Corinthian Colleges, Inc. (CCI) was the parent company of several private, for-profit institutions of higher education, including the Everest Institute, Everest Colleges, Heald Colleges, and Wyotech Technical Schools (Wyotech). CCI operated more than 100 of these institutions across the nation, with total enrollments of approximately 72,000 students who annually received roughly $1.4 billion in federal financial aid. On June 19, 2014, the U.S. Department of Education (ED) announced that it had placed CCI on an increased level of financial oversight known as Heightened Cash Monitoring 1 (HCM1), coupled with a 21-day waiting period for funds reimbursement, as a stipulation to its continued participation in the Higher Education Act (HEA) Title IV federal student aid programs. ED had taken this action in response to CCI's failure to address concerns relating to a variety of practices, including failing to provide ED with requested data related to inconsistences in job placement rates that had been presented to students. In response to its limited access to federal student aid funds, CCI announced it might have to close its schools. On July 3, 2014, to avoid abrupt closure, CCI and ED reached an agreement under which the company agreed to develop a plan to sell or teach-out its educational programs. In exchange, ED agreed to immediately release $16 million in federal student aid (FSA) funds to CCI's current students. Subsequently, the Zenith Education Group (Zenith) was formed as a nonprofit provider of career education programs. Zenith is a subsidiary of the Educational Credit Management Corporation (ECMC), a nonprofit student loan guaranty agency involved in the administration of loans made through the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) program. Zenith was formed for the purpose of buying a large portion of CCI's schools. In February 2015, Zenith agreed to buy 53 of CCI's schools. As part of the terms of the final agreement with ED and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), Zenith agreed to provide $480 million in debt relief to former CCI students for private student loans advanced by CCI to its students (known as Genesis loans). On April 14, 2015, ED notified CCI that it would fine the company $30 million for misrepresenting its job placement data at its Heald College locations. Approximately one week later, CCI closed its remaining 30 schools, at which approximately 13,500 students were enrolled at the time. In early May 2015 CCI filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Finally, on November 16, 2015, ED announced additional findings against CCI for misrepresenting placement rates to former CCI students and prospective students at its Everest Colleges and Wyotech campuses in California and its Everest University online program based in Florida. Former CCI students may be provided some relief from being required to repay their student loans, depending on the type of loan they seek to have discharged and specific borrower circumstances. Under the terms of its agreement with ED and the CFPB concerning Zenith's purchase of certain CCI schools, Zenith agreed to provide approximately $480 million in debt relief for former CCI students who took out private education loans, known as Genesis loans, which were advanced by CCI to its students. The debt relief will benefit former CCI students with qualifying loans, regardless of whether the CCI schools they attended were purchased by Zenith. These borrowers' total loan balances will immediately be reduced by 40%, but borrowers will remain responsible for repaying the remaining balance of the loan. Borrowers who are eligible for this type of debt relief do not need to take additional steps to receive it. Their loan servicer will notify them if they qualify for the relief. For HEA Title IV federal student loans (i.e., loans made under the Direct Loan (DL), Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL), and Perkins Loan programs) different procedures for borrowers to receive debt relief may apply depending on whether a borrower's loan would be discharged on the basis of a school closure or on the basis of the borrowers asserting a defense against repayment. Students who attended a CCI school that closed may be eligible to have the full balance of their outstanding HEA Title IV loans discharged. In general, borrowers of Title IV loans may be eligible to have the full balance of their outstanding HEA Title IV loans discharged if they, or the student on whose behalf a parent borrowed in the case of Parent PLUS Loans, are unable to complete the program in which they enrolled due to the closure of the school. Borrowers who have their loans discharged due to a school closure are also eligible to be reimbursed for any amounts previously paid on those loans, and if any adverse credit history was associated with the loan (e.g., default), the loan discharge will be reported to credit bureaus so that they may delete the adverse credit history associated with the loan. Typically, to be eligible for loan discharge due to school closure, the student must have stopped attending the school within 120 days of the school's closing date and the student must also have been unable to complete the program of study at either the closed school or a comparable educational program at another school, either through a teach-out or by transferring credits to another school. If the closing school offers the option for students to complete their education through a teach-out at another school, a student may refuse the option and would still qualify for loan discharge. If a student refuses the teach-out, later enrolls at another school in a program substantially similar to the one in which he or she had been enrolled, receives credit for work completed at the closed school, and completes the new program, then the student may not qualify for closed school discharge. On June 8, 2015, ED announced that borrowers who were attending the CCI schools that closed in April 2015, and those students who withdrew within 120 days of those schools closing, would be immediately eligible for closed school discharge of their Title IV student loans, so long as they neither finish their program of study through a teach-out nor transfer the credits they earned at a CCI school to another school in a similar program. Additionally, ED expanded the withdrawal timeframe for students who attended those CCI schools that closed in April 2015. ED will now permit those students who withdrew from those schools after June 20, 2014, to have their Title IV student loans discharged due to school closure. As a result of the expanded timeframe, ED estimates approximately 15,000 students in total are eligible to have their Title IV student loans discharged under this procedure, approximately 1,500 more students than would have been eligible without the expansion. Borrowers who are eligible for this type of relief must fill out the Closed School Loan Discharge Application and return it to their loan servicer. While their applications are being considered, borrowers are required to continue making payments on their loans, although loan servicers are permitted to grant forbearance until a decision is made. Additionally, to obtain discharge a borrower must cooperate with ED in any judicial or administrative proceeding brought by ED to recover amounts discharged from the school. If a borrower fails to cooperate with ED, the loan discharge may be revoked. Borrowers who attended a CCI school that was purchased by Zenith and borrowers who attended a CCI school that closed but who are ineligible for closed school loan discharge may seek debt relief on their FFEL or DL program loans by asserting certain defenses against repayment. In certain circumstances, borrowers of DL program loans may be able to assert as a defense against repayment of their loan "acts or omissions of an institution of higher education," as specified in regulation. ED has determined in regulation that such acts and omissions are those that would "give rise to a cause of action against the school under applicable State law." If the borrower's defense is successful, ED will determine the amount of debt relief to which the borrower is entitled, which can include relief from repaying all or part of the outstanding loan balance and reimbursement for previous amounts paid toward the loan. Additionally, if any adverse credit history was associated with the loan (e.g., default) the loan discharge will be reported to credit bureaus so that they may delete the adverse credit history associated with the loan. Unlike the case of a loan discharge due to school closure, there is no clearly established process for a borrower to seek debt relief through a defense against repayment, as ED has infrequently needed to process such claims in the past. On October 20, 2015, ED announced it would establish a negotiated rulemaking committee to create procedures for a borrower to use in a defense against repayment claim and to determine which IHE acts and omissions a borrower may assert in such a claim. In the interim, ED appointed a Special Master tasked with overseeing borrower defense issues for former CCI students, specifically, and to help develop a broader system to support students at other IHEs who believe they may have a defense against repayment. Additionally, ED has determined that borrowers who submitted a claim for borrower defense before June 8, 2015, and those borrowers who subsequently do so, may request that their loans be placed in forbearance and that collections on any defaulted loans cease. ED has created a streamlined process for asserting a defense against repayment for certain borrowers who attended CCI's Heald College locations. ED found that CCI misrepresented job placement rates for a majority of programs at its Heald College campuses between 2010 and 2014 and fined the company $30 million for those misrepresentations. ED determined that these findings qualify borrowers enrolled in specified Heald College programs during specified time periods for a loan discharge through a newly established expedited process specific to those former Heald College students.