snu-aidas/HVMap-dataset huggingface dataset:
Paying for performance: Performance incentives increase desire for the reward object.

The current research examines how exposure to performance incentives affects one's desire for the reward object. We hypothesized that the flexible nature of performance incentives creates an attentional fixation on the reward object (e.g., money), which leads people to become more desirous of the rewards. Results from 5 laboratory experiments and 1 large-scale field study provide support for this prediction. When performance was incentivized with monetary rewards, participants reported being more desirous of money (Study 1), put in more effort to earn additional money in an ensuing task (Study 2), and were less willing to donate money to charity (Study 4). We replicated the result with nonmonetary rewards (Study 5). We also found that performance incentives increased attention to the reward object during the task, which in part explains the observed effects (Study 6). A large-scale field study replicated these findings in a real-world setting (Study 7). One laboratory experiment failed to replicate (Study 3). (PsycINFO Database Record
Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood: II. Psychiatric outcomes of childhood sexual abuse.

OBJECTIVE
This is the second in a series of articles that describe the prevalence, correlates, and consequences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in a birth cohort of more than 1,000 New Zealand children studied to the age of 18 years. This article examines the associations between reports of CSA at age 18 and DSM-IV diagnostic classifications at age 18.


METHOD
A birth cohort of New Zealand children was studied at annual intervals from birth to age 16 years. At age 18 years retrospective reports of CSA prior to age 16 and concurrently measured psychiatric symptoms were obtained.


RESULTS
Those reporting CSA had higher rates of major depression, anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, substance use disorder, and suicidal behaviors than those not reporting CSA (p < .002). There were consistent relationships between the extent of CSA and risk of disorder, with those reporting CSA involving intercourse having the highest risk of disorder. These results persisted when findings were adjusted for prospectively measured childhood family and related factors. Similar but less marked relationships between CSA and nonconcurrently measured disorders were found.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that CSA, and particularly severe CSA, was associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorder in young adults even when due allowance was made for prospectively measured confounding factors.
Activity recognition using a single accelerometer placed at the wrist or ankle.

PURPOSE
Large physical activity surveillance projects such as the UK Biobank and NHANES are using wrist-worn accelerometer-based activity monitors that collect raw data. The goal is to increase wear time by asking subjects to wear the monitors on the wrist instead of the hip, and then to use information in the raw signal to improve activity type and intensity estimation. The purposes of this work was to obtain an algorithm to process wrist and ankle raw data and to classify behavior into four broad activity classes: ambulation, cycling, sedentary, and other activities.


METHODS
Participants (N = 33) wearing accelerometers on the wrist and ankle performed 26 daily activities. The accelerometer data were collected, cleaned, and preprocessed to extract features that characterize 2-, 4-, and 12.8-s data windows. Feature vectors encoding information about frequency and intensity of motion extracted from analysis of the raw signal were used with a support vector machine classifier to identify a subject's activity. Results were compared with categories classified by a human observer. Algorithms were validated using a leave-one-subject-out strategy. The computational complexity of each processing step was also evaluated.


RESULTS
With 12.8-s windows, the proposed strategy showed high classification accuracies for ankle data (95.0%) that decreased to 84.7% for wrist data. Shorter (4 s) windows only minimally decreased performances of the algorithm on the wrist to 84.2%.


CONCLUSIONS
A classification algorithm using 13 features shows good classification into the four classes given the complexity of the activities in the original data set. The algorithm is computationally efficient and could be implemented in real time on mobile devices with only 4-s latency.
Nearest prototype classifier designs: An experimental study

We compare eleven methods for finding prototypes upon which to base the nearest Ž prototype classifier. Four methods for prototype selection are discussed: Wilson Hart a . condensation error-editing method , and three types of combinatorial search random search, genetic algorithm, and tabu search. Seven methods for prototype extraction are discussed: unsupervised vector quantization, supervised learning vector quantization Ž . with and without training counters , decision surface mapping, a fuzzy version of vector quantization, c-means clustering, and bootstrap editing. These eleven methods can be usefully divided two other ways: by whether they employ preor postsupervision; and by whether the number of prototypes found is user-defined or ‘‘automatic.’’ Generalization error rates of the 11 methods are estimated on two synthetic and two real data sets. Offering the usual disclaimer that these are just a limited set of experiments, we feel confident in asserting that presupervised, extraction methods offer a better chance for success to the casual user than postsupervised, selection schemes. Finally, our calculations do not suggest that methods which find the ‘‘best’’ number of prototypes ‘‘automatically’’ are superior to methods for which the user simply specifies the number of prototypes. 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Automatic Optimization Computational Method for Unconventional S . W . A . T . H . Ships Resistance

