We found that Interior continues to experience problems hiring and retaining sufficient staff to provide oversight and management of oil and gas activities on federal lands and waters. BLM, BOEM, and BSEE office managers we surveyed reported that they continue to find it difficult to fill vacancies for key oil and gas oversight positions, such as petroleum engineers, inspectors, geologists, natural resource specialists, and geophysicists. These managers reported that it was difficult to retain staff to oversee oil and gas activities because staff leave for higher salaries in the private sector. They also reported that high rates of attrition are a concern because some Interior offices have just one or two employees per position, so a single retirement or resignation can significantly affect office operations and oversight. Nearly half of the petroleum engineers that left BLM in fiscal year 2012 resigned rather than retired, suggesting that they sought employment outside the bureau. According to Office of Personnel Management (OPM) data, the fiscal year 2012 attrition rate for petroleum engineers at BLM was over 20 percent, or more than double the average federal attrition rate of 9.1 percent. We found hiring and retention problems were most acute in areas where industry activity is greatest, such as in the Bakken shale play in western North Dakota, because the government is competing there with industry for the same group of geologists and petroleum engineers. Interior officials cited two major factors that affect the agency’s ability to hire and retain sufficient staff to oversee oil and gas activities on federal leases: Higher industry salaries. BLM, BOEM, and BSEE office managers surveyed reported that they have lost potential applicants and staff to industry because it can pay higher salaries. Bureau of Labor Statistics data confirm that there is a wide and growing gap between industry and federal salaries for some positions, particularly petroleum engineers and geologists. For example, from 2002 through 2012, mean federal salaries for petroleum engineers have remained fairly constant at about $90,000 to $100,000 per year whereas private sector salaries have steadily increased from about $120,000 to over $160,000 during this same time period. The lengthy federal hiring process. BLM, BOEM, and BSEE officials surveyed reported that the federal hiring process has affected their ability to fill key oil and gas positions because it is lengthy, with multiple required steps, and that many applicants find other employment before the federal hiring process ends. We analyzed Interior’s hiring data and found that the average hiring time for petroleum engineers was 197 days, or more than 6 months, at BOEM and BSEE. BLM fared a little better; its average hiring time for petroleum engineers was 126 days, or a little more than 4 months. However, all hiring times were much longer than 80 calendar days— OPM’s target. According to BLM, BOEM, and BSEE officials, other factors have contributed to difficulties hiring and retaining key oil and gas oversight personnel, such as few qualified applicants in remote areas, or areas with a high cost of living. Interior and its three bureaus—BLM, BOEM, and BSEE—have taken some steps to address hiring and retention challenges but could do more. Interior has used special salary rates and incentives to increase hiring and retention for key oil and gas positions, but use of these incentives has been limited. Interior has taken some steps to reduce the time it takes to hire oil and gas oversight staff but does not collect data to identify the causes of delays in the hiring process and opportunities for reducing them. Finally, Interior has taken some actions to improve recruiting, such as developing workforce plans to coordinate hiring and retention efforts, but this work is ongoing, and the extent to which these plans will help is uncertain. Special salary rates. For fiscal years 2012 and 2013, Congress approved a special 25 percent base pay increase for geologists, geophysicists, and petroleum engineers at BOEM and BSEE in the Gulf of Mexico. According to Interior officials in the Gulf of Mexico, this special pay authority helped retain some geologists, geophysicists, and petroleum engineers, at least in the near term. BOEM and BSEE requested an extension of this special pay authority though fiscal year 2014. In 2012, BLM met with OPM officials to discuss special salary rates for petroleum engineers and petroleum engineering technicians in western North Dakota and eastern Montana, where the disparity between federal and industry salaries is most acute, according to a BLM official. A BLM official told us that OPM requested that BLM provide more data to support its request. The official also told us that BLM submitted draft language to Congress requesting special salary rates through a congressional appropriation. According to Interior officials, all three bureaus are preparing a department-wide request for special salary rates to submit to OPM. Incentives. BLM, BOEM and BSEE have the authority to pay incentives in the form of recruitment, relocation, and retention awards of up to 25 percent of basic pay, in most circumstances, and