The electronic structures, the equilibrium geometries and finite temperature
properties of Na
(n=39-55)
Shahab Zorriasatein1,2, Mal-Soon Lee1, and D. G. Kanhere1
Department of Physics, and Center for Modeling and Simulation,
University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune–411 007, India
Department of Physics, Islamic Azad University, Tehran south branch, Tehran, Iran
Density-functional theory has been applied to investigate systematics of sodium clusters Nan in the
size range of n= 39-55. A clear evolutionary trend in the growth of their ground-state geometries
emerges. The clusters at the beginning of the series (n=39-43) are symmetric and have partial
icosahedral (two-shell) structure. The growth then goes through a series of disordered clusters
(n=44-52) where the icosahedral core is lost. However, for n ≥53 a three shell icosahedral structure
emerges. This change in the nature of the geometry is abrupt. In addition, density-functional
molecular dynamics has been used to calculate the specific heat curves for the representative sizes
n= 43, 45, 48 and 52. These results along with already available thermodynamic calculations for n=
40, 50, and 55 enable us to carry out a detailed comparison of the heat capacity curves with their
respective geometries for the entire series. Our results clearly bring out strong correlation between
the evolution of the geometries and the nature of the shape of the heat capacities. The results also
firmly establish the size-sensitive nature of the heat capacities in sodium clusters.
PACS numbers: 31.15.Ew, 31.15.Qg, 36.40.Ei, 36.40.Qv
I. INTRODUCTION
Physics and chemistry of clusters are very active ar-
eas of research especially because of the emergence of
nano science and nano technology.1 Although major ef-
forts have been spent into ground-state investigations,
finite temperature properties are turning out to be very
interesting. Such investigations are challenging, both ex-
perimentally as well as theoretically. One of the first de-
tailed measurements providing much impetus for theoret-
ical work was on free sodium clusters by Haberland and
co-workers.2 These measurements reported the melting
temperatures (Tm) of sodium clusters in the size range
between 55 and 350 and remained unexplained for almost
about a decade.
The main puzzle was related to the irregular behav-
ior of the melting temperature and the absence of any
correlation between the peaks and the magic numbers ei-
ther geometric or electronic. A good deal of simulation
works has been carried out to explain the sodium data,
most of the early work being with classical inter atomic
potentials.3,4 It turned out that none of these could ob-
tain qualitative and quantitative agreement with the ex-
perimental data. Thus, it needed an ab initio density-
functional method to achieve this. Indeed, much insight
and excellent quantitative agreement has been obtained
by density-functional molecular dynamics (DFMD) sim-
ulations.5,6,7,8,9,10
Recently a very different aspect of finite temperature
behavior has been brought out by the experimental and
later by theoretical work on gallium clusters.11,12 The
experimental reports of Breaux and co-workers11 showed
that in the size range of N=30 to 55, free clusters of gal-
lium melt much above their bulk melting temperature.
Interestingly, their experiment also showed that the na-
ture of heat capacity is size sensitive. In fact, addition of
even one atom changes the shape of the heat capacity dra-
matically, e.g for Ga30 and Ga31. A similar experimental
observation has been reported for aluminum clusters in
the size range n=49-62.13 Such a size sensitive behavior
has also been observed in DFMD simulation of Au19 and
Au20.
14 A detailed analysis of the ground-state geome-
tries of these clusters brought out the role of order and
disorder in their geometries on the shape of the melting
curve. A disordered system is shown to display a con-
tinuous melting transition leading to a very broad heat
capacity curve. However, the effect is subtle and descrip-
