Polar-orbiting satellites provide data and imagery that are used by weather forecasters, climatologists, and the military to map and monitor changes in weather, climate, the oceans, and the environment. Since the 1960s, the United States has operated two separate operational polar-orbiting meteorological satellite systems: the Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) series, which is managed by NOAA, and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), which is managed by the Air Force. Currently, there is one operational POES satellite and two operational DMSP satellites that are positioned so that they can observe the earth in early morning, midmorning, and early afternoon polar orbits. In addition, the government is also relying on a European satellite, called Meteorological Operational, or MetOp, in the midmorning orbit. With the expectation that combining the POES and DMSP programs would reduce duplication and result in sizable cost savings, a May 1994 Presidential Decision Directive required NOAA and DOD to converge the two satellite programs into a single satellite program capable of satisfying both civilian and military requirements. The converged program, NPOESS, is considered critical to the United States’ ability to maintain the continuity of data required for weather forecasting and global climate monitoring. To manage this program, DOD, NOAA, and NASA formed the tri-agency Integrated Program Office, located within NOAA. Within the program office, each agency has the lead on certain activities: NOAA has overall program management responsibility for the converged system and for satellite operations; the Air Force has the lead on the acquisition; and NASA has primary responsibility for facilitating the development and incorporation of new technologies into the converged system. NOAA and DOD share the cost of funding NPOESS, while NASA funds specific technology projects and studies. In addition, an Executive Committee— made up of the administrators of NOAA and NASA and the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics—is responsible for providing policy guidance, ensuring agency support and funding, and exercising oversight authority. The Executive Committee manages the program through a Program Executive Officer who oversees the NPOESS program office. Since the program’s inception, NPOESS costs have grown to $13.95 billion, and launch schedules have been delayed by up to five years. In addition, as a result of a 2006 restructuring of the program, the agencies reduced the program’s functionality by removing 2 of 6 originally planned satellites and one of the orbits. The restructuring also decreased the number of instruments from 13 (10 sensors and 3 subsystems) to 9 (7 sensors and 2 subsystems), with 4 of the sensors providing fewer capabilities. The restructuring also led agency executives to mitigate potential data gaps by deciding to use a planned demonstration satellite, called the NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) satellite, as an operational satellite providing climate and weather data. However, even after this restructuring, the program is still encountering technical issues, schedule delays, and the likelihood of further cost increases. Over the past year, selected components of the NPOESS program have made progress. Specifically, three of the five instruments slated for NPP have been delivered and integrated on the spacecraft; the ground-based satellite data processing system has been installed and tested at both of the locations that are to receive NPP data; and the satellites’ command, control, and communications system has passed acceptance testing. However, problems with two critical sensors continue to drive the program’s cost and schedule. Specifically, challenges with a key sensor’s (the Visible/infrared imager radiometer suite (VIIRS)) development, design, and workmanship have led to additional cost overruns and delayed the instrument’s delivery to NPP. In addition, problems discovered during environmental testing on another key sensor (called the Cross-track infrared sounder (CrIS)) led the contractor to further delay its delivery to NPP and added further unanticipated costs to the program. To address these issues, the program office halted or delayed activities on other components (including the development of a sensor planned for the first NPOESS satellite, called C1) and redirected those funds to fixing VIIRS and CrIS. As a result, those other activities now face cost increases and schedule delays. Program officials acknowledge that NPOESS will cost more than the $13.95 billion previously estimated, but they have not yet adopted a new cost estimate. Program officials estimated that program costs will grow by about $370 million due to recent technical issues experienced on the sensors and the costs associated with halting and then restarting work on other components of the program. In addition, the costs associated with adding new information security requirements to the program could reach $200 million. This estimate also does not include approximately $410 million for operations and support costs for the last two years of the program’s life cycle (2025 and 