The Bush Administration's FY2007 budget request was released in February 2006. The request followed the reorganization of appropriations subcommittees in 2005, in which the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill acquired Department of Energy (DOE) programs that previously had been included in the appropriations bill for Interior and Related Agencies. Including these programs, the requested amount for FY2007 Energy and Water Development totaled $29.45 billion. For FY2006, $36.73 billion was appropriated for comparable programs (including $6.6 billion in emergency supplemental appropriations for the Corps of Engineers). The House Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development marked up an FY2007 appropriations bill May 11, and the full committee approved the bill ( H.R. 5427 , H.Rept. 109-474 ) May 17. The House passed the measure May 24. The Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development approved its version of H.R. 5427 on June 27, and the full committee reported it out June 29 ( S.Rept. 109-274 ). The Senate did not act on the bill in 2006. Energy and Water Development programs were funded for FY2007 in the Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007 ( H.J.Res. 20 , P.L. 110-5 ). On March 16, 2007, DOE submitted its "operating plan" to Congress, detailing funding for individual programs not specifically identified in P.L. 110-5 . The Energy and Water Development bill has historically included funding for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps), the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation (BOR), most of DOE, and a number of independent agencies, including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). With the reorganization of the appropriations subcommittees in 2005, DOE programs that had been funded in the Interior and Related Agencies bill were transferred to the Energy and Water Development bill. The Bush Administration's FY2007 request was $29.455 billion for all of the programs now included in the Energy and Water bill, compared with $36.726 billion appropriated for FY2006, including $6.6 billion in emergency funding for the Corps of Engineers following the Katrina hurricane disaster. H.R. 5427 , as passed by the House May 24, 2006, would have appropriated $30.017 billion for Energy and Water Development programs, $546 million more than the requested amount. The Senate version of H.R. 5427 , as reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee, would have appropriated $31.238 billion. The Continuing Resolution ( P.L. 110-5 ) appropriated $30.265 billion. Table 2 includes budget totals for energy and water development appropriations enacted for FY2000 to FY2006 and the requested amount for FY2007. Table 3 lists totals for each of the four titles. It also lists several "scorekeeping" adjustments of accounts within the four titles, reflecting various expenditures or sources of revenue besides appropriated funds. These adjustments affect the total amount appropriated in the bill but are not included in the totals of the individual titles. Amounts listed in this report are derived from the Administration's FY2007 Congressional Budget Requests, from H.Rept. 109-474 , from S.Rept. 109-274 , and from P.L. 110-5 . For Title III, some figures from DOE's FY2007 Operating Plan were used. For the FY2007 Corps of Engineers budget, the Administration requested $4.733 billion, a decrease of $0.595 billion from the enacted appropriation for FY2006 (not including emergency supplementals). The House-passed bill would have appropriated $4.984 billion. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended $5.139 billion. P.L. 110-5 appropriated $5.239 billion. The Administration asked for $923.8 million for FY2007 for the Department of the Interior (DOI) programs included in the Energy and Water Development bill: the Bureau of Reclamation and the Central Utah Project. This would be have been a decrease of $131 million from the FY2006 funding level. The House bill would have appropriated $941.0 million. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommendation was $1.0673 billion. P.L. 110-5 appropriated $1.011 billion. The FY2007 request for DOE programs was $24.075 billion, approximately the same amount appropriated for the previous year. The major activities in the DOE budget are energy research and development, general science, environmental cleanup, and nuclear weapons programs. Also included in the DOE total is funding of DOE's programs for fossil fuels, energy efficiency, and energy statistics, which had historically been included in the Interior and Related Agencies appropriations bill. The House bill would have funded these programs at $24.374 billion. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended $24.725 billion. P.L. 110-5 appropriated $23.617 billion. The FY2007 request for funding of the independent agencies in Title IV of the bill was $249 million, compared with $268 million appropriated for FY2006. The House bill would have appropriated $228 million. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended $306 million. P.L. 110-5 appropriated $306 million. Tables 4 through 15 provide budget details for Title I (Corps of Engineers), Title II (Department of the Interior), Title III (Department of Energy), and Title IV (independent agencies) for FY2005-FY2006. Under P.L. 110-5 , the FY2007 Energy and Water Development appropriations for the Corps is $5,340.2 million, which is close to the enacted amount for FY2006 (not including supplemental funds). Bill language specified the total amount for the Corps' various civil works budget accounts. Guidelines to the agency for how to distribute each account's funds across the hundreds of Corps projects usually are laid out in congressional reports accompanying appropriations bills, with funding for only 10 to 30 projects, on average, specified in bill language. P.L. 110-5 eliminated the provisions in the FY2006 bill language related to funding of specific projects; the reports accompanying P.L. 110-5 did not provide guidance on how to distribute each account's money across the portfolio of Corps-authorized projects. Consequently, the Administration had greater flexibility and discretion on how much to allocate to authorized projects in FY2007 than it has had in most fiscal years. Reprogramming and contracting restrictions enacted with the FY2006 appropriations, P.L. 109-103 , continue into FY2007 under P.L. 110-5 . The Corps reported its FY2007 work plan to the Appropriations Committees on March 19, 2007. The work plan was developed so that generally only projects that received money in FY2006 were funded, and generally the Administration's FY2007 budget request was the basis for the amounts allocated to projects. P.L. 110-5 did not address the ongoing appropriations policy debate about how to structure the agency's budget and priorities. The Corps civil works program has been criticized by some observers as an agglomeration of projects with no underlying design. These observers see the Corps' backlog of authorized activities as an example of this lack of focus. Estimates of the backlog's size vary from $11 billion to more than $50 billion, depending on which projects are included. Although some observers view the backlog as nothing more than a Corps "to do" list, others are concerned that projects in the backlog face construction delays and related cost overruns as available appropriations are spread across an increasing portfolio of projects. The Corps' backlog of authorized projects and concerns about the fiscal planning and management of the agency's portfolio contribute to support for performance-based criteria for structuring the agency's budget and for concentrated appropriations on a small set of priority projects. Others also express concerns about the agency's fiscal planning and management, yet reject both the use of performance-based criteria that have been proposed and the focus on 8 to 10 priority projects. These critics argue that the criteria used are too simplistic and that basing the Corps' budget on performance criteria does not produce an integrated multiyear program for the agency. They also argue that the focus on priority projects has resulted in a disproportionate amount of the agency's budget being concentrated on a few projects, resulting in less investment in other authorized, cost-beneficial projects and in those regions of the country that do not have priority projects. The Corps plays a significant coordination role in the restoration of the Central and Southern Florida ecosystem. The agency's FY2007 workplan provided the $164 million sought for Everglades restoration activities by the Administration in its FY2007 budget request—Central and Southern Florida Project ($91 million), Kissimmee River Restoration Project ($34 million), Everglades and South Florida Restoration Projects ($4 million), and Modified Water Deliveries Project ($35 million). This is an increase from the $137 million appropriated for Corps Everglades restoration projects in FY2006. The FY2007 work plan also provided $3 million for the Florida Keys Everglades Improvement project, a project that had received funding in FY2006 but was not part of the FY2007 budget request. The Corps is responsible for much of the repair and fortification of the hurricane protection system of coastal Louisiana, particularly in the greater New Orleans area; to date, most of the Corps' work on the region's hurricane protection system has been funded through FY2006 emergency supplemental appropriations, as shown in Table 4 . The Corps also received $400 million for these activities through FY2005 supplemental appropriations.