State revenues declined during the recent economic recession (December 2007 through June 2009) and have not fully recovered. This decline in revenue continues to place considerable strain on state budgets. As a result, nearly all states made spending cuts—both to public programs and for public employees. At the same time, the recession increased the number of individuals meeting Medicaid's income eligibility standards. This resulted in higher program enrollment and therefore higher state spending on Medicaid benefits. Given declining state tax revenue, in conjunction with requirements in all states but Vermont for balanced operating budgets, states are faced with tough decisions about where to direct the limited funds. This state fiscal condition is a reason the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, P.L. 111-5 as extended) included a temporary increase to the Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) rates to help states maintain their Medicaid programs and free up funds that states would have otherwise used for Medicaid to address other state budgetary needs. As a condition of the receipt of the federal Medicaid matching funds made available under the ARRA FMAP provision, states were required to maintain their Medicaid programs with the same eligibility standards, methodologies, or procedures for Medicaid through June 30, 2011 (i.e., the end of the ARRA temporary FMAP adjustment period). This provision is referred to as the Maintenance of Effort (MOE) requirement. With the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act as modified by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (ACA, P.L. 111-148 as modified by P.L. 111-152 ), the ARRA MOE provisions were extended and expanded. ACA's MOE provisions were designed to ensure that individuals eligible for Medicaid or the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) did not lose coverage in the period between the date of enactment of ACA (March 23, 2010) and the implementation of the state health insurance exchanges (expected in 2014). Generally, beginning in 2014, Medicaid-eligible adults who were no longer protected by MOE would presumably have access to subsidized coverage through state exchanges. Under the ACA MOE, with certain exceptions, states are required to maintain their Medicaid and CHIP programs until 2014 with the same eligibility standards, methodologies, or procedures in place as of March 23, 2010. For Medicaid and CHIP-eligible children up to age 19, the MOE requirement extends through September 30, 2019. Failure to comply with these requirements would result in the loss all federal Medicaid matching funds. Because states are prohibited from curbing the cost of Medicaid through restricting eligibility standards due to the MOE requirements included in ARRA and ACA, over the past few years, states have focused cost containment strategies on reducing provider rates, making changes to their benefit packages, or implementing limitations on the use of benefits. However, with the June 30, 2011, phase-out of the enhanced federal Medicaid funding under ARRA, states have been seeking congressional relief from the MOE requirements. States want greater flexibility to restrain their Medicaid expenditures through eligibility restrictions. This report summarizes the MOE requirements enacted under ARRA and ACA and what these requirements have meant for states in terms of their actions to restrict Medicaid and/or State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) eligibility. It also summarizes recent legislative activity to repeal the MOE requirements. Medicaid is a means-tested individual entitlement program that finances the delivery of primary and acute medical services as well as long-term care to more than 68 million people (FY2010) who meet both income and categorical eligibility criteria. While Medicaid is considered a mandatory program in federal budget terms, states choose whether to participate, and all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories do. The federal and state governments share the cost of Medicaid. States are reimbursed by the federal government for a portion (the "federal share") of a state's Medicaid program costs. In FY2010, Medicaid spending totaled approximately $406 billion, with a federal share of $274 billion and a state share of $132 billion. As a condition of receipt of any federal financial participation (FFP), states must meet their state share requirements, have a plan for medical assistance approved by the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS), and comply with Medicaid program rules. CHIP was established by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 ( P.L. 105-33 ) and was recently reauthorized by the Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPRA, P.L. 111-3 ). CHIP provides health coverage to uninsured, low-income children in families with annual income above Medicaid eligibility thresholds. When certain conditions are met, CHIP coverage is also available to pregnant women and parents. In FY2010, there were approximately 7.7 million children and 347,143 adults (ever enrolled) in CHIP, and the estimated annual cost to the federal and state governments was roughly $11.4 billion in FY2010, with a federal share of $8.0 billion and a state share of $3.4 billion. As with Medicaid, CHIP is funded jointly by the federal government and the states, and is administered by the states. Also like Medicaid, CHIP is considered a mandatory spending program in terms of the federal budget. However, rather than being considered an individual entitlement, CHIP operates as a capped entitlement to states. States with approved CHIP plans that comply with program rules and that meet their state share requirements are entitled to a portion of a national annual appropriation. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories choose to participate in the CHIP program. During the most recent recession, Congress provided additional economic stimulus funding to states, including a temporary increase to the Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) rate that defines the federal government's share of a state's expenditures for most Medicaid services. The temporary FMAP increase enacted under ARRA was later extended by P.L. 111-226 . The temporary FMAP increase runs for 11 quarters, from the first quarter of FY2009 through the third quarter of FY2011 (i.e., October 2008 through June 2011), subject to certain requirements, including a Maintenance of Effort (MOE) requirement. The ARRA MOE provision generally requires states with Medicaid programs in effect on July 1, 2008, to maintain their programs with the same eligibility standards, methodologies, or procedures for Medicaid through June 30, 2011 (i.e., the end of the ARRA temporary FMAP adjustment period). Failure to comply with the MOE requirements means a state would lose its increase in its federal Medicaid matching funds made available under the ARRA FMAP provision. Section 5001(f)(1)(B) and (C) permits states that have restricted their "eligibility standards, procedures, or methodologies" to reinstate them in any quarter to begin receiving the temporary FMAP increase. In addition, those states that reinstated their "eligibility standards, procedures, or methodologies" prior to July 1, 2009, received the increase for the first three quarters of FY2009. States were required by HHS to attest that they met the eligibility requirements. HHS indicated that four states (Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia) were ineligible when funding estimates were first released on February 23, 2009, but those states have since been cleared to receive the FMAP increase. A more recent study found that the ARRA requirements resulted in 14 states reversing and 5 states abandoning planned restrictions to eligibility. Under the Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (CHIPRA) of 2009, a number of states were required to move their childless adult populations out of CHIP by December 31, 2009, and could apply to have them enrolled under a Medicaid waiver. However, ARRA FMAPs were not originally available for these childless adults because they had not been eligible for Medicaid on July 1, 2008 (as stated above). Under P.L. 111-226 , states can now receive ARRA FMAPs for non-pregnant childless adults in Medicaid who would have been eligible for CHIP based on standards in effect on December 31, 2009. It appears that Idaho, Michigan, and New Mexico will benefit from this provision. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA, P.L. 111-148 ), as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 ( P.L. 111-152 ), made significant changes to Medicaid and extended federal financing for CHIP through FY2015. The most noteworthy change begins in 2014, or sooner at state option, when states are required to expand Medicaid eligibility to individuals under age 65 with income up to 133% of the federal poverty level (FPL) (effectively 138% FPL with the Modified Adjusted Gross Income or MAGI 5% FPL income disregard). At the same time, with certain exceptions, ACA requires states to maintain current Medicaid and CHIP eligibility levels. Under ACA, the ARRA MOE provisions were extended and expanded. ACA's MOE provisions were designed to ensure that Medicaid and CHIP-eligible individuals did not lose coverage in the period between the date of enactment of ACA (March 23, 2010) and the implementation of the state health insurance exchanges (expected in 2014). The ACA Medicaid MOE provision generally requires that states with Medicaid programs in effect on March 23, 2010, maintain their programs with the same eligibility standards, methodologies, or procedures until the health insurance exchanges are operational. Additionally, the Medicaid MOE for Medicaid-eligible children up to age 19 continues until September 30, 2019. Failure to comply with the ACA MOE requirements would result in a loss of all federal Medicaid matching funds for that state. This differs from the ARRA MOE requirement, under which states that do not comply would only lose access to the additional federal funds made available through the increase in the FMAP rate.