The Antiquities Act of 1906 (54 U.S.C. §§320301-320303) authorizes the President to proclaim national monuments on federal lands that contain "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest." The President is to reserve "the smallest area compatible with the proper care and management of the objects to be protected." The act does not further specify the process to be used by Presidents in proclaiming monuments. From 1906 to date, Presidents have established 157 monuments and have enlarged, diminished, or otherwise modified previously proclaimed monuments. Presidential establishment of monuments sometimes has been contentious, based on the size of the areas and types of resources protected; the effects of monument designation on land uses; and the lack of requirements for public participation, congressional and state approval, and environmental review, among other issues. Congress continues to face a variety of national monument issues. Whether to establish, amend, or abolish national monuments is of current interest. Congress has broad authority to take these actions, and it has exercised this authority on numerous occasions. In establishing and amending national monuments, questions for Congress include the optimal size of the areas to be protected and the extent to which various land uses and activities will be allowed, barred, or restricted. Congress also oversees presidential exercise of authority to proclaim monuments and has considered measures to alter this authority. On April 26, 2017, President Trump issued an executive order requiring the Secretary of the Interior to review national monuments established or expanded by Presidents since 1996. The order requires review of national monuments where the size at establishment or after expansion exceeded 100,000 acres or where the Secretary determines that the action was taken "without adequate public outreach and coordination with relevant stakeholders." The Antiquities Act does not specifically require public outreach and coordination in monument designations. The executive order sets out a policy with regard to monument designation, including that designations are made "in accordance with the requirements and original objectives" of the Antiquities Act and "appropriately balance the protection of landmarks, structures, and objects against the appropriate use of Federal lands and the effects on surrounding lands and communities." The review is to determine if the establishment or expansion of post-1996 monuments conforms to the policy in the executive order and to develop any recommendation for presidential actions, legislative proposals, or other actions to carry out the policy. In a May 5, 2017, press release, the Department of the Interior (DOI) identified 27 national monuments that would be reviewed under the President's executive order. One of the 27 monuments, Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument, is under review based on the adequacy of public outreach and coordination with stakeholders in establishing the monument. The other 26 monuments are under review because the size at establishment or after expansion exceeded 100,000 acres. Five of the 26 monuments are marine based, and the Secretary of Commerce is taking the lead in reviewing these monuments. Twenty-one of the 26 monuments are land based, and the Secretary of the Interior is taking the lead in their review. The Administration sought public comment on monuments under review through July 10, 2017. A total of 1,410,857 comments were received. On June 10, 2017, the Secretary of the Interior issued an interim report on one of the land-based monuments—Bears Ears National Monument. This report was due within 45 days of the issuance of the executive order. A final report on the secretarial review of monuments is due within 120 days of the issuance of the executive order—August 24, 2017. This report provides a compilation and summary of provisions of monument proclamations that could facilitate congressional decisionmaking on monuments and oversight of presidential monument authority. As noted, in establishing and amending monuments, Congress can set the size of monument areas and regulate uses of monument lands. This report covers the 21 land-based national monuments established or expanded since 1996 in which the size exceeded 100,000 acres, which are being reviewed under President Trump's executive order. Monument proclamations provide presidential direction on management of federal lands and resources within the monument boundaries. Although proclamations vary as to the number and type of topics covered, they typically address particular uses and activities on monument lands as well as management planning. This report focuses on provisions of proclamations related to six topics that have been important in the debate on national monuments: energy, livestock grazing, use of motorized and non-motorized mechanized vehicles, timber, hunting and fishing, and tribes. The major provisions on each of these topics are summarized to provide an overview of their emphasis and variation. An analysis of the impact (if any) on changes in land management on the ground resulting from the proclamations is beyond the scope of this report. This report does not reflect more general provisions of the proclamations that may bear on the six topics discussed. As examples of the more general provisions, the proclamations typically "warn" against destroying or removing any "features" of the monument and make the monument the dominant reservation of the land without revoking existing reservations or withdrawals. The proclamations also usually establish the monuments subject to valid existing rights; this report addresses valid existing rights only in the context of the energy-related activities. An examination of the provisions on the six topics in the context of these more general provisions and the entirety of the proclamations might provide additional insights on monument management. The summaries of provisions on the six topics are not intended to capture all textual differences (or nuances) in the language of the proclamations. For this purpose, the verbatim text of the pertinent provisions for the 21 monuments is provided in six separate tables. Monuments are listed in the tables in alphabetical order. A few caveats about the tables deserve note. First, the tables provide the text of the provisions of monument proclamations, as noted, rather than characterizations or legal interpretations of the provisions. Second, although the tables may show differences in the text of provisions on a particular topic, these textual differences may not necessarily reflect differences in meaning. Third, the tables do not reflect other authorities pertaining to monument lands, such as laws, regulations, and agency land management plans. These other authorities govern use and protection of resources on agency lands, the development of land management plans, and public and other participation in agency decisionmaking, among other topics. The authorities vary from agency to agency, with Bureau of Land Management and Forest Service lands generally managed for multiple uses, Fish and Wildlife Service lands managed under a dominant use mission, and National Park Service lands governed by a dual-use mission. An analysis of the monument proclamations in the context of other authorities would be necessary to determine the extent to which activities are authorized on particular lands and the role of the public, states, and tribes in decisionmaking by the four agencies. The proclamations for the national monuments generally bar new mineral and geothermal leases, mining claims, and prospecting or exploration activities, subject to valid existing rights. This is typically accomplished by language to withdraw the lands within the monuments from entry, location, selection, sale, leasing, or other disposition under public land laws, including mining laws and mineral and geothermal leasing laws. A few of the proclamations contain exceptions. For instance, Canyons of the Ancients National Monument is to remain open for oil and gas leasing and development because most of the lands have already been leased and development is occurring, according to the proclamation. However, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to issue new leases only for specified purposes. Another example is the proclamation for the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument, which allows for the disposal of materials under the Materials Act of 1947. In addition to the general protections for valid existing rights for land uses, the proclamations for three of the monuments—Canyons of the Ancients, San Gabriel Mountains, and Upper Missouri River Breaks—also specify how energy development or energy-related rights are to be managed. Although monument proclamations (at least since 1996) typically contain protections for valid existing rights, the extent to which monument designations may affect existing rights is not always clear. A common concern is that monument designation potentially could result in new constraints on development of existing mineral and energy leases, claims, and permits. Some fear that mineral exploration and extraction activities may have to adhere to a higher standard of environmental review, and may have a higher cost of mitigation, to ensure compatibility with the monument designation. Several of the monument proclamations also contain provisions pertaining to facilities and/or rights-of-way, such as for pipelines, utilities, and other purposes. The extent to which such facilities or rights-of-way pertain to energy-related land uses or other activities, such as telecommunications, has not been analyzed for this report. The provisions vary across monuments. Some contain broad assertions that the proclamations are not to be construed as interfering with these structures and uses. As an example, the proclamation for the Sand to Snow National Monument states that it is not to be construed as interfering with the operation, maintenance, replacement, or modification of existing water resource, flood control, utility, pipeline, or telecommunication facilities; existing facilities may be expanded; and new facilities may be constructed—to the extent consistent with the proper care and management of monument resources. Other proclamations appear more restrictive. For instance, the proclamation for the Basin and Range National Monument states that no new rights-of-way for electric transmission or transportation will be authorized in the monument except as necessary for the care and management of the protected objects or for livestock grazing. Table 1 provides the energy-related provisions of the proclamations for the 21 national monuments.