ONDCP was established by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 to, among other things, enhance national drug control planning and coordination and represent the drug policies of the executive branch before Congress. In this role, the office is responsible for (1) developing a national drug control policy, (2) developing and applying specific goals and performance measurements to evaluate the effectiveness of national drug control policy and National Drug Control Program agencies’ programs, (3) overseeing and coordinating the implementation of the national drug control policy, and (4) assessing and certifying the adequacy of the budget for National Drug Control Programs. The 2010 Strategy is the inaugural strategy guiding drug policy under President Obama’s administration. For the 2010 Strategy, ONDCP changed its approach from publishing a 1-year Strategy to publishing a 5- year Strategy, which ONDCP is to update annually. The annual updates are to provide an implementation progress report as well as an opportunity to make adjustments to reflect policy changes. ONDCP established two overarching policy goals in the 2010 Strategy for (1) curtailing illicit drug consumption and (2) improving public health by reducing the consequences of drug abuse, and seven subgoals under them that delineate specific quantitative outcomes to be achieved by 2015, such as reducing drug-induced deaths by 15 percent. To support the achievement of these two policy goals and seven subgoals (collectively referred to as goals), the Strategy and annual updates include seven strategic objectives and multiple action items under each objective, with lead and participating agencies designated for each action item. ONDCP reported that about $25.2 billion was provided for drug control programs in fiscal year 2012. Of this, $10.1 billion, or 40 percent, was allocated to drug abuse prevention and treatment programs. The 15 federal departments, agencies, and components (collectively referred to as agencies) we selected for our review of drug abuse prevention and treatment programs collectively allocated about $4.5 billion in fiscal year 2012 to such programs. These agencies included the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Department of Education, Department of Housing and Urban Development, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Justice Programs, and Bureau of Prisons, among others. The HIDTA program was established in 1988 and is a federally funded program administered by ONDCP that brings together federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies into task forces that conduct investigations of drug-trafficking organizations in designated areas. The HIDTA program is focused on counternarcotics. However, HIDTA program resources may also be used for other purposes such as to assist law enforcement agencies in investigations and activities related to terrorism and the prevention of terrorism. There are 28 HIDTAs across the United States, and each has an Investigative Support Center that serves to support the HIDTA program by providing analytical case support, promoting officer safety, preparing and issuing drug threat assessments, and developing and disseminating intelligence products. The HIDTA and RISS programs operate three separate systems that have (1) event deconfliction functions to determine when multiple federal, state, or local law enforcement agencies are conducting enforcement actions—such as raids, undercover operations, or surveillances—in proximity to one another during a specified time period, or (2) target deconfliction functions, which determine if multiple law enforcement agencies are investigating, for example, the same person, vehicle, weapon, or business. Individual HIDTAs have used the Secure Automated Fast Event Tracking Network (SAFETNet) system, which has had event deconfliction functions, among other functions, since 2001 to help ensure officer safety. In 2009, the HIDTA program introduced deconfliction features into the Case Explorer system that differed from SAFETNet by providing a free service that is tied to its performance management process. In 2009, RISS developed RISSafe to provide event deconfliction to its members and those not being served by another system. Pursuant to federal legislation enacted in 2010, we conduct routine investigations to identify programs, agencies, offices, and initiatives with duplicative goals and activities within departments and government-wide and report annually to Congress. In March 2011 and February 2012, we issued our first two annual reports to Congress in response to this requirement. On the basis of the framework established in these reports, we used the following definitions for assessing drug abuse prevention and treatment programs and field-based information sharing entities: Fragmentation occurs when more than one federal agency (or more than one organization within an agency) is involved in the same broad area of national interest. Overlap occurs when fragmented agencies or programs have similar goals, engage in similar activities or strategies to achieve them, or target similar beneficiaries. Duplication occurs when two or more agencies or programs are engaged in the same activities or provide the same services to the same beneficiaries. In our March 2013 report, we found that ONDCP and