smithclay/nortonstories huggingface dataset:
Year: 1873

THE St. Paul Press of June a, comes out
fat-footed in favor Of state control and
ownership of railways. An editorial of
over a column, concludes: THE only way
out of this dilemma it seems to us, is for
the State to rid itself of the monopolies who
own public highways, and who, by virtue
of that ownership, will control them in
spite OF restrictive or regulative legislation,
by buying them out, and operating the
roads under State authority"
Year: 1873

The receipts, ETC., of the Sisters
Fair, and over a column of other in
teresting matter, are crowded out to-
day.


There is a money order at the tele-
graph office for A. MacCrellish, and a
telegram for &. w. Snow.


The Good Templars hold one of their
pleasant socials this evening in their
Hall on Main street, over Caswell e
Ellis store. Friends of temperance
will bear this i'm mind.


An important meeting of the Di-
rectors of the Chamber of Commerce
will take place this evening. All the
Board are requested to be present, as
business of great Importance will
come up. This is one of the most inn
portant bodies in our midst, and the
only organization by which united
effort can be made. If Los Angeles
citizens do not wish their present
southern superiority taken away, they
will foster this body and keep it
active
Year: 1873

All orders promptly attended to, and infor-
nation given CHEAPLY and with dispatch.


We are fully convinced that the time is at
hand when old things are to be done away,
and nearly all things are to become new. Con-
sequently, many changes will become neces-
sary, and to facilitate this object is our pur-
pose in our present business capacity. From
the Eastern States as well as our knowledge
of this country and its people-which we have
worked diligently and hard to learn-and the
large amount of
Year: 1873

we have on sale and to lease, we feel confident
of success, and that is half the battle won.


Our motto is onward and upward with the
watchword, Know Thyself, the which we
study. So we flatter ourselves that
Year: 1873

The Desperate Condition OF Spain.


Our news from Spain this morning is as
discouraging as ever. AS yet there are no
signs of improvement. 1t has been well
known for some time that the soldiers could
not be relied upon to do the bidding of their
officers. The only armed bodies of men in
Spain not demoralized are those which fight
under the banner of Don Carlos. A despatch
has just been received at Madrid from the
commander of the government troops at
Seville, conveying the intelligence that he had
been compelled to withdraw his forces from
that city in order to prevent conflict between
the soldiers and the citizens Supposing this
to be true, is it possible to conceive a more
pitiable state of things? 1t will not surprise
us, however, to learn that the government
troops have been withdrawn from Seville
because they were too much in sympathy with
the citizens and so could not be relied upon in
the event of rising to obey the orders of
their commanding officer. Whichever be the
correct view Of the case, it is undeniable that
the state of things thus indicated is well fitted
to inspire alarm. Seville is one Of the
grandest as well as one of the Oldest of the
towns of Spain. "Fair is proud Seville"
said Byron; 'let her country boast her
strength, her wealth, her site of ancient
days" When in such city it is found
impossible to maintain O garrison, it is dit
fcuh to resist the conviction that the general
situation is becoming desperate.


| This, however, is not the only piece of in
telligence which comes to Ms pregnant with
the same moral. Madrid is in condition
which bears striking resemblance TO that of
Paris previous to the outbreak Of the Com
mune. Sefor Pi y Margan has experienced
the utmost difficulty in forming Ministry,
and the rreconcilables threaten to take up
arms if the Ministry is formed exclusively Of
members of the Right The wrerched state
TO which the Spanish Treasury has been re-
duced is revealed in the extraordinary pro-
posal of the Minister of Marine to suppress
the Board of Admiralty and to discontinue
the Mediterranean squadron. The navy has
always been source Of national pride, and
when o Minister of Marine seriously makes
such proposal we may we'll take it for
granted that Spain-the proud Spsin of
Charles V. and of Philip H., the Spain which
conquered and 80 long held the New World
is all but draining the dregs Of her cup Of sor-
row. Without money and without credit,
with large portion Of her territory oveirun
Year: 1873

