The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts is an organization within the judicial branch which serves as the central support entity for federal courts, and is supervised by the Judicial Conference of the United States. The Judicial Conference serves as the judiciary’s principal policy-making body and recommends national policies and legislation, including recommending additional judgeships to Congress. The U.S. Courts Design Guide (Design Guide) specifies the judiciary’s criteria for designing new court facilities and sets the space and design standards for court-related elements of courthouse construction. In 1993, the judiciary also developed a space planning program called AnyCourt to determine the amount of court-related space the judiciary will request for a new courthouse based on Design Guide standards and estimated staffing levels. GSA and the judiciary plan new federal courthouses based on the judiciary’s estimated 10-year judge and space requirements. For courthouses that are selected for construction, GSA typically submits two detailed project descriptions, or prospectuses, for congressional authorization: one for site and design and the other for construction. Prospectuses are submitted to the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works and the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure for authorization and Congress appropriates funds for courthouse projects, often at both the design and construction phases. GSA manages the construction contract and oversees the work of the construction contractor. After courthouses are occupied, GSA charges the judiciary and any other tenants rent for the occupied space and for their respective share of common areas. Thirty-two of the 33 federal courthouses completed since 2000 include extra square feet of space, totaling 3.56 million square feet—overall, this space represents about 9 average-sized courthouses. The estimated cost to construct this extra space, when adjusted to 2010 dollars, is $835 million, and the annual cost to rent, operate, and maintain it is $51 million. The extra space and its causes are as follows: 1.7 million square feet caused by construction in excess of congressional 887,000 extra square feet caused by the judiciary overestimating the number of judges the courthouses would have in 10 years; and 946,000 extra square feet caused by district and magistrate judges not sharing courtrooms. In addition to higher construction costs, the extra square footage in these 32 courthouses results in higher annual operations and maintenance costs, which are largely passed on to the judiciary and other tenants as rent. Based on our analysis of the judiciary’s rent payments to GSA for these courthouses at fiscal year 2009 rental rates, the extra courtrooms and other judiciary space increase the judiciary’s annual rent payments by $40 million. In addition, our analysis estimates that the extra space cost $11 million in fiscal year 2009 to operate and maintain. Typically, operations and maintenance costs represent from 60 to 85 percent of the costs of a facility over its lifetime, while design and construction costs represent about 5 to 10 percent of these costs. Therefore, the ongoing operations and maintenance costs for the extra square footage are likely to total considerably more in the long run than the construction costs for this extra square footage. GSA cited concerns with our methodology. Our methodology applied GSA’s policies and data directly from original documents and sources, and our cost estimation methodology balanced higher and lower cost construction spaces to create a conservative estimate of the costs associated with the extra space in courthouses. We believe that our findings are presented in a fair and accurate way and illustrate how past problems with the courthouse program could affect future courthouse projects. Twenty-seven of the 33 federal courthouses constructed since 2000 exceed their congressionally authorized size, resulting in about 1.7 million more square feet than authorized. Fifteen of the 33 courthouses exceed their congressionally authorized size by 10 percent or more. In all 7 of the case study courthouses, the increases in building common and other space were proportionally larger than the increases in tenant space, leading to a lower building efficiency than GSA’s target of 67 percent. Efficiency is important because, for a given amount of tenant space, meeting the efficiency target helps control a courthouse’s gross square footage and therefore its costs. According to GSA officials, controlling the gross square footage of a courthouse is the best way to control construction costs. Twelve of the 15 courthouses that exceeded the congressionally authorized gross square footage by 10 percent or more also had total project costs that exceeded the total project cost estimate provided to congressional authorizing committees. Four of the 15 courthouses had total project costs that exceeded the estimate provided to the congressional authorizing committees, at the construction phase, by about 10 percent or more. GSA’s annual appropriations acts include a provision stating that GSA may increase spending for a project in an approved prospectus by more than 10 percent if GSA obtains advance approval from the Committee on Appropriations. While GSA sought approval from the appropriations committees for the cost increases incurred