snu-aidas/HVMap-dataset huggingface dataset:
The social structure of free and open source software development

Metaphors, such as the Cathedral and Bazaar, used to describe the organization of FLOSS projects typically place them in sharp contrast to proprietary development by emphasizing FLOSS’s distinctive social and communications structures. But what do we really know about the communication patterns of FLOSS projects? How generalizable are the projects that have been studied? Is there consistency across FLOSS projects? Questioning the assumption of distinctiveness is important because practitioner-advocates from within the FLOSS community rely on features of social structure to describe and account for some of the advantages of FLOSS production. To address this question, we examined 120 project teams from SourceForge, representing a wide range of FLOSS project types, for their communications centralization as revealed in the interactions in the bug tracking system. We found that FLOSS development teams vary widely in their communications centralization, from projects completely centered on one developer to projects that are highly decentralized and exhibit a distributed pattern of conversation between developers and active users. We suggest, therefore, that it is wrong to assume that FLOSS projects are distinguished by a particular social structure merely because they are FLOSS. Our findings suggest that FLOSS projects might have to work hard to achieve the expected development advantages which have been assumed to flow from “going open.” In addition, the variation in communications structure across projects means that communications centralization is useful for comparisons between FLOSS teams. We
The Cathedral and the Bazaar

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the Open Publication License, version 2.0. $Date: 2002/08/02 09:02:14 $ Revision History Revision 1.57 11 September 2000 esr New major section “How Many Eyeballs Tame Complexity”. Revision 1.52 28 August 2000 esr MATLAB is a reinforcing parallel to Emacs. Corbatoó & Vyssotsky got it in 1965. Revision 1.51 24 August 2000 esr First DocBook version. Minor updates to Fall 2000 on the time-sensitive material. Revision 1.49 5 May 2000 esr Added the HBS note on deadlines and scheduling. Revision 1.51 31 August 1999 esr This the version that O’Reilly printed in the first edition of the book. Revision 1.45 8 August 1999 esr Added the endnotes on the Snafu Principle, (pre)historical examples of bazaar development, and originality in the bazaar. Revision 1.44 29 July 1999 esr Added the “On Management and the Maginot Line” section, some insights about the usefulness of bazaars for exploring design space, and substantially improved the Epilog. Revision 1.40 20 Nov 1998 esr Added a correction of Brooks based on the Halloween Documents. Revision 1.39 28 July 1998 esr I removed Paul Eggert’s ’graph on GPL vs. bazaar in response to cogent aguments from RMS on Revision 1.31 February 1
Peer support services for individuals with serious mental illnesses: assessing the evidence.

OBJECTIVE
This review assessed the level of evidence and effectiveness of peer support services delivered by individuals in recovery to those with serious mental illnesses or co-occurring mental and substance use disorders.


METHODS
Authors searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, Social Services Abstracts, Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress, the Educational Resources Information Center, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature for outcome studies of peer support services from 1995 through 2012. They found 20 studies across three service types: peers added to traditional services, peers in existing clinical roles, and peers delivering structured curricula. Authors judged the methodological quality of the studies using three levels of evidence (high, moderate, and low). They also described the evidence of service effectiveness.


RESULTS
The level of evidence for each type of peer support service was moderate. Many studies had methodological shortcomings, and outcome measures varied. The effectiveness varied by service type. Across the range of methodological rigor, a majority of studies of two service types--peers added and peers delivering curricula--showed some improvement favoring peers. Compared with professional staff, peers were better able to reduce inpatient use and improve a range of recovery outcomes, although one study found a negative impact. Effectiveness of peers in existing clinical roles was mixed.


CONCLUSIONS
Peer support services have demonstrated many notable outcomes. However, studies that better differentiate the contributions of the peer role and are conducted with greater specificity, consistency, and rigor would strengthen the evidence.
Topic models in information retrieval
A multiscale measure for mixing

We present a multiscale measure for mixing that is based on the concept of weak convergence and averages the “mixedness” of an advected scalar field at various scales. This new measure, referred to as the Mix-Norm, resolves the inability of the L2 variance of the scalar density field to capture small-scale variations when advected by chaotic maps or flows. In addition, the Mix-Norm succeeds in capturing the efficiency of a mixing protocol in the context of a particular initial scalar field, wherein Lyapunov-exponent based measures fail to do so. We relate the Mix-Norm to the classical ergodic theoretic notion of mixing and present its formulation in terms of the power spectrum of the scalar field. We demonstrate the utility of the Mix-Norm by showing how it measures the efficiency of mixing due to various discrete dynamical systems and to diffusion. In particular, we show that the Mix-Norm can capture known exponential and algebraic mixing properties of certain maps. We also analyze numerically the behaviour of scalar fields evolved by the Standard Map using the Mix-Norm. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Artificial cooperative search algorithm for numerical optimization problems

