Helium is an inert element that occurs naturally in gaseous form and has a variety of uses (see table 1). Helium’s many uses arise from its unique physical and chemical characteristics. For example, helium has the lowest melting and boiling point of any element and, as the second lightest element, gaseous helium is much lighter than air. Certain natural gas fields contain a relatively large amount of naturally occurring helium, which can be recovered as a secondary product. The helium is separated from the natural gas and stored in a concentrated form that is referred to as crude helium because it has yet to go through the final refining process.helium that is stored in the ground in an area of a natural gas field that has a naturally occurring underground structural dome near Amarillo, Texas. In addition to the federal government’s reserve of crude helium, private companies that are connected to BLM’s pipeline and pay a storage fee, are also able to store and retrieve their own private crude helium reserves from the same storage area. The federal government has a reserve of crude The federal government has been extensively involved in the production, storage, and use of helium since the early part of the twentieth century. The federal government and private sector cooperatively produced helium before 1925, specifically for military uses. The Helium Act of 1925, as amended, assigned responsibility for producing helium for federal users to Interior’s Bureau of Mines. From 1937 until 1960, the Bureau of Mines was the sole producer of helium. The act provided that funds from helium sales be used to finance the program by establishing a revolving fund known as the helium production fund. Such revolving funds are used to finance a cycle of business-type operations by charging for the sale of products and then using the proceeds to finance their spending. In the federal budget, this fund is referred to as the Helium Fund, and it is used to account for the program’s revenues and expenses. The Helium Act Amendments of 1960 stipulated that the price of federal helium cover all of the helium program’s costs, including interest on the program’s debt. The 1960 act required the Secretary of the Interior to determine a value for net capital and retained earnings, establish this value as debt in the Helium Fund, and add subsequent program borrowings to that debt. The program’s borrowings were authorized by subsequent appropriations acts and recorded as outlays in the federal budget in the years in which they were expended. In addition, the interest was added to the debt in the Helium Fund. However, this interest is simply a paper transaction, not a government outlay. The Bureau of Mines determined that the value of the program’s net capital and retained earnings was about $40 million in 1960. Subsequent borrowings from the U.S. Treasury totaling about $252 million were used to purchase helium for storage. By September 30, 1991, the debt had grown to about $1.3 billion, of which more than $1 billion consisted of interest because the interest accrued faster than the program could repay the debt. The Helium Privatization Act of 1996 significantly changed the objectives and functions of Interior’s helium program. For example, the 1996 act made the following key changes: Interior was required to close all government-owned refined helium production facilities and to terminate the marketing of refined helium within 18 months of enactment (50 U.S.C. § 167b(b),(c)); the helium program’s debt was frozen as of October 1, 1995 (50 U.S.C. § 167d(c)); Interior was required to offer for sale all but 600 million cubic feet of the crude helium in storage on a straight-line basis—a depreciation method that spreads out the cost of an asset equally over its lifetime—by January 1, 2015 (50 U.S.C. § 167f(a)(1)); Interior was required to set sale prices to cover the crude helium reserve’s operating costs and to produce an amount sufficient to repay the program’s debt. The price at which Interior sells crude helium was required to be equal to or greater than a formula that incorporates the amount of debt to be repaid divided by the volume of crude helium remaining in storage, with a consumer price index adjustment (50 U.S.C. §§ 167d(c), 167f(a)(3)). Furthermore, when the debt is fully paid off, the revolving Helium Fund shall be terminated (50 U.S.C. § 167d(e)(2)(B)); Interior was allowed to maintain its role in the helium storage business (50 U.S.C. § 167b(a)); and established a modified “in-kind” program to meet federal needs for helium. Rather than purchasing refined helium directly from Interior, federal agencies were required to purchase their major helium requirements from persons who have entered into enforceable contracts to purchase an equivalent amount of crude helium from Interior (50 U.S.C. § 167d(a)). As directed by Congress, the National Academies’ National Research Council reviewed the helium program and released a report in 2000 that evaluated the changes made in the program, the effects of these changes on the program, and several scenarios for managing the federal government’s reserve of helium in the future.changes in price and availability of helium, in 2008, the National Research Council convened a committee to determine if the current implementation of the helium program was having an adverse effect on U.S. scientific, technical, biomedical, and national security users of helium. The committee reported on these effects in early 2010 and concluded that the current implementation of the program has adversely affected critical users of helium and was not in the best interest of the U.S. taxpayers or the country. Since our reports in the early 1990s, the Helium Privatization Act of 1996 has caused considerable changes to the helium program and addressed or altered our prior concerns. In October 1992, we reported on various aspects of the federal helium program including the helium debt, pricing, and alternatives for meeting federal helium needs. In October 1992, we recommended that Congress cancel the helium program’s debt. As of September 1991, the debt had grown to about $1.3 billion, over $1 billion of which was interest that had accrued on the original debt principal of about $290 million. At that time, the deadline for paying off the debt was 1995. We reported that the only way to pay off the debt by that deadline would be to charge federal agencies with major requirements for helium over $3,000 per thousand cubic feet of helium, compared to the price at that time of $55. We recommended that Congress cancel the debt in the Helium Fund because it was no longer realistic to expect the debt to be repaid by the statutory deadline of 1995, and because canceling the debt would not adversely affect the federal budget as the debt consisted of outlays that had already been appropriated and interest that was a paper transaction. The 1996 act did not cancel the debt, as we had recommended, but because the 1996 act effectively froze the debt at $1.37 billion, and interest no longer accrued, BLM has been able to pay off a large portion of its debt. As of the end of fiscal year 2012, BLM had $44 million in debt remaining, which according to BLM officials it expects to pay off this year (see fig. 1). The helium debt was also a factor in setting the price of federal helium. In 1992, GAO recognized that if the helium debt was cancelled, Congress may wish to propose a new pricing scheme. The 1996 act did not cancel the debt, as we had recommended, but it did require a specific method for pricing crude helium. The initial minimum BLM selling price for crude helium after the act was passed was almost double the price for private crude helium at that time. However, after BLM started to sell its crude helium, according to the method specified in the act, the market price for crude and refined helium began to change. According to the National Research Council, the private sector began using the BLM crude price as a benchmark for establishing its price and, as a result, privately sourced crude helium prices increased and now they meet or exceed BLM’s price. Increases in the price of crude helium have also led to increases in the price of refined helium (see fig. 2). Refined helium prices have more than tripled from 2000 through 2012 pursuant to demand trends. In 1992, GAO recommended that Congress reassess the conservation objectives of the helium program and consider other alternatives to meet federal helium needs. As part of the resetting of the helium program’s objectives, the 1996 act established a revised approach for meeting federal needs for helium. In 1998, BLM began using in-kind sales to federal agencies. The in-kind regulations established procedures for BLM to sell crude helium to authorized helium supply companies and required federal agency buyers to purchase helium from these approved suppliers.agencies have fluctuated, primarily due to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s unique requirement for large volumes of helium on a sporadic basis. Total federal in-kind sales for fiscal year 2012 were 160.67 million cubic feet (see fig. 3). As we testified in 2010, changes in helium prices, production, and demand have generated concerns about the future availability of helium for the federal government and other critical purposes. The Helium Privatization Act of 1996 does not provide a specific direction for the helium program past 2015. As a result of these factors, in 2010, we identified three areas of uncertainty about the program’s direction after 2015. The same three areas are even more urgent today because 3 years have passed since our 2010 testimony, and BLM’s schedule for paying off the program’s debt has accelerated. Specifically, the three urgent issues are as follows: How will the helium program be funded after 2013?