slotreck/pickle huggingface dataset:
Induced resistance response is a potent and cost effective plant defense against pathogen attack . The effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of the suppressive ability by Bacillus cereus AR156 to Pseudomonas syringae pv . tomato DC3000 ( Pst DC3000 ) in Arabidopsis has been investigated previously ; however , the strength of induced systemic resistance ( ISR ) activity against Botrytis cinerea remains unknown . Here , we show that root-drench application of AR156 significantly reduces disease incidence through activation of ISR . This protection is accompanied with multilayered ISR defense response activated via enhanced accumulation of PR1 protein expression in a timely manner , hydrogen peroxide accumulation and callose deposition , which is significantly more intense in plants with both AR156 pretreatment and B. cinerea inoculation than that in plants with pathogen inoculation only . Moreover , AR156 can trigger ISR in sid2 - 2 and NahG mutants , but not in jar1 , ein2 and npr1 mutant plants . Our results indicate that AR156-induced ISR depends on JA/ET-signaling pathway and NPR1 , but not SA . Also , AR156-treated plants are able to rapidly activate MAPK signaling and FRK1/WRKY53 gene expression , both of which are involved in pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity ( PTI ) . The results indicate that AR156 can induce ISR by the JA/ET-signaling pathways in an NPR1-dependent manner and involves multiple PTI components .
In response to infestation by herbivores , rice plants rapidly biosynthesize defense compounds by activating a series of defense-related pathways . However , which defensive compounds in rice are effective against herbivores remains largely unknown . We found that the infestation of white-backed planthopper ( WBPH ) Sogatella furcifera gravid females significantly increased levels of jasmonic acid ( JA ) , jasmonoyl-isoleucine ( JA-Ile ) and H(2)O(2 ) , and reduced the level of ethylene in rice ; levels of 11 of the tested 12 phenolamides ( PAs ) were subsequently enhanced . In contrast , WBPH nymph infestation had no effect on levels of JA , JA-Ile , ethylene and H(2)O(2 ) in rice , and enhanced levels of only 2 of 12 PAs . Moreover , infestation by brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens gravid females also affected the production of these PAs differently . Bioassays revealed that 4 PAs - N-feruloylputrescine , N-feruloyltyramine , feruloylagmatine and N1,N10-diferuloylspermidine - were toxic to newly emerged WBPH female adults . Our results suggest that WBPH- or BPH-induced biosynthesis of PAs in rice seems to be shaped primarily by the specific profile of defense-related signals elicited by the herbivore and that PAs play a role in conferring the resistance to WBPH on rice .
Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 ( Pst DC3000 ) , which causes disease in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) and Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) , produces coronatine ( COR ) , a non-host-specific phytotoxin . COR , which functions as a jasmonate mimic , is required for full virulence of Pst DC3000 and for the induction of chlorosis in host plants . Previous genetic screens based on insensitivity to COR and/or methyl jasmonate identified several potential targets for COR and methyl jasmonate . In this study , we utilized Nicotiana benthamiana and virus-induced gene silencing to individually reduce the expression of over 4,000 genes . The silenced lines of N. benthamiana were then screened for altered responses to purified COR . Using this forward genetics approach , several genes were identified with altered responses to COR . These were designated as ALC ( for altered COR response ) genes . When silenced , one of the identified genes , ALC1 , produced a hypersensitive/necrosis-like phenotype upon COR application in a Coronatine-Insensitive1 (COI1)-dependent manner . To understand the involvement of ALC1 during the Pst DC3000-host interaction , we used the nucleotide sequence of ALC1 and identified its ortholog in Arabidopsis ( Thylakoid Formation1 [ THF1 ] ) and tomato ( SlALC1 ) . In pathogenicity assays performed on Arabidopsis thf1 mutant and SlALC1-silenced tomato plants , Pst DC3000 induced accelerated coalescing necrotic lesions . Furthermore , we showed that COR affects ALC1 localization in chloroplasts in a COI1-dependent manner . In conclusion , our results show that the virus-induced gene silencing-based forward genetic screen has the potential to identify new players in COR signaling and disease-associated necrotic cell death .