In this paper, a new two-population based global search algorithm, the Artificial Cooperative Search Algorithm (ACS), is introduced. ACS algorithm has been developed to be used in solving real-valued numerical optimization problems. For purposes of examining the success of ACS algorithm in solving numerical optimization problems, 91 benchmark problems that have different specifications were used in the detailed tests. The success of ACS algorithm in solving the related benchmark problems was compared to the successes obtained by PSO, SADE, CLPSO, BBO, CMA-ES, CK and DSA algorithms in solving the related benchmark problems by using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Statistical Test with Bonferroni-Holm correction. The results obtained in the statistical analysis demonstrate that the success achieved by ACS algorithm in solving numerical optimization problems is better in comparison to the other computational intelligence algorithms used in this paper. 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri on beta-amyloid-induced cell death in primary cortical culture.

AIM OF THE STUDY
Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) is extensively used in traditional Indian medicine as a nerve tonic and thought to improve memory. To examine the neuroprotective effects of Brahmi extract, we tested its protection against the beta-amyloid protein (25-35) and glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultured neurons.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Neuroprotective effects were determined by measuring neuronal cell viability following beta-amyloid and glutamate treatment with and without Brahmi extract. Mechanisms of neuroprotection were evaluated by monitoring cellular oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity.


RESULTS
Our result demonstrated that Brahmi extract protected neurons from beta-amyloid-induced cell death, but not glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. This neuroprotection was possibly due to its ability to suppress cellular acetylcholinesterase activity but not the inhibition of glutamate-mediated toxicity. In addition, culture medium containing Brahmi extract appeared to promote cell survival compared to neuronal cells growing in regular culture medium. Further study showed that Brahmi-treated neurons expressed lower level of reactive oxygen species suggesting that Brahmi restrained intracellular oxidative stress which in turn prolonged the lifespan of the culture neurons. Brahmi extract also exhibited both reducing and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities.


CONCLUSIONS
From this study, the mode of action of neuroprotective effects of Brahmi appeared to be the results of its antioxidant to suppress neuronal oxidative stress and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Therefore, treating patients with Brahmi extract may be an alternative direction for ameliorating neurodegenerative disorders associated with the overwhelming oxidative stress as well as Alzheimer's disease.
A bandwidth-tunable bioamplifier with voltage-controlled symmetric pseudo-resistors

This paper describes a bioamplifier that employs a voltage-controlled-pseudo-resistor to achieve tunable bandwidth and wide operating voltage range for biomedical applications. The versatile pseudo-resistor employed provides ultra-high resistance for ac coupling to cancel the dc offset from electrode–tissue interface. The voltage-controlled-pseudo-resistor consists of serial-connected PMOS transistors working at the subthreshold region and an auto-tuning circuit that makes sure the constant (time-invariant) control-voltage of the pseudo-resistor. This bandwidth-tunable bioamplifier is designed in a 0.18-μm standard CMOS process, achieving a gain of 40.2 dB with 10.35-μW power consumption. The designed chip was also used to develop the proof-of-concept prototype. An operation bandwidth of 9.5 kHz, inputreferred noise of 5.2 μVrms from 6.3 Hz to 9.5 kHz and 5.54 μVrms from 250 Hz to 9.5 kHz, and a tunable cutoff-frequency from 6.3–600 Hz were demonstrated to prove our design. & 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nasal bone length throughout gestation: normal ranges based on 3537 fetal ultrasound measurements.

OBJECTIVE
To establish normal ranges for nasal bone length measurements throughout gestation and to compare measurements in two subsets of patients of different race (African-American vs. Caucasian) to determine whether a different normal range should be used in these populations.


METHOD
Normal nasal bone length reference ranges were generated using prenatal measurements by a standardized technique in 3537 fetuses.


RESULTS
The nasal bone lengths were found to correlate positively with advancing gestation (R(2) = 0.77, second-order polynomial). No statistical difference was found between African-American and Caucasian subjects.


