Query: Learning to Accept New Classes without Training

Relevant passages:
Learning to detect unseen object classes by between-class attribute transfer <=SEP=> We study the problem of object classification when training and test classes are disjoint, i.e. no training examples of the target classes are available. This setup has hardly been studied in computer vision research, but it is the rule rather than the exception, because the world contains tens of thousands of different object classes and for only a very few of them image, collections have been formed and annotated with suitable class labels. In this paper, we tackle the problem by introducing attribute-based classification. It performs object detection based on a human-specified high-level description of the target objects instead of training images. The description consists of arbitrary semantic attributes, like shape, color or even geographic information. Because such properties transcend the specific learning task at hand, they can be pre-learned, e.g. from image datasets unrelated to the current task. Afterwards, new classes can be detected based on their attribute representation, without the need for a new training phase. In order to evaluate our method and to facilitate research in this area, we have assembled a new large-scale dataset, “Animals with Attributes”, of over 30,000 animal images that match the 50 classes in Osherson's classic table of how strongly humans associate 85 semantic attributes with animal classes. Our experiments show that by using an attribute layer it is indeed possible to build a learning object detection system that does not require any training images of the target classes.

Zero-Shot Learning Through Cross-Modal Transfer <=SEP=> This work introduces a model that can recognize objects in images even if no training data is available for the objects. The only necessary knowledge about the unseen categories comes from unsupervised large text corpora. In our zero-shot framework distributional information in language can be seen as spanning a semantic basis for understanding what objects look like. Most previous zero-shot learning models can only differentiate between unseen classes. In contrast, our model can both obtain state of the art performance on classes that have thousands of training images and obtain reasonable performance on unseen classes. This is achieved by first using outlier detection in the semantic space and then two separate recognition models. Furthermore, our model does not require any manually defined semantic features for either words or images.

Glove: Global Vectors for Word Representation <=SEP=> Recent methods for learning vector space representations of words have succeeded in capturing fine-grained semantic and syntactic regularities using vector arithmetic, but the origin of these regularities has remained opaque. We analyze and make explicit the model properties needed for such regularities to emerge in word vectors. The result is a new global logbilinear regression model that combines the advantages of the two major model families in the literature: global matrix factorization and local context window methods. Our model efficiently leverages statistical information by training only on the nonzero elements in a word-word cooccurrence matrix, rather than on the entire sparse matrix or on individual context windows in a large corpus. The model produces a vector space with meaningful substructure, as evidenced by its performance of 75% on a recent word analogy task. It also outperforms related models on similarity tasks and named entity recognition.

Siamese Neural Networks for One-Shot Image Recognition <=SEP=> The process of learning good features for machine learning applications can be very computationally expensive and may prove difficult in cases where little data is available. A prototypical example of this is the one-shot learning setting, in which we must correctly make predictions given only a single example of each new class. In this paper, we explore a method for learning siamese neural networks which employ a unique structure to naturally rank similarity between inputs. Once a network has been tuned, we can then capitalize on powerful discriminative features to generalize the predictive power of the network not just to new data, but to entirely new classes from unknown distributions. Using a convolutional architecture, we are able to achieve strong results which exceed those of other deep learning models with near state-of-the-art performance on one-shot classification tasks. Humans exhibit a strong ability to acquire and recognize new patterns. In particular, we observe that when presented with stimuli, people seem to be able to understand new concepts quickly and then recognize variations on these concepts in future percepts (Lake et al., 2011). Machine learning has been successfully used to achieve state-ofthe-art performance in a variety of applications such as web search, spam detection, caption generation, and speech and image recognition. However, these algorithms often break down when forced to make predictions about data for which little supervised information is available. We desire to generalize to these unfamiliar categories without necessitating extensive retraining which may be either expensive or impossible due to limited data or in an online prediction setting, such as web retrieval. Proceedings of the 32 International Conference on Machine Learning, Lille, France, 2015. JMLR: W&CP volume 37. Copyright 2015 by the author(s). Figure 1. Example of a 20-way one-shot classification task using the Omniglot dataset. The lone test image is shown above the grid of 20 images representing the possible unseen classes that we can choose for the test image. These 20 images are our only known examples of each of those classes. One particularly interesting task is classification under the restriction that we may only observe a single example of each possible class before making a prediction about a test instance. This is called one-shot learning and it is the primary focus of our model presented in this work (Fei-Fei et al., 2006; Lake et al., 2011). This should be distinguished from zero-shot learning, in which the model cannot look at any examples from the target classes (Palatucci et al., 2009). One-shot learning can be directly addressed by developing domain-specific features or inference procedures which possess highly discriminative properties for the target task. As a result, systems which incorporate these methods tend to excel at similar instances but fail to offer robust solutions that may be applied to other types of problems. In this paper, we present a novel approach which limits assumptions on the structure of the inputs while automatically acquiring features which enable the model to generalize successfully from few examples. We build upon the deep learnSiamese Neural Networks for One-shot Image Recognition Figure 2. Our general strategy. 1) Train a model to discriminate between a collection of same/different pairs. 2) Generalize to evaluate new categories based on learned feature mappings for

