skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
The definition of words (like "Sachzwang") which express abstract ideas (whether nouns, abjectives or verbs) are subtly different for everyone who speaks the same language, and is the sum total of all the contexts the hearer has heard (or read) the word in use, after allowing for their individual personality and cultural background. And often the same word can be spoken with more than one accompanying intonation in many languages, thus effectively splitting one lexical word into many.
That's part of it, and the laws are part of it, too. But, I believe policing accounts for a significant portion of that disparity between the US and other developed, democratic-ish, nations.

Here's why I believe that: Black folks are arrested at a rate of 2.5 times, or more, that of white folks, despite committing crimes at about the same rate as white folks (actually, for some classes of crime, such as marijuana use, whites commit crime at a higher rate). This tells me that police exercise discretion when making arrests. And, were they to exercise that discretion equally across races, there would be either a lot fewer or a lot more arrests, and a lot fewer or a lot more people being imprisoned.

In short, to put it into language that HN folks will understand, it is like a sales funnel. Police are an early stage in the funnel for filling prisons, and every stage in the funnel plays a role in the prison industrial complex.

Sources on the 2.5, or higher, number (any time race comes up as a factor, someone will challenge it...so, preemptive response):

http://www.thenation.com/article/176915/scandal-racist-marij...

http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/11/20/usa-today-finds-black...

http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/05/us/us-race-marijuana-arrests/i...

http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/03/02/us-drug-arrests-skewed-ra...
"Burning a Koran, just to fuck with people, is probably in "yelling fire" territory."

I hope not. Making capitulation to a threat, implied or explicit would be the exact opposite of freedom of speech. You would not be able to speak out against... anything.
Can we please just do Hindley-Milner? They knew all this stuff in the 1970s...
This looks interesting. If such potential features come true in Python 3, I would have better motivation to migrate to it.

However, it does, somehow, with type alias syntax as proposed in this article, make python3 looks even similar to Go.
Nasa emails spanner to space station
Which version of OCaml? The ARMv7 backend was rewritten about 2 years ago, and merged in 4.00.

http://caml.inria.fr/mantis/view.php?id=5433

The new backend is supposed to be considerably faster on floating point code. This code looks integer only, and I don't have relative performance of old/new backend for integer code.

As a wider question: Who cares much about ARMv7? ARMv8 is a completely different beast, requiring a different backend, with much better raw performance (on the same terms as x86-64). That's where languages should be concentrating their current efforts.
This is some quality work. The Java results are particularly striking! It would be interesting to see some more languages that have more than one implementation compared.

What is the difference between FSharp and F#?
Is this about Analysis paralysis vs. learning by doing?

From what I understand of asian philosophy, I think the dichotomy between he Confucean and Taoist value systems is a very good mental tool - the former stresses academic learning and analysis while the latter strives for simplicity and doing what you can, right now, with the knowledge and tools you have.

To draw a caricature: The confucean systems hold the bureaucracy that keeps systems going for decades in the highest regard while a taoist would value the spontaneity of an "agile and lean" system the most.

I think the "wu wei" concept is linked to a situation where a person has an intutive understanding of a system and it's practical degrees of freedom and constraints, and thus can let his subconscious to perform most of the heavy lifting, versus a situation where for one reason or another the person does not have a lucid mental model of the field where he tries to work and proceeds through constant conscious cognitive evaluation. I might completely off in my understanding, though.
Just 2% rapists are convicted/punished by courts in India.

http://ncrb.gov.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Chapters.htm
Why Why Functional Programming Matters Matters (2007)
Ah, I understood that comment as saying that MacDonalds actually do have higher food sourcing standards because of the public scrutiny.

There also seems to be an implied complaint here that the public are being hypocritical, however it makes perfect sense that the larger the example, the more people would be interested in holding them to a high standard. This doesn't seem like a bad thing at all.
> a handful of language families: Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo, Sino-Tibetan, Japonic, Koreanic, and Turkic.

