Advances in information technology and the explosion in computer interconnectivity have had far-reaching effects, including the transformation from a paper-based to an electronic business environment and the capability for rapid communication through e- mail. Although these developments have led to improvements in speed and productivity, they also require the development of ways to manage information that is increasingly in electronic rather than paper form. For federal agencies, such information includes e-mail messages that may have the status of federal records. Under the Federal Records Act, each federal agency is required to make and preserve records that (1) document the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, and essential transactions of the agency and (2) provide the information necessary to protect the legal and financial rights of the government and of persons directly affected by the agency’s activities. These records, which include e-mail records, must be effectively managed. If they are not, individuals might lose access to benefits for which they are entitled, the government could be exposed to unwarranted legal liabilities, and historical records of vital interest could be lost forever. In addition, agencies with poorly managed records risk increased costs when attempting to search their records in response to Freedom of Information Act requests or litigation-related discovery actions. Accordingly, agencies are required to develop records management programs to ensure that they have appropriate recordkeeping systems with which to manage and preserve their records. Among the activities of a records management program are identifying records and sources of records and providing records management guidance, including agency-specific recordkeeping practices that establish what records need to be created in order to conduct agency business. Agencies are also required to schedule their records: that is, to identify and inventory records, appraise their value, determine whether they are temporary or permanent, and determine how long the temporary records should be kept. The act also gives the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) responsibilities for oversight and guidance of federal records management, which includes management of e-mail records. NARA works with agencies to schedule records, and it must approve all records schedules. Records schedules may be specific to an agency, or they may be general, covering records common to several or all agencies. According to NARA, records covered by general records schedules make up about a third of all federal records. For the other two thirds, NARA and the agencies must agree upon specific records schedules. No record may be destroyed unless it has been scheduled. For temporary records, the schedule is of critical importance, because it provides the authority to dispose of the record after a specified time period. (For example, General Records Schedule 1, Civilian Personnel Records, provides instructions on retaining case files for merit promotions; agencies may destroy these records 2 years after the personnel action is completed, or after an audit by the Office of Personnel Management, whichever is sooner.) Once a schedule has been approved, the agency must issue it as a management directive, train employees in its use, and apply its provisions to temporary and permanent records. NARA has issued regulations that specifically address the management of e-mail records. As with other records, agencies are required to establish policies and procedures that provide for appropriate retention and disposition of e-mail records. NARA further specified that for each e-mail record, agencies must preserve certain transmission data—names of sender and addressees and message date. Further, except for a limited category of “transitory” e-mail records, agencies are not permitted to store the recordkeeping copy of e-mail records in the e-mail system, unless that system has certain features, such as the ability to group records into classifications according to their business purposes and to permit easy and timely retrieval of both individual records and groupings of related records. These recordkeeping features are important to ensure that e-mail records remain both accessible and usable during their useful lives. For example, it is essential to be able to classify records according to their business purpose so that they can be retrieved in case of mission need. Further, if records cannot be retrieved easily and quickly, or they are not retained in a usable format, they do not serve the mission or historical purpose that led to their being preserved. If agencies do not keep their e-mail records in systems with the required capabilities, records may also be at increased risk of loss from inadvertent or automatic deletion. If agency e-mail systems do not have the required recordkeeping features, either agencies must copy e-mail records to a separate electronic recordkeeping system, or they must print e-mail messages (including associated transmission information that is needed for purposes of context) and file the copies in traditional paper recordkeeping files. NARA’s regulations allow agencies to use either paper or electronic recordkeeping systems for record copies of e- mail messages, depending on the agencies’ business needs. The advantages of using a paper-based system for record copies of e-mails are that it takes advantage of the recordkeeping system already in place for the agency’s paper files and requires little or no technological investment. The disadvantages are that a paper-based approach depends on manual processes and requires electronic material to be converted to paper, potentially losing some features of the electronic original; such manual processes may be especially burdensome if the volume of e-mail records is large. The advantage of using an electronic recordkeeping system, besides avoiding the need to manage paper, is that it can be designed to capture certain required data (such as transmission data) automatically. Electronic recordkeeping systems also make searches for records on particular topics much more efficient. In addition, electronic systems that are integrated with other applications may have features that make it easier for the user to identify records, and potentially could provide automatic or partially automatic classification functions. However, as with other information technology investments, acquiring an electronic recordkeeping system requires careful planning and analysis of agency requirements and business processes; in addition, electronic recordkeeping raises the issue of maintaining electronic information in an accessible form throughout its useful life. Because of its nature, e-mail can present particular challenges to records management. First, the information contained in e-mail records is not uniform: it may concern any subject or function and document various types of transactions. As a result, in many cases, decisions on which e-mail messages are records must be made individually. Second, the transmission data associated with an e- mail record—including information about the senders and receivers of messages, the date and time the message was sent, and any attachments to the messages—may be crucial to understanding the context of the record. Third, a given message may be part of an exchange of messages between two or more people within or outside an agency, or even of a string (sometimes branching) of many messages sent and received on a given topic. In such cases, agency staff need to decide which message or messages should be considered records and who is responsible for storing them in a recordkeeping system. Finally, the large number of federal e-mail users and high volume of e-mails increase the management challenge. According to NARA, the use of e-mail results in more records being created than in the past, as it often replaces phone conversations and face-to-face meetings that might not have been otherwise recorded. These challenges have been recognized by NARA and the records management community in numerous studies and articles. A 2001 survey of federal recordkeeping practices conducted by a contractor for NARA concluded, among other things, that managing e-mail was a major records management problem and that the quality of recordkeeping varied considerably across agencies. In addition, the study concluded that for many federal employees, the concept of a “record” and what should be scheduled and preserved was not clear. A 2005 NARA-sponsored survey of federal agencies’ policy and practices for electronic records management concluded that procedures for managing e-mail were underdeveloped. The study, performed by the University of Maryland Center for Information Policy, stated that most of the surveyed offices had not developed electronic recordkeeping systems, but were instead maintaining recordkeeping copies of e-mail and other electronic documents in paper format. However, all of the offices also maintained electronic records (frequently electronic duplicates of paper records). According to the study team, the agencies did not establish electronic recordkeeping systems due to financial constraints, and implementing such systems was a considerable challenge that increased with the size of the agency. As a result, organizations were maintaining unsynchronized parallel paper and electronic systems, resulting in extra work, confusion regarding which is the recordkeeping copy, and retention of many records beyond their disposition date. Most recently, a NARA study team examined in 2007 the experiences of five federal agencies (including itself) with electronic records management applications, with a particular emphasis on how these organizations used these applications to manage e-mail. The purpose of the study was to gather information on the strategies that organizations are using that may be useful to others. Among the major conclusions from the survey was that implementing an electronic records management application requires considerable effort in planning, testing, and implementation, and that although the functionality of the software product itself is important, other factors are also crucial, including agency culture, training provided, and management and information technology support. With regard to e-mail in particular, the survey concluded that e-mail messages can constitute the most voluminous type of record that is filed into records management applications. Our work on e-mail records management demonstrates that agencies continue to face challenges similar to those identified by the prior studies. While our results are preliminary and we are not able to project them beyond the agencies we reviewed, I believe they help illustrate the difficulties agencies can face when applying NARA’s requirements to today’s operating environment. Three of the four agencies we reviewed—FTC, DHS, and EPA—had policies in place that generally complied with NARA’s guidance on how to identify and preserve e-mail records, but each was missing one applicable requirement.