snu-aidas/HVMap-dataset huggingface dataset:
The Optimality of Naive Bayes

Naive Bayes is one of the most efficient and effective inductive learning algorithms for machine learning and data mining. Its competitive performance in classification is surprising, because the conditional independence assumption on which it is based, is rarely true in realworld applications. An open question is: what is the true reason for the surprisingly good performance of naive Bayes in classification? In this paper, we propose a novel explanation on the superb classification performance of naive Bayes. We show that, essentially, the dependence distribution; i.e., how the local dependence of a node distributes in each class, evenly or unevenly, and how the local dependencies of all nodes work together, consistently (supporting a certain classification) or inconsistently (canceling each other out), plays a crucial role. Therefore, no matter how strong the dependences among attributes are, naive Bayes can still be optimal if the dependences distribute evenly in classes, or if the dependences cancel each other out. We propose and prove a sufficient and necessary conditions for the optimality of naive Bayes. Further, we investigate the optimality of naive Bayes under the Gaussian distribution. We present and prove a sufficient condition for the optimality of naive Bayes, in which the dependence between attributes do exist. This provides evidence that dependence among attributes may cancel out each other. In addition, we explore when naive Bayes works well. Naive Bayes and Augmented Naive Bayes Classification is a fundamental issue in machine learning and data mining. In classification, the goal of a learning algorithm is to construct a classifier given a set of training examples with class labels. Typically, an example E is represented by a tuple of attribute values (x1, x2, , · · · , xn), where xi is the value of attribute Xi. Let C represent the classification variable, and let c be the value of C. In this paper, we assume that there are only two classes: + (the positive class) or − (the negative class). A classifier is a function that assigns a class label to an example. From the probability perspective, according to Bayes Copyright c © 2004, American Association for Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. Rule, the probability of an example E = (x1, x2, · · · , xn) being class c is p(c|E) = p(E|c)p(c) p(E) . E is classified as the class C = + if and only if fb(E) = p(C = +|E) p(C = −|E) ≥ 1, (1) where fb(E) is called a Bayesian classifier. Assume that all attributes are independent given the value of the class variable; that is, p(E|c) = p(x1, x2, · · · , xn|c) = n ∏
SCARE: Side-Channel Analysis Based Reverse Engineering for Post-Silicon Validation

Reverse Engineering (RE) has been historically considered as a powerful approach to understand electronic hardware in order to gain competitive intelligence or accomplish piracy. In recent years, it has also been looked at as a way to authenticate hardware intellectual properties in the court of law. In this paper, we propose a beneficial role of RE in post-silicon validation of integrated circuits (IC) with respect to IC functionality, reliability and integrity. Unlike traditional destructive RE approaches, we propose a fast non-destructive side-channel analysis approach that can hierarchically extract structural information from an IC through its transient current signature. Such a top-down side-channel analysis approach is capable of reliably identifying pipeline stages and functional blocks. It is also suitable to distinguish sequential elements from combinational gates. For extraction of random logic structures (e.g. control blocks and finite state machines) we combine side-channel analysis with logic testing based Boolean function extraction. The proposed approach is amenable to automation, scalable, and can be applied as part of post-silicon validation process to verify that each IC implements exclusively the functionality described in the specification and is free from malicious modification or Trojan attacks. Simulation results on a pipelined DLX processor demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Process models in the practice of distributed software development: A systematic review of the literature

0950-5849/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. A doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2010.03.009 * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: rafaelp@pucrs.br (R. Prikladnicki) Context: Distributed Software Development (DSD) has recently become an active research area. Although considerable research effort has been made in this area, as yet, no agreement has been reached as to an appropriate process model for DSD. Purpose: This paper is intended to identify and synthesize papers that describe process models for distributed software development in the context of overseas outsourcing, i.e. ‘‘offshoring”. Method: We used a systematic review methodology to search seven digital libraries and one topic-specific conference. Results: We found 27 primary studies describing stage-related DSD process models. Only five of such studies looked into outsourcing to a subsidiary company (i.e. ‘‘internal offshoring”). Nineteen primary studies addressed the need for DSD process models. Eight primary studies and three literature surveys described stage-based DSD process models, but only three of such models were empirically evaluated. Conclusion: We need more research aimed at internal offshoring. Furthermore, proposed models need to be empirically validated. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
How is pneumonia diagnosed in clinical stroke research? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Diagnosis of pneumonia complicating stroke is challenging, and there are currently no consensus diagnostic criteria. As a first step in developing such consensus-based diagnostic criteria, we undertook a systematic review to identify the existing diagnostic approaches to pneumonia in recent clinical stroke research to establish the variation in diagnosis and terminology.


