snu-aidas/HVMap-dataset huggingface dataset:
Decision support for Cybersecurity risk planning

a r t i c l e i n f o Security countermeasures help ensure the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of information systems by preventing or mitigating asset losses from Cybersecurity attacks. Due to uncertainty, the financial impact of threats attacking assets is often difficult to measure quantitatively, and thus it is difficult to prescribe which countermeasures to employ. In this research, we describe a decision support system for calculating the uncertain risk faced by an organization under cyber attack as a function of uncertain threat rates, countermeasure costs, and impacts on its assets. The system uses a genetic algorithm to search for the best combination of countermeasures, allowing the user to determine the preferred tradeoff between the cost of the portfolio and resulting risk. Data collected from manufacturing firms provide an example of results under realistic input conditions. Assuring a secure information technology (IT) environment for the transaction of commerce is a major concern. The magnitude of the task is growing yearly, as attackers become more knowledgeable, more determined, and bolder in their efforts. According to a lead security expert at International Data Corporation, a global provider of market intelligence and advisory services for the IT community, " Emerging new attack vectors, more targeted campaigns, compliance, and the layering of new technologies on the corporate infrastructure are all factors having a tremendous impact on the overall risk to an organization " [21]. Given that corporate expenditures are usually a good indicator of the level of concern about an issue, security is obviously near the top of many IT executives' lists. According to IDC, the global market for providers of information security services is projected to exceed $32.5 billion in 2010 [21]. The New York Times recently noted that " the intrusion into Google's computers and related attacks from within China on some thirty other companies point to the rising sophistication of such assaults and the vulnerability of even the best defenses " [25]. The Times further states that, according to the Computer Security Institute, malware infections are up from one-half to almost two-thirds of companies surveyed last year, at an average cost of $235,000 for each organization. Finally, the newspaper observes, malware is being exploited in new terrains with malicious code that turns on cellphone microphones and cameras for the purpose of industrial spying [25]. Because of the variety of methods attackers use to try to infiltrate and disrupt …
Continuous software engineering: A roadmap and agenda

Throughout its short history, software development has been characterized by harmful disconnects between important activities such as planning, development and implementation. The problem is further exacerbated by the episodic and infrequent performance of activities such as planning, testing, integration and releases. Several emerging phenomena reflect attempts to address these problems. For example, Continuous Integration is a practice which has emerged to eliminate discontinuities between development and deployment. In a similar vein, the recent emphasis on DevOps recognizes that the integration between software development and its operational deployment needs to be a continuous one. We argue a similar continuity is required between business strategy and development, BizDev being the term we coin for this. These disconnects are even more problematic given the need for reliability and resilience in the complex and data-intensive systems being developed today. We identify a number of continuous activities which together we label as ‘Continuous ∗’ (i.e. Continuous Star) which we present as part of an overall roadmap for Continuous Software engineering. We argue for a continuous (but not necessarily rapid) software engineering delivery pipeline. We conclude the paper with a research agenda. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Stable Marriage with Ties and Unacceptable Partners

An instance of the classical stable marriage problem involves n men and n women, and each person ranks all n members of the opposite sex in strict order of preference. The effect of allowing ties in the preference lists has been investigated previously, and three natural definitions of stability arise. In this paper, we extend this study by allowing a preference list to involve ties and/or be incomplete. We show that, under the weakest notion of stability, the stable matchings need not be all of the same cardinality, and the decision problem related to finding a maximum cardinality stable matching is NP-complete, even if the ties occur in the preference lists of one sex only. This result has important implications for practical matching schemes such as the well-known National Resident Matching Program [9]. In the cases of the other two notions of stability, Irving [5] has described algorithms for testing whether a stable matching exists, and for constructing such a matching if one does exist, where a preference list is complete but may involve ties. We demonstrate how to extend these algorithms to the case where a preference list may be incomplete and/or involve ties.
Robust Cross-lingual Hypernymy Detection using Dependency Context

Cross-lingual Hypernymy Detection involves determining if a word in one language (“fruit”) is a hypernym of a word in another language (“pomme” i.e. apple in French). The ability to detect hypernymy cross-lingually can aid in solving cross-lingual versions of tasks such as textual entailment and event coreference. We propose BISPARSE-DEP, a family of unsupervised approaches for cross-lingual hypernymy detection, which learns sparse, bilingual word embeddings based on dependency contexts. We show that BISPARSE-DEP can significantly improve performance on this task, compared to approaches based only on lexical context. Our approach is also robust, showing promise for low-resource settings: our dependency-based embeddings can be learned using a parser trained on related languages, with negligible loss in performance. We also crowd-source a challenging dataset for this task on four languages – Russian, French, Arabic, and Chinese. Our embeddings and datasets are publicly available.1
The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of Internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility.

