In carrying out its mission, VA conducts medical research to find new treatments for diseases and disabilities that affect veterans and the nation’s population as a whole. VA researchers have been involved in a variety of important advances in medical research, including development of the cardiac pacemaker, kidney transplant technology, prosthetic devices, and drug treatments for high blood pressure and schizophrenia. VA’s research programs include nine high-priority areas: acute and traumatic injuries, military and environmental exposures, special high-risk or underserved populations, sensory disorders and loss, aging, mental illness, substance abuse, chronic diseases, and health services and outcomes research. In fiscal year 2000, funding for VA research totaled almost $1.2 billion, supporting research projects conducted by more than 3,800 scientists at 115 VA medical centers across the country. These funds finance research projects and their supporting infrastructure, including capital expenditures for buildings, animal laboratories, and equipment. Funding made available for medical research through annual appropriations provided $666 million of VA’s fiscal year 2000 research dollars; the other $491 million was provided by other federal and nonfederal sources (see fig. 1). Federal funding comes from such sources as NIH and DOD, while nonfederal funding sources include private organizations, such as drug or biotechnology companies, or organizations such as the American Lung Association, the American Heart Association, and the American Diabetes Association. Of the $491 million, $174 million was administered by the nonprofit corporations, and the remaining $317 million was administered by VA medical centers or their affiliated universities. Nonprofit research corporations exist solely to support VA research and education, using their funds to support local VA medical centers’ research environments. They are collocated with VA facilities and usually do not pay VA for services such as rent, utilities, local telephone services, and janitorial services. Currently, there are 88 chartered nonprofit research corporations, of which 85 are actively conducting research. In 2000, the most recent year for which revenue data are available, VA’s nonprofit research corporations received about $174 million in revenues— almost a 140-percent increase over the last 5 years—and administered 4,651 VA-approved research projects. The largest source of funding for VA’s nonprofit research corporations has been private organizations, averaging more than 40 percent from fiscal years 1996 through 2000 (see table 1). NIH has been the largest government source of funding for the corporations. VA treats all funds administered by VA medical centers as appropriated funds, and medical centers are generally required to comply with statutory and other restrictions on the use of those funds, as well as with federal regulations governing procurement and the hiring of employees. Prior to the establishment of nonprofit corporations, VA administered research funding from external sources through special accounts at local medical centers—known as general post funds—or through its affiliated universities. Nonprofit corporations provide a flexible funding mechanism to support the indirect cost of VA’s research environment. For example, nonprofit corporations’ funds can be used to renovate laboratory space and support start-up research to develop grant proposals. Nonprofit research corporations also have more flexibility with respect to personnel and procurement issues than VA medical centers because, as private corporations, they are not subject to federal personnel or procurement regulations. The five nonprofit corporations we visited typically obtained donated and grant funds of between 10 and 20 percent of direct project costs to apply to indirect costs. According to the nonprofit corporations’ executive directors we interviewed, these indirect cost rates are generally based on what other nonprofit organizations normally charge and not based on their actual indirect costs. These indirect costs include the costs for running the corporation, equipment purchases, facility upgrades, subscriptions to scientific journals, travel to research conferences, maintaining VA research libraries, and renovating and maintaining VA animal laboratories. Further, nonprofit corporations can use the funds they obtain for indirect costs to support research. For example, at one VA medical center, the nonprofit research corporation incurred $8,451,000 in expenses in 2001, with $7,693,000 spent on the direct costs of research projects; $413,000 spent on corporation operating expenses, such as grant administration and payroll processing for research staff; and $345,000 spent on activities and improvements to the medical center’s research environment. Some of these activities and improvements included maintaining a clinical studies center, paying the salaries of a research science officer and assistant, and providing the “seed” or project start-up money for scientists to perform initial research to generate data necessary to apply for research grants. According to VA’s Office of Research and Development, the funds used by the nonprofit corporations to purchase equipment and maintain and upgrade VA’s facilities allow VA to use more of its appropriated funds for conducting research. For example, at one facility we visited, the nonprofit corporation is renovating laboratory space necessary to conduct a VA- funded research project. While grants to affiliated universities can also be used to cover indirect costs of research conducted at VA facilities, VA officials told us that universities generally do not provide funding to help pay for VA’s indirect costs; instead, they use it to support the indirect costs of the universities and their own research facilities. At