Query: On visual gaze tracking based on a single low cost camera

Relevant passages:
Correlating driver gaze with the road scene for driver assistance systems <=SEP=> A driver assistance system (DAS) should support the driver by monitoring road and vehicle events and presenting relevant and timely information to the driver. It is impossible to know what a driver is thinking, but we can monitor the driver’s gaze direction and compare it with the position of information in the driver’s viewfield to make inferences. In this way, not only do we monitor the driver’s actions, we monitor the driver’s observations as well. In this paper we present the automated detection and recognition of road signs, combined with the monitoring of the driver’s response. We present a complete system that reads speed signs in real-time, compares the driver’s gaze, and provides immediate feedback if it appears the sign has been missed by t ©

Robust method for road sign detection and recognition <=SEP=> This paper describes a method for detecting and recognizing road signs in gray-level and color images acquired by a single camera mounted on a moving vehicle. The method works in three stages. First, the search for the road sign is reduced to a suitable region of the image by using some a priori knowledge on the scene or color clues (when available). Secondly, a geometrical analysis of the edges extracted from the image is carried out, which generates candidates to be circular and triangular signs. Thirdly, a recognition stage tests by cross-correlation techniques each candidate which, if validated, is classi ed according to the data-base of signs. An extensive experimentation has shown that the method is robust against low-level noise corrupting edge detection and contour following, and works for images of cluttered urban streets as well as country roads and highways. A further improvement on the detection and recognition scheme has been obtained by means of temporal integration based on Kalman ltering methods of the extracted information. The proposed approach can be very helpful for the development of a system for driving assistance.

Face recognition: A literature survey <=SEP=> As one of the most successful applications of image analysis and understanding, face recognition has recently received significant attention, especially during the past several years. At least two reasons account for this trend: the first is the wide range of commercial and law enforcement applications, and the second is the availability of feasible technologies after 30 years of research. Even though current machine recognition systems have reached a certain level of maturity, their success is limited by the conditions imposed by many real applications. For example, recognition of face images acquired in an outdoor environment with changes in illumination and/or pose remains a largely unsolved problem. In other words, current systems are still far away from the capability of the human perception system.This paper provides an up-to-date critical survey of still- and video-based face recognition research. There are two underlying motivations for us to write this survey paper: the first is to provide an up-to-date review of the existing literature, and the second is to offer some insights into the studies of machine recognition of faces. To provide a comprehensive survey, we not only categorize existing recognition techniques but also present detailed descriptions of representative methods within each category. In addition, relevant topics such as psychophysical studies, system evaluation, and issues of illumination and pose variation are covered.

Fast Radial Symmetry for Detecting Points of Interest <=SEP=> A new transform is presented that utilizes local radial symmetry to highlight points of interest within a scene. Its lowcomputational complexity and fast runtimes makes this method well-suited for real-time vision applications. The performance of the transform is demonstrated on a wide variety of images and compared with leading techniques from the literature. Both as a facial feature detector and as a generic region of interest detector the new transform is seen to offer equal or superior performance to contemporary techniques at a relatively low-computational cost. A real-time implementation of the transform is presented running at over 60 frames per second on a standard Pentium III PC.

Vision-based eye-gaze tracking for human computer interface <=SEP=> Eye-gaze is an input mode which has the potential of an efficient computer interface. Eye movement has been the focus of research in this area. Non-intrusive eyegaze tracking that allows slight head movement is addressed in this paper. A small 2D mark is employed as a reference to compensate for this movement. The iris center has been chosen for purposes of measuring eye movement. The gaze point is estimated after acquiring the eye movement data. Preliminary experimental results are given through a screen pointing application.

