skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
This is one of the ways we get all of the secondary metabolites from plants, most of the compounds in supplements and drugs that are active in humans. They come from mutations of the existing DNA, then are able to change from there without impacting the plant's core functions due to being duplicates:

"Gene duplications drive the recruitment of genes for secondary metabolism. Gene copies are gradually modified to create genes with specificities and expression patterns adapted to the needs of the new pathway in which they are involved. Duplicated genes are often in tandem repeats, forming clusters within the plant genome. However, in some cases, clusters of nonhomologous genes have also been identified as forming a functional unit. The selective forces that have caused the establishment of new pathways are far from understood and might have changed repeatedly during evolution owing to the continuously changing environment. Recent data show that the way several classes of secondary compounds are scattered among species is attributable to independent recruitment and the inactivation of biosynthetic enzymes."

https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-138...

If you want to understand secondary metabolites, which is not the "how" do they work part of plant-derived molecules, but the "why" do they work?

You can follow this line of research:

"Over recent years, the consensus as to the mechanisms responsible for these effects in humans has shifted away from polyphenols having direct antioxidant effects and toward their modulation of cellular signal transduction pathways. To date, little consideration has been given to the question of why, rather than how, these plant-derived chemicals might exert these effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the evidence suggesting that polyphenols beneficially affect human brain function and describes the current mechanistic hypotheses explaining these effects. It then goes on to describe the ecologic roles and potential endogenous signaling functions that these ubiquitous phytochemicals play within their home plant and discusses whether these functions drive their beneficial effects in humans via a process of “cross-kingdom” signaling predicated on the many conserved similarities in plant, microbial, and human cellular signal transduction pathways."

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S216183132...

The functional aspect of the duplicated DNA goes back to the point that humans, insects, and plants are all eukaryotes...
Moderation by the community is still moderation.
Former Twitch employee of 4 years here. Its a combinations of 2 things.

1: The Malaise of Big Tech caught up to them years ago, and Twitch simply can't build anymore. They are way too slow, bloated, and they have a list of dozens and dozens of failed/shutdown products/feature that failed to create growth.

They laid off over half the company in the last 3 years.

2: More nimble competitors like Kick.com have finally started seeing success. This is compounded by the fact that kick has an unlimited wallet, because it is funded by the massively successful crypto gambling company Stake.

This war-chest has allowed them to buy streamers by simply paying everyone on the platform an hourly rate to stream, based on viewership. And they can do so, profitably, because the streaming platform is simply a loss leader for the gambling platform.

Short story is, Twitch is screwed. They can't wait out the competitors like they did with previous platforms like mixer, because the new competitor isn't losing money. Gambling is massively profitable.

And they are too slow and have laid off too many people, to be able to innovate their way out of its current mess.

The only two paths they have left are a slow, but steady decline, or a hail mary play of firing their entire executive team and replacing it with people who will run Twitch like a wartime startup.
I collected a list of alternative options for signals that I'll be looking into [1]. I included wifi probe requests as well. Thank you so much!

[1]: https://github.com/nizarmah/igatha/issues/5
Requiring justification for flags would immediately crud up threads with meta-debates.

That is true and I used to say it but the receipts people evade it with non-public receipts (which can maybe later somehow be audited). So I'm switching to dunking on the thing for its martinetism and pointless bureaucracy. It feels more self-indulgently righteous to boot!
This reads exactly like the plot of a story Borges might write, maybe someone more familiar with his ouevre can shine a light on which stories of his touch on this kind of theme.
I contribute to OSS very often, mostly sponsored by the company I work for (we're in video streaming, and we're too small to build everything from scratch). Outside of company hours, I work on my personal streaming project [1], and I've had a couple of people find the "Buy me a coffee" button and GitHub sponsors page. While it is not a sustainable amount of sponsorship, the joy of seeing people support with a few bucks feels incredible. It's a passion project after all.

I used to maintain a private fork of an OSS project as I assumed my company wouldn't want specific features out there (especially since they gave a competitive advantage). I eventually met up with the maintainers of that project with a situation I couldn't figure out and they were so eager to help. After, I went to legal and told them it didn't feel fair to have OSS maintainers help out but keep it private, and to my surprise, they agreed. All I had to do was ask, and not assume.

[1] https://superstreamer.xyz/
This sentence was intended as that answer, but I guess it wasn't clear enough:

"And this is fundamentally why I don't discuss politics with friends.

It's not that I don't want or am scared of opposing views (in fact the opposite is true[8]), but rather because of how common others’ desire to "remain in the bubble" is."

