Towards self-consistent definition of instanton liquid
parameters
S.V. Molodtsov1,2, G.M. Zinovjev3
1Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
2Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, RU-117259, Moscow, Russia
3Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, UA-03680,
Kiev-143, Ukraine
The possibility of self-consistent determination of instanton liquid parameters is discussed to-
gether with the definition of optimal pseudo-particle configurations and comparing the various
pseudo-particle ensembles. The weakening of repulsive interactions between pseudo-particles is
argued and estimated.
The problem of finding the most effective pseudo-particle profile for instanton liquid (IL) model
of the QCD vacuum [1] has already been formulated in the first papers treating the pseudo-particle
superposition as the quasi-classical configuration saturating the generating functional [2] of the fol-
lowing form
D[A] e−S(A) , (1)
where S(A) is the Yang-Mills action. Although the solution proposed in Ref. [2] was quite acceptable
phenomenologically the consequent more accurate analysis discovered several imperfect conclusions
putting into doubt the assertion about the instanton ensemble getting stabilization and some addi-
tional mechanism should be introduced to fix such an ensemble [3]. In this note we revisit the task
formulated in Ref. [2] within the self-consistent approach proposed in our previous paper [4]. We are
not speculating on the detailed mechanism of stabilizing and are based on one crucial assumption
which is the existence of non-zero gluon condensate in the QCD vacuum. This idea is not very orig-
inal but turns out far reaching in the context of our approach. The particular form and properties
of this condensate will be discussed in the following paper.
Thus, as the configuration saturating the generating functional (1) we take the following super-
position
Aaµ(x) = Baµ(x) +
Aaµ(x; γi) , (2)
here Aaµ stands for the (anti-)instanton field in the singular gauge
Aaµ(x; γ) =
ωabη̄bµν
f(y), y = x− z , (3)
γi = (ρi, zi, ωi) denotes all the parameters describing the i-th (anti-)instanton, in particular, its size
ρ, colour orientation ω, center position z and as usual g is the coupling constant of gauge field.
The function f(y) introduces the pseudo-particle profile and will be fixed by resolving the suitable
variational problem. For example, for the conventional singular instanton it looks like
f(y) =
. (4)
http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0141v1
In analogy with this form we consider the function f depending on y2 or, more precisely, on the
variable x =
at some characteristic mean pseudo-particle size ρ̄. Dealing with the anti-instanton
one should make the substitution of the ’t Hooft symbol η̄ → η. It is seen from (2) we ’singled out’
one pseudo-particle of ensemble and introduced the special symbol B for its field which actually has
the same form as Eq. (3).
The strength tensor of this ’external’ field and the field of every separate pseudo-particle A can
be written as
Gaµν = G
µν(B) +G
µν(A) +G
µν(A,B) , (5)
where two first terms are given by the standard definition of field strength
Gaµν(A) = ∂µA
ν − ∂νAaµ + g fabcAbµAcν , (6)
with the entirely antisymmetric tensor fabc. In particular, for the singular instanton of Eq. (3) it
takes the form
Gaµν = −
η̄kαβ
f(1− f)
+ (η̄kµβ yν − η̄kνα yµ)
f ′ − f(1− f)
, (7)
where f ′ means the derivative over y2. The third term of Eq. (5) presents the ’mixed’ component of
field strength and is
Gaµν(A,B) = g f
abc(BbµA
ν − BbνAcµ) = g fabcωcd
(Bbµ η̄dνα −Bbν η̄dµα)
f. (8)
It was shown in Ref. [4] that in quasi-classical regime which is of particular interest for appli-
cations, the generating functional (1) could be essentially simplified if reformulated in terms of the
field BA averaged over ensemble A. Performing the cluster decomposition [5] of stochastic exponent
in Eq. (1)
〈exp(−S)〉ωz = exp
(−1)k
〈〈Sk〉〉ωz
, (9)
where 〈S1〉 = 〈〈S1〉〉, 〈S1S2〉 = 〈S1〉〈S2〉 + 〈〈S1S2〉〉, . . . (the first cumulant is simply defined by
averaging the action) the higher terms of effective action for the ’external’ field in IL could be
presented as
〈〈S[BA]〉〉A =
G(BA) G(BA)
, (10)
and the mass m is defined by the IL parameters developing for the standard singular pseudo-particles
(4) the following form (see, also below)
m2 = 9π2 n ρ̄2
N2c − 1
, (11)
with n = N/V where N is the total number of pseudoparticles in the volume V and Nc is the number
of colours. The small magnitude of characteristic IL parameter (packing fraction) nρ̄4 allows us at
decomposing to keep the contributions of one pseudo-particle term (∼ n) only.
The effective action in Eq. (10) implies a functional integration in which the vacuum stochastic
fields are not destroyed by the external field. Then there is no reason to develop the detailed
description of the field B driven by the symmetries of initial gauge invariant Lagrangian for the
Yang-Mills fields. In practice it could be understood as an argument to do use the averaged action
dealing with the field B. It means the colourless binary (and similar even) configurations only of
field B survive in the effective action. In other words the decomposition B ≃ BA + · · · is used
(in what follows we are not maintaining the index for the field B). Obviously, if there is any need
of more detailed description including, for example, information on the fluctuations of field B one
should operate with the correlation functions of higher order and the corresponding chain of the
Bogolyubov equations.
The selfconsistent description of pseudo-particle ensemble may not be developed based on Eq.
(10) only because in such a form the pseudo-particles of zero size ρ = 0 are most advantageous.
In Ref. [4] the version of variational principle was proposed which makes it possible to determine
the selfconsistent solution in long wave-length approximation for the pseudo-particle ensemble (anti-
instantons in the singular gauge with standard profile (4)) and external field. Here it adapts to the
saturating configuration (2) also and its more optimal (than standard) profile is defined, as suggested
in Ref. [2], taking into account the IL parameter change while the pseudo-particle field is present.
