Commercial airlines normally carry commercial insurance to cover losses caused by such things as mechanical failure, weather, and pilot error. In addition, they carry war-risk insurance to cover losses resulting from war, terrorism, or other hostile acts. Commercial war-risk insurance, however, can be canceled or restricted in the event of a major war, its geographical coverage can be restricted, and its rates can be raised without limit. Therefore, to provide the insurance necessary to enable air commerce to continue in the event of war, the Aviation Insurance Program was established in 1951. The program authorized FAA to provide war-risk insurance for those commercial aircraft operations deemed essential to the foreign policy of the United States when such insurance is not available commercially or is available only on unreasonable terms. In 1977, the Congress authorized the program to provide aviation insurance due to any risk, not just war risk, under the above conditions. To date FAA has issued only war-risk insurance. The fundamental premise underlying the program, according to FAA, is that the government should not provide insurance on a regular or routine basis; rather, the government should be the insurer of last resort. Consequently, FAA is not statutorily required to issue insurance to air carriers. Rather, FAA may issue aviation insurance only when certain conditions are met: (1) The President must determine that the continuation of specified air services, whether American or foreign flag, is necessary to carry out the foreign policy of the United States and (2) the Administrator of the FAA must find that insurance for the particular operation cannot be obtained on reasonable terms from the commercial insurance market. FAA issues two types of aviation insurance: nonpremium and premium. FAA issues nonpremium insurance for airlines performing contract services for federal agencies that have indemnification agreements with the Department of Transportation (DOT). Under the indemnification agreements, the federal agencies that contract for aircraft reimburse FAA for the insurance claims it pays to the airlines. This insurance is provided at no cost to the airlines, except for a one-time registration fee of $200 per aircraft. At present, only DOD and the State Department have such indemnification agreements with DOT. Nonpremium insurance accounts for about 99 percent of the aviation insurance issued by FAA. Since 1975, about 5,400 flights have been covered. For example, in 1990 and 1991, during Operation Desert Storm/Shield, FAA issued nonpremium insurance for over 5,000 flights of commercial airlines that provided airlift services as part of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF).The commercial insurers had canceled war-risk coverage for those airlines that had clauses in their policies excluding CRAF activities. In addition to the CRAF program, the commercial air carriers insured under the program have flown many other important airlift missions for the United States, such as 111 flights to Tuzla, Bosnia, in 1996. For other regularly scheduled commercial or charter service, FAA issues premium insurance. With premium insurance, airlines pay premiums commensurate with the risks involved, and FAA assumes the financial liability for claims. As a condition for obtaining premium insurance, the aircraft must be operating in foreign air commerce, or between two or more points both of which are outside of the United States. In total FAA has provided this insurance for 67 flights since 1975. For example, FAA provided premium insurance in 1991 for flights operated by Tower Air to evacuate U.S. citizens from Tel Aviv. Both forms of FAA’s insurance cover loss of or damage to the aircraft (hull insurance), along with coverage for bodily injury or death, property damage, and baggage and personal effects (liability coverage). The maximum amount of hull and liability coverage that FAA provides under its policies is limited to the amounts insured by an airline’s commercial policy. The program is self-financed through the Aviation Insurance Revolving Fund (the Fund). Moneys deposited into the Fund to pay claims are generated from insurance premiums, the one-time registration fee charged for nonpremium insurance, and interest on investments in U.S. Treasury securities. From fiscal year 1959 through March 1997, the Fund accumulated approximately $65 million in revenues and paid out net claims totaling only about $151,000. Appendix I summarizes the major attributes of the program. In 1994, we reported that the Fund’s balance was insufficient to pay many potential claims and that delays in the payment of claims could cause a financial hardship for affected airlines. Since then, however, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (P.L. 104-201) has addressed these problems for DOD-sponsored flights. When we reported on this issue in 1994, about 20 percent of the aircraft registered for nonpremium insurance had hull values—the value of the aircraft itself—that exceeded the Fund’s balance of $56 million. According to FAA’s most currently available information, about 15 percent of the aircraft registered for nonpremium insurance have hull values that exceed the Fund’s March 31, 1997, balance of about $65.2 million. In other words, the loss of any one of those