DeepFace: Closing the Gap to Human-Level Performance in Face Verification <=SEP=> In modern face recognition, the conventional pipeline consists of four stages: detect => align => represent => classify. We revisit both the alignment step and the representation step by employing explicit 3D face modeling in order to apply a piecewise affine transformation, and derive a face representation from a nine-layer deep neural network. This deep network involves more than 120 million parameters using several locally connected layers without weight sharing, rather than the standard convolutional layers. Thus we trained it on the largest facial dataset to-date, an identity labeled dataset of four million facial images belonging to more than 4, 000 identities. The learned representations coupling the accurate model-based alignment with the large facial database generalize remarkably well to faces in unconstrained environments, even with a simple classifier. Our method reaches an accuracy of 97.35% on the Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) dataset, reducing the error of the current state of the art by more than 27%, closely approaching human-level performance.

Locating the fovea center position in digital fundus images using thresholding and feature extraction techniques <=SEP=> A new methodology for detecting the fovea center position in digital retinal images is presented in this paper. A pixel is firstly searched for within the foveal region according to its known anatomical position relative to the optic disc and vascular tree. Then, this pixel is used to extract a fovea-containing subimage on which thresholding and feature extraction techniques are applied so as to find fovea center. The methodology was evaluated on 1200 fundus images from the publicly available MESSIDOR database, 660 of which present signs of diabetic retinopathy. In 93.92% of these images, the distance between the methodology-provided and actual fovea center position remained below 1/4 of one standard optic disc radius (i.e., 17, 26, and 27 pixels for MESSIDOR retinas of 910, 1380 and 1455 pixels in size, respectively). These results outperform all the reviewed methodologies available in literature. Its effectiveness and robustness with different illness conditions makes this proposal suitable for retinal image computer analyses such as automated screening for early diabetic retinopathy detection.

Developing an Intelligent Chat-bot Tool to Assist High School Students for Learning General Knowledge Subjects <=SEP=> UPDATED—11 December 2017. Artificial Intelligent Chatbots are used in industries such as Banking systems, Customer services, Education. There are many intelligent tutoring systems currently in practice, but few of them are known to assist high school students for learning their general knowledge subjects. This project paper proposes an artificial intelligent chat-bot tool developed to assist high school students for learning their general knowledge subjects. The proposed intelligent chat-bot tool is a web based intelligent tutoring system which can be accessed by large number of students globally, the users are not required to pay licensing fees. The intelligent chat-bot tool will be available 24 hours a day at schools or public libraries or any other location which has internet access. The intelligent chatbot tool will make use of Natural Language Processing techniques to answer the queries by high school students. The intelligent chat-bot tool will be trained on a knowledge base comprising of general knowledge questions and answers. The intelligent chat-bot tool will have ability to participate in small talks with its learners.