PURPOSE
To: (1) determine the association between Internet addiction and depression, self-reported symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), social phobia, and hostility for adolescents; and (2) evaluate the sex differences of association between Internet addiction and the above-mentioned psychiatric symptoms among adolescents.


METHODS
A total of 2114 students (1204 male and 910 female) were recruited for the study. Internet addiction, symptoms of ADHD, depression, social phobia, and hostility were evaluated by the self-report questionnaire.


RESULTS
The results demonstrated that adolescents with Internet addiction had higher ADHD symptoms, depression, social phobia, and hostility. Higher ADHD symptoms, depression, and hostility are associated with Internet addiction in male adolescents, and only higher ADHD symptoms and depression are associated with Internet addiction in female students.


CONCLUSION
These results suggest that Internet addiction is associated with symptoms of ADHD and depressive disorders. However, hostility was associated with Internet addiction only in males. Effective evaluation of, and treatment for ADHD and depressive disorders are required for adolescents with Internet addiction. More attention should be paid to male adolescents with high hostility in intervention of Internet addiction.
Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: prevalence and psychological features.

BACKGROUND
To investigate the prevalence of Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents and to explore the psychological features associated with Internet addiction.


METHODS
A total of 2620 high school students from four high schools in Changsha City were surveyed using Diagnostic Questionnaire for Internet Addiction (YDQ), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (the edition for children, EPQ), Time Management Disposition Scale (TMDS) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The mean age of whole sample was 15.19 years (ranging from 12 years to 18 years). According to the modified YDQ criteria by Beard, 64 students who were diagnosed as Internet addiction (the mean age: 14.59 years) and 64 who were diagnosed as being normal in Internet usage (the mean age: 14.81 years) were included in a case-control study.


RESULTS
The rate of Internet use among the surveyed adolescents was 88%, among which the incidence rate of Internet addiction was 2.4%. The Internet addiction group had significantly higher scores on the EPQ subscales of neuroticism, psychoticism, and lie than the control group (P < 0.05). The Internet addiction group scored lower than the control group on the TMDS subscales of sense of control over time, sense of value of time, and sense of time efficacy (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the Internet addiction group had also significantly higher scores on the SDQ subscales of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, total difficulties and lower scores on the subscale of prosocial behaviours (P < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
The present study suggests that Internet addiction is not rare among Chinese adolescents. In addition, adolescents with Internet addiction possess different psychological features when compared with those who use the Internet less frequently.
Thumb Motor Performance Varies by Movement Orientation, Direction, and Device Size During Single-Handed Mobile Phone Use

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine if thumb motor performance metrics varied by movement orientation, direction, and device size during single-handed use of a mobile phone device.


BACKGROUND
With the increased use of mobile phones, understanding how design factors affect and improve performance can provide better design guidelines.


METHOD
A repeated measures laboratory experiment of 20 right-handed participants measured the thumb tip's 3-D position relative to a phone during reciprocal tapping tasks across four phone designs and four thumb tip movement orientations. Each movement orientation included two movement directions: an "outward" direction consisting in CMC (carpometacarpal) joint flexion or abduction movements and an "inward" direction consisting in CMC joint extension or adduction movements. Calculated metrics of the thumb's motor performance were Fitts' effective width and index of performance.


RESULTS
Index of performance varied significantly across phones, with performance being generally better for the smaller devices. Performance was also significantly higher for adduction-abduction movement orientations compared to flexion-extension, and for "outward" compared to "inward" movement directions.


CONCLUSION
For single-handed device use, adduction-abduction-type movements on smaller phones lead to better thumb performance.


