smcproject/ml-wiki-sentences huggingface dataset:
However, lower cooking temperatures may have the paradoxical effect of potentiating the toxic effect of haemagglutinin.
Beans cooked at 80 °C (176 °F) are reported to be up to five times as toxic as raw beans.
Outbreaks of poisoning have been associated with the use of slow cookers , the low cooking temperatures of which may be unable to degrade the toxin.
ലിമ ബീൻ or ബട്ടർ ബീൻസ് Phaseolus lunatus Raw beans contain dangerous amounts of linamarin ,
a cyanogenic glycoside .
ചെറുനാരങ്ങ Citrus limon As well as lime , orange and other citrus fruits are known to contain aromatic oils and compounds of Psoralen which is toxic to dogs, cats, and some animals.
The acid is found all over the entire plant.
Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, depression and photosensitivity .
മാവ് Mangifera indica Mango peel and sap contain urushiol , the allergen in poison ivy and poison sumac that can cause urushiol-induced contact dermatitis in susceptible people.
Cross-reactions between mango contact allergens and urushiol have been observed.
Those with a history of poison ivy or poison oak contact dermatitis may be most at risk for such an allergic reaction.
Urushiol is also present in mango leaves and stems.
During mango's primary ripening season, it is the most common source of plant dermatitis in Hawaii.
ജാതിക്ക Myristica fragrans Contains myristicin , a naturally occurring insecticide and acaricide with possible neurotoxic effects on neuroblastoma cells.
It has psychoactive properties at doses much higher than used in cooking.
Raw nutmeg produces anticholinergic -like symptoms, attributed to myristicin and elemicin .
The intoxicating effects of myristicin can lead to a physical state somewhere between waking and dreaming; euphoria is reported and nausea is often experienced.
Users also report bloodshot eyes and memory disturbances.
Myristicin is also known to induce hallucinogenic effects, such as visual distortions.
Nutmeg intoxication has an extremely long delay before peak is reached, sometimes taking up to seven hours, and effects can be felt for 24 hours, with lingering effects lasting up to 72 hours.
ഉള്ളി, വെളുത്തുള്ളി Allium spp.
Many members of the genus Allium contain thiosulphate , which in high doses is toxic to dogs, cats and some types of livestock.
Cats are more sensitive.
ഉരുളക്കിഴങ്ങ് Solanum tuberosum Potatoes contain toxic compounds known as glycoalkaloids , of which the most prevalent are solanine and chaconine .
Solanine is also found in other members of the Solanaceae plant family, which includes Atropa belladonna ("deadly nightshade") and Hyoscyamus niger ("henbane") (see entries below).
The concentration of glycoalkaloid in wild potatoes is sufficient to produce toxic effects in humans.
The toxin affects the nervous system, causing headaches , diarrhea and intense digestive disturbances, cramps , weakness and confusion, and in severe cases coma and death.
Poisoning from cultivated potatoes occurs very rarely, however, as toxic compounds in the potato plant are generally concentrated in the green portions of the plant and in the fruits, and cultivated varieties contain smaller concentrations than wild plants.
Cooking at high temperatures (over 170 °C or 340 °F) also partly destroys the toxin.
However, exposure to light, physical damage, and age can increase glycoalkaloid content within the tuber, the highest concentrations occurring just underneath the skin.
Tubers that are exposed to light turn green from chlorophyll synthesis, thus giving a visual clue as to areas of the tuber that may have become more toxic; however, this does not provide a definitive guide, as greening and glycoalkaloid accumulation can occur independently of each other.
Some varieties of potato contain greater glycoalkaloid concentrations than others; breeders developing new varieties test for this, and sometimes have to discard an otherwise promising cultivar .
Breeders try to keep solanine levels below 200 mg/kg (200 ppmw).
However, when these commercial varieties turn green, even they can approach concentrations of solanine of 1000 mg/kg (1000 ppmw).
The U.S. National Toxicology Program suggests that the average American consume no more than 12.5 mg/day of solanine from potatoes (the toxic dose is actually several times this, depending on body weight).
റുബാർബ് Rheum rhaponticum The leaf stalks ( petioles ) are edible, but the leaves themselves contain notable quantities of oxalic acid , which is a nephrotoxic and corrosive acid present in many plants.
Symptoms of poisoning include kidney disorders, convulsions and coma, though it is rarely fatal.
The LD 50 (median lethal dose) for pure oxalic acid in rats is about 375 mg/kg body weight , or about 25 grams for a 65 kg (~140 lb) human.
