snu-aidas/HVMap-dataset huggingface dataset:
Research Paper: Automatic Detection of Acute Bacterial Pneumonia from Chest X-ray Reports

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the performance of a natural language processing system in extracting pneumonia-related concepts from chest x-ray reports.


METHODS



DESIGN
Four physicians, three lay persons, a natural language processing system, and two keyword searches (designated AAKS and KS) detected the presence or absence of three pneumonia-related concepts and inferred the presence or absence of acute bacterial pneumonia from 292 chest x-ray reports. Gold standard: Majority vote of three independent physicians. Reliability of the gold standard was measured.


OUTCOME MEASURES
Recall, precision, specificity, and agreement (using Finn's R: statistic) with respect to the gold standard. Differences between the physicians and the other subjects were tested using the McNemar test for each pneumonia concept and for the disease inference of acute bacterial pneumonia.


RESULTS
Reliability of the reference standard ranged from 0.86 to 0.96. Recall, precision, specificity, and agreement (Finn R:) for the inference on acute bacterial pneumonia were, respectively, 0.94, 0.87, 0.91, and 0.84 for physicians; 0.95, 0.78, 0.85, and 0.75 for natural language processing system; 0.46, 0.89, 0.95, and 0.54 for lay persons; 0.79, 0.63, 0.71, and 0.49 for AAKS; and 0.87, 0.70, 0.77, and 0.62 for KS. The McNemar pairwise comparisons showed differences between one physician and the natural language processing system for the infiltrate concept and between another physician and the natural language processing system for the inference on acute bacterial pneumonia. The comparisons also showed that most physicians were significantly different from the other subjects in all pneumonia concepts and the disease inference.


CONCLUSION
In extracting pneumonia related concepts from chest x-ray reports, the performance of the natural language processing system was similar to that of physicians and better than that of lay persons and keyword searches. The encoded pneumonia information has the potential to support several pneumonia-related applications used in our institution. The applications include a decision support system called the antibiotic assistant, a computerized clinical protocol for pneumonia, and a quality assurance application in the radiology department.
Penile Implants among Prisoners—A Cause for Concern?

BACKGROUND
We report the prevalence of penile implants among prisoners and determine the independent predictors for having penile implants. Questions on penile implants were included in the Sexual Health and Attitudes of Australian Prisoners (SHAAP) survey following concerns raised by prison health staff that increasing numbers of prisoners reported having penile implants while in prison.


METHODS
Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) of a random sample of prisoners was carried out in 41 prisons in New South Wales and Queensland (Australia). Men were asked, "Have you ever inserted or implanted an object under the skin of your penis?" If they responded Yes: "Have you ever done so while you were in prison?" Univariate logistic regression and logistic regression were used to determine the factors associated with penile implants.


RESULTS
A total of 2,018 male prisoners were surveyed, aged between 18 and 65 years, and 118 (5.8%) reported that they had inserted or implanted an object under the skin of their penis. Of these men, 87 (73%) had this done while they were in prison. In the multivariate analysis, a younger age, birth in an Asian country, and prior incarceration were all significantly associated with penile implants (p<0.001). Men with penile implants were also more likely to report being paid for sex (p<0.001), to have had body piercings (p<0.001) or tattoos in prison (p<0.001), and to have taken non-prescription drugs while in prison (p<0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Penile implants appear to be fairly common among prisoners and are associated with risky sexual and drug use practices. As most of these penile implants are inserted in prison, these men are at risk of blood borne viruses and wound infection. Harm reduction and infection control strategies need to be developed to address this potential risk.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Is There an App for That? Suitability Assessment of Apps for Children and Young People With ADHD

BACKGROUND
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex highly comorbid disorder, which can have a huge impact on those with ADHD, their family, and the community around them. ADHD is currently managed using pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions. However, with advances in technology and an increase in the use of mobile apps, managing ADHD can be augmented using apps specifically designed for this population. However, little is known regarding the suitability and usability of currently available apps.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to explore the suitability of the top 10 listed apps for children and young people with ADHD and clinicians who work with them. It is hypothesized that mobile apps designed for this population could be more suitably designed for this population.


METHODS
The top 10 listed apps that are specifically targeted toward children and young people with ADHD in the United Kingdom were identified via the Google Play (n=5) and iTunes store (n=5). Interviews were then undertaken with 5 clinicians who specialize in treating this population and 5 children and young people with ADHD themselves, to explore their opinions of the 10 apps identified and what they believe the key components are for apps to be suitable for this population.