Shoot apices of Lolium temulentum excised after exposure of the plants to one long day ( LD ) undergo floral development in vitro , whereas those excised from plants in short days ( SD ) remain vegetative . Floral differentiation in vitro is reasonably normal and responds quantitatively to the preceding LD induction when three conditions are met . First , excision must not precede the arrival at the apex of the LD stimulus from the leaves . This appears to begin about 22 h after the start of the LD and is completed after a further 14 h , by which time all isolated apices have become capable of initiating inflorescence differentiation , i.e. florally determined . Second , for apices excised on the day after the LD ( Day II ) or early on Day III , the presence of gibberellic acid in the medium is required for floral differentiation to occur in most explants . By contrast , neither kinetin ( N(6)-furfurylaminopurine ) nor indole-3-acetic acid is required or beneficial , while abscisic acid in the medium is inhibitory to both survival and floral differentiation in excised apices . The third requirement is for an adequate supply of sugar , particularly after floral differentiation begins . Sucrose is taken up rapidly to reach high levels in the excised apices , but high sugar concentration in the medium , either alone or with gibberellic acid , does not suffice for floral differentiation to begin , and there is an absolute requirement for receipt of the LD stimulus .
Agricultural practices in grapevines management include water restrictions due to its positive effect on wine quality , especially when applied at fruit ripening . Although the effects of water stress in some groups of phytohormones have already been described in leaves and whole grapes , information regarding tissue-specific variations in hormones during ripening in grapes is scarce . Field-grown grapevines from the cv . " Merlot " were subjected to two differential water supplies , including only rainfed , non-irrigated vines ( T0 ) and vines additionally irrigated with 25Lweek(-1 ) vine(-1 ) ( T1 ) . Tissue-specific variations in the hormonal profiling of grapes [ including changes in the contents of abscisic acid ( ABA ) , jasmonic acid ( JA ) , salicylic acid ( SA ) , the ethylene precursor 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ( ACC ) , the auxin indole-3-acetic acid , gibberellins 1 , 3 , 4 , and 7 ( GA(1 ) , GA(3 ) , GA(4 ) , and GA(7 ) ) , the cytokinins trans-zeatin , and 2-isopentenyl adenine , including as well their respective ribosylated forms ] were periodically evaluated from veraison to harvest . The hormonal profiling in leaves was also measured at the beginning and end of the season for comparison . Results showed that grape growth dynamics were transiently affected by the differences in water regimes , the increased water supply leading to an accelerated growth , slightly reduced accumulation of sugars , and transiently lowered pH , although grape quality did not differ between treatments at harvest . Hormonal profiling of whole berries did not reveal any difference in the endogenous contents of phytohormones between treatments , except for a transient decrease in GA(4 ) contents in T1 compared to T0 vines , which was not confirmed at the tissular level . Hormonal profiling at the tissue level highlighted a differential accumulation of phytohormones during ripening in berry tissues , with pulps being particularly poor in ABA , JA , and SA contents , seeds particularly accumulating ACC , gibberellins , and zeatin-type cytokinins , and the skin being particularly rich in auxin and active cytokinins . Changes in water supply led to very small and transient changes in the endogenous contents of phytohormones in the seeds , pulp , and skin of berries , the most remarkable variations being observed in cytokinin contents , which increased earlier [ between 5 and 12days after veraison ( DAV ) ] but later kept more constant in the skin from T1 compared to T0 vines and were also 3-fold higher at 40 DAV in seeds of T1 compared to T0 vines . It is concluded that small changes in water supply can trigger hormonal-driven physiological adjustments at the tissular level affecting the evolution of fruit growth and quality throughout grape berry ripening .