The contribution of saturating configuration into the generating functional is evaluated as (see
[2] for the denotions)
Z ≃ Y =
dγi e
−S(B,γ) . (12)
The following terms should be taken into consideration
S(B, γ) = −
ln d(ρi) + β Uint +
U iext(B) + S(B) , (13)
(the details of deducing this expression can be found in [4]). Here we remind only that to obtain it
one should average over the pseudo-particle parameters and to hold the highest contributions only
at summing up the pseudo-particles. If the saturating configurations are the instantons in singular
gauge with the standard profile (4) the first term describing the one instanton contributions takes
the form of distribution function over (anti-)instanton sizes
d(ρ) = CNcΛ
b ρb−5β̃2Nc , (14)
where
Nf , (15)
β̃ = −b ln(Λρ̄),
CNc ≈
4.66 exp(−1.68Nc)
π2(Nc − 1)!(Nc − 2)!
If one considers the profile of Eq. (3) the change of one pseudo-particle action which has the form
Si = 3
(y2f ′)2 + f 2(1− f)2
, (16)
should be absorbed while calculating. Here β = 8π2/g2 is the characteristic action of single pseudo-
particle (4) which is defined at the scale of average pseudo-particle size β = β(ρ̄) where β(ρ) =
− lnCNc−b ln(Λρ). The coefficient b enters the corresponding equations (in particular the distribution
function (14)) always with the additional factor s =
. It means that in all the formula containing
the one instanton contribution the following substitution
b → b s . (17)
should be done. The penultimate term of Eq. (13) accumulates the partial pseudo-particle contribu-
tions coming from the ’mixed’ component of the strength tensor (8) and describing the interaction
of pseudo-particle ensemble with the detached one, i.e.
U iext(B) =
Gaµν(Ai, B) G
µν(Ai, B)
The other terms at the characteristic IL parameters are small as it was shown in Ref. [4]. The
average value of ’mixed’ component is given by the following formula
〈Gaµν(A,B) Gaµν(A,B)〉ωz =
N2c − 1
I Bbµ B
µ , B
, (18)
here I is defined by the integrated profile function of pseudo-particle
Iα,β = δα,β I =
f 2 , I =
dx f 2 , x =
In particular, for the standard form of pseudo-particle we have
dx f 2 = 1 .
The corresponding constant (see [4]) ζ0 =
N2c−1
should be changed for the modified one
ζ = λζ0 , λ =
dx f 2 ,
in all terms describing the interaction of IL with detached pseudo-particle if the profile function
f is arbitrary. Eq. (18) demonstrates that we are formally dealing with non-zero value of gluon
condensate which is given by the correlation function
〈Aaµ(x; γ)Aaµ(y; γ)〉ωz =
N2c − 1
|x− y|
. (19)
For the pseudo-particle of standard form the function F (∆) equals to
F (∆) =
∆2 + 2
∆2 + 4 ln
∣∣∣∣∣
∆2 + 4(∆2 + 1) + ∆3 + 3∆√
∆2 + 4−∆
∣∣∣∣∣−
− π2 (∆
2 + 1)2
ln(1 + ∆2) + π2 ∆2 ln |∆| ,
with the asymptotic behaviours
F (∆) → π2 − π
∆2 + π2 ∆2 ln |∆| , lim
F (∆) → π
The presence of this condensate (19) which leads, in particular, to the mass definition as in (11) just
signifies the assumption mentioned at the beginning this note.
The second term of (13) describes the repulsive interaction between the pseudo-particles of en-
semble
β Uint =
Gaµν(Ai, Aj) G
µν(Ai, Aj)
γi,γj
and actually presents the same contribution as Uext but being integrated with the field B of every
individual pseudo-particle as β Uint =
d4x m
2. It results in the change of coupling constant
ξ20 =
27 π2
N2c−1
describing the pseudo-particle interaction (see [2]) for new form
ξ2 = λ2 ξ20 ,
(similar to the change of constant ζ). And eventually the last term of Eq. (13) presents simply the
Yang-Mills action of the B field
S(B) =
Gaµν(B) G
µν(B)
It is worthwhile to notice that the topological charge of the configuration (4) is retained to be equal
GaµνG̃
dx f ′f(1− f) = 1 , G̃aµν =
εµναβ G
here εµναβ is an entirely antisymmetric tensor, ε1234 = 1.
The generating functional (12) might be estimated with the approximating functional (see [2]) as
Y ≥ Y1 exp(−〈S − S1〉) , (21)
where
dγi e
−S1(B,γ)−S(B) , S1(B, γ) = −
lnµ(ρi) ,
and µ(ρ) is an effective one particle distribution function defined by solving the variational problem.
In our particular situation the average value of difference of the actions is given as follows
〈S − S1〉 =
dγi [β Uint + Uext(γ, B)−
ln d(ρi) +
lnµ(ρi)] e
lnµ(ρi) =
dρ µ(ρ) ln
dγ1dγ2 Uint(γ1, γ2) µ(ρ1)µ(ρ2) +
ρ2ζ B2 =
d4x n
+ ζρ2 B2
, (22)
with µ0 =
dρ µ(ρ). In this note we estimate the functionals in the long wave length (adiabatic)
approximation, i.e. consider the IL elements to be equilibrated by the external fixed field B. After-
wards, with finding the optimal IL parameters out we receive the effective action for the external
field in the selfconsistent form. Eq. (22) is taken just in such a form in order to underline the inte-
gration is executed over the IL elements and the parameters describing their states are the functions
of external field (i.e. could finally be the functions of a coordinate x). The physical meaning of such
a functional is quite transparent and implies that each separate IL element develops its characteristic
screening of the attached field.
Now calculating the variation of action difference 〈S − S1〉 over µ(ρ) we obtain
µ(ρ) = C d(ρ) e−(nβξ
2ρ2+ζB2)ρ2 ,
where C is an arbitrary constant and its value is fixed by requiring the coincidence of the distribution
function when the external field is switched off (B = 0) with vacuum distribution function then
µ(ρ) = CNcβ̃
2NcΛbsρbs−5 e−(nβξ
2ρ2+ζB2)ρ2 . (23)
With defining the average size as
dρ ρ2 µ(ρ)
we come to the practical interrelation between the IL density and average size of pseudo-particles
(n β ξ2 ρ2 + ζ B2) ρ2 ≃ ν , (24)
where ν = bs− 42 . Apparently, the size distribution of pseudo-particles can be presented by the
well-known form as
µ(ρ) = CNcβ̃
2NcΛbsρbs−5 e
ρ2 . (25)
Figure 1: The energy E(α) when the profile function includes a screening effect (29) with the pa-
rameter λ (s = 1) only taken into consideration (lower curve) and with both parameters used (upper
curve) (see the text).
