Year: 1875

ness AZ No SO Orchard street The first witness called
by Mr Hastings counsel for the Board of Health was
Officer Joseph Gardner, of the Sanitary Squad He es
tilted that the 18th Of August last he visited the
premises the defendant and there tested four cans
milk; the he used the lactometer an instru-
ment approved and adopted by the Board Of Health for
that purpose; the milk in registered eighty
eight twelve degrees below the required standard
and in the other three ninety ninety-sx and nineysx
respectively; witness did not know what tho tempera
ture at the time Of making the test


Professor Chandler President Of the Board Of Health,
called. He said he was a chemist, and had
been Tor twenty years; had made repeated inyestga-
tons Of milk; had made them for the Board of Health
and the Commissioners Of Charities and Correction
The lactometer brought to this country from
France, whore it invented some years ago It was
not perfect test for it frequently failed to indicate the
presence OF water where water existed in milk, and
thereby favored the milk dealers; but for all practical
purposes it a safe In fixing a standard Of
pure milk specific gravity 1000 20, which marks
100 on the lactometer, selected. This, witness
thought was very moderate, for milk might be adul-
terated which registered on the lactometer 100 or
even 0 the dealers had therefore, the benefit Of any
doubt the instrument Is used TO measure the gravity
OF milk at go degrees Fahrenheit and when regis
ters below 100 il implies the milk is watered.


In reply TO the questions OF Mr Lawrence counsel
for the defence witness said that the principle of tho
acometer was that the heavier the liquid the lower it
sank, and rice uersa, that rich milk lighter in
weight than poor milk, and that the which
varied the gravity of milk might be sugar, salt the
temperature or the condition of the COW


Counsel 10 wiiness)-Have you ever witnessed the
operation Of milking COW?


Winess-l have the first part Of the milk drawn Is
heavier than the last.


Counse--In that pure milk registered below 100
at 90 degrees Fahrenheit, would not your faith IN
the instrument be destroyed9


Witness-No; the COW might be unhealthy


(OuuSel-If in


Counsel here cited various scientific authorities on
the testing Of milk and asked Mr. Chandler If they
standards. He replied IN the affirmative The
authorities referred to all condemned the lactometer
worthy and useless for the purpose Of
mining the purity OF milk.


fence. He testified that, chemist he
familiar with the analysis Of milk !;
was acquainted with the lactOmeter it was
not in his opinion, trustworthy test of milk and
he had taught his chemical classes for years; had
made repeated practical experiments with the instru-
ment and found II unrelable II was condemned by
of the most eminent scientists of England,
France and Germany. (lhe Professor here quoted
from three different authorities support of his
ment) The witness then continued his testimony by
stating that few days ago he and two others went TO
Orange county and there tested milk using the Board
from twelve different cows on different farms;
II was put IN pals and cooled down
60 degrees Fahrenheit when the test applied In
five instances the milk registered from 30 degrees
% degrees and the remainder from 100 degrees
los degrees; witness superntended the experiments
carefully from the beginning to the end had tested milk
just IL drawn from the and II stood al So de-
grees and when cooled ITO degrees; the deduction
witness made from this was that there no law
test which could accurately determine at all times the
purity of milk


After the introduction of some more unimportant
testimony the lawyers on both sides summed up their
cases The Court after brief deiberation found the
guilty and imposed a fine of 500 Counsel
gave notice that he would appeal from the judgment Of
the Court