Year: 1859

members that then there we're only small armies
OF from OOOO to 900 arrayed against each other
and that neither railways nor telegraphs existed
think the proportion will be about the same There
is, besides, another element which now comes into
play, and which is in favor of the AIlies-this is
the spirit OF the people in all the towns on which
one can reckon. Ut course this would avail little
against large army; but unless the Austrians have
300, 900 men together thev cannot without weaken
ing themselves considerably in their strongholds
send OF a force large enough to be dangerous.
In the meantime measures have been taken to de-
prive this thorn of its point without weakening in
any way the forces which acting on the offensive
in this neighborhood.


no enemies you must expect little fighting and no
| relations of deeds of heroism. All that occurs in
the fighting line is the meeting now and then of
patrols or little parties going out for reconnois
sance. There of this kind this afternoon
between detachment of French Laucers and an
Austrian post they fell in with at Solerino, on the
road to the Mincio bridge at Vaeggio The troop
which took part in it has not retu ned vet but as
1t was alone, without infantry and artillery the
whole probably consisted in the exchange of a few
pistol shots Although more open as regards trees
the undulations of the ground are SO varied and
the windings of the road so sudden in many places
that with every precauti3n it is extremely difficult
to explore the country, consequently the meeting
OF two hostile patrols is frequent than such an
accident would be in more open country.
Castiglione as you can see by the map, lies just





lake. Like all Italian towns it has its old wall of
inclosure and its ruined citadel now supporting
vines and ivy. From the top of it you get a yery
good look tar down toward the Mincio and in clear
days toN ward the southeast even far as Mantua-
All this billy country seems to have been formed by
the deposits of the lake at time when the whole
plain of Upper Italy formed, perhaps part of the
lake. There is not a trace of rock, although the
hills on the edge toward the plain cannot be less
than 500 to 600 feet in heghth, and at some points
L should say rather more than that. They are an
agglomeration of gravel and smooth round stones
mostly granite and trap, of the size of l2-pound
shot. Even before you get to the hills you see of
what they consist, for all the buildings and pave
ments in the neighborhood made of these stones
Most of the hills covered with vines which are
trained up to small trees in the usual Upper Ita-
ian style, while here and there you see the unusual
sight OF smooth green hill used as a pasture
ground.


The more you look at this hiy country the more
you are struck by the advantages which it offers for
defensive warfare. As far as the eve reaches YOU
see one military position after another The road
winds along them in most capricious and sudden
turns, so that you never can be sure of what YOU
have before you. All the outer edge is now in our
hands; we are fairly established there. 1t is curl
Gus to watch the passage of the army, this moving
city through the country, how it inspires life into
the dulest Italian village and leaves it. if possible
more dead than before. Whilst the passage or stay
lasts, the native population seems altogether dis
appear, so small becomes its proportions and hen
you return to the place after few hours while the
camp-fres perhaps still alive YOU feel almost
oppressed with the stiffness. As general rule,
Italian cities well villages seem always far too
! large for their population, which arises from the
great size the houses. On the space where here
one family lives, at least three four families
would be living in other parts of Europe The
practical turn of mind Of the Italian peasant shows
Itself strongly on the occasion of the passage of the
allied armies. There is good deal to gain and it
Is wonderful how Venders of wine, spirits, cheese
sausages, &C.. appear whenever the army stops for
haD a nj nlo
country population around seems to be taking to
trading, and brings up whatever it can collect at
home OF eatables and drinkables. As the detached
farms include usually good deal of land and en-
ploy gooc many laborers, engaged by the year,
beside number of occasional ones during the busy
season-for instance, the present harvest time
there Is always supply of provisions at hand
which are now sold at great advantage to the SOL
dier.