Our AMERICAN SYSTEM of State and federal
law-making seems simple enough, yet news
paper 80 generally intelligent as the Pail Mall
Gazette blunders in reference to proceedings
at our State capital. Appearing to quote
New York city journal, it says "the members
of both houses of the American Legislature
'have been working as hard as beavers"
Either a more careful reading of its American
files, or the examination of gazetteer would
prevent an inaccuracy nearly equivalent to
confounding the doings of an English Poor
Law Board with the deliberations of the I'm
perial Parliament
Year: 1873

by rebel bands, with her army in mutiny, and
with no properly organized government it is
difficult to conceive into what deeper depths
of misery unhappy Spain can be plunged. 1t
is not impossible. however. that darker days
are in store tor her before she sees the light
Year: 1873

We do not think an abundance Of running
water absolutely essential to the best results
in butter.making, if you can keep the tenn
perature of the milk room at the right point
1t is only necessary to reduce the tempera-
ture of the milk to about 70 degrees soon af-
ter it is drawn from the COW, if you eau set
it in room with a temperature of 5S or 60
degrees. Indeed, it is our impression that
surrounding milk and keeping its tempera-
ture down with cold water, while exposing
the surface to temperature varying with
the weather, is injurious to the favor and
the keeping qualities Of the butter,


The best temperature for raising cream, it
is admitted by our best butter makers, is
about sixty degrees. The variation should
not be much above or below this. At this
point We should prefer, if possible, to keep
the temperature Of the milk-room the year
round. In it we would keep the milk and
the cream until it was ready to churn. If
you 90 below this it retards the rising ofthe
cream and we think Injuries the butter. 1t is
a pretty well established fact that the best
cheese can not be made out of milk that has
gone much below 65 degrees. Below that
the sweet nutty flavor disappears. We think
that when We begin to 60 below 60 degrees,
we begin to loose the rosy smell and aro-
matte flavor of our butter. 1t may remain
sweet, but it has forever lost that delicious,
creamy taste which ia popularity of fancy
butter, and when afterward exposed to high.
er temperature, decay is more rapid because
of the chilling it had received, We would
not, therefore, If we could as well as not, let
milk 60 below GO degrees-certainly not be.
low 5S degrees.


The best temperature for churningis some-
where between go and 65 degrees about 81
or SO in summer, and 65 in winter. II you
begin churning at 60 even in room Of that
temperature, you will raise the temperature
of the cream two or three degrees in very
short time, aud increase the bulk. 1t is moi
the season alone which demands variation
in the temperature orthe cream between SUM-
mer aud winter-that you should churn it
warmer in winter and colder in summer. Ii
is true that in warm weather the tendency Of
the temperature is to rise, and in cold wealth
er to sink. But there is another reason why
higher temperature IS required in winter
than in summer. 1t is found in the compo
sitiou Of the butter. In summer, there i,
more oil and less hard fat in the butter. la
winter, the proportion of hard fat to oil is abOu
GO parts fat to 40 parts oil. In summer
this proportion is reversed, and we hAv,
about 40 parts of hard fat to 60 parts of oil
Hence, bLttcrat the same temperature is hard
er in winter than it is in summer This is o
tsef sufficient reason for ohurning at high
er temperature in winter than in summer


1t is well known that the favor Of butte
made in the summer is better than that o
Year: 1873

(C0HffHU6d.)


One Of the most important uses of forests
as regards climate is their influence in modi-
flying the hygrometric condition of the soil
and atmosphere, and in increasing the sources
aud supply of water in region. A wooded
tract preserves greater humidity in the
soil beneath and the atmosphere about than
a naked one, for many reasons. This is ow.
ing in measure to the presence in wooded
section Of the ever present concomitant,
humus or decayed vegetable matter, which
has a great affinity for water and capacity
for the absorption and retention of it. Care.
ful experiment has shown that humus and
siliceous sand possess the power of imbibaton
Of water when well dcssicated, in the ratio
of 1870 to %, and the same two substances when
well saturated with water, possess the power
Of evaporation in the proportion of about
20 to ss. Water when it falls upon naked
or a sodded soil has great tendency to flow
off to lower situations, although the tendency
is not so great on the latter as on the former.
But on wooded soils this pronenoss to flow
away is scarcely noticeable, for the water is
absorbed rapidly by the surface covering of
leaves and humus and inilterod quickly
downward through their strata, aided in
great measure by the roots OF trees which of.
ten penetrate to a great depth in the soil aud
sub-soil