An Empirical Exploration of Curriculum Learning for Neural Machine Translation <=SEP=> Machine translation systems based on deep neural networks are expensive to train. Curriculum learning aims to address this issue by choosing the order in which samples are presented during training to help train better models faster. We adopt a probabilistic view of curriculum learning, which lets us flexibly evaluate the impact of curricula design, and perform an extensive exploration on a German-English translation task. Results show that it is possible to improve convergence time at no loss in translation quality. However, results are highly sensitive to the choice of sample difficulty criteria, curriculum schedule and other hyperparameters.

Algorithms for Lipschitz Learning on Graphs <=SEP=> We develop fast algorithms for solving regression problems on graphs where one is given the value of a function at some vertices, and must find its smoothest possible extension to all vertices. The extension we compute is the absolutely minimal Lipschitz extension, and is the limit for large p of p-Laplacian regularization. We present an algorithm that computes a minimal Lipschitz extension in expected linear time, and an algorithm that computes an absolutely minimal Lipschitz extension in expected time Õ(mn). The latter algorithm has variants that seem to run much faster in practice. These extensions are particularly amenable to regularization: we can perform l0-regularization on the given values in polynomial time and l1-regularization on the initial function values and on graph edge weights in time Õ(m). Our definitions and algorithms naturally extend to directed graphs.

Tanzer group IIB constricted ear repair with helical advancement and superior auricular artery chondrocutaneous flap. <=SEP=> Constricted ear deformity was first described by Tanzer and classified it into 3 groups according to the degree of constriction. The group IIB deformity involves the helix, scapha, and antihelical fold. The height of the ear is sharply reduced, and the soft tissue envelope is not sufficient to close the cartilage framework after expansion and reshaping.This study describes expanding the cartilage and increasing the height by advancing the helical root superiorly and repairing the skin-cartilage defect with a superior auricular artery chondrocutaneous flap in Tanzer group IIB constricted ear deformity.Six ears of 6 patients were treated with this technique during the past 3 years. All patients were satisfied with the appearance of their corrected ears, and the increase in height was maintained through the follow-up period.The described technique does not have the disadvantages and possible complications of harvesting a costal cartilage graft. Moving and fixing the root of helix to a more superior position provide the auricle with additional length. The superior auricular artery chondrocutaneous flap not only provides adequate soft tissue for primary closure of the anterior portion of the auricle but also aids in repairing the cartilage defect resulting from the superior advancement of the helix as well.

Hand Gesture Recognition using Sign Language <=SEP=> Sign Language is mostly used by deaf and dumb people. In order to improve the man machine interaction, sign language can be used as a way for communicating with machines. Most of the applications which enable sign language processing are using data gloves and other devices for interacting with computers. This restricts the freedom of users. So to avoid this, this system we capture live video stream through normal webcam and pass it as input and process this video to detect human gestures . These gestures can be signs represented in any sign language like American Sign Language (ASL), Indian Sign Language(ISL) etc. By processing these signs, this system can make an efficient system for searching using signs. In future this method of searching can be implemented in many areas such as railway station for searching the details of any trains, etc. Searching uses signs can play a major role in searching technique because the latest existing technique of searching is based on voice. But this may not work properly because each person has a different pronunciation. This system can overcome the drawbacks of the current available searching technique and thus can make every person under an umbrella of searching.

Thermoplastic Forming of Bulk Metallic Glass— A Technology for MEMS and Microstructure Fabrication <=SEP=> A technology for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and microstructure fabrication is introduced where the bulk metallic glass (BMG) is formed at a temperature where the BMG exist as a viscous liquid under an applied pressure into a mold. This thermoplastic forming is carried out under comparable forming pressure and temperatures that are used for plastics. The range of possible sizes in all three dimensions of this technology allows the replication of high strength features ranging from about 30 nm to centimeters with aspect ratios of 20 to 1, which are homogeneous and isotropic and free of stresses and porosity. Our processing method includes a hot-cutting technique that enables a clean planar separation of the parts from the BMG reservoir. It also allows to net-shape three-dimensional parts on the micron scale. The technology can be implemented into conventional MEMS fabrication processes. The properties of BMG as well as the thermoplastic formability enable new applications and performance improvements of existing MEMS devices and nanostructures

