of a new kind" Samuel Chao Chung Ting United States 1977 Philip Warren Anderson United States "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" Nevill Francis Mott United Kingdom John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics " Arno Allan Penzias United States "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation " Robert Woodrow Wilson United States 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current " Abdus Salam Pakistan Steven Weinberg United States 1980 James Watson Cronin United States "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons " Val Logsdon Fitch United States 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen Netherlands United States "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy " Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy " 1982 പ്രമാണം:Kenneth G. Wilson.jpg Kenneth G. Wilson United States "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions " 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar India United States "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars " William Alfred Fowler United States "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" 1984 Carlo Rubbia Italy "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z , communicators of weak interaction " Simon van der Meer Netherlands 1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect " 1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany "for his fundamental work in electron optics , and for the design of the first electron microscope " Gerd Binnig West Germany "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope " Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland 1987 Johannes Georg Bednorz West Germany "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" Karl Alexander Müller Switzerland 1988 Leon Max Lederman United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino " Melvin Schwartz United States Jack Steinberger United States 1989 Norman Foster Ramsey United States "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" Hans Georg Dehmelt United States "for the development of the ion trap technique" Wolfgang Paul West Germany 1990 Jerome I. Friedman United States "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" Henry Way Kendall United States Richard E. Taylor Canada 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers " 1992 Georges Charpak France Poland "for his invention and development of particle detectors , in particular the multiwire proportional chamber " 1993 Russell Alan Hulse United States "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar , a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation " Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. United States 1994 Bertram Brockhouse Canada "for the development of neutron spectroscopy " and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter " Clifford Glenwood Shull United States "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter " 1995 Martin Lewis Perl United States "for the discovery of the tau lepton " and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" Frederick Reines United States "for the detection of the neutrino " and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" 1996 David Morris Lee United States "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 " Douglas D. Osheroff United States Robert Coleman Richardson United States 1997 Steven Chu United States "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.