MRG-OHTC Database for Online Handwritten Tibetan Character Recognition <=SEP=> A handwritten Tibetan database, MRG-OHTC, is presented to facilitate the research of online handwritten Tibetan character recognition. The database contains 910 Tibetan character classes written by 130 persons from Tibetan ethnic minority. These characters are selected from basic set and extension set A of Tibetan coded character set. The current version of this database is collected using electronic pen on digital tablet. We investigate some characteristic of writing style from different writers. We evaluate MRG-OHTC database using existing algorithms as a baseline. Experimental results reveal a big challenge to higher recognition performance. To our knowledge, MRG-OHTC is the first publicly available database for handwritten Tibetan research. It provides a basic database to compare empirically different algorithms for handwritten Tibetan character recognition.

Security Without Identification: Transaction Systems to Make Big Brother Obsolete <=SEP=> The large-scale automated transaction systems of the near future can be designed to protect the privacy and maintain the security of both individuals and organizations.

Interactive Freeform Design of Tensegrity <=SEP=> In this paper, we propose a novel interactive method for flexibly designing tensegrity structures under valid force equilibriums. Unlike previous form-finding techniques that aim to obtain a unique solution by fixing some parameters such as the force densities and lengths of elements, our method provides a design system that allows a user to continuously interact with the form within a multidimensional solution space. First, a valid initial form is generated by converting a given polygon mesh surface into a strut-and-cable network that follows the original surface, and the form is then perturbed to attain an equilibrium state through a two-step optimization of both node coordinates and force densities. Then, the form can be freely transformed by using a standard 2D input device while the system updates the form on the fly based on the orthogonal projection of a deformation mode into the solution space. The system provides a flexible platform for designing a tensegrity form for use as a static architectural structure or a kinetic deployable system.

The Promise of Sustainable Happiness <=SEP=> Reference: Boehm, J. K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (in press). The promise of sustainable happiness. In S. J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Promise of Sustainable Happiness Julia K. Boehm and Sonja Lyubomirsky Department of Psychology University of California, Riverside Abstract From ancient history to recent times, philosophers, writers, self-help gurus, and now scientists have taken up the challenge of how to foster greater happiness. This chapter discusses why some people are happier than others, focusing on the distinctive ways that happy and unhappy individuals construe themselves and others, respond to social comparisons, make decisions, and self-reflect. We suggest that, despite several barriers to increased well-being, less happy people can strive successfully to be happier by learning a variety of effortful strategies and practicing them with determination and commitment. The sustainable happiness model (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005) provides a theoretical framework for experimental intervention research on how to increase and maintain happiness. According to this model, three factors contribute to an individual’s chronic happiness level – 1) the set point, 2) life circumstances, and 3) intentional activities, or effortful acts that are naturally variable and episodic. Such activities, which include committing acts of kindness, expressing gratitude or optimism, and savoring joyful life events, represent the most promising route to sustaining enhanced happiness. We describe a half dozen randomized controlled interventions testing the efficacy of each of these activities in raising and maintaining well-being, as well as the mediators and moderators underlying their effects. Future researchers must endeavor not only to learn which particular practices make people happier, but how and why they do so.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of dressings used for wound healing: the efficiency of honey compared to silver on burns. <=SEP=> BACKGROUND
Honey has the antibacterial effect of silver without the toxic effect of silver on the skin. Even so, silver is the dominant antibacterial dressing used in wound healing.


OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the healing effects of honey dressings compared to silver dressings for acute or chronic wounds.


DESIGN
A systematic review with meta-analysis.


METHOD
The search, conducted in seven databases, resulted in six randomised controlled trial studies from South Asia focusing on antibacterial properties and healing times of honey and silver.


RESULT
Honey was more efficacious for wound healing than silver, as measured in the number of days needed for wounds to heal (pooled risk difference -20, 95% CI -0.29 to -0.11, p < .001). Honey turned out to have more antibacterial qualities than silver.


CONCLUSION
All the included studies based on burns showed the unequivocal result that honey had an even more positive effect than silver on wound healing.

