smcproject/ml-wiki-sentences huggingface dataset:
Between 2013 and 2018, nearly 700,000 migrants reached Italy by boat, many of them from Libya.
In May 2018 Libya's rival leaders agreed to hold parliamentary and presidential elections following a meeting in Paris.
In April 2019, Khalifa Haftar launched Operation Flood of Dignity , in an offensive by the Libyan National Army aimed to seize Western territories from the Government of National Accord (GNA).
In June 2019, forces allied to Libya's UN-recognized Government of National Accord successfully captured Gharyan, a strategic town where military commander Khalifa Haftar and his fighters were based.
According to a spokesman for GNA forces, Mustafa al-Mejii, dozens of LNA fighters under Haftar were killed, while at least 18 were taken prisoner.
In March 2020, UN-backed government of Fayez Al-Sarraj commenced Operation Peace Storm.
The government initiated the bid in response to the state of assaults carried by Field Marshal Haftar 's LNA .
"We are a legitimate, civilian government that respects its obligations to the international community, but is committed primarily to its people and has an obligation to protect its citizens," Sarraj said in line with his decision.
On 28 August 2020, the BBC Africa Eye and BBC Arabic Documentaries revealed that a drone operated by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) killed 26 young cadets at a military academy in Tripoli , on 4 January.
Most of the cadets were teenagers and none of them were armed.
The Chinese-made drone Wing Loong II fired Blue Arrow 7 missile, which was operated from UAE-run Al-Khadim Libyan air base.
In February, these drones stationed in Libya were moved to an air base near Siwa in the western Egyptian desert.
The Guardian probed and discovered the blatant violation of UN arms embargo by the UAE and Turkey on 7 October 2020.
As per the reporting, both the nations sent large-scale military cargo planes to Libya in support of their respective parties.
On 23 October 2020, a permanent ceasefire was signed to end the war.
Post-civil war years (2020–present) This section requires expansion .
( December 2021 )
In December 2021, the country's first presidential election was scheduled, but was delayed to June 2022 and later postponed further.
Fathi Bashagha was appointed prime minister by the parliament in February 2022 to lead a transitional administration, but standing prime minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh refused to hand over power as of April 2022.
In protest against the Dbeibah government, tribal leaders from the desert town of Ubari shut down the El Sharara oil field , Libya's largest oil field, on 18 April 2022.
The shut down threatened to cause oil shortages domestically in Libya, and preclude the state-run National Oil Corp. from exploiting the high oil prices on the international market resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine .
On 2 July, the House of Representatives was burned down by protesters.
On September 10, 2023, catastrophic floods due to dam failures generated by Storm Daniel devastated the port city of Derna , killing more than 5,900 and possibly as many as 24,000.
The floods were the worst natural disaster in Libya's modern history.
In November 2024, the Government of National Unity would instate a morality police to crack-down on "weird haircuts", enforce “modest” clothing, and require male guardians for women.
Geography Libya map of Köppen climate classification
Libya extends over 1,759,540 ച.
(679,362 ച മൈ) , making it the 16th-largest nation in the world by size .
Libya is bounded to the north by the Mediterranean Sea , the west by Tunisia and Algeria , the southwest by Niger , the south by Chad , the southeast by Sudan , and the east by Egypt .
Libya lies between latitudes 19° and 34°N , and longitudes 9° and 26°E .
At 1,770 കിലോമീറ്റർ (1,100 മൈ) , Libya's coastline is the longest of any African country bordering the Mediterranean.
The portion of the Mediterranean Sea north of Libya is often called the Libyan Sea .
The climate is mostly extremely dry and desertlike in nature.
However, the northern regions enjoy a milder Mediterranean climate .
Six ecoregions lie within Libya's borders: Saharan halophytics , Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe , Mediterranean woodlands and forests , North Saharan steppe and woodlands , Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands , and West Saharan montane xeric woodlands .
Natural hazards come in the form of hot, dry, dust-laden sirocco (known in Libya as the gibli ).
This is a southern wind blowing from one to four days in spring and autumn.
There are also dust storms and sandstorms .
