skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Here's an example of language switching:

https://gr.inc/question/although-a-few-years-ago-the-fundame...

In the dropdown set to DeepSeek-R1, switch to the LIMO model (which apparently has a high frequency of language switching).

I'm not sure about examples of gibberish or totally illegible reasoning. My guess is that since R1-Zero still had the KL penalty, it should all be somewhat legible - the KL penalty encourages the model to not move too far from what the base model would say in any given context.
How to distrust a CA without any certificate errors
New version of Amazon Q now works in the CLI
> Can anyone just email...

1st Reaction: That depends entirely on your registrar's policies and people.

2nd Reaction: At any "real" registrar, the answer will also depend on the domain & owner. Trying to take down "apple.com" will get vastly more scrutiny and pushback than trying to take down some little guy.
This, but in true to form HN style, if you don't recognise the reference, it's psychologically safer to down vote what you don't know.
Istio: The Highest-Performance Solution for Network Security
Is a world where nobody needs to work a utopia or dystopia?
I have only just relented to buying B6+ softcover notebooks for the slightly more room and longer form writing, but the hPDA served me very well for 15 years. Shuffling cards to bring them to the fore has become such an ingrained productivity trigger for task switching over the years.
> I believe that the answer is that certain of those directories make sense to share across different hosts (e.g. your laptop and desktop) and others don’t.

Also; Some of those directories make sense to flag for backup in your favorite backup software (personal settings, data files, etc), where others (cache) make sense to not waste drive space on backing up.
Indeed, a big part of a society's system of justice is "letting most people sleep at night."

Whether there's justice or not in a rapist serving their sentence and going free (given that, one assumes, the sentencing guidelines were decided by dispassionate thinkers trying to reason about society as a whole)... It goes out the window if a family lives in so much fear they decide to "fix" the issue by taking the law into their own hands.

Then the society has to decide whether to jail the family, and so on.

Hammurabi's code seems harsh by modern standards, but at the time it was positively progressive. It was attempting to replace a retaliatory tradition so bloody it could wipe out entire bloodlines. He was trying to impose an upper limit on consequence to allow a society of semi-strangers to reach some meta-stability.
That's good feedback, thank you!
Steps to Break Up a Terralith
> There's no technical reason for modern instant messaging to still rely on any part of the phone network, except as a dumb pipe to transmit data over.

I understand that the reason Signal, for example, does this is to cut down on spam on the network. You can't use traditional spam filters, since that would negate the privacy aspects of Signal. So instead you have to increase the cost to spam (i.e. by requiring a valid phone number, which can also be banned from the network.)
CUDA is becoming more critical, not less, every day. Software developed around CUDA is vastly outpacing what other companies produce. And saving a few millions when creating new models doesn't matter; NVIDIA is pretty efficient at scale.

I don't know if you've heard, but NVIDIA is about to add a monthly payment for additional CUDA features and I'm almost certain that many big companies will be happy to pay for them.

> But most models will run or retrain fine now without CUDA.

This is correct for some small startups, not big companies.
Rectum!? Damn near killed em..
An LLM with billions of parameters for extracting text from a PDF (which isn't even a rasterized image) really does not "solve OCR".
Interesting analysis of the propaganda systems. Would also be interesting to see them over time and other dimensions.
What software-tools do you usw to Programm the APP?
More to the point, a master key is a management tool for infrastructure maintenance. Its relationship to security is that I can securely keep all the monkeys organized in my monkey hut. The master key exists in a world where you can throw a brick through a window.

Security *around* the master key is entirely about pinning liability to one human being at a time. Security through hot potato.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.fast
OK, had a look through the linked paper. The big graphs, on page 8, tell you that if you decrease the twist length - which would entail relaying all the copper in the entire network, at which point you may as well put down fibre instead - you will get -20 dB at 10 GHz over a distance of 0.5m, 50cm, less than two feet, instead of -25 dB in the worst case.