for these 4 courthouses, GSA did not explain to these committees that the courthouses were larger than authorized and therefore did not attribute any of the cost increase to this difference. However, there is no statutory requirement for GSA to notify congressional authorizing or appropriations committees if the size exceeds the congressionally authorized square footage. GSA lacked sufficient controls to ensure that the 33 courthouses were constructed within the congressionally authorized gross square footage. Initially, GSA had not established a consistent policy for how to measure gross square footage. GSA established a policy for measuring gross square footage by 2000, but has not ensured that this space measurement policy was understood and followed. Moreover, GSA has not demonstrated it is enforcing this policy because all 6 courthouses completed since 2007 exceed their congressionally authorized size. According to GSA officials, the agency did not focus on ensuring that the authorized gross square footage was met in the design and construction of courthouses until 2007. According to a GSA official, at times, courthouses were designed to meet various design goals without an attempt to limit the size of the building common or other space to the square footage allotted in the plans provided to congressional authorizing committees – and these spaces may have become larger to serve a design goal as a result. Another element of GSA’s lack of oversight in this area was that GSA relied on the architect to validate that the courthouse’s design was within the authorized gross square footage without ensuring that the architect followed GSA’s policies for how to measure certain commonly included spaces, such as atriums. Although GSA officials emphasized that open space for atriums would not cost as much as space completely built out with floors, these officials also agreed that there are costs associated with constructing and operating atrium space. Though not a result of a lack of oversight, one additional contributor to the construction of more tenant space than planned is that the judiciary’s automated space planning tool, AnyCourt, incorporates a standard square footage requirement for each district courtroom. However, according to GSA’s space measurement policy, the amount of a courtroom’s square footage doubles if the courtroom spans two floors. Without a mechanism to adjust AnyCourt’s calculation of a planned courthouse’s square footage to reflect GSA’s space measurement policy when the design includes two- story courtrooms, GSA may not request sufficient gross square footage for courthouses with two-story courtrooms. Recently, GSA has taken some steps to improve its oversight of the courthouse construction process by clarifying its space measurement policies and increasing efforts to monitor the size of courthouse projects during the planning stages. In May 2009, GSA published a revised space assignment policy to clarify and emphasize its policies on counting square footage. In addition, according to GSA officials, GSA established a collaborative effort in 2008 between its Office of Design and Construction and its Real Estate Portfolio Management to establish policy and practices for avoiding inconsistencies. It is not yet clear whether these steps will establish sufficient oversight to ensure that courthouses are planned and constructed within the congressionally authorized square footage. Of the 33 courthouses built since 2000, 28 have reached or passed their 10- year planning period and 23 of those 28 courthouses have fewer judges than estimated. For these 28 courthouses, the judiciary has 119, or approximately 26 percent, fewer judges than the 461 it estimated it would have, resulting in approximately 887,000 extra square feet. The extra space includes courtroom and chamber suites as well as the proportional allocation of additional public, mechanical spaces, and sometimes secure, inside parking space in new courthouses. We identified a variety of factors that led the judiciary to overestimate the number of judges it would have after 10 years, which include: Inaccurate caseload growth projections: In a 1993 report, we questioned the reliability of the caseload projection process the judiciary used. For this report, we were not able to determine the degree to which inaccurate caseload projections contributed to inaccurate judge estimates because the judiciary did not retain the historic caseload projections used in planning the courthouses. Judiciary officials at three of the courthouses we visited indicated that the estimates used in planning for these courthouses inadvertently overstated the growth in district case filings and, hence, the need for additional judges. Challenges predicting how many judges will be located in a courthouse in 10 years: It is difficult to predict, for example, when a judge will take a reduced case-load through senior status or leave the bench entirely. It is also challenging to project how many requested judgeships will be authorized, how many vacancies will be filled, and where new judges will be seated. The judiciary raised concerns that some extra space in courthouses exist because the judiciary did not receive all the new judge authorizations it requested. We recognize that some of the extra courtrooms reflect the historic trend that the judiciary has not received all the additional authorized judges it has requested.