DOD defines an MWD as any canine bred, procured, or acquired to meet DOD’s requirements to support operations in the protection of installations, resources, and personnel. These requirements include explosive and illegal narcotic detection capabilities, patrol, tracking, and other requirements. As part of their duties, MWDs can be deployed to assist in operations outside of their assigned military installation. MWDs are removed from service when they can no longer perform their duties due to medical or behavior problems, when they are no longer needed by the military, or in other circumstances, such as when a handler dies in action. In 2000, a law commonly known as “Robby’s Law” was enacted to promote the adoption of MWDs after their military service. According to this law, the military shall make an MWD that is suitable for adoption available for adoption at the end of the dog’s “useful life” or when the dog is no longer needed by the department. Robby’s Law has been amended a number of times since first enacted. Most recently, the NDAA for FY 2016 established priorities among the authorized recipients of MWDs that are removed from service. The amendment generally requires that MWDs be made available first to former handlers, who care for and train the MWDs. The amendment gives second priority to others capable of humanely caring for the MWD, and, finally, it gives the lowest priority to law enforcement agencies. After an MWD is adopted, Robby’s Law provides that “the United States shall not be liable for any veterinary expense associated with (an adopted MWD) for a condition of the military animal before transfer” regardless of whether the condition is known at the time of adoption. While DOD is authorized to establish and maintain a veterinary care system for adopted MWDs, no federal funds may be used for this purpose. DOD uses the term “disposition” to describe the process of removing MWDs from service. Disposition of MWDs can be initiated at any military location that has an MWD program. All the military services follow the same process outlined in Air Force Instruction 31-126, which includes the policies and procedures for the MWD program. (See fig. 1.) All decisions regarding the removal of MWDs from service are made by a review board, which includes the Commander of the Air Force’s 341st Training Squadron, a representative of the 341st Training Squadron or designee, a Veterinary Corps Officer (Army veterinarian), and a Veterinary Corps Officer behavioral representative (an Army veterinarian who is trained in animal behavior). Air Force officials told us that the review board may also consult with the Kennel Master, who manages the kennel at the military installation where the MWD is located, as well as the veterinary staff at Joint Base San Antonio, Texas, when making decisions about removing an MWD from service. Air Force officials told us that handlers who are interested in adopting an MWD must communicate their interest to the Kennel Master where the MWD is located. The Kennel Master is responsible for annotating WDMS to show the handler’s interest in adoption, including adding the handler’s name and contact information. The handler is responsible for maintaining contact with the Kennel Master and updating this contact information, if needed. In the event that multiple handlers are interested in adopting the MWD, the Unit Commander of the entity that owns the MWD is responsible for determining which handler is in the best interest of the MWD. Air Force officials told us that in these cases, the most recent handler would typically adopt the MWD. Air Force officials told us that they are in the process of updating their adoption policy. For example, the new policy outlines a method for recording whether or not the MWD was adopted by a former handler. They also told us they plan to update the MWD service record to include a checkbox to indicate whether the MWD was adopted by a handler, and that these service records will be scanned into WDMS. Officials have told us that these procedures will be implemented when the updated Air Force Instruction becomes effective, likely in the spring of 2017. The Army Veterinary Service has the lead responsibility for the medical care of all DOD-owned animals, including MWDs. Specifically, the Army provides medical care for MWDs through its Public Health Command Regions and Activities and the DOD MWD Veterinary Service at Joint Base San Antonio, Texas. During the MWD disposition process, Army Veterinary Corps Officers are responsible for providing a recommendation letter and a consultation/referral form that describes each MWD’s medical condition and suitability for adoption. The Army also maintains a veterinary care system that provides medical care to privately owned animals of individuals with access to medical services at a military installation, including adopted MWDs. The Army charges individuals with privately owned animals for the medical care of their pets. According to Army officials, the charges for veterinary care were developed based on a review of supply costs, estimated manpower costs, historical costs for