Just a note about the Austranesian language family: it contains a large number of speakers in Indonesia/Malaysia and the Phillipines, as well as lesser groups from Madagascar, Taiwan aboriginal people, NZ Maori, and Pacific Islanders as far east as Tahiti. It's likely to be in any handful of families left that people will speak.
See also here for a slightly different but related approach: http://user.it.uu.se/~kostis/Papers/succ_types.pdf
That's a fair point but the massive popularity of payday loans in the UK suggests that many people don't understand that either.

Any business manager in a position to hire programmers, ought to be able to understand options, the concept appears every day in business.
It's easy on MacOS X if you have i.e. MacPorts:

$ sudo port install python34 py34-jinja2 asciidoc py34-pygments py34-pyqt5

$ git clone https://github.com/The-Compiler/qutebrowser.git
Incitement to crime -- speech that spurs another to commit a crime -- is just one of 6 categories of speech which are not protected.

The other five main exceptions to free speech protection include; Defamation, Obscenity, Sedition, and...

Fighting words: As defined by the Supreme Court, fighting words are "those which by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace."

Causing panic: The classic example of speech causing panic is someone yelling "Fire!" in a crowded movie theater. Speech may be suppressed where a reasonable person would know that his speech is likely to cause panic and/or harm to others.

The government also has the right to restrict speech in order to promote a "compelling government interest," such as national security. This standard is extraordinarily strict and hard to prove, making it a rather narrow exception to free speech.

[1] - https://www.legalzoom.com/articles/free-speech-primer-what-c...

I thought that the courts would look at it under this 6-part framework and they might possibly decide, under the facts and circumstances of Terry Jones for example, that it falls under "fighting words" or maybe some kind of hate speech.

But now I've read up more on Terry Jones and what actually happened, and, you're right, the consensus was it was protected speech.

Pulling an Obama quote from Wikipedia;

President Barack Obama was asked on September 9, 2010, on ABC's "Good Morning America" about the Quran burning controversy. He said, "You could have serious violence in places like Pakistan or Afghanistan. This could increase the recruitment of individuals who would be willing to blow themselves up in American cities or European cities." He said, "I just want him to understand that this stunt that he is talking about pulling could greatly endanger our young men and women in uniform who are in Iraq, who are in Afghanistan. We're already seeing protests against Americans just by the mere threat that he's making." "I just hope he understands that what he is proposing to do is completely contrary to our values as Americans, that this country has been built on the notions of religious freedom and religious tolerance," Obama said. "He says he's someone who is motivated by his faith ... I hope he listens to those better angels and understands that this is a destructive act that he's engaging in.” Asked if the event could be stopped, Obama replied, "My understanding is that he can be cited for public burning … but that's the extent of the laws that we have available to us."[42]
Amateur builds super deep super cheap ocean vehicle
Fahrenheit, though 46C would have been way off in the other direction :) And it did seem to recognize my location properly, though I can't verify where the backend actually pulled weather data for.

I'm just here for a vacation, but have spent some time exploring. The technology scene seems rather limited overall. I think you could easily find a spot to work from for a month or two. Cost of living is lowish, Internet access does not seem to hard to come by, people are friendly and the island is very safe. But you're not likely to come across a whole lot of other like-minded hackers (IMO).
None I knew of. Flo (“The Compiler”) is just hacking stuff, with help from some others.
I mostly work remote.

Here's a list of companies I've found that hire remote workers. Some want consultants, some want perm. I have a lot more that I'll add in the coming days:

http://www.warplife.com/jobs/computer/telecommute/
It seems kinda unfair to compare 32bit ARMv7 against 64bit x86-64. Wouldn't it be much fairer to compare ARMv7 against the register-starved x86, or to compare AArch64 against x86-64?
A Day in the Life of a Kiva Robot (2011) [video]
That's basic linguistics. It's not new or controversial among linguists. It's why dictionaries are built by looking at usage and citing sources, as anyone who knows how they're made knows.
Ok, let's fill in a little bit of background here: North Korea isn't a happy place. It's a tyrannical dictatorship that has earned its spot as, quite literally, the worst place on earth. The Kim family has spent decades systematically programming the North Korean people as part of a system that follows in the tradition of such evil as Stalin, Hitler, Pol Pot, and Pasha. Concerning yourself with Kim's feelings is the height of ignorance and folly: he certainly doesn't concern himself with the millions who have died at his family's hands by, in NK concentration camps, and through preventable famine.