2026). Thus, we anticipate that the overall cost of the program could grow by about $1 billion from the current $13.95 billion estimate—especially given the fact that difficult integration and testing of the sensors on the NPP and C1 spacecrafts has not yet occurred. Program officials reported that they plan to revise the program’s cost estimate over the next few weeks and to submit it for executive-level approval by the end of June 2009. As for the program’s schedule, program officials estimate that the delivery of VIIRS to the NPP contractor will be delayed, resulting in a further delay in the launch of the NPP satellite to January 2011, a year later than the date estimated during the program restructuring—and seven months later than the June 2010 date that was established last year. In addition, program officials estimated that the first and second NPOESS satellites would be delayed by 14 and 5 months, respectively, because selected development activities were halted or slowed to address VIIRS and CrIS problems. The program’s current plans are to launch C1 in March 2014 and the second NPOESS satellite, called C2, in May 2016. Program officials notified the Executive Committee and DOD’s acquisition authority of the schedule delays, and under DOD acquisition rules, are required to submit a new schedule baseline by June 2009. These launch delays have endangered our nation’s ability to ensure the continuity of polar-orbiting satellite data. The final POES satellite, called NOAA-19, is in an afternoon orbit and is expected to have a 5-year lifespan. Both NPP and C1 are planned to support the afternoon orbit. Should the NOAA-19 satellite fail before NPP is launched, calibrated, and operational, there would be a gap in satellite data in that orbit. Further, the delays in C1 mean that NPP will not be the research and risk reduction satellite it was originally intended to be. Instead, it will have to function as an operational satellite until C1 is in orbit and operational—and if C1 fails on launch or in early operations, NPP will be needed to function until C3 is available, currently planned for 2018. The delay in the C2 satellite launch affects the early morning orbit. There are three more DMSP satellites to be launched in the early and midmorning orbits, and DOD is revisiting the launch schedules for these satellites to try to extend them as long as possible. However, an independent review team, established to assess key program risks, recently reported that the constellation of satellites is extremely fragile and that a single launch failure of a DMSP, NPOESS, or the NPP satellite could result in a gap in satellite coverage from 3 to 5 years. Although the program’s approved cost and schedule baseline is not achievable and the polar satellite constellation is at risk, the Executive Committee has not yet made a decision on how to proceed with the program. Program officials plan to propose new cost and schedule baselines in June 2009 and have reported that they are addressing immediate funding constraints by deferring selected activities to later fiscal years in order to pay for VIIRS and CrIS problems; delaying the launches of NPP, C1, and C2; and assessing alternatives for mitigating the risk that VIIRS will continue to experience problems. Without an executive-level decision on how to proceed, the program is proceeding on a course that is deferring cost growth, delaying launches, and risking its underlying mission of providing operational weather continuity to the civil and military communities. While the NPOESS Executive Committee has made improvements over the last several years in response to prior recommendations, it has not effectively fulfilled its responsibilities and does not have the membership and leadership it needs to effectively or efficiently oversee and direct the NPOESS program. Specifically, the DOD Executive Committee member with acquisition authority does not attend Committee meetings—and sometimes contradicts the Committee’s decisions, the Committee does not aggressively manage risks, and many of the Committee’s decisions do not achieve desired outcomes. Independent reviewers, as well as program officials, explained that the tri-agency structure of the program makes it very difficult to effectively manage the program. Until these shortfalls are addressed, the Committee is unable to effectively oversee the NPOESS program—and important issues involving cost growth, schedule delays, and satellite continuity will likely remain unresolved. We and others, including the Department of Commerce’s Inspector General in a 2006 report, have reported that the Committee was not accomplishing its job effectively. However, since then, the Committee has met regularly on a quarterly basis and held interim teleconferences as needed. The Committee has also sought and reacted to advice from external advisors by, among other actions, authorizing a government program manager to reside onsite at the VIIRS contractor’s facility to improve oversight of the sensor’s development on a day-to-day basis. More recently, the Executive Committee sponsored a broad-based independent review of the NPOESS program and is beginning to respond to its recommendations.