smcproject/ml-wiki-sentences huggingface dataset:
Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León was struck by an arrow that had been poisoned with manchineel sap during battle with the Calusa in Florida , dying shortly thereafter.
Hyacinthus orientalis Commonly known as hyacinth .
The bulbs are poisonous, causing nausea, vomiting, gasping, convulsions, and possibly death.
Even handling the bulbs can cause skin irritation.
Hydrangea genus Known commonly as hydrangea or hortensia .
Hydrangeas are moderately toxic if eaten, with all parts of the plant containing cyanogenic glycosides .
Hyoscyamus niger Commonly known as henbane .
Seeds and foliage contain hyoscyamine , scopolamine and other tropane alkaloids .
Can produce dilated pupils, hallucinations, increased heart rate , convulsions, vomiting, hypertension and ataxia .
Ilex aquifolium Commonly known as European holly .
The berries cause gastroenteritis , resulting in nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Iris sibirica Also known as Siberian iris or Siberian flag .
Most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting.
Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.
Jacobaea vulgaris Commonly known as ragwort .
Contains many different alkaloids , including jacobine, jaconine, jacozine, otosenine, retrorsine, seneciphylline, senecionine , and senkirkine.
Poisonous to livestock and hence of concern to people who keep horses and cattle.
Horses do not normally eat fresh ragwort due to its bitter taste, however it loses this taste when dried, and becomes dangerous in hay.
The result, if sufficient quantity is consumed, can be irreversible cirrhosis of the liver.
Signs that a horse has been poisoned include yellow mucus membranes, depression, and lack of coordination.
The danger is that the toxin can have a cumulative effect; the alkaloid does not actually accumulate in the liver but a breakdown product can damage DNA and progressively kills cells.
Jacobaea vulgaris is also theoretically poisonous to humans, although poisoning is unlikely as it is distasteful and not used as a food.
However, some sensitive individuals can suffer from an allergic skin reaction after handling the plant because, like many members of the family Compositae, it contains sesquiterpine lactones (which are different from the pyrrolizidine alkaloids responsible for the toxic effects), which can cause compositae dermatitis.
Kalanchoe delagoensis Commonly known as mother of millions .
Contains bufadienolide cardiac glycosides which can cause cardiac poisoning, particularly in grazing animals.
During 1997, 125 head of cattle died after eating mother-of-millions on a travelling stock reserve near Moree, New South Wales, Australia.
Kalmia latifolia Commonly known as mountain laurel .
Contains andromedotoxin and arbutin .
The green parts of the plant, flowers, twigs, and pollen are all toxic, and symptoms of toxicity begin to appear about 6 hours following ingestion.
Poisoning produces anorexia , repeated swallowing, profuse salivation , depression, uncoordination, vomiting, frequent defecation , watering of the eyes , irregular or difficult breathing, weakness, cardiac distress, convulsions , coma , and eventually death.
Autopsy will show gastrointestinal irritation and hemorrhage .
Laburnum genus Known as golden chain .
All parts of the plant and especially the seeds are poisonous and can be lethal if consumed in excess.
The main toxin is cytisine , a nicotinic receptor agonist.
Symptoms of poisoning may include intense sleepiness, vomiting, excitement, staggering, convulsive movements, slight frothing at the mouth, unequally dilated pupils, coma and death.
In some cases, diarrhea is very severe and at times the convulsions are markedly tetanic .
Lamprocapnos spectabilis Known commonly as bleeding heart .
Contact with the plant can cause skin irritation in some people from isoquinoline -like alkaloids.
Lantana camara Also known as big-sage , wild-sage , and tickberry .
The toxicity of L. camara to humans is undetermined, with several studies suggesting that ingesting unripe berries can be toxic to humans.
Other studies have found evidence which suggests that ingestion of L. camara fruit poses no risk to humans and are in fact edible when ripe.
Ligustrum genus Several species, commonly known as privet .
Berries and leaves are poisonous.
Berries contain syringin , which causes digestive disturbances and nervous symptoms; can be fatal.
Privet is one of several plants which are poisonous to horses .
Privet pollen is known to cause asthma and eczema in sufferers.
It is banned from sale or cultivation in New Zealand due to the effects of its pollen on asthma sufferers.
Lilium genus Commonly known as lily .
Most have an unidentified water-soluble toxin found in all parts of the plant.
