skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
C3 is the ancestral system - 45 million years ago, all plants were C3. C4 is a relatively new evolutionary innovation.

The evolutionary history goes something like this. 3.6 billion years ago, Earth's atmosphere was very rich in CO2 and had basically no O2. Then photosynthesis evolved in bacteria in the ocean, using the enzyme RuBisCO to trap CO2 into sugars. Those bacteria became incredibly successful and in the process released a lot of O2 into the atmosphere - over the next 2 billion years the atmosphere became oxygenated. Unfortunately, RuBisCO sometimes mistakes O2 for CO2 and accidentally creates a toxic product that wastes energy instead of storing it. So this new oxygen-rich atmosphere started to make photosynthesis more efficient. Eventually (42 million years ago) the atmosphere became so oxygen rich and CO2-depleted that this inefficiency was a major evolutionary pressure, and C4 started to pop up.

There's very little compromise with C4 - it's just better in a very wide range of commonly occurring environmental conditions.
> Thus, I don't know why it's on the front page.

The ranking algorithms are really weird on the weekends due to the lower volume of submissions.
...this is the same thing Christian extremists say. It is a classic no-true-scotsman. That doesn't mean it is true.
>Isn't one of the primary criticisms of modern startups that they abuse naive fresh-out-of-college graduates?

Precisely. A 20 year old should go out and get a job and gain some experience in a space and then, maybe, they'll be able to identify and solve a real-world problem.

I had very little sense as a 20 year old. And yet, judging by some of the articles I read here, I was positively worldly compared to some of the kids who are getting big money and starting companies. I have a hard time coming to terms with why seemingly sensible adults think this is a good idea.
Minimum share capital with two shareholders in a BVBA is €6200, i.e €3100 each. Nothing wrong with setting up an entity, but at the same time, there are alternatives in Belgium (e.g. a VOF), if you're strapped for cash.

You could set up a "joint ownership" document for the IP rights, which won't be worth much, but better than nothing.

This said, I would focus on getting customers first. Face it, if this is your first product, you'll probably fail. It's a cycle everyone goes through. :-)
I'm put in mind of a story about this I read... presumably about two years ago: http://www.kaleidotrope.net/archives/autumn-2012/dead-mercha...
I think that what we need so desperately bad is a complete database of what goods and services are needed and demanded in our society as a whole, and what is the cost, in a standardized and comprehensive form, of those goods and services, as they are currently offered, whether in the official, monetary economy, or as stuff people do, and if possible, data on the evolution of those parameters over time.

For example: people need to eat, and they do that much eating at the McD's, and this costs that many socio-dollars, and then eat that many TV dinners, and do that much cooking, with an estimation in socio-dollars of how much time it takes to cook vs. how much to stop by the McD's to grab a burger.

And, let me get controversial: what was the evolution of that global cost as the traditional, implicit people responsible for cooking (women) started working full-time, too.

See, that wave of feminism represents a moment where the distribution of labour, and the shape of it, changed rather dramatically. It's hard to get a decent outlook on the economic effect of that event, which makes it hard to devise some form of public policy that would, at the same time, help our society solve the problems that probably appeared as a result, and to help society make the most of this new workforce.

My wet econodream is that we realize that we collectively spend an absurd amount of cold, hard cash on feeding ourselves, and that we'd save that much cold, hard cash by having a bunch of government-owned "restaurants" simply giving away (within some reasonable limit) good but ruthlessly efficient (in terms of labour, value of basic ingredients, nutricious value, taste, and even general convenience) meals to, like, anyone, at any time.

But we can't take any halfway decent decision at all without data. Which we don't have.

Although it appears that it might be happening.

Slatestarcodex found that database of cost-effectiveness of various public health measures, illnesses and drugs, measured in some acronym that looks seductively close to the philosophical definition of "utility"

https://research.tufts-nemc.org/cear4/Home.aspx
Just to be clear here: yes, he is using a 32-bit 72 MHz Cortex M4 and a 12 MHz Cortex M0 as an IO controller for an 8-bit 8MHz cpu. It also appears that the ram for the Z80 is coming out of the 64KB built into the M4.

Even the MCUs built into the screen and SD card are probably all more powerful.

This is awesome.
Is this only for UK citizen or anyone?
Operating System Development in Rust
I'm glad to read such positive attitude towards AI... I recently discussed in another thread if AI was indeed pushing people into the unemployment lines (an opinion from an MIT Tech Review). Link as follows:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8866253

Parent: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8863279

As I said, I am so firmly convinced that AI has so much good to do that I just created a blog (http://ai-maker.com/) solely dedicated to AI and its applications, and I'm going to dedicate my spare time for the following years to grow this side project into something awesome, because that's where AI is leading us.
yeah, and from the paragraph you just cited you left out the last sentence.

