The Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is charged with preventing the entry of terrorists, securing the borders, and carrying out immigration enforcement functions. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), a component of DHS, has primary responsibility for securing the borders of the United States, preventing terrorists and their weapons from entering the United States, and enforcing hundreds of U.S. trade and immigration laws. Within CBP, the U.S. Border Patrol's mission is to detect and prevent the illegal entry of aliens across the nearly 7,000 miles of Mexican and Canadian international borders and 2,000 miles of coastal borders surrounding Florida and Puerto Rico. The Department of Defense's (DOD's) role in the execution of this responsibility is to provide support to DHS and other federal, state, and local (and in some cases foreign) law enforcement agencies, when requested. Since the 1980s, DOD, including the National Guard, as authorized by Congress, has conducted a wide variety of counterdrug support missions along the borders of the United States. Although DOD does not have the "assigned responsibility to stop terrorists from coming across our borders," its support role in counterdrug and counterterrorism efforts appears to have increased the department's profile in border security. In 2006, in response to requests for support enforcing federal immigration laws from the governors of Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas, President George W. Bush announced the deployment of up to 6,000 National Guard troops along the southern border to support the Border Patrol. During 2006–2008, more than 30,000 individuals participated in the mission "Operation Jump Start." The troops provided engineering, aviation, and entry identification teams, as well as technical, logistical, and administrative support. The Guard units, serving pursuant to Title 32 of the U.S. Code (see later discussion), remained under the control of the respective governors, but were fully funded by the federal government and were not involved in direct law-enforcement activities. Throughout Operation Jump Start, the federal government continued to recruit and train thousands of additional Border Patrol agents, thereby reducing the number of National Guard troops required to support the southern border. Operation Jump Start officially concluded on July 15, 2008. Illegal drug activities and crime continue. After the murder of Arizona rancher Robert Krentz on March 27, 2010, the day after the Border Patrol seized 290 pounds of marijuana near his ranch, there have been calls for increased security along the border. The governors and adjutants general of Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas requested that the Obama Administration create a new federal border mission along the lines of Operation Jump Start from 2006. Following the murder of Krentz, Governor Bill Richardson of New Mexico ordered the National Guard to patrol the border in order to ensure the safety of New Mexico citizens. And while Governor Jan Brewer of Arizona has requested federal troops to protect the border, she has not invoked her authority, as Governor Richardson did, citing Arizona's troubled finances as prohibiting such an act. Additionally, Members of Congress have called for the deployment of National Guard troops along the southern border to "combat illegal immigration, drug and alien smuggling, and violent activity." On May 25, 2010, President Obama announced that up to 1,200 National Guard troops would be sent to the southern border to support the Border Patrol. According to John Brennan and General James Jones, the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and the National Security Advisor, respectively, the National Guard troops will be utilized as a "bridge to longer-term enhancements in border protection and law enforcement personnel from the Departments of Homeland Security and Justice to target illicit networks' trafficking in people, drugs, illegal weapons, money, and the violence associated with these illegal activities." The President "called immigration 'inherently the job of the federal government,' and said sending Guard members would be a basic step in securing the border before other reforms are implemented through legislation." Further, President Obama stated that the National Guard troops would help with intelligence work, drug and human trafficking interdiction, and relieving border guards on security tasks so they can do more law enforcement. In late 2011, the Department of Defense and the Department of Homeland Security briefed Members of Congress on a reduction in the number of troops assigned to the border mission from 1,200 to 300, with the remaining troops focusing on aerial surveillance missions. The military does not appear to have a direct legislative mandate to protect or patrol the border or to engage in immigration enforcement. Indeed, direct military involvement in law enforcement activities without proper statutory authorization might run afoul of the Posse Comitatus Act. The military does have, however, general legislative authority that allows it to provide support to federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies (LEAs) in counterdrug and counterterrorism efforts, and in combating certain border-related immigration and smuggling crimes. Military personnel for these operations