other federal agencies had not made progress toward achieving most of the goals articulated in the 2010 National Drug Control Strategy. In the Strategy, ONDCP established seven goals related to reducing illicit drug use and its consequences by 2015. As we reported in March 2013, our analysis showed that of the five goals for which primary data on results were available, one showed progress and four showed either no change or movement away from the 2015 goals. For example, no progress had been made on the goal to reduce drug use among 12- to 17-year-olds by 15 percent. According to the data source for this measure—the National Survey on Drug Use and Health—this was primarily due to an increase in the rate of reported marijuana use, offset by decreases in the rates of reported use of other drugs. Table 1 shows 2010 Strategy goals and progress toward meeting them, as of March 2013. We reported in March 2013 that, according to ONDCP officials, a variety of factors could affect achievement of these goals, such as worsening economic conditions, changing demographics, or changing social or political environments; the passage of state laws that decriminalize marijuana use or allow its use for medical purposes; failure to obtain sufficient resources to address drug control problems; insufficient commitment from agency partners; and the need for new action items that include initiatives or activities beyond those that are under way or planned. We reported that ONDCP officials stated that the office’s new Performance Reporting System (PRS) is to provide more specific information about where the Strategy is on or off track and prompt diagnostic reviews to identify causal factors contributing to any problems identified, as discussed below. ONDCP released the 2015 Strategy on November 17, 2015, and it is an annual update to the 2010 Strategy. Since our March 2013 report, ONDCP has begun reporting progress toward two goals where data were not initially available. According to data available to date, the Strategy shows progress toward achieving one goal, no progress on three goals, and mixed progress on the remaining three goals. Overall, none of the goals in the 2010 Strategy have been fully achieved. Table 2 shows the 2010 Strategy goals and ONDCP’s reported progress toward meeting them. In March 2013, we reported that ONDCP established the PRS to monitor and assess progress toward meeting Strategy goals and objectives and issued a report (the PRS report) describing the system with the 2012 Strategy update. The PRS includes interagency performance measures and targets under each Strategy objective. For example, 1 of the 6 performance measures under the objective to strengthen efforts to prevent drug use in our communities is the average age of initiation for all illicit drug use, which has a 2009 baseline of 17.6 years of age and a 2015 target of 19.5 years of age. According to the PRS report, system information is to be used to inform budget formulation and resource allocation, Strategy implementation, and policy making, among other things. As part of our review, we assessed PRS measures and found them to be generally consistent with attributes of effective performance management identified in our prior work as important for ensuring performance measures demonstrate results and are useful for decision making. For example, we found that the PRS measures are clearly stated, with descriptions included in the 2012 PRS report, and all 26 of them have or are to have measurable numerical targets. In addition, the measures were developed with input from stakeholders through an interagency working group process, which included participation by the Departments of Education, Justice, and Health and Human Services, among others. The groups assessed the validity of the measures and evaluated data sources, among other things. We reported in March 2013 that, according to ONDCP officials, information collected through the PRS is to provide valuable insights to help identify where the Strategy is on track and when further problem solving and evaluation are needed. At that time, the system was still in its early stages and ONDCP had not issued its first report on the results of the system’s performance measures. Accordingly, operational information was not available to evaluate the system’s results. ONDCP officials stated that when results are determined to not be on track to meet 2015 targets, the PRS is to serve as a trigger for an interagency review of potential causes of performance gaps and options for improvement. We reported that, according to these officials, ONDCP plans to assess the effectiveness of the PRS more comprehensively to determine how well it is working and whether any adjustments need to be made after the system has been operational for a longer period of time. We also reported that these plans should help increase accountability for improving results and enhance the system’s effectiveness as a mechanism to monitor progress toward Strategy goals and objectives and assess where further action is needed to improve progress. ONDCP released its annual PRS report on November 17, 2015. The 2015 report assesses progress on the Strategy’s goals, as well as performance measures related to each of the Strategy’s objectives, and discusses future actions required to achieve these goals and measures.