Oases can also be found scattered throughout Libya, the most important of which are Ghadames and Kufra .
Libya is one of the sunniest and driest countries in the world due to prevailing presence of desert environment.
Libya was a pioneer state in North Africa in species protection, with the creation in 1975 of the El Kouf protected area.
The fall of Muammar Gaddafi's regime favoured intense poaching : "Before the fall of Gaddafi even hunting rifles were forbidden. But since 2011, poaching has been carried out with weapons of war and sophisticated vehicles in which one can find up to 200 gazelle heads killed by militiamen who hunt to pass the time. We are also witnessing the emergence of hunters with no connection to the tribes that traditionally practice hunting. They shoot everything they find, even during the breeding season. More than 500,000 birds are killed in this way each year, when protected areas have been seized by tribal chiefs who have appropriated them. The animals that used to live there have all disappeared, hunted when they are edible or released when they are not," explains zoologist Khaled Ettaieb.
Libyan Desert Libya is a predominantly desert country.
Over 95% of the land area is covered in desert.
Libya is the fourth-most water-stressed country in the world.
The Libyan Desert , which covers most of Libya, is one of the most arid and sun-baked places on earth.
In places, decades may pass without seeing any rainfall at all, and even in the highlands rainfall seldom happens, once every 5–10 years.
At Uweinat , 2006 — ലെ കണക്കുപ്രകാരം the last recorded rainfall was in September 1998.
Likewise, the temperature in the Libyan Desert can be extreme; on 13 September 1922, the town of 'Aziziya , which is located southwest of Tripoli , recorded an air temperature of 58 °C (136.4 °F) , considered to be a world record.
In September 2012, however, the world record figure of 58 °C was determined to be invalid by the World Meteorological Organization .
There are a few scattered uninhabited small oases, usually linked to the major depressions, where water can be found by digging to a few feet in depth.
In the west there is a widely dispersed group of oases in unconnected shallow depressions, the Kufra group, consisting of Tazerbo, Rebianae and Kufra .
Aside from the scarps, the general flatness is only interrupted by a series of plateaus and massifs near the centre of the Libyan Desert, around the convergence of the Egyptian-Sudanese-Libyan borders.
Slightly further to the south are the massifs of Arkenu, Uweinat, and Kissu.
These granite mountains are ancient, having formed long before the sandstones surrounding them.
Arkenu and Western Uweinat are ring complexes very similar to those in the Aïr Mountains .
Eastern Uweinat (the highest point in the Libyan Desert) is a raised sandstone plateau adjacent to the granite part further west.
The plain to the north of Uweinat is dotted with eroded volcanic features.
With the discovery of oil in the 1950s also came the discovery of a massive aquifer underneath much of Libya.
The water in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System pre-dates the last Ice ages and the Sahara Desert itself.
This area also contains the Arkenu structures , which were once thought to be two impact craters.
Politics Royal Palace of Tripoli —headquarters of King Idris Gaddafi was the leader of Libya until 2011 Civil War .
The politics of Libya has been in a tumultuous state since the start of the Arab Spring and the NATO intervention related Libyan Crisis in 2011; the crisis resulted in the collapse of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the killing of Muammar Gaddafi , amidst the First Civil War and the foreign military intervention .
The crisis was deepened by the factional violence in the aftermath of the First Civil War , resulting in the outbreak of the Second Civil War in 2014.
The control over the country is currently split between the House of Representatives (HoR) in Tobruk and the Government of National Unity (GNU) in Tripoli and their respective supporters, as well as various jihadist groups and tribal elements controlling different parts of the country.
The former legislature was the General National Congress , which had 200 seats.
The General National Congress (2014) , a largely unrecognised rival parliament based in the de jure capital of Tripoli , claims to be a legal continuation of the GNC.
On 7 July 2012, Libyans voted in parliamentary elections , the first free elections in almost 40 years.
Around thirty women were elected to become members of parliament.
Early results of the vote showed the National Forces Alliance , led by former interim Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril, as front runner.
The Justice and Construction Party , affiliated to the Muslim Brotherhood , has done less well than similar parties in Egypt and Tunisia.