METHODS
Studies of ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, or both, which reported occurrence of pneumonia from January 2009 to March 2014, were considered and independently screened for inclusion by 2 reviewers after multiple searches using electronic databases. The primary analysis was to identify existing diagnostic approaches for pneumonia. Secondary analyses explored potential reasons for any heterogeneity where standard criteria for pneumonia had been applied.


RESULTS
Sixty-four studies (56% ischemic stroke, 6% intracerebral hemorrhage, 38% both) of 639 953 patients were included. Six studies (9%) reported no information on the diagnostic approach, whereas 12 (19%) used unspecified clinician-reported diagnosis or initiation of antibiotics. The majority used objective diagnostic criteria: 20 studies (31%) used respiratory or other published standard criteria; 26 studies (41%) used previously unpublished ad hoc criteria. The overall occurrence of pneumonia was 14.3% (95% confidence interval 13.2%-15.4%; I(2)=98.9%). Occurrence was highest in studies applying standard criteria (19.1%; 95% confidence interval 15.1%-23.4%; I(2)=98.5%). The substantial heterogeneity observed was not explained by stratifying for other potential confounders.


CONCLUSIONS
We found considerable variation in terminology and the diagnostic approach to pneumonia. Our review supports the need for consensus development of operational diagnostic criteria for pneumonia complicating stroke.
Photo Aesthetics Ranking Network with Attributes and Content Adaptation

A Aesthetics & Attribute Database (AADB) Fusing Attributes and Content for Aesthetics Ranking Demo, code and model can be download through project webpage http://www.ics.uci.edu/~skong2/aesthetics.html References: [8] He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J., ECCV, 2014 [15] Lu, X., Lin, Z., Jin, H., Yang, J., Wang, J., IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, 2015 [16] Lu, X., Lin, Z., Jin, H., Yang, J., Wang, J.Z., ACMMM, 2014 [17] Lu, X., Lin, Z., Shen, X., Mech, R., Wang, J.Z., ICCV, 2015 [23] Murray, N., Marchesotti, L., Perronnin, F., CVPR, 2012 Acknowledgements: This work was supported by Adobe gift fund, NSF grants DBI-1262547 and IIS1253538. Experimental Results We use Spearman's rho rank correlation ( ) to measure ranking performance . By thresholding the rating scores, we achieve state-of-the-art classification accuracy on AVA despite never training with a classification loss. We first train a simple model with Euclidean loss for numerical rating of photo aesthetics (a) fine-tuning with rank loss Based on the regression net, we apply rank loss to fine-tune the network
Electronic health records implementation: An evaluation of information system impact and contingency factors

OBJECTIVE
This paper provides a review of EHR (electronic health record) implementations around the world and reports on findings including benefits and issues associated with EHR implementation.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic literature review was conducted from peer-reviewed scholarly journal publications from the last 10 years (2001-2011). The search was conducted using various publication collections including: Scopus, Embase, Informit, Medline, Proquest Health and Medical Complete. This paper reports on our analysis of previous empirical studies of EHR implementations. We analysed data based on an extension of DeLone and McLean's information system (IS) evaluation framework. The extended framework integrates DeLone and McLean's dimensions, including information quality, system quality, service quality, intention of use and usage, user satisfaction and net benefits, together with contingent dimensions, including systems development, implementation attributes and organisational aspects, as identified by Van der Meijden and colleagues.


RESULTS
A mix of evidence-based positive and negative impacts of EHR was found across different evaluation dimensions. In addition, a number of contingent factors were found to contribute to successful implementation of EHR.


LIMITATIONS
This review does not include white papers or industry surveys, non-English papers, or those published outside the review time period.


CONCLUSION
This review confirms the potential of this technology to aid patient care and clinical documentation; for example, in improved documentation quality, increased administration efficiency, as well as better quality, safety and coordination of care. Common negative impacts include changes to workflow and work disruption. Mixed observations were found on EHR quality, adoption and satisfaction. The review warns future implementers of EHR to carefully undertake the technology implementation exercise. The review also informs healthcare providers of contingent factors that potentially affect EHR development and implementation in an organisational setting. Our findings suggest a lack of socio-technical connectives between the clinician, the patient and the technology in developing and implementing EHR and future developments in patient-accessible EHR. In addition, a synthesis of DeLone and McLean's framework and Van der Meijden and colleagues' contingent factors has been found useful in comprehensively understanding and evaluating EHR implementations.
Cryolipolysis for Targeted Fat Reduction and Improved Appearance of the Enlarged Male Breast.

BACKGROUND
Pseudogynecomastia refers to benign male breast enlargement due to excess subareolar fat. Standard treatment is surgical excision under general anesthesia, liposuction, or a combination of both.


OBJECTIVE
The safety and efficacy of cryolipolysis was investigated for nonsurgical treatment of pseudogynecomastia.