CONCLUSION
These reference ranges may prove to be useful in prenatal screening and diagnosis of syndromes known to be associated with nasal hypoplasia. Different normal ranges for African-American and Caucasian women are not required.
Multithreaded Sliding Window Approach to Improve Exact Pattern Matching Algorithms

In this paper an efficient pattern matching approach, based on a multithreading sliding window technique, is proposed to improve the efficiency of the common sequential exact pattern matching algorithms including: (i) Brute Force, (ii) Knuth-Morris-Pratt and (iii) Boyer-Moore. The idea is to divide the text under-search into blocks, each block is allocated one or two threads running concurrently. Reported experimental results indicated that the proposed approach improves the performance of the well-known pattern matching algorithms, in terms of search time, especially when the searched patterns are located at the middle or at the end of the text. Keywords—pattern matching; multithreading; sliding window; Brute Force; Knuth-Morris-Pratt; Boyer-Moore
Characterizing and visualizing physical world accessibility at scale using crowdsourcing, computer vision, and machine learning

Poorly maintained sidewalks and street intersections pose considerable accessibility challenges for people with mobility-impairments [13,14]. According to the most recent U.S. Census (2010), roughly 30.6 million adults have physical disabilities that affect their ambulatory activities [22]. Of these, nearly half report using an assistive aid such as a wheelchair (3.6 million) or a cane, crutches, or walker (11.6 million) [22]. Despite comprehensive civil rights legislation for Americans with Disabilities (e.g., [25,26]), many city streets, sidewalks, and businesses in the U.S. remain inaccessible. The problem is not just that street-level accessibility fundamentally affects where and how people travel in cities, but also that there are few, if any, mechanisms to determine accessible areas of a city a priori. Indeed, in a recent report, the National Council on Disability noted that they could not find comprehensive information on the "degree to which sidewalks are accessible" across the US [15]. This lack of information can have a significant negative impact on the independence and mobility of citizens [13,16] For example, in our own initial formative interviews with wheelchair users, we uncovered a prevailing view about navigating to new areas of a city: "I usually don't go where I don't know [about accessible routes]" (Interviewee 3, congenital polyneuropathy). Our overarching research vision is to transform the way in which street-level accessibility information is collected and used to support new types of assistive map-based tools.
Introduction Advances in Text Comprehension : Model , Process and Development

To a very large extent, children learn in and out of school from written text. Information Communications Technologies (ICT) offers many possibilities to facilitate learning by confronting children with multimodal texts. In order to be able to implement learning environments that optimally facilitate children’s learning, insight is needed into the cognitive processes underlying text comprehension. In this light, the aim of this special issue is to report on new advances in text comprehension research in perspective of educational implications. Starting from recent theoretical frameworks on the cognitive processes underlying text comprehension, the online processing of text will be discussed in adults and in school children. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi-Task Identification of Entities, Relations, and Coreference for Scientific Knowledge Graph Construction

We introduce a multi-task setup of identifying and classifying entities, relations, and coreference clusters in scientific articles. We create SCIERC, a dataset that includes annotations for all three tasks and develop a unified framework called Scientific Information Extractor (SCIIE) for with shared span representations. The multi-task setup reduces cascading errors between tasks and leverages cross-sentence relations through coreference links. Experiments show that our multi-task model outperforms previous models in scientific information extraction without using any domain-specific features. We further show that the framework supports construction of a scientific knowledge graph, which we use to analyze information in scientific literature.1
Clothes Co-Parsing Via Joint Image Segmentation and Labeling With Application to Clothing Retrieval

This paper aims at developing an integrated system for clothing co-parsing (CCP), in order to jointly parse a set of clothing images (unsegmented but annotated with tags) into semantic configurations. A novel data-driven system consisting of two phases of inference is proposed. The first phase, referred as “image cosegmentation,” iterates to extract consistent regions on images and jointly refines the regions over all images by employing the exemplar-SVM technique [1]. In the second phase (i.e., “region colabeling”), we construct a multiimage graphical model by taking the segmented regions as vertices, and incorporating several contexts of clothing configuration (e.g., item locations and mutual interactions). The joint label assignment can be solved using the efficient Graph Cuts algorithm. In addition to evaluate our framework on the Fashionista dataset [2], we construct a dataset called the SYSU-Clothes dataset consisting of 2098 high-resolution street fashion photos to demonstrate the performance of our system. We achieve 90.29%/88.23% segmentation accuracy and 65.52%/63.89% recognition rate on the Fashionista and the SYSU-Clothes datasets, respectively, which are superior compared with the previous methods. Furthermore, we apply our method on a challenging task, i.e., cross-domain clothing retrieval: given user photo depicting a clothing image, retrieving the same clothing items from online shopping stores based on the fine-grained parsing results.
Econometric Modelling of Markov-Switching Vector Autoregressions using MSVAR for Ox
Measuring dimensions of intergenerational contact: factor analysis of the Queen's University Scale.

OBJECTIVES
Intergenerational contact has been linked to a range of health outcomes, including greater engagement and lower depression. Measures of contact are limited. Informed by Allport's contact theory, the Queen's University Scale consists of items rating contact with elders. We administered the survey to a young adult sample (N = 606) to identify factors that may optimize intervention programming and enhance young persons' health as they age.