It won 17 out of 80 seats that were contested by parties, but about 60 independents have since joined its caucus.
As of January 2013, there was mounting public pressure on the National Congress to set up a drafting body to create a new constitution.
Congress had not yet decided whether the members of the body would be elected or appointed.
On 30 March 2014, the General National Congress voted to replace itself with a new House of Representatives .
The new legislature allocates 30 seats for women, will have 200 seats overall (with individuals able to run as members of political parties) and allows Libyans of foreign nationalities to run for office.
Following the 2012 elections, Freedom House improved Libya's rating from Not Free to Partly Free, and now considers the country to be an electoral democracy.
Gaddafi merged civil and sharia courts in 1973.
Civil courts now employ sharia judges who sit in regular courts of appeal and specialize in sharia appellate cases.
Laws regarding personal status are derived from Islamic law.
At a meeting of the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs on 2 December 2014, UN Special Representative Bernardino León described Libya as a non-state.
An agreement to form a national unity government was signed on 17 December 2015.
Under the terms of the agreement, a nine-member Presidency Council and a seventeen-member interim Government of National Accord would be formed, with a view to holding new elections within two years.
The House of Representatives would continue to exist as a legislature and an advisory body, to be known as the State Council , will be formed with members nominated by the General National Congress (2014) .
The formation of an interim unity government was announced on 5 February 2021, after its members were elected by the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF).
Seventy-four members of the LPDF cast ballots for four-member slates which would fill positions including the Prime Minister and the head of the Presidential Council.
After no slates reached a 60% vote threshold, the two leading teams competed in a run-off election.
Mohamed al-Menfi , a former ambassador to Greece, became head of the Presidential Council.
Meanwhile, the LPDF confirmed that Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh , a businessman, would be the transitional Prime Minister.
All of the candidates who ran in this election, including the members of the winning slate, promised to appoint women to 30% of all senior government positions.
The politicians elected to lead the interim government initially agreed not to stand in the national elections scheduled for 24 December 2021.
However, Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh announced his candidature for president despite the ban in November 2021.
The Appeals Court in Tripoli rejected appeals for his disqualification, and allowed Dbeibeh back on the candidates' list, along with a number of other disqualified candidates, originally scheduled for December 24.
Even more controversially, the court also reinstated Saif al-Islam Gaddafi , a son of the former dictator, as a presidential candidate.
On 22 December 2021, Libya's Election Commission called for the postponement of the election until 24 January 2022.
Earlier, a parliamentary commission said it would be "impossible" to hold the election on 24 December 2021.
The UN called on Libya's interim leaders to "expeditiously address all legal and political obstacles to hold elections, including finalising the list of presidential candidates".
However, at the last minute, the election was postponed indefinitely and the international community agreed to continue its support and recognition of the interim government headed by Mr Dbeibeh.
According to new election rules, a new prime minister has 21 days to form a cabinet that must be endorsed by the various governing bodies within Libya.
After this cabinet is agreed upon, the unity government will replace all "parallel authorities" within Libya, including the Government of National Accord in Tripoli and the administration led by General Haftar.
Libya's foreign policies have fluctuated since 1951.
As a Kingdom, Libya maintained a definitively pro-Western stance, and was recognized as belonging to the conservative traditionalist bloc in the League of Arab States (the present-day Arab League ), of which it became a member in 1953.
The government was also friendly towards Western countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, France , Italy , Greece , and established full diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1955.
Although the government supported Arab causes, including the Moroccan and Algerian independence movements, it took little active part in the Arab-Israeli dispute or the tumultuous inter-Arab politics of the 1950s and early 1960s.
The Kingdom was noted for its close association with the West, while it steered a conservative course at home.
After the 1969 coup , Muammar Gaddafi closed American and British bases and partly nationalized foreign oil and commercial interests in Libya.
Gaddafi was known for backing a number of leaders viewed as anathema to Westernization and political liberalism , including Ugandan President Idi Amin , Central African Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa , Ethiopian strongman Haile Mariam Mengistu , Liberian President Charles Taylor , and Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević .
Libyan National Security Advisor Mutassim Gaddafi and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , April 2009 UK Foreign Secretary William Hague with Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan and US Secretary of State John Kerry , November 2013
Relations with the West were strained by a series of incidents for most of Gaddafi's rule, including the killing of London policewoman Yvonne Fletcher , the bombing of a West Berlin nightclub frequented by US servicemen, and the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 , which led to UN sanctions in the 1990s, though by the late 2000s, the United States and other Western powers had normalised relations with Libya.
Gaddafi's decision to abandon the pursuit of weapons of mass destruction after the Iraq War saw Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein overthrown and put on trial led to Libya being hailed as a success for Western soft power initiatives in the War on Terror .
In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders on behalf of Arab nations for their involvement in the trans-Saharan slave trade .
Libya is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.
Libyan authorities rejected European Union's plans aimed at stopping migration from Libya .
In 2017, Libya signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons .
Military ഈ ലേഖനം അപ്ഡേറ്റ് ചെയ്യേണ്ടതുണ്ട്.
Libya's previous national army was defeated in the Libyan Civil War and disbanded.
The Tobruk based House of Representatives who claim to be the legitimate government of Libya have attempted to reestablish a military known as the Libyan National Army .
Led by Khalifa Haftar , they control much of eastern Libya.
In May 2012, an estimated 35,000 personnel had joined its ranks.
The internationally recognised Government of National Accord established in 2015 has its own army that replaced the LNA, but it consists largely of undisciplined and disorganised militia groups.
As of November 2012, it was deemed to be still in the embryonic stage of development.
President Mohammed el-Megarif promised that empowering the army and police force is the government's biggest priority.
President el-Megarif also ordered that all of the country's militias must come under government authority or disband.
Militias have so far refused to be integrated into a central security force.
Many of these militias are disciplined, but the most powerful of them answer only to the executive councils of various Libyan cities.
These militias make up the so-called Libyan Shield , a parallel national force, which operates at the request, rather than at the order, of the defence ministry.
Administrative divisions Districts of Libya since 2007
Historically, the area of Libya was considered three provinces (or states), Tripolitania in the northwest, Barka (Cyrenaica) in the east, and Fezzan in the southwest.
It was the conquest by Italy in the Italo-Turkish War that united them in a single political unit.
Since 2007, Libya has been divided into 22 districts ( Shabiyat ): Nuqat al Khams Zawiya Jafara Tripoli Murqub Misrata Sirte Benghazi Marj Jabal al Akhdar Derna Tobruk Nalut Jabal al Gharbi Wadi al Shatii Jufra Al Wahat Ghat Wadi al Hayaa Sabha Murzuq Kufra
In 2022, 18 provinces were declared by the Libyan Government of National Unity ( Libyan Observer ): the eastern coast, Jabal Al-Akhdar, Al-Hizam, Benghazi, Al-Wahat, Al-Kufra, Al-Khaleej, Al-Margab, Tripoli, Al-Jafara, Al-Zawiya, West Coast, Gheryan, Zintan, Nalut, Sabha, Al-Wadi, and Murzuq Basin.
According to Human Rights Watch annual report 2016, journalists are still being targeted by the armed groups in Libya.
The organization added that Libya ranked very low in the 2015 Press Freedom Index , 154th out of 180 countries.
For the 2021 Press Freedom Index its score dropped to 165th out of 180 countries.
Homosexuality is illegal in Libya.
Economy Change in per capita GDP of Libya, 1950–2018.
Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.
The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector , which account for over half of GDP and 97% of exports.
Libya holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa and is an important contributor to the global supply of light, sweet crude .
During 2010, when oil averaged at $80 a barrel, oil production accounted for 54% of GDP.
Apart from petroleum, the other natural resources are natural gas and gypsum .
The International Monetary Fund estimated Libya's real GDP growth at 122% in 2012 and 16.7% in 2013, after a 60% plunge in 2011.
The World Bank defines Libya as an 'Upper Middle Income Economy', along with only seven other African countries.
Substantial revenues from the energy sector, coupled with a small population, give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa.