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles ( HIPVs ) are commonly emitted from plants after herbivore attack . These HIPVs are mainly regulated by the defensive plant hormone jasmonic acid ( JA ) and its volatile derivative methyl jasmonate ( MeJA ) . Over the past 3 decades researchers have documented that HIPVs can repel or attract herbivores , attract the natural enemies of herbivores , and in some cases they can induce or prime plant defenses prior to herbivore attack . In a recent paper , I reported that feeding by gypsy moth caterpillars , exogenous MeJA application , and mechanical damage induce the emissions of volatiles from blueberry plants , albeit differently . In addition , blueberry branches respond to HIPVs emitted from neighboring branches of the same plant by increasing the levels of JA and resistance to herbivores ( i.e. , direct plant defenses ) , and by priming volatile emissions ( i.e. , indirect plant defenses ) . Similar findings have been reported recently for sagebrush , poplar , and lima beans . Here , I describe a push-pull method for collecting blueberry volatiles induced by herbivore ( gypsy moth ) feeding , exogenous MeJA application , and mechanical damage . The volatile collection unit consists of a 4 L volatile collection chamber , a 2-piece guillotine , an air delivery system that purifies incoming air , and a vacuum system connected to a trap filled with Super-Q adsorbent to collect volatiles . Volatiles collected in Super-Q traps are eluted with dichloromethane and then separated and quantified using Gas Chromatography ( GC ) . This volatile collection method was used in my study to investigate the volatile response of undamaged branches to exposure to volatiles from herbivore-damaged branches within blueberry plants . These methods are described here . Briefly , undamaged blueberry branches are exposed to HIPVs from neighboring branches within the same plant . Using the same techniques described above , volatiles emitted from branches after exposure to HIPVs are collected and analyzed .
Histone acts as the core for nucleosomes and is a key protein component of chromatin . Among different histone variants , histone H3 ( HH3 ) variants have been reported to play vital roles in plant development . However , biological information and evolutionary relationships of HH3 genes in cotton remain to be elucidated . The current study identified 34 HH3 genes in Gossypium hirsutum . Phylogenetic analysis classified HH3 genes of 19 plant species into eight distinct clades . Sequence logos analysis among Arabidopsis , rice , and G. hirsutum amino acid residues showed higher conservation in amino acids . Using collinearity analysis , we identified 81 orthologous/paralogous gene pairs among the four genomes ( A , D , At , and Dt ) of cotton . Further , orthologous/paralogous and the Ka/Ks ratio demonstrated that cotton HH3 genes experienced strong purifying selection pressure with restricted functional divergence resulting from segmental and whole genome duplication . Expression pattern analysis indicated that GhHH3 genes were preferentially expressed in cotton ovule tissues . Additionally , GhHH3 gene expression can be regulated by abiotic stresses ( cold , heat , sodium chloride ( NaCl ) , and polyethylene glycol ( PEG ) ) and phytohormonal ( brassinolide ( BL ) , gibberellic acid ( GA ) , indole-3-acetic acid ( IAA ) , salicylic acid ( SA ) , and methyl jasmonate ( MeJA ) ) treatments , suggesting that GhHH3 genes might play roles in abiotic and hormone stress resistance . Taken together , this work provides important information to decipher complete molecular and physiological functions of HH3 genes in cotton .
Hydrogen sulfide ( H(2)S ) is a gasotransmitter and signaling molecule associated with seed germination , plant growth , organogenesis , photosynthesis , stomatal conductance , senescence , and post-harvesting . H(2)S is produced in plants via both enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways in different subcellular compartments . Exogenous application of H(2)S facilitates versatile metabolic processes and antioxidant machinery in plants under normal and environmental stresses . This compound interacts with phytohormones like auxins , abscisic acid , gibberellins , ethylene , jasmonic acid , and salicylic acid . Furthermore , H(2)S participates in signal transductions of other signaling molecules like nitric oxide , carbon monoxide , calcium , methylglyoxal , and hydrogen peroxide . It also mediates post-translational modification , which is a protective mechanism against oxidative damage of proteins . This review summarizes the roles of H(2)S as intriguing molecule in plants .