METHODS AND MATERIALS
Enrollment consisted of 21 males with pseudogynecomastia. Subjects received a first treatment consisting of a 60-minute cryolipolysis cycle, followed by a two-minute massage, and a second 60-minute cycle with 50% treatment area overlap. At 60 days of follow-up, subjects received a second 60-minute treatment. Safety was evaluated by monitoring side effects and adverse events. Efficacy was assessed by ultrasound, clinical photographs, and subject surveys.


RESULTS
Surveys revealed that 95% of subjects reported improved visual appearance and 89% reported reduced embarrassment associated with pseudogynecomastia. Ultrasound showed mean fat layer reduction of 1.6 ± 1.2 mm. Blinded reviewers correctly identified 82% of baseline photographs. Side effects included mild discomfort during treatment and transient paresthesia and tenderness. One case of paradoxical hyperplasia (PH) occurred but likelihood of PH in the male breast is not believed to be greater than in any other treatment area.


CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated feasibility of cryolipolysis for safe, effective, and well-tolerated nonsurgical treatment of pseudogynecomastia.
Single-stage posterior corpectomy and expandable cage placement for treatment of thoracic or lumbar burst fractures.

STUDY DESIGN
A prospective study was performed.


OBJECTIVE
To assess an unusual technique for corpectomy and expandable cage placement via single-stage posterior approach in acute thoracic or lumbar burst fractures.


SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA
Burst fractures represent 10% to 20% of all spine injuries at or near the thoracolumbar junction, and can cause neurologic complications and kyphotic deformity. The goal of surgical intervention is to decompress the neural elements, restore vertebral body height, correct angular deformity, and stabilize the columns of the spine.


METHODS
The study comprised 14 patients (8 women and 6 men aged 40.3 years) who had 1 spinal burst fracture between T8 and L4 and who underwent single-stage posterior corpectomy, circumferential reconstruction with expandable-cage placement, and transpedicle screwing between January 2003 and May 2005. Neurologic status was classified using the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale and functional outcomes were analyzed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain. The kyphotic angle (alpha) and lordotic angle (beta) were measured in the thoracic or thoracolumbar and lumbar regions, respectively. RESULTS.: The mean follow-up time was 24 months (range, 12-48 months). Neurologic status was in 7 patients (preop: ASIA-E, postop: unchanged), 2 patients (preop: ASIA-D, postop: 1 unchanged, 1 improved to ASIA-E), 3 patients (preop: ASIA-C, postop: 2 improved to ASIA-D, 1 improved to ASIA-E), 2 patients (preop: ASIA-B, postop: 1 improved to ASIA-C, 1 unchanged). The mean operative time was 187.8 minutes. The mean blood loss was 596.4 mL. Regarding postoperative complications, 1 patient experienced transient worsening of neurologic deficits and 1 patient developed pseudarthrosis. The mean preoperative VAS score was 8.21 and the mean postoperative VAS score was 2.66 (P < 0.05). The mean preoperative kyphotic angle for the 11 individuals with the thoracic or thoracolumbar burst fractures was 24.6 degrees and the mean preoperative lordotic angle for the 3 individuals with lumbar burst fractures was 10.6 degrees. The corresponding values at 12 months postsurgery were 17.1 degrees and 13.6 degrees.


CONCLUSION
This single-stage posterior approach for acute thoracic and lumbar burst fractures offers some advantages over the classic combined anterior-posterior approach. The results from this small series suggest that a single-stage posterior approach should be considered in select cases.
Hourly rounding to improve nursing responsiveness: a systematic review.

UNLABELLED
The aims of this study were to synthesize the evidence concerning the effect of hourly rounding programs on patient satisfaction with nursing care and discuss implications for nurse administrators.


BACKGROUND
Patient satisfaction is a key metric that influences both hospital ratings and reimbursement. Studies have suggested that purposeful nursing rounds can improve patient satisfaction, but the evidence to date has not been systematically examined.


METHODS
A systematic review of published literature and GRADE analysis of evidence regarding nursing rounds were conducted.


RESULTS
There is little consistency in how results of hourly rounds were measured, precluding quantitative analysis. There is moderate-strength evidence that hourly rounding programs improve patients' perception of nursing responsiveness. There is also moderate-strength evidence that these programs reduce patient falls and call light use.