for as long as the use of these incentives is justified, in accordance with OPM guidance, such as in the event an employee is likely to leave federal service. However, we found that the bureaus’ use of these incentives has been limited. For example, during fiscal years 2010 through 2012, the three bureaus hired 66 petroleum engineers but awarded just four recruitment incentives, five relocation incentives, and four retention incentives. BLM awarded two of the four retention incentives in 2012 to help retain petroleum engineers in its North Dakota Field Office. OPM data showed that, in 2011, Interior paid about one-third less in incentive awards than it did in 2010. BLM officials cited various factors that contributed to the limited use of incentives, such as limited funds available for incentives. A BLM official also told us that there was confusion about an OPM and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) requirement to limit incentive awards to 2010 levels and that some field office managers were uncertain about the extent to which office managers were allowed to use incentive awards. Without clear guidance outlining when these incentives should be used, and a means to measure their effectiveness, we concluded that Interior will not be able to determine whether it has fully used its authority to offer incentives to hire and retain key oil and gas oversight staff. Hiring times. To improve its hiring times, Interior participated in an OPM- led, government-wide initiative to streamline the federal hiring process. In 2009, a team of hiring managers and human resources specialists from Interior reviewed the department’s hiring process and compared it with OPM’s 80 calendar-day hiring target. The team identified 27 action items to reduce hiring times, such as standardizing position descriptions and reducing the number of managers involved in the process. Interior and its bureaus implemented many of the action items over the past few years and made significant progress to reduce hiring times, according to Interior officials and agency records. For example, BSEE reduced the time to select eligible applicants from 90 to 30 days by limiting the amount of time allowed for managers to review and select applicants. A BLM official told us that the bureau is working to automate vacancy announcements to improve the efficiency of its hiring process. However, neither the department nor the three bureaus have complete and accurate data on hiring times that could help them identify and address the causes of delays in the hiring process. Beginning in 2011, Interior provided quarterly data on hiring times to OPM, calculated based on Interior’s personnel and payroll databases. However, we identified discrepancies in some of the data—for example, in some cases, hiring times were erroneously recorded as 0 or 1 day. In addition, none of the bureaus systematically analyze the data collected. For instance, BSEE and BOEM collect hiring data on a biweekly basis, but officials told us they use the data primarily to track the progress of individual applicants as they move through the hiring process. Likewise, a BLM official stated that the bureau does not systematically analyze data on hiring times. Without reliable data on hiring times, Interior’s bureaus cannot identify how long it takes to complete individual stages in the hiring process or effectively implement changes to expedite the hiring process. Recruiting. BLM, BOEM, and BSEE have taken some steps to improve recruiting. In 2012, BOEM and BSEE contracted with a consulting firm to draft a marketing strategy highlighting the advantages of employment at the bureaus, such as flexible work hours and job security. BOEM and BSEE used this marketing strategy to revise the recruiting information on their external websites and develop recruiting materials such as brochures and job fair displays. According to a BLM workforce strategy planning document, the bureau is considering contracting with a consulting firm to review its recruiting strategy. All three bureaus are also visiting colleges and universities to recruit potential applicants for oil and gas positions, and each has had some success offering student intern positions that may be converted to full-time employment. Workforce planning. Interior is participating in a government-wide initiative led by OPM to identify and address critical skills gaps across the federal government. The effort aims to develop strategies to hire and retain staff possessing targeted skills and address government-wide and department-specific mission-critical occupations and skill gaps. In March 2012, Interior issued a plan providing an overview of workforce planning strategies that it can use to meet emerging workforce needs and skills gaps within constrained budgets. As part of the next phase of this effort, Interior asked its bureaus to develop detailed workforce plans using a standardized model based on best practices used at Interior. Both planning efforts are ongoing, however, so it is too early to assess the effect on Interior’s hiring and retention challenges for key oil and gas positions at this time. BLM, BOEM, and BSEE are developing or implementing workforce plans as well.