Appendix I describes, in chronological order, selected federal interagency policy and planning documents related to combating terrorism that form the foundation for the federal government’s efforts to combat terrorism and protect the nation’s critical infrastructure against attack. These documents delineate federal agencies’ roles and responsibilities for responding to potential or actual terrorist threats or incidents as well as the processes and mechanisms by which the federal government mobilizes and deploys resources and coordinates assistance to state and local authorities. This August 1973 plan provides the organizational structure and procedures for preparing for and responding to discharges of oil and releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants. The plan lists the general responsibilities of federal agencies regarding such incidents, identifies the fundamental kinds of activities that are performed pursuant to the plan, and describes the specific responsibilities of the National Response Team, the Regional Response Teams, the National Response Center, and the U.S. Coast Guard’s National Strike Force Teams for planning and responding to such incidents. Federal agencies may conduct consequence management activities in a terrorist incident under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan because it provides authority and funding sources to respond to hazardous materials incidents regardless of the suspected cause. For example, a terrorist act may at first appear to be a routine hazardous materials incident, leading to the activation of a federal response under this plan. If the Federal Response Plan is activated, the response actions of the National Contingency Plan are conducted as one of the Federal Response Plan’s emergency support functions. The National Contingency Plan is authorized under section 105 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, 42 U.S.C. 9605, and 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 300. This November 1988 Executive Order assigns specific responsibilities during national security emergencies to federal departments and agencies based on extensions of their regular missions. The order also designates the National Security Council (NSC) as the principal forum for consideration of national security emergency preparedness policy, and instructs the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to advise the NSC on issues of national security emergency preparedness, including mobilizing preparedness, civil defense, continuity of government, technological disasters, and other issues. It also directs the FEMA Director to assist in the implementation of national security emergency preparedness policy by coordinating with other federal departments and agencies and with state and local governments. The April 1992 Federal Response Plan, as amended, lays out the manner in which the federal government, with FEMA coordinating the support/assistance efforts of other agencies, responds to domestic incidents or situations in which the President has declared an emergency requiring federal emergency disaster assistance. More specifically, the plan outlines the planning assumptions, policies, concept of operation, organizational structures, and specific assignment of responsibilities to lead departments and agencies in providing federal assistance. The plan also categorizes the types of federal assistance into specific emergency support functions, such as transportation, communications, fire fighting, and health and medical services. The Terrorism Incident Annex establishes a general concept of operations for the federal response to a terrorist incident, including the concurrent operation under other plans such as the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan and the Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan. The Federal Response Plan is authorized under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq., and 44 Code of Federal Regulations Subchapters D (Disaster Assistance) and F (Preparedness). This June 1995 directive sets forth U.S. general policy to use all appropriate means to deter, defeat, and respond to all terrorist attacks against U.S. interests. More specifically, Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 39 directs federal departments and agencies to take various measures to (1) reduce vulnerabilities to terrorism (e.g., to assess the vulnerabilities of government facilities and critical national infrastructure); (2) deter and respond to terrorism (e.g., to pursue, arrest, and prosecute terrorists and to minimize damage and loss of life and provide emergency assistance); and (3) develop effective capabilities to prevent and manage the consequences of terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction. This May 1996 plan establishes an organizational and operational structure for coordinated responses by federal agencies to peacetime radiological emergencies, taking into consideration the specific statutory authorities and responsibilities of each agency. The plan provides guidance as to which agency will lead and coordinate the federal response to a radiological emergency (i.e., the lead federal agency). According to the guidance, the specific agency depends on the type of emergency involved. For example, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission is the lead agency for an emergency that occurs at a nuclear facility or any activity licensed by the Commission. The plan also identifies the specific roles and responsibilities of each federal lead agency, such as responding to requests from state and local governments for technical information and assistance. This plan may be used whenever any of the signatory agencies respond to a radiological emergency, which would include terrorist acts to spread radioactivity in the environment. The Federal Response Plan may be implemented concurrently