skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
The extension of the double jeopardy clause to the states precludes a state from trying a defendant for the same crime twice. It does not prevent two separate sovereigns from trying the defendant for the same crime. The following excerpt is from Constitution: Analysis and Interpretation pages 1490-91:[^1]

Although the Court had long accepted in dictum the principle that prosecution
by two governments of the same defendant for the same conduct would not
constitute double jeopardy, it was not until United States v. Lanza[53]
that the conviction in federal court of a person previously convicted in a
state court for performing the same acts was sustained. “We have here two
sovereignties, deriving power from different sources, capable of dealing with
the same subject-matter within the same territory. . . . Each government
in determining what shall be an offense against its peace and dignity is
exercising its own sovereignty, not that of the other.”[54] The “dual
sovereignty” doctrine is not only tied into the existence of two sets of laws
often serving different federal-state purposes and the now overruled principle
that the Double Jeopardy Clause restricts only the national government and
not the states,[55] but it also reflects practical considerations that
undesirable consequences could follow an overruling of the doctrine. Thus, a
state might preempt federal authority by first prosecuting and providing for a
lenient sentence (as compared to the possible federal sentence) or acquitting
defendants who had the sympathy of state authorities as against federal law
enforcement.[56] The application of the clause to the states has therefore
worked no change in the “dual sovereign” doctrine.

53 260 U.S. 377 (1922).
54 260 U.S. at 382. See also Hebert v. Louisiana, 272 U.S. 312 (1924); Screws
v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 108 (1945); Jerome v. United States, 318
U.S. 101 (1943).
55 Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969), extended the clause to the states.
56 Reaffirmation of the doctrine against double jeopardy claims as to the
Federal Government and against due process claims as to the states occurred
in Abbate v. United States, 359 U.S. 187 (1959), and Bartkus v. Illinois,
359 U.S. 121 (1959), both cases containing extensive discussion and policy
analyses. The Justice Department follows a policy of generally not duplicating
a state prosecution brought and carried out in good faith, see Petite
v. United States, 361 U.S. 529, 531 (1960); Rinaldi v. United States, 434
U.S. 22 (1977), and several provisions of federal law forbid a federal
prosecution following a state prosecution. E.g., 18 U.S.C. §§ 659, 660, 1992,
2117. The Brown Commission recommended a general statute to this effect,
preserving discretion in federal authorities to proceed upon certification by
the Attorney General that a United States interest would be unduly harmed if
there were no federal prosecution. NATIONAL COMMISSION ON REFORM OF FEDERAL
CRIMINAL LAWS, FINAL REPORT 707 (1971).

[^1]: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/content-detail.h...
"Just set the price higher to cover the wages!"

For a few reasons.

First the amounts won't end up nice and round at particular hot button price points. ($5 drinks all day!) [1]

Second, the price will have to be displayed higher and in theory this will make it less likely for someone to get a particular dish. If the restaurant could get more money for the same disk in theory they would already be doing that.

Bottom line is the same way that autos are sold (or airline tickets where you now pay separately for baggage) advertising a lower price and having add on's sometimes (but not always) works in your favor in generating sales. Because you are able to price below magic numbers floating around in people's head.

[1] In the same way pricing an item at $4.99 will in general generate more sales than $5.25. (Example not restaurant pricing but to prove a point).
The first time I heard about the importance of tips as a french guy, I thought waiter's only income were tips, so in my brain it implied waiters worked for free unless you give them tips !
You can thank the "other NRA", National Restaurant Association; employs 750 staffers and spent nearly $4 million on lobbying and campaign donations in 2012 alone.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michele-simon/national-restaur...
Possibly to Reddit. Which service do you have in mind?
I usually listen to music that I've heard many times before. I find listening to new music steals my focus.
The premise of the article may be valid, but the author's top source is not sound. The piece quotes Jay Porter extensively and links to his blog post. Jay Porter is a failed restaurateur whose restaurants have all shut down [0] [1], not a source to be trusted on the subject of well-run restaurants.