Eqs. (22) and (25) allow us to get the estimate of generating functional (21) in the following form
D[B] e−S(B) e−E , (26)
d4x n
− 1− ν
ζ ρ2 B2
CNc β̃
− ν ln ρ
Now taking into account Eq. (24) and fixing a field B, parameters s and λ the maximum of functional
(26) over the IL parameters can be calculated by solving the corresponding transcendental equation
= 0) numerically. Here it is a worthwhile place to notice the presence of new factor in the
denominator of
2 what is caused by the Gaussian form of the corresponding integral over ρ
squared and, hence, the integration element requires the introduction of 2ρ dρ. In Ref. [2] this factor
was missed. However, this fact has not generated a serious consequence because any application of
these results is actually related to the choice of suitable quantity of the parameter Λ entering the
observables (the pion decay constant, for example). It means we should make the proper choice of
basic scale. Besides, we should also keep in mind the approximate character of IL model. Further we
give the results for both versions to demonstrate the dependence of final results on the renormalized
constant CNc .
Searching the optimal configuration f we take the effective action in the form of nonlinear func-
tional as
Seff =
Gaµν(B) G
µν(B)
+ E[B]
, (27)
in which the IL state is described by solutions ρ̄[B, s, λ], n[B, s, λ]. In practice the following differ-
ential equation should be resolved
= − 1
f(1− f)(1− 2f)
, (28)
at fixed initial magnitude of f(x0) putting up the derivative in the initial point f
′(x0) in such a way to
have the solution going to zero when x is going to infinity. Parameter β0 is introduced to fix a priori
Figure 2: The IL density as the function of x = y2/ρ̄2. Three dashed curves correspond to the
different profile functions. The lowest dashed line corresponds to the standard form (4). The top
dashed line corresponds to the profile function with the screening factor (29) and one parameter λ
(s = 1) included and the middle line presents the same function but with two parameters included.
The solid line presents the selfconsistent solution of variational problem.
unknown value of coupling constant in the pseudo-particle definition (3). If the profile function has
been fixed the configuration should be found in the form in which the starting values of parameters
s, λ and β0 coincide (within the given precision) with the parameters obtained from the solution
f . Nowadays this approach looks the most optimal one among other existing possibilities not only
because of the computational arguments but in view of the poor current level of understanding the
interrelation between perturbative and non-perturbative contributions while calculating the effective
Lagrangian. In fact, it was mentioned in Ref. [2] that in more general (realistic) formulation of
this problem Eq. (28) should include the term responsible for the change of ’quantum’ constant
CNc with the function f changing. In principle, it could imply that the problem of pseudo-particle
ensemble stabilization is connected at the fundamental dynamics level with the anticipated smallness
of the
contribution and, apparently, should be addressed not so much to the description of
the interacting pseudo-particles and their interactions with the perturbative fields but rather to
investigation of the time hierarchy corresponding to the breakdown of quasi-stationary behaviour
of the vacuum fluctuations which will certainly lead to the changes of suitable effective Lagrangian
(10).
In order to receive the preliminary parameter estimates we consider the simplified model with
the profile function containing only one additional parameter for describing the screening effect as
regards
f(y) =
1 + x
, x =
. (29)
The energy E as the function of the screening parameter α is depicted in Fig. 1. The lowest dashed
curve shows the behaviour when the changes related to weakening of repulsive interaction are taken
into account by switching on the parameter λ only (at s = 1). The top dashed curve was obtained
with both parameters switched on. The optimal value of the screening parameter α is determined by
the minimum point of function E(α). Besides, this figure demonstrates the stability of variational
procedure of extracting the IL parameters. For the first calculation the values of characteristic
parameters for corresponding solution were taken as α = 0.06, λ = 0.775, s = 1.0067 with the
following set of the IL parameters ρ̄Λ = 0.3305, n/Λ4 = 0.919, β = 17.186. These values give for the
ratio of average pseudo-particle size and average distance between pseudo-particles the quite suitable
quantity ρ̄/R = 0.324. For another calculation we have treated the parameter set characterizing
the solution as α = 0.02, λ = 0.888, s = 1.0015 and for the IL parameters the following values
ρ̄Λ = 0.315, n/Λ4 = 0.829, β = 17.67, ρ̄/R = 0.3. In order to get more orientation we would like to
mention that for the ensemble of standard pseudo-particles (α = 0, λ = 1, s = 1) the corresponding
values are ρ̄Λ = 0.301, n/Λ4 = 0.769, β = 18.103, ρ̄/R = 0.282.
Figure 3: The average size of IL pseudo-particles as the function of x = y2/ρ̄2. Three dashed curves
correspond to different profile functions. The lowest curve corresponds to the standard form (4). The
top dashed curve corresponds to the profile function with the screening factor (29) which includes
one parameter λ (s = 1) and the middle line shows the same function with two parameters included.
The solid curve corresponds to the selfconsistent solution of the variational problem.
Now we examine the impact of correction introduced in Eq. (26) when we changed the term
which has been obtained in Ref. [2]. For the first calculation with the set of solution parameters as
α = 0.24, λ = 0.546, s = 1.029 we have for the IL parameters ρ̄Λ = 0.331, n/Λ4 = 1.844, β = 17.173
which lead to the ratio discussed equal to ρ̄/R = 0.386. For another calculation we have the following
results α = 0.05, λ = 0.799, s = 1.0053 and ρ̄Λ = 0.291, n/Λ4 = 1.356, β = 18.483, ρ̄/R = 0.314.
And for the ensemble of standard pseudo-particles (α = 0, λ = 1, s = 1) these parameters are
ρ̄Λ = 0.265, n/Λ4 = 1.186, β = 19.305, ρ̄/R = 0.277.
The Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the behaviours of IL density and average pseudo-particle size as the
functions of distance x. The dashed lines on both plots correspond to the similar ensembles. The
lowest curves demonstrate the behaviours for the ensembles of standard pseudo-particles (4). The
top curves present the ensemble of pseudo-particles with the profile function (29) at α = 0.06 and
s = 1. And the middle dashed lines correspond to the profile functions with α = 0.02 and s ∼ 1.03.
