On September 22, 2010, President Obama signed the Presidential Policy Directive on Global Development. The directive called for the elevation of foreign development assistance as a national priority and outlined an integrated approach to development, diplomacy, and national security. The Global Climate Change Initiative (GCCI)—one of the three main pillars to the 2010 directive —aims to integrate climate change considerations into relevant foreign assistance through a range of bilateral, multilateral, and private mechanisms to promote sustainable and resilient societies, foster low-carbon economic growth, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and land degradation. The GCCI is divided into three main programmatic initiatives, or categories: (1) adaptation assistance, (2) clean energy assistance, and (3) sustainable landscapes assistance. Adaptation programs aim to assist low-income countries with reducing their vulnerability to climate change impacts and building climate resilience. Bilateral and regional programs at the Department of State and USAID target the more vulnerable countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and strive to address climate risks in areas including infrastructure, agriculture, health, and water services; to develop capacity for countries to use the best science and analysis for decision making; and to promote sound governance to carry out these decisions. Multilateral initiatives supported by the United States include the Least Developed Country Fund and the Special Climate Change Fund, which focus on climate resilience and food security provisions in countries with the greatest needs; and the Strategic Climate Fund: Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, which is tasked with coordinating comprehensive strategies in several of the most vulnerable countries to support actions that respond to the potential risks of a changing climate. Clean energy programs aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energy generation and energy use by accelerating the deployment of clean energy technologies, policies, and practices. The United States delivers much of its assistance for clean energy deployment through multilateral trust funds. These funds are primarily housed in international financial institutions (e.g., the World Bank); are currently supported by the financial contributions of donor country governments; and provide financial assistance for projects implemented by a variety of organizations, including U.N. agencies, multilateral development banks, nongovernmental organizations, and national institutions. These funds take advantage of existing large-scale greenhouse gas reduction opportunities and establish investment channels for larger private sector financing. They include the Clean Technology Fund, which aims to spur large-scale clean energy investments in lower-income countries with rapidly growing emissions; the Global Environment Facility, which provides incremental funding for energy and infrastructure projects that support global environmental benefits; and the Strategic Climate Fund: Program for Scaling-Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries, which endeavors to assist the poorest countries expand energy access and stimulate economic growth through the scaled-up deployment of renewable energy strategies. Bilateral efforts at the Department of State and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) seek to complement the multilateral investments by helping to shape development policy and regulatory environments in the recipient countries. Sustainable landscape programs aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Bilateral and regional programs at the Department of State and USAID support country-driven policies for forest governance, forest cover and land use change monitoring systems, law-based resource management and land tenure, and on-the-ground efforts to halt deforestation and foster sustainable forest-based livelihoods. Multilateral initiatives include the Strategic Climate Fund: Forest Investment Program, which tries to address the circumstances that lead to deforestation and increased greenhouse gas emissions in select lower-income countries by improving regulation and enforcement, mobilizing private financing, and securing the social and economic benefits of sound forest management; and the Global Environment Facility, which provides incremental funding for projects that support global environmental benefits such as biodiversity and sustainable land use. The recently launched United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Green Climate Fund, when capitalized, would support programming in all three programmatic initiatives. The Global Climate Change Initiative is funded through programs at the Department of State, the Department of the Treasury, and USAID (i.e., GCCI "core" agencies). Funds for these programs are appropriated in the Administration's Executive Budget, the International Affairs Function 150 account, for State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs. Recent trends in GCCI budget authority have seen it fluctuate between $820 million and $950 million since FY2010, and it accounts for less than 2% of total programming in the Function 150 account. Recent budget authority for the GCCI was reported as $945 million in FY2010, $819 million in FY2011, $857 million in FY2012, $840 million in FY2013, and $834 million in FY2014. Funding for FY2015 has yet to be fully reported by agencies. The Administration's FY2016 GCCI budget request is for $1,290 million, including $500 million for the UNFCCC Green Climate Fund. Some additional funds for international climate change financing flow through programs at complementary agencies within the federal government (e.g., the Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Agriculture); however, these allocations are defined outside the scope of the GCCI and are not included in this report. Budget authority for GCCI programming from FY2010 to FY2016 is presented by agency and account in Table A-1 . Congress is responsible for several activities in regard to the GCCI, including (1) authorizing periodic appropriations for federal agency programs and multilateral fund contributions, (2) enacting those appropriations, (3) providing guidance to the agencies, and (4) overseeing U.S. interests in the programs. Congressional committees of jurisdiction for international climate change programs at the Department of State, the Department of the Treasury, and USAID include the following: U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, and U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations. H.R. 3288 , the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010, was enacted December 16, 2009, as P.L. 111-117 . It included appropriations for the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (Division F) that support Global Climate Change Initiative programming. Many GCCI activities are funded by allocations at the sub-account level, and were left undefined in P.L. 111-117 . Allocations for FY2010 GCCI sub-account programmatic activities in this report are as reported by agencies on the U.S. Department of State's "Foreign Assistance" website. Appropriations enacted in P.L. 111-117 related to GCCI activities include the following: $86.5 million for the Global Environment Facility (of which the U.S. Department of State estimates that $37 million was allocated toward projects related to global climate change activities, with the remainder allocated to projects related to biodiversity, international waters, ozone protection, organic pollutants, etc. ); $300.0 million for the Clean Technology Fund; $75.0 million for the Strategic Climate Fund (including the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience and the Forest Investment Program); and larger account level appropriations at the Department of State, USAID, and the Department of the Treasury, including "Development Assistance" at $2,520 million; "Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia" at $741.6 million; "Economic Support Fund" at $6,344 million (with another $2,490 million enacted in FY2010 Supplemental Appropriations ( H.R. 4899 ; P.L. 111-212 ); "Department of the Treasury, Debt Restructuring" at $60 million; and "International Organizations and Programs" at $394 million. From these larger accounts, agencies reported $533 million in sub-account level bilateral and regional development programming allocated for GCCI activities. See the Appendix for a breakdown of the FY2010 budget authority. H.R. 1473 , the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011, was enacted April 15, 2011, as P.L. 112-10 . It included appropriations for the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (Title IX) that support Global Climate Change Initiative programming. Many GCCI activities are funded by allocations at the sub-account level, and were left undefined in P.L. 112-10 . Allocations for FY2011 GCCI sub-account programmatic activities in this report are as reported by agencies on the U.S. Department of State's "Foreign Assistance" website. Appropriations enacted in P.L. 112-10 related to GCCI activities include the following: $89.8 million for the Global Environment Facility (of which the Global Environment Facility reports that approximately 50% is allocated toward projects related to global climate change activities, with the remainder allocated to projects related to biodiversity, international waters, ozone protection, organic pollutants, etc. ); $184.6 million for the Clean Technology Fund; $49.9 million for the Strategic Climate Fund (including the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, the Forest Investment Program, and the Program for Scaling-Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries); and larger account level appropriations at the Department of State, USAID, and the Department of the Treasury, including "Development Assistance" at $2,520 million; "Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia" at $696 million; "Economic Support Fund" at $5,946 million; "Department of the Treasury, Debt Restructuring" at $50 million; and "International Organizations and Programs" at $354 million. From these larger accounts, agencies reported $539 million in sub-account level bilateral and regional development programming allocated for GCCI activities.