skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
The evidence for medium- to long-term sleep debt is sketchy at best. Certainly in the short term (1-3 days) if you are deprived of sleep, or if you're chronically short on sleep, there's all sorts of cognitive and physiological effects.

But after over longer terms of a week or more, after returning to a normal sleep schedule, it's more complicated. Much of the 'overtired' feeling and cognitive effects come from being deprived of slow-wave sleep (SWS), which you get in the deepest phases of sleep. It's in this phase of sleep that motor skills are consolidated, and it seems to be the 'physically restorative' part of sleep. This is opposed to REM sleep, which you get in the lighter phases of sleep and is where you dream and where memories are consolidated. Unlike SWS, there are very few side effects to being deprived of REM sleep. In a typical eight-hour sleep there will be several cycles of sleep, totalling about four to five hours out of eight spent in SWS, and the remainder in REM and in transition between states.

As for sleep debt and why it doesn't really exist beyond the short term, it comes down to what sleep researchers call sleep architecture, or how the cycles and phases of sleep are arranged through a night's sleep. For example, there's typically a bias towards getting more SWS in the first half of the night, and more REM sleep in the second. Here's what a typical night's sleep looks like (Stages 3 and 4 are SWS sleep):

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_architecture#mediaviewer/...

Your sleep architecture changes under sleep deprivation. If you are selectively deprived of SWS one night (e.g. by an evil sleep researcher waking you up any time you enter SWS), you will spend more of the next night in SWS to compensate. If your sleep is reduced gradually over time, your body will sacrifice REM sleep to maintain the same amount of SWS -- about four to five hours a night. As I said before, not getting much REM sleep has few side effects.

This is why you are able to sleep only five hours a night and still feel fine: your body simply adjusted to spend very little time in SWS. If I could guess, I'd say you probably have very few dreams anymore, maybe just one occasionally, shortly before waking up? I can't explain why this helped your insomnia or headaches, because I don't know much about how an insomniac differs from a typical person. But it's not to do with sleep debt.
11 Tactics Used by the Mainstream Media to Manufacture Consent for the Oligarchy
I didn't read the study (just the article), but it appears that the authors are reporting their results for the "average" person. From what people say on here, it seems to me that sleep requirements vary a lot on a per person basis, and what works well for one person may not work well for another.

People have different health conditions, different amounts of exercise per day, different ages -- all kinds of factors. It seems that coming up with one number for everyone is far too simplistic.

For me personally, I feel absolutely horrible on anything less than 9 hours. I slept 7 last night and have been groggy all morning, even with 400 mg of caffeine. Part of my problem is that I got mono last year, and ever since then I've just been groggy in general. I asked my doctor about modafinil (which is supposed to keep you awake), but he said it had a high abuse potential and recommended corticosteroids instead. Meh, I'd rather have modafinil than steroids, so I passed on the offer.

I'm at a conference all this week, and it's quite annoying being "that guy" whose head is constantly bobbing during presentations even with sufficient sleep. No amount of rest seems sufficient to eliminate my tendency to fall asleep during lectures.
This article is a enlightening counterpart to the 'emerging neuroscience' chorus, who would have us believe that a full model of consciousness and the brain is just around the corner. That those trying treat schizophrenia haven't a clue what causes the onset, and why certain drugs are effective tells me that we really are at the stage of the absolutely primitive models of brain activity.
I think you're wrong to ignore the consequences of the actions as an input to the punishment. A small amount of unintentional carelessness that causes huge damage could still be punished. One could argue that a certain degree of mindfulness in critical situations is a job requirement, and casually making a careless -- though unintended -- mistake demonstrates a lack of mindfulness indicating that the person is not properly qualified for the job.

I understand that we don't want a culture that fires people for making the sort of mistake anyone might make. But to be so careless on a day that is clearly an exception where something more important than standard business procedure is going on, can't you at least see why firing the intern for such a lack of mindfulness might at least make sense, even if you disagree with it?