I actually am willing to risk alienation to find people that enjoy this sort of discussion-based discovery as much as I do, but found most people I encounter don't actually want that -- so I try and respect what seems to be the average opinion.
> I think we're talking past each other.

Perhaps. I'm not saying that deadlines don't exist or shouldn't. I am saying that they're often unnecessary and most software teams can deliver value without them.

If you're in the embedded space there's no dodging deadlines. If you need to flash ROMs it could be months before you can do a release if you miss your deadline. You might not have enough money to survive until then.

If you're shipping boring, line-of-business enterprise SaaS you don't need deadlines. Customers want software that solves their problems and are happy with something that works for 80% and a steady rate of improvements over time. They want progress and milestones. There's nothing wrong with taking an extra week or month to reach the next milestone.

Where you get the "deadlines equal dollars," mentality in enterprise software is from the long sales cycle with the big price tags. A business is going to have reservations about dropping a few hundred thousand on a new software product. And so you end up with these negotiations between sales, management, and the software teams where you're lying about the deadlines to different parties in order to keep everything in line. I don't think that's a good way to go about it.

Especially when most of the time it's not even necessary. This was the finer point I was often finding myself in opposition to the sales folks with. Their reality was that deadlines are a negotiating chip they can't ignore. The software developers' reality was that any estimate about a deadline is completely made up of hopes, dreams, and unicorns. The easiest way to get people to work together, in my opinion and experience, is to cut out the lying and just be honest.

Some organizations like that, some don't. I went back into being an IC because I just can't operate at that level and keep my sanity/energy.
I disagree with both of your statements
As somebody who's seen communities come and go over the last couple of decades, I cannot praise Hacker News highly enough. And we can thank the moderators for that. HN is like an oasis for me: polite, sane, and informative, and your values and principles really shine through, especially below the fold.

Thanks for keeping the standards so high here!
I am not an OSS contributor, so I have no personal experience whatsoever in this context.

But I saw this talk by Evan Czaplicki (author of Elm) a while ago.[1]

The talk is primarily about the economics of open-source programming languages, but I think that a lot of the issues discussed overlap with other areas of OSS.

From the description of the youtube video:

> In the mythology of open source, programming languages are created by people who seemingly have no direct economic function. They are just really good at compilers (somehow) and have a house to live in (somehow) and have a lifetime to devote to creating a useful programming language (somehow!)

> We will examine specific organizations that create programming languages. Where do the salaries for compiler engineers come from? How does Go end up with 5 engineers and Dart end up with 30? Who signs off on these expenses and why? Does this put any boundaries on language design or development practices? And how do the economics work for people outside of the major tech corporations?

> My goal is to give the talk I needed to hear 10 years ago when I was just starting on Elm. By clearly delineating the many variations of corporate funding and independent funding, I hope users will come away with a better foundation for evaluating and comparing programming languages.

[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZ3w_jec1v8
The old map makes prospect park look like a jaunt when its quite a hike. It's not useful in the way you claim.
Governor Newsom Proclaims Autism Acceptance Month
I've been here since around that time and to be honest, I haven't noticed much of a change for the worse. The world around us has changed, political life may have gotten slightly more complex, but the community feels just as friendly, curious and insightful.
For sure, but then the followup question is "do I want to spend my time and energy around a bunch of people I think are wrong?'
You would think, but unfortunately the world is full of duplicitous people.
I don’t know if it was autocorrected or what, but it was SAM when I hit submit.

Edit: seems I could fix it, thanks!
I feel this way too, it's in one of the footnotes actually

"[8] Few things give me greater joy than a discovery-ridden conversation with smart friends, and this is only enhanced if I learn something I previously believed to be true is actually wrong. Seriously, come prove some core belief I have as wrong and you will quite literally make my week."

Thanks for reading!
Literally every vehicle seems to have that diagonal line incorporated somewhere. I mean the one generally near the windows that slopes downward as it moves towards the front of the car, regardless of the general shape of the car itself.
Time course of the rubber hand illusion–induced analgesia
I mean, honestly, everything about that ad comes across as basically a parody of a terrible tech company. 12-15 hour days! The actual product! I’m having some difficulty believing it’s real.
TBH, I still wonder if some of their videos are CGI. They offer real versions for sale, but they seem to be significantly more limited than the videos imply.

Have they actually demonstrated the more dramatic stuff at any in-person demos?
Would you happen to know what some key search phrases might be to get started in the contemporary modeling literature?
There is no general pullback from EVs in the EU, where fleet emmission rules heavily favor EVs. Tesla sales fell heavily.
I don't understand why you're downvoted for this question.

What's wrong with Telegram is the privacy story. It's not end-to-end encrypted, meaning that the server can read the content of your messages.