[0] http://www.yelp.com/biz/el-take-it-easy-san-diego
[1] http://www.yelp.com/biz/the-linkery-san-diego
"Pay your staff sufficient wages please."

In theory means that expenses go up and restaurant then need to charge more on the menu which will in theory result in lower sales and profit (see my other comment).
# How I Can Help

I have a lot of knowledge in the web space. I specialize in front-end development, as well as Node.js on the back-end. I work at a web dev shop and have a lot of experience teaching and mentoring new developers, as well as resolving interpersonal conflicts. I'm also constantly tweaking my dev environment (editors, build tools, technologies, etc) and, as a developer, have a mini-obsession with productivity hacks; so I can help there (not usually a burning pain but if you need help, hit a brotha up).

I am also a designer (landing pages, UI/UX, IA, branding, and print) and am happy to help with whatever design-related issues you might have.

Finally, I have experience with online advertising and guerrilla marketing; if you're having trouble figuring out how to reach your customers (or figuring out who your customers are) I can help.

# Help Me Out

My idea: I've been thinking lately about building something called Startup Fantasy League. The idea is to give people a gamified platform for making pretend investments in startups.

Why (for context): I'd like to get into angel investing later in life (when I have the financial means) but I don't want to wait until then to start practicing.

Where I need help: I'm having trouble figuring out exactly how to accelerate the lifecycle of real world investments into a game-friendly timescale. I don't want players to have to actually wait 10 years before they see returns.

I'd like to give players a starting fund (say 5m), and then let them "spend" that capital by selecting from real investments (e.g. "Jason Calacanis invested $X in Swell Radio").

However, once they've spent their initial capital (which I imagine might happen somewhat quickly as new players try out the platform and hopefully enjoy it), I'm not sure how to keep them engaged. I imagine status updates on companies they've invested in would be nice, but that doesn't give them much room to interact with the platform. Thus, maybe players should get more capital whenever their startups are doing well? This isn't a very realistic model of how investing actually works, of course, so I'm looking for other options.

I want to keep this as realistic as possible (since ideally I'd like to practice with it myself) but I do also want it to be fun.

Advice from anyone with game-building or investing experience would be especially helpful. Thanks guys!

My email is hello at duncanmsmith.com.
Have good practices is good. Part of it, is not use a tool that could blow up your whole leg and drag a massive multi-million dollar pandemonium to the whole world (hyperbole Off).

Look, is clear that C, as a concept or tool, is a necessary thing. Close to the metal and all that, great. But consider this exactly like the same OpenSSL bugs: it have a problem, is patched, never again.

C don't have that. Have not improve in safety or remove any bad behavior in a decent way. Not deprecate things, not nothing.

Just " 'C' is just about the only choice for that.". That is bad!. So imagine if our only choice for hosting is Win3.11, and it continue towards Win90 and DON'T fix some very dangerous and stupid things.

This is what my rant is about.

For contrast (no just talking about pascal, ada and others -also old- saner, safer, can be close to the metal, languages), see what have happened with Obj-C.

It start horrible, but slowly is moving to something more ok. Now, I don't have problems because a bad release, the language remove that pain. The syntax is improving, slowly, but improving. The compilers are moving to something better.

That is what I'm talking about.
I think that this is missing the biggest critique of all - it doesn't make sense to allocate 15-20% of the payment to something that is only like 1% of the value you're receiving.

The real value in going out to eat, in roughly decreasing order of importance:

- The quality of the actual food and drinks that you consume.

- The convenience of not having to spend the time and effort to shop, cook, and clean.

- The atmosphere and joy of "going out" (with your friends).

- The fact that someone takes your order and brings your food to you.

There's no way that the fact that someone takes your order and brings your food to you consists of 1/5th of the value of your experience. An efficient market should then adjust to this by offering the option of not tipping, having all the consumers go to that restaurant because it's a better value, and then the other restaurants would have to adjust.

