The GPD program is one of six housing programs for homeless veterans administered by the Veterans Health Administration, which also undertakes outreach efforts and provides medical treatment for homeless veterans. VA officials told us in fiscal year 2007 they spent about $95 million on the GPD program to support two basic types of grants—capital grants to pay for the buildings that house homeless veterans and per diem grants for the day-to-day operational expenses. Capital grants cover up to 65 percent of housing acquisition, construction, or renovation costs. The per diem grants pay a fixed dollar amount for each day an authorized bed is occupied by an eligible veteran up to the maximum number of beds allowed by the grant—in 2007 the amount cannot exceed $31.30 per person per day. VA pays providers after they have housed the veteran, on a cost reimbursement basis. Reimbursement may be lower for providers whose costs are lower or are offset by funds for the same purpose from other sources. Through a network of over 300 local providers, consisting of nonprofit or public agencies, the GPD program offers beds to homeless veterans in settings free of drugs and alcohol that are supervised 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Most GPD providers have 50 or fewer beds available, with the majority of providers having 25 or fewer. Program rules generally allow veterans to stay with a single GPD provider for 2 years, but extensions may be granted when permanent housing has not been located or the veteran requires additional time to prepare for independent living. Providers, however, have the flexibility to set shorter time frames. In addition, veterans are generally limited to a total of three stays in the program over their lifetime, but local VA liaisons may waive this limitation under certain circumstances. The program’s goals are to help homeless veterans achieve residential stability, increase their income or skill levels, and attain greater self-determination. To meet VA’s minimum eligibility requirements for the program, individuals must be veterans and must be homeless. A veteran is an individual discharged or released from active military service. The GPD program excludes individuals with a dishonorable discharge, but it may accept veterans with shorter military service than required of veterans who seek VA health care. A homeless individual is a person who lacks a fixed, regular, adequate nighttime residence and instead stays at night in a shelter, institution, or public or private place not designed for regular sleeping accommodations. GPD providers determine if potential participants are homeless, but local VA liaisons determine if potential participants meet the program’s definition of veteran. VA liaisons are also responsible for determining whether veterans have exceeded their lifetime limit of three stays in the GPD program and for issuing a waiver to that rule when appropriate. Prospective GPD providers may identify additional eligibility requirements in their grant documents. While program policies are developed at the national level by VA program staff, the local VA liaisons designated by VA medical centers have primary responsibility for communicating with GPD providers in their area. VA reported that in fiscal year 2007, there were funds to support 122 full-time liaisons. Since fiscal year 2000, VA has quadrupled the number of available beds and significantly increased the number of admissions of homeless veterans to the GPD program in order to address some of the needs identified through the its annual survey of homeless veterans. In fiscal year 2006, VA estimated that on a given night, about 196,000 veterans were homeless and an additional 11,100 transitional beds were needed to meet homeless veterans’ needs. However, this need was to be met through the combined efforts of the GPD program and other federal, state, or community programs that serve the homeless. VA had the capacity to house about 8,200 veterans on any given night in the GPD program. Over the course of the year, because some veterans completed the program in a matter of months and others left before completion, VA was able to admit about 15,400 veterans into the program, as shown in figure 1. Despite VA rules allowing stays of up to 2 years, veterans remained in the GPD program an average of 3 to 5 months in fiscal year 2006. The need for transitional housing beds continues to exceed capacity, according to VA’s annual survey of local areas served by VA medical centers. The number of transitional beds available nationwide from all sources increased to 40,600 in fiscal year 2006, but the need for beds increased as well. As a result, VA estimates that about 11,100 more beds are needed to serve the homeless, as shown in table 1. VA officials told us that they expect to increase the bed capacity of the GPD program to provide some of the needed beds. Most homeless veterans in the program had struggled with alcohol, drug, medical or mental health problems before they entered the program. Over 40 percent of homeless veterans seen by VA had served during the Vietnam era, and most of the remaining homeless veterans served after that war, including at least 4,000 who served in military or peacekeeping operations in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, Iraq, and other areas since 1990. About 50 percent of homeless veterans were between 45 and 54 years old, with 30 percent older and 20 percent younger. African-Americans were disproportionately represented at 46 percent, the same percentage