About a decade ago we implemented a campus recruitment program to increase GAO’s visibility on campuses and help us attract highly-qualified and diverse candidates. The key elements of this program are (1) ongoing relationships with many colleges and universities and (2) the use of senior executives and other staff to develop and maintain those relationships. We supplement this program through additional activities designed to help others learn about GAO. We have established ongoing relationships with many colleges and universities across the country. While we advertise all of our new positions publicly, currently we have relationships with about 70 colleges and universities, including private and public colleges and universities, Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Hispanic-serving institutions, and other minority-serving institutions. These targeted schools have academic programs relevant to our skill needs (e.g., public policy, accounting, business or computer science) and that prepare students well for success at GAO. Our relationship-building over the years has been based primarily on visiting many of these schools to participate in on- campus events. We use senior executives and other staff from across the agency to develop and maintain these relationships. Serving as “recruiters,” these executives and staff help faculty, career placement officials, and students at the colleges and universities we visit understand the work we do and the skills required for that work. Senior executives, who serve as Campus Executives, have specific schools for which they are responsible. Other staff—often alumni of those schools—support the executives by setting up and participating in campus events, such as information sessions, class presentations, or career fairs. Our staff often seek opportunities to communicate about our mission and their experiences at GAO to interested parties, as they view recruitment opportunities as part of their institutional stewardship responsibility. In addition to our targeted campus outreach, we conduct a variety of activities to help potential candidates and officials from colleges and universities learn about GAO or the type of work we do. For example, our analyst staff often works with students enrolled in masters’ programs in public policy or administration on projects in which GAO acts as a “client.” Groups of students are assigned an issue or evaluation topic, then advised by our staff as they proceed with their research, which culminates in a report to us as the client. These projects provide students “real world” experience in conducting public policy analysis. We also address classes or groups of students and host visits from groups to hear about our work and GAO’s impact. Since 2001, we have held a yearly Educators’ Advisory Panel, which includes deans and professors from schools we visit as well as selected others. Through this panel, we have obtained advice and provided feedback about ways schools can refine and strengthen their curricula to make their graduates more successful. Finally, we conduct outreach to professional organizations and groups. We attend and/or make presentations at various conferences or invite representatives of these groups to address GAO staff. The groups we have networked with in the past include those whose members have relevant backgrounds (e.g., the American Economic Association), as well as other groups with members that traditionally have been underrepresented in the federal workforce, including the American Association of Hispanic CPAs, the National Association of Black Accountants, or the Federal Asian Pacific American Council. Our approach has been extremely effective in developing strong partnerships with many colleges and universities and professional organizations. Our brand recognition has grown tremendously on campuses and in the public policy arena. This, among other reasons, has contributed to our receiving thousands of high-quality applicants each year for our advertised positions. As part of overall efforts to focus more attention on our strategic human capital management, we have taken proactive steps to improve our recruitment program. Specifically, we (1) established stronger linkages between our recruitment efforts and organizational workforce needs, (2) increased diversity of and enhanced supports for our staff serving as recruiters, and (3) instituted stronger program management and accountability processes. We have seen positive outcomes from these efforts. Consistent with our recommendations to other agencies, we have established stronger linkages between our recruitment efforts and our workforce needs identified through our annual workforce and strategic planning processes and in our annual Workforce Diversity Plans. To accomplish this, we adopted a recruiting framework that has allowed us to better address our skill gaps and enhance the diversity of our workforce, such as hiring more Hispanics, individuals with disabilities, and veterans. This framework was particularly critical this year, as we needed to identify how to address our needs despite significant fiscal constraints. Using this framework, we made decisions to discontinue certain efforts or initiate new ones to meet our needs and better allocate our resources. For example, we customized our interactions with campuses so that we could devote the appropriate level and type of resources needed to meet our needs. While we continue to believe that developing and maintaining strong relationships with college and university campuses is critical, on-site visits are less necessary given workforce and technological changes. As a result, based on an analysis of our