Because of a number of security incidents, Diplomatic Security’s missions and resources have grown tremendously in the past decade. The growth in Diplomatic Security’s mission includes key areas such as enhanced physical security and investigations. Following the 1998 attacks on U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, Diplomatic Security determined that more than 85 percent of U.S. diplomatic facilities did not meet its security standards and were therefore vulnerable to terrorist attack; in response, Diplomatic Security added many of the physical security measures currently in place at most U.S. missions worldwide, such as additional barriers, alarms, public address systems, and enhanced access procedures. Since 1998, there have been 39 attacks aimed at U.S. Embassies, Consulates, or Chief of Mission personnel (not including regular attacks against the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad since 2004). The nature of some of these attacks has led Diplomatic Security to further adapt its security measures. Moreover, the attacks of September 11, 2001, underscored the importance of upgrading Diplomatic Security’s domestic security programs and enhancing its investigative capacity. Furthermore, following the onset of U.S. operations in Iraq in 2003, Diplomatic Security has had to provide security in the Iraq and Afghanistan war zones and other increasingly hostile environments such as Pakistan. Diplomatic Security funding and personnel have also increased considerably in conjunction with its expanding missions. Diplomatic Security reports that its budget has increased from about $200 million in 1998 to $1.8 billion in 2008. In addition, the size of Diplomatic Security’s direct-hire workforce has doubled since 1998. The number of direct-hire security specialists (special agents, engineers, technicians, and couriers) increased from under 1,000 in 1998 to over 2,000 in 2009, and the number of direct-hire civil service personnel increased from 258 to 592. At the same time, Diplomatic Security has increased its use of contractors to support its security operations worldwide, specifically through increases in the Diplomatic Security guard force and the use of contractors to provide protective details for American diplomats in high-threat environments. Diplomatic Security faces several policy and operational challenges. First, State is maintaining missions in increasingly dangerous locations, necessitating the use of more resources and making it more difficult to provide security in these locations. Second, although Diplomatic Security has grown considerably in staff over the last 10 years, staffing shortages in domestic offices, as well as other operational challenges further tax Diplomatic Security’s ability to implement all of its missions. Finally, State has expanded Diplomatic Security without the benefit of solid strategic planning. Diplomatic Security officials stated that maintaining missions in dangerous environments such as Iraq and Afghanistan requires more resources and increases the difficulty for Diplomatic Security to provide a secure environment. Keeping staff secure, yet productive, in Iraq has been one of Diplomatic Security’s greatest challenges since 2004, when security for the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad transferred from the U.S. Department of Defense to Diplomatic Security. The U.S. mission in Baghdad—with 1,300 authorized U.S. civilian personnel—is one of the largest in the world. Maintaining Diplomatic Security operations in Iraq has required approximately 36 percent of its entire budget each fiscal year since 2004 and, as of September 2008, required 81 special agents to manage security operations. To support security operations in Iraq, Diplomatic Security has had to draw staff and resources away from other programs. Earlier in 2009, we reported that Diplomatic Security’s workload—and thus its resource requirements—will likely increase as the U.S. military transitions out of Iraq. U.S. policymakers’ increased focus on Afghanistan poses another significant challenge for Diplomatic Security. The security situation in Afghanistan has deteriorated since 2005, and the number of attacks there increased from 2,388 in 2005 to 10,889 in 2008. Afghanistan is Diplomatic Security’s second largest overseas post with a staff of 22 special agents in 2009. Diplomatic Security plans to add an additional 25 special agents in 2010, effectively doubling the number of agents in Afghanistan. In addition to operating in the Iraq and Afghanistan war zones, State is maintaining missions in an increasing number of other dangerous posts— such as Peshawar, Pakistan, and Sana’a, Yemen—some of which State would have previously evacuated. Diplomatic Security’s ability to fully carry out its mission of providing security worldwide is hindered by staffing shortages in domestic offices and other operational challenges such as inadequate facilities and pervasive language proficiency shortfalls. Despite Diplomatic Security’s staff growth over the last 10 years, some offices have been operating with severe staffing shortages. In 2008, approximately one-third of Diplomatic Security’s domestic suboffices operated with a 25 percent vacancy rate or higher. Several offices report that this shortage of staff affected their ability to conduct their work. For example: The Houston field office reported that, for 6 months of the year, it operated at 50 percent capacity of nonsupervisory agents or lower, and for 2 months during