Mobile Multimedia Recommendation in Smart Communities: A Survey <=SEP=> Due to the rapid growth of Internet broadband access and proliferation of modern mobile devices, various types of multimedia (e.g., text, images, audios, and videos) have become ubiquitously available anytime. Mobile device users usually store and use multimedia contents based on their personal interests and preferences. Mobile device challenges such as storage limitation have, however, introduced the problem of mobile multimedia overload to users. To tackle this problem, researchers have developed various techniques that recommend multimedia for mobile users. In this paper, we examine the importance of mobile multimedia recommendation systems from the perspective of three smart communities, namely mobile social learning, mobile event guide, and context-aware services. A cautious analysis of existing research reveals that the implementation of proactive, sensor-based and hybrid recommender systems can improve mobile multimedia recommendations. Nevertheless, there are still challenges and open issues such as the incorporation of context and social properties, which need to be tackled to generate accurate and trustworthy mobile multimedia recommendations.

Wireless Geophone Network for remote monitoring and detection of landslides <=SEP=> Recent years have shown an alarmous increase in rain fall induced landslides. This has facilitated the need for having a monitoring system to predict the landslides which could eventually reduce the loss of human life. We have developed and deployed a Wireless Sensor Network to monitor rainfall induced landslide, in Munnar, South India. A successful landslide warning was issued in June 2009 using this system. The system is being enhanced by incorporating a Wireless Geophone Network to locate the initiation of landslide. The paper discusses an algorithm that was developed to analyze the geophone data and automatically detect the landslide signal. A novel method to localize the landslide initiation point is detailed. The algorithm is based on the time delay inherent in the transmission of waves through the surface of the earth. The approach detailed here does not require additional energy since the geophones are self excitatory. The error rate of the approach is much less when compared to the other localization methods like RSSI. The proposed algorithm is being tested and validated, in the landslide laboratory set up at our university.

A compact, 37% fractional bandwidth millimeter-wave phase shifter using a wideband lange coupler for 60-GHz and E-band systems <=SEP=> A wideband 57.7–84.2 GHz Phase Shifter is presented using a compact Lange coupler to generate in-phase and quadrature signal. The Lange coupler is followed by two balun transformers that provide the IQ vector modulation with differential I and Q signals. The implemented Phase Shifter demonstrates an average 6-dB insertion loss and 5-dB gain variation. The measured average rms phase and gain errors are 7 degrees and 1 dB, respectively. The phase shifter is implemented in GlobalFoundries 45-nm SOI CMOS technology using a trap-rich substrate. The chip area is 385 μm × 285 μm and the Phase Shifter consumes less than 17 mW. To the best of authors knowledge, this is the first phase shifter that covers both 60 GHz band and E-band frequencies with a fractional bandwidth of 37%.

Multimodal biometric fusion at feature level: Face and palmprint <=SEP=> Multimodal biometrics has recently attracted substantial interest for its high performance in biometric recognition system. In this paper we introduce multimodal biometrics for face and palmprint images using fusion techniques at the feature level. Gabor based image processing is utilized to extract discriminant features, while principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are used to reduce the dimension of each modality. The output features of LDA are serially combined and classified by a Euclidean distance classifier. The experimental results based on ORL face and Poly-U palmprint databases proved that this fusion technique is able to increase biometric recognition rates compared to that produced by single modal biometrics.

An innovative ontology-driven system supporting personnel selection: the OntoHR case <=SEP=> This paper describes the initial development of an HRM system that aims to decrease the gap between higher vocational education and the labour market for a specific job in the ICT sector. This paper focuses specifically on the delineation of a process model and the selection of a suitable job role (information system analyst) that is valid across organisational and cultural boundaries. The process model implies various applied uses of this ontology-based system, including mapping qualifications in vocational education to current and valid job roles, testing and evaluating the student applicant on the basis of labour market driven competencies, and providing ad-hoc support to educational institutions by elucidating the weaknesses of particular VET curricula.

