How would this work? There would still be a huge incentive for firms to offer higher salaries to get who they wanted to hire.

The main reward for a high-power job should be the work itself

Well, if the work itself is equally rewarding at two firms and one is willing to pay you 10x as much, why shouldn't you go to that firm? Are you proposing some sort of law against compensation about a certain point? Limiting all salaries to $250K per year or something?

decoupling one's material well-being and lifestyle (somewhat) from one's job position

Does this also include decoupling one's material well-being from one's output? To be fair, in the next paragraph you address that saying, "Obviously, society needs to encourage and reward hard work," but who is determining what is hard work in your system? Is this your personal morality? You've decided that certain labor is worth more than other labor and think society should use your values?

high-ranking jobs should only be available to those with sufficient experience and knowledge, but the concept of a job title as a reward for previous accomplishments has proven itself to be a practical disaster, in addition to the model's ethical problems.

Other than previous accomplishments, how else can firms screen people? This isn't just a CEO thing. It's pretty much how all labor works in our system. You've been here for x years and so should be earning more. You did well on project y and so you should get a raise. You've shown an aptitude for z so we're promoting you.

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I'm not trying to tear your argument apart. It's just that there's a reason why "radical" solutions are often not solutions. Often times they might fix one thing while breaking 10 others. The problem we have here is that we can't figure out who is good at being a manager (or any sort of employee). You're arguing for a changed system that doesn't actually address that problem. We still have no idea who to promote. People will still lie about qualifications because people want to be the boss for power reasons in addition to monetary reasons. Would you argue that politicians are such better managers because they're in it for the position rather than the money? I wouldn't say they're inherently worse than business leaders, but I wouldn't say they're a better bunch either.

Likewise, we currently value labor based on market offering. You've suggested a move to the "hardness" of the job being the basis of compensation. What makes a job hard? Is computer programming harder than teaching? What about construction work? It's really subjective.

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Clearly there are problems with the system, but you need to address the root of those problems. How do we accurately measure employee (from the lowest level to the CEO) output value? How do we screen potential applicants for all jobs accurately?

This isn't just a problem at the CEO level. I've seen programmers that couldn't say what a linked list was, but they got past the screening process and coasted on a salary. Likewise, there are CEOs that are doing great jobs managing their companies. This isn't merely a CEO problem, but rather a whole labor problem - it's just more repugnant to us that an incompetent CEO is getting paid millions when compared to an incompetent low-level worker doing nothing.