This report is part of a suite of reports that discuss appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for FY2016. It specifically discusses appropriations for the components of DHS included in the fourth title of the homeland security appropriations bill—U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC), the Science and Technology Directorate (S&T), and the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO). Collectively, Congress has labeled these components in recent years as "Research and Development, Training, and Services." The report provides an overview of the Administration's FY2016 request for Research and Development, Training, and Services, and the appropriations proposed by Congress in response, and those enacted thus far. Rather than limiting the scope of its review to the fourth title, the report includes information on provisions throughout the proposed bill and report that directly affect these functions. The suite of CRS reports on homeland security appropriations tracks legislative action and congressional issues related to DHS appropriations, with particular attention paid to discretionary funding amounts. The reports do not provide in-depth analysis of specific issues related to mandatory funding—such as retirement pay—nor do they systematically follow other legislation related to the authorization or amending of DHS programs, activities, or fee revenues. Discussion of appropriations legislation involves a variety of specialized budgetary concepts. The appendix to CRS Report R44053, Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: FY2016 , explains several of these concepts, including budget authority, obligations, outlays, discretionary and mandatory spending, offsetting collections, allocations, and adjustments to the discretionary spending caps under the Budget Control Act ( P.L. 112-25 ). A more complete discussion of those terms and the appropriations process in general can be found in CRS Report R42388, The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction , by [author name scrubbed], and the Government Accountability Office's A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process . Except in summary discussions and when discussing total amounts for the bill as a whole, all amounts contained in the suite of CRS reports on homeland security appropriations represent budget authority and are rounded to the nearest million. However, for precision in percentages and totals, all calculations were performed using unrounded data. Data used in this report for FY2015 amounts are derived from the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015 ( P.L. 114-4 ) and the explanatory statement that accompanied H.R. 240 as printed in the Congressional Record of January 13, 2015, pages H275-H322. Contextual information on the FY2016 request is generally from the Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016 , the FY2016 DHS congressional budget justifications, and the FY2016 DHS Budget in Brief . However, most data used in CRS analyses in reports on DHS appropriations are drawn from congressional documentation to ensure consistent scoring whenever possible. Information on the FY2016 budget request and Senate-reported recommended funding levels is from S. 1619 and S.Rept. 114-68 . Information on the House-reported recommended funding levels is from H.R. 3128 and H.Rept. 114-215 . Data for FY2016 are derived from P.L. 114-113 , the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2016—Division F of which is the Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2016—and the accompanying explanatory statement published in Books II and III of the Congressional Record for December 17, 2015. Generally, the homeland security appropriations bill includes all annual appropriations provided for DHS, allocating resources to every departmental component. Discretionary appropriations provide roughly two-thirds to three-fourths of the annual funding for DHS operations, depending how one accounts for disaster relief spending and funding for overseas contingency operations. The remainder of the budget is a mix of fee revenues, trust funds, and mandatory spending. Appropriations measures for DHS typically have been organized into five titles. The first four are thematic groupings of components: Departmental Management and Operations; Security, Enforcement, and Investigations; Protection, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery; and Research and Development, Training, and Services. A fifth title contains general provisions, the impact of which may reach across the entire department, impact multiple components, or focus on a single activity. The following pie chart presents a visual comparison of the share of annual appropriations requested for the components funded in each of the first four titles, highlighting the components discussed in this report. As shown below, the components funded under Research and Development, Training, and Services would have received roughly 3% of the discretionary budget authority requested for FY2016. As noted above, Title IV of the DHS appropriations bill provides funding for several of the department's support functions. Funding was also included in Title V, General Provisions, for some of these components. The Administration requested $5,428 million in total budgetary resources for these accounts in FY2016, an increase of $526 million (10.7%) above the projected FY2015 level. Of this total budget, $1,554 million is discretionary authority. The Senate-reported bill would have provided $1,461 million in adjusted net discretionary budget authority, a decrease of $103 million (6.6%) from the request and $344 million (19.2%) below the FY2015 enacted level. House-reported H.R. 3128 would have provided the components included in this title $1,503 million in net discretionary budget authority. This would have been $51 million (3.3%) less than requested, and $292 million (16.2%) less than was provided in FY2015. Division F of P.L. 114-113 , the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, was the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2016. The act included $1,499 million for these components in FY2016, a $55 million (3.5%) decrease from the request and $296 million (16.5%) below FY2015. Table 1 presents the enacted funding level for the individual components funded under Research, Development, Training, and Services for FY2015, as well as the amounts requested for these accounts by the Administration, proposed by the Senate and House appropriations committees, and provided by the enacted annual appropriation for FY2016. The table includes information on funding under Title IV as well as other provisions in the bill. In addition, it also notes the cost of a legislative change proposed by the Administration to the U visa program, which would have been charged to discretionary "score" of the DHS appropriations bill had it been enacted. Three activities dominate the work of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS): (1) processing and adjudication of all immigration applications and petitions, including family-based petitions, employment-based petitions, nonimmigrant change of status petitions, work authorizations, and travel documents; (2) adjudication of naturalization petitions for legal permanent residents to become citizens; and (3) consideration of refugee and asylum claims, and related humanitarian and international concerns. USCIS funds the processing and adjudication of immigrant, nonimmigrant, refugee, asylum, and citizenship benefits largely through its fee revenues deposited into the Immigration Examinations Fee Account. In the last decade, the agency has received annual appropriations from the Treasury that have been directed largely towards specific projects such as reducing petition processing backlogs and operating the E-Verify program. The agency receives most of its revenue from adjudication fees of immigration benefit applications and petitions. The Administration requested $130 million in appropriations for USCIS for FY2016, including $120 million for the E-Verify program and $10 million for the Immigrant Integration Initiative. Together with $3,874 million in projected fee collections, the request projected $4,004 million in new gross budget authority for USCIS (see Table 2 ). Of this FY2016 amount, $3,229 million was to fund adjudication services, which included $268 million for asylum, refugee, and international operations and $226 million for digital conversion of immigrant records ("Business Transformation"). Apart from adjudication services, $143 million was to fund information and customer services, $415 million was to fund administration expenses, and $27 million was to fund the Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements (SAVE) program. In addition, the Administration proposed legislative changes to the U visa program, which CBO scored as potentially costing the general fund of the Treasury $21 million. These changes were accounted for as discretionary spending by USCIS in the budget request, and are reflected elsewhere in this report's narrative and tables as such, although they would not have provided additional operational resources to USCIS. As the USCIS section of this report focuses on resources available to USCIS under the terms of these various proposals in the legislative process, the proposal is not reflected in this section's narrative analysis of resource levels proposed for USCIS. Senate-reported S. 1619 recommended that USCIS receive gross budget authority for FY2016 of $3,610 million, $394 million below the amount requested. The bill included $120 million in appropriations for USCIS's E-Verify Program, $10 million below the Administration's total appropriations request. The Senate-reported bill would have permitted up to $10 million of fee revenue to be allocated for immigrant integration grants. The committee specified that no funds could be used by USCIS to grant immigration benefits unless the requisite background checks had been performed, and the results submitted to USCIS did not preclude the granting of the benefit. House-reported H.R. 3128 also recommended that USCIS receive gross budget authority for FY2016 of $3,610 million, $394 million below the amount requested. The bill included $120 million in appropriations for USCIS, $10 million below the amount requested.