tion of order and disorder needs careful qualifications.
In spite of substantial experimental works on sodium
clusters over a period of 10 years and or so, there is no
firm and systematic evidence of size sensitivity. This is
mainly due to the fact that the reported experimental
data2 is for the size range of n=55-350 at discrete sizes.
It is necessary to investigate the effect of addition of few
atoms in a continuous manner in appropriate size range.
However, it is not clear whether larger clusters having
sizes of n >100 will also show this effect.
An extensive ab initio study on the structural proper-
ties of small Na clusters up to N=20 has been reported
by Röthlisberger and Andreoni.15 The study reveals that
pentagonal motifs dominate the structures above N=7.
As expected most of the atoms in these clusters lie on
the surface and a discernible core develops after about
N=15-16. The shapes after this sizes show signature of
icosahedral structures.
The finite temperature behavior of sodium clusters in
the size range of n=8 to 55 has been reported.7 The
study reveals that it is not easy to discern any melt-
ing peaks below n=25. However, the simulation data
available at rather coarse sizes above n=40 already shows
size-sensitive feature. In addition to this feature, our re-
cent investigation8 on Na57 and Na58 does bring out the
http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.1550v1
role of geometry and electronic structure on the melt-
ing. Nevertheless, in order to draw definitive conclusions
it is necessary to investigate the effect of addition of a
few atoms in a continuous manner in appropriate size
range. Therefore, we have chosen the size range of n=39-
55 and have carried out detailed density-functional inves-
tigations. The purpose of the present work is two fold.
First, to obtain reliable equilibrium geometries for all the
clusters in the size range of n=39-55 and to discern evo-
lutionary trends. We note that Na40 has a symmetric
partially icosahedron core and Na55 is a complete icosa-
hedron. Thus it is of considerable interest to examine
the growth pattern from n=39 to n=55. The second
purpose is to seek correlation between the nature of the
ground-state and the evolutionary trends observed in the
nature of their specific heats. Towards this end we have
carried out extensive finite temperature simulations on
representative clusters of size n= 43, 45, 48, and 52.
Together with the already published results, this gives
us access to specific heats for Na40, Na43, Na45, Na48,
Na50, Na52 and Na55, a reasonable representation across
the series under investigation. Finally, we note that all
the DFMD simulations reported so far have yielded ex-
cellent agreement with the experimental data6,8,9 These
reports demonstrate the reliability of density-functional
molecular dynamics in describing the finite temperature
properties.
The plan of the paper is as follows. In the next sec-
tion (Sec. II) we note the computational details. Sec. III
presents equilibrium geometries and their shape system-
atic. Sec. IV presents the finite temperatures behavior of
Na43, Na45, Na48, Na52 and finally we discuss the corre-
lation between the ground states and nature of the spe-
cific heats for all the available thermodynamics data. We
conclude our discussion in Sec. V.
II. COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS
We have carried out Born-Oppenheimer molecular dy-
namics (BOMD) simulations16 using Vanderbilt’s ultra-
soft pseudopotentials17 within the local-density approxi-
mation (LDA), as implemented in the VASP package.18
We have optimized about 300 geometries for each of
the sodium clusters in the size range between n=39 and
n=55. The initial configuration for the optimization of
each cluster were obtained by carrying out a constant
temperature dynamics simulation of 60 ps each at vari-
ous temperatures between 300 to 400 K. For many of the
geometries we have also employed basin hopping19 and
genetic20,21 algorithms using Gupta potential4 for gen-
erating initial guesses. Then we optimized these struc-