The paper illustrates the main theoretical and computational aspects of an automatic computer based procedure for the parametric shape optimization of a particular unconventional hull typology: that for a catamaran S.W.A.T.H. ship. The goal of the integrated computational procedure is to find the best shape of the submerged hulls of a new U.S.V. (Unmanned Surface Vehicle) S.W.A.T.H. (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull) vessel, in terms of minimum wave pattern resistance. After dealing with the theoretical aspects the papers presents the numerical aspects of the main software module of the automatic procedure, which integrates a parametric generation routine for innovative and unconventional S.W.A.T.H. (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull) vessel geometry, a multi-objective, globally convergent and constrained, optimization algorithm and a Computational Fluid Dynamic (C.F.D.) solver. The integrated process is able to find the best shape of the submerged hull of the vessel, subject to the total displaced volume constraint. The hydrodynamic computation is carried out by means of a free surface potential flow method and it is addressed to find the value of wave resistance of each hull variant. Results of the application of the described computational procedure are presented for two optimization cases and the obtained best shapes are compared with a conventional one, featuring a typical torpedo-shaped body, proving the effectiveness of the method in reducing the resistance by a considerable extent, in the order of 40 percent. Keywords—S.W.A.T.H., B.E.M., Wave Resistance, Parametric Modeling, Optimization, Genetic Algorithms
Privacy as a fuzzy concept: A new conceptualization of privacy for practitioners

• Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. • Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. • User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) • Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain.
Multi-factor Authentication Security Framework in Cloud Computing

Data Security is the most critical issues in a cloud computing environment. Authentication is a key technology for information security, which is a mechanism to establish proof of identities to get access of information in the system. Traditional password authentication does not provide enough security for information in cloud computing environment to the most modern means of attacks. In this paper, we propose a new multi-factor authentication framework for cloud computing. In this paper the features of various access control mechanisms are discussed and a novel framework of access control is proposed for cloud computing, which provides a multi -step and multifactor authentication of a user. The model proposed is well-organized and provably secure solution of access control for externally hosted applications.
BLIS: A Framework for Rapidly Instantiating BLAS Functionality

The BLAS-like Library Instantiation Software (BLIS) framework is a new infrastructure for rapidly instantiating Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS) functionality. Its fundamental innovation is that virtually all computation within level-2 (matrix-vector) and level-3 (matrix-matrix) BLAS operations can be expressed and optimized in terms of very simple kernels. While others have had similar insights, BLIS reduces the necessary kernels to what we believe is the simplest set that still supports the high performance that the computational science community demands. Higher-level framework code is generalized and implemented in ISO C99 so that it can be reused and/or reparameterized for different operations (and different architectures) with little to no modification. Inserting high-performance kernels into the framework facilitates the immediate optimization of any BLAS-like operations which are cast in terms of these kernels, and thus the framework acts as a productivity multiplier. Users of BLAS-dependent applications are given a choice of using the traditional Fortran-77 BLAS interface, a generalized C interface, or any other higher level interface that builds upon this latter API. Preliminary performance of level-2 and level-3 operations is observed to be competitive with two mature open source libraries (OpenBLAS and ATLAS) as well as an established commercial product (Intel MKL).
 Replicated Computational Results Certified: This article was subjected to an optional supplementary review process in which the computational results leading to the main conclusions of the paper were independently replicated. A separate report with the results of this process is published in this issue (see: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2738033). The certification process is described in Michael Heroux's editorial: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2743015.
WHY AGENTS? ON THE VARIED MOTIVATIONS FOR AGENT COMPUTING IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

The many motivations for employing agent-based computation in the social sciences are reviewed. It is argued that there exist three distinct uses of agent modeling techniques. One such use — the simplest — is conceptually quite close to traditional simulation in operations research. This use arises when equations can be formulated that completely describe a social process, and these equations are explicitly soluble, either analytically or numerically. In the former case, the agent model is merely a tool for presenting results, while in the latter it is a novel kind of Monte Carlo analysis. A second, more commonplace usage of computational agent models arises when mathematical models can be written down but not completely solved. In this case the agent-based model can shed significant light on the solution structure, illustrate dynamical properties of the model, serve to test the dependence of results on parameters and assumptions, and be a source of counter-examples. Finally, there are important classes of problems for which writing down equations is not a useful activity. In such circumstances, resort to agent-based computational models may be the only way available to explore such processes systematically, and constitute a third distinct usage of such models. ∗ Corresponding author address: Robert Axtell, Center on Social and Economic Dynamics, The Brookings Institution, 1775 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20036; e-mail: raxtell@brook.edu; web: http://www.brook.edu/es/dynamics.
Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS): Reliability Among Spine Fellows and Resident Physicians in Orthopedic Surgery and Neurosurgery

Study Design
Reliability analysis.