"Please note that this rule is waived with News sitemaps."

so basically the >= three digits rule doesn't apply any more (for years now), as a matter of fact i don't know why google still has in in there as it always leads to a lot of confusions.

i once consulted a big newspaper which were in an ongoing project to change their URLs just because one of their (middle)managers has read this spec...
Q4 Startup Deal Volume Returns to 2011 Levels, Seed Rounds Slowing Dramatically
Isn't one of the primary criticisms of modern startups that they abuse naive fresh-out-of-college graduates?

The official Y Combinator solution to that is to replace them with naive, fresh-off-the-plane, H1Bs.
The connection that immediately leaps to mind is the role of dopamine in inhibiting prolactin—if you have a slight hormone production imbalance on the thyroid/pituitary axis, decreasing dopamine production (and thus increasing prolactin) could exacerbate it.
So when do we start building the giant gyroscope to send Jody Foster through some wormholes? :) Joking aside, this is the first that I have read about any signals being unidentified in origin and not having an explaination other than ET's. Why isn't this bigger news here in the USA? I am hesitant to trust this information due to their own use of language like, "perhaps the WOW! signal." Is the bbc turning into the UK'S version of our "History" channel?
If you like Bitbucket don't feel bad about using it. We like seeing real developers benefit from our efforts -- it's a refreshing break from playing cat and mouse with the bad actors trying to ruin it for everyone.
20% VAT now but there's the flat rate scheme and other complexities to consider...
Peter Thiel is spending big money on this. If anybody else would like to be able to say the same -- adjusted for the amount of money you have, of course -- then these guys are doing some very credible research, and they take donations:

http://www.sens.org/
One time you can use it is pre-emergence of your crops; the weeds have to have emerged and be actively growing. Post-emergence of your crops, you have to spray carefully, but that's possible in some circumstances.
Github is less of a monopoly from the perspective of people using it for enterprise. Open source, sure.
But it won't necessarily be corporate tax you're paying. You can set up a foreign corporation, with a foreign board and shareholders (this is a large part of the effect you get from "shell company" creation services), and then keep yourself listed as a mere contractor, rather than a full-time employee.
It is helpful as an improvement, not as an ideal.
Well, I think it's already dead for some good 3 or 4 years. It just didn't start stinking yet.

But that's no reason to think that it'll take more than 100 years.
As always, when someone has something to gain from giving you advice, be skeptical, even if it seems well intentioned.

It is fairly disingenuous of VCs and other investors to advocate for talented young people to start businesses without providing data on how most startup founders (and especially employees) do. From the limited amount of data
on this I've seen, it looks like your odds of making any substantial amount of money is quite small and certainly if you're talented enough to found a successful startup you're probably talented enough to get a higher paying job at a more stable company. It might not be as glamorous, but it will give you time to focus on the things that are more important to you than money.
I honestly believe that if I want to transition later, I will be no worse off than a postdoc, and possibly better off.

At my particular institution, I have known several who have transitioned (all older than me, and most who had done postdoc first). Basically what is required to transition is at least one of, preferably both of: A) 1-3 top-tier first-author papers (Nature/Science), or B) getting several small grants or one large grant adding up to at least 150K/yr. Politics can also play a role, obviously.

But I don't know for sure yet whether I will want to transition. No question, tenure-track is more prestige and pay, and research associate/staff scientist was originally created as a position for people who were too old to be postdocs and not willing or able to become faculty. I think the position is changing somewhat to be simply a "middle ground" between postdoc and faculty, less dependent on age.

But I joined this profession to do great research, not write grants all day, and I am given a great deal of freedom to do that, so I'm not seeing right now much benefit in becoming faculty other than pay. Maybe my perspective on the importance of pay will change if I have a family.

So, to answer the question directly, right now I am thinking I will become a PI iff I have to do that to push forward my research adequately. If, on the other hand, I can find a PI who is willing to do all the boring grant-writing work, pay me, and give me a lot of freedom, maybe I won't. Right now I have such a PI, which is awesome. After being this spoiled, I could never settle for the normal "you will do these experiments, serf" relationship a lot of PIs have with their underlings.
Many people seem to be confused by Rust's lack of limitations imposed on you as a programmer. In particular, the fact that so much of what is thought of as a runtime is provided as optional libraries. You can run tasks similar to Goroutines, which are provided as a library. You can use certain types of garbage collection as a library. You have dramatic freedom and accessible choices. The possibilities are incredibly inspiring.
> If you scroll up, you'll realize that we are discussing cases where no one has the power to restrict anything. The only power anyone has is to buy or sell a good (movies in my example or houses in enlightenedfool's example) to a willing partner in trade.