CONCLUSIONS
Nurse administrators should consider implementing an hourly rounding program while controlled trials discern the most cost-effective approach.
Strength-based interventions : Their importance in application to the gifted

Positive psychology has revived psychology’s abandoned interest in the study of morally positively valued traits (the so-called character strengths) and virtues. We review literature generated on strength-based approaches and focus on applications in the so-called positive psychology interventions. There seems to be great potential in this approach for research in the field of giftedness and, of course, also when practically working with gifted children and adolescents. We highlight some ideas for future research directions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261429416640334 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-128345 Accepted Version Originally published at: Proyer, René T; Gander, Fabian; Tandler, Nancy (2017). Strength-based interventions: Their importance in application to the gifted. Gifted Education International, 33(2):118-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261429416640334 Strength-based interventions: Their importance in application to the gifted René T. Proyer Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany University of Zurich, Switzerland Fabian Gander University of Zurich, Switzerland Nancy Tandler Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany René T. Proyer is at the Department of Psychology at the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (Germany) and the Department of Psychology at the University of Zurich (Switzerland). Fabian Gander is at Department of Psychology at the University of Zurich (Switzerland). Nany Tandler is at the Department of Psychology at the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (Germany) The preparation of this paper has been facilitated by research grants of the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF; 100014_132512 and 100014_149772) awarded to RTP. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to René Proyer, MartinLuther University Halle-Wittenberg (Germany), Emil-Abderhalden-Straße 26-27, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; E-mail: rene.proyer@psych.uni-halle.de
Dynamic TXOP HCCA reclaiming scheduler with transmission time estimation for IEEE 802.11e real-time networks

IEEE 802.11e HCCA reference scheduler guarantees Quality of Service only for Constant Bit Rate traffic streams, whereas its assignment of scheduling parameters (transmission time TXOP and polling period) is too rigid to serve Variable Bit Rate (VBR) traffic.
 This paper presents a new scheduling algorithm, Dynamic TXOP HCCA (DTH). Its scheduling scheme, integrated with the centralized scheduler, uses both a statistical estimation of needed transmission duration and a bandwidth reclaiming mechanism with the aim of improving the resource management and providing an instantaneous dynamic Transmission Opportunity (TXOP), tailored to multimedia applications with variable bit rate. Performance evaluation through simulation, confirmed by the scheduling analysis, shows that DTH is suitable to reduce the transmission queues length. This positively impacts on the delay and on packets drop rate experienced by VBR traffic streams.
Stability of Drugs and Dosage Forms
Human motion recovery utilizing truncated schatten p-norm and kinematic constraints

Human motion capture (mocap) data, which records the movements of joints of a human body, has been widely used in many areas. However, the raw captured data inevitably contains missing data due to the limitations of capture systems. Recently, by exploiting the low-rank prior embedded in mocap data, several approaches have resorted to the low-rank matrix completion (LRMC) to fill in the missing data and obtained encouraging results. In order to solve the resulting rank minimization problem which is known as NP-hard, all existing methods use the convex nuclear norm as the surrogate of rank to pursue the convexity of the objective function. However, the nuclear norm, which ignores physical interpretations of singular values and has over-shrinking problem, obtains less accurate approximation than its nonconvex counterpart. Therefore, this paper presents a nonconvex LRMC based method wherein we exploit the state-of-art nonconvex truncated schattenp norm to approximate rank. Moreover, we add two significant constraints to the low-rank based model to preserve the spatial-temporal properties and structural characteristics embedded in human motion. We also develop a framework based on alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM) to solve the resulting nonconvex problem. Extensive experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms the existing state-of-art methods in terms of both recovery error and agreement with human intuition. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Household availability of ultra-processed foods and obesity in nineteen European countries.

OBJECTIVE
To assess household availability of NOVA food groups in nineteen European countries and to analyse the association between availability of ultra-processed foods and prevalence of obesity.


DESIGN
Ecological, cross-sectional study.


SETTING
Europe.


SUBJECTS
Estimates of ultra-processed foods calculated from national household budget surveys conducted between 1991 and 2008. Estimates of obesity prevalence obtained from national surveys undertaken near the budget survey time.


RESULTS
Across the nineteen countries, median average household availability amounted to 33·9 % of total purchased dietary energy for unprocessed or minimally processed foods, 20·3 % for processed culinary ingredients, 19·6 % for processed foods and 26·4 % for ultra-processed foods. The average household availability of ultra-processed foods ranged from 10·2 % in Portugal and 13·4 % in Italy to 46·2 % in Germany and 50·4 % in the UK. A significant positive association was found between national household availability of ultra-processed foods and national prevalence of obesity among adults. After adjustment for national income, prevalence of physical inactivity, prevalence of smoking, measured or self-reported prevalence of obesity, and time lag between estimates on household food availability and obesity, each percentage point increase in the household availability of ultra-processed foods resulted in an increase of 0·25 percentage points in obesity prevalence.


CONCLUSIONS
The study contributes to a growing literature showing that the consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with an increased risk of diet-related non-communicable diseases. Its findings reinforce the need for public policies and actions that promote consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed foods and make ultra-processed foods less available and affordable.