A major global donors' conference was held March 31, 2010, in New York. Donors pledged over $5 billion for the first 18 months of Haiti's reconstruction. The United States pledged $1.2 billion. The Haitian government presented an action plan for reconstruction and development, and a Post Disaster Needs Assessment that estimated the total value of recovery and reconstruction needs to be $11.5 billion. The Obama Administration requested $2.8 billion in FY2010 supplemental funding for relief and reconstruction support for Haiti. Extra-constitutional rule will begin after May 10, when most parliamentarians' terms expire; President Préval will probably rule by decree after that. Haiti passed a State of Emergency Law on April 20 giving the President broad powers. The international community is urging Haiti to hold legislative and presidential elections in November 2010. Humanitarian assistance is focused on providing waterproof emergency shelter, improving sanitation and meeting the basic needs of the displaced and other vulnerable Haitians. The relief effort is expected to last for many months. Most U.S. military forces will withdraw from Haiti by about June 1, 2010. The largest earthquake ever recorded in Haiti devastated parts of the country, including the capital, on January 12, 2010. The quake, centered about 15 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, had a magnitude of 7.0. A series of strong aftershocks have followed. The damage was severe and catastrophic. Thousands of buildings collapsed, leaving unknown numbers of people trapped, and hundreds of thousands of people homeless in the streets. Estimates of casualties are constantly being updated. According to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, "[o]f Haiti's 9 million people, initial reports suggest roughly a third may be affected by the disaster." The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) issued a study on February 11 estimating the damage caused by the earthquake to be at least $8 billion, and as high as $14 billion. One of the report's authors, economist Andrew Powell, said that, "This disaster, given the size of Haiti ... is the most devastating catastrophe that a country has experienced possibly ever." The report compared the damage to other catastrophes, finding, for example, that the earthquake's damage amounted to 117% of Haiti's annual economic output, while the 2004 tsunami damage amounted to 2% of Indonesia's annual economic output. The Haiti Post Disaster Needs Assessment, conducted by Haiti and international institutions, reported similar findings, estimating the total value of recovery and reconstruction needs to be $11.5 billion. All of this damage was sustained in a country that the United Nations had already designated as one of the 50 "least developed countries" in the world, facing a higher risk than other countries of failing to come out of poverty, and therefore needing the highest degree of attention from the international community. Recovery efforts have been made extremely difficult by the loss of personnel and infrastructure that would be part of a recovery effort. Among the missing and dead were Haitian government officials and international aid personnel, including many U.N. personnel. Housing, hospitals, schools, and many government buildings collapsed. Basic services such as electricity and water were almost completely disrupted. Major transportation routes were damaged and/or blocked. The Port-au-Prince airport control tower was destroyed; the airport continued to function, and air traffic control authority was quickly transferred to U.S. personnel with portable radar. On February 18, commercial air traffic in and out of Port-au-Prince resumed. As of early March, relief flights into Haiti had dropped from a peak of 160 flights per day to an average of 75. The main port suffered heavy damage; U.S. troops are repairing the port facilities. The port is expected to handle 1,500 containers of relief supplies once it is fully repaired. The use of airfields and ports in the Dominican Republic, with humanitarian corridors over land, have also eased the burden on Haitian facilities. Haitian government officials continue to function in makeshift conditions. The roof of the Presidential Palace collapsed and the President's private residence was also destroyed. President Préval was initially unable to communicate with his Cabinet and has been working out of a small room in a police headquarters. The Parliament building collapsed, with some Members trapped inside and others killed. The Parliament has convened in the National Police Academy. Twenty-eight of 29 Ministry buildings were destroyed. The United Nations, which already had a strong presence in Haiti, is at the forefront of on-the-ground response for security and humanitarian assistance, and suffered heavy losses as well. Its headquarters collapsed, and 101 U.N. personnel are confirmed dead and 6 others remain unaccounted for. The head of the U.N. Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), Special Representative Hedi Annabi, and his deputy, Luiz Carlos da Costa, were among the dead. U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon sent Assistant Secretary General Edmond Mulet to Haiti on January 13 to direct the U.N.'s immediate response efforts; Mulet is a former Special Representative of the Secretary General for MINUSTAH. Prior to the earthquake, the international community was providing extensive development and humanitarian assistance to Haiti. With that assistance, the Haitian government had made significant progress in recent years in many areas of its development strategy, including security; judicial reform; macroeconomic management; procurement processes and fiscal transparency; increased voter registration; and jobs creation. It had also made progress in providing broader access to clean water and other services. Parliamentary elections scheduled for February 2010 have been delayed. There is tentative agreement that Haiti will hold joint parliamentary and presidential elections in November 2010. President Préval's term will end in February 2011, and he is not eligible to run for reelection. The destruction of Haiti's nascent infrastructure and other extensive damage caused by January's earthquake will set back Haiti's development significantly. U.N. Special Envoy and former President Bill Clinton said that Haiti's long-term development plans "will need to be amended ... but they cannot be abandoned." Soon after the earthquake, the government of Haiti and the international donor community held meetings and conferences to begin planning a long-term strategy for Haitian recovery. A major global donors' conference was held March 31, 2010, in New York at which 48 countries, multilateral institutions, and a coalition of non-governmental organizations pledged $5.3 billion for the first 18 months of Haiti's reconstruction, part of nearly $10 billion pledged toward long-term reconstruction efforts. The IDB damage assessment stated that donor coordination will be key in any reconstruction effort. The report further noted that there are different models for coordination, but that however it is coordinated, "[a] single executing agency with appropriate powers, transparency and accountability to the Haitian Government and donors would be helpful" in achieving the needed coordination on the ground. To that end, Haiti and the international donor community have established a Multi-Donor Trust Fund to monitor, coordinate, and distribute funds. The Obama Administration is requesting $2.8 billion in FY2010 supplemental funding to cover costs associated with relief and reconstruction support for Haiti. The U.S. pledge of $1.2 billion made at the donors conference is included in that request. It is estimated that 3 million people, approximately one-third of the overall population, have been affected by the earthquake. The government of Haiti is reporting an estimated 230,000 deaths (2% of the population), 300,600 injured and 383 missing. Earlier reports indicated there were 1.2 million Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), which included 700,000 people displaced in the Port-au-Prince area, many without shelter, and more than 597,000 people who left Port-au-Prince for rural areas. More recent numbers indicate a higher number of IDPs with a possible total of over 2 million displaced in Haiti. This number includes 1.69 million displaced in settlements in Port-au-Prince and more than 300,000 in areas outside the city. Much smaller numbers of Haitians have left for the Dominican Republic, nearby islands, and the United States. According to the State Department, a total of 16,000 Americans in Haiti have been accounted for, and 16,704 U.S. citizens have been evacuated. There are 103 reported deaths of U.S. citizens due to the earthquake. Now that commercial airlines are operating out of Port-au-Prince, the U.S. embassy is no longer assisting with citizen evacuations. In the immediate wake of the earthquake, President Préval described conditions in his country as "unimaginable," and appealed for international assistance. The country's top priority was to conduct search and rescue operations for survivors. Other material priorities included an offshore vessel medical unit and electricity generation capability. The government also requested communications equipment so that government officials could better function and coordinate response efforts. As those immediate needs are met and the humanitarian relief operation continues, the government is struggling to restore the institutions needed for it to function and to address long-term reconstruction and development planning. "The first thing is political stability," said Préval. "Secondly, we hope the international community will help us in the short-term, mid-term, and long-term." Prior to this disaster, the World Bank and others were working with the Haitian government to incorporate disaster risk management into Haiti's overall development strategy and to develop its capacity for disaster response. The capacity was still in its early stages, however, and the focus of much of its risk management efforts was not geared toward earthquakes, but toward hurricanes, which are the most common cause of natural disasters on the island. The last major earthquake in Haiti was 150 years ago, in 1860. Some Haitians complain that they have seen or heard little of President Préval since the earthquake.