Extremely poisonous, yet attractive, to cats, causing acute renal failure; as few as two petals of the flowers can kill.
Lolium temulentum Commonly called darnel or poison ryegrass .
The seeds and seed heads of this common garden weed may contain the alkaloids temuline and loliine.
me experts also point to the fungus ergot or fungi of the genus Endoconidium , both of which grow on the seed heads of rye grasses, as an additional source of toxicity.
Lupinus Commonly known as lupin or lupine .
Some varieties have edible seeds.
Sweet lupines have less and bitter lupines more of the toxic alkaloids lupinine and sparteine .
Mandragora officinarum Commonly called mandrake .
Melia azedarach Know commonly as Chinaberry tree , Cape lilac , and syringa berrytree .
Fruits are poisonous to humans if eaten in quantity.
The toxins are neurotoxins and unidentified resins found mainly in the fruits.
The first symptoms of poisoning appear a few hours after ingestion.
They may include loss of appetite, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, bloody faeces, stomach pain, pulmonary congestion, cardiac arrest , rigidity, lack of coordination and general weakness.
Death may take place after about 24 hours.
Melianthus major Also called honeybush .
All parts of the plant are toxic.
Menispermum genus Commonly known as moonseed .
The fruits and seeds are poisonous, causing nausea and vomiting; often fatal.
Mentha pulegium Known commonly as pennyroyal or pennyrile .
It is toxic to humans and has differing effects dependent on the volume and concentration ingested.
The most concentrated and toxic form of the pennyroyal plant is pennyroyal oil.
The oil contains 80% to 92% of cyclohexanone pulegone.
Pulegone is the molecule in highest concentration, causes a variety of ailments in those who ingest it and is what causes the plant to have its peppermint flavor.
Symptoms that may persist after ingesting a small dose ( 10 mL) of pennyroyal oil are nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and dizziness.
Larger volumes may result in multiorgan failure that could lead to death.
Narcissus genus Various species and garden cultivars commonly known as daffodil .
The bulbs are poisonous and cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; can be fatal.
Stems also cause headaches, vomiting, and blurred vision.
Nerium oleander Commonly known as oleander .
All parts are toxic, the leaves and woody stems in particular.
Contains nerioside, oleandroside, saponins and cardiac glycosides.
Causes severe digestive upset, heart trouble and contact dermatitis .
The smoke of burning oleander can cause reactions in the lungs, and can be fatal.
Nicandra physalodes Also known as apple-of-Peru and shoo-fly plant .
The whole plant is said to be toxic (according to some sources, very toxic) and to be used medicinally as a diuretic , sedative and cough medicine .
Nicotiana glauca Known commonly as tree tobacco .
It contains the toxic alkaloid anabasine .
Oenanthe crocata Commonly known as hemlock water dropwort .
Contains oenanthotoxin .
The leaves may be eaten safely by livestock , but the stems and especially the carbohydrate-rich roots are much more poisonous.
Animals familiar with eating the leaves may eat the roots when these are exposed during ditch clearance – one root is sufficient to kill a cow , and human fatalities are also known in these circumstances.
Scientists at the University of Eastern Piedmont in Italy claimed to have identified this as the plant responsible for producing the sardonic grin , and it is the most-likely candidate for the "sardonic herb," which was a neurotoxic plant used for the ritual killing of elderly people in Phoenician Sardinia .
When these people were unable to support themselves, they were intoxicated with this herb and then dropped from a high rock or beaten to death.
Paris quadrifolia Commonly known as herb-paris .
Each plant only produces one blueberry-like berry , which is poisonous, as are other tissues of the plant.
Paris quadrifolia poisonings are rare, because the plant's solitary berry and its repulsive taste make it difficult to mistake it for a blueberry.
Passiflora caerulea Also known as the blue passion flower or the common passion flower .
The leaves contain cyanogenic glycoside , which breaks down into cyanide.
Peucedanum galbanum Commonly known as blister bush .
All parts are poisonous, and contact causes painful blistering that is intensified with exposure to sunlight.
Phoradendron genus Commonly known as American mistletoe ; see also the related genus Viscum ).
Mistletoe is a common hemiparasite of trees and shrubs.
Toxicity varies by species, but all parts of the plant, especially the leaves and berries, contain an array of dangerous chemicals, including proteins called phoratoxins and toxic alkaloids.