Now when the sun shines clear and the
cir is somewhat devoid of moisture, naked
soils rapidly yield up their embosomed water
and soon become parched, unless another fall
Of rain soon ensues. This same effect is pro-
duced to greater or less extent in sodded
soils, according to the luxuriance of the veg
citation with which they are covered. Iu
forests, however, this action progresses very
slowly, for the covering of leaves and humus
above the soil permits the water to evapo.
rate but slowly, and it is further prevented
by the branches Of the trees, supporting a
vast expanse Of leaves which shade the soil
below in great degree, Thus it will be
seen that wooded soils, from their compost
tion and the nature of the vegetation which
they support, are inclined to absorb and re-
tain more moisture than naked one.


Still further, the roots of trees draw in Il
large quantity of water charged with the di-
verse elements which go to constitute the
sap. The surplus of this water Is afterwards
exuded from the leaves, and maintains in the
ambient medium humid atmosphere, which
Year: 1873

Much has been said through your columns
in regard to fruit growing in our Green
Mountain State And while there are many


discouragng features presented for the con-
sideration of our Vermont farmers, yet l
think our cry should be tive US more faith"
1 noticed an article in the FARMER Of
Dee. 20 by G. g. p, aud while he to GER
tain extent encourages fruit raising in our
state yet he is of the opinion that Vermont
on the whole offers but scanty inducements
to the fruit grower, | fully agree with my
friend of Charlotte until reformation takes
place among our farmers, and when that is
done my views will be very materially
changed. If it has been proved to a dem
onstration by farmers located in nearly all
parts of our state, (only now and then one,
to be sure,) that fruit can be successfully
raised, will some kind philosopher tell me
why other men, with equal care and thor
ough cultivation, may not succeed as well on
similar soil and under the same climate
For instance, if by careful attention to
business, and by a careful and choice selec-
ton of fruit adapted to the climate and the
SOIL have been successful in raising choice
fruit, and my neighbors on either side of me
have made trial in this direction and have
utterly failed of success, at once come to
khiu oopolu.in, ThaN tbnra ia a vyrono nv
listing somewhere, aud | do not think it
would require the most profound scholar
ship to solve the mystery, or to learn the se-
eret of success But if any Of my brother
farmers are anxious to learn the secret Of
utter failure, | can crafty their anxiety in
few words. In the first place, have no fore
thought in the matter, but consider a pre-
requisite unnecessary. Take just such fruit
as your nurserymen bring to your door and
urge upon you, asking no questions for con.
science sake, and if you are busy at the
time Of receiving your trees, just lay them
aside for a week or so, until you sec leis-
ure moment then dig small bole in the
earth, (no matter where, for small hole is
quicker dug than u large one.) Set your
trees, and be sure you set them with the
roots down, OF you will be III the predica'
ment of the old lady who found her beans
coming wrong end up and was obliged to re-
verse the process by pulling aud trans
planting them, which very much retarded
their progress. Let as much grass grow
around them as the nature of the soil will
support, using no hoe Or spade for fear you
will gall the bark of your trees Waste no
feed that naturally grows in your nursery,
Year: 1873

j. r. Ellsworth, Of Barre, at a meeting Of
the Massachusetts, Board of Agriculture last
year, being asked to state his mode of pack
ing and transporting the butter which be
makes to market, said-"My whole aim is to
keep it from the air. do not want any
kind of fair to reach it. If it is pure air, it
will abstract the sweet flavor it it is bad
air, il will do harm of course. cover it
from the air from the time il is salted until
it is worked. Then it is boxed as soon as it
can be- and covered. have three different
sizes of boxes. My shipping box is some.
thing like an old-fashioned tool chest, and
holds four boxes of thirty pounds each. The
shipping box is two boxes high and two box
es wide. They are the common round but
ter boxes, but the shipping box is a square
box, with handles at each end \ rod comes
up at each end, and there is thumb-screw
outside on the cover. Listing, such as comes
on the sides of cloth, is tacked around the
edge Of the box. When the cover is screwed
down the box is pretty tight. You will see
that there is vacant space between the two
boxes, something like three.squarc. had
two galvanized iron boxes three-square, or
nearly so, that Just fit into that cavity, and
these were filed with broken ice, about the
size of hens egg, The butter put in, and the
cover screwed down tight, in time to meet the
express train, and my butter gets to the
stall at halEpast eleven, AN. Two. thirds
of the ice is in the boxes, aud the butter,
have been told, is apparently as hard as
when il started"
Year: 1873