A Balanced Filtering Branch-Line Coupler <=SEP=> A balanced filtering branch-line coupler is proposed for the first time. The proposed design is realized by coupled microstrip lines and coupled-line-fed coupling structures. Based on this, the proposed design not only exhibits the functions of power dividing and filtering for differential-mode signals, but also can suppress the common-mode noise/signal and be easily connected with other balanced circuits. The dimension of the proposed design is similar to that of the traditional single-ended design. A prototype of the balanced filtering branch-line coupler centered at 1.87 GHz with the size of 0.33 λg × 0.42 λg is fabricated, where λg is the guided wavelength at the center frequency. The measured results exhibit the maximum insertion loss of 1.4 dB with a 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 3.5%.

Identifying personal genomes by surname inference. <=SEP=> Sharing sequencing data sets without identifiers has become a common practice in genomics. Here, we report that surnames can be recovered from personal genomes by profiling short tandem repeats on the Y chromosome (Y-STRs) and querying recreational genetic genealogy databases. We show that a combination of a surname with other types of metadata, such as age and state, can be used to triangulate the identity of the target. A key feature of this technique is that it entirely relies on free, publicly accessible Internet resources. We quantitatively analyze the probability of identification for U.S. males. We further demonstrate the feasibility of this technique by tracing back with high probability the identities of multiple participants in public sequencing projects.

Introducing Serendipity in a Content-Based Recommender System <=SEP=> Today recommenders are commonly used with various purposes, especially dealing with e-commerce and information filtering tools. Content-based recommenders rely on the concept of similarity between the bought/ searched/ visited item and all the items stored in a repository. It is a common belief that the user is interested in what is similar to what she has already bought/searched/visited. We believe that there are some contexts in which this assumption is wrong: it is the case of acquiring unsearched but still useful items or pieces of information. This is called serendipity. Our purpose is to stimulate users and facilitate these serendipitous encounters to happen. This paper presents the design and implementation of a hybrid recommender system that joins a content-based approach and serendipitous heuristics in order to mitigate the over-specialization problem with surprising suggestions.

Automatic web spreadsheet data extraction <=SEP=> Spreadsheets contain a huge amount of high-value data but do not observe a standard data model and thus are difficult to integrate. A large number of data integration tools exist, but they generally can only work on relational data. Existing systems for extracting relational data from spreadsheets are too labor intensive to support ad-hoc integration tasks, in which the correct extraction target is only learned during the course of user interaction.
 This paper introduces a system that automatically extracts relational data from spreadsheets, thereby enabling relational spreadsheet integration. The resulting integrated relational data can be queried directly or can be translated into RDF triples. When compared to standard techniques for spreadsheet data extraction on a set of 100 random Web spreadsheets, the system reduces the amount of human labor by 72% to 92%. In addition to the system design, we present the results of a general survey of more than 400,000 spreadsheets we downloaded from the Web, giving a novel view of how users organize their data in spreadsheets.

Analysis of waveguide slot-based structures using wide-band equivalent-circuit model <=SEP=> Analysis of geometrically complicated waveguide-based slotted arrays and filters is performed using a simple equivalent-circuit model. First, the circuit parameters (inductance and capacitance) of a simple waveguide slot-coupler problem are obtained through moment-method (MoM) analysis. The values of the lumped LC elements are virtually constant over the frequency range of interest (the X-band) for specific waveguide and slot dimensions. Based on the equivalent-circuit model of a single slot of two coupled waveguides, more complicated structures are then analyzed, such as slot coupler arrays and slot-based waveguide filters. The scattering parameters of these structures are obtained through circuit analysis, and are verified using the MoM and finite-difference time-domain method. Excellent agreement is observed over a wide band of frequencies and is confirmed by experimental results.