I interned for a government organization that maintains hydroelectric dams and the software that controls them throughout the Southeastern US. A careless mistake could -- in the worst case -- cause blackouts, cost the company millions of dollars, or even cost lives (if the data-control feedback loop caused a turbine to spin up at the wrong time or to fail to shut off in an emergency). And, as is quite common in organizations with non-software-engineers running the show, the development processes were entirely haphazard. The environment was such that it would be really easy for me to push unreviewed code, or to make a stupid deployment mistake, or to be careless in a number of ways that the system didn't protect me against.

But it was OK, because they hired smart, competent people who understand the need to triple-check, if necessary, before committing. People who understood the gravity of the situation, and who didn't phone it in if they weren't feeling it that day. If I demonstrated that I wasn't one of those people, I would fully expect to be fired.
The problem of a root user inspecting the memory of arbitrary other users is solved with MAC like SELinux. https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/7801/keeping-se...

But if you can exploit a specific user's program, you can (usually) inspect the memory of other programs managed by that user. You can actually create security policies so secure that a user who exploits the sshd program can't read from the same user's ssh-agent process memory, but that's not practical for most people.
The important character here is the '>'. This redirects output to a file and overwrites the file. The lrwxrwxrwx will only print an error, but the redirect to the target executable will erase the target.

For example:

$ echo "asdf" > foo
$ cat foo
asdf
$ lrwxwrwxrwx 1 root root -> foo
lrwxrwxrwx: command not found
$ cat foo
$

So basically, this zero'd out every executable on the system.
Absolutely! We're huge meteor fans and will be using it for our own projects too.
Eh, "rm -rf $TEMPDIR/$TEMPFILE" in a shell script is just a couple typos away from deleting everything on the network. Yet I've seen people put crap like that in build scripts even after they've previously inadvertently deleted half the network drives.

Fortunately, despite rm's poor choice of options and bash's poor default handling of variable name typos and the obvious PEBKAC, backups saved the day here.

People are human. Policy ought to reflect this.
Well now your phone is linked to the robbery. One call might be explainable but 10 is pretty suspicious, especially if you do it at multiple crimes.
Show HN: Creative Genius for Entrepreneurs
I just did some searching on "iq neuroticism"[1] and everything I found seemed to indicate that there's a small negative correlation. That is, smarter people on average seem to have a slightly easier time not getting trapped by fixation on negative outcomes.

[1] Any scientific study is going to use the Big Five definition of neuroticism, of course. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits
Nice. I think your Angular/Devise work will probably end up being helpful for me.
Resources for HTML5 game developers
To be fair, you can do this in Tower (1) with the same steps:

- Cmd + Alt + A (to index)

- Cmd + Alt + C (add commit message or amend)

- Alt + Enter (validate)

- Cmd + Alt + Shift + P (push)

But, as I said before in comments, base UX abilities now broken in Tower 2.
Seems like the link is broken
The secret of Scala is that it can be used in a wide variety of ways by a wide variety of teams. Yes, you can end up hiring people that would rather work in Haskell, or those that hate the type system and would rather code in Clojure. I've seen people that attempted to make Scala look like Java, or even Javascript. My current team, working in Scala, has had plenty of people like that. But the fact that you can get too academic with Scala does not mean you have to.

Some parts of our codebase really work better with said academic style, so we keep them. In others, the type system was used in ways that did not make any sense, and were rewritten.

Scala's strength is precisely that it can look like anything you want. If you are not interested in said freedom, then sure, avoid Scala at work. But for us, using the style that works better in each part of the system without actually having to change languages is extremely powerful.
Diagnosing the First Patient: Genomics to the Rescue
It's definitely not a fixed rule. I slept 7 hours last night and I feel miserable today, dull and tired. If I get 8-10 hours, I feel great.
Optimizely brings its A/B testing service to Europe
It's questionable as to whether copyright law covers the drawing of a cat in a photograph of a laptop with a picture of the cat stuck to it.