tures by using the ab initio density-functional method.22
For computing the heat capacities, the iso-kinetic BOMD
calculations were carried out at 14 different temperatures
for each cluster of Na43, Na45, Na48, Na52 in the range
between 100 K and 460 K, each with the time dura-
tion of 180 ps or more. Thus, it results in the total
simulation time of 2.5 ns per system. In order to get
converged heat capacity curve especially in the region
of co-existence, more temperatures were required with
longer simulation times. We have discarded at least first
30 ps for each temperature for thermalization. To ana-
lyze the thermodynamic properties, we first calculate the
ionic specific heat by using the Multiple Histogram (MH)
technique.23,24 We extract the classical ionic density of
states (Ω(E)) of the system, or equivalently the classi-
cal ionic entropy, S(E) = kB lnΩ(E), following the MH
technique. With S(E) in hand, one can evaluate ther-
modynamic averages in a variety of ensembles. We focus
in this work on the ionic specific heat. In the canon-
ical ensemble, the specific heat is defined as usual by
C(T ) = ∂U(T )/∂T , where U(T ) =
E p(E, T ) dE is
the average total energy. The probability of observing
an energy E at a temperature T is given by the Gibbs
distribution p(E, T ) = Ω(E) exp(−E/kBT )/Z(T ), with
Z(T ) the normalizing canonical partition function. We
normalize the calculated canonical specific heat by the
zero-temperature classical limit of the rotational plus vi-
brational specific heat, i.e., C0 = (3N − 9/2)kB.
We have calculated a number of thermodynamic indi-
cators such as root-mean-square bond length fluctuations
(δrms), mean square displacements (MSD) and radial dis-
tribution function (g(r)). The δrms is defined as
δrms =
N(N − 1)
(〈r2ij〉t − 〈rij〉
〈rij〉t
, (1)
where N is the number of atoms in the system, rij is
the distance between atoms i and j, and 〈. . .〉t denotes
a time average over the entire trajectory. MSDs for in-
dividual atoms is another traditional parameter used for
determining phase transition and is defined as,
〈r2I(t)〉 =
[RI(t0m + t)−RI(t0m)]
where RI is the position of the I
th atom and we aver-
age over M different time origins t0m spanning over the
entire trajectory. The interval between the consecutive
t0m for the average was taken to be about 1.5 ps. The
MSDs of a cluster indicate the displacement of atoms in
the cluster as a function of time. The g(r) is defined
as the average number of atoms within the region r and
r + dr.
We have also calculated the shape deformation param-
eter (εdef ), to analyze the shape of the ground state for
all the clusters. The εdef is defined as,
εdef =
Qy +Qz
, (3)
where Qx ≥ Qy ≥ Qz are the eigenvalues, in descend-
ing order, of the quadrupole tensor
39 40 41
42 43
FIG. 1: The ground-state geometries of Nan (n=39-43).
44 45 46
47 48 49
50 51 52
FIG. 2: The ground-state geometries of Nan (n=44-52).
Qij =
RIiRIj . (4)
Here i and j run from 1 to 3, I runs over the number
of ions, and RIi is the i
th coordinate of ion I relative
to the center of mass (COM) of the cluster. A spherical
system (Qx = Qy = Qz) has εdef=1 and larger values of
εdef indicates deviation of the shape of the cluster from
sphericity.
53 54 55
FIG. 3: The ground-state geometries of Nan (n=53-55).
5551474339
Size (No. of Atoms)
FIG. 4: The shape deformation parameter for Nan (n=39-55)
as a function of cluster size.
III. GEOMETRIES
The lowest energy geometries of sodium clusters (Nan
n=39-55) are shown in Fig. 1 (n=39-43), Fig. 2 (n=44-
52), and Fig. 3 (n=53-55). We have also plotted the
shape deformation parameter εdef and the eigenvalues
of quadrupole tensor for the ground state geometries of
these clusters in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, respectively.
It is convenient to divide these clusters into three
groups. The clusters in the first group, shown in Fig. 1
are nearly spherical. The ground-state geometry for Na39
555351494745434139
Cluster Size
FIG. 5: The eigenvalues of the quadrupole tensor for Nan
(n=39-55) as a function of cluster size.
     