workforce needs, school characteristics (e.g., student demographics, academic programs, and proximity of the campus to GAO offices), and our history with the campuses (e.g., number of applicants, applicant experience, and hires), our efforts now include a range of both on- site and virtual activities. The benefit of this approach is that we can adjust it at any time based on our needs. We also made critical decisions about how to best supplement our campus outreach efforts to support our workforce needs in the most cost-effective manner. We considered our costs to participate in various events, results from past participation, and the anticipated future benefits in order to set our future priorities about what organizations and events we would centrally support. For example, we supported participation in the Careers and the disABLED Expo and the Association of Latinos in Public Finance and Accounting Conference to help enhance the diversity of our workforce as well as to attract candidates with needed skills. We also partnered with the Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities, as well as the Public Policy and International Affairs Fellowship Program, to hire 10 qualified student interns. We also determined how we could cost- efficiently use other approaches to meet our needs. As a result, we have advertised in those journals targeting individuals with disabilities, African- Americans, or critical skill areas (e.g., economists) to expand our outreach. We also utilized low-cost mechanisms such as electronically notifying hundreds of colleges and universities and relevant organizations about vacancies, revamping our external careers web site, and updating our recruitment materials to provide better information about GAO’s worklife, programs, and values. These efforts are important ways to inform any interested candidate about GAO and available opportunities. Given the important role our recruiters serve in our campus recruitment program, we have taken steps to have a recruitment cadre that is diverse and well-trained. We solicited recruiters from throughout GAO and asked representatives from our numerous employee groups to serve as recruiters. Our recruitment cadre is diverse—representing staff from various GAO offices, teams, locations, job levels and positions. We also required that each employee interested in becoming a recruiter obtain senior management approval and attend our training workshop to learn about GAO-wide workforce needs and improve his or her ability to provide accurate, consistent, and timely information about our operations, programs, worklife, and values. This training has helped to ensure that all recruiters understand their responsibilities. We also have developed additional support for our recruiters to ensure consistent and timely dissemination of information. This support has included a slide presentation that describes GAO’s core values, business operations, and impact; a tip sheet that helps recruiters understand how to work with prospective applicants who may need to be accommodated; and a listing of specific types of activities recruiters can undertake at targeted campuses. While we have not identified a single “best practice,” some of our efforts that that have proven successful include: sending recruitment brochures/supplies to campus contacts; researching and contacting appropriate campus-based groups that have a diverse membership, as well as professional associations and relevant academic programs; establishing strong relationships with career placement staff; conducting information sessions with appropriate audiences; participating in career fairs, when appropriate; making class presentations that illustrate the nature of our work; getting our work incorporated into program curricula; and serving on advisory boards or as adjunct faculty with colleges and universities. To further assist our recruiters, we have provided real-time information and suggestions to help them better leverage their time. Specifically, we have kept recruiters apprised of the status of hiring announcements and shared data on the number of individuals hired for different positions— including the names of individuals hired from their specific schools—so recruiters could see the results of their efforts. Given additional budget constraints, we have suggested ways for our recruiters to more cost- effectively maintain strong campus relationships such as asking various academic programs within the same college or university to schedule joint presentations or visits by GAO; asking recent interns/hires to serve as informal ambassadors; and using local GAO staff to attend events at various campuses. In order to be able to better manage our campus recruitment program and assess program outcomes, we instituted a number of structural and administrative changes over the last several years. We placed overall program responsibility in our Human Capital Office and created three senior-level advisory boards to provide insight on our program operations and results. To obtain more robust information on recruiter activity, as well as create more program accountability, we have developed a standardized template to document recruiters’ strategies for working with individual schools and organizations. Through this template, recruiters must provide information on the members of the recruitment team, planned activities at the school or organization, and estimated costs. This strategy document must be completed by the recruiters, submitted to, and approved by Human Capital Office staff before funding is authorized and activities can begin. When an event is completed, recruiters report what occurred and assess the outcome.