skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
It's pretty clear now that a suggestion algorithm that prioritizes engagement at all costs has toxic side effects. This does not prove that all promotion algorithms, much less all social media, is inherently toxic.

Mastodon is a social media platform that's not built on a content promotion algorithm. Mastodon has a lot of group think, and you can absolutely build yourself an echo chamber full of political virtue signalling if that's what you're into. But I wouldn't characterize this as "toxic," it just reflects what you put into it. There's no algorithm to pump it into your face if you don't want it.

I'd love to see a version of Mastodon, or some social media platform, that manages to promote sensible discussion algorithmically. I don't know how this would work, but I wouldn't go so far as to say that this proves that it's impossible.
Literally the only thing I've been addressing is the proper usage of the word bias, there is nothing implied, hidden or hinted at.

You seem determined to make the definition of the word serve some AI-related concern.
> Startups aim to grow quickly

Maybe this is a US centric definition. It's definitely not what I mean when I talk about a startup with European or Asian tech founders.
I am a big believer in Seed-Strapping. You need some initial capital to get you started (can be as low as a few months of your own salary). But you should aim to bootstrap your solution.
The problem with this idea is that capital markets exist and capital seeks compounding. If there is a market to be addressed and it has size, someone will go in and displace you with a cash flywheel.
You are confusing UG with something like GbR. UG is basically a baby GmbH with constraints of the name of the company and how much money the associates can extract from it (until the company got 25k€ captial and can become a normal GmbH).
> Second, the money is not gone. It is right there in the company's account. You use it to pay company bills.

That's fine if you start a restaurant or small workshop and need money for salaries, materials etc, of course.

It's a barrier to entry when you can start something digital only with just a person or three putting in sweat equity and zero to very little actual cash.
While I completely agree with many of the points that you made, I disagree with some:

> Bureaucracy is crazy in Germany. Forget about doing anything online, paper and in person only.

The latter point has nothing to do with bureaucracy.

>
Germany is also one of the least friendly countries for expats. And I say that as a native Germain. Officials will refuse to speak English to you. Yes, refuse.

For example in the USA, they will refuse to speak German with you. So what?

In my opinion there actually exist good reasons for this:

1. A lot of legal, bureaucratic German terms have no direct analogue in English (and their word forming sometimes depends on subtle grammatical features of the German leanguage).

2. For official purposes, it does not suffice if the clerk can somewhat speak English; he/she rather has to be fluent in a way that is "negotiation-safe" ("verhandlungssicher"; I know that this German term is usually translated with "confident in business discussions", "business fluent", "language proficient", but all of these translations don't catch the subtlety of the German term).

> people [are] not open to making new friends.

The German word "Freund" (commonly translated with "friend") has a different meaning than the English "friend" - the relationship goes much deeper. I don't think that Germans are not open to making new "Freunde", but if you want to have shallow, superficial relationships, Germany is not the ideal country. Vice versa, if you want to have deep relationships, you will likely be annoyed by the USA.
I should have been less specific than “library” as such. Libraries aren’t only institutional. Consider every book, magazine, and newspaper that sits today in everyone’s home, office, and in every institution in the world. The vast majority of them have been read once and then left on a shelf or in a box somewhere, taking up more or less valuable space.
Is slow growth sustainable?
My point is if you don't think the ship was already sinking you are hopelessly naive. Consider the possibility that scientific funding is net social negative (scary, I know, but possible, if the only people in the system are fraudsters at the top and good scientists forced to chase after or try to replicate or refute fraudulent results for careerist reasons). Then cutting all funds would be socially good.
Man, the amount of people who will carry water for this admin astonishes me.

You couldn't even be bothered to read the sources you're quoting.

