Energy and Water Development funding for FY2010 was provided in H.R. 3183 , which became P.L. 111-85 when signed by President Obama on October 28, 2009. Appropriations for these programs in P.L. 111-85 totaled $33.5 billion. In addition, some of the $44.3 billion included in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (the "Stimulus" Act, P.L. 111-5 ) to fund numerous programs in the Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Department of Energy, remained to be expended in FY2010. President Obama's proposed FY2011 budget for Energy and Water Development programs, released in February 2010, totaled $35.3 billion. On July 15, 2010, the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development approved a bill to fund these programs at $34.7 billion, but the full committee did not report out the bill. In the Senate, the Energy and Water Development subcommittee approved a bill on July 20, and the full Appropriations Committee reported out S. 3635 ( S.Rept. 111-228 ) on July 22, with a total of $35.0 billion. The bill did not come to the floor of either the House or the Senate. On September 30, the Senate and the House passed a continuing resolution ( H.R. 3081 , P.L. 111-242 ), funding government programs at the FY2010 level, until December 3. Later, P.L. 111-322 extended funding through March 4, 2011. H.J.Res. 44 ( P.L. 112-4 ), signed by the President on March 2, amended P.L. 111-242 , extending funding through March 18, 2011, and reducing funding levels for a number of Energy and Water Development programs. On February 14, 2011, H.R. 1 was introduced, continuing funding through the rest of FY2011 at the FY2010 level, but with many specified exceptions in which funding was reduced. The House Appropriations Committee announced that the Energy and Water Development funding level in H.R. 1 was $29.9 billion. On February 19 the House passed H.R. 1 by a vote of 235-189. In the Senate, S.Amdt. 149 was offered as a substitute for H.R. 1 , continuing funding through the rest of FY2011 but with fewer funding reductions, totaling approximately $32.4 billion in Energy and Water Development funding. On March 9 the Senate rejected both the House-passed version of H.R. 1 and the S.Amdt. 149 . After two more short-term extensions, H.R. 1473 was introduced April 11, passed by the House and Senate April 14, and signed by the President April 15 ( P.L. 112-10 ). The bill funds Energy and Water Development programs at approximately $32.2 billion. Table 1 indicates the current status of the FY2011 funding legislation. The Energy and Water Development bill includes funding for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps), the Department of the Interior's Central Utah Project (CUP) and Bureau of Reclamation, the Department of Energy (DOE), and a number of independent agencies, including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). Table 2 includes budget totals for energy and water development appropriations enacted for FY2004 to FY2011. Table 3 lists totals for each of the bill's four titles. It also lists the total of several scorekeeping adjustments. Tables 4 through 15 provide budget details for Title I (Corps of Engineers), Title II (Department of the Interior), Title III (Department of Energy), and Title IV (independent agencies) for FY2010-FY2011. Accompanying these tables is a discussion of the key issues involved in the major programs in the four titles. Funding in H.R. 1 , for S.Amdt. 149 , and for P.L. 112-10 , was derived from the bill texts, and is included in the overall title tables. These bills did not specify funding levels below the major program level. In most years, the budget request for the Army Corps of Engineers is below the agency's final appropriations. The FY2011 President's request was $4.88 billion, or $564 million below the appropriated level for FY2010. In reporting out the FY2011 spending bill, the Senate Appropriations Committee provided the Corps with $5.32 billion, an increase of $381 million over the Administration's request but slightly below the appropriation for FY2010. The House Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, in marking up its version of the bill, provided $5.28 billion. Proposed funding for the Corps under the House-passed Continuing Resolution, H.R. 1 , would have reduce overall funding for the Corps to approximately $4.8 billion, or approximately $641 million below the FY2010 enacted level. The Continuing Resolution as passed, P.L. 112-10 , provided $5.05 billion for the Corps, or an increase of $152 million over the President's requested level but $411 million below the FY2010 enacted level. Unlike highways and municipal water infrastructure programs, federal funds for the Corps are not distributed to states or projects based on a formula or delivered via a competitive program. Generally about 85% of the appropriations for the Corps' civil works activities are directed to specific projects. Many of these projects are identified in the budget request, and others are added during congressional deliberations of the agency's appropriations. As a result, the agency's funding is often part of the debate over earmarks. Generally, appropriations are not provided to studies, projects, or activities that have not been previously authorized, typically in a Water Resources Development Act (WRDA). Estimates of the backlog of authorized projects vary from $11 billion to more than $80 billion, depending on which projects are included (e.g., those that meet Administration budget criteria, those that have received funding in recent appropriations, those that have never received appropriations). The backlog raises policy questions, such as whether there is a disconnect between the authorization and appropriations processes, and how to prioritize among authorized activities. Annual appropriations for the Corps' Civil Works program have been regularly augmented since Hurricane Katrina through supplemental appropriations and through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Since 2005, the Corps has received approximately $18.7 billion in supplemental appropriations, including approximately $15 billion for post-hurricane emergency repairs in Louisiana and other areas of the Gulf Coast region. For example, in the Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2008 ( P.L. 110-252 ), the agency received $5.76 billion in FY2009 funds for Louisiana hurricane protection. The Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2009 ( P.L. 111-32 ) provided the Corps $797 million in supplemental appropriations for flood control and coastal emergencies, including $439 million for barrier island restoration and ecosystem restoration for the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Separately, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provided the Corps with an additional $4.6 billion for FY2009 and FY2010. Construction funding for the Corps receives attention by Congress because of the large number of authorized construction projects that have not received appropriations to date. The FY2011 Obama Administration request included $1.69 billion for construction, a reduction of $341 million below the FY2010 enacted level. The Obama Administration's FY2011 request maintains the previous practice of limiting the number of new construction starts, or "new starts" (i.e., projects that have not previously been funded). The FY2011 request included two new starts. This is similar to the previous administration's policy of generally opposing new starts in order to focus funds on completing ongoing activities. The Senate Appropriations Committee's markup of the President's request provided $1.9 billion for the Construction account. The committee proposed using $120 million in unobligated balances from prior year appropriations for construction for the Continuing Authorities Program in order to fund FY2011 construction activities. The Senate Appropriations Committee also included one of the two new construction starts proposed by the Administration, but included no other new starts. The House subcommittee bill would have funded Construction at $1.851 billion. P.L. 112-10 provided $1.78 billion for construction, slightly more than the amount requested by the Administration. The enacted bill also included a provision barring the Corps from using appropriations for new starts. The Inland Waterway Trust Fund (IWTF) has a looming deficit; needed funding for eligible ongoing work has exceeded the incoming collections. Collections have been roughly $85 million per year, but outlays from the trust fund have exceeded these collections. Current law establishes the expenses associated with construction and major rehabilitation of inland waterways as a federal responsibility (i.e., no local cost-share), with 50% of the federal monies coming from the IWTF and 50% from the federal general revenue fund. The IWTF monies derive from a fuel tax (not indexed for inflation) imposed on vessels engaged in commercial transportation on designated waterways, plus investment interest on the balance. FY2009 and FY2010 appropriations included additional federal funding to temporarily ensure solvency of the IWTF. Additionally, previous Administrations (including the FY2010 Obama Request) have included proposals to increase revenues into the IWTF by replacing the current fuel tax with a lock user fee. In the past Congress has criticized this proposal and has requested that the Administration propose an alternative in committee report language. In contrast to prior budgets, the Administration's FY2011 Budget did not assume additional revenue based on a lock user fee proposal.