Harry Meiggs the great railroad operator
Of South America, has discovered, on the
mainland of the west coast of Peru the most
immense deposit of guano ever seen any
where. This deposit is said to extend for
many miles along the coast, and reach far
inland. The Chincha Islands have hereto.
fore been considered the richest in guano
production, but this last discovery shows con.
clusively that it is Of much better quality
and much easier to handle than the former.
Millions upon millions of tons can be dug
cheaply, and transported to all parts Of the
world at much lower figure than hereto.
fore. This valuable fertilizer will no doubt
be used much more extensively in this
country, as we'll as Europe, as the price at
which it can be furnished will place it with.
in the reach Of all.
Year: 1873

Some Of the Southern farmers are getting
the key to the true spirit Of Agricultural
improvement. The better class of these
planters are of the thinking and reasoning
sort. Necessity is forcing them to couclu-
sions which are worthy Of a wide circulation.
For instance, correspondent of the Georgia
Plantation says:


To enable the farmer to buy less and sell
more, let him put three acres of land on the
identical same spot where he now has but
one, with spade, or four.horse pow. A
German or Englishman would do il the first
year. Did not a man (Englishman) near
Athens, sell fourteen hundred dollars worth
from less than three acres? He did II by
piling four acres on one.


The example of one man goes far in the
education Of the people. A man buys three
acres Of land instead of fifty and makes them
produce more than the fifty would by ordi-
nary culture. What does he save? He
saves the money he would have invested in
the iorty-seven acres. Suppose he pays, or
agrees to pay, $40 per acre for fifty acres
it amounts to 1000. Instead he buys say
five acres, for which he pays say $50 per
acre, or $3.50. He has cash capital left of
$780, which he can make available and act.
i've. He may not have the capital to work
the fifty acres as he would the five. Few
men have. But by the use of his reserved
capital he makes his five acres produce as
much as twenty acres OF his fifty and few
farmers with fifty acres cultivate more than
twenty-threc, unless near large cities; even
then they cannot do ii well without large
cash capital. With the five acres and the
SShO capital a man may secure all the tools,
manures and labor that may proftaby be
employed on five acres. Every thing is utl-
lied. There is no dead capital. Every dol.
lar as it is turned over produces another.
Every crop is under coutroI. The ground
can be prepared for the seed as and when it
ought to be- the crops can be cultivated and
harvested when aud 10 they ought to be.
Out Of the investment cone returns which
bring to the farmer the maximum profit.


There are circumstances and conditions
where this policy does not seem to be the
specially in locations where land is
rising in value or where il will rise in value
in proportion to every dollar expended upon
1t for improvements Then the farmer may
reap more profits from his investment in fifty
acres than in five. But on lands which have
reached their maximum value it is folly to
spend the bulk of ones capital in them and
cripple his resources for rendering them pro-
ductive. AS a rule, We think, two-thirds of
farmers cash capital should be reserved
for use on land purchased with the other
third.
Year: 1873

Prof Agassis comes to the conclusion that
the continent of North America was once
covered with ice mile in thickness, thereby
agreeing with Prof. Hitchcock and other
eminent geological writers concerning the
glacial period. In proof of this conclusion,
he says that the slopes of the Allegheny
range Of the mountains are glacier.wOrn to
the very top, except few points which we're
above the level of the icy mass. Mount
Washington, for instance, is over 5000 feet
high, and the rough unpublished surface of its
summit, covered with loose fragments, just
below th1lovel Of which glacier.marks come
to an end, tells that it lifted its head alone
above the desOlate waste of ice aud snow.