Comparative Study of Cloud Computing Data Security Methods <=SEP=> Cloud computing is the concept implemented to decipher the Daily Computing Problems. Cloud computing is basically virtual pool of resources and it provides these resources to users via internet. Cloud computing is the internet based development and used in computer technology. The prevalent problem associated with cloud computing is data privacy, security, anonymity and reliability etc. But the most important between them is security and how cloud provider assures it. The work plan here is to eliminate the concerns regarding data privacy using encryption algorithms to enhance the security in cloud. Have discussed about cloud computing security mechanisms and presented the comparative study of several algorithms.

A theory of self-calibration of a moving camera <=SEP=> There is a close connection between the calibration of a single camera and the epipolar transformation obtained when the camera undergoes a displacement. The epipolar transformation imposes two algebraic constraints on the camera calibration. If two epipolar transformations, arising from different camera displacements, are available then the compatible camera calibrations are parameterized by an algebraic curve of genus four. The curve can be represented either by a space curve of degree seven contained in the intersection of two cubic surfaces, or by a curve of degree six in the dual of the image plane. The curve in the dual plane has one singular point of order three and three singular points of order two. If three epipolar transformations are available, then two curves of degree six can be obtained in the dual plane such that one of the real intersections of the two yields the correct camera calibration. The two curves have a common singular point of order three. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the feasibility of camera calibration based on the epipolar transformation. The real intersections of the two dual curves are found by locating the zeros of a function defined on the interval [0, 2π]. The intersection yielding the correct camera calibration is picked out by referring back to the three epipolar transformations.

Determining the informational, navigational, and transactional intent of Web queries <=SEP=> In this paper, we define and present a comprehensive classification of user intent for Web searching. The classification consists of three hierarchical levels of informational, navigational, and transactional intent. After deriving attributes of each, we then developed a software application that automatically classified queries using a Web search engine log of over a million and a half queries submitted by several hundred thousand users. Our findings show that more than 80% of Web queries are informational in nature, with about 10% each being navigational and transactional. In order to validate the accuracy of our algorithm, we manually coded 400 queries and compared the results from this manual classification to the results determined by the automated method. This comparison showed that the automatic classification has an accuracy of 74%. Of the remaining 25% of the queries, the user intent is vague or multi-faceted, pointing to the need for probabilistic classification. We discuss how search engines can use knowledge of user intent to provide more targeted and relevant results in Web searching. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Kernel Approach to Comparing Distributions <=SEP=> We describe a technique for comparing distributions without the need for density estimation as an intermediate step. Our approach relies on mapping the distributions into a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space. We apply this technique to construct a two-sample test, which is used for determining whether two sets of observations arise from the same distribution. We use this test in attribute matching for databases using the Hungarian marriage method, where it performs strongly. We also demonstrate excellent performance when comparing distributions over graphs, for which no alternative tests currently exist.

Beliefs and biases in web search <=SEP=> People's beliefs, and unconscious biases that arise from those beliefs, influence their judgment, decision making, and actions, as is commonly accepted among psychologists. Biases can be observed in information retrieval in situations where searchers seek or are presented with information that significantly deviates from the truth. There is little understanding of the impact of such biases in search. In this paper we study search-related biases via multiple probes: an exploratory retrospective survey, human labeling of the captions and results returned by a Web search engine, and a large-scale log analysis of search behavior on that engine. Targeting yes-no questions in the critical domain of health search, we show that Web searchers exhibit their own biases and are also subject to bias from the search engine. We clearly observe searchers favoring positive information over negative and more than expected given base rates based on consensus answers from physicians. We also show that search engines strongly favor a particular, usually positive, perspective, irrespective of the truth. Importantly, we show that these biases can be counterproductive and affect search outcomes; in our study, around half of the answers that searchers settled on were actually incorrect. Our findings have implications for search engine design, including the development of ranking algorithms that con-sider the desire to satisfy searchers (by validating their beliefs) and providing accurate answers and properly considering base rates. Incorporating likelihood information into search is particularly important for consequential tasks, such as those with a medical focus.