This allowed the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya state to provide an extensive level of social security , particularly in the fields of housing and education.
An oil platform off the Libyan coast
Libya faces many structural problems including a lack of institutions, weak governance, and chronic structural unemployment .
The economy displays a lack of economic diversification and significant reliance on immigrant labour.
Libya has traditionally relied on unsustainably high levels of public sector hiring to create employment.
In the mid-2000s, the government employed about 70% of all national employees.
Unemployment rose from 8% in 2008 to 21% in 2009, according to the census figures.
According to an Arab League report, based on data from 2010, unemployment for women stands at 18% while for the figure for men is 21%, making Libya the only Arab country where there are more unemployed men than women.
Libya has high levels of social inequality, high rates of youth unemployment and regional economic disparities.
Water supply is also a problem, with some 28% of the population not having access to safe drinking water in 2000.
Pivot irrigation in Kufra , southeast Libya, 2008
Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Libya, which includes Cairo-Dakar Highway and Tripoli-Cape Town Highway .
These routes have further contributed in the economic development of Libya.
Libya imports up to 90% of its cereal consumption requirements, and imports of wheat in 2012/13 was estimated at 1 million tonnes.
The 2012 wheat production was estimated at 200,000 tonnes.
The government hopes to increase food production to 800,000 tonnes of cereals by 2020.
However, natural and environmental conditions limit Libya's agricultural production potential.
Before 1958, agriculture was the country's main source of revenue, making up about 30% of GDP.
With the discovery of oil in 1958, the size of the agriculture sector declined rapidly, comprising less than 5% GDP by 2005.
The country joined OPEC in 1962.
Libya is not a WTO member, but negotiations for its accession started in 2004.
In the early 1980s, Libya was one of the wealthiest countries in the world; its GDP per capita was higher than some developed countries.
Oil is the major natural resource of Libya, with estimated reserves of 43.6 billion barrels .
In the early 2000s officials of the Jamahiriya era carried out economic reforms to reintegrate Libya into the global economy.
UN sanctions were lifted in September 2003, and Libya announced in December 2003 that it would abandon programs to build weapons of mass destruction.
Other steps have included applying for membership of the World Trade Organization , reducing subsidies , and announcing plans for privatization .
Authorities privatized more than 100 government owned companies after 2003 in industries including oil refining, tourism and real estate, of which 29 were 100% foreign owned.
Many international oil companies returned to the country, including oil giants Shell and ExxonMobil .
After sanctions were lifted there was a gradual increase of air traffic, and by 2005 there were 1.5 million yearly air travellers.
Libya had long been a notoriously difficult country for Western tourists to visit due to stringent visa requirements.
In 2007, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi , the second-eldest son of Muammar Gaddafi, was involved in a green development project called the Green Mountain Sustainable Development Area, which sought to bring tourism to Cyrene and to preserve Greek ruins in the area.
In August 2011, it was estimated that it would take at least 10 years to rebuild Libya's infrastructure.
Even before the 2011 war, Libya's infrastructure was in a poor state due to "utter neglect" by Gaddafi's administration, according to the NTC.
By October 2012, the economy had recovered from the 2011 conflict, with oil production returning to near normal levels.
Oil production was more than 1.6 million barrels per day before the war.
By October 2012, the average oil production has surpassed 1.4 million bpd.
The resumption of production was made possible due to the quick return of major Western companies, like TotalEnergies , Eni , Repsol , Wintershall and Occidental .
In 2016, an announcement from the company said the company aims 900,000 barrel per day in the next year.
Oil production has fallen from 1.6 million barrel per day to 900,000 in four years of war.
The Great Man-Made River is the world's largest irrigation project.
The project utilizes a pipeline system that pumps fossil water from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System from down south in Libya to cities in the populous Libyan northern Mediterranean coast including Tripoli and Benghazi.
The water provides 70% of all freshwater used in Libya.
During the second Libyan civil war, lasting from 2014 to 2020, the water infrastructure suffered neglect and occasional breakdowns.
By 2017, 60% of the Libyan population were malnourished .