Symptoms are very similar to those produced by Viscum species and may include acute gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, weak pulse and/or slow heart rate , and even seizures; it is rarely lethal to adult humans, however, and many wild animals are adapted to eating its fruit.
Physostigma venenosum Commonly known as calabar bean and also as ordeal beans due to their former use in trials by ordeal ).
The toxin in the seeds is the parasympathomimetic alkaloid physostigmine , a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor .
Symptoms of poisoning include copious saliva, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia , dizziness, headache, stomach pain, sweating, dyspepsia and seizures.
, and can lead to cholinergic syndrome or " SLUDGE syndrome ".
Medicinal uses of physostigmine include the treatment of myasthenia gravis , glaucoma , Alzheimer's disease and delayed gastric emptying .
Phytolacca genus Commonly known as pokeweed .
Leaves, berries and roots contain phytolaccatoxin and phytolaccigenin.
The toxicity of young leaves can be reduced with repeated boiling and draining.
Ingestion of poisonous parts of the plant may cause severe stomach cramping, persistent diarrhea, nausea, vomiting (sometimes bloody), slow and difficult breathing, weakness, spasms, hypertension , severe convulsions, and death.
Phytolacca americana Known commonly as pokeweed .
All parts of the plant are toxic and pose risks to human and mammalian health.
The poisonous principles are found in highest concentrations in the rootstock, then in leaves and stems and then in the ripe fruit.
The plant generally gets more toxic with maturity, with the exception of the berries (which have significant toxicity even while green).
Pieris japonica Also known as Japanese pieris .
The plant is poisonous if consumed by people or animals.
Plumeria genus Commonly known as frangipani .
Contact with the milky latex may irritate eyes and skin.
Podophyllum peltatum Commonly known as mayapple .
Green portions of the plant, unripe fruit, and especially the rhizome contain the non-alkaloid toxin podophyllotoxin , which causes diarrhea and severe digestive upset.
Prunus laurocerasus Also known as cherry laurel , common laurel , and sometimes English laurel .
The seeds contained within the cherries are poisonous like the rest of the plant, containing cyanogenic glycosides and amygdalin .
This chemical composition is what gives the smell of almonds when the leaves are crushed.
Laurel water , a distillation made from the plant, contains prussic acid and other compounds and is toxic.
Prunus padus Known as bird cherry , hackberry , or Mayday tree .
The glycosides prulaurasin and amygdalin , which can be poisonous, are present in some parts of P. padus , including the leaves, stems and fruits.
Pteridium aquilinum Commonly known as bracken .
Carcinogenic to humans and animals such as mice, rats, horses and cattle when ingested.
The carcinogenic compound is ptaquiloside or PTQ, which can leach from the plant into the water supply, which may explain an increase in the incidence of gastric and oesophageal cancers in humans in bracken-rich areas.
Pulsatilla cernua Common names include pasque flower , wind flower , prairie crocus , meadow anemone .
It is highly toxic, and produces cardiogenic toxins and oxytoxins which slow the heart in humans.
Excess use can lead to diarrhea , vomiting and convulsions, hypotension and coma .
Quercus genus Several species, commonly known as oak .
The leaves and acorns of oak species are poisonous in large amounts to humans and livestock, including cattle , horses , sheep and goats , but not pigs .
Poisoning is caused by the toxin tannic acid , which causes gastroenteritis , heart trouble, contact dermatitis and kidney damage.
Symptoms of poisoning include lack of appetite , depression, constipation, diarrhea (which may contain blood), blood in urine , and colic ; it is rarely fatal, however, and in fact after proper processing acorns are consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world.
Rhamnus cathartica Commonly called buckthorn .
The seeds and leaves are mildly poisonous for people and animals, but are readily eaten by birds.
Rhododendron genus Several species including those known as azalea .
All parts are poisonous and cause nausea, vomiting, depression, breathing difficulties, and coma, though it is rarely fatal.
The primary source of toxicity is a group of closely related compounds called grayanotoxins , which block sodium ion channels in cellular membranes and prevent electrical repolarization during action potentials .
Honey made from the nectar of Rhododendron plants may contain dangerous concentrations of grayanotoxins, and has been historically used as a poison and in alcoholic drinks.
Rhododendron ferrugineum Commonly called alpenrose , snow-rose or rusty-leaved alpenrose .
It is moderately toxic , containing arbutin , arecoline and rhodoxanthin , and can cause vomiting , and difficulties of the digestive , nervous , respiratory and circulatory systems .