APPLICATION
The results from this study can be used to design new mobile phone devices and keypad interfaces that optimize specific thumb motions to improve the user-interface experience during single-handed use.
Surgical Management of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Outcomes of 590 Consecutive Patients.

BACKGROUND
Hidradenitis suppurativa is a progressive, recurrent inflammatory disease. Surgical management is potentially curative with limited efficacy data.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate hidradenitis surgical patients.


METHODS
Retrospective review of outcomes of 590 consecutive surgically treated patients.


RESULTS
Most patients were white (91.0% [435/478]), men (337 [57.1%]), smokers (57.7% [297/515]) with Hurley Stage III disease (476 [80.7%]). Procedure types were excision (405 [68.6%]), unroofing (168 [28.5%]), and drainage (17 [2.9%]) treating disease of perianal/perineum (294 [49.8%]), axilla (124 [21.0%]), gluteal cleft (76 [12.9%]), inframammary (12 [2.0%]), and multiple surgical sites (84 [14.2%]). Postoperative complications occurred in 15 patients (2.5%) and one-fourth (144 [24.4%]) suffered postoperative recurrence, which necessitated reoperation in one-tenth (69 [11.7%]) of patients. Recurrence risk was increased by younger age (hazard ratio [HR], 0.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7-0.9), multiple surgical sites (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.5), and drainage-type procedures (HR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.2-10.7). Operative location, disease severity, gender, and operative extent did not influence recurrence rate.


CONCLUSION
Excision and unroofing procedures were effective treatments with infrequent complications and low recurrence rates. Well-planned surgical treatment aiming to remove or unroof the area of intractable hidradenitis suppurativa was highly effective in the management of this challenging disease.
Smart Health Care: An Edge-Side Computing Perspective

Increasing health awareness and rapid technological advancements have resulted in significant growth in an emerging sector: smart health care. By the end of 2020, the total number of smart health-care devices is expected to reach 808.9 million (646 million devices without wearables and the remaining with wearables) [1], [2]. This proliferation of devices is expected to revolutionize health care by speeding up treatment and diagnostic processes, decreasing physician visit costs, and enhancing patient care quality.
Optimized Spatial Hashing for Collision Detection of Deformable Objects

We propose a new approach to collision and self– collision detection of dynamically deforming objects that consist of tetrahedrons. Tetrahedral meshes are commonly used to represent volumetric deformable models and the presented algorithm is integrated in a physically–based environment, which can be used in game engines and surgical simulators. The proposed algorithm employs a hash function for compressing a potentially infinite regular spatial grid. Although the hash function does not always provide a unique mapping of grid cells, it can be generated very efficiently and does not require complex data structures, such as octrees or BSPs. We have investigated and optimized the parameters of the collision detection algorithm, such as hash function, hash table size and spatial cell size. The algorithm can detect collisions and self– collisions in environments of up to 20k tetrahedrons in real–time. Although the algorithm works with tetrahedral meshes, it can be easily adapted to other object primitives, such as triangles. Figure 1: Environment with dynamically deforming objects, that consist of tetrahedrons.
Identifying Relations for Open Information Extraction

Open Information Extraction (IE) is the task of extracting assertions from massive corpora without requiring a pre-specified vocabulary. This paper shows that the output of state-ofthe-art Open IE systems is rife with uninformative and incoherent extractions. To overcome these problems, we introduce two simple syntactic and lexical constraints on binary relations expressed by verbs. We implemented the constraints in the REVERB Open IE system, which more than doubles the area under the precision-recall curve relative to previous extractors such as TEXTRUNNER and WOE. More than 30% of REVERB’s extractions are at precision 0.8 or higher— compared to virtually none for earlier systems. The paper concludes with a detailed analysis of REVERB’s errors, suggesting directions for future work.1
Weighted Low-Rank Approximations

Weighted-norms can arise in several situations. A zero/one weighted-norm, for example, arises when some of the entries in the matrix are not observed. External estimates of the noise variance associated with each measurement may be available (e.g. gene expression analysis) and using weights inversely proportional to the noise variance can lead to better reconstruction of the underlying structure. In other applications, entries in the target matrix represent aggregates of many samples. When using unweighted low-rank approximations (e.g. for separating style and content [4]), we assume a uniform number of samples for each entry. By incorporating weights, we can account for varying numbers of samples in such situations. Low-rank approximations are also used in the design of two-dimensional digital filters, in which case weights might arise from constraints of varying importance [3].
The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review.