A Wearable Inertial Measurement System With Complementary Filter for Gait Analysis of Patients With Stroke or Parkinson’s Disease <=SEP=> This paper presents a wearable inertial measurement system and its associated spatiotemporal gait analysis algorithm to obtain quantitative measurements and explore clinical indicators from the spatiotemporal gait patterns for patients with stroke or Parkinson’s disease. The wearable system is composed of a microcontroller, a triaxial accelerometer, a triaxial gyroscope, and an RF wireless transmission module. The spatiotemporal gait analysis algorithm, consisting of procedures of inertial signal acquisition, signal preprocessing, gait phase detection, and ankle range of motion estimation, has been developed for extracting gait features from accelerations and angular velocities. In order to estimate accurate ankle range of motion, we have integrated accelerations and angular velocities into a complementary filter for reducing the accumulation of integration error of inertial signals. All 24 participants mounted the system on their foot to walk along a straight line of 10 m at normal speed and their walking recordings were collected to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system and algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed inertial measurement system with the designed spatiotemporal gait analysis algorithm is a promising tool for automatically analyzing spatiotemporal gait information, serving as clinical indicators for monitoring therapeutic efficacy for diagnosis of stroke or Parkinson’s disease.

Preparation of Personalized-dose Salbutamol Sulphate Oral Films with Thermal Ink-Jet Printing <=SEP=> To evaluate the use of thermal ink-jetting as a method for dosing drugs onto oral films. A Hewlett-Packard printer cartridge was modified so that aqueous drug solutions replaced the ink. The performance of the printer as a function of print solution viscosity and surface tension was determined; viscosities between 1.1 and 1.5 mm2 s-1 were found to be optimal, while surface tension did not affect deposition. A calibration curve for salbutamol sulphate was prepared, which demonstrated drug deposition onto an acetate film varied linearly with concentration (r2 = 0.9992). The printer was then used to deposit salbutamol sulphate onto an oral film made of potato starch. It was found that when doses were deposited in a single pass under the print head, then the measured dose was in good agreement with the theoretical dose. With multiple passes the measured dose was always significantly less than the theoretical dose. It is proposed that the losses arise from erosion of the printed layer by shearing forces during paper handling. The losses were predictable, and the variance in dose deposited was always less than the BP limits for tablet and oral syrup salbutamol sulphate preparations. TIJ printing offers a rapid method for extemporaneous preparation of personalized-dose medicines.

From big smartphone data to worldwide research: The Mobile Data Challenge <=SEP=> This paper presents an overview of the Mobile Data Challenge (MDC), a large-scale research initiative aimed at generating innovations around smartphone-based research, as well as community-based evaluation of mobile data analysis methodologies. First, we review the Lausanne Data Collection Campaign (LDCC) – an initiative to collect unique, longitudinal smartphone data set for the MDC. Then, we introduce the Open and Dedicated Tracks of the MDC; describe the specific data sets used in each of them; discuss the key design and implementation aspects introduced in order to generate privacypreserving and scientifically relevant mobile data resources for wider use by the research community; and summarize the main research trends found among the 100+ challenge submissions. We finalize by discussing the main lessons learned from the participation of several hundred researchers worldwide in the MDC Tracks.

ESUR prostate MR guidelines 2012 <=SEP=> The aim was to develop clinical guidelines for multi-parametric MRI of the prostate by a group of prostate MRI experts from the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR), based on literature evidence and consensus expert opinion. True evidence-based guidelines could not be formulated, but a compromise, reflected by “minimal” and “optimal” requirements has been made. The scope of these ESUR guidelines is to promulgate high quality MRI in acquisition and evaluation with the correct indications for prostate cancer across the whole of Europe and eventually outside Europe. The guidelines for the optimal technique and three protocols for “detection”, “staging” and “node and bone” are presented. The use of endorectal coil vs. pelvic phased array coil and 1.5 vs. 3 T is discussed. Clinical indications and a PI-RADS classification for structured reporting are presented. Key Points • This report provides guidelines for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in prostate cancer. • Clinical indications, and minimal and optimal imaging acquisition protocols are provided. • A structured reporting system (PI-RADS) is described.