In this region, then, the thickness of the
ice cannot have been much less than 5000
Year: 1873

but let the cattle have the run until they
can do better elsewhere. To be sure, your
trees will be subjected to more or less mu-
tilauon, as the horns Of cattle are very apt
to become entangled in the branches Of small
trees. Mover use fertilizers about your
trees, for fear worms may work in the soil


and trouble the roots, and your trees decay.
Follow precisely the above described proc
ess, | know of many that have tried il and
then complain that the climate of our coun-
try has gone through with q serious transfor-
nation since our forelathers' day. and that it
is utterly impossible to raise fruit in these
latter days,) and il the secret Of failure is
made to appear PLAIN, then let there be a
reformation wrought within you, aud reverse
the process, and in very few years | will
warrant you luxury in the finest fruit, of
your own raising. Do not be afraid of
making an effort for fear you may not live
to enjoy the fruit of your own labor, and
that others may enter into it after you are
gone. have my mind on some who it
would seem would meet death with degree
of terror or dissatisfaction, for fea, they had
done something that had not benefited them
ten fold, and others should reap where they
had sown. While such men are plenty, yet
the world might spare few of them and
still move on in its wonted progress. The
dollar is all the god they know, and if they
were to hold five cent piece between them
selves and the moon, they would never see
the moon These are lamcntable facts. But
before | close let me assure you now and
forever that until you are willing to make
little sacrifice, and put forth an earnest ef-
fort, making the cultivation Of fruit thor
ough you will never succeed in raising fruit
for profit or your own qualification. Re-
member we do not live in Adams day; it
we did perhaps we might expect spontaneous
growth in abundance. But while we are to
earn our bread by the sweat of the brow,
what matters it if, by physical labor, per-
spiration be effected by earnest effort and
thorough management in the horticultural
department. One thought more, by no
means least of all. In selecting trees, seek
not, as Of the utmost importance, a great va
riety, but few of the choicest kinds known
to be hardy and prolific, c,-those adapted to
the climate where you are. In recommend.
ing fruit raising in our state | wish to be
distinctly understood that / refer more par
ticularly to apples, as | could not recommend
the cultivation of other fruits to much ex-
tent. \ few pears may be grown, if hardy
varieties, in some localities, to moderate
success, through northern Vermont, but not
so successfully as IN the southern portion OF
the State A little effort even in this direc-
tion in northern or northeastern Vermont
will not harm any of our farmers, and the
satisfaction of raising few pears will amply
pay any one interested, though there may be
no money in it, Industry is honorable, and
without it who can expect to thrive?


Berlin. Jan. |. Il. +. A.
Year: 1873

butter made in winter Is il not because
there is moro oil in summer and less hard
tastclcss fat? 1t is not exactly known what
gives butter its peculiar favor. We suspect
the flavor is impaired by some quality in the
oil, and that where we diminish the quantity
Of oil and increase the quantity of hard fat,
we weaken the flavor and make the butter in
sipid. We would like to see some expert.
ments tried to decide this point. If we are
right, the butter from a COW noted for tho
high flavor of the butter, will contain lar
ger proportion of oil than the butter from
COW whose product is comparatively tasteless.
Utica Herald.
Year: 1873

Prof Noelcker thus explains the action Of
clover in increasing The fertility of soils :
"All who are practically acquainted with the
subject must have seen that the best crops of
wheat are produced by being preceded by
crops ofclover grown for seed. have come
to the conclusion that the very best prcpara-
ton, the very best manure, is a good crop of
clover. A vast amount of min
eral manure is brought within reach OF the
grain crop, which otherwise would remain in
a locked-up condition in the soil. The clover
plants take nitrogen from the atmosphere,
and manufacture it Into their own substance,
which, on decomposition of the clover roots
and leaves, produces abundance of ammonia
In reality, the growing Of clover is equivo-
lent, to great extent, to manuring with Pc
ruvian guano and in this paper of mine
show that you obtain larger quantity of
manure than in the largest dose of Peruvian
guano which farmer would ever think of
applying. 1t is only by care.
fully investigating subjects like the one uu.
der consideration that positive proofs are
given, showing the correctness of intelligent
observers in the field"