Rhododendron luteum Also known as yellow azalea or honeysuckle azalea .
Despite the sweet perfume of the flowers, the nectar is toxic , containing grayanotoxin ; records of poisoning of people eating the honey date back to the 4th century BC in Classical Greece .
Rhododendron tomentosum Commonly known as marsh Labrador tea or wild rosemary .
All parts of the plant contain poisonous terpenes that affect the central nervous system .
First symptoms of overdose are dizziness and disturbances in movement, followed by spasms , nausea , and unconsciousness .
The mere smell of the plant may
cause headache to some people.
Rhus genus Certain species commonly known as African sumac .
Formerly grouped with poison ivy and the rest of the Toxicodendron genus, all parts of this tree contain low levels of a highly irritating oil with urushiol .
Skin reactions can include blisters and rashes.
The oil spreads readily to clothes and back again, and has a very long life.
Infections can follow scratching.
As urushiol is not a poison but an allergen , it will not affect certain people.
The smoke of burning Rhus lancia can cause reactions in the lungs, and can be fatal.
Ricinus communis Commonly known as castor oil plant , castor bean and Palma Christi .
The seeds contain ricin , an extremely toxic and water-soluble ribosome-inactivating protein; it is also present in lower concentrations in other parts of the plant.
Also present are ricinine, an alkaloid, and an irritant oil.
According to the 2007 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records , the castor oil plant is the most poisonous in the world, though its cousin abrin , found in the seeds of the jequirity plant, is arguably more lethal.
Castor oil, long used as a laxative, muscle rub, and in cosmetics, is made from the seeds, but the ricin protein is denatured during processing.
Ricin irreversibly inhibits the ribosome , the molecular machine responsible for producing proteins in cells.
The LD 50 in adults is only about 22 μg/kg when injected or inhaled; ingested ricin is much less toxic due to the digestive activity of peptidases, although a dose of 20 to 30 mg/kg, or about 4 to 8 seeds, can still cause death via this route.
Reports of actual poisoning are relatively rare.
If ingested, symptoms may be delayed by up to 36 hours but commonly begin within 2–4 hours.
These include a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, abdominal pain, purging and bloody diarrhea.
Within several days there is severe dehydration, a drop in blood pressure and a decrease in urine.
Unless treated, death can be expected to occur within 3–5 days; if victims have not succumbed after this time, they often recover.
Toxicity varies among animal species: 4 seeds will kill a rabbit, 5 a sheep, 6 an ox or horse, 7 a pig, and 11 a dog.
Poisoning occurs when animals ingest broken seeds or break the seed by chewing; intact seeds may pass through the digestive tract without releasing the toxin.
Ducks have shown substantial resistance to the seeds: it takes an average of 80 to kill them.
It was famously used to assassinate Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov in 1978.
Robinia genus Also known as black locust and false acacia .
All species produce toxic lectins .
The poison is a complex mix of lectins with the highest concentration in the fruit and seed, followed by the root bark and the flower.
There is little poison in the leaf.
The lectins, generally called robin are less toxic than those of e.g. Abrus (abrin) or Ricinus (ricin), and in non-fatal cases the toxic effects tend to be temporary.
Sambucus genus Commonly known as elder or elderberry .
The roots, twigs, leaves, and unripe fruit are considered poisonous and cause nausea and digestive upset.
Ripe berries must be cooked before consumption.
Sanguinaria canadensis Commonly known as bloodroot .
The rhizome contains morphine -like benzylisoquinoline alkaloids , primarily the toxin sanguinarine .
Sanguinarine kills animal cells by blocking the action of Na + /K + -ATPase transmembrane proteins.
As a result, applying S. canadensis to the skin may destroy tissue and lead to the formation of a large scab, called an eschar .
Although applying escharotic agents, including S. canadensis , to the skin is sometimes suggested as a home treatment for skin cancer , these attempts can be severely disfiguring, as well as unsuccessful.
Case reports have shown that in such instances tumor has recurred and/or metastasized.
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the inclusion of sanguinarine in toothpastes as an antibacterial or anti-plaque agent, although it is believed that this use may cause leukoplakia , a premalignant oral lesion.
The safe level of sanguinarine in such products is subject to regulation and debate.
S. canadensis extracts have also been promoted by some supplement companies as a treatment or cure for cancer, but the FDA has listed some of these products among its "187 Fake Cancer 'Cures' Consumers Should Avoid".
