for example, the environmental conditions in a small office building—or to manage the complex activities of a municipal water system or a nuclear power plant. In the electric power industry, control systems can be used to manage and control the generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power. For example, control systems can open and close circuit breakers and set thresholds for preventive shutdowns. The oil and gas industry uses integrated control systems to manage refining operations at plant sites, remotely monitor the pressure and flow of gas pipelines, and control the flow and pathways of gas transmission. Water utilities can remotely monitor well levels and control the wells’ pumps; monitor flows, tank levels, or pressure in storage tanks; monitor water quality characteristics such as pH, turbidity, and chlorine residual; and control the addition of chemicals to the water. Installing and maintaining control systems requires a substantial financial investment. DOE cites research estimating the value of the control systems used to monitor and control the electric grid and the oil and natural gas infrastructure at $3 billion to $4 billion. The thousands of remote field devices represent an additional investment of $1.5 billion to $2.5 billion. Each year, the energy sector alone spends over $200 million for control systems, networks, equipment, and related components and at least that amount in personnel costs. There are two primary types of control systems: distributed control systems and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. Distributed control systems typically are used within a single processing or generating plant or over a small geographic area, while SCADA systems typically are used for large, geographically dispersed operations. For example, a utility company may use a distributed control system to manage power generation and a SCADA system to manage its distribution. A SCADA system is generally composed of six components: (1) instruments, which sense conditions such as pH, temperature, pressure, power level, and flow rate; (2) operating equipment, which includes pumps, valves, conveyors, and substation breakers; (3) local processors, which communicate with the site’s instruments and operating equipment, collect instrument data, and identify alarm conditions; (4) short-range communication, which carry analog and discrete signals between the local processors and the instruments and operating equipment; (5) host computers, where a human operator can supervise the process, receive alarms, review data, and exercise control; and (6) long-range communications, which connect local processors and host computers using, for example, leased phone lines, satellite, and cellular packet data. Several key federal plans focus on securing critical infrastructure control systems. The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace calls for DHS and DOE to work in partnership with industry to develop best practices and new technology to increase the security of critical infrastructure control systems, to determine the most critical control systems-related sites, and to develop a prioritized plan for short-term cyber security improvements for those sites. In addition, DHS’s National Infrastructure Protection Plan specifically identifies control systems as part of the cyber infrastructure, establishes an objective of reducing vulnerabilities and minimizing the severity of attacks on these systems, and identifies programs directed at protecting control systems. Further, in May 2007, the critical infrastructure sectors issued sector-specific plans to supplement the National Infrastructure Protection Plan. Twelve sectors, including the chemical, energy, water, information technology, postal, emergency services, and telecommunications sectors, identified control systems within their respective sectors. Of these, most identified control systems as critical to their sector and listed efforts under way to help secure them. Cyber threats can be intentional and unintentional, targeted or nontargeted, and can come from a variety of sources. Intentional threats include both targeted and nontargeted attacks, while unintentional threats can be caused by software upgrades or maintenance procedures that inadvertently disrupt systems. A targeted attack is when a group or individual specifically attacks a critical infrastructure system and a nontargeted attack occurs when the intended target of the attack is uncertain, such as when a virus, worm, or malware is released on the Internet with no specific target. There is increasing concern among both government officials and industry experts regarding the potential for a cyber attack on a national critical infrastructure, including the infrastructure’s control systems. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has identified multiple sources of threats to our nation’s critical infrastructures, including foreign nation states engaged in information warfare, domestic criminals, hackers, and virus writers, and disgruntled employees working within an organization. Control systems are vulnerable to flaws or weaknesses in system security procedures, design, implementation, and internal controls. When these weaknesses are accidentally triggered or intentionally exploited, they could result in a security breach. Vulnerabilities could occur in control systems’ policies, platform (including hardware, operating systems, and control system applications), or networks. Federal and industry experts believe that critical infrastructure control systems are more vulnerable today than in the past due to the increased standardization of technologies, the increased connectivity of control systems to other computer networks and the Internet, insecure connections, and the widespread availability of technical information about control systems. Further, it is not uncommon for control systems to be configured with remote access through either a dial-up modem or over the Internet to allow remote maintenance or around-the-clock monitoring. If control systems are not properly secured, individuals and organizations may eavesdrop on or interfere with these operations from remote locations. Reported attacks and unintentional incidents involving critical infrastructure control systems demonstrate that a serious attack could be devastating. Although there is not a comprehensive source for incident reporting, the following examples, reported in government and media sources, demonstrate the potential impact of an attack. Bellingham, Washington, gasoline pipeline failure. In June 1999, 237,000 gallons of gasoline leaked from a 16-inch pipeline and ignited an hour and a half later, causing three deaths, eight injuries, and extensive property damage. The pipeline failure was exacerbated by poorly performing control systems that limited the ability of the pipeline controllers to see and react to the situation. Maroochy Shire sewage spill. In the spring of 2000, a former employee of an Australian software manufacturing organization applied for a job with the local government, but was rejected. Over a 2-month period, this individual reportedly used a radio transmitter on as many as 46 occasions to remotely break into the controls of a sewage treatment system. He altered electronic data for particular sewerage pumping stations and caused malfunctions in their operations, ultimately releasing about 264,000 gallons of raw sewage into nearby rivers and parks. CSX train signaling system. In August 2003, the Sobig computer virus shut down train signaling systems throughout the East Coast of the United States. The virus infected the computer system at CSX Corporation’s Jacksonville, Florida, headquarters, shutting down signaling, dispatching, and other systems. According to an Amtrak spokesman, 10 Amtrak trains were affected. Train service was either shut down or delayed up to 6 hours. Los Angeles traffic lights. According to several published reports, in August 2006, two Los Angeles city employees hacked into computers controlling the city’s traffic lights and disrupted signal lights at four intersections, causing substantial backups and delays. The attacks were launched prior to an anticipated labor protest by the employees. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, water system. In October 2006, a foreign hacker penetrated security at a water filtering plant. The intruder planted malicious software that was capable of affecting the plant’s water treatment operations. The infection occurred through the Internet and did not seem to be a direct attack on the control system. Browns Ferry power plant. In August 2006, two circulation pumps at Unit 3 of the Browns Ferry, Alabama, nuclear power plant failed, forcing the unit to be shut down manually. The failure of the pumps was traced to excessive traffic on the control system network, possibly caused by the failure of another control system device. As control systems become increasingly interconnected with other networks and the Internet, and as the system capabilities continue to increase, so do the threats, potential vulnerabilities, types of attacks, and consequences of compromising these critical systems. Industry-specific organizations in various sectors, including the electricity, oil and gas, and water sectors, have initiatives under way to help improve control system security, including developing standards and publishing guidance. Our report being released today provides a detailed list of industry initiatives; several of these initiatives are described below. Electricity. In 2007, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation began implementing cyber security reliability standards that apply to control systems and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers has several standards working groups addressing issues related to control systems security in the industry. Oil and gas.