Although the oxalic acid content of rhubarb leaves can vary, a typical value is about 0.5%, so almost 5 kg of the extremely sour leaves would have to be consumed to reach the LD 50 .
Cooking the leaves with soda can make them more poisonous by producing soluble oxalates .
However, the leaves are believed to also contain an additional, unidentified toxin, which might be an anthraquinone glycoside (also known as senna glycosides ).
In the edible leaf stalks, the concentration of oxalic acid is much lower, contributing only about 2–2.5% of the total acidity, which is dominated by malic acid .
This means that even the raw stalks may not be hazardous (though they are generally thought to be in the US).
However, the tart taste of the raw stalks is so strong as to be unpalatable to most consumers.
തക്കാളി Solanum lycopersicum Like many other members of the nightshade family ( Solanaceae ), tomato leaves and stems contain solanine that is toxic if ingested, causing digestive upset and nervous excitement.
Use of tomato leaves as an herbal tea ( infusion ) has been responsible for at least one death.
Leaves, stems, and green unripe fruit of the tomato plant also contain small amounts of the poisonous alkaloid tomatine , although levels  are generally too small to be dangerous.
Ripe tomatoes do not contain any detectable tomatine.
Tomato plants can be toxic to dogs if they eat large amounts of the fruit, or chew plant material.
മറ്റ് വിഷമുള്ള സസ്യങ്ങൾ
ഭക്ഷണമായി സാധാരണ ഉപയോഗിക്കാത്ത അസംഖ്യം സസ്യങ്ങൾ പോലും വിഷമുള്ളതാണ്, അവ അബദ്ധത്തിൽ എടുക്കുന്നതോ, കഴിക്കുന്നതോ ഒഴിവാക്കാൻ ശ്രദ്ധിക്കണം.
: ശാസ്ത്രീയ നാമം പൊതുവായ പേരുകൾ, വിവരണം ചിത്രം Abrus precatorius Known commonly as jequirity , crab's eye , rosary pea , ' John Crow ' bead , precatory bean , Indian licorice , akar saga , giddee giddee , jumbie bead , ruti , and weather plant .
The attractive seeds (usually about the size of a ladybug, glossy red with one black dot) contain abrin , a ribosome-inactivating protein related to ricin , and very potent.
Symptoms of poisoning include nausea, vomiting, convulsions, liver failure, and death, usually after several days.
Ingesting a single seed can kill an adult human.
The seeds have been used as beads in jewelry, which is dangerous; inhaled dust is toxic and pinpricks can be fatal.
The seeds are unfortunately attractive to children.
Aconitum genus Several species, commonly called aconite , wolfsbane and monkshood .
All parts are poisonous.
The poison is an alkaloid called aconitine , which disables nerves, lowers blood pressure, and can stop the heart.
Even casual skin contact should be avoided; symptoms include numbness, tingling, and cardiac irregularity.
It has been used as poison for bullets (by German forces during World War II), as a bait and arrow poison (ancient Greece), and to poison water supplies (reports from ancient Asia).
If ingested, it usually causes burning, tingling, and numbness in the mouth, followed by vomiting and nervous excitement.
It is usually a quick-acting poison, and has been used in the past for killing wolves (hence one of the common names).
Actaea pachypoda Also known as doll's eyes or white baneberry .
All parts are poisonous, especially the berries, the consumption of which has a sedative effect on cardiac muscle tissue and can cause cardiac arrest .
Adenium obesum Also known as sabi star , kudu or desert-rose .
The plant exudes a highly toxic sap which is used by the Meridian High and Hadza in Tanzania to coat arrow-tips for hunting.
Adonis vernalis Known variously as pheasant's eye and false hellebore , the plant is poisonous, containing cardiostimulant compounds, such as adonidin and aconitic acid.
Aesculus hippocastanum Commonly known as horse-chestnut .
All parts of the plant are poisonous, causing nausea, muscle twitches, and sometimes paralysis.
Agave genus The juice of a number of species causes acute contact dermatitis, with blistering lasting several weeks and recurring itching for several years thereafter.
Ageratina altissima Commonly known as white snakeroot .
All parts are poisonous, causing nausea and vomiting.
Often fatal.
Milk from cattle that have eaten white snakeroot can sicken, or kill, humans ( milk sickness ).
Agrostemma githago Commonly known as corn cockle .
Contains the saponins githagin and agrostemmic acid.
All parts of the plant are reported to be poisonous and may produce chronic or acute, potentially fatal poisoning, although it has been used in folk medicine to treat a range of ills, from parasites to cancer.