> That doesn't sound "extremely reckless negligent and careless". It sounds like he misclicked one time on an unexpected popup.

hwut? We're not talking about accidently texting your ex-girlfriend though I know people like you need to rely on false equivocations to sanewash the garbage.
LLMs are “next token” predictors. Yes, I realize that there’s a bit more to it and it’s not always just the “next” token, but at a very high level that’s what they are. So why are we so surprised when it turns out they can’t actually “do” math? Clearly the high benchmark scores are a result of the training sets being polluted with the answers.
As the article states:

> The question could possibly be exactly where to draw the limit, and that’s a debate for every project to have.

It is subjective, and does not live in a vacuum because along with purely subjective preference regarding it on its own, it affects, and is affected by, other choices like naming and indentation conventions.

They like 80 in their project. Feel free to choose something else for your project.
It would help if since lint was created in 1979, the large majority of C developers actually used the right tools and strategies.

In practice only when forced down MISRA like processes people seem to care, versus how relevant secure programming is seen in other programming language communities since 1960's.

Secure programming was part of Burroughs and Multics design, so why is the answer from a systems language community designed a decade later, and after 40+ years since the Morris worm, "we don't use right tools and strategies over here"?
That's another reason I find the re-naming of small business to startup so silly. Putting a billion dollar company and a family small business on the same label is silly just because were started recently. Some startups are worth billions the second they are created. Personally I think startups generally stop being called startups when they get old enough or go public. Then they get other labels such as a private company or a public company.

The point of labels is to quickly give a lot of relevant information about some entity. This helps customers, investors, clients, future employees and so on understand the entity quickly.
> how do we write C in curl to make it safe and secure for billions of installations?

"That's the neat thing -- you don't."

Curl should do what fish did: bite the bullet and rewrite the damn thing in Rust.
I agree. I'm afraid I will lose an AI-driven app I count on daily (Aqua speech recognition). Bubble-popping cleans out the bad but also washes away the good.
The richest companies do the most business. If you have a billion transactions a year and 0.1% of the time something goes wrong and a customer is pissed off, that's a million pissed off people writing angry reviews online. That makes it seem like they are "universally hated", but you don't hear anything from the 99.9% of people who had perfectly fine, unremarkable experiences.

In my lifetime I've gone from paying a few cents to dollars per minute for phone calls (on the high end for international calls), to being able to have a video call with anyone, anywhere in the world for essentially free.

TVs have gotten bigger, lighter, and cheaper. Cars are more powerful, have better gas mileage, and are much safer. Air travel quality has declined, but so have prices. New video games have consistently been around $50-$60 since the 1980s. If they kept pace with inflation, they should cost $140 to $150 now. The phone in my pocket is about 1000x more powerful than the top of the line desktop I couldn't afford in the 90s and even before inflation it's about 1/3 the price.

Food has more variety and is cheaper. Craft beer was not a thing 30 years ago. Coffee was Maxwell House freeze dried garbage from a can, not fresh roasted beans.

I'm sure there's more. The government is responsible for basically none of that.
No. To the others he would have appeared as a random number.
FOIA requests can be made against formerly-classified information. But it's beside the point; any(?) non-classified information/communiques in government are subject to FOIA. Plenty of non-classified info in that chat and the ones we still aren't privy to.
> The success of C's ability to let programmers create layers of abstractions is why C is the foundational language of the OS I'm using, as well as the browser I'm typing this message in.

What browser are you using that has any appreciable amount of C in it? They all went C++ ages ago because it has much better abstraction and organization capabilities.
Andrew Hutchings on the WordPress War [video]
Andrej Karpathy goes into quite some depth about how tokenization works here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zduSFxRajkE

tl;dr many of the LLMs use byte-pair encoding to create tokens. You take a set of documents, and then form tokens by repeatedly merging the most common pair of tokens. The initial set of tokens is 256 raw bytes. And the text is typically represented in utf-8.

I expect that although the LLMs can understand arbitrarily but cleanly offset unicode code points by (eventually) noticing the final byte of each sequence, they would do markedly worse on actually processing and completing on them, because they will not have been reduced to the normal set of tokens. However, if the text is actually output cleanly converted, either in internal thinking tokens or in the beginning of the response, they should do fine.