If the rightsholders do care, nobody tell them about Pixiv.
11" may be tough, but they should have a 13" air with retina display by now. Samsung's ATIV Book 9 Plus has a 3200x1800 touchscreen display, weighs 3.06 pounds, and gets 9 hours of battery life.
Doesn't help against network filesystems mounted in subdirectories. --one-file-system (which really ought to be the default) prevents this.
I had that revelation at my college Lab, teacher discussing why OOP was such a beautiful thing, none of them could agree on definition of OOP nor the qualities.

FP is smaller and stricter, it's almost formally defined (you have denotational semantics for FP VM for what it's worth).
What you're saying is that traditional OO conflates polymorphism with encapsulation and inheritance, creating one big complexity murder-death-ball; whereas Haskell lets you have these things a-la carte, so you can deploy them as needed.
Another DSL. Structural DSL like this:

form {
input {
name = "bob"
label = "Bob"
}
button {
action = #{bean.submit}
}
}

I've actually wrote a C code generator DSL over the top of Win32 many years ago that did this so the financial app I was working on so we didn't have to write millions of dialogs in win32 loops.
Breaking down the BI user adoption barriers
Seems like a modest but welcome release.

The MathML torture test shoes some very nice progress[1] but makes me ask myself once again, why do TeX fonts always look like crap? Isn't that the one thing that TeX should get right? Anyway, at least they look great as rendered by Firefox 31.

[1] https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/MathML_Proj...
well, other than a table cell can't drop down below the previous elements of its row if the viewport width shrinks past certain points.

What I mean is that tables are not "responsive" and laying things out with tables, while "easy" was not enough for anything more than people browsing the web on CRTs, and certainly not for thousands of different displays with varying dimensions and resolutions.

Things are good these days. You can still use tables if that's as far as you want to go, or you can do things professionally.
"Easy" is not a measure of cost. Getting rid of mold is more painstaking work, but it is less resource-intensive than rebuilding.

As another example, amputating a limb is relatively easy as surgery goes, but it will cost you your limb and you would probably prefer that doctors not do it for their own convenience.
It boggles my mind that --one-file-system is not the default :/
Science Explains Why Some People Are Attracted To Jerks
I want to use Firefox (OS X), and with almost every release I give it a go but it's simply too slow in comparison to Chrome.

I'm talking about actions you do multiple times an hour - opening a new tab, closing a tab, rearranging tabs etc.

This is with no extensions in use, on a mid-2011 fully specced out macbook air.

It's unfortunate but the lag is clear and I can't use it as my primary when I know a better solution is right in front of me, that being Chrome.
I have the same issue in Windows 7, but have not found what exactly causes it. I work around the issue by highlighting the incorrectly rendered text with the mouse.
Add animations and interactions to any Web easily using AniJS Studio
Ask HN: Any sociological/anthropologic study of entrepreneurship and culture?
I am looking for any existing literature, or authors, that are working in the the domain of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial culture, (or, women in entrepreneurship), mostly viewed from the sociological or anthropological perspective.

Do anybody in here have pointers? Specifically, it would be better if its related to technology entrepreneurship, but any other sector would be fine too.
Must-watch CSS videos
+1 for the "toy immutable functions". Immutability everywhere is the current hype, but like mutability it has its advantages/disadvantages. The main consideration is the tradeof between performance(best for mutability) vs ease of use of development (best for immutability).
However on HN, the war is dogmatic whereas reality is not that black and white. As a Java developer, I find immutable String and primitives very convenient. For the rest, the liberty left to the developer is sufficient for high performance applications.
The World's first airline to accept Bitcoins misses a BIG opportunity
Transit – A format for conveying values between different languages
> why I should fork over even more dough for an app that I'm not even sure I'd end up using?

You shouldn't. You can try the demo though.
Bring back Yggdrasil!
Absolutely feel your pain.