Unfortunately, this doesn't happen, probably for a variety of reasons.

1) People don't have enough information when choosing where to eat.

2) There are biases where people don't really consider the cost of tipping when they consider the cost of going out to eat.

3) People have gotten used to it, and "don't mind" tipping.
The article mentions in passing the defining feature of multirotors: they are controlled by rotor speed only. No swash plate.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swashplate_(helicopter)
They are criminal co-conspirators in the capital theft of $10 billion (that we know of) from US citizens. Goldman repaid TARP loans using money given to them by the Fed by selling $11 billion of failed mortgage securities to the Fed to balance their books. We now know that more than $100 billion in MBS was purchased from Goldman by the Fed.
In sweden we have to toast all our bread that we buy in normal stores because the efficiency of the industry-bakeries does not allow enough time for the bread in the oven so they still smell for yeast... I hate swedish bread. No wonder it's so popular to bake your own bread here the last few years.
I find it annoying that more and more takeout places have a tip jar. How much are you supposed to tip on a sub?
>In some states when you receive tips, you can be paid as low as 2.xx$ an hour. Which should be against the law.

But if the server doesn't make at least minimum wage, the employer has to pay the difference. So it already is against the law.
I like Pugh too. All three are sitting on my bookshelf :). Coming from very little formal math training, and trying to self-study analysis, I would bounce from Rudin if I got stuck, go to Abbott for a confidence boost, and try out some Pugh for a different viewpoint. Pugh might have been just right in terms of rigor and accessibility.
Tipping in Canada prevents you getting rude reminders from staff. We Brits find it truly baffling having to leave 50c-$2 for a drink you fetch yourself from a bar.

Canada is all smiles and great service (sincerely) until you forget to tip.
I contributed several pieces of code to erlexec without having any idea of just who he was, only later realizing it when I read the Michael Lewis piece on him.

He's a very friendly guy and was quite willing to work with me on the patches I contributed to erlexec.
I wonder if we will see app stores move more towards the package manager model we see in most Linux distros, where users can easily add third party repositories, remove first party repositories, and have dependencies handled automatically.
I was under the impression that Pugh, while more approachable, was also much more difficult. Especially with regards to the exercises.
I agree with you. You scooped ice-cream for me and you want me to tip you? The gall of some people is just too much. Why should I just give you money?
I'm surprised how well the rule of thumb fit - they got ~6,800 views and 68 upvotes as they said in the post.
Bret Victor's favourite books
Wirth's work was tremendously valuable to me. His book "Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs" shaped the way I approached programming, and the Pascal language (in its various Borland incarnations since Turbo Pascal 1.0 until Delphi) was my primary tool for many years.
> IIRC the prosecutor in Durham, NC that went after the Duke lacrosse team was disbarred but I'm not sure what monetary penalties were allowed.

But that was the reverse situation. The local prosecutor was representing the weak (a local stripper) against the powerful (the Duke lacrosse players, some of whose parents were powerful inside-the-beltway PR experts). They ran a nationwide media campaign vilifying the alleged victim and the prosecutor; you're a local DA or a stripper and you turn on CNN and see that? What hope do you have to compete? Hire a national PR team? I remember the NY Times coverage (which I usually greatly respect) pretty much repeating the lacrosse players' side point by point.

Think of all the egregious prosecutorial misconduct you've read about; why was this one disbarred? When the United States Attorney General is weighing in on a local rape case and the state bar is threatening you, you know have messed with the wrong people as a prosecutor.

Whatever happened between the lacrosse players and the stripper, the outcome had nothing to do with the facts or justice. They were tried (really she and the prosecutor were) in the press and were successfully prevented from having their day in court, where they are given an equal chance to speak -- it is supposed to be the leveler in our democracy.
Erm, where am I describing a conspiracy?

The "nosy neighbor" phenomenon isn't exactly rare - start doing work on a friend's house and there's a decent chance you'll get an inspector stopping by, accusing you of being paid, and generally treating you like a criminal.