Understanding tokenization is surprisingly useful, even if that video seems awfully long to devote to such a tedious subject. Even Karpathy doesn't like it!
Some feedback on the webpage.

"The goal? To make the inside of systems explainable.

[image]

caption: "The need for moldability is pervasive. The treemap shows the classes of Glamorous Toolkit organized in packages. Blue denotes classes that contain at least one contextual view; green shows those that have an example."

I have no idea what that caption, nor the image, means, nor what it has to do with making the inside of systems explainable.
'How to Make Money' Review: Imperial Investments
Trade, Tariffs, and Tech
9front lives today and Inferno can run on top it perfectly well.

Golang it's almost the byproduct of Limbo, and we owe tons of legacy or 9front's C compilers into Golang too.
I only use lists on twitter, never really notice the "algorithm". I rarely see politics and it's all chronological.
I think the post is off.

How exactly is a VC—or any investor, really—supposed to make money from a startup that’s aiming for a “middle of the road” outcome? That just doesn’t add up. In that case, wouldn’t it make more sense to invest in something safer or more traditional?

From what I understand, the very definition of a startup is tied to ambition. Founders need to be aiming for the moon—or at least something close to it. If you’re not taking big risks with the potential for big rewards, can you even call it a startup?
Cassidoo's 8 year newsletter anniversary
None of those countries want a war with the US.
> [Rust and C++] encourages creating a library of types with inheritance

You'll want to expand on and clarify your meaning here, as Rust does not have inheritance.
Bell Labs 1970s, I advise learning about what already existed elsewhere in systems programming languages.
APIS I-92 data is a way better source. Includes all the airports, not just top 8: https://www.trade.gov/us-international-air-travel-statistics...

The latest month available is still February though.
Universal Basic Dead End
If you're a business worried about a foreign state actor stealing all your corporate secrets, using a Microsoft/Google/Amazon product is functionally the same thing as letting China have a backdoor into your company. The current US regime didn't actually change anything for a European company, but it's more obvious now, plus AI has made the vampires hungrier across the board.
This is exactly my sentiment. Sonnet-3.5-latest was the perfect code companion: wrote just the right amount of okay quality code but its strength was it really tried to adhere to your instructions. sonnet-3.7 was the exact opposite, wrote waaay too much code and overengineered things like crazy while having very poor instruction adherence. Gemini 2.5 Pro is basically what I hoped sonnet-3.7 would be: follows instructions well but still softly opinionated, massive (usable) context window, fast response, more biased towards latest best practices and a up to date knowledge cutoff.

I'm wondering how much gemini 2.5 being "amazing" comes from sonnet-3.7 being such a disappointment.
> cheap domestically produced goods

What cheap domestically produced goods?
> It is not the only tool

The burden of proof is on you. I asked which tool specifically would have detected CVE-2025-0665 and I don't mean to be mean, but your reply is essentially a very confident "I don't know but I'm sure somebody could build one", while also handwaving the security benefits of programming in Rust.

When building a http client library, unsafe Rust and C FFI are not really a problem I'm having.
The US used to be the coolest place I'd do anything to visit growing up. In the last decade or so it's become way more unattractive and not worth the effort compared to alternatives.
No, I'm just valuing actions over words.
> That is not what most file copying tools do by default.

Yes, and that's OK.

> When foo copy a file from user bar, and put it on his homedir, the last thing h want is for it to be owned by the foo user.

It depends.

> Your expectations are irrealistics (sic).

No, rsync can do this (try -avSHAX) and tar does this by default, and we're talking about rsync here.
There are plenty of people who would do uninteresting work for many multiples of median wage. Jobs like factory workers and postal sorting etc. have high turnover because they offer neither interesting work nor good pay. I've never worked with anyone who left software because they weren't autistic enough to find it interesting.
> Even then, it still assumes that users understand that it is a problem in the first place and that they are willing to take steps to solve it.