There are no known recent clinical studies of corn cockle which provide a basis for dosage recommendations, however doses higher than 3 g (of seeds) are considered toxic.
Anemone nemorosa Common names include wood anemone , windflower and thimbleweed .
The plant contains poisonous chemicals that are toxic to animals including humans, but it has also been used as a medicine.
All parts of the plant contain protoanemonin , which can cause severe skin and gastrointestinal irritation, bitter taste and burning in the mouth and throat, mouth ulcers, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and hematemesis .
Anthurium genus Common names include anthurium , tailflower , flamingo flower .
Anthurium plants are poisonous due to calcium oxalate crystals.
The sap is irritating to the skin and eyes.
Aquilegia genus Several species commonly known as columbine .
Seeds and roots contain cardiogenic toxins which cause both severe gastroenteritis and heart palpitations if consumed.
The flowers of various species were consumed in moderation by Native Americans as a condiment with other fresh greens, and are reported to be very sweet, and safe if consumed in small quantities.
Native Americans also used very small amounts of the root as an effective treatment for ulcers .
However, medical use of this plant is difficult due to its high toxicity; columbine poisonings are easily fatal.
Areca catechu Commonly known as betel nut palm and pinyang .
The nut contains an alkaloid related to nicotine which is addictive.
It produces a mild high, some stimulation, and lots of red saliva, which cannot be swallowed as it causes nausea.
Withdrawal causes headache and sweats.
Use is correlated with mouth cancer , and to a lesser extent asthma and heart disease.
Argemone mexicana Common names include Mexican poppy , flowering thistle , cardo or cardosanto .
A. mexicana seeds contain 22–36% of a pale yellow non-edible oil, called argemone oil or katkar oil , which contains the toxic alkaloids sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine .
Katkar oil poisoning causes epidemic dropsy , with symptoms including extreme swelling, particularly of the legs.
Arnica montana Also known as wolf's bane .
It contains the toxin helenalin , which can be poisonous if large amounts of the plant are eaten or small amounts of concentrated Arnica are used.
Consumption of A. montana can produce severe gastroenteritis , internal bleeding of the digestive tract, raised liver enzymes (which can indicate inflammation of the liver), nervousness, accelerated heart rate, muscular weakness, and death if enough is ingested.
Contact with the plant can also cause skin irritation.
In the Ames test , an extract of A. montana was found to be mutagenic .
The plant's toxicity has led to the USFDA officially declaring it to be an unsafe.
Arum maculatum Commonly known as cuckoo-pint , lords and ladies , jack-in-the-pulpit , wake robin , wild arum , devils and angels , cows and bulls , Adam and Eve , bobbins and starch-root .
All parts of the plant can produce allergic reactions.
The bright red berries contain oxalates of saponins and can cause skin, mouth and throat irritation, resulting in swelling, burning pain, breathing difficulties and stomach upset.
One of the most common causes of plant poisoning.
Atropa belladonna Commonly known as deadly nightshade , belladonna , devil's cherry and dwale , an Anglo-Saxon term meaning "stupifying drink").
One of the most toxic plants found in the Western hemisphere , all parts of the plant contain tropane alkaloids – as do those of its equally deadly sister species A.baetica , A.pallidiflora and A.acuminata .
The active agents are atropine , hyoscine ( scopolamine ), and hyoscyamine , which have anticholinergic properties.
The symptoms of poisoning include dilated pupils , sensitivity to light, blurred vision , tachycardia , loss of balance , staggering, headache, rash , flushing, dry mouth and throat, slurred speech, urinary retention , constipation , confusion , hallucinations , delirium, and convulsions.
The root of the plant is generally the most toxic part, though this can vary from one specimen to another.
Ingestion of a single leaf of the plant can be fatal to an adult.
Casual contact with the leaves can cause skin pustules.
The berries pose the greatest danger to children because they look attractive and have a somewhat sweet taste.
The consumption of two to five berries by children and ten to twenty berries by adults can be lethal.
In 2009, a case of A. belladonna being mistaken for blueberries, with six berries ingested by an adult woman, was documented to result in severe anticholinergic syndrome.
The plant's deadly symptoms are caused by atropine's disruption of the parasympathetic nervous system 's ability to regulate involuntary activities such as sweating, breathing, and heart rate. The antidote for atropine poisoning is physostigmine or pilocarpine . A. belladonna is also toxic to many domestic animals, causing narcosis and paralysis . However, cattle and rabbits eat the plant seemingly without any harmful effects. In humans its anticholinergic properties will cause the disruption of cognitive capacities like memory and learning. Brugmansia genus Commonly known as angel's trumpet .