the summer, it dipped down to a low of 35 percent. This staffing gap happened while the field office was experiencing a significant increase in its caseload due to the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative. As a result, the Houston field office management reported that this combination overwhelmed its capabilities and resulted in a significant backlog of cases. The New York field office reported that the number of special agents there dropped to 66 in 2008 from more than 110 agents in 2007. As a result, the office had to draw special agents from other field offices to cover its heavy dignitary protection load. In 2008, the Mobile Security Deployment (MSD) Office was authorized to have 94 special agent positions, but only 76 were filled. Furthermore, Diplomatic Security officials noted that not all staff in filled positions are available for duty. For example, in 2009, 22 agents assigned to MSD were in training. As a result of the low level of available staff, Diplomatic Security reported that many posts go for years without updating their security training. Officials noted that this lack of available agents is particularly problematic given the high number of critical threat posts that are only 1-year tours that would benefit from frequent training. State officials attributed these shortages to the following three factors: Staffing the Iraq mission: Staffing the Iraq mission in 2008 required 16 percent of Diplomatic Security’s staff. In order to provide enough Diplomatic Security special agents in Iraq, we reported that Diplomatic Security had to move agents from other programs, and those moves have affected the agency’s ability to perform other missions, including providing security for visiting dignitaries and visa, passport, and identity fraud investigations. Protection details: Diplomatic Security draws agents from field offices, headquarters, and overseas posts to participate in protective details and special events, such as the Olympics. Recently, Diplomatic Security’s role in providing protection at such major events has grown and will require more staff. Normal rotations: Staff take home leave between postings and sometimes are required to take training before starting their next assignment. This rotation process regularly creates a labor shortage, which affects Diplomatic Security’s ability to meet its increased security demands. In 2005, Diplomatic Security identified the need for a training float— additional staff that would allow it to fill critical positions and still allow staff time for job training—but Diplomatic Security has not been able to implement one. This is consistent with our observation that State has been unable to create a training float because its staff increases have been absorbed by the demand for personnel in Iraq and Afghanistan. Diplomatic Security requested funding to add over 350 security positions in fiscal year 2010. However, new hires cannot be immediately deployed overseas because they must meet training requirements. In addition to hiring new special agents, Diplomatic Security established the Security Protection Specialist (SPS) position in February 2009 to create a cadre of professionals specifically trained in personnel protection who can provide oversight for the contractor-operated protective details in high-threat posts. Because of the more targeted training requirements, Diplomatic Security would be able to deploy the SPS staff more quickly than new hire special agents. However, Diplomatic Security has had difficulty recruiting and hiring a sufficient number of SPS candidates. According to senior Diplomatic Security officials, it may cancel the program if it cannot recruit enough qualified candidates. Diplomatic Security faces a number of other operational challenges that impede it from fully implementing its missions and activities, including: Inadequate buildings: State is in the process of updating and building many new facilities. However, we have previously identified many posts that do not meet all security standards delineated by the Overseas Security Policy Board and the Secure Embassy Construction and Counterterrorism Act of 1999. Foreign language deficiencies: Earlier this year, we found that 53 percent of Regional Security Officers do not speak and read at the level required by their positions, and we concluded that these foreign language shortfalls could be negatively affecting several aspects of U.S. diplomacy, including security operations. For example, an officer at a post of strategic interest said because she did not speak the language, she had transferred a sensitive telephone call from a local informant to a local employee, which could have compromised the informant’s identity. Experience gaps: Thirty-four percent of Diplomatic Security’s positions (not including those in Baghdad) are filled with officers below the position’s grade. For example, several Assistant Regional Security Officers with whom we met were in their first overseas positions and stated that they did not feel adequately prepared for their job, particularly their responsibility to manage large security contracts. We previously reported that experience gaps can compromise diplomatic readiness. Host country laws: At times, host country laws prohibit Diplomatic Security from taking all the security precautions it would like outside an embassy. For example, Diplomatic Security officials said that they prefer to arm their local guard forces and their special agents; however, several countries prohibit this.