In 2016, the price of oil averaged about $41 per barrel (average composite price), down from $92 per barrel in 2014. Oil prices have been on the rise since 2016, when the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) announced production cuts. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects crude oil prices to average about $65 per barrel through 2018, falling slightly to $63 per barrel in 2019. In mid-October 2018, prices are fluctuating between $75-$80 per barrel. A number of legislative proposals and executive branch initiatives designed to increase domestic energy supply, enhance energy security, or amend the requirements of environmental statutes that apply to energy development are before the 115 th Congress. There are legislative proposals that include new revenue-sharing provisions for coastal states ( H.R. 4239 ) that would allow states the authority to manage federal energy leases within their state. The Trump Administration's theme of "energy dominance" has translated into several administration initiatives and executive orders, including the opening of ANWR under the 2017 tax revision ( P.L. 115-97 ), modifying monument designations, streamlining the permitting process for energy projects on federal land, and authorizing more leasing in the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) under a new Draft Proposed Program (DPP) for 2019-2024. The new DPP would supersede the current five-year leasing program (2017-2022). Conversely, there are congressional proposals that oppose this Administration's policy direction. For example, S. 750 / H.R. 2242 would, among other things, prohibit the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) or the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) from renewing or extending any nonproducing fossil fuel lease on federal land or water, and H.R. 4426 seeks to promote renewable energy development and reform fossil fuel leasing and development on federal land. A key question addressed in this discussion is how much oil and gas is produced in the United States each year and how much of that comes from federal versus nonfederal areas. Oil production has risen in federal areas (onshore and offshore) over the past 10 years but has increased at a faster rate on nonfederal lands. Nonfederal crude oil production rapidly increased in the past few years, primarily due to improved extraction technology, favorable geology, and the ease of leasing, more than doubling daily production between FY2008 and FY2017 (see Table 1 and Figure 1 ). The federal share of total U.S. crude oil production fell from its peak at nearly 36% in 2009 to less than 24% in 2017. U.S. natural gas prices, on the other hand, have remained low for the past several years, as the shale gas boom has resulted in rising supplies of natural gas. This has allowed gas to become more competitive with coal for power generation. Overall, annual U.S. natural gas production rose by about 7.5 trillion cubic feet (tcf) since 2008, while annual production on federal lands (onshore and offshore) fell by about 2.0 tcf (or nearly 32%) over the same time period. Natural gas production on nonfederal lands rose by 50% over the same time period. The big shale gas plays have been primarily on nonfederal lands and have attracted a significant portion of investment for natural gas development. The federal share of natural gas production fell from nearly 25% in 2008 to 13% in 2017. This report presents issues that Congress may consider as it examines U.S. oil and natural gas production data for federal and nonfederal areas with an emphasis on the past 10 years of production. Historically, according to Department of the Interior (DOI) data, crude oil production on federal lands (onshore and offshore) was consistently under 20% of total U.S. production until the late 1990s. Annual production then surged on federal lands (primarily offshore), rising to over 30% in the early 2000s and reaching a high point of nearly 36% in 2009. There are an estimated 5.3 billion barrels of proved oil reserves located on federal acreage onshore, and another 3.9 billion barrels of proved reserves offshore (nearly all in the Gulf of Mexico). Taken together, U.S. federal oil reserves equal about 26% of all U.S. crude oil (and condensate) reserves, which are estimated at 35.2 billion barrels, according to the EIA. Proved oil reserves are amounts accessible under current policy, prices, and technology. Higher prices often translate into higher reserve estimates. Crude oil production on federal lands, particularly offshore, is likely to continue to make a significant contribution to the U.S energy supply picture and could remain consistently higher than previous decades depending on the level of total U.S. crude oil production. There is continued interest among some in Congress to open more federal lands for oil and gas development and increase the speed of the permitting process. But having more lands accessible may not translate into higher levels of production on federal lands, as industry seeks out the most promising prospects and higher returns, which in recent years have come on more accessible nonfederal lands. Others in Congress would like to discontinue the leasing of fossil fuels altogether on federal lands or account for climate change impacts and other environmental impacts in its evaluation of energy leasing projects on federal land. Crude oil production trends for selected states in Table 2 show significant increases in New Mexico and North Dakota and moderate increases in Colorado and Wyoming. California and Utah declined in production over the past few years. The six states below account for 96% of onshore oil production on federal land. Natural gas production in the United States overall has steadily increased since 2008, while production on federal lands has declined each year from 2009 to 2017 (see Table 3 and Figure 2 ). Much of the decline can be attributed to offshore production falling by over 55%. Onshore production declines, beginning in FY2010, were less dramatic. Federal natural gas production fluctuated around 30% of total U.S. production for much of the 1980s through the early 2000s, after which there began a steady decline (as a percent of U.S. total production) through 2017. For example, federal natural gas production declined from about 25% of total U.S. gross withdrawals in 2008 to 13% of U.S. production in 2017; however, as noted below, this mostly reflects the significant growth in nonfederal production rather than the decline in total federal production. This picture of natural gas production is much different than that of federal crude oil in that federal natural gas had accounted for a much larger portion of total U.S. natural gas over the previous few decades. Any increase in production of natural gas on federal lands is likely to be outpaced by increases on nonfederal lands, particularly because shale plays are primarily situated on nonfederal lands and are located where most of the growth in production has occurred in recent years and where future growth is projected to occur. U.S. natural gas proved reserves are estimated at about 341.1 trillion cubic feet (tcf) by the EIA, of which the federal share is about 22% (69 tcf onshore, 6.6 tcf offshore). Nearly all of the offshore proved reserves are located in the Central and Western Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Production data below show that the leading natural gas producing states of Wyoming, New Mexico, and Colorado accounted for 88% of total onshore gas produced on federal land in 2017. Even though there were significant declines in Wyoming and New Mexico, they remain the top two states producing natural gas on federal leases. In the short term, the EIA estimates show oil production increasing in federal offshore areas (lower 48), from 1.71 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2017 to 1.95 mbd in 2019, while EIA's longer-term estimates show a decrease in federal offshore (GOM) oil production overall, declining to 1.45 mbd in 2040. Overall, the EIA projects in the short term U.S. oil production reaching 11.70 mbd in 2019. Long-term estimates show U.S. oil production rising as high as 11.90 mbd by 2040. According to these estimates, federal lower 48 offshore production in 2040 could account for about 12% of total U.S. crude oil production. (See Table 5 .) Offshore dry natural gas production is projected to peak in 2019 at 1.36 tcf, with annual production dropping to 1.15 tcf in 2040. In contrast, total U.S. dry natural gas production is projected to rise from around 31 tcf in 2019 to 40 tcf in 2040 (See Table 6 ). Based on the federal government's 2008 inter-agency Phase III report, 113 million acres of onshore federal lands were open and accessible for oil and gas development and about 166 million acres were off-limits or inaccessible. The BLM says it is addressing public concerns (including legal challenges) prior to a lease sale at a higher rate than in the past. In 2017, 38% of onshore federal leases and 71% of offshore leases were not in production (see Table 7 ). In the offshore areas, 73% of the acreage that is leased is not in production, but may have an approved exploration or development plan. Offshore, 97 million of 1.7 billion acres of federal water (or 6%) are available for leasing under the current leasing schedule. The current five-year leasing program (FY2017-FY2022) has 10 lease sales scheduled in the Gulf of Mexico and 1 in the Alaska region. In January of 2018, BOEM released a draft proposed program (DPP) for the period from 2019 through 2024.