     
     
     
     
40200
     
     
     
     
     
     
40200
     
     
     
     
     
6040200
     
  ° A
Atom number
FIG. 6: The distance from the center of mass for each of the atoms ordered in the increasing fashion for Nan (n=39-55). The
formation of the shells is evident from the sharp steps.
is highly symmetric. This structure has three identical
units, each based on the icosahedral motive and these
three units are arranged as shown in the Fig. 1. It is
interesting to note that an addition of an extra atom
changes the structure dramatically. It can be seen that
the geometry of Na40 is based on icosahedral structure
with missing 12 corner atoms and (111) facet as reported
by Rytkönen et al .5 An extra atom added to this struc-
ture is accommodated near the surface and deforms the
structure slightly. In addition to the deformation the dis-
tance between the two shells is reduced by 0.3 Å as com-
pared to that in Na40. A single atom added to Na41 is not
accommodated in the structure, instead it caps the sur-
face. However, the low-lying geometries for Na42 have a
spherical shape without any cap (figure not shown). The
lowest-energy structure of Na43 shows two caps symmet-
rically placed on the opposite side of Na41, accompanied
by distortion of the icosahedral core. The second group in
Fig. 2 consisting of the clusters with n=44-52 shows sub-
stantial distortion of the icosahedral core and even loss
of this core structure. These clusters essentially repre-
sent the transition region from the two shell icosahedron,
Na40 to three shell complete icosahedron, Na55. It can
be seen that by adding one atom to Na43 the two shell
core is destroyed. The growth from n=44 to n=52 shows
successive stages of capping followed by rearrangement in
the inner core. There is a dramatic change in the struc-
ture as soon as we add one more atom to Na52. All the
atoms rearrange to form an icosahedral structure as seen
in Na53. Thus, the clusters in the last group namely,
Na53 and Na54 differ from a perfect icosahedron of Na55
by an absence of two and one atom(s), respectively (Fig.
The nature of the changes in the shape of the clus-
ters during the growth can be seen in Fig. 4 and Fig.
5. The shape deformation parameter (εdef ) increases to
a value about 2 up to Na52 with slightly higher values
for Na45 and Na49 (Fig. 4). However, this value drops
suddenly for Na53. It is interesting to examine the three
eigenvalues of quadrupole tensor (Qx, Qy, Qz) shown in
Fig. 5. It can be seen that two of the eigenvalues are
nearly same up to Na52 while the third one continuously
grows and indicates that the growth dominantly takes
place along one of the directions. A prolate configura-
tion has Qz ≫ Qx ≈ Qy. Thus, the majority of the
clusters in the second group are prolate. The formation,
the destruction and reformation of the shell structure is
clearly seen in Fig. 6. In this figure we have plotted the
420340260180100
Temperature (K)
420340260180100
Temperature (K)
FIG. 7: (a) The normalized heat capacity and (b) the δrms
for Na43. The peak in heat capacity curve is at 270 K.
∆E=0.033 eV ∆E=0.067 eV
(a) (b)
FIG. 8: Two low lying isomers of Na43. ∆E represents the
energy difference with respect to the ground-state.
distance of each atom from the center of mass arranged
in the increasing fashion. Clearly small rearrangement of
atoms yields a change in the structure from Na39 to Na40.
The two shell structures are observed till Na43. The for-
mation of the shell structure is reflected in the formation
of the sharp steps in the graph. As the size increases
from Na43 to Na44 the shell structure is destroyed and
seen again at Na53. Thus, three shells begin to emerge
at Na53.
IV. THERMODYNAMICS
We have calculated the ionic heat capacity and indi-
cators like mean square displacements (MSD) and root-
mean-square bond length fluctuations (δrms) for four
of the representative clusters in the investigated series
which are Na43, Na45, Na48, and Na52.
FIG. 9: The radial distribution function calculated for Na43
at five different temperatures.
We note that the thermodynamics of Na40
5,7, Na50
and Na55
6,9 has already been reported. Thus it is pos-
sible to examine and analyze the systematic variations
in the melting characteristic and correlate them with the
equilibrium geometries across the entire range of sizes
from 40 to 55. The heat capacity and δrms for Na43 are
shown in Figs. 7(a) and 7(b), respectively. We also show
typical low energy geometries (isomers) for Na43 in Fig.
8. The first isomer shown in Fig. 8(a) has two atoms clos-
est to each other capping the surface and second isomer
shows a distorted shape and no caps. The heat capacity
shows a weak peak around 160 K while the main peak
occurs at 270 K. An examination of the motion of ionic
trajectory seen as a movie indicates that isomerization
(Fig. 8(a)) is responsible for the weak peak.
It is interesting to observe the changes of radial dis-
tribution function (RDF) as a function of temperature
which is shown in Fig. 9. At low temperatures the shell
structure is clearly evident. The pattern seen at 180 K
and 210 K are mainly due to the fluctuation of the cluster
between the ground-state and low-lying states. At 300 K
and above the RDF shows the typical melting behavior
of a cluster. The δrms in Fig. 7(b) shows the effect of iso-
merization around 160 K. It can be seen that the melting
420340260180100
Temperature (K)
420340260180100
Temperature (K)
FIG. 10: (a) The normalized heat capacity and (b) the δrms
for Na45. The heat capacity curve shows a two stages melting
process.
150120906030
Time (ps)
150120906030
Time (ps)
FIG. 11: The MSDs of individual atoms calculated for Na45
(a) at 210 K and (b) at 225 K over the last 150 ps.
region is of the order of 60 K.
Let us recall that Na45, Na48 and Na52 belong to the
