Year: 1879

inlet for fresh air entering at q point
inside the main trap, and carried to q
convenient location out of doors. not to
near windows. This pipe will relieve
the smaller house-traps from pressure
occaSloDed 10y a descending column of
water that would otherwise be hkely to
force the seals Of these traps. The air
drawn through this inlet to the lower
part of the drainage system assists the
circulation within the drains, and is es-
sential to insure the diffusion Of the gases
generated within theH.


A trap should be placed on every. main
drain to disconnect the house from the
sewer or cesspool. lu places liable to
UNUSUAL pressure from the sewer it should
be double trap, with vent from between
the two traps, running up full size above
the roof; Or where the pressure from the
sewer is only occasional and the rigor Of
climate will permit, this vent may be
carried to the sidewalk or area, at safe
distance from windows. If the first tran
is forced the gas cap gain easier exit
through this pipe than through the
second tray.


Every vertical soil or waste pipe
should be extended at least full size
through the roof.


No traps should be placed at the foot
Of vertical soil pipes 70 impede circula-
tion.


Traps should be placed under ali sinks,
basins, baths wash trays, water-closets,
ETC., and as near TO these fixtures as
practicable,


All traps under fixtures, wherever
practicable, should be separately venti-
lated in order to guard against syphon-
age. Such vent pipes should not branch
into a soil pipe below where any drain
age enters it. In some cases it is prefer
gble to carry it to outer air independent
ly. The extension ofsoil pipe full size
through the roof is not a certain pro-
lection against syphonageof traps branch.
ing into it, and no protection when traps
are on a horizontal pipe distance from
the vertical soil pipe.


Rain-water leaders should not be used
as soil pipes, and when connected with
house drains they should be made of cast
iron in preference to galvanized sheet
iron or tin, there being less liability Of
corrosion, Joints should be gas and
water,tigbt, to preclude possibility of
drain-air entering open windows.


No safe waste should connect with
any drain, but it should be carried down
independently to o point where its dis.
charge would indicate the existence Of a
leak or any overflow above.
No waste from a refrigerator should
Ge connected with a drain


Unless the water supply is ample, 50
that it will rise to every part of build
ing, insrring at all times the proper
flushing Of fixtures and traps, cistern
should be provided into which the water
will rise at night, or into which it may
be pumped. Said cisten should be
large enough to hold an ample daily sup
ply, be kept clean, covered and properly
ventilated. The overflow pipe from it
should Deycr be run into any drain
under any circumstances The supply
for drinking-water should not be. drawn
from it, but from a direct supply, i, E.,
direct from the street main.
Water>closets should not he supplied
directly from street pressure or by
pipe from which branches are taken for
drinking water Where the valve
closets are preferred to those that are
supplied from a small cistern immediate
| ly over them, then the supply should be
taken to q storage tank, from which it
can he conveyed TO the valves on the
closets, thereby inSuring an equable pres
sure and securing more reliability in
their working


All drain pipes within house should
be of metal in preference to stoneware,
owing to the liability Of the latter to
crack and the difficulty of keeping the
joints tight. 1t is best to run them
along the cellar wall or ceiling with a
good incline. TDey should never be
hidden underground, as then leaks will
not be perceptible, In some places IL IS
common to paint pipes white, so that
any leakage will show itself to the most
careless observer


All drains should be kept at all times
free from deposits; and if this cannot be
effected without flushing special flushing
ARRANGEMENTS should lie provided so as