Recognizing the human capital challenges facing federal agencies, Congress, the administration, and others are focusing increased attention on strategic human capital management. Congress has underscored the consequences of human capital weaknesses in federal agencies and pinpointed solutions through the oversight process and a wide range of hearings held over the last few years. The President, in August 2001, placed human capital at the top of his management agenda. The Office of Management and Budget is assessing agencies’ progress in addressing their individual human capital challenges. In January 2001, we designated strategic human capital management as a governmentwide high-risk area and stated that one of the pervasive human capital challenges facing the federal government was a lack of strategic human capital planning and organizational alignment. In March 2002, we issued our model of strategic human capital management, stating that federal agencies needed to adopt a consistent strategic approach to marshaling, managing, and maintaining the human capital needed to maximize government performance and ensure accountability. Several DOD studies have identified the need for a more strategic approach to human capital planning. The 8th Quadrennial Review of Military Compensation, completed in 1997, strongly advocated that DOD adopt a strategic human capital planning approach. The review found that DOD lacked an institutionwide process for systematically examining human capital needs or translating needs into a coherent strategy. Subsequent DOD and service studies, including those by the Defense Science Board Task Force on Human Resources Strategy (2000), the Naval Personnel Task Force (2000-2001), and the DOD Study on Morale and Quality of Life (2001), endorsed the concept of human capital strategic planning. For example, the Defense Science Board Task Force found there was “no overarching framework within which the future DOD workforce is being planned aside from planning conducted within the military services and ad hoc fora in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. An overarching strategic vision is needed that identifies the kind of capabilities that DOD will need in the future, the best way to provide those capabilities, and the changes in human resources planning and programs that will be required.” In view of these studies, the Office of the Secretary of Defense published the Military Personnel Human Resource Strategic Plan (referred to in this report as the military personnel strategic plan) in April 2002 to establish military personnel priorities for the next several years. DOD, in the military personnel strategic plan, states that the plan is intended to be a dynamic document that will be assessed and refined. In April 2002, DOD also published A New Social Compact: A Reciprocal Partnership Between the Department of Defense, Service Members and Families (or Social Compact) to review measures for improving the quality of life for military personnel and their families. These two plans were developed separately within the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, and they differ in their methodological approach and structure. Nevertheless, DOD officials said the plans should be considered in conjunction as part of DOD’s overall strategic human capital strategy. DOD, in its military personnel strategic plan and Social Compact, recognizes that benefits are an important component to human capital management and deserve attention. In this regard, the two plans constitute a positive step forward in DOD’s strategic management of the military workforce. The Social Compact indicates that benefits are important to alleviating some of the hardships of military life and emphasizes that providing consistent, high-quality benefits that meet the needs of service members and their families can yield a committed and long-term workforce. The Social Compact also outlines DOD’s vision and goals for a number of benefit areas, including child and youth services, parent support, commissaries and exchanges, financial literacy, health, housing, spouse employment, fitness and recreation, and tuition assistance. The military personnel strategic plan indicates that DOD considers benefits important elements in its efforts to develop, sustain, and retain the force and to transition members from active duty. The plan lists a number of planned studies (see table 1) that ultimately could lead to changes in pay and benefits. While progress has been made, DOD’s human capital plans do not yet satisfy the two factors we identified in our model as critical to the success of strategic human capital planning (one of the four cornerstones of sound strategic human capital management). First, the plans do not specifically address how DOD will integrate and align benefits and other human capital approaches to meet its overall organizational goals. According to our model, effective organizations integrate human capital approaches as key strategic elements for accomplishing their mission and programmatic goals and results. These organizations consider further human capital initiatives or refinements in light of both changing organizational needs and the demonstrated successes or shortcomings of their human capital efforts. DOD’s military personnel strategic plan identifies more than 30 discrete initiatives. It is unclear from the plan how these initiatives are integrated and aligned with each other, except that they are grouped under five broadly stated human capital goals such as recruit the right number and quality of people. It