second class of disordered clusters. Among these Na45
shows some signature of partial shells. The heat capacity
and δrms for Na45 are shown in Figs. 10(a) and 10(b),
respectively. The heat capacity of Na45 shows a first
420340260180100
Temperature (K)
420340260180100
Temperature (K)
420340260180100
Temperature (K)
420340260180100
Temperature (K)
FIG. 12: (a) The normalized heat capacity and (b) the δrms
for Na48, (c) The normalized heat capacity and (d) the δrms
for Na52.
peak around 230 K and a second peak around 300 K. We
also show the MSDs of individual atoms at 210 and 225 K
in Figs. 11(a) and 11(b), respectively. We have observed
the ionic trajectories as a movie in the temperature at
225 K. It turns out that about one third of atoms in the
cluster “melt” at this temperature. This is brought out
by the contrasting behavior of the MSDs as shown in
Figs. 11(a) and 11(b). Interestingly, all these 15 atoms
are on the surface, indicating that surface melting takes
place first. The peak around 225 K in the heat capacity
400200
Temperature (K)
FIG. 13: The normalized heat capacity as a function of tem-
perature for Nan, n=40, 43, 45, 48, 50, 52, and 55.
is due to partial melting of these surface atoms. We show
the δrms as a function of the temperature in Fig. 10(b).
There is a sharp increases in δrms around 210 K and a
slow rise after 240 K consistent with the behavior of the
heat capacity. Thus in Na45 melting takes place in two
stages over the range of 120 K.
The heat capacity and δrms for Na48 and Na52 are
shown in Fig. 12. The heat capacity of Na48 (Fig. 12(a))
is very broad indicating almost continuous phase change
starting around 150 k. Thus it is difficult to identify a
definite melting temperature. A similar behavior is also
seen in that of Na52 except for the small peak seen 180 K
due to isomerization (Fig. 12(c)). It is interesting to note
that δrms for both clusters also show a gradual rise from
about 150 K to 350 K indicating a continuous melting
transition as shown in Figs. 12(b) and 12(d).
The systematic evolution of heat capacities can be bet-
ter appreciated by examination of all the available data
(calculated from density-functional simulation). In Fig.
13 we show the specific heats for all the available clusters
between Na40 and Na55. The most symmetric cluster
Na55 shows the sharpest peak in the heat capacity. The
heat capacity of Na40 and Na43 (partial icosahedral struc-
tures) have well recognizable peaks which are broader
than that of Na55. The disordered phase of the growth
is clearly reflected in the very broad heat capacities seen
around n=50.
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The ab initio density-functional method has been ap-
plied to investigate systematic evolutionary trends in the
ground state geometries of the sodium clusters in the size
range of n=39-55. The DFMD finite temperature simula-
tions have been carried out for representative clusters. A
detailed comparison between the heat capacities and the
geometries firmly establishes a direct influence of the ge-
ometries on the shapes of the heat capacity curves. The
heat capacities show size sensitivity. The growth pattern
shows a transition from ordered −→ disordered −→ or-
dered sequence. The corresponding heat capacities show
a transition from peaked to a very broad to peaked se-
quence. It is seen that addition of a few atoms changes
the shape of heat capacity very significantly. We believe
that the size sensitive feature seen our simulation is uni-
versal. It may be noted that such a feature has been
observed experimentally in the case of gallium and alu-
minum and in the case of DFMD simulations for gold.
We await the experimental measurements of the heat ca-
pacities on the sodium clusters in these range showing
the size sensitivity.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We acknowledge partial assistance from the Indo-
French center for Promotion of Advance Research (In-
dia)/ Center Franco-Indian pour la promotion de la
Recherche Avancée (France) (IFC-PAR, project No;
3104-2). We would like to thank Kavita Joshi and Sailaja
Krishnamurty for a number of useful discussions.
1 P. G. Reinhard, E. Suraud, Introduction to Cluster Dy-
namics (Wiley-VCH, Berlin, 2003)
2 M. Schmidt, R. Kusche, B. von. Issendorff, and H. Haber-
land, Nature (London) 393, 238 (1998); M. Schmidt and
H. Haberland, C. R. Phys. 3, 327 (2002); H. Haberland,
T. Hippler, J. Donges, O. Kostko, M. Schmidt and B. von
Issendroff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 035701 (2005)
3 F. Calvo and F. Spiegelmann, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 2888
(2000)
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los, Phys. Rev. B 57, 15519 (1998).
5 A. Rytkönen, H. Häkkinen, and M. Manninen, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 80, 3940 (1998).
6 S. Chacko, D. G. Kanhere, and S. A. Blundell, Phys. Rev.
B 71, 155407 (2005).
7 M.-S. Lee, S. Chacko, and D. G. Kanhere, J. Chem. Phys.
123, 164310 (2005).
8 M.-S. Lee and D. G. Kanhere, Phys. Rev. B 75, 125427
(2007).
9 A. Aguado and J. M. López, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 233401
(2005).
10 A. Aguado and J. M. López, Phys. Rev. B 74, 115403
(2006).
11 G. A. Breaux, D. A. Hillman, C. M. Neal, R. C. Benirschke,
and M. F. Jarrold, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 8628 (2004).
12 K. Joshi, S. Krishnamurty, and D. G. Kanhere, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 96, 135703 (2006).
13 G. A. Breaux, C. M. Neal, B. Cao, and M. F. Jarrold,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 173401 (2005).
14 S. Krishnamurty, G. Shafai, D. G. Kanhere, and M. J.
Ford, cond-mat/0612287 (to be published).
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http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0612287

