CPSC was established in 1972 under the Consumer Product Safety Act (P.L. 92-573) to regulate consumer products that pose an unreasonable risk of injury, to assist consumers in using products safely, and to promote research and investigation into product-related deaths, injuries, and illnesses. CPSC has the authority to issue regulations that establish performance or labeling standards for consumer products. In addition, CPSC may order a product recall, in which an item is removed from store shelves and consumers are alerted to return the item for repair, replacement, or refund. Although the agency has broad regulatory powers, much of its efforts are carried out by nonregulatory methods. CPSC often assists in the development or improvement of voluntary safety standards and addresses product hazards by providing safety information to consumers. With about 15,000 consumer products under its jurisdiction, CPSC has to carefully consider which potential product hazards it will address. The agency has established criteria for setting priorities to keep within its budget ($47 million in fiscal year 1999). These criteria include, among others, the frequency and severity of injuries and deaths, the extent to which a hazard is likely to be reduced through CPSC’s action, and whether the hazard affects vulnerable populations, such as children or the elderly. CPSC staff provide information on these criteria and other factors to the agency’s three commissioners, who must approve all regulatory changes by a majority vote. In response to widespread concern about the number of burn injuries and deaths caused by ignited clothing, the Congress passed the Flammable Fabrics Act in 1953 to legislate a general flammability standard for all clothing. In 1972, before CPSC was established, the Department of Commerce implemented an additional, stricter flammability standard for children’s sleepwear. The Department of Commerce’s conclusion that a more stringent standard was necessary for children’s sleepwear was based on anecdotal reports of approximately 100 incidents, including news coverage of a 4-year-old Minnesota child who suffered third-degree burns when her pajama top caught fire. The 1972 standard required that fabrics used for children’s sleepwear self-extinguish when exposed to a small open flame. The standard did not prescribe specific fabrics or require flame-retardant treatments. However, while some fabrics, mostly polyester, met the requirement without treatment, others, mostly cotton, would do so only if treated with a flame-retardant chemical. In the 1970s, the chemical generally known as tris was widely used to treat sleepwear, until it was classified as a potential carcinogen and all garments treated with it were pulled from the marketplace. In the absence of tris, polyester became widely used to manufacture children’s sleepwear since it generally could meet the standard without being treated with a flame-retardant chemical. In the 1980s, however, many consumers began to express a demand for natural fibers, such as cotton, for children’s sleepwear. To meet this demand, retailers began stocking cotton and cotton blend long underwear sets that did not meet CPSC’s flammability standard for children’s sleepwear, sometimes intermingling them with flame-resistant sleepwear on children’s sleepwear racks. CPSC compliance staff, consumer groups, and industry sources agreed that enforcing the standard had become difficult and required a significant amount of agency resources. As a result, in 1991 CPSC decided to begin work to reexamine the children’s sleepwear standard. In 1994, it formally proposed to amend the sleepwear standard to exempt snug-fitting sleepwear for children and all sleepwear for children younger than 6 months old. CPSC relied primarily on laboratory and analytical evidence, rather than injury data, to support its proposal. (Because the prohibition against marketing children’s sleepwear made from non-flame-resistant materials had been in effect for 20 years, only very limited data were available on injuries that had occurred under alternatives to the existing sleepwear standard.) CPSC stated that garments are safer if they fit closer to the body because (1) there is less trapped air for combustion, so the sleepwear will burn less intensely and may self-extinguish, and (2) there is a reduced possibility for contacting an ignition source. CPSC also expressed concern that enforcing a ban against marketing long underwear as sleepwear might prompt consumers to substitute loose-fitting cotton and cotton blend garments, such as oversized T-shirts, which CPSC believed to be more hazardous. Furthermore, CPSC stated that children younger than 6 months old are relatively immobile and therefore unlikely to go near an ignition source. When CPSC announced its proposal to amend the standard, it issued a stay of enforcement that allowed manufacturers and retailers to sell long underwear or snug-fitting sleepwear that were similar to the proposed exemptions. In April 1996, a majority of the commissioners voted to amend the children’s sleepwear standard to exempt snug-fitting sleepwear and all infants’ clothing up to size 9 months. The revised standard became effective in January 1997, but CPSC continued to work on technical revisions