another medical center, VA’s Office of Inspector General suggested security improvements be made in research laboratories containing hazardous materials. About $56,000 was needed from either VA’s Office of Research and Development or the medical center to make these improvements. Instead, the nonprofit corporation provided the funding. This preserved the Office of Research and Development’s funds for research and the medical center’s funds for patient care. In addition to the improvements in equipment, facilities, and research- related services, nonprofit corporations bring other benefits to VA’s research environment. Because private nonprofit corporations are not subject to the regulations that govern federal agency hiring practices, they can hire and release employees more quickly than VA, which, according to researchers, can be more responsive to their individual project personnel and contracting needs. For example, at some of the VA nonprofit corporations we visited, the principal investigators stated that because funding for research is dependent on the number, length, and timing of grants received, they prefer to quickly hire research technicians and support staff after project funds are awarded and release them from the projects as soon as their work is completed. The principal investigators noted that if nonprofit corporations did not exist, it would take longer to begin the research because they would have to hire staff through VA. A medical center official reported that it usually took 6 weeks or more to hire a research employee through VA compared to less than a week through the nonprofit corporation. Nonprofit corporations can also contract for goods and services more quickly than VA can because they do not have to follow the federal acquisition process. For example, two of the nonprofit corporations we visited were able to quickly order highly specialized digital, computerized microscopes needed by several research teams. Officials told us that based on their past experiences, if those microscopes had been purchased through VA’s competitive process, it could have taken months to award a contract. Finally, VA’s research environment is key to attracting and retaining highly qualified physicians, according to officials at some of the medical centers we visited and in VA’s Office of Research and Development. Investigators we interviewed said their research directly related to and benefited the care they provided to their patients, such as administering experimental research drugs for cancer. Some of the researchers we interviewed also noted that the nonprofit corporation’s contribution to the local VA research facility was one of the main reasons they came to or remained at the facility. For example, at one nonprofit corporation we visited, the corporation renovated laboratory space needed to attract an investigator, who is also a physician. Conflicts of interest can occur in connection with medical research when an individual or an institution has financial interests in the research. Conflicts of interest impair the conduct of objective, unbiased research and create the risk that an investigator will compromise a study’s integrity to gain financial rewards or recognition. Investigators may establish financial relationships with donors—for example as employees, consultants, board members, or stockholders—as long as these relationships do not compromise, or appear to compromise, their professional judgment and the independence of the research. For example, an investigator’s financial relationships must not bias or appear to bias the development of the study to ensure certain outcomes. A conflict of interest would also result if investigators reported only favorable research results or withheld certain study findings to maintain a competitive edge for the entities in which they have financial interests. Conflicts of interest have the potential to put study subjects and the general population at risk. Investigators on research projects administered by VA nonprofit corporations must follow federal statutes and regulations applicable to federal employees concerning conduct and conflicts of interest. They cover, for example, restrictions on gifts from outside sources, the use of non-public information, and employees’ financial interests. Because investigators design and control the research, they may also be subject to additional federal conflict of interest regulations. For example, principal investigators conducting research under NIH grants are subject to Public Health Service regulations, and investigators conducting pharmaceutical trials are subject to Food and Drug Administration regulations. These regulations require investigators to disclose their financial interests. There are other conflict of interest procedures that investigators in some locations must follow. For example, investigators at three of the five VA nonprofit corporations we visited were required by the VA medical center or its affiliated university to disclose their financial interests related to each research project they conducted. At one of these locations, the corporation, the university, and VA formed a conflicts of interest committee to review financial disclosures and identify and manage conflicts of interest. The results of these reviews are documented in the committee’s meeting minutes and forwarded for review to the VA medical center’s institutional review board (IRB). Additionally, to guard against potential conflicts of interest, nonprofit corporation board members, officers, and employees must sign a certification that they comply with federal statutes and regulations on conflicts of interest; however, they are not required to file financial disclosure forms. Certain nonprofit corporation board members and officers are required to file financial disclosure forms because of their positions at the medical center.