That is not at all what was being discussed, but what you decided the discussion was about by making the wrong assumption that housing choices were as voluntary as picking movies. They are not, neither are they voluntary, as research shows (as well as the discussed article). Going back to "systemic", bureaucracies in the US (both private and governmental) do restrict housing choices by discriminating based on proxies for race (i.e. correlated variables, that are sometimes directly related to race, and sometimes less directly).

I have no vendetta against you, but the way you're discussing these issues is insincere, and shows complete disregard to the vast body of evidence collected. But it does provoke an emotional reaction on my part because it is a prime example of "nerd bigotry" that's so rampant among startup people.

You say you discuss objective facts, where, in fact, you make false analogies and presumptions that are precisely where racism is often found. The most obvious example, given by countless people before you, is that of "voluntary choice", while racism works precisely by restricting choice. I will not go at length into how that's done, because the process has been documented so many times and in great detail. But if person A has choices, say, 1 through 5, and person B has choices 1 thorough 3, and exercising those choices requires more effort on the part of person B, it is true that whatever person B chooses is voluntary, but it is no less true that it is less voluntary than the choice of person A. This is doubly true, if choices 4 and 5 -- unavailable to person B -- or, say, choice 3, which is available for person B but extremely hard to achieve, are precisely the choices that confer more power on their chooser.

So: 1/ restriction of choice is not binary, and is often done in roundabout ways (which is why studies are required). 2/ Not all discrimination is equal :) - discrimination that results in unfair power distribution is far worse than discrimination that has little effect on the distribution of power.
And it'll run on my Linux machine, presumably?
Sounds like she was thinking about their future 'she could see us...' And ultimately decided she wasn't going to marry him.
I've been using some Azure bits with node.js without much issue... I'd say that C# is probably my second favorite language, and that I really like JS as my first. Which really doesn't fall in line with a lot of people, but that's where I stand... I actually like each for their differences.

Part of my own reasons for moving away from C# and much more into the node ecosystem has been in terms of licensing and avoiding lock in. Now that MS is going a much more open route, I'm willing to actually consider some pieces in that direction again.

VS can be very nice to work with, my single largest issue has been how systems have been designed with it, far above and beyond issues with the underlying platforms or the language. The tooling is very nice. However my experiences with "Enterprise" projects leaves a bitter taste in my mouth.

More often than not, I've seen "Enterprise" (quotes intentional) projects that seem to add complexity for its' own sake. Writing code that is unit tested in Java or C# are just plain painful compared to say JS/node. I find that comes down to differences between a static platform and a dynamic one though.

I think MS is rightly pushing for greater Azure deployment of server-side applications. The desktop is dying for most people, and mobile is not going away. By opening the tools, and providing better integration, they allow for a transparent deployment to Azure which is a rented platform which will receive more consistent revenue. It's simply good business.
Well, with first-generation GMOs, a single gene was inserted into a crop. This is totally unlike all previous crop breeding, where changes were complex and no single gene was likely to control the trait. So before GMOs, there was basically no chance that a trait bred into crops could escape into the wild by gene flow, but with first-gen GMOs that became a real possibility. It has indeed been recorded happening a bunch of times, leading to, for example, herbicide resistance in weeds.

I should point out that herbicide resistance in weeds was widespread before GMOs by other mechanisms, and in fact the switch to glyphosate has been a great thing because we've massively reduced the application of harmful chemicals, while glyphosate is benign. But the fact remains that GMOs do carry their own specific risks that are a result of the technology and methodology, rather than the specific application.
There's usually no need to fly to any of these countries, no matter their laws. Instead, you pay a lawyer local to the jurisdiction to organize and file the paperwork for you. There are lawyers in Delaware whose whole job is this. For any given jurisdiction, there may even be someone offering to do it "online" (i.e. product model) rather than as a consult, presenting an interface equivalent to that of a government offering the same registration service.
For those who bring their laptops to meetings
Usually things that are vaguely stated aren't great for delineating as "objectively wrong" or not, since the definition can stretch in all kinds of ways.

Come up with something you want to maximize, that most people will agree with, like human health, and find ways to quantify it. Then you can at least start to see which policies lead to which results.
Or paste this into the console:

water.addDrop(x, y, radius, strength)

0,0 is the center, bounds are -1 to 1. 0.1 radius is a reasonable spike, 1 radius is a huge swell. 1 strength is really big. 10 is ridiculous. Try negative numbers too!

