Since DHS began operations in March 2003, it has developed and implemented key policies, programs, and activities for implementing its homeland security missions and functions that have created and strengthened a foundation for achieving its potential as it continues to mature. We reported in our assessment of DHS’s progress and challenges 10 years after the September 11 attacks, as well as in our more recent work, that the department has implemented key homeland security operations and achieved important goals in many areas. These included developing strategic and operational plans across its range of missions; hiring, deploying, and training workforces; establishing new, or expanding existing, offices and programs; and developing and issuing policies, procedures, and regulations to govern its homeland security operations. For example: DHS successfully hired, trained, and deployed workforces, including the federal screening workforce to assume screening responsibilities at airports nationwide, and about 20,000 agents to patrol U.S. land borders. DHS also created new programs and offices, or expanded existing ones, to implement key homeland security responsibilities, such as establishing the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center to, among other things, coordinate the nation’s efforts to prepare for, prevent, and respond to cyber threats to systems and communications networks. DHS issued policies and procedures addressing, among other things, the screening of passengers at airport checkpoints, inspecting travelers seeking entry into the United States, and assessing immigration benefit applications and processes for detecting possible fraud. DHS issued the National Response Framework, which outlines disaster response guiding principles, including major roles and responsibilities of government, nongovernmental organizations, and private sector entities for response to disasters of all sizes and causes. After initial difficulty in fielding the program, DHS developed and implemented Secure Flight, a passenger prescreening program through which the federal government now screens all passengers on all commercial flights to, from, and within the United States. In fiscal year 2011, DHS reported data indicating it had met its interim goal to secure the land border with a decrease in apprehensions. Our data analysis showed that apprehensions decreased within each southwest border sector and by 68 percent in the Tucson sector from fiscal years 2006 through 2011. Border Patrol officials attributed this decrease in part to changes in the U.S. economy and achievement of Border Patrol strategic objectives. We reported in September 2012 that DHS, through its component agencies, particularly the Coast Guard and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), has made substantial progress in implementing various programs that, collectively, have improved maritime security. For example, in November 2011, we reported that the Coast Guard’s risk assessment model generally met DHS criteria for being complete, reproducible, documented, and defensible. Coast Guard units throughout the country use this risk model to improve maritime domain awareness and better assess security risks to key maritime infrastructure. DHS has taken important actions to conduct voluntary critical infrastructure and key resources (CIKR) security surveys and vulnerability assessments, provide information to CIKR stakeholders, and assess the effectiveness of security surveys and vulnerability assessments. GAO, Aviation Security: Efforts to Validate TSA’s Passenger Screening Behavior Detection Program Underway, but Opportunities Exist to Strengthen Validation and Address Operational Challenges, GAO-10-763 (Washington, D.C.: May 20, 2010). of $1.5 billion. To develop the Plan, DHS conducted an analysis of alternatives and outreach to potential vendors, and took other steps to test the viability of the current system. However, DHS has not documented the analysis justifying the specific types, quantities, and deployment locations of border surveillance technologies proposed in the Plan, or defined the mission benefits or developed performance metrics to assess its implementation of the Plan. We are reviewing DHS’s efforts to implement the Plan, and we expect to report on the results of our work later this year. DHS spent more than $200 million on advanced spectroscopic portals, used to detect smuggled nuclear or radiological materials, without issuing an accurate analysis of both the benefits and the costs—which we later estimated at over $2 billion—and a determination of whether additional detection capabilities were worth the additional costs. DHS subsequently canceled the advanced spectroscopic portals program as originally conceived. Each year DHS processes millions of applications and petitions for more than 50 types of immigrant- and nonimmigrant-related benefits for persons seeking to study, work, visit, or live in the United States, and for persons seeking to become U.S. citizens. DHS embarked on a major initiative in 2005 to transform its current paper-based system into an electronic account–based system that is to use electronic adjudication and account- based case management tools, including tools that are to allow applicants to apply online for benefits. However, DHS did not consistently follow the acquisition management approach outlined in its management directives in developing and managing the program. The lack of defined requirements, acquisition strategy, and associated cost parameters contributed to program deployment delays of over 2 years. In addition, DHS estimates that through fiscal year 2011, it spent about $703 million, about $292 million more than the original program baseline estimate. We found that DHS could reduce the costs to the federal government related to major disasters declared by the President by updating