Eradication of infectious diseases involves reducing worldwide incidence to zero, thereby obviating the need for further control measures. Elimination of infectious diseases involves reducing morbidity to a level at which they are no longer considered major public health problems. Elimination still requires a basic level of control and surveillance. Global disease eradication and elimination campaigns are initiated, primarily by WHO, to concentrate and mobilize resources from both affected and donor countries. WHO provides recommendations for disease eradication and elimination to its governing body, the World Health Assembly, based on two general criteria—scientific feasibility and the level of political support by endemic and donor countries. Formal campaigns were initiated for dracunculiasis and leprosy in 1991, and for polio and lymphatic filariasis in 1988 and 1997, respectively. Regional or subregional campaigns are also underway against measles, onchocerciasis, and Chagas’ disease. Disease eradication and elimination efforts are normally implemented by national governments of the affected countries. Developing countries typically receive assistance from bilateral and multilateral donors, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector. Developing costs and time frames for these efforts is difficult due to challenges in gathering and verifying data from countries with minimal health infrastructure. Unpredictable and unstable country conditions, such as civil unrest, further complicate efforts to project how much these efforts will cost and how much time is needed. The appendix at the end of this statement provides a breakdown of costs and time frames for eradicating or eliminating each disease. WHO’s cost and time frame estimates, with the exception of measles, addressed all five of the relevant factors. However, the completeness of the data underlying the estimates varies by disease. Generally, estimates for those diseases with long-standing eradication or elimination campaigns are more complete, as the underlying data are based on actual experience in endemic countries. For the other diseases, WHO is still gathering data and refining its assumptions. Estimates for diseases with target dates of 5 years or longer are more speculative due to incomplete data and the difficulty in predicting sustained commitment and stable country conditions. We will briefly discuss the estimates for each disease and the barriers to be overcome. WHO’s cost estimate of $40 million for eradicating dracunculiasis included data on each of the five key factors and appears to be sound. Community-based programs to control this disease have been underway since 1980. Continuing civil unrest in some endemic areas of Africa precluded meeting the original 1995 target date for eradication. WHO now expects that all countries except Nigeria and Sudan will be free of dracunculiasis by 2005 at the latest, assuming safe access and appropriate funding. WHO’s cost estimate includes certification costs that will continue until 2011. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and officials from the Carter Center believe that some country-level eradication goals may be met even sooner than WHO estimated. The main barrier to eradication is ongoing civil strife in the endemic region. Experts also point to the need for continued national and donor support. WHO’s cost estimate of $1.6 billion for eradicating polio is generally sound. It includes well-developed data on all five factors based on experience in controlling the disease. Many countries began polio vaccinations in the 1970s and 1980s. Most experts agreed that global interruption of the wild polio virus will occur by 2002 or shortly thereafter. Global certification is to take place about 3 years after the last case is reported—probably around 2005. However, some experts have raised concerns about the ability of less developed countries to maintain the required level of polio vaccinations and surveillance until eradication is achieved. In addition, WHO is concerned about the ability of some countries to detect and report acute flaccid paralysis, a key component of polio surveillance. According to WHO, unless sufficient resources are mobilized to improve detection capability, eradication cannot be certified. WHO’s cost estimate of $225 million for eliminating leprosy includes well-developed data on all key elements and appears to be sound. The current elimination strategy is based on the multidrug therapy begun in 1981. Endemic countries have made great progress toward eliminating leprosy since that time, but some challenges remain. WHO noted that it is possible that some countries with concentrated pockets of leprosy might need to continue campaigns beyond the target year 2000 to reach the global leprosy elimination target of less than 1 case per 10,000 people. In addition, ongoing civil strife in endemic areas and difficult country conditions may preclude meeting all targets. Also, since leprosy patients are often ostracized and hidden, case identification is difficult. However, experts generally agreed that WHO’s cost and time frame estimates appeared reasonable. WHO’s estimate of $4.9 billion for global measles eradication by 2010 is speculative. While vaccine costs are well known, we found several areas in which the current estimates may be low or based on incomplete data. Essentially, data are incomplete regarding