aircraft would liquidate the entire balance and leave the liability portion on any claim unpaid. FAA estimates that the average contingent liability per incident for each registered aircraft is about $350 million. Clearly, the Fund’s balance is inadequate to settle claims of this magnitude. We also reported in 1994 on a related problem with the timeliness with which the government could reimburse an airline for a major loss. Because the FAA would have needed to seek supplemental funding to pay any claims that exceeded the Fund’s balance, airline officials had expressed concern that untimely reimbursements could cause severe financial hardships and possible bankruptcy. The National Defense Authorization Act directed that the Secretary of Defense promptly indemnify the Secretary of Transportation for any loss covered by defense-related aviation insurance within 30 days. Second, the act authorized the Secretary of Defense to use any available operations and maintenance funds for that indemnification. The appropriations made to the Defense Department’s operations and maintenance accounts for fiscal year 1997 totaled approximately $91 billion. The unobligated balance remaining at the end of fiscal year 1997 is estimated to be $0.9 billion. Thus, sufficient funds appear to be available to reimburse the airlines for defense-related aviation hull losses, and there is a legislative requirement to do so in a timely manner. According to the FAA, industry, and airline officials with whom we spoke, these provisions generally resolve much of the uncertainty that they had earlier expressed about the Fund’s insufficient balance. We have two remaining concerns about the program. The first is making sure that the program has sufficient funds available to pay potential insurance claims for non-Defense-related flights in a timely manner. The second involves clarifying whether an explicit presidential determination of the foreign policy interests of the United States is needed before FAA can issue insurance. For the relatively rare flights for which FAA may extend nonpremium insurance at the request of the State Department (one flight since the program’s inception) and for the flights for which FAA provides premium insurance (67 flights since 1975), the Fund may still be undercapitalized in the event of a catastrophic loss. The insured State Department flight occurred in January 1991, when U.S. personnel were flown from Oman to Frankfurt because of the increasing unrest in Somalia. FAA also has extended premium insurance relatively infrequently. Most recently, premium insurance was issued for 37 flights to or from the Middle East between August 1990 and March 1991, which included evacuating U.S. citizens from Tel Aviv and ferrying cargo to Dhahran. While FAA has paid no claims for premium insurance flights in the history of the program, if there should be a catastrophe, the Fund may not have sufficient money to pay the claim in a timely manner. Not counting the liability associated with the loss of a flight, a claim for the loss of a single aircraft—which can cost $100 million—could liquidate the Fund’s entire balance and still leave a substantial portion of the claim unpaid for an indeterminate period of time. In 1994, FAA proposed alternative financing sources to make additional funds available for the reimbursement of major claims. Those alternatives included obtaining a permanent indefinite appropriation from the Congress and the authority to borrow funds from the U.S. Treasury to pay claims that exceed the Fund’s balance. FAA proposed using the permanent appropriations to pay claims under premium insurance, and the borrowing authority to pay claims under nonpremium insurance while awaiting a supplemental appropriation from the Congress or reimbursement from the indemnifying agency. However, the Office of Management and Budget did not approve the proposal, and the administration therefore did not forward the proposal to the Congress. Thus, the Fund remains potentially undercapitalized. FAA is proposing to raise the one-time fee that the airlines pay to register each aircraft for nonpremium insurance. FAA published a notice of proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register on April 17, 1997, that would raise the registration fee from $200 to $550; the increase is based on the changes in the consumer price index since the fee was set in 1975. However, such an increase would have a limited impact on the Fund’s balance in comparison with the potential costs resulting from a major loss of a non-DOD flight. In our 1994 report, we recommended that the program’s authorizing legislation be clarified because there were ambiguities in the legislation and in FAA’s implementing regulations about the need for FAA to obtain a presidential determination that a flight is in the foreign policy interests of the United States before issuing nonpremium insurance. No clarification in the legislation nor in the current FAA regulations have been made, and we believe that ambiguities still exist. FAA does not see this situation as a problem. FAA considers presidential approval of the indemnity agreement between DOT and other government agencies to constitute the President’s having determined that the flights covered by these agreements are in the foreign policy interests of the United States.