Google developers say to use Fragments for everything in the I/O Fireside Chat. Some leading non-Google developers say not to use Fragments at all. Some devs say one Activity per screen. Some devs say one Activity for the whole app and just swap fragments!

The Android SDK is loaded with tons of components with unfriendly APIs and a huge dictionary of overloaded terminology. It is maddening trying to figure out some of the concepts, especially if you have programming experience on other platforms. WTF is a Loader? There is something named Binder but it doesn't do data binding? Oh, so a BroadcastReceiver is really just a fancy name for event subscription? Do people actually use any of this stuff still or is this blog post from 2008 with no code formatting really the best resource?

And don't get me started on testing...
Nice! Src possible?
Liking this a lot.
Why get a Mac at all if you're going to be running Visual Studio? Running Windows in a VM and then a chunky piece of software under that is not exactly the most ideal runtime environment.

I'd get the Thinkpad T440 with the 9 cell battery. It will cost you roughly the same as a MBA and less than a MBP.

The Thinkpad T440 is 4.0 lbs, 1 lbs heavier than a 13" MBA and between the 13" and 15" MBP in terms of weight (as you'd expect from a 14" machine).

I will say that the Thinkpad's touchpad isn't as good as the one found on Apple's machines (but those are industry leading). The display is also worse (although Windows doesn't take very good advantage of the "Retina" display anyway). However you gain more port options, battery options, you can upgrade it, it is cheaper, and less "showy" (so less likely to get robbed, etc).

If you REALLY want to get a Mac I'd definitely get the Pro just to somewhat counteract the VM performance loss.
> Block malware from downloaded files

Hi, Google. Would you just look at what I downloaded!
You're missing an important qualifier: "concentrated"
It helps them because they are using the service for covert operations. If they were the only ones using it, it would be useless to them. They did very cleverly position it as an instrument for dissidents and at the same time told the generals that this would actually be an advantage. On top of that the NSA is known to successfully target Tor users. If you are really doing something that is against US security interests, you would be mad to use Tor, that was all I was trying to say.
I've done work in animation and I see this intentional imprecision as referencing back to analog stop motion techniques. Of course today they could manipulate the individual stills to perfectly align with each other and make the whole spot look more slick, but the point of the ad is to emphasize the manual individualization of their products by customers. You can see scratches and wear on a few of the laptops. The subtle shifting increases as the ad comes to its climax adding more motion to an otherwise still plane which, to me, cements the idea that this is intentional.
How Yahoo Could Skirt Taxes After Alibaba IPO
I totally agree with the original poster. I picked up Java in the mid-90's for server-side dev. Grew to loathe it.

When Google announced an open-source OS for mobile - I was so happy. But ... Java. Broke my heart. Don't Google have any taste. At least Google could bless an alt-Java Swift-ish alternative like Kotlin, Xtend, AnythingButJava.
Hah, at first I was thinking they just updated the original site.
Full Disclosure: Self-promotion ahead

Jono, my company, qbox.io is a provider of hosted Elasticsearch with deployments on any data center in the AWS, Rackspace, and Softlayer public clouds. You could think of us as a MongoHQ for Elasticsearch.

Yes, it will be more expensive than the infrastructure by itself, but it will also come with fast and easy Elasticsearch deployment, scaling, and support from some of the best in the business. I love Linode and AWS, but they will not know how to help you with application-specific questions.

Haters, commence hating
Personally I use Lux on Android.
Luper -Simple personal relationship manager.Remember to keep in touch,that's it
Three Product Ideas To Help Me Be More Charitable
I've never used Buffer. Not sure if I've ever met someone who uses it. But holy moly their content marketing strategy is top notch. I have seen more articles and interviews out of that company on HN than any other startup I can think of.

Hats off to the Buffer folks for just killing it, I mean they even have their customer service person doing podcasts its amazing
Thanks a lot Jeff, Such a wonderful thought. Yes you are right, I would have a different plan which would cost upwards $99 to provide 24/7 and also have a resolution time as very less.