OBJECTIVE
To review the literature of the validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).


METHOD
A review of the 747 identified papers that used HADS was performed to address the following questions: (I) How are the factor structure, discriminant validity and the internal consistency of HADS? (II) How does HADS perform as a case finder for anxiety disorders and depression? (III) How does HADS agree with other self-rating instruments used to rate anxiety and depression?


RESULTS
Most factor analyses demonstrated a two-factor solution in good accordance with the HADS subscales for Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D), respectively. The correlations between the two subscales varied from.40 to.74 (mean.56). Cronbach's alpha for HADS-A varied from.68 to.93 (mean.83) and for HADS-D from.67 to.90 (mean.82). In most studies an optimal balance between sensitivity and specificity was achieved when caseness was defined by a score of 8 or above on both HADS-A and HADS-D. The sensitivity and specificity for both HADS-A and HADS-D of approximately 0.80 were very similar to the sensitivity and specificity achieved by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Correlations between HADS and other commonly used questionnaires were in the range.49 to.83.


CONCLUSIONS
HADS was found to perform well in assessing the symptom severity and caseness of anxiety disorders and depression in both somatic, psychiatric and primary care patients and in the general population.
Designing game-based learning environments for elementary science education: A narrative-centered learning perspective

Game-based learning environments hold significant promise for STEM education, yet they are enormously complex. CRYSTAL ISLAND: UNCHARTED DISCOVERY, is a gamebased learning environment designed for upper elementary science education that has been under development in our laboratory for the past four years. This article discusses curricular and narrative interaction design requirements, presents the design of the CRYSTAL ISLAND learning environment, and describes its evolution through a series of pilots and field tests. Additionally, a classroom integration study was conducted to initiate a shift towards ecological validity. Results indicated that CRYSTAL ISLAND produced significant learning gains on both science content and problem-solving measures. Importantly, gains were consistent for gender across studies. This finding is key in light of past studies that revealed disproportionate participation by boys within game-based learning environments.
The Love/Hate Relationship with the C Preprocessor: An Interview Study (Artifact)

The C preprocessor has received strong criticism in academia, among others regarding separation of concerns, error proneness, and code obfuscation, but is widely used in practice. Many (mostly academic) alternatives to the preprocessor exist, but have not been adopted in practice. Since developers continue to use the preprocessor despite all criticism and research, we ask how practitioners perceive the C preprocessor. We performed interviews with 40 developers, used grounded theory to analyze the data, and cross-validated the results with data from a survey among 202 developers, repository mining, and results from previous studies. In particular, we investigated four research questions related to why the preprocessor is still widely used in practice, common problems, alternatives, and the impact of undisciplined annotations. Our study shows that developers are aware of the criticism the C preprocessor receives, but use it nonetheless, mainly for portability and variability. Many developers indicate that they regularly face preprocessorrelated problems and preprocessor-related bugs. The majority of our interviewees do not see any current C-native technologies that can entirely replace the C preprocessor. However, developers tend to mitigate problems with guidelines, even though those guidelines are not enforced consistently. We report the key insights gained from our study and discuss implications for practitioners and researchers on how to better use the C preprocessor to minimize its negative impact. 1998 ACM Subject Classification D.3.4 Processors
Subjective Well ‐ Being and Income : Is There Any Evidence of Satiation ? *

Subjective Well‐Being and Income: Is There Any Evidence of Satiation? Many scholars have argued that once “basic needs” have been met, higher income is no longer associated with higher in subjective well-being. We assess the validity of this claim in comparisons of both rich and poor countries, and also of rich and poor people within a country. Analyzing multiple datasets, multiple definitions of “basic needs” and multiple questions about well-being, we find no support for this claim. The relationship between wellbeing and income is roughly linear-log and does not diminish as incomes rise. If there is a satiation point, we are yet to reach it. JEL Classification: D6, I3, N3, O1, O4