In other words, instead of losing 99.7% of the signal over that distance, it'll only lose 99% of the signal. Sure, it helps, but consider me underwhelmed.
If it were a fish and chips stand there'd be no problem with picketing, praying, or most other nonviolent, non-threatening demonstrations that didn't get in somebody's way. You could make it your full-time job to protest every fish and chip stand in the country without issue. It _is_ thought policing, since the only crime is protesting the "wrong" thing.

Maybe it's still fine to ban that sort of protest, but let's call it what it is.
LLM generates the entire output at once (first diffusion LLM) [video]
The paper came out in 1972 which is the same year that C was invented. I don't think the paper mentioned what programming language was used, but since it has function calls with parameters, it's a higher level language than assembly.
Is there a reason Google doesn't derank these types of sites? I've seen the first few results all be these types of articles for some search queries. I'm sure it wouldn't be that hard to detect these sites to flag them for review.
Does it work for video subtitles? And in Chinese? I’m looking to transcribe subtitles of live music recordings from ANHOP and KHOP.
Advent of Computing did an episode about edge-notched cards (and the host has an interest in them that goes beyond just this episode): https://adventofcomputing.com/?guid=4f6df5dd432d489db6d2a211...

Douglas Englebart apparently used them and had devised his own filing system. (I don't recall if that's discussed in this or another episode.)
The UK is the one saying that they have the right to request backdoor access to any E2EE services.

This could extend to any app available in the UK market, or in preventing the phone makers from allowing software to run that is not approved by the UK.

A truly open software ecosystem would make this harder to enforce, but it wouldn't stop them from trying.
Sorry, I should have said that an Int64 shouldn't take more memory on a 64-bit system where the default int is 63 bits, because of the "reserved bit".

It was early this morning.
Protest comes with a risk, that is a given.

It's also a responsibility, in some situations.
I noticed that, but I also noticed the quality in those "servers" (really groups) is kind of shit? There's way more random off-topic discussion than about the thing you're looking for, and you still have to search through it. And when there isn't, there's nothing (due to fragmentation) and you stop checking.
I don't know. Can't imagine it's easy to sell a used Windows laptop directly to begin with, and those big resellers probably offer very little. Even refurbished Dell Latitudes seem to go for cheap on eBay. I've had an easy time selling old Macs, or high-end desktop market might be simple too.
The flipside of the same technical points is https://sslmate.com/blog/post/entrust_distrust_more_disrupti... where some non-browser clients don't handle this, or worse, handle it incorrectly.
- There have been protests, including some largish ones. As with things like labor action, they happen in the US but 99% of it doesn't get covered, you could think they don't happen at all unless you pay attention to fairly obscure media sources or happen to live near where they're going on, where local news might briefly mention it (after the fact).

- Protesting hasn't accomplished anything in the US in 80 years (EDIT: Almost 60, LOL, usually I math wrong the other direction when calculating how long ago things were). As with letting our politicians tell obvious lies to interviewers with minimal push-back, not having effective protests is just... American, or at least has been for much of living memory.

- Like 80% of the country's not paying any attention, they have zero idea how bad this already is and what's already teed up for the next month or two. Shit the people following this would never believe a person could have missed, they don't know about.

- Civic knowledge is abysmal so a huge proportion of the population doesn't understand why stuff like normalizing open corruption (that one, we let slide in Trump's first term and the Democrats did nothing to draft laws to codify prior norms, when they had the chance, so that's... great) is extremely dangerous. Or that the President in fact does not legally have the power to do a bunch of the things he's doing, and that letting him get away with it anyway means the end of the rule of law and the beginning of authoritarianism. Like half of folks don't understand marginal tax rates and even more think foreign aid is some insane amount of our budget, like 20%. When it comes to our political system, I dunno about other countries, but Americans are, to be blunt, shockingly dumb. They don't know how things are supposed to be or where the guardrails are, so don't recognize how very far off-course we are.
Xerox PARC strikes again
Cool project! But, I wonder how long can a project like this use a Pokemon as their namesake and mascot before you hear from nintendo's lawyers?
fear of what exactly?
Does JetBrains have sales people? I'm not sure how big the company is, but they've been around for 25 years and the founders are billionaires.
It is, perhaps, worth observing that one of the stories told about how English law pulled back from death-penalty-for-thievery was that if a thief had their life on the line already, they may as well murder too.