as non- Hispanic whites. Almost all homeless veterans were men, and about 76 percent of veterans were either divorced or never married. An increasing number of homeless women veterans and veterans with dependents are in need of transitional housing according to VA officials and GPD providers we visited. The GPD providers told us in 2006 that women veterans had sought transitional housing; some recent admissions had dependents; and a few of their beds were occupied by the children of veterans, for whom VA could not provide reimbursement. VA officials said that they may have to reconsider the type of housing and services that they are providing with GPD funds in the future, but currently they provide additional funding in the form of special needs grants to a few GPD programs to serve homeless women veterans. VA’s grant process encourages collaboration between GPD providers and other service organizations. Addressing homelessness—particularly when it is compounded by substance abuse and mental illness—is a challenge involving a broad array of services that must be coordinated. To encourage collaboration, VA’s grants process awards points to prospective GPD providers who demonstrate in their grant documents that they have relationships with groups such as local homeless networks, community mental health or substance abuse agencies, VA medical centers, and ancillary programs. The grant documents must also specify how providers will deliver services to meet the program’s three goals—residential stability, increased skill level or income, and greater self-determination. The GPD providers we visited often collaborated with VA, local service organizations, and other state and federal programs to offer the broad array of services needed to help veterans achieve the three goals of the GPD program. Several providers worked with the local homeless networks to identify permanent housing resources, and others sought federal housing funds to build single-room occupancy units for temporary use until more permanent long-term housing could be developed. All providers we visited tried to help veterans obtain financial benefits or employment. Some had staff who assessed a veteran’s potential eligibility for public benefits such as food stamps, Supplemental Security Income, or Social Security Disability Insurance. Other providers relied on relationships with local or state officials to provide this assessment, such as county veterans’ service officers who reviewed veterans’ eligibility for state and federal benefits or employment representatives who assisted with job searches, training, and other employment issues. GPD providers also worked collaboratively to provide health care-related services—such as mental health and substance abuse treatment, and family and nutritional counseling. While several programs used their own staff or their partners’ staff to provide mental health or substance abuse services and counseling directly, some GPD providers referred veterans off site— typically, to a VA local medical center. Despite GPD providers’ efforts to collaborate and leverage resources, GPD providers and VA staff noted gaps in key services and resources, particularly affordable permanent housing for veterans ready to leave the GPD program. Providers also identified lack of transportation, legal assistance, affordable dental care, and immediate access to substance abuse treatment facilities as obstacles for transitioning veterans out of homelessness. VA staff in some of the GPD locations we visited told us that transportation issues made it difficult for veterans to get to medical appointments or employment-related activities. While one GPD provider we visited was able to overcome transportation challenges by partnering with the local transit company to obtain subsidies for homeless veterans, transportation remained an issue for GPD providers that could not easily access VA medical centers by public transit. Providers said difficulty in obtaining legal assistance to resolve issues related to criminal records or credit problems presented challenges in helping veterans obtain jobs or permanent housing. In addition, some providers expressed concerns about obtaining affordable dental care and about wait lists for veterans referred to VA for substance abuse treatment. We found that some providers and staff did not fully understand certain GPD program policies—which in some cases may have affected veterans’ ability to get care. For instance, providers did not always have an accurate understanding of the eligibility requirements and program stay rules, despite VA’s efforts to communicate its program rules to GPD providers and VA liaisons who implement the program. Some providers were told incorrectly that veterans could not participate in the GPD program unless they were eligible for VA health care. Several providers understood the lifetime limit of three GPD stays but may not have known or believed that VA had the authority to waive this rule. As a consequence, we recommended that VA take steps to ensure that its policies are understood by the staff and providers with responsibility for implementing them. In response to our recommendation that VA take steps to ensure that its policies are understood by the staff and providers with responsibility for implementing them, VA took several steps in 2007 to improve communications with VA liaisons and GPD providers, such as calling new providers to explain policies and summarizing their regular quarterly conference calls on a new Web site, along with new or updated manuals.