Year: 1873

o'neo, ana passes through all the
changes until it reaches the adult
condition without being formulated at
all. We owe this discovery to Liebold,
who followed the whole history Of the
unfecundated egg in species of moths,
with an ingenuity aud perseverance
which leave no possibility of doubt as
TO his results There are also cases
which exhibit an essential difference
in the product of fecnndated egg and
of one which has not been fecundated
Upon such difference rests, for instance,
the whole economy of the bee commu~
nifty. All the eggs laid by the queen
bee prior to population produce males,
and these males are what are called
drones. The working bees are unde-
veloped females, aud are the product
of fecun lated eggs. What is called
the queen is the result of special
training Of one of these imperfect fe-
males the workers choose one of their
number. and, by peculiar treatment and
mode of feeling, etc, deveIope her into
q perfect queen whose Office it is to
multiply tho community. There are
also some butterflies whi~h produce
perfect male aud female individuals
from non-fecundated eggs.


The young shark is favored at his
birth with what seems TO be an egg.
Il is. however, bag of nouri,hment,
supplied by the maternal parent, which
keeps him in food until he is able to
set up 10 business for himself.


What now, We wouli K, is the
significance of 40 egg? Is the egg itself
an individually Is it n new being |
think rs We go on We shall be brough,
to the conclusion that the egg is the
new being, endowed with an iudividu.
ality. that is with q typical character
so distinct that never since the world
began did the egg of any one animal
produce an animal differing from the
parent 10 essential features, or the seed
Of .any plant produce ANYTHING differ
ing essentially from the plant which
bore it.


Whatever pha-es an egg passes
through, however much it rau,iantly re
,cmbles the adult condition of some
animal lower than itself in the same
type,it never ends by producing anything
but the kind of animal from which it
arose There is not a solitary instance
on record of deviation from that ever
Recurring cycle of development which
shows succession OF speciti ,ally
IDENTICAL individuals as the result of
reproduction, whether through eggs,
budding or division. There are no
other modes of multiplication known.


An egg does not necessarily lead to
The formation of one single being.
the egg of the natica. for instance, often
divides to form several individuals,
though i. m1y also develope as one
being. In many instances, however,
the natica egg, beginning as one yolk
breaks up into two, four, or more.
one primitive individuality thus divi-
ding and transmitting its peculiarities
to o generation more numerous than
itself. This is not the case when
double birth takes place IN higher ami
mails, in the mammalia for instance.
Each individual Is I'm that instance the
growth of Q separate egg. So in mon
strosities in the quadrapeds, where
double heads and the lke3 abnormal
developments occur; they come from
merging of the eggs together. The
multiplying of indiviua's in one egg
seems more like the process of repro
duction by self division, as in hydroids
end worms only in the latter it is q
kind of reconstruction Of lost parts,
while in the fomer it is the imperitive
egg growing into several being. The
more we examine these various pro-
cess of multiplication among animals,
the more are we impressed with the
fact that the maintenance of kind, the
fxedness of features in t&e organic
world, is their primary object and
inevitable result. 1t least that is the
conclusion to which all my own studies
in embryology have brought me.