RESULTS
Five themes emerged from clinician and young people interviews: the accessibility of the technology, the importance of relating to apps, addressing ADHD symptoms and related difficulties, age appropriateness, and app interaction. Three additional themes emerged from the clinician interviews alone: monitoring symptoms, side effects and app effect on relationships, and the impact of common comorbid conditions. The characteristics of the apps did not appear to match well with the views of our sample.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that the apps may not be suitable in meeting the complex needs associated with this condition. Further research is required to explore the value of apps for children and young people with ADHD and their families and, in particular, any positive role for apps in the management of ADHD in this age group. A systematic review on how technology can be used to engage this population and how it can be used to help them would be a useful way forward. This could be the platform to begin exploring the use of apps further.
Knowledge manipulation activities: results of a Delphi study

Knowledge-based organizations are hosts for multitudes of knowledge management (KM) episodes. Each episode is triggered by a knowledge need and culminates with the satisfaction of that need (or its abandonment). Within an episode, one or more of the organization’ processors (human and/or computer-based) manipulate knowledge resources in various ways in an effort to meet the need. This paper identifies and characterizes a generic set of elemental knowledge manipulation activities that can be arranged in a variety of patterns within KM episodes. It also indicates possible knowledge flows that can occur among the activities. This descriptive framework was developed using conceptual synthesis and a Delphi methodology involving an international panel of researchers and practitioners in the KM field. The framework can serve as a common language for discourse about knowledge manipulation. For researchers, it suggests issues that deserve investigation and concepts that must be considered in explorations of KM episodes. For practitioners, the framework provides a perspective on activities that need to be considered in the design, measurement, control, coordination, and support of an organization’ KM episodes. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Feature vector selection and projection using kernels

This paper provides new insight into kernel methods by using data selection. The kernel trick is used to select from the data a relevant subset forming a basis in a feature space F . Thus the selected vectors de,ne a subspace in F . Then, the data is projected onto this subspace where classical algorithms are applied. We show that kernel methods like generalized discriminant analysis (Neural Comput. 12 (2000) 2385) or kernel principal component analysis (Neural Comput. 10 (1998) 1299) can be expressed more easily. Moreover, it will turn out that the size of the basis is related to the complexity of the model. Therefore, the data selection leads to a complexity control and thus to a better generalization. The approach covers a wide range of algorithms. We investigate the function approximation on real classi,cation problems and on a regression problem. c © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A case for stateful forwarding plane

In Named Data Networking (NDN), packets carry data names instead of source and destination addresses. This paradigm shift leads to a new network forwarding plane: data consumers send Interest packets to request desired data, routers forward Interest packets and maintain the state of all pending Interests, which is then used to guide Data packets back to the consumers. Maintaining the pending Interest state, together with the two-way Interest and Data exchange, enables NDN routers’ forwarding process to measure performance of different paths, quickly detect failures and retry alternative paths. In this paper we describe an initial design of NDN’s forwarding plane and evaluate its data delivery performance under adverse conditions. Our results show that this stateful forwarding plane can successfully circumvent prefix hijackers, avoid failed links, and utilize multiple paths to mitigate congestion. We also compare NDN’s performance with that of IP-based solutions to highlight the advantages of a stateful forwarding plane. 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
An ontology-based approach for the reconstruction and analysis of digital incidents timelines

Due to the democratisation of new technologies, computer forensics investigators have to deal with volumes of data which are becoming increasingly large and heterogeneous. Indeed, in a single machine, hundred of events occur per minute, produced and logged by the operating system and various software. Therefore, the identification of evidence, and more generally, the reconstruction of past events is a tedious and time-consuming task for the investigators. Our work aims at reconstructing and analysing automatically the events related to a digital incident, while respecting legal requirements. To tackle those three main problems (volume, heterogeneity and legal requirements), we identify seven necessary criteria that an efficient reconstruction tool must meet to address these challenges. This paper introduces an approach based on a three-layered ontology, called ORD2I, to represent any digital events. ORD2I is associated with a set of operators to analyse the resulting timeline and to ensure the reproducibility of the investigation. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
CLOS: Integrating Object-Oriented and Functional Programming

Lisp has a long history as a functional language,* where action is invoked by calling a procedure, and where procedural abstraction and encapsulation provide convenient modularity boundaries. A number of attempts have been made to graft object-oriented programming into this framework without losing the essential character of Lisp—to include the benefits of data abstraction, extensible type classification, incremental operator definition, and code reuse through an inheritance hierarchy.
The Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) [3], a result of the ANSI standardization process for Common Lisp, represents a marriage of these two traditions. This article explores the landscape in which the major object-oriented facilities exist, showing how the CLOS solution is effective within the two contexts.
The Weibull-G Family of Probability Distributions

Abstract: The Weibull distribution is the most important distribution for problems in reliability. We study some mathematical properties of the new wider Weibull-G family of distributions. Some special models in the new family are discussed. The properties derived hold to any distribution in this family. We obtain general explicit expressions for the quantile function, ordinary and incomplete moments, generating function and order statistics. We discuss the estimation of the model parameters by maximum likelihood and illustrate the potentiality of the extended family with two applications to real data.
Phylogenetic analysis in the anomaly zone.