with the Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan. The functions and responsibilities of the Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan do not change, except for the coordination that occurs between the lead federal agency and the Federal Coordinating Officer (usually a FEMA official). This May 1998 directive attempts to increase the federal government’s effectiveness in countering terrorism threats against U.S. targets. PDD 62 organizes and clarifies the roles and activities of many agencies responsible for combating a wide range of terrorism, including preventing terrorist acts, apprehending and prosecuting terrorists, increasing transportation security and protecting critical computer-based systems. This directive also provides for consequence management of terrorist incidents. To carry out the integrated program, PDD 62 establishes the Office of the National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection and Counterterrorism. Working with the NSC, the National Coordinator is responsible for overseeing the wide range of policies and programs covered by PDD 62 and is to take the lead in developing guidelines that might be needed for crisis management. This May 1998 directive acknowledges computer security as a national security risk and established several entities within the NSC, the Department of Commerce, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to address critical infrastructure protection, including federal agencies’ information infrastructures. PDD 63 tasks federal agencies with developing critical infrastructure protection (CIP) plans and establishing related links with private industry sectors. It called for the development of a national plan for critical infrastructure protection. The December 1998 classified Attorney General’s Five-Year Plan and its annual updates are intended to provide a baseline strategy for coordination of national policy and operational capabilities to combat terrorism in the United States and against American interests overseas. The plan identifies several high-level goals aimed at preventing and deterring terrorism, facilitating international cooperation to combat terrorism, improving domestic crisis and consequence planning and management, improving state and local capabilities, safeguarding information infrastructure, and leading research and development efforts to enhance counterterrorism capabilities. It also identifies the specific tasks federal agencies perform when responding to terrorist incidents and sets forth current and projected efforts by the Attorney General in partnership with other federal agencies; the National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection and Counterterrorism; and state and local entities to improve readiness to address the threat of terrorism. The January 2000 National Plan for Information Systems Protection provides a vision and framework for the federal government to prevent, detect, respond to, and protect the nation’s critical cyber-based infrastructure from attack and reduce existing vulnerabilities by complementing and focusing existing Federal Computer Security and Information Technology requirements. Subsequent versions of the plan will (1) define the roles of industry and state and local governments working in partnership with the federal government to protect privately owned physical and cyber-based infrastructures from deliberate attack and (2) examine the international aspects of critical infrastructure protection. The National Plan for Information Systems Protection is authorized by PDD 63, which calls for the development of a national plan for information system protection to prioritize CIP goals, principles, and long-term planning efforts. The November 2000 Domestic Guidelines (Guidelines for the Mobilization, Deployment, and Employment of U.S. Government Agencies in Response to Domestic Terrorist Threat or Incidence in Accordance With Presidential Decision Directive 39) provide a road map for government agencies’ mobilization, deployment, and use under PDD 39 in response to a terrorist threat or incident. The Domestic Guidelines describe specific procedures and responsibilities for deploying the Domestic Emergency Support Team, particularly in weapons of mass destruction (WMD) incidents, and facilitate interagency coordination in support of the lead federal agency’s mission to combat terrorism in the United States. The January 2001 CONPLAN (U.S. Government Interagency Domestic Terrorism Concept of Operations Plan) provides overall guidance to federal, state, and local agencies concerning how the federal government would respond to a potential or actual terrorist threat or incident that occurs in the United States, particularly one involving weapons of mass destruction. The CONPLAN outlines an organized and unified capability for a timely, coordinated response by federal agencies—specifically, the Department of Justice, the FBI, Department of Defense, Department of Energy, FEMA, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Department of Health and Human Services—to a terrorist threat or act. It establishes conceptual guidelines for assessing and monitoring a developing threat, notifying appropriate agencies concerning the nature of the threat, and deploying necessary advisory and technical resources to assist the lead federal agency in facilitating interdepartmental coordination of crisis and consequence management activities. The January 2001 International Guidelines (Coordinating Subgroup Guidelines for the Mobilization, Deployment, and Employment of U.S. Government Elements in Response to an Overseas Terrorist Incident) outline procedures for deploying the Foreign Emergency Support Team and otherwise coordinating federal operations overseas. This February 2001 directive communicates presidential decisions concerning the national security policies of the United States.