Year: 1861

In purely savage wants are few, and those
confined to the simple necessaries of life all
are producers, but the aggregate Of produc-
ton is seldom more than sufficient to meet
the current demand. Wants are few, and
the incentives to labor are small in the same
proportion. Civilization begins in the dis
covery of new wants, and in the developed
capacity for new enjoyments. Labor divides
itself into that which produces the necessa-
ries and that which produces the luxuries of
life; and society evolves classes which direct
the labor and enjoy the luxury. The high
est ivilizstion-whatever may be its other
characteristics-is that in which the largest
amount of the results of the labor of the
productive is consumed in sustaining the nom
productive classes.


The civilization of society resides in the
non-producers, who, exonersted from the
drudgery of manual operations, devote them
selves to the improvement of their mental
powers and the cultivation of those branches
of learning by which it is improved and
adorned. 1t is obvious, therefore, that the
foundation and beginning Of that which we
call civilization is in the relation of master
and servant. Without this relation none
would possess the opportunity or enjoy the
means of cultivation, and no emergence from
barbarism could take place. No nation,
therefore, has ever made any progress in
law, government, religion, literature, or the
elegant arts, until it was established.


People have advanced to state of civiliza-
ton by two distinct processes by a division
of their own body into classes, one of which
performs the labor, while the other takes on
the culture and promotes and conducts the
institutions by which progress isrepresented;
or by bringing in another people to perform
the servile offices. Which Of these is the bet
ter course, is point upon which the world
is divided in opinion they who have fallen
upon either system-under the influence of
that natural preference which all feel for
things to which they are accustomed-being
fully convinced not only that their own is
the best, but that it is the only one by which
mankind can arrive at that ideal perfection
which all are so anxious to realize.


England presents, probably, the best ex-
ample of the character and tendencies of that
form of civilization in which the producing
and non-producing classes are of the same
race and origin; for it is in that country that
the largest amount of the results OF the la
bor of the one is consumed in the support
of the other. England has the most splen-
did Government, and the most costly ap-
pendages in the form of national establish
ments, religious, educational and scientific,
in the world, all Of which are sustained and
supported by the labor Of her workmen and
mechanics. Whatever the subject or the
mode of taxation, the payment in the event
always falls upon the laborer. The result is
that, in proportion as the culture of one
class advances, that of the other recedes
The higher and more ornate the structure
the heavier the pressure upon the founda.
ton.


Every race of people, whatever its state o.
artificial improvement, exhibits occasionally
the highest form of character of which it is
capable, as we'll as the lowest. Somewhere
between these extremes is the line which
represents the average mind and morals o.
the race. Whether this line of average evel
rises or falls is a question that will appear
more difficult the more it is considered
There is, as culture advances, an apparen
elevation, because it is the cultivated clas
which to distant and cursory observer
makes the appearance. The more elegan
the edifce, the more completely we forge
the subterranean basis upon which it rests
and when its beautiful but useless pinnacle
pierce the skies, we cease to think of the tire
mendous weight that falls, in consequence
upon the uncouth masonry below. But thi
weight, nevertheless exists, and every ounc
of it produces its legitimate effect; and tn
closer we observe, the more we shall be in
clined to suspect that, for every degree {
elevation above the line of average upon on
side, there is corresponding depressio


upon the other.


AS the tendency of every civilization is t
progress in the line upon which it started


and as progress includes constantly increa'
ing demands upon the producing for the Der
eft of the non-producing class, no civilizf
J ton can become fixed or permanent. Fac
}. must run it's own course, work out its ow


problem, have its periods of adolescence, mi


turity and decrepitude, and at length e.
: pire-having, for the time being, exhaustt


the stamina of the race to which it belong


THE will of Madame Catherine Hayes, Il


Irish vocalist, who died at Sydenham on Il


Ilth ult., was executed on the 9Th OF Il


same month. She nominated Captain q.