No it doesn't. All it assumes is that some users may want to take steps to solve it and that those users deserve the option. Literally nothing needs to happen to the existing behavior, the automatic preconditioning can still stay.
This! It is important to be polite in the face of genocide.
There were Basic clones for the Altair, you don't need propietary ones.

Heck, even CP/M 2.2 it's free software today.
That doesn't sound correct. UG is identical to the GmbH in that regard. Do you mean a GbR?
Already in early 1990s, with C++ARM as the first standard, there were plenty of advantages using C++ instead of plain C.

RAII, streams instead of stdio patters, compilers had collection classes for common types (string, array, ...) with bounds checking configuration,....
But also company actually is much better off when it is not held hostage by couple of technical employees.

Also every employee should be able to quit at any time and not affect business.

So I disagree describing all like it is some evil scheme - that’s how businesses work.
After several tourists were detained for weeks in terrible conditions, it’s little wonder why
> And I rolled it over 30 days to be able to show any recent changes while not getting lost in the noise of daily change.

small thing, but learned at work that often there's a weekly pattern (and I'd bet there is for airplane travel) so you ought use a rolling 7 day average instead of 30 because there are different numbers of weekends in each day's 30 day number.

This is why there's a slight zigzag in the line charts in the article.
Russ (VC): Why would you go after revenue?

Richard (CEO): Because... to make money?

Russ: No. If you show revenue, people will ask how much, and it will never be enough. The company that was the hundred x-er, the thousand x-er, becomes the two x dog. But if you have no revenue, you can say you're pre-revenue... you're a potential pure play. It's not about how much you earn, it's about what you're worth, and who's worth the most? Companies that lose money. Pinterest, SnapChat, no revenue. Amazon has lost money every fucking quarter for the last twenty fucking years and that Bezos motherfucker is the king. There's no revenue. No one wants to see revenue. Go!

Richard: Oh, um, I just thought that mainly the goal of companies is to make money.

Russ: Yeah, no no no, that's not how it works. I don't want to make a little bit of money every day, I want to make a fuckton of money all at once. ROI. ROI!

— Silicon Valley, "Bad Money" (2015). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzAdXyPYKQo
the people who've stopped coming are the ones you want coming too
If you don't want to feel like a cog in a heartless money making machine, all of it.
What if the tool accessing the file is malicious, and can copy the file, but can't change the context of the said file? SELinux shall be strict on its behavior even if it's a detriment to user convenience.

SELinux contexts shall be sticky, and needs to be manually (re)set after copying.

This is the default behavior, BTW. SELinux contexts are not (re)set during copy operations in most cases, from my experience. You need to change/fix the context manually.
I would love it if it was open source!

Any things similar to this which are open source?
What does that have to do with storing the raw sensor values?
Show HN: EduVibz – Turning School Curricula into Music (Beta)
Hi HN!

After a year of building solo—balancing late nights, a demanding day job, family commitments, and countless cups of coffee - I’m excited (and relieved!) to announce the beta launch of EduVibz.

EduVibz transforms traditional curriculum topics into catchy, educational songs to help students learn more easily and effectively. I've started lean by covering three subjects from the South African CAPS Grade 12 curriculum, with additional Grade 12 and Grade 8 subjects already created and soon to be uploaded. The intention behind this initial release is to gather user feedback to refine both the music and the content, ensuring it’s genuinely impactful before expanding to more grades and other curricula.

Part of the reason it took this long was securing a provisional patent, given that (to my knowledge) this is the first platform of its kind to attempt delivering curriculum-aligned educational songs at scale, while keeping content accurate, relevant, and continually updated.

I’ve learned a lot building this so far, made my fair share of mistakes, and recognize that I probably could’ve launched leaner. But I'm committed to improving and learning as I go.