An overview of pricing models for revenue management <=SEP=> This publication contains reprint articles for which IEEE does not hold copyright. Full text is not available on IEEE Xplore for these articles.

Recommendation Systems in Software Engineering <=SEP=> Software engineering is a knowledge-intensive activity that presents many information navigation challenges. Information spaces in software engineering include the source code and change history of the software, discussion lists and forums, issue databases, component technologies and their learning resources, and the development environment. The technical nature, size, and dynamicity of these information spaces motivate the development of a special class of applications to support developers: recommendation systems in software engineering (RSSEs), which are software applications that provide information items estimated to be valuable for a software engineering task in a given context. In this introduction, we review the characteristics of information spaces in software engineering, describe the unique aspects of RSSEs, present an overview of the issues and considerations involved in creating, evaluating, and using RSSEs, and present a general outlook on the current state of research and development in the field of recommendation systems for highly technical domains.

Relationship Between Visual-Motor Integration , Eye-Hand Coordination , and Quality of Handwriting <=SEP=> If the influence of visual-motor integration (copying forms) on the quality of handwriting has been widely investigated, the influence of eye-hand coordination (tracing item) has been less well analyzed. The Concise Assessment Scale for Children’s Handwriting (BHK), the Developmental Test of Visual Perception (DTVP-2), and the section “Manual Dexterity” of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC) were administered to a group of second grade children (N = 75; 8.1-year-olds). The association of visual-motor integration and eye-hand coordination are predictive of the quality of handwriting (p < . 001). These two skills should be taken into consideration when children are referred to occupational therapy for difficulties in handwriting.

The research and implementation of metadata cache backup technology based on CEPH file system <=SEP=> Based on research and analysis of the Ceph file system, the log cache backup scheme is proposed. The log cache backup scheme reduces metadata access delays by caching logs and reducing the time of storing logs to server clusters. In order to prevent the loss of cached data in metadata servers, a cached data backup scheme is proposed. Compared to the metadata management subsystem of the Ceph, the log cache backup scheme can effectively improve the access performance of metadata. Finally, based on open source codes of the Ceph file system, the log cache backup scheme is implemented. Compared to the performance of the Ceph metadata management subsystem, experiment results show that performance improvements of the log cache backup scheme are up to 11.5%.

A meta-analysis of the technology acceptance model: Investigating subjective norm and moderation effects <=SEP=> We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of previous research on the technology acceptance model (TAM) in an attempt to make well-grounded statements on the role of subjective norm. Furthermore, we compared TAM results by taking into account moderating effects of one individual-related factor (type of respondents), one technology-related factor (type of technology), and one contingent factor (culture). Results indicated a significant influence of subjective norm on perceived usefulness and behavioral intention to use. Moderating effects were found for all three factors. The findings yielded managerial implications for both intracompany and market-based settings. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Triangular Tile Pasting P Systems for Pattern Generation <=SEP=> -In the area of membrane computing, a new computability model, called P system, which is a highly distributed, parallel theoretical computing model, was introduced by G.H. Păun [1], inspired from the cell structure and its function. There are several application areas of these P systems. Among these one area deals with the problem of picture generation. Ceterachi et al. [2] began a study on linking the two areas of membrane computing and picture grammars, which were not very much linked before, by relating P system and array-rewriting grammars generating picture languages and proposing array rewriting P systems. Iso-Triangular picture languages were introduced in [3], which can also generate rectangular and hexagonal picture languages. Tile pasting P system model for pattern generation was introduced in [4]. In this paper we propose a theoretical model of a P system using triangular tiles called Triangular tile pasting P system, for generating two dimensional patterns that are generated by gluing triangular tiles and study some of its properties. Keywords--Triangular Tiles, Array Grammars, Pasting System, Tile Pasting P Systems