Try:

water.addDrop(0, 0, 0.1, 5)
If you have problems with contention, you can use a library like this [1], that allows you to perform transactions (with the restriction that you must know the variables you may touch ahead of time) without deadlocking or livelocking.

[1] https://hackage.haskell.org/package/blocking-transactions
This would be a problem of course, but I'm betting this is a problem most people would like to have. If my two options are: Die at 100, and not have to work for the last X years, or live an extra 20 years, with required working, I at least would prefer to live and work than to die and not work.
I generally agree with you that investors and founders mitigate their risk through diversity and networking. However, I wouldn't single out employees as "the only one who really loses when a startup fails." Like you said, choosing a Google-like startup is tough, and most founders believe theirs will be incredibly successful when they hire early employees. But I can think of at least one example where the employee of a failed startup will have benefited greatly, possibly more than the investor and founders.

Imagine an employee who chose the startup because she passionately shared its vision, and the position available was exactly what she wanted to be doing. She worked out a budget so that her family would be fine with the lower salary. She gets to do what she enjoys in a fast-paced environment learning many new skills alongside others who share her vision. If that startup fails, she's out of a job, and the equity she earned is worthless. If she was paid enough to stay within her desired lifestyle range without taking on debt, and she enjoyed working at the startup much more than she would have enjoyed being a cog in the BigCorp machine working on projects she felt indifferent about, then I believe her risk as a startup employee was relatively low.

Opinions will obviously vary depending on how important compensation (after a certain threshold) and prestige are versus working on what you want.
Anyone can incorporate in the UK but you need a registered office here which is usually arranged by a third party.
Congratulations! You've just wiped out a very large fraction of the world's maize production: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_seed and probably some other significant crops. Millions are starving, many more rarely can include meat in their diet.

Let me Godwin this discussion by pointing out the lack of information you have about the subject is an example of why command economies preform so poorly. There's just too much information needed to make intelligent decisions. And then we get things like https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysenkoism because the process is done by people good at politics, and without skin in the game.

Farmers have skin in the game. Maybe we should accord their decisions some respect???
It's a problem that is far more acute for certain ages than others....
"Some of my best friends are black" is such a typical excuse from bigots that it's become a popular satirical stereotype. Are you going to be treating us to more typical bigot behavior while insisting others are the bigots?

If your best friend has any self-esteem, he won't let you get away with spouting that demeaning garbage about homosexuality being a choice. So why are you subjecting me to it?

You seem to have trouble with this, so I'll explain it: the color of skin a person is born with is not his fault, and contrary to what you falsely believe in, which sex a person is attracted to isn't either. But the set of values a person makes his own is subject to parental and societal education - it's nothing but ideas, and both societies and individuals can and do learn to walk away from bad ideas and toward better ones.

You would like to see your religious ideas exempt from this process, for no reason other than reluctance to let go of the privilege religion has unfairly enjoyed for far too long. To which I say, "tough" - you might as well get used to it, because equality and reason aren't going to suffer your hissy fits for very much longer.
California Cities Jumpstart Civic Tech Solutions with CityCamp
The tacit assumption here is that we can predict what aspects of AI will be most beneficial. But if you look at the inventions/discoveries that have most affected the world over the past few decades I think you'll find that they are largely unpredictable, e.g. the internet, computers, antibiotics, etc. It's actually difficult to find a non-incremental improvement that was planned. We have such a glut of scientists right now that it doesn't make sense to focus them in any specific direction. AI is a popular field and people are going to be working in it, regardless of whether we adopt a set of research priorities or not.
> I know you have some vendetta against me, but it might help to read my comments before carrying on this vendetta.

This is something you keep saying to different people. The common factor is you.

You claim to ask the difficult quesions when all you do is spew inane trash; then bicker about weird definitions; and then play the victim card by claiming everyone has a vendatta against you.
> There's a practical side to this stuff that doesn't involve ads.

Just have a look at the AIMA book (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/), it's full of applications not related to advertising (both of its authors, Russell and Norvig, have signed the letter). I'm going to implement many of them in my blog (http://ai-maker.com/), so if you want to have a lot of fun with AI, join me in this learning quest.
I believe musl supports static linking
Introducing Ideas, a fictional app
This how-to is pretty great, hilarious half truth (toasters do have USB microcontrollers) / half smoke-and-mirrors. Isn't that game of doom on autopilot there at the end?
A comprehensive guide for setting up an IPv6 network at home