All parts of all plants in this genus contain the tropane alkaloids scopolamine and atropine ; often fatal.
These plants are closely related to and were once grouped with members of the genus Datura , which contain the same deadly alkaloids.
Effects of ingestion may include losing connection with reality and hallucinations.
An unfortunate case has been reported in the neuroscience literature, about a young man performing self-amputation with pruning shears after intentionally ingesting brugmansia tea, boiled from just two flowers.
Caladium genus Commonly known as angel wings , elephant ear and heart of Jesus .
All parts of all plants in this genus are poisonous.
Symptoms are generally irritation, pain, and swelling of tissues.
If the mouth or tongue swell, breathing may be fatally blocked.
Calla palustris Also known as marsh calla , wild calla and water-arum .
The plant is very poisonous when fresh due to its high oxalic acid content, but the rhizome (like that of Caladium , Colocasia , and Arum ) is edible after drying, grinding, leaching and boiling.
Caltha palustris Commonly known as marsh-marigold and kingcup .
It contains several active substances of which the most important from a toxicological point of view is protoanemonin .
Larger quantities of the plant may cause convulsions, burning of the throat, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dizziness and fainting.
Contact of the skin or mucous membranes with the juices can cause blistering or inflammation, and gastric illness if ingested.
Younger parts seem to contain less toxics and heating breaks these substances down.
Small amounts of Caltha in
hay do not cause problems when fed to husbandry, but larger quantities lead to gastric illness.
Cascabela thevetia Also known as yellow oleander .
All parts of the plant are toxic to most vertebrates as they contain cardiac glycosides .
Many cases of intentional and accidental poisoning of humans are known.
Cephalanthus occidentalis Commonly called buttonbush .
It has a number of historical medicinal uses, but it is also toxic due to the presence of cephalathin .
Cerbera odollam Commonly known as the suicide tree .
The seeds contain cerberin , a potent toxin related to digoxin .
The poison blocks the calcium ion channels in heart muscle , causing disruption of the heart beat.
This is typically fatal and can result from ingesting a single seed.
Cerberin is difficult to detect in autopsies and its taste can be masked with strong spices , such as a curry.
It is often used in homicide and suicide in India ; Kerala's suicide rate is about three times the Indian average.
In 2004, a team led by Yvan Gaillard of the Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology in La Voulte-sur-Rhône, France, documented more than 500 cases of fatal Cerbera poisoning between 1989 and 1999 in Kerala .
All parts of these plants are toxic, due to the presence of alkaloids .
Grazing animals, such as sheep and cattle, may be affected and human fatalities have occurred.
Delphinium genus Also known as larkspur .
Contains the alkaloid delsoline .
Young plants and seeds are poisonous, causing nausea, muscle twitches, paralysis, and often death.
Dendrocnide moroides Known also as stinging tree and gympie gympie .
Capable of inflicting a painful sting when touched.
The stinging may last for several days and is exacerbated by touching, rubbing, and cold temperatures; can be fatal.
Dicentra cucullaria Also known as bleeding heart and Dutchman's breeches .
Leaves and roots are poisonous and cause convulsions and other nervous symptoms.
Dichapetalum cymosum Also known as gifblaar .
Well known as a livestock poison in South Africa, this plant contains the metabolic poison fluoroacetic acid .
Dieffenbachia genus Commonly known as dumbcane .
All parts are poisonous; the culprits are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate called raphides , which can cause intense burning, reddening of the skin , irritation, and immobility of the tongue, mouth, and throat if ingested.
Swelling can be severe enough to block breathing, leading to death, though this is rare; in most cases, symptoms are mild and can be successfully treated with basic analgesics , antihistamines , or charcoal .
Digitalis purpurea Commonly known as foxglove .
The leaves, seeds, and flowers are poisonous, containing cardiac or other steroid glycosides .
These cause irregular heartbeat, general digestive upset, and confusion; can be fatal.
Dioscorea communis Also known as black bryony .
All components of the plant, including the tubers, are poisonous due to saponin content, therefore it is not typically used internally.
However, it has been used as a poultice for bruises and inflamed joints.
It has been suggested that black bryony be used topically with caution, due to a tendency for the plant to cause painf
ul blisters .
Studies have isolated calcium oxalate deposits and histamines in the berry juice and rhizomes , which may contribute to skin irritation and contact dermatitis .