The concatenation method has been widely used as a means of combining data to estimate phylogenetic trees (Huelsenbeck et al. 1996a, 1996b; Glazko and Nei 2003). However, simulation studies have shown that the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate of the species tree for concatenated sequences may be statistically inconsistent if the gene trees are highly heterogeneous (Kolaczkowski and Thornton 2004; Kubatko and Degnan 2007). Recently, Degnan and Rosenberg (2006) defined an “anomaly zone”—a set of short internal branches in species trees that will generate gene trees that are discordant with the species tree more often than gene trees that are concordant. Kubatko and Degnan (2007) went on to show that when DNA sequences are generated from gene trees simulated from species trees in the anomaly zone, as well as from species trees slightly outside this zone but still with short internal branches, the ML estimate of the species tree for the concatenated sequences can be inconsistent, resulting in increasing certainty in the wrong species tree. These studies were all performed with a molecular clock on rooted gene and species trees within the variation realized in stochastic simulations of DNA sequences under the Jukes and Cantor (1969) model of nucleotide substitution. They applied the ML method with a clock to recover phylogenetic trees from their simulated concatenated data sets. In this paper, we show that phylogenetic methods that solely utilize the relative order of divergences among a set of DNA sequences as a criterion for inferring phylogenies, such as the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), are statistically consistent even when DNA sequences are generated from gene trees simulated from species trees in the anomaly zone. In addition, we use simulation to assess the performance of a variety of tree construction methods when analyzing concatenated sequences generated from 4 and 5-taxon species tree located in the anomaly zone and show that a variety of methods do in fact recover the correct species tree topology, whereas ML, with or without a molecular clock, remains inconsistent. However, the branch lengths of the tree inferred from concatenated data are inevitably overestimated, as predicted by theory. Finally, simulations also suggest that a newly proposed Bayesian approach for estimating species trees from multiple unlinked loci, BEST (Liu and Pearl 2007; Liu et al. 2008), is consistent in both topology and branch lengths on data sets generated from species trees in the anomaly zone. THEORETICAL RESULTS
Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata
Scene classification based on single-layer SAE and SVM

Scene classification aims to group images into semantic categories. It is a challenging problem in computer vision due to the difficulties of intra-class variability and inter-class similarity. In this paper, a scene classification approach based on single-layer sparse autoencoder (SAE) and support vector machine (SVM) is proposed. This approach consists of two steps: SAE-based feature learning step and SVM-based classification step. In the first step, a single-layer SAE network is constructed and trained by the patches which are sampled randomly from the source images. The feature representation of images is learned by the trained single-layer SAE network. Meanwhile, a pooling operation is used to reduce the dimension of the learned feature vectors. In the second step, in order to improve the classification accuracy, the parameters of SVM are optimized by a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based algorithm. The one-versus-one strategy is employed for the multiple scene classification problem. To show the efficiency of the proposed approach, several public data sets are employed. The results reveal that the proposed approach achieves better classification accuracy than the existing state-of-the-art methods. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Understanding mobile SNS continuance usage in China from the perspectives of social influence and privacy concern

Retaining users and facilitating continuance usage are crucial to the success of mobile social network services (SNS). This research examines the continuance usage of mobile SNS in China by integrating both the perspectives of social influence and privacy concern. Social influence includes three processes: compliance, identification and internalization, which are respectively represented by subjective norm, social identity, and group norm. The results indicate that these three factors and privacy concern have significant effects on continuance usage. The results suggest that service providers should address the issues of social influence and privacy concern to encourage mobile SNS continuance usage. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chaffing and Winnowing: Confidentiality without Encryption

• Encryption: transforming the message to a ciphertext such that an adversary who overhears the ciphertext can not determine the message sent. The legitimate receiver possesses a secret decryption key that allows him to reverse the encryption transformation and retrieve the message. The sender may have used the same key to encrypt the message (with symmetric encryption schemes) or used a different, but related key (with public-key schemes). DES and RSA are familiar examples of encryption schemes.
Global Aesthetics Consensus: Avoidance and Management of Complications from Hyaluronic Acid Fillers—Evidence- and Opinion-Based Review and Consensus Recommendations

BACKGROUND
Although the safety profile of hyaluronic acid fillers is favorable, adverse reactions can occur. Clinicians and patients can benefit from ongoing guidance on adverse reactions to hyaluronic acid fillers and their management.