Interestingly enough, The Interview never actually hurt the feelings of the North Korean people. In order to do that, they'd have to learn about it first. And there's nothing less likely to find its way into a closed society than a comedy about the assassination of that society's leader. But that's largely irrelevant: we don't live in a society that enforces "respect" at the expense of individual liberties.

There's a significant difference between being able to respectfully engage cultural differences and blindly accepting the abuses and atrocities. Particularly when we're talking about the sort of practices that make North Korea, well, North Korea (which have nothing to do with a Korean culture that dates back centuries and everything to do with one family's mad desire for absolute power).
Ask HN: What encrypted chat application to choose?
I have been using Google Hangouts for IM until now, but recently became interested in an app that would ensure privacy of my conversations.

I have looked at several solutions, however, there doesn't seem to be a clear leader amongst them. There has been talk about Telegram's crypto protocol being broken, while TextSecure seems to only be available for Android. Desktop client is a must for me.
The LuaJIT results don't surprise me. I've always been impressed with LuaJIT. The OpenJDK results also don't surprise me. If you work in a Java shop, you learn very quickly to throw out OpenJDK in favor of Sun/Oracle Java. OpenJDK is indeed a "steaming pile of crap".

However, I would have liked to see Julia and Javascript benchmarks in those results. I've heard great things about Julia, and knowing just how incredibly far we've brought the Javascript VMs over the past decade, it wouldn't surprise me to see Javascript fairly high on the list.
`Any` seems to be more akin to C# `dynamic`

The key is that we're talking about _Gradual_ Typing: it's not that "you never want to type things as Any" (if you always used a dynamically typed language like Python you probably never cared too much), or "subclassing is too limiting" (if anything, imho is not limiting enough).

The point is offering a tool to people who might benefit from some static checks, to avoid stumbling into problems at runtime. Those people have a HUGE codebase with dynamic types (basically, everything is already Any) and you need to _Gradual_ly specify and move over parts of the code to be correctly typed.

as keosak writes, if you want a proper explanation of theory behind it, just read Jsiek's blog posts
Sorry, you're absolutely right! I had confused the two when writing my post.
Except it's really hard to benchmark on ARMv8 since non-Apple hardware is expensive.
Not the same. Still, I didn't say it was new, just stupid.
Fair enough. We're are on the same page, after all.
If Sony wanted to release the movie they probably wouldn't miss the chance of making money with it so this proposal sounds rather stupid.
There is no differentiation between Hacker and Cracker in public media. Get over it.
I helped run a ClojureBridge training course today in Sydney. I had a fantastic time. I wrote about some of my experiences:

http://juliangamble.com/blog/2014/12/20/why-clojurebridge-is...
Scala doesn't/cannot use Hindley-Milner, I doubt it could be any easier to apply it to Python. (Clojure core.typed doesn't use hindley milner either afaik. There've been experiments on that front though)

Also, type inference doesn't mix very well with dynamic types ("dynamic is viral", or similar things, I've briefly skimmed this post and I think it makes the point: http://ericlippert.com/2012/11/09/dynamic-contagion-part-two... )
> I've thought similar things when I've looked at Rust in the past. It seems to me that designers really wanted to make it nice from a PL theory perspective, (hence the focus on functional programming and a strong type system).

Do you have any alternatives to implementing a strong type system in order to give certain well-defined safety guarantees for anyone using the language? Any other alternative theories or implementation strategies that would be better?

> I'm more partial to the Go style of language design, which focused on making it easy to do the things the designers did in practice.