For the mechanism, it's not really a stretch to figure that people bombarded with stories of omniscient "good guys" (real, fictitious, and imaginary) are likely to reflexively call the purported "good guys" whenever they see something they don't like.
The amount the customers pay should stay the same, unless the service is excellent, then a tip would be given to the wait-saff.

Unfortunately the mindset of required tipping won't go away anytime soon.

It's not going to happen until the laws that allow below minimum wage pay are abolished, then wait a few years for people to get into the habit of tipping primarily for quality of service.

If there aren't enough customers that are willing to pay the "higher" cost then there doesn't need to be that many upscale restaurants. Sometimes I'd prefer to save a few dollars and walk to the kitchen window and get my own food.

If the profit margin is that low for restaurants then they either need to go out of business or reduce expenses, having hidden fees (tips) isn't the answer.
Federalism is a bitch, consider state versus federal interests:

The “dual sovereignty” doctrine is not only tied into the existence of two
sets of laws often serving different federal-state purposes and the now
overruled principle that the Double Jeopardy Clause restricts only the
national government and not the states,[55] but it also reflects practical
considerations that undesirable consequences could follow an overruling
of the doctrine. Thus, a state might preempt federal authority by first
prosecuting and providing for a lenient sentence (as compared to the possible
federal sentence) or acquitting defendants who had the sympathy of state
authorities as against federal law enforcement.[56]

55 Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969), extended the clause to the states.

56 Reaffirmation of the doctrine against double jeopardy claims as to the
Federal Government and against due process claims as to the states occurred
in Abbate v. United States, 359 U.S. 187 (1959), and Bartkus v. Illinois,
359 U.S. 121 (1959), both cases containing extensive discussion and policy
analyses. The Justice Department follows a policy of generally not duplicating
a state prosecution brought and carried out in good faith, see Petite
v. United States, 361 U.S. 529, 531 (1960); Rinaldi v. United States, 434
U.S. 22 (1977), and several provisions of federal law forbid a federal
prosecution following a state prosecution. E.g., 18 U.S.C. §§ 659, 660, 1992,
2117. The Brown Commission recommended a general statute to this effect,
preserving discretion in federal authorities to proceed upon certification by
the Attorney General that a United States interest would be unduly harmed if
there were no federal prosecution. NATIONAL COMMISSION ON REFORM OF FEDERAL
CRIMINAL LAWS, FINAL REPORT 707 (1971).

[^1]: Constitution: Analysis and Interpretation page 1490 - http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/content-detail.h...
> Any user or application can't replace a privileged system server- they can replace a shared library.

In my view, "privileged system servers" should only exist inasmuch as they are necessary to be an arbiter of resources or a router of hardware messages.

Take memory: at some level, something has to have authority over which of several competing processes will get ownership of memory pages. And when a page fault occurs for some virtual memory page, there has to be some way of dispatching this to the code that can handle it without triggering a page fault itself.

Both of these cases require centralized, privileged processes by nature.

Anything else that does not similarly require centralized privileged processes are better handled as shared library, I agree.

I'm not sure I see what parts of the "traditional microkernel organization" mandate privileged system servers for things. I haven't looked at L4 in a while, but as I recall the only server that is inherently privileged is a pager, which must be privileged for the two reasons I mentioned before.
Somebody tells them about it. It could be somebody who hangs out on HN that sees it, or somebody at the company that watches web traffic referrals or uses something like HNWatcher that julien421 mentioned.
>Also, most tests are designed in a way that even if you have the answer sheet right next to you, it still takes you more time to copy the answers than the time of the exam itself.