METHODS
A multinational, multidisciplinary group of experts in cosmetic medicine convened the Global Aesthetics Consensus Group to review the properties and clinical uses of Hylacross and Vycross hyaluronic acid products and develop updated consensus recommendations for early and late complications associated with hyaluronic acid fillers.


RESULTS
The consensus panel provided specific recommendations focusing on early and late complications of hyaluronic acid fillers and their management. The impact of patient-, product-, and technique-related factors on such reactions was described. Most of these were noted to be mild and transient. Serious adverse events are rare. Early adverse reactions to hyaluronic acid fillers include vascular infarction and compromise; inflammatory reactions; injection-related events; and inappropriate placement of filler material. Among late reactions are nodules, granulomas, and skin discoloration. Most adverse events can be avoided with proper planning and technique. Detailed understanding of facial anatomy, proper patient and product selection, and appropriate technique can further reduce the risks. Should adverse reactions occur, the clinician must be prepared and have tools available for effective treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
Adverse reactions with hyaluronic acid fillers are uncommon. Clinicians should take steps to further reduce the risk and be prepared to treat any complications that arise.
Design and simulation of self-tuning PID-type fuzzy adaptive control for an expert HVAC system

The modelling, numerical simulation and intelligent control of an expert HVAC (heating, ventilating and air-conditioning) system having two different zones with variable flow-rate were performed by considering the ambient temperature in this study. The sub-models of the system were obtained by deriving heat transfer equations of heat loss of two zones by conduction and convection, cooling unit and fan. All models of the variable flow-rate HVAC system were generated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK, and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) parameters were obtained by using Fuzzy sets. For comfortable of people the temperatures of the two different zones were decreased to 5 C from the ambient temperature. The successful results were obtained by applying self-tuning proportional-integral-derivative (PID)-type fuzzy adaptive controller if comparing with the fuzzy PD-type and the classical PID controller. The obtained results were presented in a graphical form. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Autonomous Vehicle-target Assignment: a Game-theoretical Formulation

We consider an autonomous vehicle-target assignment problem where a group of vehicles are expected to optimally assign themselves to a set of targets. We introduce a gametheoretical formulation of the problem in which the vehicles are viewed as self-interested decision makers. Thus, we seek the optimization of a global utility function through autonomous vehicles that are capable of making individually rational decisions to optimize their own utility functions. The first important aspect of the problem is to choose the utility functions of the vehicles in such a way that the objectives of the vehicles are localized to each vehicle yet aligned with a global utility function. The second important aspect of the problem is to equip the vehicles with an appropriate negotiation mechanism by which each vehicle pursues the optimization of its own utility function. We present several design procedures and accompanying caveats for vehicle utility design. We present two new negotiation mechanisms, namely, “generalized regret monitoring with fading memory and inertia” and “selective spatial adaptive play,” and provide accompanying proofs of their convergence. Finally, we present simulations that illustrate how vehicle negotiations can consistently lead to near-optimal assignments provided that the utilities of the vehicles are designed appropriately. DOI: 10.1115/1.2766722
Urogenital tract disorders in children suspected of being sexually abused.

INTRODUCTION
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is generally defined as child exploitation that leads to achievement of sexual satisfaction. According to data from European countries, sexual abuse of children affects 10-40% of girls and 5-20% of boys.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
The Medline, and Web of Science databases were searched with no date limitation on May 2015 using the terms 'child abuse' in conjunction with 'urinary tract', 'urologist', 'urological dysfunction', 'urologic symptoms', 'LUTS' or 'urinary infection'.


RESULTS
Awareness of the CSA problem among paediatricians and urologists is very important, because they are often the only physicians who are able to recognize the problem. CSA diagnosis is possible only through the proper collection of a medical history and a thorough physical examination. Urologists have to remember that children exposed to sexual abuse rarely exhibit abnormal genital findings. In fact, absence of genital findings is the rule rather than the exception. In most cases, the final diagnosis of sexual abuse is based on the child's history and behavior, along with the onset and exacerbation of urologic symptoms.


CONCLUSIONS
In this article, we present a review of studies and literature concerning urinary symptoms in sexually abused children to clarify the problem for a broad group of urologists. We present common symptoms and premises that can point to the right diagnosis and basic guidelines of proceeding after suspicion of abuse.