Obviously, it may be concluded that including even small change of the second parameter value
(s ∼ 1.03) leads to the noticeable change of ensemble characteristics (for example, the IL density)
because the highest contribution to the action when the coupling constant becomes the function of
ρ is essentially modified.
Let us make now several comments as to the ’complete’ formulation of the problem of analyzing the
equation (28). It was numerically resolved by the Runge-Kutta method. This approach combined
with numerical calculation of the derivative dE
at every point of consequent integration interval
allows us to avoid the problems which appear when searching the minimum of complicated functional
in multidimensional space.
The initial data were fixed at the point x0 =
= 0.1. Since the IL density value at the
coordinate origin is inessential the initial form of pseudo-particle profile function is taken without
any deformations as f(x0) =
1 + x0
. Then at fixed values of the parameters λ, s and β0 the coefficient
c is calculated. It allows to set the slope of trajectory f ′(x0) = −cf(1− f)/x0 at initial point in such
a form in order to have the solution going to zero at large distances. Afterwards we find out the
values of parameters λ and s requiring the input data to coincide with the output ones within the
fixed precision. The parameter values which obey the imposed constraints are the following (input
values) λ = 0.69099, s = 1.049, β0 = 16.26 at c = 1.361 and λ = 0.691, s = 1.049, β0 = 16.263
(at the output of variational procedure). The solid line in Fig. 4 shows the obtained profile f as
the function of x =
. The differences of profiles are smoothed over if they are presented as the
functions of y because the large magnitude of the screening coefficient, for example α = 0.06, is
compensated by enlargening the pseudo-particle size. The dashed lines on this plot show the profile
functions for the standard form (4) (top dashed line), with the screening factor (29) including one
parameter only α (s = 1) (lowest dashed curve) and two parameters included (middle dashed line).
Figure 4: The various profile functions. The top dashed curve corresponds to the standard form (4),
the lowest dashed curve shows the function with the screening factor (29) including one parameter
λ (s = 1) and the middle line presents the same function with two parameters included. The solid
line corresponds to the selconsistent solution of variational problem.
Another calculation (with modified Γ-function contribution) was based on the slightly different set
of relevant parameters which are for the input values λ = 0.607, s = 1.0515, β0 = 17.04 at c = 1.545
and λ = 0.6066, s = 1.0515, β0 = 17.042 for the output one at the finish of variational procedure.
The behaviours of IL density and average pseudo-particle size for selfconsistent solution are plotted
in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 (solid lines, respectively)1. In the Table 1 we present the IL parameters at
1It is interesting to notice that considering IL (ensemble of pseudo-particles in the singular gauge) in the field of
regular pseudo-particle we obtain the IL density value in the center of regular pseudo-particle which is larger than its
value at large distances what looks like the anti-screening effect.
the large distances from pseudo-particle (the first line) together with the data for the ensemble of
pseudo-particles with the standard profile function (the second line). The third and fourth lines of
this Table 1 are devoted to the calculations with the second set of parameters (with factor 2 absent in
Eq. (26)). The fourth line, in particular, presents the calculations for pseudo-particles with standard
form of profile function.
Table 1. Parameters of IL.
ρ̄Λ n/Λ4 β ρ̄/R nρ̄4
0.381 0.743 16.263 0.354 1.582·10−2
0.331 0.769 18.103 0.282 6.277·103
0.354 1.245 17.042 0.379 1.955·10−2
0.265 1.186 19.305 0.277 5.849·10−3
It is quite obvious that the utilization of optimal pseudo-particle profile function leads to the larger
pseudo-particle size but the packing fraction parameter holds, nevertheless, a small quantity which is
quite suitable for the perturbative expansion. Besides, the results obtained allow us to conclude that
with tuning Λ a fully satisfactory agreement our calculations of pseudo-particle size, the ensemble
diluteness and gluon condensate value with their phenomenological magnitudes extracted from the
other models are easily reachable. The calculations of several dimensional quantities in our approach
are also very indicative. The values of the screening mass (11), average pseudo-particle size and IL
density obtained for two values of Λ (200 MeV and 280 MeV) are shown in Table 2. The sequence of
line meanings is identical to that in Table 1 as well as the meanings of last four lines which present
the results of calculations with the second set of parameters (with factor 2 absent in Eq. (26)).
Table 2. Screening mass and IL parameters
Λ MeV m MeV ρ̄ GeV−1 n fm−4
200. 381 1.906 0.7496
304 1.503 0.7688
280. 533 1.361 2.88
426 1.074 2.95
200. 456 1.77 1.245
333 1.325 1.186
280. 638 1.264 4.78
466 0.946 4.56
Another interesting feature of this calculation is the weakening of pseudo-particle interaction. This
effect is driven by the coefficient ξ2 (∼ λ2). Our estimates for the first set of parameters give
λ = 0.691 and, hence, λ2 ∼ 0.48 and for the second set we have (λ = 0.607) and λ2 ∼ 0.37. Let us
mention here that the reasonable description of instanton ensemble can be reached in the framework
of two-component models [6] as well.
Our calculations enable us to conclude that dealing with IL model (formulated in one-loop ap-
proach) one is able to reach quite reasonable description of gluon condensate even being constrained
by the values of average pseudo-particle size and other routine phenomenological parameters. More-
over, the ensemble of pseudo-particles with standard profile functions turns out to be very practical
because introducing the other configurations to make the similar estimates is simply unoperable.
With such an approximation of the vacuum configurations the coefficient of interaction weakening
develops the magnitude about λ2 ∼ 0.3 — 0.5. Including this effect leads to the enlargening of
pseudo-particle size. It allows us to conclude that nowadays the instantons in the singular gauge is
the only serious instrument for effective practising.
The authors are sincerely grateful to A.E. Dorokhov and S.B. Gerasimov for interesting discussions
and practical remarks. The financial support of the Grants INTAS-04-84-398 and NATO PDD(CP)-
NUKR980668 is also acknowledged.
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  The possibility of self-consistent determination of instanton liquid
parameters is discussed together with the definition of optimal pseudo-particle
configurations and comparing the various pseudo-particle ensembles. The
weakening of repulsive interactions between pseudo-particles is argued and
estimated.