Emotional intelligence as a standard intelligence. <=SEP=> The authors have claimed that emotional intelligence (EI) meets traditional standards for an intelligence (J. D. Mayer, D. R. Caruso, & P. Salovey, 1999). R. D. Roberts, M. Zeidner, and G. Matthews (2001) questioned whether that claim was warranted. The central issue raised by Roberts et al. concerning Mayer et al. (1999) is whether there are correct answers to questions on tests purporting to measure EI as a set of abilities. To address this issue (and others), the present authors briefly restate their view of intelligence, emotion, and EI. They then present arguments for the reasonableness of measuring EI as an ability, indicate that correct answers exist, and summarize recent data suggesting that such measures are, indeed, reliable.

Architecting for DevOps and Continuous Deployment <=SEP=> Development and Operations (DevOps) in the context of Continuous Deployment (CD) have emerged as an attractive software development movement, which tries to establish a strong connection between development and operations teams. CD is defined as the ability to quickly put new releases into production. We believe that DevOps/CD brings new challenges for architects, which considerably impacts both on their (architectural) design decisions and their organizational responsibilities. We assert that there is an important and urgent need of sufficient research work to gain a deep understanding of how DevOps/CD adoption can influence architecting, architectural decision-making processes and their outcomes in an organization. This PhD research is aimed at understanding and addressing new challenges for designing architectures for supporting DevOps in the context of CD.

SASI: a generic texture descriptor for image retrieval <=SEP=> In this paper, a generic texture descriptor, namely, Statistical Analysis of Structural Information (SASI) is introduced as a representation of texture. SASI is based on statistics of clique autocorrelation coefficients, calculated over structuring windows. SASI defines a set of clique windows to extract and measure various structural properties of texture by using a spatial multi-resolution method. Experimental results, performed on various image databases, indicate that SASI is more successful then the Gabor Filter descriptors in capturing small granularities and discontinuities such as sharp corners and abrupt changes. Due to the flexibility in designing the clique windows, SASI reaches higher average retrieval rates compared to Gabor Filter descriptors. However, the price of this performance is increased computational complexity.

Iterative Integration of Visual Insights during Scalable Patent Search and Analysis <=SEP=> Patents are of growing importance in current economic markets. Analyzing patent information has, therefore, become a common task for many interest groups. As a prerequisite for patent analysis, extensive search for relevant patent information is essential. Unfortunately, the complexity of patent material inhibits a straightforward retrieval of all relevant patent documents and leads to iterative, time-consuming approaches in practice. Already the amount of patent data to be analyzed poses challenges with respect to scalability. Further scalability issues arise concerning the diversity of users and the large variety of analysis tasks. With "PatViz”, a system for interactive analysis of patent information has been developed addressing scalability at various levels. PatViz provides a visual environment allowing for interactive reintegration of insights into subsequent search iterations, thereby bridging the gap between search and analytic processes. Because of its extensibility, we expect that the approach we have taken can be employed in different problem domains that require high quality of search results regarding their completeness.

Compact four-port MIMO antenna system at 3.5 GHz <=SEP=> This work proposed a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system having four antennas each fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) operating for 3.5GHz band (3400–3600) MHz. The proposed MIMO antenna system is realized with two groups of printed Inverted L-monopole of size 5×4 mm2 placed orthogonally to each other to attain the diversity capability of polarization and pattern at the edge of non-ground portion of size 15 × 15 mm2 of mobile handset. The proposed MIMO antenna system consists of four monopole inverted-L shape radiator each with parasitic shorted stripe extending from the ground plane having same dimensions. The parasitic inverted-L shorted striped served as tuning element by reducing the resonating frequency of the monopole radiator and improving the impedance matching. The mutual coupling between the closely packed antennas is addressed by the neutralization line by feeding anti-phase current to the neighbor antenna. The simulation result showed that that the impedance bandwidth at S11 ≤ −10 dB is 200 MHz enough for 5G network communication channel. The diversity parameters of interest are envelop correlation coefficient and mean effective gain are also calculated.