So the test is impossible then? If you don't even have time to copy the answers how can you possibly have time to work out the problems?
> 5) We don’t tip doctors

Not in Romania and probably other former communist states. Though this is more like a bribe than a tip.
There's nothing that grinds my gears like that blank tip line staring back at me when I pay for my takeout or counter order. The soured rapport is palpable when I hand back the signed receipt and the cashier glances at the striked-out tip space. It leaves an unpleasant taste in my mouth after what should have been a simple transaction. Ugh.
Yeah, I'm not saying that I like it, just that I understand the motivations involved. On a purely rational basis, it should make no difference (as the end-price ends up the same), so sellers should opt for customer preference, but sadly, we are not fully rational creatures.
Yep. These are the relevant lines from the policy:

2.7 Apps that download code in any way or form will be rejected
2.8 Apps that install or launch other executable code will be rejected

And I suppose this covers use of W^X / mprotect:

2.5 Apps that use non-public APIs will be rejected
Amazingly enough, other industries survive. I just bought a bunch of stuff from a deli, and somehow they appear to stay in business without tips.

Tips are just a way for restaurants to displace the risk of paying labor during slack business periods.
You can run "diskutil activity" and find out where all the disks actually came from.

For instance I have a disk4s2 that is actually a Flash installer DMG mounted:

*DiskAppeared ('disk4s2', DAVolumePath = 'file:///Volumes/Adobe%20Flash%20Player%20Installer/', DAVolumeKind = 'hfs', DAVolumeName = 'Adobe Flash Player Installer') Time=20140412-21:05:18.6399
Tethered blimps are already in use by the US military and border patrol: http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/lighter-than-air-v...

I expect we'll see more and more of this. Military stuff aside, they could be useful for early fire detection in high risk areas of CA, etc.
I understand you, I had some experiences when I had to continuously facepalm when dealing with politics, ideas that had a strong push due to nepotism and cronyism, threatening somebody's power by presenting and executing superior non-trivial ideas in a very short time that became the base of the whole operations etc. In the end I decided I don't want to waste my life working for people propagating this way of working and had to completely overhaul my strategy.

I can give you a few advices (with your intelligence you are aware of them anyway though might not have been acting on them so far):
1) start your own business(es) that can be automated to a large extent. You'd spend 1 hour a day running it, making adjustments and in time it would grow to sustain you 100%. There are still a plenty of areas you can focus at, you might have avoided them because they are "easy", or "anyone could do that", "uninteresting" etc. Yet they give you a recurring income that would give you freedom to pursue whatever you want to do.
2) accept (and give) only partnerships when working with someone, on fair terms
3) do a reasonable long-term investing, 80% "stable", 20% risky or whatever reasonable ratio suits you
4) when forced to work on something due to economical circumstances, sudden change of directions due to acquisition etc. with which you can't agree, stop using your emotions there and do the average expected work, while preserving energy and attention to your future opportunities
5) retain your integrity. Compromising yourself weakens you immensely
6) make sure you are on top of your game all the time - get excellent at chosen difficult MOOCs, do some new thing with an utmost focus (arts?), anything where you can get a real feedback about your capabilities and progress

You should understand you hold enormous power even as an individual. Perhaps because of your past generosity or good will you didn't use it or were led to believe that you can't do a lot of things - I think your subconsciousness is rebelling to such thoughts, hence the strong reactions you have. You can literally bring whole companies to the ground if you wish to, or create something unique that empowers others in a good way. Most people become mediocre, uninspiring, "happiness" pursuers, take some kind of blue pill, yet still thinking they have the best ideas, are brilliant, master minds etc. They will never understand what is going on once you start utilizing your mind to improve some small part of life for everyone.
I consider this philosophy to be quintessentially jeffersonian. A rejection of federalism is not a rejection of state power or an argument for anarchy.
Sure, you can do it. Once you do, though, your code is not open source.
i've seen NNLS/chroma referenced in a few places, like the chordify papers:

http://isophonics.net/nnls-chroma

Here's chordify: http://ismir2012.ismir.net/event/papers/295_ISMIR_2012.pdf

That conference has great references but unfortunately hasn't been repeated since 2012 http://www.ismir.net/proceedings/index.php