Towards self-consistent definition of instanton liquid
parameters
S.V. Molodtsov1,2, G.M. Zinovjev3
1Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
2Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, RU-117259, Moscow, Russia
3Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, UA-03680,
Kiev-143, Ukraine
The possibility of self-consistent determination of instanton liquid parameters is discussed to-
gether with the definition of optimal pseudo-particle configurations and comparing the various
pseudo-particle ensembles. The weakening of repulsive interactions between pseudo-particles is
argued and estimated.
The problem of finding the most effective pseudo-particle profile for instanton liquid (IL) model
of the QCD vacuum [1] has already been formulated in the first papers treating the pseudo-particle
superposition as the quasi-classical configuration saturating the generating functional [2] of the fol-
lowing form
D[A] e−S(A) , (1)
where S(A) is the Yang-Mills action. Although the solution proposed in Ref. [2] was quite acceptable
phenomenologically the consequent more accurate analysis discovered several imperfect conclusions
putting into doubt the assertion about the instanton ensemble getting stabilization and some addi-
tional mechanism should be introduced to fix such an ensemble [3]. In this note we revisit the task
formulated in Ref. [2] within the self-consistent approach proposed in our previous paper [4]. We are
not speculating on the detailed mechanism of stabilizing and are based on one crucial assumption
which is the existence of non-zero gluon condensate in the QCD vacuum. This idea is not very orig-
inal but turns out far reaching in the context of our approach. The particular form and properties
of this condensate will be discussed in the following paper.
Thus, as the configuration saturating the generating functional (1) we take the following super-
position
Aaµ(x) = Baµ(x) +
Aaµ(x; γi) , (2)
here Aaµ stands for the (anti-)instanton field in the singular gauge
Aaµ(x; γ) =
ωabη̄bµν
f(y), y = x− z , (3)
γi = (ρi, zi, ωi) denotes all the parameters describing the i-th (anti-)instanton, in particular, its size
ρ, colour orientation ω, center position z and as usual g is the coupling constant of gauge field.
The function f(y) introduces the pseudo-particle profile and will be fixed by resolving the suitable
variational problem. For example, for the conventional singular instanton it looks like
f(y) =
. (4)
http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0141v1
In analogy with this form we consider the function f depending on y2 or, more precisely, on the
variable x =
at some characteristic mean pseudo-particle size ρ̄. Dealing with the anti-instanton
one should make the substitution of the ’t Hooft symbol η̄ → η. It is seen from (2) we ’singled out’
one pseudo-particle of ensemble and introduced the special symbol B for its field which actually has
the same form as Eq. (3).
The strength tensor of this ’external’ field and the field of every separate pseudo-particle A can
be written as
Gaµν = G
µν(B) +G
µν(A) +G
µν(A,B) , (5)
where two first terms are given by the standard definition of field strength
Gaµν(A) = ∂µA
ν − ∂νAaµ + g fabcAbµAcν , (6)
with the entirely antisymmetric tensor fabc. In particular, for the singular instanton of Eq. (3) it
takes the form
Gaµν = −
η̄kαβ
f(1− f)
+ (η̄kµβ yν − η̄kνα yµ)
f ′ − f(1− f)
, (7)
where f ′ means the derivative over y2. The third term of Eq. (5) presents the ’mixed’ component of
field strength and is
Gaµν(A,B) = g f
abc(BbµA
ν − BbνAcµ) = g fabcωcd
(Bbµ η̄dνα −Bbν η̄dµα)
f. (8)
It was shown in Ref. [4] that in quasi-classical regime which is of particular interest for appli-
cations, the generating functional (1) could be essentially simplified if reformulated in terms of the
field BA averaged over ensemble A. Performing the cluster decomposition [5] of stochastic exponent
in Eq. (1)
〈exp(−S)〉ωz = exp
(−1)k
〈〈Sk〉〉ωz
, (9)
where 〈S1〉 = 〈〈S1〉〉, 〈S1S2〉 = 〈S1〉〈S2〉 + 〈〈S1S2〉〉, . . . (the first cumulant is simply defined by
averaging the action) the higher terms of effective action for the ’external’ field in IL could be
presented as
〈〈S[BA]〉〉A =
G(BA) G(BA)
, (10)
and the mass m is defined by the IL parameters developing for the standard singular pseudo-particles
(4) the following form (see, also below)
m2 = 9π2 n ρ̄2
N2c − 1
, (11)
with n = N/V where N is the total number of pseudoparticles in the volume V and Nc is the number
of colours. The small magnitude of characteristic IL parameter (packing fraction) nρ̄4 allows us at
decomposing to keep the contributions of one pseudo-particle term (∼ n) only.
The effective action in Eq. (10) implies a functional integration in which the vacuum stochastic
fields are not destroyed by the external field. Then there is no reason to develop the detailed
description of the field B driven by the symmetries of initial gauge invariant Lagrangian for the
Yang-Mills fields. In practice it could be understood as an argument to do use the averaged action
dealing with the field B. It means the colourless binary (and similar even) configurations only of
field B survive in the effective action. In other words the decomposition B ≃ BA + · · · is used
(in what follows we are not maintaining the index for the field B). Obviously, if there is any need
of more detailed description including, for example, information on the fluctuations of field B one
should operate with the correlation functions of higher order and the corresponding chain of the
Bogolyubov equations.
The selfconsistent description of pseudo-particle ensemble may not be developed based on Eq.
(10) only because in such a form the pseudo-particles of zero size ρ = 0 are most advantageous.
In Ref. [4] the version of variational principle was proposed which makes it possible to determine
the selfconsistent solution in long wave-length approximation for the pseudo-particle ensemble (anti-
instantons in the singular gauge with standard profile (4)) and external field. Here it adapts to the
saturating configuration (2) also and its more optimal (than standard) profile is defined, as suggested
in Ref. [2], taking into account the IL parameter change while the pseudo-particle field is present.
