The Anti-Spyware Coalition (ASC) defines spyware as "technologies deployed without appropriate user consent and/or implemented in ways that impair user control over (1) material changes that affect their user experience, privacy, or system security; (2) use of their system resources, including what programs are installed on their computers; and/or (3) collection, use, and distribution of their personal or other sensitive information. The main issue for Congress over spyware is whether to enact new legislation specifically addressing spyware, or to rely on industry self-regulation and enforcement actions by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Department of Justice under existing law. Opponents of new legislation argue that industry self-regulation and enforcement of existing laws are sufficient. They worry that further legislation could have unintended consequences that, for example, limit the development of new technologies that could have beneficial uses. Supporters of new legislation believe that current laws are inadequate, as evidenced by the growth in spyware incidents. Advocates of legislation want specific laws to stop spyware. For example, they want software providers to be required to obtain the consent of an authorized user of a computer ("opt-in") before any software is downloaded onto that computer. Skeptics contend that spyware is difficult to define and consequently legislation could have unintended consequences, and that legislation is likely to be ineffective. One argument is that the "bad actors" are not likely to obey any opt-in requirement, but are difficult to locate and prosecute. Also, some are overseas and not subject to U.S. law. Other arguments are that one member of a household (a child, for example) might unwittingly opt-in to spyware that others in the family would know to decline, or that users might not read through a lengthy licensing agreement to ascertain precisely what they are accepting. In many ways, the debate over how to cope with spyware parallels the controversy that led to unsolicited commercial electronic mail ("spam") legislation. Whether to enact a new law, or rely on enforcement of existing law and industry self-regulation, were the cornerstones of that debate as well. Congress chose to pass the CAN-SPAM Act ( P.L. 108-187 ). Questions remain about that law's effectiveness. Such reports fuel the argument that spyware legislation similarly cannot stop the threat. In the case of spam, FTC officials emphasized that consumers should not expect any legislation to solve the spam problem—that consumer education and technological advancements also are needed. The same is true for spyware. Software programs that include spyware may be sold or available for free ("freeware"). They may be on a disk or other media, downloaded from the Internet, or downloaded when opening an attachment to an electronic mail (e-mail) message. Typically, users have no knowledge that spyware is on their computers. Because the spyware is resident on the computer's hard drive, it can generate pop-up ads, for example, even when the computer is not connected to the Internet. One example of spyware is software products that include, as part of the software itself, a method by which information is collected about the use of the computer on which the software is installed, such as web browsing habits. Some of these products may collect personally identifiable information (PII). When the computer is connected to the Internet, the software periodically relays the information back to another party, such as the software manufacturer or a marketing company. Another oft-cited example of spyware is "adware," which may cause advertisements to suddenly appear on the user's monitor—called "pop-up" ads. In some cases, the adware uses information that the software obtained by tracking a user's web browsing habits to determine shopping preferences, for example. Some adware companies, however, insist that adware is not necessarily spyware, because the user may have permitted it to be downloaded onto the computer because it provides desirable benefits. Spyware also can refer to "keylogging" software that records a person's keystrokes. All typed information thus can be obtained by another party, even if the author modifies or deletes what was written, or if the characters do not appear on the monitor (such as when entering a password). Commercial key logging software has been available for some time. In the context of the spyware debate, the concern is that such software can record credit card numbers and other personally identifiable information that consumers type when using Internet-based shopping and financial services, and transmit that information to someone else. Thus it could contribute to identity theft. Spyware remains difficult to define, however, in spite of the work done by groups such as the ASC and government agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). As discussed below, this lack of agreement is often cited by opponents of legislation as a reason not to legislate. Opponents of anti-spyware legislation argue that without a widely agreed-upon definition, legislation could have unintended consequences, banning current or future technologies and activities that, in fact, could be beneficial. Some of these software applications, including adware and keylogging software, do, in fact, have legitimate uses. The question is whether the user has given consent for it to be installed. A report on spyware law enforcement by the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT) summarizes active and resolved spyware cases at the federal and state levels. Additionally, the FTC maintains its own list of cases. The FTC has consumer information on spyware that includes a link to file a complaint with the commission through its "OnGuard Online" website. The FTC has also issued a consumer alert about spyware that lists warning signs that might indicate a computer is infected with spyware. The FTC alert listed the following clues: a barrage of pop-up ads a hijacked browser—that is, a browser that takes you to sites other than those you type into the address box a sudden or repeated change in your computer's Internet home page new and unexpected toolbars new and unexpected icons on the system tray at the bottom of your computer screen keys that don't work (for example, the "Tab" key that might not work when you try to move to the next field in a web form) random error messages sluggish or downright slow performance when opening programs or saving files. The FTC alert also offered preventive actions consumers can take: update your operating system and web browser software download free software only from sites you know and trust don't install any software without knowing exactly what it is minimize "drive-by" downloads by ensuring that your browser's security setting is high enough to detect unauthorized downloads don't click on any links within pop-up windows don't click on links in spam that claim to offer anti-spyware software install a personal firewall to stop uninvited users from accessing your computer. Finally, the FTC alert advised consumers who think their computers are infected to get an anti-spyware program from a vendor they know and trust; set it to scan on a regular basis, at startup and at least once a week; and delete any software programs detected by the anti-spyware program that the consumer does not want. In March 2004, Utah became the first state to enact spyware legislation. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, by January 2009, at least 15 states had enacted spyware legislation: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Nevada, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, and Washington. No legislative action has been taken at this time. No legislative action on spyware. During the 110 th Congress, two bills were introduced in the House of Representatives and one bill was introduced in the Senate; the House held two hearings. The "SPY ACT" was introduced by Representative Towns on February 8, 2007, and a hearing on it was held by the Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade and Consumer Protection on March 15, 2007. This bill would make it unlawful to engage in unfair or deceptive acts or practices to take unsolicited control of computer, modify computer settings, collect personally identifiable information, induce the owner or authorized user of the computer to disclose personally identifiable information, induce the unsolicited installation of computer software, and/or remove or disable a security, anti-spyware, or anti-virus technology. This bill would also require the FTC to submit two reports to Congress. The first report would be on the use of cookies in the delivery or display of advertising; the second would be on the extent to which information collection programs were installed and in use at the time of enactment. H.R. 964 was reported by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on May 24, 2007, and referred to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 7, 2007. No further action was taken. The "I-SPY" Act was introduced by Representative Lofgren on March 14, 2007, and a hearing on it was held by the Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security on May 1, 2007. This bill would amend the federal criminal code to impose a fine and/or prison term of up to five years for intentionally accessing a protected computer without appropriate authorization by causing a computer program or code to be copied onto the protected computer and intentionally using that program or code in furtherance of another federal criminal offense. The bill would impose a fine and/or prison term of up to two years if the unauthorized access was for the purpose of—— intentionally obtaining or transmitting personal information with intent to defraud or injure a person or cause damage to a protected computer intentionally impairing the security protection of a protected computer with the intent to defraud or injure a person or damage such computer. H.R.