services, and recommended guidance on cost considerations established by the American Animal Hospital Association. DOD uses three systems to track different types of information about MWDs, including information related to their removal from service. The number of MWDs that have been adopted, transferred, or euthanized has varied over the past 5 years. Officials from the Air Force and Army use three separate systems to track information on MWDs. Two of the systems—WDMS and the Central Repository—are maintained by the Air Force, while ROVR, the electronic medical record system, is maintained by the Army. (See table 1.) Each of these systems has a different role in documenting information related to an MWD’s removal from service. WDMS documents the MWD’s status when it is removed from service, including whether the MWD is adopted, transferred, or euthanized. This status of the MWD can be verified using documents maintained in the Central Repository, which is used to store copies of records for MWDs that have been removed from service—most of which are not contained in WDMS. Lastly, ROVR is used to provide medical information for consideration of an MWD’s removal from service and to document an MWD’s euthanization, if needed. Based on our review of data from these systems and related documentation, the number of MWDs adopted or transferred during 2011 through 2015 varied, with the highest numbers in 2012 and 2013. An Air Force official explained that these higher numbers of adoptions and transfers in 2012 and 2013 were due to a decreased need for MWDs during deployments. The number of euthanized MWDs varied to a lesser extent. (See figure 2.) Some of the adopted MWDs included in these data were likely never deployed outside of their assigned military installations. According to Air Force officials, some MWDs may have been acquired by the military but then did not qualify for enrollment in the MWD program due to performance or medical reasons. Other MWDs were enrolled in the program but were removed from service for similar reasons before they were 3 years old. According to Air Force officials, these dogs were also likely never deployed into service. (See table 2.) Available data for 55 percent of the MWDs adopted in 2014 and 2015 indicate that prevalent medical conditions included skin, dental, and musculoskeletal issues. The potential costs for treating these prevalent medical conditions are difficult to determine due to variations in potential courses of treatment and other factors. However, we did obtain information on recommended preventative care and estimated costs for older breeds used by the MWD program from the chief of staff of a network of private veterinary hospitals. Based on our analysis of electronic medical records with master problem lists—available for approximately 55 percent (421 of 772) of the MWDs adopted in 2014 and 2015—we found that the most prevalent medical conditions were as follows: skin conditions or ear infections, dental disease or injury, arthritis or degenerative joint disease, degenerative lumbo-sacral stenosis. Some MWDs had more than one medical condition, and as a result, they may have been included in more than one category. (See table 3.) An Army veterinarian told us that “skin conditions or ear infections” and “dental disease or injury”—the two most prevalent medical conditions we identified—are unlikely to result in removal from service as these conditions generally can be treated or resolved. (See prevalent medical conditions 1 and 2 in table 3.) The remaining three prevalent medical conditions we identified are associated with musculoskeletal issues and are more likely to result in MWDs’ removal from service. (See prevalent medical conditions 3, 4, and 5 in table 3.) According to an Army veterinarian, these conditions are common in breeds maintained by the MWD program. For example, degenerative lumbo-sacral stenosis is common in German Shepherd dogs, one of the preferred breeds for the MWD program. The potential costs for treating these prevalent medical conditions may vary based on a number of factors, including the course of treatment, the underlying cause for the condition, and geographic location. According to an Army official and representatives from a national network of private veterinary hospitals, there are no standardized medical treatment protocols for animals that would dictate particular courses of treatment for specific medical conditions. Therefore, costs for these conditions would vary. Furthermore, the chief of staff of a network of private veterinary hospitals in New Jersey, which provides free specialty care to adopted MWDs in its area, told us that it would be difficult to estimate treatment costs because some of the prevalent health conditions we identified for MWDs could have different underlying causes, which would serve as the basis for treatment options and costs. For example, lameness could have different root causes, so it would be difficult to estimate treatment costs for this condition without knowing the contributing factors. Adopted MWDs need preventative care regardless of their medical conditions.