Investigating episodes of mobile phone activity as indicators of opportune moments to deliver notifications <=SEP=> We investigate whether opportune moments to deliver notifications surface at the endings of episodes of mobile interaction (making voice calls or receiving SMS) based on the assumption that the endings collocate with naturally occurring breakpoint in the user's primary task. Testing this with a naturalistic experiment we find that interruptions (notifications) are attended to and dealt with significantly more quickly after a user has finished an episode of mobile interaction compared to a random baseline condition, supporting the potential utility of this notification strategy. We also find that the workload and situational appropriateness of the secondary interruption task significantly affect subsequent delay and completion rate of the tasks. In situ self-reports and interviews reveal complexities in the subjective experience of the interruption, which suggest that a more nuanced classification of the particular call or SMS and its relationship to the primary task(s) would be desirable.

Variational Inference for Uncertainty on the Inputs of Gaussian Process Models <=SEP=> The Gaussian process latent variable model (GP-LVM) provides a flexible approach for non-linear dimensionality reduction that has been widely applied. However, the current approach for training GP-LVMs is based on maximum likelihood, where the latent projection variables are maximized over rather than integrated out. In this paper we present a Bayesian method for training GP-LVMs by introducing a non-standard variational inference framework that allows to approximately integrate out the latent variables and subsequently train a GP-LVM by maximizing an analytic lower bound on the exact marginal likelihood. We apply this method for learning a GP-LVM from iid observations and for learning non-linear dynamical systems where the observations are temporally correlated. We show that a benefit of the variational Bayesian procedure is its robustness to overfitting and its ability to automatically select the dimensionality of the nonlinear latent space. The resulting framework is generic, flexible and easy to extend for other purposes, such as Gaussian process regression with uncertain inputs and semi-supervised Gaussian processes. We demonstrate our method on synthetic data and standard machine learning benchmarks, as well as challenging real world datasets, including high resolution video data.

PostBL: Post-mesh Boundary Layer Mesh Generation Tool <=SEP=> A boundary layer mesh is a mesh with dense element distribution in the normal direction along specific boundaries. PostBL is a utility to generate boundary layers elements on an already existing mesh model. PostBL supports creation of hexahedral, prism, quad and tri boundary layer elements. It is a part of MeshKit, which is an open-source library for mesh generation functionalities. Generally, boundary layer mesh generation is a pre-meshing process; in this effort, we start from a model that has already been meshed. Boundary layers elements can be generated along the entire skin, selected exterior or internal surface boundaries. MeshKit uses graph-based approach for representing meshing operations; PostBL is one such meshing operation. It can be coupled to other meshing operations like Jaal, NetGen, TetGen, CAMAL and custom meshing tools like RGG. Simple examples demonstrating generation of boundary layers on different mesh types and OECD Vattenfall T-Junction benchmark hexahedral-mesh are presented.

Where the Truth Lies: Explaining the Credibility of Emerging Claims on the Web and Social Media <=SEP=> The web is a huge source of valuable information. However, in recent times, there is an increasing trend towards false claims in social media, other web-sources, and even in news. Thus, factchecking websites have become increasingly popular to identify such misinformation based on manual analysis. Recent research proposed methods to assess the credibility of claims automatically. However, there are major limitations: most works assume claims to be in a structured form, and a few deal with textual claims but require that sources of evidence or counter-evidence are easily retrieved from the web. None of these works can cope with newly emerging claims, and no prior method can give user-interpretable explanations for its verdict on the claim’s credibility. This paper overcomes these limitations by automatically assessing the credibility of emerging claims, with sparse presence in web-sources, and generating suitable explanations from judiciously selected sources. To this end, we retrieve diverse articles about the claim, and model the mutual interaction between: the stance (i.e., support or refute) of the sources, the language style of the articles, the reliability of the sources, and the claim’s temporal footprint on the web. Extensive experiments demonstrate the viability of our method and its superiority over prior works. We show that our methods work well for early detection of emerging claims, as well as for claims with limited presence on the web and social media.