the principal indicator on which disaster funding decisions are based and better measuring a state’s capacity to respond without federal assistance. From fiscal years 2004 through 2011, the President approved 539 major disaster declarations at a cost of $78.7 billion. Our work on DHS’s mission functions and crosscutting issues has identified three key themes—leading and coordinating the homeland security enterprise, implementing and integrating management functions for results, and strategically managing risks and assessing homeland security efforts—that have impacted the department’s progress since it began operations. As these themes have contributed to challenges in the department’s management and operations, addressing them can result in increased efficiencies and effectiveness. For example, DHS can help reduce cost overruns and performance shortfalls by strengthening the management of its acquisitions, and reduce inefficiencies and costs for homeland security by improving its research and development (R&D) management. These themes provide insights that can inform DHS’s efforts as it works to implement its missions within a dynamic and evolving homeland security environment. DHS made progress and has had successes in all of these areas, but our work found that these themes have been at the foundation of DHS’s implementation challenges, and need to be addressed from a department-wide perspective to effectively and efficiently position the department for the future. DHS is one of a number of entities with a role in securing the homeland and has significant leadership and coordination responsibilities for managing efforts across the homeland security enterprise. To satisfy these responsibilities, it is critically important that DHS develop, maintain, and leverage effective partnerships with its stakeholders while at the same time addressing DHS-specific responsibilities in satisfying its missions. DHS has made important strides in providing leadership and coordinating efforts across the homeland security enterprise, but needs to take additional actions to forge effective partnerships and strengthen the sharing and utilization of information. For example, DHS has improved coordination and clarified roles with state and local governments for emergency management. DHS also strengthened its partnerships and collaboration with foreign governments to coordinate and standardize security practices for aviation security. The department has further demonstrated leadership by establishing a governance board to serve as the decision-making body for DHS information-sharing issues. The board has enhanced collaboration among DHS components and identified a list of key information-sharing initiatives. Although DHS has made important progress, more work remains. We designated terrorism-related information sharing as high risk in 2005 because the government faces significant challenges in analyzing and disseminating this information in a timely, accurate, and useful manner. In our most recent high-risk update, we reported that the federal government’s leadership structure is committed to enhancing the sharing and management of terrorism-related information and has made significant progress defining a governance structure to implement the Information Sharing Environment—an approach that is intended to serve as an overarching solution to strengthening sharing. However, we also reported that the key departments and agencies responsible for information-sharing activities, including DHS, need to continue their efforts to share and manage terrorism-related information by, among other things, identifying technological capabilities and services that can be shared across departments and developing metrics that measure the performance of, and results achieved by, projects and activities. DHS officials explained that its information-sharing initiatives are integral to its mission activities and are funded through its components’ respective budgets. However, in September 2012 we reported that five of DHS’s top eight priority information-sharing initiatives faced funding shortfalls, and DHS had to delay or scale back at least four of them. Following its establishment, DHS focused its efforts primarily on implementing its various missions to meet pressing homeland security needs and threats, and less on creating and integrating a fully and effectively functioning department. As the department matured, it has put into place management policies and processes and made a range of other enhancements to its management functions, which include acquisition, information technology, financial, and human capital management. However, DHS has not always effectively executed or integrated these functions. While challenges remain for DHS to address across its range of missions, the department has made considerable progress in transforming its original component agencies into a single cabinet-level department and positioning itself to achieve its full potential. Important strides have also been made in strengthening the department’s management functions and in integrating those functions across the department, particularly in recent years. However, continued progress is needed in order to mitigate the risks that management weaknesses pose to mission accomplishment and the efficient and effective use of the department’s resources. In particular, the department needs to demonstrate continued progress in implementing and strengthening key management initiatives and addressing corrective actions and outcomes that GAO identified, and DHS committed to taking actions address this high-risk area. For example: Acquisition management: Although DHS has made progress in strengthening its acquisition function, most of the department’s major acquisition programs continue to cost more than expected, take longer to deploy than planned, or deliver less capability than promised.