are drawn from the active and reserve forces of the military and from the National Guard. The primary restriction on military participation in civilian law enforcement activities is the Posse Comitatus Act (PCA). The PCA prohibits the use of the Army and Air Force to execute the domestic laws of the United States except where expressly authorized by the Constitution or Congress. The PCA has been further applied to the Navy and Marine Corps by legislative and administrative supplements. For example, 10 U.S.C. Section 375 directs the Secretary of Defense to promulgate regulations forbidding the direct participation "by a member of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marines in a search, seizure, arrest, or other similar activity" during support activities to civilian law enforcement agencies. DOD issued Directive 5525.5, which outlines its policies and procedures for supporting federal, state, and local LEAs. DOD Directive 5525.5 prohibits the following forms of direct assistance: (1) interdiction of a vehicle, vessel, aircraft, or other similar activity; (2) a search or seizure; (3) an arrest, apprehension, stop and frisk, or similar activity; and (4) use of military personnel in the pursuit of individuals, or as undercover agents, informants, investigators, or interrogators. It is generally accepted that the PCA does not apply to the actions of the National Guard when not in federal service. As a matter of policy, however, National Guard regulations stipulate that its personnel are not , except for exigent circumstances or as otherwise authorized, to participate directly in the arrest or search of suspects or the general public. The PCA does not apply "in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution." Congress is empowered, under the Constitution, to call forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union. The Constitution, however, contains no provision expressly authorizing the President to use the military to execute the law. The question of whether the constitutional exception includes instances where the President is acting under implied or inherent constitutional powers is one the courts have yet to answer. DOD regulations, nonetheless, do assert two constitutionally based exceptions—sudden emergencies and protection of federal property. The PCA also does not apply where Congress has expressly authorized use of the military to execute domestic law. Congress has done so in three ways: by giving a branch of the Armed Forces civilian law enforcement authority (e.g., the Coast Guard ), by addressing certain circumstances with more narrowly crafted legislation, and by establishing general rules for certain types of assistance. The military indirectly supports border security and immigration control efforts under general legislation that authorizes the Armed Forces to support federal, state, and local LEAs. Since the early 1980s, Congress has periodically authorized an expanded role for the military in providing support to LEAs. Basic authority for most DOD assistance was originally passed in 1981 and is contained in Chapter 18 of Title 10 of the U.S. Code—Military Support for Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies. Under Chapter 18 of Title 10, Congress authorizes DOD to share information (§371); loan equipment and facilities (§372); provide expert advice and training (§373); and maintain and operate equipment (§374). For federal LEAs, DOD personnel may be made available, under Section 374, to maintain and operate equipment in conjunction with counterterrorism operations (including the rendition of a suspected terrorist from a foreign country) or the enforcement of counterdrug laws, immigration laws, and customs requirements. For any civilian LEA, Section 374 allows DOD personnel to maintain and operate equipment for a variety of purposes, including aerial reconnaissance and the detection, monitoring, and communication of air and sea traffic, and of surface traffic outside the United States or within 25 miles of U.S. borders, if first detected outside the border. Congress placed several stipulations on Chapter 18 assistance (e.g., LEAs must reimburse DOD for the support it provides unless the support "is provided in the normal course of military training or operations" or if it "results in a benefit ... substantially equivalent to that which would otherwise be obtained from military operations or training.") Pursuant to Section 376, DOD can only provide such assistance if it does not adversely affect "the military preparedness of the United States." Congress incorporated posse comitatus restrictions into Chapter 18 activities in Section 375. In 1989, Congress began to expand the military's support role. For example, Congress directed DOD, to the maximum extent practicable, to conduct military training exercises in drug-interdiction areas, and made DOD the lead federal agency for the detection and monitoring of aerial and maritime transit of illegal drugs into the United States. Congress later provided additional authorities for military support to LEAs specifically for counterdrug purposes in the National Defense Authorization Act for FY1991. Section 1004 authorized DOD to extend support in several areas to any federal, state, and local (and sometimes foreign) LEA requesting counterdrug assistance. This section has been extended regularly and is now in force through the end of FY2011.