It's an interesting story, but the historical record of how English law changed is, I think, a bit more interesting. Kids in London would steal. They'd go on trial. A jury of Londoners would see what looked like a twelve-year-old in the docket and just flat-out refuse to find them guilty because they couldn't sleep with themselves thinking they'd sent some kid to the gallows. This pattern became such an issue that merchants petitioned the King to pull back the penalties because as the system was implemented, it was going to stop protecting their property from thievery.
Not trying to dunk on my competition but that is one thing that always surprised me too. Speed to deliver/innovate. I see large corporations all the time like even Slack (Agent marketplace), AWS (Bedrock), deliver at a high clip. PD truly had the opportunity to be a Datadog sized company given the brand name. Now it's a reputation impossible to shake.

There are some pretty low hanging fruit stuff that would make the PD experience palatable (e.g. ability to page teams not just services, allow for partial overrides). These things for us were <1 week projects.

I do think PD is trying to rectify it by acquiring Jeli, giving it away for free in their new pricing plan, etc. Def feeling the squeeze a bit if I had to guess.
> The majority voted for it, and are happy with it.

Plurality.
This is a tough problem to solve. I currently use NixOS with impermanence [1] which is one way of solving it. Impermanence, in short, allows you to explicitely opt-in the files and directories that are persisted after each reboot.

So while my `~` is not "clean" in the sense that all my config files are in `~/.config`, it is "clean" in the sense that all files in `~` are there for a reason (i.e., `~` is not polluted by the old config/cache of uninstalled packages).

[1] https://github.com/nix-community/impermanence
Honest question: are you asking them to not express this idea? Or that they used uncouth language?
> This is perfect!

Just a nit, but I wouldn’t call it perfect when using U+25CB ○ WHITE CIRCLE instead of what should be U+00BA º MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR, or alternatively a superscript “o”. These are https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbe_ordinal#Premiers_adver....

There’s also extra spaces after the “1607” and around the hyphen in “Diane-Henriette”.

Lastly, U+2019 instead of U+0027 would be more appropriate for the apostrophe, all the more since in the image it looks like the former and not like the latter.
we do show our outrage on social media… americans have long been tamed and are no longer activists and small fraction that are have been reduced to ridicule “wokeness”

sad state of affairs for sure…
Ask HN: How did the internet discover my subdomain?
I have a domain that is not live. As expected, loading the domain returns: Error 1016.

However...I have a subdomain with a not obvious name, like: userfileupload.sampledomain.com

This subdomain IS LIVE but has NOT been publicized/posted anywhere. It's a custom URL for authenticated users to upload media with presigned url to my Cloudflare r2 bucket.

I am using CloudFlare for my DNS.

How did the internet find my subdomain? Some sample user agents are:
"Expanse, a Palo Alto Networks company, searches across the global IPv4 space multiple times per day to identify customers&#39; presences on the Internet. If you would like to be excluded from our scans, please send IP addresses/domains to: scaninfo@paloaltonetworks.com",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_7; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.20.8 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.20.8",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 9; Redmi Note 5 Pro) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.89 Mobile Safari/537.36",

The bots are GET requests which are failing, as designed, but I'm wondering how the bots even knew the subdomain existed?!
Why I find diffusion models interesting?
Ah, I get your point now. Thanks for clarifying.
Few details about the model have been made public, as far as I know.