METHODS
We conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in the structural equation modeling framework and then confirmatory factor analysis with items pertaining to the general elder population.


RESULTS
EFAs did not yield an adequate factor structure. We tested two alternative confirmatory models based on findings from the EFA. Neither a second-order model nor a first-order model allowing double loadings and correlated errors proved adequate.


CONCLUSION
Difficulty finding an adequate factor solution reflects challenges to measuring intergenerational contact with this scale. Items reflect relevant topics but subscale models are limited in interpretability. Knox and colleagues' analyses led them to recommend a brief, global scale, but we did not find empirical support for such a measure. Next steps include development and testing of a reliable, valid scale measuring dimensions of contact as perceived by both youth and elders.
End of Moore ’ s law : thermal ( noise ) death of integration in micro and nano electronics

The exponential growth of memory size and clock frequency in computers has a great impact on everyday life. The growth is empirically described by Moore’s law of miniaturization. Physical limitations of this growth would have a serious impact on technology and economy. A thermodynamical effect, the increasing thermal noise voltage (Johnson–Nyquist noise) on decreasing characteristic capacitances, together with the constrain of using lower supply voltages to keep power dissipation manageable on the contrary of increasing clock frequency, has the potential to break abruptly Moore’s law within 6–8 years, or earlier.  2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Remarkable archaeal diversity detected in a Yellowstone National Park hot spring environment.

Of the three primary phylogenetic domains--Archaea (archaebacteria), Bacteria (eubacteria), and Eucarya (eukaryotes)--Archaea is the least understood in terms of its diversity, physiologies, and ecological panorama. Although many species of Crenarchaeota (one of the two recognized archaeal kingdoms sensu Woese [Woese, C. R., Kandler, O. & Wheelis, M. L. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4576-4579]) have been isolated, they constitute a relatively tight-knit cluster of lineages in phylogenetic analyses of rRNA sequences. It seemed possible that this limited diversity is merely apparent and reflects only a failure to culture organisms, not their absence. We report here phylogenetic characterization of many archaeal small subunit rRNA gene sequences obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification of mixed population DNA extracted directly from sediment of a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. This approach obviates the need for cultivation to identify organisms. The analyses document the existence not only of species belonging to well-characterized crenarchaeal genera or families but also of crenarchaeal species for which no close relatives have so far been found. The large number of distinct archaeal sequence types retrieved from this single hot spring was unexpected and demonstrates that Crenarchaeota is a much more diverse group than was previously suspected. The results have impact on our concepts of the phylogenetic organization of Archaea.
Combining minutiae descriptors for fingerprint matching

A novel minutiae-based fingerprint matching algorithm is proposed. A minutiae matching algorithm has to solve two problems: correspondence and similarity computation. For the correspondence problem, we assign each minutia two descriptors: texture-based and minutiae-based descriptors, and use an alignment-based greedy matching algorithm to establish the correspondences between minutiae. For the similarity computation, we extract a 17-D feature vector from the matching result, and convert the feature vector into a matching score using support vector classifier. The proposed algorithm is tested on FVC2002 databases and compared to all participators in FVC2002. According to equal error rate, the proposed algorithm ranks 1st on DB3, the most difficult database in FVC2002, and on the average ranks 2nd on all 4 databases. 2007 Pattern Recognition Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Review of Farm Management Information Systems ( FMIS )

There have been considerable advancements in the field of MIS over the years, and it continues to grow and develop in response to the changing needs of the business and marketing environment. Professionals and academicians are contributing and serving the field of MIS through the dissemination of their knowledge and ideas in professional journals. Thus, changes and trends that likely have an impact on MIS concepts, processes, and implementation can be determined by reviewing the articles published in journals. Content of the articles published in journals can also give us an idea about the types of research and themes that are popular during a given period. To see the evolutionary change in the field of MIS, the present study examined the content of articles published in business and marketing journals. [New York Science Journal 2010;3(5):87-95]. (ISSN 1554 – 0200).
Evidence for sensory prediction deficits in schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE
Patients with schizophrenia experiencing delusions and hallucinations can misattribute their own actions to an external source. The authors test the hypothesis that patients with schizophrenia have defects in their ability to predict the sensory consequences of their actions.


METHOD
The authors measured sensory attenuation of self-produced stimuli by patients with schizophrenia and by healthy subjects.


RESULTS
Patients with schizophrenia demonstrated significantly less sensory attenuation than healthy subjects.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia have a dysfunction in their predictive mechanisms.