Although about 700,000 U.S. military personnel were deployed to the Gulf War in the early 1990s, casualties were relatively light compared with those in previous major conflicts. Some veterans began reporting health problems shortly after the war that they believed might be due to their participation in the conflict. VA, DOD, HHS, and other federal agencies initiated research and investigations into these health concerns and the consequences of possible hazardous exposures. VA is the coordinator for all federal activities on the health consequences of service in the Gulf War. These activities include ensuring that the findings of all federal Gulf War illnesses research are made available to the public and that federal agencies coordinate outreach to Gulf War veterans in order to provide information on potential health risks from service in the Gulf War and corresponding services or benefits. The Secretary of VA is required to submit an annual report on the results, status, and priorities of federal research activities related to the health consequences of military service in the Gulf War to the Senate and House Veterans’ Affairs Committees. VA has provided these reports to Congress since 1995. In May 2004, VA issued its annual report for 2002. VA has carried out its coordinating role through the auspices of interagency committees, which have changed over time in concert with federal research priorities and needs. Specifically, the mission of these interagency committees has evolved to include coordination for research on all hazardous deployments, including but not limited to the Gulf War. (See fig. 1.) Federal research efforts for Gulf War illnesses have been guided by questions established by the interagency Research Working Group (RWG), which was initially established under the Persian Gulf Veterans Coordinating Board (PGVCB) to coordinate federal research efforts. Between 1995 and 1996, the RWG identified 19 major research questions related to illnesses in Gulf War veterans. In 1996, the group added 2 more questions regarding cancer risk and mortality rates to create a set of 21 key research questions that have served as an overarching strategy in guiding federal research for Gulf War illnesses. (See app. I for the list of key questions.) The 21 research questions cover the extent of various health problems, exposures among the veteran population, and the difference in health problems between Gulf War veterans and control populations. In 1998, the RWG expanded federal Gulf War illnesses research priorities to include treatment, longitudinal follow-up of illnesses, disease prevention, and improved hazard assessment; however, no new research questions were added to the list of 21 key questions. With regard to veterans’ health status, the research questions cover the prevalence among veterans and control populations of symptoms, symptom complexes, illnesses, altered immune function or host defense, birth defects, reproductive problems, sexual dysfunction, cancer, pulmonary symptoms, neuropsychological or neurological deficits, psychological symptoms or diagnoses, and mortality. With regard to exposure, the research questions cover Leishmania tropica (a type of parasite), petroleum, petroleum combustion products, specific occupational/environmental hazards (such as vaccines and chemical agents, pyridostigmine bromide (given to troops as a defense against nerve agents), and psychophysiological stressors (such as exposure to extremes of human suffering). In 2002, VA established RAC to provide advice to the Secretary of VA on proposed research relating to the health consequences of military service in the Gulf War. RAC, which is composed of members of the general public, including non-VA researchers and veterans’ advocates, was tasked to assist VA in its research planning by exploring the entire body of Gulf War illnesses research, identifying gaps in the research, and proposing potential areas of future research. VA provides an annual budget of about $400,000 for RAC, which provides salaries for two full-time and one part- time employee and supports committee operating costs. RAC’s employees include a scientific director and support staff who review published scientific literature and federal research updates and collect information from scientists conducting relevant research. RAC’s staff provide research summaries for discussion and analysis to the advisory committee through monthly written reports and at regularly scheduled meetings. RAC holds public meetings several times a year at which scientists present published and unpublished findings from Gulf War illnesses research. In 2002, RAC published a report with recommendations to the Secretary of VA. It expects to publish another report soon. As of September 2003, about 80 percent of the 240 federally funded research projects on Gulf War illnesses have been completed. Additionally, funding for Gulf War-specific research has decreased, federal research priorities have been expanded to incorporate the long-term health effects of all hazardous deployments, and interagency coordination of Gulf War illnesses research has diminished. Despite this shift in effort, VA has not collectively reassessed the research findings to determine whether the 21 key research questions have been answered or to identify the most promising directions for future federal research in this area. Since 1991, 240 federally funded research projects have been initiated by VA, DOD, and