Year: 1870




ernmeut-A Philosophical Preface


philosophical Discourse.


The head Of the nrm Of woodh1lL Clanin
Co, Commodore vanderollts financial prots0es-
the famed Balmoral brokers Of Broad stroet-has
undertaken the dinicult task Of correcting popular
errors on the science OF government and has pro.
pared paper on the subject As however the
lady expects 70 be too busy making money among
the bulls and bears and canvassing for the Presi-
dency in 1872 to deliver 1t for some time to come We
publish the first part OF it IN srtenso Whether her
conclusions will agree with her premises or not the
document will be found exceedingly interesting as
showing the quality Of the female mind against
which the money changers of wan street will have
to contend In business:-


As far back into the past as aim historic lights
ENABLE US 10 see, ana still much farther. even
Of this planet, the existence OF d'Ja government
can be plainly traced. Wherever two or more
or any species OF animals-not to descend
lower and including man--are or have been some
thing Stimulating 10 what IL IN our day denominated
governments exists or existed; and whether It Is or
was over q greater or less community It Is or was
possessed Of certain characteriZng elements, from
and by when clear insight into the com.
by those who VIII analyze the elements
somewhat phiosOphlcally-tnat Is to say. govern
ments are truthu reflections OF the governed wnen
considered as whole, ana all changes or modl1ca-
uOns that occur therein result from growth OF
the governed No Just nor advantageous deductions
from any subject or fact which Is worthy OF q posi-
tlon IN the words history, and which IS capable Of
permanently maintainIng SUCH position. can be
ANALYSIS Of all the elements entering into It's com
position All facts as well as all chemical COM
POUNDS, Poumas are made ap Of elementary principles
some general power, operating by some general law
OF combination. BY such AN analysis the compost
Jon or such subjects and facts a. are anayzed are
not only determined but the relations they sustain
to all other subjects and facts also demonstrated
and thus general law OF relativty IS found winch
makes tine whole round Of creation one IN purpose
and effect.


1t il not proposed In the present article TO
ment as 1t IL. or az 1t as been but rather to OBJ
serve the chain OF progression that has been evolved
and to endeavor to determine whether link by
link, 1t does not form one harmonious whole. from
the present aspect of whicn its culminaton may
VIII not be found complete circle. containing
within It's immense all that has consplred and
positions In such community OF interests by vir-
tue OF having thus conspired and assisted In is
formation % , Neither is It proposed to extend the
limits of this inquiry beyond the consideration OF
human government, except IN so far as
g anao ogies may be sought to enforce the
BY such application In the solution OF
such questions as may not be entirely apparent
from the evidences contained specifically within toe
said limits. Pnilosophically considered, however,
the objects sought could as well be obtained from
any other department Of government; for. while





man government and controls sn It's notifications.
the self-same law underes and conrOs all other
man government sprung and upon which It rests


primary basis. II Is believed that there Ii suficent
IN the phiosophlc minds OF this latter part Of the
nineteenth century to gather into form the evidence
si nas oeen ana nes me
and grasp its specification, 80 that in
its application to existing things permanent
instead OF polite notifications IN governmental
AFFAIRS may be inaugurated. Governed by any other
than such broad standard changes and mOdln-
simply to meet the eXgencles of the times and with
no view to place government upon . basis that
nee, an neess meen m m snu wm,cn snoua
such government has not hitherto been inau1Hrated
or attempted are because IN no country has the
general mind aS yet become sufficiently broad and
comprehensive To discover that great general laws
underlie the universe and govern all ITS manifesto
with perfect uniformity. 1t Is not my province 20
DISCUSS what these great general laws and principles
to predicate what the future OF government must be
when 1t shall have IT'S basis In such laws and
principles. and to Judge whether what has been,
and what Is, may De considered as gradual
approaches from the most simple and homogeneous
forms, in which the interest OF AL indefinite
either individually or collectively towards that
wherein the interests OF al. while becoming more
distinct individually, shall be merged in the general
interests OF the whole and become Identical there.
with.


Mr.. Maine says in his Ancient Law,n that
society IN ancient times was not what II Is assumed
10 be at preaent--a collection OF lndviduas.n ain
TACT, and IN view OF the men that composed II, IL
was an aggregation OF families. The contrast may
the unit OF an ancient society was the family; OF
modern society. the Individual"


In speaking OF ancient society Mr. Fiske SAYS
Family government excluded not only individual
independence but also State supremacy, ana that
vestlges OF time when there were no aggregates
OF men more extensive than the family may be
found In every part OF the world when social orgar
izatlon was but one step removed from absolute and
feroclOus anarchy;" and this he defines as


social aggregate or the first orders the coaescence
OF families into civic communities an aggregate of
the second order; the c0aescence OF CIVIC and
tribuai communities into the nation aggregate OF
the third order. The coalescence OF nations would
then describe an aggregate or the fourth order.
Under these four orders all the forms OF govern
ment ever existing In the world lust be classified.


As low form OF government can be conceived
as existing next above that OF the family worthy to
be called human government, still exists among
the barbarlanS InhaDlting some portions Of Central
some OF the South Sea Islands. These people unite
In bands or tribes and rove about seeking the
OF subsistence and endeavoring to conquer other
tribes Some have central points Of rendezvous
where the rudest habltatIon5 are constructed, In
which the women ana children remain during the
absence OF the men, The women almost univer.
sally are considered very much IN the light OF
slaves By all these nomadic tribes, and as
f oy ~ 70 ,os minister TO passions and
rude as their haolts consisting OF little more than
comparatively few spaslDodicalIy uttered harsh
sounds. Written language they have none, except.
ing perhaps some images or rude figures symbol
izing special event they in this way attempt to
COulmeUOTutej huu WHICH may DC COn3luereU as the
foundation OF II for the tribes using them as they
were the primary foundation OF all written language
One notable feature Is universally observable among
oil these representatives OF primitive govern
men'-they all recognize the necessity Of leader
under some OF the many forms OF control exercised
by the one over the many, and he is generally one
who has exhibited parrlcpa pro Yess in battle
the capacity to perform which he Is supposed to be
endowed with BY some unknown power, and which
renders him superior to all Others ana best capable
OF ruling and protecting those who thus recox
nize him, and who obey him In every par
tlcular even to sacrificing their lives. Such
may be considered an Outline OF our
conceptions OF the most primitive form Of govern
ment OF the present day; and the fact that such
still exists has marked bearing upon the subject
or general government when 1t Is remembered that
the time was when no higher form existed on the
face Of the earth. The law OF evolution and that OF
dissolution being universal deduction from the
phosophic lttaGtUnl that force persists, they ap-
ply to all things wherein force Is exhibited; conse
quently human government must be the objective