By operation of section 224 of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT Act) of 2001, several of the USA PATRIOT Act's amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) concerning law enforcement and intelligence investigative tools, were originally scheduled to expire on December 31, 2005. Section 6001(a) of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) of 2004 (concerning "lone wolf" terrorists) was also scheduled to sunset on that date. Without any legislative action, these provisions as well as amendments to them would have ceased to exist after the sunset date, and most of the pre-existing provisions of law would have been revived automatically. During the 109 th Congress, the House and Senate each passed USA PATRIOT Reauthorization Acts, H.R. 3199 and S. 1389 respectively, which made permanent 14 of the 16 expiring USA PATRIOT Act sections and extended the sunset on section 206 (regarding FISA court orders for multipoint, or "roving," wiretaps) and section 215 (access to business records requested under FISA), as well as the sunset on section 6001(a) of IRTPA. The two bills differed in several respects, including the new sunset date (under S. 1389 , December 31, 2009, while H.R. 3199 offered a ten-year extension to December 31, 2015). On December 8, 2005, House and Senate conference committee members filed a report representing a compromise between the Senate version and the version passed by the House, H.Rept. 109-333 (2005). The House agreed to the conference report accompanying H.R. 3199 on December 14, 2005. However, with several Members of the Senate raising concerns about the sufficiency of the conference report's safeguards for civil liberties, the Senate voted to reject a motion to invoke cloture on the conference report, thus taking no action before the end of 2005. To provide the Senate with additional time to consider the conference report, Congress enacted legislation to postpone the expiration of the USA PATRIOT Act provisions and of IRTPA's "lone wolf" amendment, until February 3, 2006, and thereafter further extended the sunset until March 10, 2006. On March 1, 2006, the Senate passed a separate bill, the USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006 ( S. 2271 ), that provides three civil liberties safeguards not included in the conference report. Passage of S. 2271 helped to pave the way for the Senate to invoke cloture on the conference report upon reconsideration, and the Senate agreed to the conference report on March 2. Under suspension of the rules, the House passed S. 2271 on March 7, and both H.R. 3199 and S. 2271 were signed into law by the President on March 9. This report provides a summary and legal analysis of the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 (the "Act" or the "Reauthorization Act"), P.L. 109-177 , 120 Stat. 192 (2006), and, where appropriate, discusses the modifications to law made by the USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006, P.L. 109-178 , 120 Stat. 278 (2006). For organizational purposes, the report is divided according to the seven titles of the Act and, within those titles, arranged by topic headings. Title I is in many ways the heart of the Act. It makes permanent most of the USA PATRIOT Act sections that were scheduled to expire. To several, like section 215, it adds substantive changes such as civil liberties safeguards. It addresses issues raised by USA PATRIOT Act sections other than those for which the sun was setting. It more clearly states the "National Security Letter" provisions of law, in ways perhaps necessary to make them constitutionally viable. Elsewhere, it looks at the issues faced in the USA PATRIOT Act four years after the fact. In some instances it adds to the tools available; in others it adds further checks against abuse. Section 102(a) of the Act repeals section 224 of the USA PATRIOT Act that had mandated 16 of its sections to expire initially on December 31, 2005, and later extended to March 10, 2006 by P.L. 109-170 , 120 Stat. 3 (2006). Although the Act adopts a new sunset date on two of the sections, as discussed below, it makes permanent the following 14 sections: Sec. 201 (ECPA wiretapping in certain terrorism investigations) Sec. 202 (ECPA wiretapping in computer fraud and abuse investigations) Sec. 203(b) (law enforcement sharing of court-ordered wiretap-generated foreign intelligence information wiretap information) Sec. 203(d) (law enforcement sharing of foreign intelligence information notwithstanding any other legal restriction) Sec. 204 (technical exception for foreign intelligence pen register/trap & trace device use) Sec. 207 (duration of FISA wiretap and search orders involving agents of a foreign power) Sec. 209 (seizure of stored voice mail by warrant rather than ECPA order) Sec. 212 (communications providers emergency disclosures of communications content or related records to authorities) Sec. 214 (FISA pen register order amendments including extension to electronic communications, e.g., Internet use) Sec. 217 (law enforcement access to computer trespassers' communications within the intruded system) Sec. 218 (FISA wiretap or search orders with an accompanying law enforcement purpose [removal of "the wall" of separation between criminal catchers and spy catchers]) Sec. 220 (nationwide service of court orders directed to communication providers) Sec. 223 (civil liability and disciplinary action for certain ECPA or FISA violations) Sec. 225 (civil immunity for assistance in executing a FISA order) The Act adopts a sunset of December 31, 2009, for USA PATRIOT Act sections 206 (regarding FISA court orders for multipoint, or "roving," wiretaps) and 215 (access to business records requested under FISA). The Act makes two changes to the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) of 2004, P.L. 108-458 , 118 Stat. 3638 (2004). First, it postpones the expiration of section 6001(a) of IRTPA, 118 Stat. 3742 (2004), until December 31, 2009. Section 6001(a) defines an "agent of a foreign power" to include any person, other than a United States person, who "engages in international terrorism or activities in preparation therefore." Thus, so-called "lone wolf" terrorists may be subjected to foreign intelligence surveillance despite not being an agent of a foreign power or an international terrorist organization. Second, the Act makes permanent section 6603 of IRTPA by repealing the sunset provision (section 6603(g)) that would have caused the section to be ineffective on December 31, 2006. Section 6603 of IRTPA amends federal law regarding material support of terrorists and terrorist organizations, primarily in 18 U.S.C. 2339A and 2339B. Briefly, section 6603: (1) amends the definitions of "material support or resources," "training," and "expert advice or assistance" as those terms are used in 18 U.S.C. 2339A and 2339B, and of "personnel" as used in section 2339B; (2) adds a more explicit knowledge requirement to section 2339B; (3) expands the extraterritorial jurisdiction reach of section 2339B; (4) enlarges the list of federal crimes of terrorism, 18 U.S.C. 2332b(g)(5); (5) adds the enlarged list to the inventory of predicate offenses for 18 U.S.C. 2339A (material support for the commission of certain terrorist crimes) and consequently for 18 U.S.C. 2339B (material support for designated terrorist organizations); and (6) precludes prosecution for certain violations committed with the approval of the Secretary of State and concurrence of the Attorney General. Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act amended the business record sections of FISA to authorize the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) or a designee of the Director, to apply to the FISA court to issue orders granting the government access to any tangible item (including books, records, papers, and other documents), no matter who holds it, in foreign intelligence, international terrorism, and clandestine intelligence cases. The Act contains several provisions to guard against abuses of section 215 authority, including greater congressional oversight, enhanced procedural protections, more elaborate application requirements, and a judicial review process. Section 106(h) of the Act directs the Attorney General to submit to Congress an annual report regarding the use of section 215 authority. This report is to be filed with the House and Senate Committees on the Judiciary, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. The annual report, due every April, must contain the following information regarding the preceding year: the total number of applications made for section 215 production orders ("215 orders") approving requests for the production of tangible things, the total number of such orders granted as requested, granted as modified, or denied, and the number of 215 orders either granted, modified, or denied for the production of each of the following: library circulation records, library patron lists, book sales records, or book customer lists; firearms sales records; tax return records; educational records; and medical records containing information that would identify a person.