The designers/implementers wrote the first non-bootstrapped compiler in OCaml, a functional language. How's that for "things the designers did in practice"?

As far as doing what they were doing in systems programming in practice: the point of the project is to actually get away from their then heavy use of unsafe languages like C++. But then they took the concepts of smart pointers, ownership etc. (presumably inspired by best practices in C/++) and tried to make it bulletproof to use.
Well yea... "Also, the cost of Eurostar itself is not inconsiderable. There is a frequent traveller service that provides benefits, although not on price and there is no equivalent of a season ticket. Return tickets start at £59".
Frankly I've rarely seen tickets under 150-200$. Doing this DAILY for a commute would add up, unless you're ridiculously wealthy (which I then suggest just getting a second home at your place of work for during the week).
موعد مباراة ريال مدريد وسان لورينزو الارجنتينى اليوم فى نهائى كاس العالم للاندية
If they released it today on that platform, it would be well known in a matter of hours.
Sony CEO says considering options to release “The Interview”
On another comic note : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YKvtX8E-v8
@couchand I am also interested why you are migrating from Angular
Can only agree. Except they don't ask authors to do all typesetting and copyediting. Some try to provide value there by outsourcing it all to companies that make a complete mess of it. For an example see the recent IOP publication of an abstract reading "Abstract goes here" and the recent Wiley publication of citations reading "cite crappy paper here".

Actually a hands-off approach would be excusable if a) the technology systems they provide weren't truly awful and b) they charged significantly less.
Ask HN: How to handle emails from customers?
I'm an independent software developer. Most of the emails I get are feature requests. When I implement a new feature, I will search my email archive and contact everybody who asked for it (sometimes months after they contacted me).

Right now I use OmniOutliner to keep a list of requests, and manually add names of people who requested it.

Can you think of a more streamlined solution?

I've looked at issue trackers, but most of them are horrible to use and often require people to sign up on a website rather than just sending an email.

I've looked at CRMs, but they seem to be focused only on sales.

Is there a tool that will help me stay in contact with customers even when I'm not trying to sell them something?
What is call option?

/s
>hopefully not like the War on Terror.

Oh, it's coming. The drumbeat has started and harrowing possibilities are being offered. The media will be in full panic mode and billions of dollars in contracts will be awarded soon enough.

There's too much money to be made to resist treating it like the "War on ____".
You know "what's the future"? Firefox mobile? Hardly.
> 'sanctions haven't done a damned thing ever'

OT, but have you read what's going on in Russian this last week? It's unbelievable how hard the sanctions have hit them, and how quickly. It's a huge story which has been drowned out in all this other noise. NK is obviously not Russia, being more insular makes it harder to sanction them.

The escalation of cyber warfare, the possibility of it all being a false flag, the idea of a military response to defend, exactly as you say, life liberty and property, the idea of a necessary response if sufficiently proven to be a state-sponsored attack... the idea of the network as a battle zone with governments playing offense and defense... it all gives me shivers.

As @unclebucknasty says, the drum beat has started. This is going to take us somewhere very interesting in 2015.
The "documented information" you want is mentioned in the article. Guido links to a blog post by Jeremy Siek and a paper by Vitousek, Siek and Baker. Read the blog post, section "Why subtyping does not work".

http://wphomes.soic.indiana.edu/jsiek/what-is-gradual-typing...

http://wphomes.soic.indiana.edu/jsiek/files/2014/03/retic-py...
Well… The difference is the implied meaning of burning a book.

Making a movie about the assassination of the NK leader doesn't imply hate. I'm pretty sure making the movie wasn't about the hate against NK per se, but rather a comedy about the situation in an oppressed country.

If you burn a koran/bible I'm pretty sure we all know what that means: You hate the religion and wan't it to die.

As you can see the difference is that the first one falls under free- and the other under hate-speech.