Objectives
The Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) was developed for assessing patients with spinal neoplasia. It identifies patients who may benefit from surgical consultation or intervention. It also acts as a prognostic tool for surgical decision making. Reliability of SINS has been established for spine surgeons, radiologists, and radiation oncologists, but not yet among spine surgery trainees. The purpose of our study is to determine the reliability of SINS among spine residents and fellows, and its role as an educational tool.


Methods
Twenty-three residents and 2 spine fellows independently scored 30 de-identified spine tumor cases on 2 occasions, at least 6 weeks apart. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) measured interobserver and intraobserver agreement for total SINS scores. Fleiss's kappa and Cohen's kappa analysis evaluated interobserver and intraobserver agreement of 6 component subscores (location, pain, bone lesion quality, spinal alignment, vertebral body collapse, and posterolateral involvement of spinal elements).


Results
Total SINS scores showed near perfect interobserver (0.990) and intraobserver (0.907) agreement. Fleiss's kappa statistics revealed near perfect agreement for location; substantial for pain; moderate for alignment, vertebral body collapse, and posterolateral involvement; and fair for bone quality (0.948, 0.739, 0.427, 0.550, 0.435, and 0.382). Cohen's kappa statistics revealed near perfect agreement for location and pain, substantial for alignment and vertebral body collapse, and moderate for bone quality and posterolateral involvement (0.954, 0.814, 0.610, 0.671, 0.576, and 0.561, respectively).


Conclusions
The SINS is a reliable and valuable educational tool for spine fellows and residents learning to judge spinal instability.
Bayesian Learning for Neural Networks
Evidences for the Anti-panic Actions of Cannabidiol

BACKGROUND
Panic disorder (PD) is a disabling psychiatry condition that affects approximately 5% of the worldwide population. Currently, long-term selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line treatment for PD; however, the common side-effect profiles and drug interactions may provoke patients to abandon the treatment, leading to PD symptoms relapse. Cannabidiol (CBD) is the major non-psychotomimetic constituent of the Cannabis sativa plant with antianxiety properties that has been suggested as an alternative for treating anxiety disorders. The aim of the present review was to discuss the effects and mechanisms involved in the putative anti-panic effects of CBD.


METHODS
electronic database was used as source of the studies selected selected based on the studies found by crossing the following keywords: cannabidiol and panic disorder; canabidiol and anxiety, cannabidiol and 5-HT1A receptor).


RESULTS
In the present review, we included both experimental laboratory animal and human studies that have investigated the putative anti-panic properties of CBD. Taken together, the studies assessed clearly suggest an anxiolytic-like effect of CBD in both animal models and healthy volunteers.


CONCLUSIONS
CBD seems to be a promising drug for the treatment of PD. However, novel clinical trials involving patients with the PD diagnosis are clearly needed to clarify the specific mechanism of action of CBD and the safe and ideal therapeutic doses of this compound.
INOCULANTS OF PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING BACTERIA FOR USE IN AGRICULTURE

An assessment of the current state of bacterial inoculants for c ontemporary agriculture in developed and developing countries is critically evaluated from the point of view of their actual status and future use. Special emphasis is given to two new concepts of inoculation, as yet unavailable commercially: (i) synthetic inoculants under development for plant-growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) (Bashan and Holguin, 1998), and (ii) inoculation by groups of associated bacteria. This review contains: A brief historical overview of bacterial inoculants; the rationale for plant inoculation with emphasis on developing countries and semiarid agriculture, and the concept and application of mixed inoculant; discussion of microbial formulation including optimization of carrier-compound characteristics, types of existing carriers for in oculants, traditional formulations, future trends in formulations using unconventional materials, encapsulated synthetic formulations, macro and micro formulations of alginate, encapsulation of beneficial bacteria using other materials, regulation and contamination of commercial inoculants, and examples of modem commercial bacterial inoculants; and a consideration of time constraints and application methods for bacterial inoculants, commercial production, marketing, and the prospects of inoculants in modern agriculture. ® 1998 Elsevier Science Inc.
Social Media Metrics — A Framework and Guidelines for Managing Social Media

