Convex Regularization in Monte-Carlo Tree Search
Authors: Tuan Quang Dam, Carlo D'Eramo, Jan Peters, Joni Pajarinen
Keywords: Monte-Carlo Tree Search, Entropy regularization, Reinforcement Learning
Abstract: Monte-Carlo planning and Reinforcement Learning (RL) are essential to sequential decision making. The recent AlphaGo and AlphaZero algorithms have shown how to successfully combine these two paradigms to solve large scale sequential decision problems. These methodologies exploit a variant of the well-known UCT algorithm to trade off the exploitation of good actions and the exploration of unvisited states, but their empirical success comes at the cost of poor sample-efficiency and high computation time. In this paper, we overcome these limitations by studying the benefit of convex regularization in Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) to drive exploration efficiently and to improve policy updates, as already observed in RL. First, we introduce a unifying theory on the use of generic convex regularizers in MCTS, deriving the first regret analysis of regularized MCTS and showing that it guarantees an exponential convergence rate. Second, we exploit our theoretical framework to introduce novel regularized backup operators for MCTS, based on the relative entropy of the policy update and on the Tsallis entropy of the policy. We provide an intuitive demonstration of the effect of each regularizer empirically verifying the consequence of our theoretical results on a toy problem. Finally, we show how our framework can easily be incorporated in AlphaGo and AlphaZero, and we empirically show the superiority of convex regularization w.r.t. representative baselines, on well-known RL problems across several Atari games.