Duranta erecta Common names include golden dewdrop , pigeon berry , and skyflower .
The leaves and berries of the plant are toxic and are confirmed to have killed children, dogs and cats .
Erysimum cheiri Also known as wallflower .
It contains constituents that may affect the heart.
Euonymus europaeus Commonly known as spindle , European spindle or spindle tree .
The fruit is poisonous, containing amongst other substances, the alkaloids theobromine and caffeine , as well as an extremely bitter terpene .
Poisonings are more common in young children, who are enticed by the brightly coloured fruits.
Ingestion can result in liver and kidney damage and even death.
There are many other species of Euonymus , many of which are also poisonous.
Euphorbia pulcherrima Known as poinsettia .
Its latex can cause an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals.
It is also mildly irritating to the skin or stomach and may sometimes cause diarrhea and vomiting if eaten.
Sap introduced into the human eye may cause temporary blindness.
Excoecaria agallocha Commonly known as milky mangrove , blind-your-eye mangrove and river poison tree .
Contact with latex can cause skin irritation and blistering; eye contact can cause temporary blindness.
Galanthus nivalis Known as snowdrop .
The plant contains an active lectin or agglutinin named GNA for Galanthus nivalis agglutinin , which is toxic.
Gelsemium sempervirens Commonly known as yellow jessamine .
It is possible to become ill from ingesting honey made from jessamine nectar.
Gloriosa superba Common names include flame lily , climbing lily , gloriosa lily , and fire lily .
The plant is poisonous, toxic enough to cause human and animal fatalities if ingested.
Every part of the plant is poisonous, especially the tuberous rhizomes.
As with other members of the Colchicaceae, this plant contains high levels of colchicine , a toxic alkaloid .
It also contains the alkaloid gloriocine.
Within a few hours of the ingestion of a toxic amount of plant material, a victim may experience nausea , vomiting , numbness, and tingling around the mouth, burning in the throat, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea .
As the toxic syndrome progresses, rhabdomyolysis , ileus , respiratory depression , hypotension , coagulopathy , haematuria , altered mental status , seizures , coma , and ascending polyneuropathy may occur.
Grevillea sp.
Commonly known as silky oak and spiderflower .
A few species such as Grevillea 'Robyn Gordon', G. robusta, G. banksii, G. bipinnatifida and others can cause severe contact dermatitis.
Hedera helix Also known as common ivy .
The leaves and berries are poisonous, causing stomach pains, labored breathing, and possible coma.
Heliotropium indicum Commonly known as Indian heliotrope .
It contains tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids .
Helleborus niger Also known as Christmas rose .
Contains protoanemonin , or ranunculin, which has an acrid taste and can cause burning of the eyes, mouth and throat, oral ulceration, gastroenteritis and hematemesis .
Heracleum mantegazzianum Also known as giant hogweed .
The sap is phototoxic , causing phytophotodermatitis (severe skin inflammations) when affected skin is exposed to sunlight or to UV rays.
Initially the skin becomes red and starts itching.
Then blisters form as the reaction continues over 48 hours.
They form black or purplish scars, which can last several years.
Hospitalization may become necessary.
Heracleum sosnowskyi Commonly known as Sosnowsky's Hogweed .
Plant has toxic sap and causes skin inflammation on contact.
Hippomane mancinella Commonly known as manchineel .
All parts of this tree, including the fruit, contain toxic phorbol esters typical of the Euphorbiaceae plant family.
Specifically the tree contains 12-deoxy-5-hydroxyphorbol-6gamma, 7alpha-oxide, hippomanins, mancinellin, sapogenin , phloracetophenone-2, 4-dimethylether is present in the leaves, while the fruits possess physostigmine .
Contact with the milky white latex produces strong allergic dermatitis.
Standing beneath the tree during rain will cause blistering of the skin from even slight contact with this liquid (even a small drop of rain with the milky substance in it will cause the skin to blister).
Burning tree parts may cause blindness if the smoke reaches the eyes.
The fruit can also be fatal if eaten.
Many trees carry a warning sign, while others have been marked with a red "X" on the trunk to indicate danger.
In the French Antilles the trees are often marked with a painted red band a few feet above the ground.
The Caribs used the latex of this tree to poison their arrows and would tie captives to the trunk of the tree, ensuring a slow and painful death.
A poultice of arrowroot ( Maranta arundinacea ) was used by the Arawaks and Taíno as an antidote against such arrow poisons.
The Caribs were also known to poison the water supply of their enemies with the leaves.