Jasmonic acid ( JA ) is a fatty acid-derived signaling molecule that regulates a broad range of plant defense responses against herbivores and some microbial pathogens . Molecular genetic studies have established that JA also performs a critical role in several aspects of plant development . Here , we describe the characterization of the Arabidopsis mutant jasmonic acid-hypersensitive1 - 1 ( jah1 - 1 ) , which is defective in several aspects of JA responses . Although the mutant exhibits increased sensitivity to JA in root growth inhibition , it shows decreased expression of JA-inducible defense genes and reduced resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea . Gene cloning studies indicate that these defects are caused by a mutation in the cytochrome P450 protein CYP82C2 . We provide evidence showing that the compromised resistance of the jah1 - 1 mutant to B . cinerea is accompanied by decreased expression of JA-induced defense genes and reduced accumulation of JA-induced indole glucosinolates ( IGs ) . Conversely , the enhanced resistance to B. cinerea in CYP82C2-overexpressing plants is accompanied by increased expression of JA-induced defense genes and elevated levels of JA-induced IGs . We demonstrate that CYP82C2 affects JA-induced accumulation of the IG biosynthetic precursor tryptophan ( Trp ) , but not the JA-induced IAA or pathogen-induced camalexin . Together , our results support a hypothesis that CYP82C2 may act in the metabolism of Trp-derived secondary metabolites under conditions in which JA levels are elevated . The jah1 - 1 mutant should thus be important in future studies toward understanding the mechanisms underlying the complexity of JA-mediated differential responses , which are important for plants to adapt their growth to the ever-changing environments .
A class II hydrophobin gene , HFB2 - 6 , was cloned from Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536 and its biocontrol function was studied . According to our previous transcriptome data , six of the eight class II hydrophobin genes were obviously differential expression in four inducing conditions , especially the gene HFB2 - 6 . Moreover , HFB2 - 6 proven to be differentially transcribed under eight different treatments . HFB2 - 6 transcripts were up-regulated under 1 % Alternaria alternata cell wall and 5 % A. alternata fermentation liquid treatments , and by nutritional stress conditions , suggesting that HFB2 - 6 plays roles in interactions with both biotic and abiotic environmental conditions . HFB2 - 6 expression was down-regulated under 1 % poplar leaf powder culture conditions , but its expression was up-regulated under 1 % poplar root powder , indicating that HFB2 - 6 has a function in root colonization . Furthermore , the recombinant hydrophobin rHFB2 - 6 was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21-HFB2 - 6 and purified from the recombinant strain . Genes related to both the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signal transduction pathways were up-regulated by interaction with renatured rHFB2 - 6 . The ORCA3 ( octadecanoid-derivative responsive Catharanthus AP2-domain ) gene of the poplar jasmonic acid signal transduction pathway showed a peak expression of 4.48 times at 2 h , and the peak expression of PR1 ( pathogenesis-related protein gene ) in the salicylic acid signal transduction pathway was 4.58 times at 72 h. Two genes , MP ( monopteros ) and GH3.17 ( auxin original response gene ) , in the auxin signal transduction pathway were also up-regulated after induction with rHFB2 - 6 , indicating that rHFB2 - 6 can promote poplar growth and confer broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens .
Jasmonates ( JAs ) regulate Arabidopsis thaliana wound and defence responses , pollen development , and stress-related growth inhibition . Significantly , each of these responses requires COI1 , an F-box protein . Other F-box proteins interact with SKP1 and cullin proteins to form SCF complexes that selectively recruit regulatory proteins targeted for ubiquitination . To determine whether COI1 also functions in an SCF complex , we have characterized Arabidopsis proteins that bind to COI1 . An Arabidopsis cDNA expression library was screened in yeast for clones that produce proteins which can bind to COI1 . We recovered two SKP1 homologues and a histone deacetylase . The Arabidopsis F-box protein TIR1 interacted with SKP1 proteins , but not with the histone deacetylase . Mutant COI1 proteins revealed that the F-box is required for interaction with SKP1s , but that sequences in leucine-rich repeat domains are required for interaction with the histone deacetylase . Epitope-tagged COI1 was introduced into Arabidopsis plants and cell cultures . Co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the interaction in planta of COI1 with SKP1-like proteins and histone deacetylase , and also indicated that COI1 interacted with cullin . These results suggest that COI1 forms an SCFCOI1 complex in vivo . COI1 is therefore expected to form a functional E3-type ubiquitin ligase in plants and to regulate expression of jasmonate responsive genes , possibly by targeted ubiquitination of a histone deacetylase .