I hear that Telegram has a great UX, which makes it popular. But in terms of security... it's wanting.
That demo shows the problems splendidly. It “only kinda” works on iOS.
Probably because a single example at a single time point can't really be extrapolated to the entire platform across all times. The comment being downvoted proves nothing (as evidenced by the fact it's now upvoted to the 2nd top comment!)

And this comment of yours I'm replying to will probably get downvoted because it's a complaint about votes that contributes literally nothing to the conversation (in fact, detracts from it).
My son is into retrocomputing, mostly using older hardware I have from when I was younger, and we have a stack of old compaq desktops where you can't access the bios because it requires a specific floppy that is nearly impossible to find online. This is 486/pentium era stuff, the older stuff is even harder to find.
Great news and best of luck during this period of high tensions.
I agree with you on all of this... and from a practical perspective one could argue it doesn't matter if he's a Kremlin agent or not if everything he does is indistinguishable from what a Kremlin agent would do.

But also if we are theorycrafting conspiracy theories, I think the explanation that makes most sense is widespread systemic blackmail originating from Russia but now spreading out virally through Trump. Because the suspicious behavior is not just coming from Trump but also the very many people who flipped from being very vocally against him to being pathetically loyal (see: Graham, Rubio, Cruz, Vance, and dozens of others).

It feels to me like there's got to be more going on there than people just hitching their wagons for political expediency, because a lot of them also have to know that this is all a cult of personality and when Trump is gone their wagons are going to be thrown into chaos and yet they've still hitched them...
Microsoft Windows Photos Update: AI Features and JPEG XL Support
I had a whole paragraph that I removed that was to preempt this reply, but I thought it wasn't needed.
I read in the article that phrase that has been popping here and there in my zeitgeist:

"exit strategy"

Like watching that game at the venue and the score is very much settled and you asked
yourself:

"Where did I park?"

The revolution will not be televised.

No flying cars for us but here, takes this gadget and play Sudoku
until whatever will happen, happens.
A Letter from David Murphy: Retiring from Tech
I wonder. Maybe for this would be blockchain actually usefull technology?
Does the future of AI depend on glass?
Try https://play.generative.fm/browse. The endless aisatsana generator is pretty good, I'm sure there's an option that's similar to 1/1.
> Cars are not buy it for life items.

No, but they certainly can be "buy it for the life of the car". I prefer that myself. New cars are nice, but I'm not going to trade up to a new car every few years. I will buy new (or new-ish), and then drive it until it dies 15 years later. Much more cost effective.
I generally agree, but some views wind up being pretty central to one's identity. It's easy to give up a viewpoint where the stakes are very low, but the stakes can potentially be very, very high (on a personal level.)
I'm really shocked tbh.

I can't imagine the progression of ai and in particular robots but I assumed that the first robot would cost min 6 figures if not 7 but would still be worth it due to 24*7 and initial invest vs long term.

But the fact how good Gemini robotics is already and how cheap the first models are I do believe what will hinder us more than tech is people learning about it, testing it out and doing it but not technology.

I believe the world will look relevant different in 10 years.
Is the elephant in the room with us now? (Mind filling in?)
Ah I see. Yes, but you pick the card for the purpose of course. I also don't like the way they have such limited support on ROCm. But when it works it works well.

I have Nvidia cards too by the way, a 4090 and a 3060 (the latter I use for AI also, but more for Whisper because faster-whisper doesn't do ROCm right now).
There already is a story like that in The Cyberiad by Stanislaw Lem. One of the robot characters in the book decides to make a poet robot. They reason that a poet is "programmed" by their culture, and a culture is programmed by the previous culture, so the robot has to simulate the evolution of the world from the beginning of time in order to produce the AI poet. It's a wonderful and hilarious story.
I agree, hotel booking is not a great example.

I think CRDTs would be applicable to a wider range of applications if it was possible to specify soft constraints.

So after merging your changes you can query the CRDT for a list of constraint violations that need to be resolved.
As an Indian living in a western European country - I very much prefer the gray/ neutral colors here. I always found the excessive and ugly use of color in India overwhelming. Though, I agree, a bit of more colors in winter wear would be nice.
The facts are that Tesla sales dropped even more in Europe than they did in the U.S. even after the Model Y refresh hit local markets.
> I don't know how they're the only independent app that seems to be able to produce such a well built UI/UX for a chat application in 2025.

Precisely because they don't spend so much effort for privacy. If your server can read all your messages, it's suddenly easier to provide great features. For instance, GMail can add your next hotel stay to your calendar automatically because it has access to your emails. That's great UX, but poor privacy.
Ask HN: Game devs, how do you approach optimization? What would make it better?
Game devs, how do you ensure your game performs well across your player base? By perform well, I mean achieving consistent frame rates and reasonable load times (and free of other technical issues).