is also unclear how the initiatives, many of which are studies, will work in conjunction with one another to meet DOD’s goals. For example, one of the initiatives is to study alternatives to the military retirement system. The plan does not explain how retirement reform may be integrated and aligned with other initiatives such as DOD’s study of variable career lengths for officers. In addition, the retirement study is listed under the human capital goal of transitioning members from active status but does not explain why a new approach to retirement may be needed to meet this goal. It is also unclear why the initiative was not listed under the human capital goal of developing, sustaining, and retaining the force, even though an organization’s retirement system is considered an important retention tool. Further, the military personnel strategic plan and the Social Compact, which were developed separately, address different sets of human capital issues, and there are no explicit linkages between the two plans. For example, while the Social Compact addresses such benefit areas as housing, health care, and family support, the military personnel strategic plan is silent on these topics. Thus, DOD lacks an overarching framework integrating its human capital plans for military personnel. DOD officials said they are working to improve the integration of the human capital plans by developing an “umbrella” plan. Secondly, the plans do not satisfy the critical success factor of using data in human capital decisions. We state in our model that a fact-based, performance-oriented approach to human capital management is crucial for maximizing the value of human capital as well as managing related risks. High-performing organizations use relevant and reliable data to determine key performance objectives and goals that enable them to evaluate the success of their human capital approaches. These organizations also identify current and future human capital needs, including the appropriate number of employees, the key competencies and skills mix for mission accomplishment, and the appropriate deployment of staff across the organization and then create strategies for identifying and filling gaps. The military personnel strategic plan provides measures of effectiveness for each initiative; however, these measures are not adequate to assess the success of DOD’s human capital approaches because they (1) do not describe the significance of outcomes in terms of programmatic goals and results, (2) are not always specific or stated as measurements, and (3) are activity-based rather than outcome-oriented. For example, one initiative calls for a study of sabbatical programs. However, the measure of effectiveness for this initiative is to implement guidance for a sabbatical- type program. The relationship between sabbatical programs and the human capital goal of improving retention is not described. In addition, DOD’s plans do not discuss, at a strategic level, military workforce needs or gaps. Furthermore, they do not address how the military workforce may change in its total end strength, distribution among the services, grade level, geographic deployment, or force mix. For example, DOD has faced challenges in providing benefits to service members that respond to their changing needs. A major demographic change has been the growing proportion of service members who are women. In 2000, women comprised about 15 percent of the active duty force, compared with 4 percent in 1974. Up to 10 percent of women in the military become pregnant each year. If these trends continue, DOD may need to take into account the benefits that this population values to better retain these trained, experienced service members. For example, we have recommended that DOD assess the feasibility, costs, and benefits of offering extended time off to parents of newborn or adopted children. Moreover, DOD lacks a process for enabling senior DOD officials to oversee the progress and implementation of its human capital plans from a strategic vantage point. Our model of strategic human capital management identifies the sustained and active commitment of senior leaders as a critical success factor for effective strategic human capital management. Top leaders need to stimulate and support efforts to integrate human capital approaches with organizational goals and direct that approaches be evaluated by the standard of how well they support the agency’s efforts to achieve program results. A senior DOD official told us that implementing the plan will be a long-term endeavor. One of the human capital goals in the military personnel strategic plan is to sustain the strategic management process and maintain its viability. According to the plan, DOD needs to establish a process and forum to regularly review the progress of its human capital strategy in order that its strategy will remain viable and relevant. The plan calls for the establishment of a Defense Human Resources Board by March 2003. However, DOD officials have not decided on the roles and responsibilities of the board, the composition of the board, or how the board would work with existing processes. DOD, in developing its human capital plans addressing military personnel and quality of life, has made progress in adopting a more strategic approach to human capital management. Since the military personnel strategic plan is intended to be a dynamic document that periodically will be assessed and refined, DOD will have opportunities to incorporate additional elements of human capital strategic planning in future iterations of the plan.