USDA administers farm price and income support programs for commodities such as grains, cotton, oilseeds, dairy, peanuts, and sugar. The current authorizing law, the 2002 farm bill ( P.L. 107-171 ), expires at the end of the 2007 crop year, and a new farm bill is expected in the 110 th Congress. These mandatory programs (as well as certain conservation and trade programs) are funded through USDA's Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), which has a $30 billion line of credit with the U.S. Treasury and receives an annual appropriation to replenish the line of credit. As is customary for the mandatory farm commodity programs, the Administration requests "such sums as necessary," and estimates that FY2008 outlays will be $7.6 billion, down from $8.7 billion estimated for FY2007 and $16.9 billion actual in FY2006. The decreases are primarily the result of higher market prices, which reduce the need for counter-cyclical and marketing loan payments. Including certain conservation and trade programs also paid by CCC, total estimated FY2008 CCC outlays would be $11.7 billion. The Administration's 2007 farm bill proposal is separate from its FY2008 budget request. The FY2008 budget request assumes the baseline continuation of the 2002 farm bill for budgetary purposes, but includes a $500 million placeholder in the CCC account for additional farm bill spending in FY2008. The Administration estimates its 2007 farm bill proposal would exceed baseline by $5 billion over 10 years (thus the $500 million placeholder). The requested increase over baseline, however, is not solely for CCC programs; the Administration estimates its plan would cut $4.5 billion from commodity programs, and add $7.8 billion to conservation programs, $0.5 billion for nutrition, $1.5 billion for research, and $1 billion for energy, among other changes. To administer the farm commodity and loan programs, the Administration requests a discretionary appropriation of $1.5 billion for Farm Service Agency (FSA) salaries and expenses in FY2008, up about 20% over FY2007. Much of the increase, however, is for technology expenses previously funded through other USDA accounts; the number of staff years would increase by about 65, or about 0.5%. As is customary, the Administration requests "such sums as necessary" for the mandatory Federal Crop Insurance Fund, which mainly covers federal crop insurance program losses, farmer premium subsidies, and private insurance company expense reimbursements. The Administration estimates that FY2008 budget authority for the fund will be $4.81 billion, up from an estimated $4.37 billion in FY2007. A separate FY2008 discretionary appropriation of $79 million is requested for salaries and expenses at USDA's Risk Management Agency, which administers the crop insurance program. The Administration's FY2008 budget requests $152 million of loan subsidy (up 1.7% from FY2007) to support $3.4 billion in loan authority (down 4.3%). The direct loan program would bear most of the decrease in loan authority (-12%), although it accounts for most of the increase in loan subsidy. Administrative expenses would increase by 3.3% to $319 million. The Administration proposes $825 million for discretionary conservation programs, down over $20 million from FY2007 and $160 million from FY2006. It also proposes changing mandatory programs, increasing outlays by $221 million to $4.0 billion. For discretionary programs, $802 million is requested for Conservation Operations (the largest discretionary program), which is an increase of about $42 million from FY2007. The request does not fund the Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative, which received $27 million in FY2007. Among other discretionary programs, the request calls for no funding for Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations ($0 enacted in FY2007) or the Watersheds Surveys and Planning ($6 million in FY2007). The request reduces the Watershed Rehabilitation Program by about $25 million (to $6 million), and reduces the Resource Conservation and Development Program by $36 million (to $15 million). The latter reduction is based on a proposal to reduce the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) staff assigned to this program from 454 to about 123 and adjust their responsibilities and duties. Mandatory conservation programs are funded and administered by two agencies. Programs of the NRCS would increase by $195 million to $2.0 billion in FY2008. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in FSA would increase by $26 million to $2.0 billion. The request reflects recommended changes in the Administration's broader farm bill proposal, which proposes to consolidate some existing conservation programs. The recommendations seek to consolidate several existing cost-share programs into a newly designed Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) that would include the current EQIP, the Ground and Surface Water Conservation (GSWC) program, the Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP), Agricultural Management Assistance (AMA), the Forest Land Enhancement Program, and the Klamath Basin Program. The recommendations also seek to consolidate three existing easement programs into a new private lands protection program, including the Farm and Ranch Lands Protection Program (FRPP), the Grasslands Reserve Program (GRP), and the Healthy Forests Reserve Program. The request also calls for additional FY2008 funding of $157 million for conservation funding activities that were in the 2002 farm bill, which expire at the end of FY2007. The request calls for $17 million in reductions for EQIP to $1.0 billion in FY2008. Increases are proposed for CRP, the Conservation Security Program (up $57 million to $316 million), and the Wetlands Reserve Program (up $191 million to $455 million, and 250,000 acres). The Administration's budget request for FY2008 would provide a total of $2.31 billion for USDA's research, extension, and economics mission area. The request calls for $1.03 billion for USDA's intramural science agency, the Agricultural Research Service. Of that amount, $1.02 billion would support ARS's research activities, and $16 million would support the planning and design of a biocontainment laboratory and consolidated poultry research facility in Athens, Georgia. As in previous years, the Administration proposes termination of more than 100 research projects that it does not consider to be of high priority, and redirects some of the funds to support research on avian influenza, bioterrorism protection, and obesity prevention. The Administration proposes $1.02 billion in FY2008 for the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES), the agency that sends federal funds to land grant colleges of agriculture. Of the total, $562.5 million would support state-level research and teaching programs. The request would increase the proportion of research funds awarded competitively, primarily by providing $256.5 million for the National Research Initiative (NRI) competitive grants program, up from $190 million in FY2007. Reductions in formula funds for state-level research in agriculture, forestry, and veterinary science would partially offset the proposed NRI increase, with the exception of formula funds for the 1890 historically black land grant schools, which would receive a $1 million increase (about +3%). The Administration proposes a $3 million increase, to $40.5 million, in funding for academic programs at the state level. Budget categories under which Congress usually provides support for research projects at specific land grant institutions are targeted for a substantial decrease in funding, as in past budget requests. The budget contains $431 million for the continuing education and outreach activities of the Extension System in the states (level with FY2007). Formula funds for extension are proposed to increase slightly, while funding for budget categories under which Congress traditionally provides support for extension projects at specific land grant institutions would decrease substantially. The Administration is requesting $82.5 million for USDA's Economic Research Service, an increase from $75 million in FY2007. For the National Agricultural Statistics Service, the budget proposes $167.7 million, an increase from $146.5 million in FY2007. USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) conducts mandatory inspection of meat, poultry, and processed egg products to insure their safety and proper labeling. The FY2008 budget proposes a $1.065 billion program level for FSIS, of which $135 million would be funded by existing user fees, and $930 million by appropriation. The $930 million is about $44 million above the enacted FY2007 level. Within the overall increase is $22 million to expand FSIS activities related to USDA food defense and biosurveillance. The Administration also proposes new user fees to offset another $96 million in annual appropriations, beginning in FY2009. For the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), the USDA agency that protects U.S. agriculture from domestic and foreign pests and diseases, the FY2008 budget request proposes an appropriation of $946 million, an increase of about $100 million above the FY2007 appropriation. The Administration notes that APHIS would receive $77 million of the $82 million slated for all USDA efforts on highly pathogenic avian influenza (particularly the H5N1 strain that has spread overseas). The FY2008 budget requests a nearly constant appropriation for the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS), and a nearly $7 million increase (+18%) for the Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA). Each agency receives user fees in addition to appropriations, and the Administration again proposes new user fees for APHIS ($9 million), as well as for GIPSA ($22 million). USDA's international activities are funded by discretionary appropriations (e.g., foreign food assistance under P.L. 480) and by using the borrowing authority of the CCC (e.g., export credit guarantees, market development programs, and export subsidies).