Prior to its termination, the Technology Innovation Program (TIP) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was created to "to support, promote, and accelerate innovation in the United States through high-risk, high-reward research in areas of critical national need," according to the authorizing legislation. The intent of the program was to provide grants to small and medium-sized firms for individual projects or joint ventures with other research organizations to undertake work that (A) has the potential for yielding transformational results with far-ranging or wide-ranging implications; (B) addresses critical national needs within the National Institute of Standards and Technology's areas of technical competence; and (C) is too novel or spans too diverse a range of disciplines to fare well in the traditional peer-review process. NIST published the final rule prescribing the policies and procedures for the TIP activity on June 25, 2008 (15 C.F.R. Part 296). Small or medium-sized for-profit firms were eligible for individual project awards of up to $3 million over three years. Collaborative research ventures including small or medium-sized companies, national laboratories, universities, or other non-profit research institutions could be funded for a total of up to $9 million over five years. A competitive, merit-based process was to be used to make grants of up to 50% of total project costs. In January 2009, nine awards were announced for "new research projects to develop advanced sensing technologies that would enable timely and detailed monitoring and inspection of the structural health of bridges, roadways and water systems that comprise a significant component of the nation's public infrastructure." According to TIP, $42.5 million in federal money was expected to be matched by $45.7 in private sector support. Twenty more awards were announced in December 2009 totaling almost $71.0 million in NIST financing with approximately $145.7 million in funding from other sources. Of the projects selected for the two solicitations, thirteen were in the area of monitoring and inspection of civil infrastructure; four were in the area of advanced repair of civil infrastructure; eleven were in the area of process scale up for advanced materials; and one was in the area of predictive modeling for advanced materials. Nine additional projects in various areas including biopharmaceuticals, electronics, nanotechnology, renewable energy, and energy sources received awards of more than $22 million in December 2010. Federal funding for these projects was expected to be matched by approximately $24 million in private sector support. According to NIST, no new TIP projects were funded in FY2011. The $44.8 million appropriated for the program in P.L. 112-10 was to be used for the continued support of ongoing TIP and ATP projects. There was no funding for TIP in the FY2012 appropriations legislation. Accordingly, "The Program is currently taking the necessary actions for an orderly shutdown." The Technology Innovation Program was authorized by the America COMPETES Act ( P.L. 110-69 ) and replaced the Advanced Technology Program (ATP). The FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act, P.L. 110-161 , provided the initiative $65.2 million (with an additional $5 million in unobligated balances from the FY2007 ATP appropriation). This was 17.6% less than FY2007 funding for ATP. According to NIST, the major portion of FY2008 support was to be used to meet previous ATP funding commitments. The FY2009 budget request did not contain any financial support for TIP. During the 110 th Congress, no final FY2009 appropriations legislation was enacted for the program; P.L. 110-329 , the Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009, funded TIP at FY2008 levels through March 6, 2009. FY2009 funding of $65.0 million was subsequently provided by P.L. 111-8 , the FY2009 Omnibus Appropriations Act. For FY2010, $69.9 million was appropriated for TIP by P.L. 111-117 , the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010, an increase of 7.5% over the previous fiscal year. The figure reflected that amount included in President Obama's budget request and H.R. 2847 as originally passed by both the House and the Senate. The Administration's FY2011 budget included $79.9 million for TIP, a 14.3% increase in support over FY2010. In the 111 th Congress, S. 3636 , the FY2011 Commerce, Justice, Science appropriations bill reported from the Senate Committee on Appropriations, would have funded TIP at the FY2010 level of $69.9 million, 12.5% below the Administration's proposal. No FY2011 Commerce, Justice, Science appropriations bill was reported from the House Appropriations Committee during the 111 th Congress. TIP remained funded through several Continuing Resolutions until a final appropriations bill was enacted. The last CR, P.L. 112-6 , included support for the program at the FY2010 level of $69.9 million. Under H.R. 1 , as passed by the House (the "Full-year" CR), TIP would have received $44.9 million, 35.8% less than FY2010. The final FY2011 appropriations legislation, P.L. 112-10 , provided $44.8 million for TIP which represented a decrease of 35.9% from FY2010, was 43.9% less than the President's request, and almost the same as the amount in H.R. 1 . There is no funding for TIP in the FY2012 appropriation ( P.L. 112-55 ). While the Administration's FY2012 budget proposed $75.0 million for TIP, 67.4% more the earlier fiscal year, neither H.R. 2596 , as reported from the House Committee on Appropriations, nor the FY2012 consolidated appropriations bill covering the Department of Commerce (among other agencies) originally passed by the Senate, H.R. 2112 , provided any support for TIP. The Technology Innovation Program replaced the Advanced Technology Program which was established by Title V of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act ( P.L. 100-418 ). ATP was intended "to serve as a focal point for cooperation between the public and private sectors in the development of industrial technology" and to help solve "problems of concern to large segments of an industry," as noted in the conference report to accompany the bill. Located within NIST, in recognition of the laboratory's ongoing relationship with industry, ATP provided seed funding to single companies or to industry-led consortia of universities, businesses, and/or government laboratories for development of generic (broad-based), pre-competitive technologies that had applications across industries. Awards, based on technical and business merit, were for high-risk work past the basic research stage but not yet ready for commercialization. Market potential was an important consideration in project selection. Awards were for either product or process technology development. Individual firms were restricted to funding of $2 million over three years. Money was to be used only for direct R&D costs. Large firms provided at least 60% of total (direct and indirect) projects costs; small and medium-sized companies were not required to cost-share direct costs. Joint ventures could receive up to five years of financing for any amount, limited only by availability. In such cases, the private sector provided more than 50% of funding. While universities and federal laboratories could participate in collaborative work, the ATP grant was made solely to companies. According to NIST, through the end of 2007 when ATP was terminated, 824 projects had been funded, of which about 28% were joint ventures. Approximately $1.6 billion in federal funds have been matched by $1.5 billion from the private sector. Small businesses or cooperative efforts led by such firms made up almost 68% of the awardees. (The legislation creating TIP required that the Director of NIST "continue to provide support originally awarded under the Advanced Technology Program, in accordance with the terms of the original award and consistent with the goals of the Technology Innovation Program.") Financing for ATP was a continuing issue in the appropriations debate prior to the elimination of the program. Opponents of ATP cited it as a prime example of "corporate welfare," whereby the federal government invested in applied research activities that, they emphasized, should be conducted by the private sector. Others defended ATP, arguing that it assisted businesses (and small manufacturers) in developing technologies that, while crucial to industrial competitiveness, would not or could not be developed by the private sector alone. TIP appears to have been designed to avoid what opponents of the ATP program argued was government funding of large firms that had no need for federal support for R&D activities. The House Committee on Science and Technology report to accompany H.R. 1868 , part of which was incorporated into the COMPETES Act, stated that TIP replaces ATP in consideration of a changing global innovation environment focusing on small and medium-sized companies. The structure of TIP also "acknowledges the important role universities play in the innovation cycle by allowing universities to fully participate in the program." While similar to ATP in the promotion of high-risk R&D that would be of broad-based economic benefit to the Nation, there are several differences in the operation of TIP primarily associated with the size of eligible companies. Prior to its termination, financial support under TIP was limited to small and medium-sized businesses whereas grants under ATP were available to companies regardless of size. In addition, the Advanced Technology Program required that joint ventures include two separately owned for-profit firms and could include universities, government laboratories, and other research establishments as participants in the project but not as recipients of the grant.