Now if you ask me, it's still wrong to hate against those who burn "holy books" or whatever. In my opinion hate speech is integral to having free spech, even if it should be watched carefully (I really don't wan't a third reich here in germany) - something that has been lost in the past couple years. But it's important to differenciate between both.
The Racket and Lisp comments are a bit odd. To the best of my knowledge Typed Racket does support gradual typing, and as well, comparing it's compatibility to Scheme is a category error: Racket is not Scheme anymore, that's why it's called Racket now and not PLT Scheme.
Privacy against whom? What is your threat model? What platforms must be supported? What level of technical knowledge do your contacts have? Sadly those questions are still relevant.
I'd interpret that exactly to the opposite: They're not sure if they're going to release it, but they want to put on a brave face and say that they will.

In reality, they're probably all scared shitless. If all of their employees' personal info has been compromised as reported, I can understand that they'd be worried about the possibility of someone getting hurt. Even a minor, harmless event could lead to bad press. Of course, no one believes that NK actually has the ability to inflict physical harm outside of their own country, but I can understand the Sony executives' hesitance to put that to the test.
>OpenJDK is indeed a "steaming pile of crap"

Just to clarify, it performed as well as the Oracle JVM on x86. Its poor performance on ARM is just due to its lack of JIT compilation.

>However, I would have liked to see Julia and Javascript benchmarks in those results.

I'm happy to include Javascript or Julia implementations if someone supplies them. I wasn't comfortable with Julia enough to write one myself.
It seems to me though, that the Java numbers aren't representative. As far as I know, JVM benchmarks should allow HotSpot etc to optimise the functions by calling them ~1k times before the actual benchmark happens. That doesn't seem to be the case in the code.
Yes. A recent paper I submitted (carefully typeset in LaTeX) got subjected to all kinds of ludicrous mangling in the name of 'house style' by someone with no apparent knowledge of English.

Things like 'for example' being replaced with 'e.g.' even at the end of a sentence. Or citations beginning a sentence getting parenthesised — giving "(Smith 2003) states that ...".

I re-corrected it all through gritted teeth, but I still haven't brought myself to read what they finally published.
>To the best of my knowledge Typed Racket does support gradual typing

If you take a Racket program and change the language to Typed Racket, you'll get flooded with compiler errors. Or at least that's been my experience.

>Racket is not Scheme anymore

I'll update the post to note this, thanks.
I wonder if Mexico can ever be peaceful while the US still has Prohibition.
I believe I had mentioned this before - and received a lot of downvotes for it: I, as a user, wish not to be bothered with emails.

I often just briefly want to see what the fuzz is all about. The app then "tricks me" into providing them with an email address, by pretending they need this as an identifier, most of the time in order to create an account. They then feel free to send me "Greg from blahblah app"-Emails.

To me, this is spam. It is an email I do not want. To me there is no difference between a random spammer who wants to sell fake viagra and Greg from blahblah app, who wants me to use his cloud-driven javascript thingy.

I believe there is a role missing, in the view on customer relationships. Just because I am looking at things in your store doesn't mean I want to be treated as a customer already. I believe there should be a differentiation between somebody who already bought something and somebody who is about to. Aggressively sending email at any chance isn't the way to make this transformation, imho.
It would be nigh impossible to retrofit in a backwards compatible way. :(
Not to mention clock and cache differences.
I pledge to pay Sony 1 BTC if they let this happen. https://twitter.com/hansent/status/546273749163466753
Well it's missing the crypto part of cryptocurrency, but I agree it's pretty obvious that they are planning for this to be some sort of site-wide currency. My guess is they saw Dogecoin and the tipping culture it created, and they now want to own that aspect of the Reddit community.
>Just watching it will be an event

That brings up a good point. Perhaps Sony should even consider using the controversy in its marketing, then later make claims about how much more successful the film was than projected, thanks to the added publicity (which will almost certainly be true).

Not only would it show defiance, it would underscore the paradoxical effect of trying to stifle free speech in this manner. And, that might provide the biggest disincentive of all for future prevention: demonstration of ineffectivness.
OCaml version 4.02.0. I don't have an ARMv8 device to benchmark on, unfortunately.