We analyzed the susceptibility of Arabidopsis mutants with defects in salicylic acid ( SA ) and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene ( ET ) signaling to infection by Cauliflower mosaic virus ( CaMV ) . Mutants cpr1 - 1 and cpr5 - 2 , in which SA-dependent defense signaling is activated constitutively , were substantially more resistant than the wild type to systemic infection , implicating SA signaling in defense against CaMV . However , SA-deficient NahG , sid2 - 2 , eds5 - 1 , and pad4 - 1 did not show enhanced susceptibility . A cpr5 eds5 double mutant also was resistant , suggesting that resistance in cpr5 may function partially independently of SA . Treatment of cpr5 and cpr5 eds5 , but not cpr1 , with salicyl-hydroxamic acid , an inhibitor of alternative oxidase , partially restored susceptibility to wild-type levels . Mutants etr1 - 1 , etr1 - 3 , and ein2 - 1 , and two mutants with lesions in ET/JA-mediated defense , eds4 and eds8 , also showed reduced virus susceptibility , demonstrating that ET-dependent responses also play a role in susceptibility . We used a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing CaMV recombinant to monitor virus movement . In mutants with reduced susceptibility , cpr1 - 1 , cpr5 - 2 , and etr1 - 1 , CaMV-GFP formed local lesions similar to the wild type , but systemic spread was almost completely absent in cpr1 and cpr5 and was substantially reduced in etr1 - 1 . Thus , mutations with enhanced systemic acquired resistance or compromised ET signaling show diminished long-distance virus movement .
The features of the formation of microshoots in in vitro culture of Silene cretacea — endangered species with narrow ecological amplitude , which is a promising source of medicinal raw materials — were studied . It was demonstrated that , at the micropropagation step , basic Woody Plant Medium containing vitamins according to Murashige and Skoog and supplemented with 0.2 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine , 1.0 mg/L kinetin , 1.0 mg/L gibberellic acid , and 0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid is the most effective . The combination and concentration of these growth regulators , selected using mathematical combinatorial analysis , activated axillary buds and provided a high multiplication factor ( 9.3 ± 1.3 microshoots per explant ) . Morpho-histological analysis revealed the main stages of the formation of microshoots and proved the absence of callus formation during the whole time of the cultivation of explants . The features of the dynamics of the culture during the year of continuous cultivation are presented .
Proteomic approaches using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis ( 2-DE ) were adopted to identify proteins from rice leaf that are differentially expressed in response to the rice blast fungus , Magnaporthe grisea . Microscopic observation of inoculated leaf with M. grisea revealed that callose deposition and hypersensitive response was clearly visible in incompatible interactions but excessive invading hypha with branches were evident in compatible interactions . Proteins were extracted from leaves 24 , 48 , and 72 hours after rice blast fungus inoculation . Eight proteins resolved on the 2-DE gels were induced or increased in the inoculated leaf . Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight analysis of these differentially displayed proteins showed them to be two receptor-like protein kinases ( RLK ) , two beta-1.3-glucanases ( Glu1 , Glu2 ) , thaumatin-like protein ( TLP ) , peroxidase ( POX 22.3 ) , probenazole-inducible protein ( PBZ1 ) , and rice pathogenesis-related 10 ( OsPR-10 ) . Of these proteins , RLK , TLP , PBZ , and OsPR-10 proteins were induced more in the incompatible interactions than in compatible ones . A phytohormone , jasmonic acid also induced all eight proteins in leaves . To confirm whether the expression profile is equal to the 2-DE data , seven cDNA clones were used as probes in Northern hybridization experiments using total RNA from leaf tissues inoculated with incompatible and compatible rice blast fungal races . The genes encoding POX22.3 , Glu1 , Glu2 , TLP , OsRLK , PBZ1 , and OsPR-10 were activated in inoculated leaves , with TLP , OsRLK , PBZ1 , and OsPR-10 being expressed earlier and more in incompatible than in compatible interactions . These results suggest that early and high induction of these genes may provide host plants with leading edges to defend themselves . The localization of two rice PR-10 proteins , PBZ1 and OsPR-10 , was further examined by immunohistochemical analysis . PBZ1 accumulated highly in mesophyll cells under the attachment site of the appressorium . In contrast , OsPR-10 expression was mainly localized to vascular tissue .