Year: 1867

departing from theories and working with facts. Tie
result has been important discoveries One is surprised
TO what insignificant facts these discoveries are
based The truly scientific mind does not aOft it
looks carefully at the things The slendors
OF modern civilization due a OF fragments
which the ancients tTamped under foot.


Nothing is so important sound health. Upon 1t
depond the creation Of wealth, and every enjoyment
The water drink should carefully scrutlnzed IL
has been discovered that after II stands little time 1t
begins to breed parasites and worms Always should it
be fresh and pure. OF all the elements, other,
except the air. enters largely into the composition OF
our bodies In cities water always is chief concern
The Romans built costly aqueducts and had the water
come into their houses through lead pipes. Lead Is so
easily shaped that 1t early into USE But it was
quickly discovered that 1t caused dangerous diseases
Gaen 100 years B. c. decided unfit to convey water
and Vtruvas, 46 years b. c. forbade its In Holland
lead poison ragged with great violence but when tile roofs
substituted for lead 1t abated. Rain water and
pure spring water, when in contact with lead become
impregnated with poisonous compound.


few years since Prof DOremus investigated the sub
ect because two of his friends poisoned by
single glass OF soda water and he found paraytc and
other diseases largely Increased after the introduction or
the CrotOn IL is We'll known that brother Of Prof
Bartlett died Of lead poison, and many other deaths
ascrbed directly to IT, In 1858 DR. Lindsay OF Perth laid
before the British Association series of observations


In 1854 the City OF Glasgow instituted inquiries at cost
Of s25OO0 Dr. Thompson, President OF the Association
Of Medical Officers OF Health, made careful researches
They stated that lead pipe cannot too strongly be con
demned. The Royal Victoria Military Hospital at Netey
prohibits the Of lead In any FORM aud they introduced
block tin pipe at n cost OF $4,000.


In country places where lead pipe is used, and where
less attention is paid TO the causes Of disease than
should be- fam lies have sickened and died without sus-
pecting why. In short the extent to which lead pipe
has impaired and destroyed life VIII be known.
Those beautiful fish, tho brook trout, will not 1--we In
water II rise above certain temperature. But what
may be the temperature, II the water run through
lead pipe, they VIII not survive.


Notwithstanding all these facts people have used lead
because substitute could be found. But In cooking
utensils neither lead copper used, because
tin can be substituted thin sheet ofIron, covered with
a wash Of tin forms tin ware. Copper teakettles
and boilers always timed water pail made OF lead
or pan for holding milk would death In any fam


y Inventors have been trying for more than 90 years TO
Tin lead pipe that II might be safe. Al first they drew
the lead pipe through bath Of tin, ceang both sides
next. they attempted TO tin the inside, while passing 1t
over hollow mandr through which melted tin was sup
Piled then they electro plated but Of these coat
ngs were anything but thin wash and beside, the
vexatous and expensive. 1t seemed that the
thing could not be done.


Country folks generally have idea that the popua
ton OF New-YoIk city almost wholly is composed OF
fashionable people and OF scOundre and that there are
very few who are honest skul, and industrious The





manufacturing establishments exceed those 10 be found
n the states OF Ohio. Michigan, Indiana and Illinois.
The number OF and women who every morning pass
through Hassaust even. 20 various industrial establish
ments the lower part Of the city, estimated at 10000
other streets thronged When the fire bells ring one
will active and strongbodied men rush TO tho
rescue a. can be found the timber forests Of Maine orof
Wisconsin, The scoundrcls aud the fashonabes form the
exception Beside these patient workers there arr
crowds Of well informed sharp and ingenious men, who,
y their perseverance aud research, almost daily add to
our stock Of discoveries To have statistics in this respect
would be as surprising a. Instructive.
II one will 20 20 the foot of Twcntyscventhst, he Will
zee AN instance IN point For several years two young
men o. tho present firm of C0lwels, shaw Willard
struggled 10 produce lead pipe which should be per
fecty lined with tin At last they succeeded snort
description Of the process win be interesting Their
works are extensive, but we VIII be limited TO the Ly-
drauc Press This the most powerful machine Of the
Kind In onr country In all II weighs forty uns. The
supporting rod. are OF wrought iron eight inches In
diameter ana two feet IN circumference and the nuts
are ton inches broad and eleven inches high The cylinder
ls twenty-five inches thick, and Of five feet stroke The
pressure two tuns 10 the square inch and can Work
our tune and In the space Of from six TO eight inches IN
diameter from 800 10 Sometimes this enormous
pressure splits bed piece OF twenty two inches Of solid
iron clear
cup SIX inches and perhaps ten inches deep IN
tile center Of heavy block the melted lead
the weight ~ s0 or leo pounds. mandrl rod ~
the same length presses down through the center OF the
melted lead and when the works follower attached
slowly sinks exactly filling the cup. In the bottom OF
this cup die simply ring, with an edge on the inside
through this ring the rod Of the enters but II does
not M all the spacethe lead fills the balance Of the
IL presses out perfectly formed lead pipe This
H. ingenious but 70 is invention 80 years old To make
lead pipe encased with tin another thing and Is what
these young rlen here, In New-York, have done.
A block OF is cast and turned In lathe 10 IS about
inches long tapcrcd, with hole In the center and of
m average damnter o say two inches though such are


made various zes according TO the size Of pipe 20 be
manufactured This tapering shape Is to give Uniform
thickness TO the tin lining. II Il OF equal diameter,
the decreased pressure of the would give an rregu
lar thickness To determine this point required long,
careful, and costly experiments. Now tins tapering
block tin freezing cold se in the cup, the smallest
end down and melted lead let in from an adjoining fur
mace all around t. Immediately the hot lead mes the
tin block, but only the outside, and here perfect
alloy II formed Down comes the heavy ram the man
drill or rod passes through the heavy block OF tn' the
follower slowly presses dc Sn and the new compound
pipe Is forced through the die below As the ram
works with steady pressure the tin and lead are forced
out together without the least change in tho original
poston the only change being In the shape or course
the thickness Of the linns Will depend on the size oi
the cone of tin. Now, although tin is much more costly
than lead il lighter. well stronger; hence, loot
OF this pipe costs only about the as foot 0 lead
pipe Here we have pipe suitable for carrying water
which is perfectly harmless, and II Is cheap You see
New-York boys have some ingenuity after all


-~D~----


IMPORTANT TO OWNERS OF SAW MHIs.-Attenuon