  Density-functional theory has been applied to investigate systematics of
sodium clusters Na_n in the size range of n= 39-55. A clear evolutionary trend
in the growth of their ground-state geometries emerges. The clusters at the
beginning of the series (n=39-43) are symmetric and have partial icosahedral
(two-shell) structure. The growth then goes through a series of disordered
clusters (n=44-52) where the icosahedral core is lost. However, for n>52 a
three shell icosahedral structure emerges. This change in the nature of the
geometry is abrupt. In addition, density-functional molecular dynamics has been
used to calculate the specific heat curves for the representative sizes n= 43,
45, 48 and 52. These results along with already available thermodynamic
calculations for n= 40, 50, and 55 enable us to carry out a detailed comparison
of the heat capacity curves with their respective geometries for the entire
series. Our results clearly bring out strong correlation between the evolution
of the geometries and the nature of the shape of the heat capacities. The
results also firmly establish the size-sensitive nature of the heat capacities
in sodium clusters.

Introduction to Cluster Dy-
namics (Wiley-VCH, Berlin, 2003)
2 M. Schmidt, R. Kusche, B. von. Issendorff, and H. Haber-
land, Nature (London) 393, 238 (1998); M. Schmidt and
H. Haberland, C. R. Phys. 3, 327 (2002); H. Haberland,
T. Hippler, J. Donges, O. Kostko, M. Schmidt and B. von
Issendroff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 035701 (2005)
3 F. Calvo and F. Spiegelmann, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 2888
(2000)
4 Y. Li, E. Blaisten-Barojas, and D. A. Papaconstantopou-
los, Phys. Rev. B 57, 15519 (1998).
5 A. Rytkönen, H. Häkkinen, and M. Manninen, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 80, 3940 (1998).
6 S. Chacko, D. G. Kanhere, and S. A. Blundell, Phys. Rev.
B 71, 155407 (2005).
7 M.-S. Lee, S. Chacko, and D. G. Kanhere, J. Chem. Phys.
123, 164310 (2005).
8 M.-S. Lee and D. G. Kanhere, Phys. Rev. B 75, 125427
(2007).
9 A. Aguado and J. M. López, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 233401
(2005).
10 A. Aguado and J. M. López, Phys. Rev. B 74, 115403
(2006).
11 G. A. Breaux, D. A. Hillman, C. M. Neal, R. C. Benirschke,
and M. F. Jarrold, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 8628 (2004).
12 K. Joshi, S. Krishnamurty, and D. G. Kanhere, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 96, 135703 (2006).
13 G. A. Breaux, C. M. Neal, B. Cao, and M. F. Jarrold,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 173401 (2005).
14 S. Krishnamurty, G. Shafai, D. G. Kanhere, and M. J.
Ford, cond-mat/0612287 (to be published).
15 U. Röthlisberger and W. Andreoni, J. Chem. Phys. 94,
8129 (1991)
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http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0612287