after that date. While making the final changes to the standard, and to allow manufacturers to adapt their production processes, CPSC continued the stay of enforcement for snug-fitting underwear or sleepwear until June 1998. Snug-fitting sleepwear garments meeting the revised standard were made widely available to consumers during the fall 1998 selling season. The final technical changes to the sleepwear standard were published on January 19, 1999. The number of burn injuries associated with children’s sleepwear is uncertain, and few data are available. Some information on sleepwear-related injuries can be obtained from CPSC’s National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), which gathers data from a statistical sample of 101 hospitals across the United States that have emergency rooms. NEISS has a broad focus and is intended to allow CPSC to collect data on injuries associated with a wide variety of consumer products, rather than being designed to capture information on specific types of injuries such as burns. Unlike other national data sources, NEISS can distinguish burn injuries associated specifically with sleepwear from burns associated with other clothing. However, very few cases were reported under NEISS’s sleepwear code, and the actual number of annual injuries is uncertain. For example, over the period 1990-98, NEISS reported a total of only 13 cases. This included a maximum of four sleepwear cases annually, and in some years, including 1998, no cases were reported at all. Consequently, although the overall risk of injury appears to be small, these data cannot produce precise national estimates, making it difficult or impossible to observe trends in the number of injuries over time. Data from other sources—for example, the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS), compiled by the U.S. Fire Administration—are even less useful, because these databases were not designed to permit distinctions between sleepwear and other clothing. In addition, national data on burn injuries must be interpreted cautiously because these data necessarily provide only limited detail about the circumstances surrounding each individual case. Most significantly, none of these sources provides information on whether the clothing or sleepwear involved in the injuries would meet the children’s sleepwear standard. To obtain additional information on the circumstances surrounding burn injuries to children, CPSC conducted further investigations of selected cases. Rather than focus exclusively on reported cases that involved garments designed as sleepwear, CPSC investigated selected cases involving all types of clothing. Although CPSC’s safety standard applies only to garments specifically intended for use as sleepwear, such as nightgowns and pajamas, parents and children often use other types of clothing—including T-shirts, sweatshirts, and long underwear—for sleeping. Injuries associated with these garments are generally not reported under NEISS’s sleepwear code, even if the garments were used for sleeping. Instead, such cases may be recorded under the more general category of clothing-related burns. To obtain more detailed data on these injuries, as well as others involving garments designed specifically as sleepwear, CPSC conducted special investigations of selected clothing-related burn injuries that occurred between 1993 and 1998. During each investigation, CPSC staff interviewed family members and asked detailed questions about the incident. For example, CPSC’s investigation protocol for these cases calls for staff to ask questions about the time of the accident, the room in which the accident took place, the part of clothing that first caught fire, and the age of the clothing. Many of the injuries represented in the cases CPSC chose to investigate were severe; for example, one 8-year-old boy suffered third-degree burns and had to be hospitalized for a month at a specialized burn center. In addition, most of these injuries were associated with garments that are beyond the scope of CPSC’s sleepwear standard. For example, of the 40 cases CPSC investigated involving garments used for sleeping, 28 (or 70 percent) involved oversize or loose-fitting T-shirts. An additional six cases involved nightgowns or nightshirts. Of the remaining cases, three involved traditional flame-resistant sleepwear, one involved a tight-fitting T-shirt, and two involved cotton pajamas. With so few incidents involving garments subject to the standard, these investigations can provide CPSC with only limited ability to assess the relative number of injuries associated with different types of covered sleepwear. Without valid and precise information on injuries associated with different types of sleepwear both before and after the amendments, it is not possible to use injury data to draw firm conclusions about the actual effect of the changes to the children’s sleepwear standard. Even if these basic data were available, assessing the effect of the sleepwear standard would be particularly difficult because multiple factors contribute to burn injuries, including the ignition source, the child’s behavior, and the fabric and fit of the child’s clothing. Determining the role of any single factor, including sleepwear type, can be difficult.