the number of children to be vaccinated, administrative costs, the number of mass campaigns that may be needed, and the costs of surveillance in less developed countries. Finally, the estimate does not include certification costs. WHO officials noted that they used information from their previous experience with polio eradication in developing the measles estimate. The vaccine administration and surveillance costs for polio are adjusted upward to account for difficulties in administering an injectable rather than an oral vaccine. Many international health experts believe that measles is the next candidate for a formal global eradication effort, pointing to some successes in controlling measles in the Americas as well as support from developing countries where measles is a major cause of mortality among children. However, experts also point out that there are some challenges to eradicating measles by 2010. Measles is highly contagious, requiring higher routine vaccination rates than smallpox and polio. In addition, outbreaks can occur even in areas of high routine vaccination coverage. Furthermore, costly mass campaigns are necessary to catch those still susceptible after routine vaccination because the vaccine is not 100-percent effective. Finally, some industrialized countries do not perceive measles to be a major public health problem and have not initiated measles elimination efforts. More than half of the estimated cost of measles eradication is expected to be incurred by developed countries. WHO and CDC estimate the cost of eradicating measles in less developed countries at up to $1.8 billion. WHO’s estimate of $143 million for eliminating onchocerciasis is speculative. It incorporates data on all key cost elements, but data on the size of the target population are incomplete. The control programs for West Africa and Latin America have been ongoing for a period of time and are likely to reach their elimination targets within or near the costs and target dates estimated by WHO. However, WHO is still mapping disease prevalence for the 19 African countries in the most recent control program. WHO’s earlier estimates may have underestimated the population eligible for treatment upon which the cost and time frame estimates were based. For example, the latest estimate for those to be treated in this area is 42 million, compared to the original estimate of 35 million. Also, WHO does not yet have a reliable estimate on the number to be treated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire). Although WHO included data on all cost factors, the $391 million estimated for eliminating Chagas’ disease is speculative for two reasons—not all countries have submitted estimates, and countries that are targeted for elimination of Chagas’ disease by 2010 only submitted estimates through 2005. The first regional program began in the southern portion of South America in 1991. Data from this region are more complete, and the program appears to be on track for completion by 2005. However, the efforts in the Central American and Andean countries only began last year and are targeted for completion by 2010. Costs and time frames in these countries are less certain because three countries have not submitted cost estimates or prevalence and incidence data, and all countries submitted cost data only through 2005. The $228 million estimated for eliminating lymphatic filariasis is very speculative. While all cost factors were addressed in the estimates, the data are very preliminary. WHO has limited historical data on costs because formal campaigns have only recently begun in some of the 73 countries in which lymphatic filariasis is known to be endemic. Also, WHO has not yet completed its assessments to establish the number of people to be treated in endemic countries and to determine whether there are other endemic countries. The United States currently spends about $391 million a year on these diseases. This includes about $300 million on polio and measles prevention programs and leprosy treatment in the United States and about another $91 million abroad for all the diseases under discussion except leprosy. Most of this amount would be saved if eradication and elimination goals were met and efforts to combat the diseases were ceased or reduced. The overall savings to the United States if polio were eradicated are estimated to be at least $304 million a year. This includes about $230 million in public and private expenditures—including administration—for controlling polio within U.S. borders and about $74 million for the global eradication efforts. CDC estimates that an additional $20 million will be spent in the United States each year due to a 1996 CDC recommendation to administer two doses of the more expensive injectable vaccine before the two doses of oral vaccine. The overall savings to the United States as a result of eradicating measles are estimated at about $61.7 million a year, including about $50 million for domestic vaccine costs and about $11.7 million for global measles efforts. The $50 million only includes the cost of the vaccine and not administration expenses. Immunization against measles is included in the vaccine for mumps and rubella, and the United States would continue administering the mumps and rubella vaccine even if measles were eradicated. Additional savings would be realized from preventing periodic measles epidemics in the United States.