Bloodroot is a popular red natural dye used by Native American artists , especially among southeastern rivercane basketmakers.
However, in spite of supposed curative properties and historical use by Native Americans as an emetic , due to its toxicity internal use is not advisable (sanguinarine has an LD 50 of only 18 mg per kg body weight).
Scopolia carniolica Known as European scopolia or henbane bell .
Its toxicity derives from its high levels of tropane alkaloids , particularly atropine .
The quantity of atropine is the highest in the root .
Solanum dulcamara Commonly known as bittersweet nightshade .
All parts are poisonous, containing solanine and causing fatigue, paralysis, convulsions, and diarrhea.
Rarely fatal.
Solanum nigrum Commonly known as black nightshade .
All parts of the plant except the ripe fruit contain the toxic glycoalkaloid solanine .
Solanine poisoning is primarily displayed by gastrointestinal and neurological disorders.
Symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting , stomach cramps, burning of the throat, cardiac dysrhythmia , headache and dizziness.
In more severe cases, hallucinations , loss of sensation, paralysis , fever , jaundice , dilated pupils and hypothermia can result.
In large quantities, solanine poisoning can be fatal.
Solanum pseudocapsicum Commonly known as Jerusalem cherry , Madeira winter cherry and winter cherry .
All parts, especially the berries, are poisonous, causing nausea and vomiting.
It is occasionally fatal, especially to children.
Sophora secundiflora Commonly known as mescal bean and Texas mountain laurel .
Strophanthus gratus The ripe seeds of this African plant contain ouabain , a potent cardiac glycoside that, when sufficiently concentrated, can induce cardiac arrest by binding to and inhibiting the action of the sodium-potassium pump and thereby drastically slowing the contraction of cardiac muscle cells.
It was once used medicinally in small doses to treat congestive heart failure and other heart conditions, but has largely been replaced by the structurally related digoxin .
Extracts from Strophanthus gratus and the bark of Acokanthera species have long been used by Somali tribesmen to poison hunting arrows; if the concentration is high enough, an arrow poisoned with ouabain can kill an adult hippopotamus .
Strychnos nux-vomica Commonly known as the strychnine tree .
The seeds usually contain about 1.5% strychnine , an extremely bitter and deadly alkaloid.
This substance throws a human into intense muscle convulsions and usually kills within three hours.
The bark of the tree may also contain brucine , another dangerous chemical.
Taxus baccata Commonly known as English yew , common yew and graveyard tree .
Nearly all parts contain toxic taxanes (except the red, fleshy, and slightly sweet aril surrounding the toxic seeds).
The seeds themselves are particularly toxic if chewed.
Several people have committed suicide by ingesting leaves and seeds, including Catuvolcus , king of a tribe in what is now Belgium .
Toxicodendron genus Several species, including Toxicodendron radicans commonly known as poison ivy , Toxicodendron diversilobum commonly known as poison-oak , and Toxicodendron vernix commonly known as poison sumac .
All parts of these plants contain a highly irritating oil with urushiol .
Despite the common names, urushiol is actually not a poison but an allergen , and because of this it will not affect certain people.
The smoke of burning poison ivy can cause reactions in the lungs, and can be fatal.
The allergic reaction caused by contact with poison ivy afflicts more than 70% of the human population, with as many as 350,000 cases reported annually in the United States alone Urtica ferox Commonly known as ongaonga .
Even the lightest touch can result in a painful sting that lasts several days.
Veratrum genus Commonly known as false hellebore and corn lily .
Several species, containing highly toxic steroidal alkaloids (e.g. veratridine ) that activate sodium ion channels and cause rapid cardiac failure and death if ingested.
All parts of the plant are poisonous, with the root and rhizomes being the most toxic.
Symptoms typically occur between 30 minutes and 4 hours after ingestion and include nausea and vomiting , abdominal pain, numbness, headache , sweating , muscle weakness, bradycardia , hypotension , cardiac arrhythmia , and seizures .
Treatment for poisoning includes gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal followed by supportive care including fluid replacement , antiemetics for persistent nausea and vomiting, atropine for treatment of bradycardia, and vasopressors for the treatment of hypotension.
Native Americans used the juice pressed from the roots to poison arrows before combat.
The dried powdered root of this plant was also used as an insecticide.