For the rest, it is impossible to imagine warfare
which affects the countryman less than the present
There is no trace of those abandoned houses inter
rupted laoors, &C., which we usually couple with
the idea OF war; good deal, of course, in this is
due to the circumstance that there is no fighting
but still there is such feeling of security about
themselves and their property, such confidence
that nothing will be done to harm them that Won
see not only on the more outlying fields but also
IN those close to the main road, men and women
going on with their work as if the road was made
on purpose for the passage of armies and it was
daily occurrence.





against all requisitions and whatever is wanted
OF wood, straw, hay, &C., is paid for, or bond
given, which will be taken into account against the
taxes.


Nothing more has been heard as far as know,
OF the Austrian column which was to have made
the diversion in our left flank and rear. Both the
roads so laboriously constructed by the Austrians
the Stelvio and Toreale passes have been made
mpassable several of the galleries which support
ed them having been blown up. OF course there
remain still number flitte passes, but these are
even IN the best season, only practical for small
bodies of infantry, and they are of so limited a
number that they can be easily watched, so l don't
apprehend much from that side.


Inc Austrians have burned the bridges over the
ogho not only at Bozzolo, but likewise at Canetto
and their patrols remain only on the left bank
Inc first of these two bridges has not been burned
10 the waters edge the piles remaining six sew
en- feet above it, so that it will require little work
10 open-the road from Cremona to Mantua.


TIRES FOR RAILROAD WHEELS WITHOUT ANY VISIBLE
JoINTs.-Quite number of tires manufactured
in France and Belgium according to a process pat
ented by Petin, Gaudet, Jackson i Co., in Rive-de-
Gier (Southern France). This process consists of


series of operations succeeding each other at short
intervals whereby the tire is produced perfectly
ready for use bar of iron steel is first rolled
out to the required thickness; it is then passed into
what they call an enro1eur or collier, which forms
the bar into coil resembling coied spring, or
corkscrew having its threads compressed. This
coil is welded under very heavy hammer which
at the same time forms it from the rough The
piece is now passed into the first rOlling-m
whereby its shape is improved, and a second rolling
mill completes the operation By perfecting the shape
and smoothing the surface of the tire. All this is
done with so much accuracy and rapidty, that in
the factory at Rive-de-Gier from hundred
pieces hardly one is spoiled although 60 900 kilo-
grammes Il 800 cwt of iron and steel are formed
daily into tires These require turning and have
no visible welding joint, the tire being manuactur
ed from a ring, the diameter of which is increased
through wh ~ he
required form is given to it at the same time.
Until lately only one such factory has been in
existence in Europe but at present one of the arg
est iron manufactures in Belgium, the company of
Ougrie, at Seragn, near Liege, have introduced
this process in their works, and large numbers of
such tire are manufactured and used all over
Europe.-ScientJfc American.


AMERICAN JoURNALIsM.-We believe, says the
New York Tribune, there now printed within the
limits of the Union not less than four thousand
newspapers at least five hundred of them daily,
and five hundred semi-weeky. Their average cir
culation we estimate at two thousand each for the
dailies, twenty-five hundred for the semi-weekies,
and fifteen hundred for the weeklies, making total
circulation in this country of more than four hun
dred millions ofnewspaper sheets per annum. Yet
in lSl3-less than hafa century ago-the total cir
culation OF newspapers in this country was estima
ted by Isaiah Thomas, in his 'Hstorv of Printing" !"
at only little more than twenty millions of sheets
per annum. At that time there were 359 newspa-
pers, of which q only were daily. What an ad-
vance in less than half century,


BADLY BEATEN.-ln a conversation which took
place in kempsville on Sunday about the escape of
Land, Willoughby Williams, the ''true and trusty'
custodian of that individual gave the lie to re-
mark made by one of the persons present, who
pitched into him, and he was so badly beaten to
require surgical treatment. We would advise Mr..
Williams to be more guarded. If he expects to
bully all who disbelieve his statement, he will have
his hands full for the balance of his life.





machine for the manufacture of ice is now in
operation in London, which turns out three tons of
that commodity daily. 1t is the invention of Mr..
Harrison, of Australia. TIE refrigeration, as we
learn from recent number of an English journal,
is produced by the evaporation of ether in a
vacuum