HHS to address the health concerns of individuals who served in the Gulf War. As of September 2003, 194 of the 240 federal Gulf War illnesses research projects (81 percent) had been completed; another 46 projects (19 percent) were ongoing. (See fig. 2.) From 1994 to 2003, VA, DOD, and HHS collectively spent a total of $247 million on Gulf War illnesses research. DOD has provided the most funding for Gulf War illnesses research, funding about 74 percent of all federal Gulf War illnesses research within this time frame. Figure 3 shows the comparative percentage of funding by these agencies for each fiscal year since 1994. After fiscal year 2000, overall funding for Gulf War illnesses research decreased. (See fig. 4.) Fiscal year 2003 research funding was about $20 million less than funding provided in fiscal year 2000. This overall decrease in federal funding was paralleled by a change in federal research priorities, which expanded to include all hazardous deployments and shifted away from a specific focus on Gulf War illnesses. VA officials said that although Gulf War illnesses research continues, the agency is expanding the scope of its research to include the potential long- term health effects in troops who served in hazardous deployments other than the Gulf War. In October 2002, VA announced plans to commit up to $20 million for research into Gulf War illnesses and the health effects of other military deployments. Also in October 2002, VA issued a program announcement for research on the long-term health effects in veterans who served in the Gulf War or in other hazardous deployments, such as Afghanistan and Bosnia/Kosovo. As of April 2004, one new Gulf War illnesses research project, for $450,000, was funded under this program announcement. Although DOD has historically provided the majority of funding for Gulf War illnesses research, DOD officials stated that their agency currently has no plans to continue funding new Gulf War illnesses research projects. Correspondingly, DOD has not funded any new Gulf War illnesses research in fiscal year 2004, except as reflected in modest supplements to complete existing projects and a new award pending for research using funding from a specific appropriation. DOD also did not include Gulf War illnesses research funding in its budget proposals for fiscal years 2005 and 2006. DOD officials stated that because the agency is primarily focused on the needs of the active duty soldier, its interest in funding Gulf War illnesses research was highest when a large number of Gulf War veterans remained on active duty after the war—some of whom might develop unexplained symptoms and syndromes that could affect their active duty status. In addition, since 2000, DOD’s focus has shifted from research solely on Gulf War illnesses to research on medical issues of active duty troops in current or future military deployments. For example, in 2000, VA and DOD collaborated to develop the Millennium Cohort study, which is a prospective study evaluating the health of both deployed and nondeployed military personnel throughout their military careers and after leaving military service. The study began in October 2000 and was awarded $5.25 million through fiscal year 2002, with another $3 million in funding estimated for fiscal year 2003. VA’s coordination of federal Gulf War illnesses research has gradually lapsed. Starting in 1993, VA carried out its responsibility for coordinating all Gulf War health-related activities, including research, through interagency committees, which evolved over time to reflect changing needs and priorities. (See fig. 1.) In 2000, interagency coordination of Gulf War illnesses research was subsumed under the broader effort of coordination for research on all hazardous deployments. Consequently, Gulf War illnesses research was no longer a primary focus. The most recent interagency research subcommittee, which is under the Deployment Health Working Group (DHWG), has not met since August 2003, and as of April 2004, no additional meetings had been planned. Additionally, VA has not reassessed the extent to which the collective findings of completed Gulf War Illnesses research projects have addressed the 21 key research questions developed by the RWG. (See app. I.) The only assessment of progress in answering these research questions was published in 2001, when findings from only about half of all funded Gulf War illnesses research were available. Moreover, the summary did not identify whether there were gaps in existing Gulf War illnesses research or promising areas for future research. No reassessment of these research questions has been undertaken to determine whether they remain valid, even though about 80 percent of federally funded Gulf War illnesses research projects now have been completed. In 2000, we reported that without such an assessment, many underlying questions about causes, course of development, and treatments for Gulf War illnesses may remain unanswered. RAC’s efforts to provide advice and make recommendations on Gulf War illnesses research may have been impeded by VA’s limited sharing of information on research initiatives and program planning as well as VA’s limited collaboration with the committee. However, VA and RAC are exploring ways to improve information sharing, including VA’s hiring of a senior scientist who would both guide the agency’s Gulf War illnesses research and serve as the agency’s liaison to provide routine updates to RAC.