Obviously, there are ways to measure and debug these things in a development environment (profilers, NSight, RenderDoc). But how do you gain confidence things are working well in the wild with diverse hardware setups?

I'm thinking about starting a project to help track and measure these types of issues -- sort of like Sentry.io for game performance.

Some pain points I’ve heard and experienced myself:
- Game performance is assessed too late in the development cycle
- Getting data from a wide range of devices is time consuming
- Difficulty enforcing art budgets and performance standards across the team
- Challenges identifying the root cause of slow-downs based on player reports
- Limited data

How are you handling performance debugging and optimization? What’s missing and how would your dream tool improve this?
Your personal choice is fine for you. My personal choice is to enjoy a cup or two of coffee per day, because I love the way it tastes, not because I want or need the caffeine. I currently don't have regular employment, as I am attempting a career change, but my coffee consumption doesn't change when I'm on a job.

With respect, I think your worldview needs to widen out a bit. Just because there are lots of worker exploitation issues going on the world doesn't mean that everything fits in that lens. Some of us like coffee, and that doesn't mean it's because we like or accept a "whip at the back".
True, in the event that government fails to hold someone accountable, it falls on the people to do that instead. I think there are different visions of what that justice looks like when carried out that way.
If you work an honest 8h, there isn't much bandwidth left. Also, money.
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2y7eyp3zpo
It was given as a revelation from God[1]. This is not some doctrine that came about from a philospher. It came from the top.

The same revelation discouraged tobacco use, the problems of which wasn't understood until much later. I assume the same will happen with caffeine, tannins, and other coffee/tea things.

1: https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-test...
First, I am extremely impressed by the demo. It looks truly groundbreaking.

Could you elaborate on the types of tasks and data sources used to train Ace, and how these contribute to its performance on desktop automation?

Ace is said to outperform other models on your suite of computer use tasks. Can you provide more details on these benchmarks and how Ace compares to existing automation tools?
Matt Mullenweg is the elephant.
This isn't what I was expecting at all based on the title!
Alcohol makes male flies sexy
How Rive Vector Feathering Works
Chris Dalton, who leads Rive's rendering team, set out to reinvent how graphics handle soft edges. Here's the unfiltered story behind Vector Feathering.
> You would expect an explosion of color in the 1960s and then a decrease

The data shows an explosion of "new" colours in the 1960s, although the trend never stopped. Technology is still no doubt the answer – including the explosion in the black to white spectrum. We aren't limited to natural colours or colours, period, like we once were.
Location data show that race affects citations and fines for speeding
Gemini 2.5 gets 24.4% on MathArena USAMO beating previous top score of 4.7%
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_dosage

Historical-sounding, maybe? It's still used in the literature:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-32144-z

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48960-4

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10757140/
I sponsor this project called mkdocs material by squidfunk. I remember reading that the author gets $18k per month in sponsorships and thought that was a great example for an open source project based income.
Thanks for writing! This is a very well written essay that I need to read repeatedly.
the history of cars in the US is pretty complicated tbh. most major cities had street cars and rail systems for a long time before major government initiatives ripped them out in favor of highways and streets. I'm not sure cars would be as popular without that major push towards car-centric infrastructure.
Sure, but the argument is still that the smartphones aren’t the root cause. It’s the transactional nature of the thing. Can’t fail students because money would go down, so keep passing them as they get better equipped to ignore you and have reduced requirements to get a passing grade.

The thing that’s changed is how much the transactional nature favors the lazy students, not the smartphones specifically.

The reason the argument is so bad that “it’s the smartphones” is because that implies an easy solution that is external to the academic system, when the root cause is internal to the system.
Facism is taking hold. There's no hyperbole. Everything will be affected. We need to respond. The only over-reaction is here in choosing to bury your head in the sand.
Aside from the fact that gfx906 is one of the blessed architecture mentioned (so why would it not work). Like how do you look at your specific instance and then turn around and say "All of you are lying, it works perfectly." How do you square that circle in your head
A while back I stumbled upon a youtube channel[1] dedicated to just solo sailing trips. I'm not sure how much is him/his video composition vs. just the subject matter of filming one's seemingly minuscule progress across the vast reaches of ocean, but I became entranced by just the calm plodding-ness of his days. Did a great job of breaking down trips and prep in some of his videos.

Can't speak to his latest stuff, so YMMV, but for a while it worked for me as incredible background. I imagine there's more and more content like this on YT, what with more powerful technology becoming more ubiquitous.

[1] https://www.youtube.com/@samholmessailing/videos