Social media are becoming ubiquitous and need to be managed like all other forms of media that organizations employ to meet their goals. However, social media are fundamentally different from any traditional or other online media because of their social network structure and egalitarian nature. These differences require a distinct measurement approach as a prerequisite for proper analysis and subsequent management. To develop the right social media metrics and subsequently construct appropriate dashboards, we provide a tool kit consisting of three novel components. First, we theoretically derive and propose a holistic framework that covers the major elements of social media, drawing on theories from marketing, psychology, and sociology. We continue to support and detail these elements — namely ‘motives,’ ‘content,’ ‘network structure,’ and ‘social roles & interactions’ — with recent research studies. Second, based on our theoretical framework, the literature review, and practical experience, we suggest nine guidelines that may prove valuable for designing appropriate social media metrics and constructing a sensible social media dashboard. Third, based on the framework and the guidelines we derive managerial implications and suggest an agenda for future research. © 2013 Direct Marketing Educational Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Impact of research on practice in the field of inspections, reviews and walkthroughs: learning from successful industrial uses

Software inspections, reviews, and walkthroughs have become a standard process component in many software development domains. Maturity level 3 of the CMM-I requires establishment of peer reviews [12] and substantial sustained improvements in quality and productivity have been reported as a result of using reviews ([16], [21], [22], [27]). The NSF Impact project identifies the degree to which these industrial success cases have been instigated and improved by research in software engineering.
 This research identifies that there is widespread adoption of inspections, reviews or walkthroughs but that companies do not generally exploit their full potential. However there exist sustained industrial success cases with respect to the wide-spread and measurably successful application of them. It also identifies research in software engineering that can be credibly documented as having influenced the industrial success cases. Credible documentation may exist in the form of publications or documented reports by witnesses. Due to the semi-formal nature of inspections, reviews, and walkthroughs, a specific focus is given to empirical research results as motivators for adoption. Through the examination of one detailed case study, it is shown that software engineering research has had a significant impact on practice and that the impact can be traced in this case from research to that practice. The case study chosen provides evidence of both success and failure regarding sustained application in practice.
 Thus the analysis of historic impact chains of research reveals a clear impact of software engineering research on sustained industrial success for inspections, reviews and walkthroughs. More importantly, in impact chains where the empirical results have not been established, we conclude that success has not been achieved or has not been sustained.
 The paper closes with (1) lessons learned for creating the sustained use and impact of semi-formal software engineering processes, (2) a request for researchers and practitioners to further consider how their work can improve the effectiveness of research and practice, and (3) a request to contribute additional success cases and impact factors to the authors database for future enhancements of this paper.
Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture

protected void doInsert(DomainObject subject, PreparedStatement insertStatement) throws SQLException; class PersonMapper... protected String insertStatement() { return "INSERT INTO people VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)"; } protected void doInsert( DomainObject abstractSubject, PreparedStatement stmt) throws SQLException { Person subject = (Person) abstractSubject; stmt.setString(2, subject.getLastName()); stmt.setString(3, subject.getFirstName()); stmt.setInt(4, subject.getNumberOfDependents()); } Example: Separating the Finders (Java) To allow domain objects to invoke finder behavior I can use Separated Interface (476) to separate the finder interfaces from the mappers (Figure 10.5 ). I can put these finder interfaces in a separate package that's visible to the domain layer, or, as in this case, I can put them in the domain layer itself. Figure 10.5. Defining a finder interface in the domain package.
Introduction to Fillers.

BACKGROUND
Over the last few years, injectable soft-tissue fillers have become an integral part of cosmetic therapy, with a wide array of products designed to fill lines and folds and revolumize the face.


METHODS
This review describes cosmetic fillers currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration and discusses new agents under investigation for use in the United States.


RESULTS
Because of product refinements over the last few years-greater ease of use and longevity, the flexibility of multiple formulations within one line of products, and the ability to reverse poor clinical outcomes-practitioners have gravitated toward the use of biodegradable agents that stimulate neocollagenesis for sustained aesthetic improvements lasting up to a year or more with minimal side effects. Permanent implants provide long-lasting results but are associated with greater potential risk of complications and require the skilled hand of the experienced injector.


CONCLUSIONS
A variety of biodegradable and nonbiodegradable filling agents are available or under investigation in the United States. Choice of product depends on injector preference and the area to be filled. Although permanent agents offer significant clinical benefits, modern biodegradable fillers are durable and often reversible in the event of adverse effects.