Functional Specialization for Semantic and Phonological Processing in the Left Inferior Prefrontal Cortex <=SEP=> Neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have implicated left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPC) in both semantic and phonological processing. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine whether separate LIPC regions participate in each of these types of processing. Performance of a semantic decision task resulted in extensive LIPC activation compared to a perceptual control task. Phonological processing of words and pseudowords in a syllable-counting task resulted in activation of the dorsal aspect of the left inferior frontal gyrus near the inferior frontal sulcus (BA 44/45) compared to a perceptual control task, with greater activation for nonwords compared to words. In a direct comparison of semantic and phonological tasks, semantic processing preferentially activated the ventral aspect of the left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47/45). A review of the literature demonstrated a similar distinction between left prefrontal regions involved in semantic processing and phonological/lexical processing. The results suggest that a distinct region in the left inferior frontal cortex is involved in semantic processing, whereas other regions may subserve phonological processes engaged during both semantic and phonological tasks.

Color spaces for computer graphics <=SEP=> Normal human color perception is a product of three independent sensory systems. By mirroring this mechanism, full-color display devices create colors as mixtures of three primaries. Any displayable color can be described by the corresponding values of these primaries. Frequently it is more convenient to define various other color spaces, or coordinate systems, for color representation or manipulation. Several such color spaces are presented which are suitable for applications involving user specification of color, along with the defining equations and illustrations. The use of special color spaces for particular kinds of color computations is discussed.

Using CMMI together with agile software development: A systematic review <=SEP=> http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2014.09.012 0950-5849/ 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ⇑ Corresponding author at: Center of Informatics, Federal University of Pernambuco (CIn/UFPE), Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, S/N, Cidade Universitária, 50. Recife, PE, Brazil. Tel.: +55 81 8250 0470. E-mail addresses: fss4@cin.ufpe.br (F. Selleri Silva), fsfs@cin.ufpe.br (F.S.F. Soares), alp5@cin.ufpe.br (A.L. Peres), ima2@cin.ufpe.br (I.M.d. Azevedo), aplfv@ci (A.P.L.F. Vasconcelos), fkk@cin.ufpe.br (F.K. Kamei), srlm@cin.ufpe.br (S.R.d.L. Meira). Fernando Selleri Silva a,b,⇑, Felipe Santana Furtado Soares , Angela Lima Peres , Ivanildo Monteiro de Azevedo , Ana Paula L.F. Vasconcelos , Fernando Kenji Kamei , Silvio Romero de Lemos Meira a,c

Embedding Temporal Network via Neighborhood Formation <=SEP=> Given the rich real-life applications of network mining as well as the surge of representation learning in recent years, network embedding has become the focal point of increasing research interests in both academic and industrial domains. Nevertheless, the complete temporal formation process of networks characterized by sequential interactive events between nodes has yet seldom been modeled in the existing studies, which calls for further research on the so-called temporal network embedding problem. In light of this, in this paper, we introduce the concept of neighborhood formation sequence to describe the evolution of a node, where temporal excitation effects exist between neighbors in the sequence, and thus we propose a Hawkes process based Temporal Network Embedding (HTNE) method. HTNE well integrates the Hawkes process into network embedding so as to capture the influence of historical neighbors on the current neighbors. In particular, the interactions of low-dimensional vectors are fed into the Hawkes process as base rate and temporal influence, respectively. In addition, attention mechanism is also integrated into HTNE to better determine the influence of historical neighbors on current neighbors of a node. Experiments on three large-scale real-life networks demonstrate that the embeddings learned from the proposed HTNE model achieve better performance than state-of-the-art methods in various tasks including node classification, link prediction, and embedding visualization. In particular, temporal recommendation based on arrival rate inferred from node embeddings shows excellent predictive power of the proposed model.