I would add up the list of example fixes on what we can fix it for the subscription which would clearly help. You are right at present our site lacks it and we don't have the sample fixes though at present. Yes, definitely its always better to turn down $50 customer that will cost $500 for us :)
Java 8 + an IDE like NetBeans (which isn't even the best Java IDE) is actually a very pleasant development experience. I am a total convert from Python in vim to Java in NetBeans+jvi.

Refactoring in Python or Ruby or Javascript or whatever dynamic language is extremely painful compared to doing it in a static one. The "Software is never finished," argument can also work against dynamic languages.
If you believe that you can find an employee that is more attentive or with more experience, and you are not laying off your employees right now to find those better employees, what the hell is going on? Are you just hanging out, basically sitting there knowing you have suboptimal employees, and eagerly waiting for them to fuck up so you have an excuse to axe them? You know your employees are (dun dun dun) capable of mistakes but it's expensive to lay them off so you're watching like a hawk for when you get to upgrade them?

The key difference here to me is mistakes vs negligence. Employee makes a typo -> It's a mistake. Not severe, negligent incompetence. It's a learning experience. The company is worse off by firing that person who has experience

If someone is slacking off? Yeah, fire them, that's not a mistake, that's negligence. You email a colleague in another time zone asking for help and they ignore you because you didn't CC their manager? Yeah, fucking fire that person.

I mean, in fact we have an industry based around the fact that people make mistakes: it's called software testing. Should we be firing developers when they make a mistake (i.e. their code has more than zero bugs)? That would be ridiculous. You're not even punishing them in that case - they're going to use their current salary at your shop to leverage a higher salary at the new place they (effortlessly) land at, whereas you're going to spend tens of thousands of dollars to hire that mythical developer that you should have fired this guy for a year ago?
Apple: We have never worked with any government agency create a backdoor
I'm sure it's not too hard to anonymously get a phone number. Google voice perhaps?
Power grids require highly accurate, distributed clocks.

Well they don't strictly require them, but having that capability increases efficiency, robustness and safety.

They need to be accurate because electricity is fast - so a lot of protection schemes need to have a decision made across very long distances (which breaker, at which point on a 100 mile long transmission line should be fliped to isolate faults or stop "bad things" propagation) with minimal impact to the system as a whole.

They also need to be accurate because a good measure of frequency and phasor at geographically disparate points allows system tuning. A tiny change - e.g. speed up one of the 100s of generators could result in a much smoother, overall more-efficient transmission system. Similarly, adjustments to capacitor banks and transformers can provide slight phase adjustments for optimal power flow. But these resources are hundreds of miles apart - e.g the western half of the US and Canada (and parts of Mexico) (except for texas) is one big system.

Being a large, physical system, with feedback, and also being electricity, you get some very interesting effects to try and reason about. There can be very slow (relatively) oscillations in the system, but at the same time you have many, many high frequency noise signals mixed in to the elecrical signal. To find trends and patterns for the slow oscillations you need a very high sample rate to determine what noise to ignore. And these samples need to be time aligned, because even a perfect wave will have different phases at different points along it's propagation.

Anyway - that's an example I'm familiar with. I hope it made sense, seeing as I may not have had quite enough coffee yet.
I will steal that argument for D.
I've had to do the same, but that seriously degrades my browsing enjoyment...
Show HN: Ansigenome – A tool to inspect and manage your Ansible roles
A Scientific Developer Conference: Interesting or Not?
InstaFuse – The Ultimate Collage App
> That means you have to use Proguard for each build (even development) and Proguard pass can easily run for several minutes even on a 16G SSD equipped machine - killing development speed.

No, not really. You can just install the standard library on your Android device for development, and only use ProGuard on the final release.
I think you meant to say "red flag". A "red herring" is something that initially seems relevant to the issue at hand, but turns out to be unrelated.

A politician's campaign bankroll is very relevant to the issues that person chooses to champion while in office.
He was the one who was more responsible for the incident than the intern.