However, Steano Ermon, one of the founders of Inception Labs, the company that released the model, co-authored a paper in late 2023 (revised in 2024), titled "Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution." The authors tested their proposed method on small autoregressive language modeling tasks, and claimed promising results:

Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.16834

Code: https://github.com/louaaron/Score-Entropy-Discrete-Diffusion

Blog post: https://aaronlou.com/blog/2024/discrete-diffusion/

It's possible -- in fact, likely -- that the new model is a much larger, more refined version of the small model presented and tested in that paper.
Right; it's imperfect, as everything is. But of course, it's also a huge bit of leverage for the root programs (more accurately, a loss of leverage for CAs) in killing misbehaving CAs; those programs can't be blackmailed with huge numbers of angry users anymore, only a much smaller subset of users. Seems like a good thing, right?
Show HN: Uncloud – Uncomplicated container orchestration without control plane
Hey HN,

I'm building Uncloud — a lightweight clustering and container orchestration tool that lets you deploy and manage web apps across cloud VMs and bare metal with minimal cluster management overhead.

After several years of managing and extending Kubernetes at a unicorn, I realised that I desperately needed a change. All those abstraction layers, unnecessary complexity, boilerplate… I wanted container orchestration to bring me joy again, the way Ansible did when I first tried it a decade ago, or Docker after that.

That’s when I decided to start an experiment that is now called Uncloud. The core design principles I’ve focused on intentionally differ from the traditional container orchestrators like Kubernetes or Docker Swarm:

- No control plane or master nodes – all machines are equal

- P2P state synchronisation

- Imperative operations over state reconciliation (fast feedback, easier troubleshooting)

- Graceful handling of network partitions at the cost of eventual consistency

- No advanced auto-healing or auto-scaling magic – predictable behavior instead

I want well-designed building blocks that just work together. When a service needs high availability, I should be able to scale it across machines and know that if any machine goes down the remaining ones will continue serving traffic. When I deploy, I want immediate feedback, not wondering whether the reconciliation loop will eventually catch up.

GitHub with more technical details and a demo: https://github.com/psviderski/uncloud

It's not ready for production use yet, and I'd really love your feedback:

1. Am I alone in wanting a middle ground: something more sophisticated than basic Docker/Compose but without the operational complexity of Kubernetes?

2. If you've moved from platforms like EKS/Heroku/Render/Fly to self-hosting: what was the breaking point and what did you lose or gain in the transition?

3. If you're using tools like Kamal, Dokku, Coolify, or Dokploy, what are your biggest pain points?
But it is engagement to their product managers, and in turn, stakeholders.

Not genuine engagement, mind you, but measurable nonetheless.
CompuServe used the term “forums” going back at least to the late 1980s
You should be careful when using asymptotic bounds with more precision than about O(sqrt(n)). The bounds ignore constant factors, and the constant factors could be more significant than slowly growing non-constant factors for reasonable values of n.

It's also very common in algorithm design that improving the asymptotic bounds and making the algorithm faster (or the data structure smaller) are orthogonal (or even opposite) goals. Real computers have complex performance characteristics and fixed word lengths, and it's rarely a good idea to implement a theoretical algorithm exactly as described.

Succinct data structures often have a number of internal parameters. In a theoretical parameterization, those parameters may be described as being O(log n), O(log^2 n), or O(log log n). In a concrete implementation, it may be a good idea to use constant approximations for some nontrivial (such as 2x) performance gains. O(log n) could become 32 or 64, O(log^2 n) could become 1024 (or a power-of-2 multiple), and O(log log n) could become 4 or 8.

And then, if you parameterize the succinct data structure with these constants, the space overhead becomes a constant fraction.
Google co-founder Larry Page reportedly has a new AI startup
Ask HN: What <ROLE> would you _replace_ with AI?
Have been thinking about this a lot lately: assuming AI advances to a level where it can autonomously operate as <HIRED-FOR-ROLE> with less than 1% errors, would you replace it with AI? Why or why not?
I only had a subscription during the early 2000s. I think it was still a good magazine. There were still some interesting articles and things to learn.
Zotero's PDF viewer also does this now. Being able to annotate PDFs and having a reference manager has been a life saver.
"Natural England has developed a detailed licencing regime and application process to make sure that stakeholders are engaged and landowners are supported."