You can check it out at www.eduvibz.com. Please note: a quick, free signup (just name, email, and password) is required to access the music library due to our streaming setup.

I'd greatly appreciate any feedback on the concept, the songs, the UX/UI, or anything else you feel could help EduVibz become better and more impactful. If you're passionate about EdTech or have experience scaling early-stage educational products, your insights would be particularly invaluable.

Thanks so much for taking a look. I’m looking forward to hearing your thoughts!
Ahh might have confused it with one of the other forms then... It's been a while since I had to learn all that stuff.
I think the entire concept of these global social networks is falling out of favour. I expect to see the rise of smaller online communities with well-defined interest scopes and robust community moderation - much like HN.
Absolutely, and it's generally OK to trust it.

I wouldn't trust it with my bank details though (i.e. while I might send bank details to my life partner, I definitely wouldn't send them to someone my iPhone thinks might be my partner). And I DEFINITELY wouldn't trust it with military operation details.
Humor me here, but i thought using e2e encryption was less bad than other forms of communication
Is it better when it's held hostage by a couple of non-technical employees?
So, less greenhouse gases?
Hey, great work on the server. I couldn't find a remote URL on the github link you, could you provide one?
And the rsync that has historically come with macOS was always way out of date, so we end up installing a newer one anyway. This doesn’t change much.
Here's the key text from Kennedy's post on X:

"I also visited with these two extraordinary healers, Dr. Richard Bartlett and Dr. Ben Edwards who have treated and healed some 300 measles-stricken Mennonite children using aerosolized budesonide and clarithromycin."

Antibiotics and steroid drugs DO NOT heal measles.
Many Americans thought their institutions protected the status quo pretty well.

In Australia the Liberal Party in changed the rules to require a 2/3 majority to remove a PM. In America blocking Trump's tariffs or removing him would require less than 1/3 of his party to vote with the opposition. They fear voters would punish them. How many Australian politicians voted for these party room coups knowing it would end their political careers?
Slightly off-topic from the article itself, but… does anyone else feel like Nature’s cookie banner just never goes away? I have vivid memories of trying to reject cookies multiple times, eventually giving up and accepting them just to get to the article only for the banner to show up again the next time I visit. I swear it’s giving me déjà vu every single visit.. Am I the only one experiencing this, or is this just how their site works?
why would this be the higher level story? The US government doesn't build guns either, but they're capable of buying the appropriate one from the market.

There are more than enough enterprise chats out there with security levels ranging from "good enough if you trust a major US corp" (Teams DoD) to "complete paranoia" (finance communication apps with on-premise encryption/decryption modules plugged into your HSM)
Or use 28 days ? If we need to average both weekly and monthly trends
> We've had several SecDefs, all dramatically more competent than Hegseth, who did not have any military experience.

Who do you have in mind? Carter, Cohen, and Cheney were the only confirmed secretaries from the past 40 years who fit "no military experience".

There are a handful of recent secretaries with < 5 years of military experience who did not even reach the rank of Captain (e.g. Rumsfeld, Robert Gates, Panetta, Perry).

To be clear: I agree with you that military experience is not really a qualification for the job, unless the individual has achieved high enough rank (i.e. General) to be involved in strategic planning. And certainly most secretaries of defense don't have that (Austin and Mattis are quite rare on that front, doubly so because they needed congressional waivers to serve in the position while still being active-duty military).
Clarification: doesn't align on the lack of pocket depth or on the ease of firing?

My understanding for most of the bureaucracy was that there are some very solid policy guardrails set up around termination of bureaucrats; once you're in and have some time under your belt, only gross malfeasance gets you removed.
Might be worth telling the tourist harassment department at the border to not behave like the gestapo?
It's not about being "LLM-proff", it's about teacher involvement in making up novel questions and grading attentively. There's no magic trick.
That’s where you’re wrong. I’m sure some people will indeed faraday cage their house (or their devices). I know that I’ll have wallpaper to match my hat.