The contribution of saturating configuration into the generating functional is evaluated as (see
[2] for the denotions)
Z ≃ Y =
dγi e
−S(B,γ) . (12)
The following terms should be taken into consideration
S(B, γ) = −
ln d(ρi) + β Uint +
U iext(B) + S(B) , (13)
(the details of deducing this expression can be found in [4]). Here we remind only that to obtain it
one should average over the pseudo-particle parameters and to hold the highest contributions only
at summing up the pseudo-particles. If the saturating configurations are the instantons in singular
gauge with the standard profile (4) the first term describing the one instanton contributions takes
the form of distribution function over (anti-)instanton sizes
d(ρ) = CNcΛ
b ρb−5β̃2Nc , (14)
where
Nf , (15)
β̃ = −b ln(Λρ̄),
CNc ≈
4.66 exp(−1.68Nc)
π2(Nc − 1)!(Nc − 2)!
If one considers the profile of Eq. (3) the change of one pseudo-particle action which has the form
Si = 3
(y2f ′)2 + f 2(1− f)2
, (16)
should be absorbed while calculating. Here β = 8π2/g2 is the characteristic action of single pseudo-
particle (4) which is defined at the scale of average pseudo-particle size β = β(ρ̄) where β(ρ) =
− lnCNc−b ln(Λρ). The coefficient b enters the corresponding equations (in particular the distribution
function (14)) always with the additional factor s =
. It means that in all the formula containing
the one instanton contribution the following substitution
b → b s . (17)
should be done. The penultimate term of Eq. (13) accumulates the partial pseudo-particle contribu-
tions coming from the ’mixed’ component of the strength tensor (8) and describing the interaction
of pseudo-particle ensemble with the detached one, i.e.
U iext(B) =
Gaµν(Ai, B) G
µν(Ai, B)
The other terms at the characteristic IL parameters are small as it was shown in Ref. [4]. The
average value of ’mixed’ component is given by the following formula
〈Gaµν(A,B) Gaµν(A,B)〉ωz =
N2c − 1
I Bbµ B
µ , B
, (18)
here I is defined by the integrated profile function of pseudo-particle
Iα,β = δα,β I =
f 2 , I =
dx f 2 , x =
In particular, for the standard form of pseudo-particle we have
dx f 2 = 1 .
The corresponding constant (see [4]) ζ0 =
N2c−1
should be changed for the modified one
ζ = λζ0 , λ =
dx f 2 ,
in all terms describing the interaction of IL with detached pseudo-particle if the profile function
f is arbitrary. Eq. (18) demonstrates that we are formally dealing with non-zero value of gluon
condensate which is given by the correlation function
〈Aaµ(x; γ)Aaµ(y; γ)〉ωz =
N2c − 1
|x− y|
. (19)
For the pseudo-particle of standard form the function F (∆) equals to
F (∆) =
∆2 + 2
∆2 + 4 ln
∣∣∣∣∣
∆2 + 4(∆2 + 1) + ∆3 + 3∆√
∆2 + 4−∆
∣∣∣∣∣−
− π2 (∆
2 + 1)2
ln(1 + ∆2) + π2 ∆2 ln |∆| ,
with the asymptotic behaviours
F (∆) → π2 − π
∆2 + π2 ∆2 ln |∆| , lim
F (∆) → π
The presence of this condensate (19) which leads, in particular, to the mass definition as in (11) just
signifies the assumption mentioned at the beginning this note.
The second term of (13) describes the repulsive interaction between the pseudo-particles of en-
semble
β Uint =
Gaµν(Ai, Aj) G
µν(Ai, Aj)
γi,γj
and actually presents the same contribution as Uext but being integrated with the field B of every
individual pseudo-particle as β Uint =
d4x m
2. It results in the change of coupling constant
ξ20 =
27 π2
N2c−1
describing the pseudo-particle interaction (see [2]) for new form
ξ2 = λ2 ξ20 ,
(similar to the change of constant ζ). And eventually the last term of Eq. (13) presents simply the
Yang-Mills action of the B field
S(B) =
Gaµν(B) G
µν(B)
It is worthwhile to notice that the topological charge of the configuration (4) is retained to be equal
GaµνG̃
dx f ′f(1− f) = 1 , G̃aµν =
εµναβ G
here εµναβ is an entirely antisymmetric tensor, ε1234 = 1.
The generating functional (12) might be estimated with the approximating functional (see [2]) as
Y ≥ Y1 exp(−〈S − S1〉) , (21)
where
dγi e
−S1(B,γ)−S(B) , S1(B, γ) = −
lnµ(ρi) ,
and µ(ρ) is an effective one particle distribution function defined by solving the variational problem.
In our particular situation the average value of difference of the actions is given as follows
〈S − S1〉 =
dγi [β Uint + Uext(γ, B)−
ln d(ρi) +
lnµ(ρi)] e
lnµ(ρi) =
dρ µ(ρ) ln
dγ1dγ2 Uint(γ1, γ2) µ(ρ1)µ(ρ2) +
ρ2ζ B2 =
d4x n
+ ζρ2 B2
, (22)
with µ0 =
dρ µ(ρ). In this note we estimate the functionals in the long wave length (adiabatic)
approximation, i.e. consider the IL elements to be equilibrated by the external fixed field B. After-
wards, with finding the optimal IL parameters out we receive the effective action for the external
field in the selfconsistent form. Eq. (22) is taken just in such a form in order to underline the inte-
gration is executed over the IL elements and the parameters describing their states are the functions
of external field (i.e. could finally be the functions of a coordinate x). The physical meaning of such
a functional is quite transparent and implies that each separate IL element develops its characteristic
screening of the attached field.
Now calculating the variation of action difference 〈S − S1〉 over µ(ρ) we obtain
µ(ρ) = C d(ρ) e−(nβξ
2ρ2+ζB2)ρ2 ,
where C is an arbitrary constant and its value is fixed by requiring the coincidence of the distribution
function when the external field is switched off (B = 0) with vacuum distribution function then
µ(ρ) = CNcβ̃
2NcΛbsρbs−5 e−(nβξ
2ρ2+ζB2)ρ2 . (23)
With defining the average size as
dρ ρ2 µ(ρ)
we come to the practical interrelation between the IL density and average size of pseudo-particles
(n β ξ2 ρ2 + ζ B2) ρ2 ≃ ν , (24)
where ν = bs− 42 . Apparently, the size distribution of pseudo-particles can be presented by the
well-known form as
µ(ρ) = CNcβ̃
2NcΛbsρbs−5 e
ρ2 . (25)
Figure 1: The energy E(α) when the profile function includes a screening effect (29) with the pa-
rameter λ (s = 1) only taken into consideration (lower curve) and with both parameters used (upper
curve) (see the text).
