In 2008, oil prices nearly doubled, reaching record levels, before falling back to below $40 per barrel by the end of the year. In the 110 th Congress, proposals included a number of legislative initiatives to increase domestic oil production. These proposals fell into two broad categories: to (1) open areas of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) which were under a leasing moratoria; and to (2) encourage companies holding oil and gas leases to diligently develop leases to bring them into production. Proponents of these initiatives argued that promising areas should be open for exploration to maximize domestic oil production as soon as possible. This report provides a review of selected legislative initiatives in the 110 th Congress, examines oil production and resource data, and discusses oil development concerns on federal lands, both onshore and on the OCS. Legislation on oil and gas development on federal lands has not yet been introduced for the 111 th Congress. As the 111 th Congress begins, Congress is faced with issues such as enhancing domestic energy supply and security while assessing areas of environmental concern. The Bush Administration lifted the OCS moratoria on July 14, 2008 and Congress allowed its annual OCS moratoria (see details below) to expire on September 30, 2008 under a continuing resolution—Continuing Appropriations Act for 2009 ( P.L. 110-329 ). The continuing resolution expires on March 6, 2009 or when a permanent appropriations bill for FY2009 is enacted. Based on the executive branch relaxation of the OCS ban, the Bush Administration began the process of preparing the OCS five-year leasing program in August of 2008, two years ahead of schedule. The Draft Proposed OCS Oil and Gas Leasing Program, 2010-2015 was published in early January 2009. This draft proposal, if finalized, would supersede the current five-year program which runs from 2007-2012. The Obama Administration has not yet made a decision to move forward with the proposal. If the early draft is finalized by the Administration, Congress can accept or reject the plan. Under current law, the primary onshore oil and gas lease term is for 10 years. Offshore lease terms are 5,8, or 10 years depending on water depth. If the lease is not producing oil or gas in commercial quantities by the end of its primary term, the lease reverts back to the government for a possible future lease sale—unless the lessee is granted an extension. Extensions are granted for onshore lessees under 43 CFR 3107 for a one-time, two-year period. Offshore extensions are granted under 30 CFR 250.180. The regulation for offshore extensions does not specify the length of the extension. Also, it is not clear how often the Bureau of Land Management(BLM) or Minerals Management Service (MMS) grant extensions. On July 17, 2008, an energy proposal that reached the House floor ( H.R. 6515 , Drill Responsibly in Leased Lands Act of 2008), was defeated under a suspension of the rules vote (which requires a two-thirds majority) by 244-173. This act was said to promote an "expeditious and environmentally responsible" development of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA) and would have denied new leases to lessees that were not diligently developing their leases, producing oil or gas, or relinquishing non-producing leases. Proponents of this bill argued that many of the lessees are "sitting" on federal leases, and not producing oil or gas. Although both bills, H.R. 6515 , and H.R. 6251 , retained the 10-year primary oil and gas lease term, language removed from an earlier version of H.R. 6251 would have reduced the primary lease term (for onshore and deepwater offshore) from a 10-year term to five years (with extensions possible). On June 26, 2008, under suspension of the rules, H.R. 6251 was also defeated by a vote of 223-195 (two-thirds needed for passage). These two bills were referenced as "use it or lose it" proposals, supported by policymakers who argued that it was unnecessary to lift the OCS moratorium because there were millions of acres already leased that could yield crude oil production, but which were presently inactive. It is unclear how much, and how quickly, additional production would take place on non-producing leases. Some critics of "use it or lose it" proposals argued that these proposals could create a disincentive for companies to seek leases, and/or result in lower bonus bids on new leases. A "use it or lose it" policy, critics of the bills argued, would not necessarily lead to additional production sooner; it might, in fact, undercut that objective. As noted, implementation of "use it or lose it" legislation could result in fewer bids or lower bid offers if a more stringent timeline were to be imposed on all leases held. However, by maintaining the 10-year primary term, as both bills would have done, more federal funds might be appropriated for permitting, and other required environmental reviews. A similar bill in the Senate ( S. 3239 , Responsible Federal Oil and Gas Lease Act) would have denied lessees new leases unless lessees were producing oil or gas on currently held leases; if lessees did not diligently develop each lease, they would have been required to relinquish them. The House and Senate proposals would have required the Secretary of the Interior to define diligent development as it relates to oil and gas leases. U.S. crude oil production peaked at 9.637 million barrels per day in 1970. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the Department of Energy projects that U.S. oil production will increase from today's 5.1 million barrels per day (mbd) to 6.3 mbd by 2018, then decline to 5.6 mbd by 2030, but EIA did not factor-in possible changes in lease management. EIA projected that offshore crude oil production would increase from about 1.4 mbd to 2.2 mbd by 2030. When the EIA included access to the OCS, without the leasing moratoria, production was projected to rise by an additional 200,000 barrels per day by 2020 with no significant impact on prices. Based on mean resource estimates by the MMS, an ICF International report prepared for the American Petroleum Institute estimates an increase in OCS production of 286,000 barrels per day in 2030 with increased access to the OCS. When ICF assumed a much larger resource base for the OCS (and without the leasing moratoria), oil production was estimated to increase 900,000 barrels per day in 2030. An anticipated rise in U.S. domestic production on federal lands is seen as coming primarily from deepwater offshore areas as shallow water and onshore oil fields are in decline. According to the MMS, deepwater oil already accounts for more than 70% of offshore production and 18.5 % of total U.S. crude oil production. Since 2002, shallow water lease sales have dropped from 418 to 264 while deepwater lease sales rose from 281 to 633. Deepwater lease sales spiked in 1997 at 1,110, following the Deepwater Royalty Relief Act of 1995. Further, it is notable that there has been increasing exploration activity and an increase in reported finds in the Gulf of Mexico in very deep waters since 2003. Given that oil prices are set in a world market, any additions to U.S. oil supply must be seen in the context of additions to oil supply worldwide. According to the Department of the Interior agencies (Bureau of Land Management and the Minerals Management Service), there are approximately 67 million acres of "active" (meaning that the lease is still in its primary term) oil and gas leases on federal lands that are not in production. About 33 million acres are located onshore and an additional 34 million acres are located offshore. Approximately 12 million acres onshore and about 10.5 million acres offshore are in producing status, (i.e., producing commercial volumes) (see Table 2 below). For offshore oil, under the Known Resources category, (proved reserves, unproved reserves, and reserve appreciation), the Minerals Management Service (MMS) estimates oil reserves in the OCS to be 8.55 billion barrels. In addition, the MMS categorizes 6.88 billion barrels of oil as Reserve Appreciation. In the Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Resources category, the MMS estimates oil resources to be near 86 billion barrels. Within the Undiscovered Resources category, about 41 billion barrels of oil would potentially come from the Gulf of Mexico and about 25.3 billion possible barrels of oil would come from Alaska. With that total, roughly 66.4 billion possible barrels out of 84.24 billion possible barrels are available (about 79%) for leasing in the current MMS five-year leasing program. MMS estimates the amount unavailable at around 17.8 billion possible barrels. Federal onshore proved oil reserves are estimated at 5.3 billion barrels, plus about 6.3 billion barrels in reserve appreciation according to a recent survey of onshore federal lands. Further, there is an estimated, 24.2 billion possible barrels of undiscovered technically recoverable oil resources [see note above] on federal lands, of which 19.0 billion possible barrels of oil are offlimits. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT-05) enacted several provisions that were aimed at expediting the development of oil and gas on public lands, particularly concerned with the approval of applications for permits to drill (APDs) (see Table 2 ). Some critics of EPACT-05 believe that the permitting is moving too fast without adequate environmental review.