I don't understand what a stakeholder is in this context. Also, why are licenses involved? What does this even mean?
> What’s wrong with people working for rent or groceries?

There's nothing wrong with people who have the ability to work for groceries being compelled to work for groceries. The rent issue is complicated by the fact that land ownership prioritizes those who have already had time to accumulate wealth over those who have not. There are some issues with abandoning prices on land entirely (e.g. if land has no cost, how do we decide who gets to live in the most desirable locations?), but there's a compelling case to be made that the contemporary system of real estate financialization is similar to the enclosure movement both in terms of its structure and impact. It becomes a question of those with good credit (typically the rich and old) being able to (in aggregate) buy up all of the desirable land and thus to set monthly claims on the income of those with bad credit over and above the level of claim that would be possible if the property purchases could not be financed by loans.

There is a legitimate cost to constructing a building and renting it out, but there is no real cost to land except the cost the market assigns to it. This might not be the worst thing (recall our example of allocating land in desirable locations), but when prospective landlords can take out loans against the property, the property's value is driven up beyond what any reasonable person would be willing to pay for the property's use. If you couldn't derive rental income from property, it would not make economical sense to finance these purchases beyond what you needed for your own use. This would (in theory) lead to lower prices.

Henry George is the figure to look at here.
Would a TB-PCIe enclosure like the Sonnet ones not cut it? I get that it's still easier to have PCIe built in, but that's a big premium to pay.
Freed | Software Engineers (Fullstack / AI / SRE), Tech Lead Manager | REMOTE (US, Canada) | https://getfreed.ai | Full-time

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Our first product is an AI scribe that automates medical documentation.

- Acquired 17,000 paying and loving clinicians

- Generate 70,000 patient notes daily using ASR and LLMs, and have saved clinicians 2.7 million hours

- Created a consumer-grade UX, with greater enthusiasm than any product I've seen (https://love.getfreed.ai/b2xGQ1)

- Raised $30M led by Sequoia Capital, and are rapidly expanding our product offering.

Our engineering culture emphasizes speed, end-to-end ownership, responsibility, and independence. Our tech stack is React and TypeScript / Node.js.

Apply here: https://www.getfreed.ai/careers?utm_source=AOxjbOpE3X
Actually that's pretty unlikely - Earth will last longer than Voyager. The Sun becoming a red giant is the risk for Earth. We're talking 5 billion years here.

But the voyagers have interstellar particles and dust to contend with, 5 billion years of abrasion from particles will wear them away to nothing.

On top of that they will eventually come near a random star which will eat them, or at least damage them. For example in 40,000 years they'll come pretty near some stars. In 5 billion years? Lots of stars.

Earth will easily outlive them.
I see this problem differently, as mainly exhibiting a problem that cannot be analyzed without self-reference. Self-reference causes problems.

The more obvious solution that the postscript hints at is the question "what would you say if I asked you whether [this door] leads to the castle?". Here, we immediately cancel out the influence of whatever goblin we're speaking to, and we get the right answer, whereas in the movie's solution we immediately incorporate the influence of the lying goblin and get the wrong answer.

But the movie's solution is better for the movie, because "what would you say if I asked you X?" is a normal English way to ask "X", and in this case, where the two questions are different, the audience is guaranteed to be confused.
It surprises me I don't hear more about this in tech circles to be honest because it's something that concerns me greatly.

I like Cloudflare as a product, but it seems to me they've effectively made privacy from state actors online impossible.

Of course, if you cared enough you don't have to use services that use Cloudflare or other reverse proxy services, but most of the web is behind a reverse proxy these days making that difficult.