The Bush Administration's request for funding Energy and Water Development programs for FY2009, submitted in February 2008, totaled $31.209 billion, compared with $30.998 billion appropriated for FY2008. The House Appropriations Committee approved a bill June 25, 2008, that would have appropriated $33.811 billion for these programs. The Senate's bill, S. 3258 , reported by the Appropriations Committee July 14, 2008, would have appropriated $33.767 billion. On September 24, 2008, the House passed H.R. 2638 , the Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009, which continued appropriations for Energy and Water Development, among other programs, at the FY2008 level (with some exceptions) until March 6, 2009. The bill passed the Senate September 27 and was signed by the President September 30 ( P.L. 110-329 ). An extension through March 11, 2009, was signed March 6, 2009 ( P.L. 111-6 ). On February 25, 2009, the House passed an Omnibus Appropriations Act for FY2009 ( H.R. 1105 ), which includes funding for nine FY2009 appropriations bills, including Energy and Water Development (Division C). The Senate approved the funding measure on March 10, 2009, without amendment, and President Obama signed it on March 11, 2009 ( P.L. 111-8 ). Prior to that, the Congress passed, and the President signed, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ( P.L. 111-5 ), which includes FY2009 appropriations for a number of programs funded in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill. The House Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development marked up its FY2009 funding bill on June 17, 2008. The full Appropriations Committee approved the bill on June 25 and released the draft report of the subcommittee, along with the text of two amendments adopted by the full committee. However, neither the bill nor the report was assigned a number until December 10, 2008, when the full committee reported out H.R. 7324 (110 th ) and accompanying report H.Rept. 110-921 . The Senate Appropriations Committee reported out S. 3258 (110 th ) on July 14. The Senate figures in this update are derived from the report on that bill, S.Rept. 110-416 . (See Table 1 .) The continuing resolution (Division A of P.L. 110-329 ) funds these programs at the FY2008 rate. Special provisions mandate a 3.9% increase in pay rates for employees (Sec. 142), and an additional $250 million for DOE's weatherization program. Sec. 104 prohibits the use of funds to initiate or resume any project or activity for which funds were not available during FY2008. This provision applies to DOE's Reliable Replacement Warhead program, for which no funding was appropriated for FY2008. DOE had requested $10 million for the program for FY2009, but both the House and the Senate bills would have eliminated the program. (For details, see " Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Stewardship ," below.) Sec. 129 of the continuing resolution appropriates $7.51 billion to implement Sec. 136 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 ( P.L. 110-140 ), providing $25 billion in direct loans to automakers and parts suppliers to build new plants or modify existing plants to produce higher fuel efficiency vehicles and parts. Division B of P.L. 110-329 , the Disaster Relief and Recovery Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2008, appropriated $2,776.8 million for the Corps for emergencies and for southeast Louisiana projects. (See " Title I: Army Corps of Engineers .") Energy and water development funding for all of FY2009 is included in the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 ( H.R. 1105 ). The bill was introduced February 23, with an "explanatory statement" printed in the Congressional Record for that day "as if it were a joint explanatory statement of a committee of conference." The House passed the measure February 25, 2009, by a vote of 245-178. It was passed by the Senate without amendment on March 10, 2009, following a cloture vote of 62-35. President Obama signed the bill March 11, 2009 ( P.L. 111-8 ). Additional FY2009 funding for some energy and water development programs is included in the economic stimulus measure, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, P.L. 111-5 ), signed by the President on February 17, 2009. The ARRA funding is to remain available for obligation through FY2010 (sec. 1603). The Energy and Water Development bill includes funding for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps), the Department of the Interior's Central Utah Project (CUP) and Bureau of Reclamation (BOR), the Department of Energy (DOE), and a number of independent agencies, including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). Table 2 includes budget totals for energy and water development appropriations enacted for FY2002 to FY2009. Table 3 lists totals for each of the bill's four titles. It also lists the total of several scorekeeping adjustments. These figures were not available for the House bill or for S. 3258 . Tables 4 through 15 provide budget details for Title I (Corps of Engineers), Title II (Department of the Interior), Title III (Department of Energy), and Title IV (independent agencies) for FY2008-FY2009. Accompanying these tables is a discussion of the key issues involved in the major programs in the four titles. Regular annual appropriations for the Corps' civil works activities have been augmented since Hurricane Katrina through supplemental appropriations and through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In 2008, the agency received more than $9 billion in supplemental funds; these funds are for work related to post-Katrina repair and improvements in coastal Louisiana and for emergency flood response, including the 2008 Midwest flood and Hurricane Ike response. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provided an additional $4.6 billion to the agency for FY2009. For the agency's regular annual appropriations, P.L. 111-8 provides $5.402 billion for FY2009, which is above the Bush Administration's request of $4.741 billion but below the FY2008 enacted amount of $5.587. The preliminary budget request for FY2010 is at $5.1 billion. Unlike highways and municipal water infrastructure programs, federal funds for the Corps are not distributed to states or projects based on a formula or delivered via a competitive program. Generally around 85% of the appropriations for the Corps' civil works activities is directed to specific projects. Many of these projects are identified in the budget request and others are added during congressional deliberations of the agency's appropriations. As a result, the agency's funding is often part of the debate over earmarks. Generally, appropriations are not provided to studies, projects, or activities that have not been previously authorized, typically in a Water Resources Development Act (WRDA). Estimates of the backlog of authorized projects vary from $11 billion to more than $80 billion, depending on which projects are included (e.g., those that meet Administration budget criteria, those that have received funding in recent appropriations, those that have never received appropriations). The backlog raises policy questions, such as whether there is a disconnect between the authorization and appropriations process and how to prioritize among authorized activities. The Bush Administration's approach to the backlog was to limit the number of new starts, i.e., activities not previously funded, and to focus funds on completing a limited number of activities. Congress has generally chosen to distribute the Corps appropriations across a larger set of projects and to initiate a limited number of new starts. P.L. 111-8 continues the use of restrictions and congressional oversight on the Corps' initiation of new starts via reprogramming funds during the fiscal year. The Corps is responsible for much of the repair and fortification of the hurricane protection system of coastal Louisiana, particularly in the greater New Orleans area. To date, most of the Corps' work on the region's hurricane protection system has been funded through $14.3 billion in emergency supplemental appropriations, not through the annual appropriations process. In addition to the post-hurricane emergency repairs, these funds are being used for construction of levees, floodwalls, storm surge barriers, and pump improvements to reduce the hurricane flooding risk to the New Orleans area to a 100-year level of protection (i.e., protection against a storm surge of an intensity that has 1% probability of occurring in a given year) and to restore and complete hurricane protection in surrounding areas to previously authorized levels of protection by 2011. Of the $14.3 billion, $7.3 billion was provided in supplemental appropriations acts in 2008. The Bush Administration included in its FY2009 budget a request for $5.8 billion in emergency supplemental funds to complete these construction activities and for related purposes. The request said the $7 billion in previously appropriated funds were insufficient to complete these activities because of increased costs, improved data on costs, and other factors. The Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2008 ( P.L. 110-252 ) provided the requested $5.8 billion. As proposed by the Administration and enacted in P.L. 110-252 , the State of Louisiana would be responsible for $1.3 billion as its nonfederal cost-share contribution for the work. Subsequently in the Disaster Relief and Recovery Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2008 ( P.L.