Eqs. (22) and (25) allow us to get the estimate of generating functional (21) in the following form
D[B] e−S(B) e−E , (26)
d4x n
− 1− ν
ζ ρ2 B2
CNc β̃
− ν ln ρ
Now taking into account Eq. (24) and fixing a field B, parameters s and λ the maximum of functional
(26) over the IL parameters can be calculated by solving the corresponding transcendental equation
= 0) numerically. Here it is a worthwhile place to notice the presence of new factor in the
denominator of
2 what is caused by the Gaussian form of the corresponding integral over ρ
squared and, hence, the integration element requires the introduction of 2ρ dρ. In Ref. [2] this factor
was missed. However, this fact has not generated a serious consequence because any application of
these results is actually related to the choice of suitable quantity of the parameter Λ entering the
observables (the pion decay constant, for example). It means we should make the proper choice of
basic scale. Besides, we should also keep in mind the approximate character of IL model. Further we
give the results for both versions to demonstrate the dependence of final results on the renormalized
constant CNc .
Searching the optimal configuration f we take the effective action in the form of nonlinear func-
tional as
Seff =
Gaµν(B) G
µν(B)
+ E[B]
, (27)
in which the IL state is described by solutions ρ̄[B, s, λ], n[B, s, λ]. In practice the following differ-
ential equation should be resolved
= − 1
f(1− f)(1− 2f)
, (28)
at fixed initial magnitude of f(x0) putting up the derivative in the initial point f
′(x0) in such a way to
have the solution going to zero when x is going to infinity. Parameter β0 is introduced to fix a priori
Figure 2: The IL density as the function of x = y2/ρ̄2. Three dashed curves correspond to the
different profile functions. The lowest dashed line corresponds to the standard form (4). The top
dashed line corresponds to the profile function with the screening factor (29) and one parameter λ
(s = 1) included and the middle line presents the same function but with two parameters included.
The solid line presents the selfconsistent solution of variational problem.
unknown value of coupling constant in the pseudo-particle definition (3). If the profile function has
been fixed the configuration should be found in the form in which the starting values of parameters
s, λ and β0 coincide (within the given precision) with the parameters obtained from the solution
f . Nowadays this approach looks the most optimal one among other existing possibilities not only
because of the computational arguments but in view of the poor current level of understanding the
interrelation between perturbative and non-perturbative contributions while calculating the effective
Lagrangian. In fact, it was mentioned in Ref. [2] that in more general (realistic) formulation of
this problem Eq. (28) should include the term responsible for the change of ’quantum’ constant
CNc with the function f changing. In principle, it could imply that the problem of pseudo-particle
ensemble stabilization is connected at the fundamental dynamics level with the anticipated smallness
of the
contribution and, apparently, should be addressed not so much to the description of
the interacting pseudo-particles and their interactions with the perturbative fields but rather to
investigation of the time hierarchy corresponding to the breakdown of quasi-stationary behaviour
of the vacuum fluctuations which will certainly lead to the changes of suitable effective Lagrangian
(10).
In order to receive the preliminary parameter estimates we consider the simplified model with
the profile function containing only one additional parameter for describing the screening effect as
regards
f(y) =
1 + x
, x =
. (29)
The energy E as the function of the screening parameter α is depicted in Fig. 1. The lowest dashed
curve shows the behaviour when the changes related to weakening of repulsive interaction are taken
into account by switching on the parameter λ only (at s = 1). The top dashed curve was obtained
with both parameters switched on. The optimal value of the screening parameter α is determined by
the minimum point of function E(α). Besides, this figure demonstrates the stability of variational
procedure of extracting the IL parameters. For the first calculation the values of characteristic
parameters for corresponding solution were taken as α = 0.06, λ = 0.775, s = 1.0067 with the
following set of the IL parameters ρ̄Λ = 0.3305, n/Λ4 = 0.919, β = 17.186. These values give for the
ratio of average pseudo-particle size and average distance between pseudo-particles the quite suitable
quantity ρ̄/R = 0.324. For another calculation we have treated the parameter set characterizing
the solution as α = 0.02, λ = 0.888, s = 1.0015 and for the IL parameters the following values
ρ̄Λ = 0.315, n/Λ4 = 0.829, β = 17.67, ρ̄/R = 0.3. In order to get more orientation we would like to
mention that for the ensemble of standard pseudo-particles (α = 0, λ = 1, s = 1) the corresponding
values are ρ̄Λ = 0.301, n/Λ4 = 0.769, β = 18.103, ρ̄/R = 0.282.
Figure 3: The average size of IL pseudo-particles as the function of x = y2/ρ̄2. Three dashed curves
correspond to different profile functions. The lowest curve corresponds to the standard form (4). The
top dashed curve corresponds to the profile function with the screening factor (29) which includes
one parameter λ (s = 1) and the middle line shows the same function with two parameters included.
The solid curve corresponds to the selfconsistent solution of the variational problem.
Now we examine the impact of correction introduced in Eq. (26) when we changed the term
which has been obtained in Ref. [2]. For the first calculation with the set of solution parameters as
α = 0.24, λ = 0.546, s = 1.029 we have for the IL parameters ρ̄Λ = 0.331, n/Λ4 = 1.844, β = 17.173
which lead to the ratio discussed equal to ρ̄/R = 0.386. For another calculation we have the following
results α = 0.05, λ = 0.799, s = 1.0053 and ρ̄Λ = 0.291, n/Λ4 = 1.356, β = 18.483, ρ̄/R = 0.314.
And for the ensemble of standard pseudo-particles (α = 0, λ = 1, s = 1) these parameters are
ρ̄Λ = 0.265, n/Λ4 = 1.186, β = 19.305, ρ̄/R = 0.277.
The Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the behaviours of IL density and average pseudo-particle size as the
functions of distance x. The dashed lines on both plots correspond to the similar ensembles. The
lowest curves demonstrate the behaviours for the ensembles of standard pseudo-particles (4). The
top curves present the ensemble of pseudo-particles with the profile function (29) at α = 0.06 and
s = 1. And the middle dashed lines correspond to the profile functions with α = 0.02 and s ∼ 1.03.
Obviously, it may be concluded that including even small change of the second parameter value
(s ∼ 1.03) leads to the noticeable change of ensemble characteristics (for example, the IL density)
because the highest contribution to the action when the coupling constant becomes the function of
ρ is essentially modified.
Let us make now several comments as to the ’complete’ formulation of the problem of analyzing the
equation (28). It was numerically resolved by the Runge-Kutta method. This approach combined
with numerical calculation of the derivative dE
at every point of consequent integration interval
allows us to avoid the problems which appear when searching the minimum of complicated functional
in multidimensional space.
The initial data were fixed at the point x0 =
= 0.1. Since the IL density value at the
coordinate origin is inessential the initial form of pseudo-particle profile function is taken without
any deformations as f(x0) =
1 + x0
. Then at fixed values of the parameters λ, s and β0 the coefficient
c is calculated. It allows to set the slope of trajectory f ′(x0) = −cf(1− f)/x0 at initial point in such
a form in order to have the solution going to zero at large distances. Afterwards we find out the
values of parameters λ and s requiring the input data to coincide with the output ones within the
fixed precision. The parameter values which obey the imposed constraints are the following (input
values) λ = 0.69099, s = 1.049, β0 = 16.26 at c = 1.361 and λ = 0.691, s = 1.049, β0 = 16.263
(at the output of variational procedure). The solid line in Fig. 4 shows the obtained profile f as
the function of x =
. The differences of profiles are smoothed over if they are presented as the
functions of y because the large magnitude of the screening coefficient, for example α = 0.06, is
compensated by enlargening the pseudo-particle size. The dashed lines on this plot show the profile
functions for the standard form (4) (top dashed line), with the screening factor (29) including one
parameter only α (s = 1) (lowest dashed curve) and two parameters included (middle dashed line).
Figure 4: The various profile functions. The top dashed curve corresponds to the standard form (4),
the lowest dashed curve shows the function with the screening factor (29) including one parameter
λ (s = 1) and the middle line presents the same function with two parameters included. The solid
line corresponds to the selconsistent solution of variational problem.
Another calculation (with modified Γ-function contribution) was based on the slightly different set
of relevant parameters which are for the input values λ = 0.607, s = 1.0515, β0 = 17.04 at c = 1.545
and λ = 0.6066, s = 1.0515, β0 = 17.042 for the output one at the finish of variational procedure.
The behaviours of IL density and average pseudo-particle size for selfconsistent solution are plotted
in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 (solid lines, respectively)1. In the Table 1 we present the IL parameters at
1It is interesting to notice that considering IL (ensemble of pseudo-particles in the singular gauge) in the field of
regular pseudo-particle we obtain the IL density value in the center of regular pseudo-particle which is larger than its
value at large distances what looks like the anti-screening effect.
the large distances from pseudo-particle (the first line) together with the data for the ensemble of
pseudo-particles with the standard profile function (the second line). The third and fourth lines of
this Table 1 are devoted to the calculations with the second set of parameters (with factor 2 absent in
Eq. (26)). The fourth line, in particular, presents the calculations for pseudo-particles with standard
form of profile function.
Table 1. Parameters of IL.
ρ̄Λ n/Λ4 β ρ̄/R nρ̄4
0.381 0.743 16.263 0.354 1.582·10−2
0.331 0.769 18.103 0.282 6.277·103
0.354 1.245 17.042 0.379 1.955·10−2
0.265 1.186 19.305 0.277 5.849·10−3
It is quite obvious that the utilization of optimal pseudo-particle profile function leads to the larger
pseudo-particle size but the packing fraction parameter holds, nevertheless, a small quantity which is
quite suitable for the perturbative expansion. Besides, the results obtained allow us to conclude that
with tuning Λ a fully satisfactory agreement our calculations of pseudo-particle size, the ensemble
diluteness and gluon condensate value with their phenomenological magnitudes extracted from the
other models are easily reachable. The calculations of several dimensional quantities in our approach
are also very indicative. The values of the screening mass (11), average pseudo-particle size and IL
density obtained for two values of Λ (200 MeV and 280 MeV) are shown in Table 2. The sequence of
line meanings is identical to that in Table 1 as well as the meanings of last four lines which present
the results of calculations with the second set of parameters (with factor 2 absent in Eq. (26)).
Table 2. Screening mass and IL parameters
Λ MeV m MeV ρ̄ GeV−1 n fm−4
200. 381 1.906 0.7496
304 1.503 0.7688
280. 533 1.361 2.88
426 1.074 2.95
200. 456 1.77 1.245
333 1.325 1.186
280. 638 1.264 4.78
466 0.946 4.56
Another interesting feature of this calculation is the weakening of pseudo-particle interaction. This
effect is driven by the coefficient ξ2 (∼ λ2). Our estimates for the first set of parameters give
λ = 0.691 and, hence, λ2 ∼ 0.48 and for the second set we have (λ = 0.607) and λ2 ∼ 0.37. Let us
mention here that the reasonable description of instanton ensemble can be reached in the framework
of two-component models [6] as well.
Our calculations enable us to conclude that dealing with IL model (formulated in one-loop ap-
proach) one is able to reach quite reasonable description of gluon condensate even being constrained
by the values of average pseudo-particle size and other routine phenomenological parameters. More-
over, the ensemble of pseudo-particles with standard profile functions turns out to be very practical
because introducing the other configurations to make the similar estimates is simply unoperable.
With such an approximation of the vacuum configurations the coefficient of interaction weakening
develops the magnitude about λ2 ∼ 0.3 — 0.5. Including this effect leads to the enlargening of
pseudo-particle size. It allows us to conclude that nowadays the instantons in the singular gauge is
the only serious instrument for effective practising.
The authors are sincerely grateful to A.E. Dorokhov and S.B. Gerasimov for interesting discussions
and practical remarks. The financial support of the Grants INTAS-04-84-398 and NATO PDD(CP)-
NUKR980668 is also acknowledged.
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