Ask HN: Separating Foundational Models and Governance Layers
1. Separation of Foundational Models and Governance Layers
Core Idea
You have a foundational AI model—for instance, a large language model (LLM) such as Claude, GPT, or any enterprise-specific variant—that sits at the core of your AI strategy. A governance layer is then placed above this model to handle:

Compliance (with legal, regulatory, and industry standards)
Data protection (privacy, security, access rights)
Ethical oversight (bias checks, harmful usage prevention)
Auditability (logging, traceability, regulatory audits)
Why It Matters for Standards Compliance
When an organization must adhere to standards (e.g., ACORD in insurance, ActivityPub for federated social media, AEF for agricultural equipment, AgGateway for agriculture data, or AIDX for aviation data), the governance layer can:

Enforce Domain-Specific Validation

Use standard schemas and validation rules (e.g., ACORD’s “Policy Number must be alphanumeric with max length 20,” AIDX’s “Flight number must be 2-4 letters and 1-4 digits”) to automatically check data exchanged by the AI system.
The governance layer can parse your JSON-based rule sets and reject or flag any AI output that does not meet the required specification.
Centralize Policy Updates

If ACORD releases a new version of its standard or changes the validation rules, you can update the governance layer once, and all downstream applications using the foundational model will automatically adhere to the revised standard.
Track & Audit

Keep logs detailing how the AI system processed or generated data relative to these standards. This is essential for industries that require comprehensive audit trails (insurance, aviation, healthcare, etc.).
In short: the governance layer acts as the gatekeeper that ensures the AI model’s outputs or inputs comply with standards encoded in a structured dataset (like your JSON).

2. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)
Core Idea
RAG enhances a generative model by retrieving relevant external information (e.g., from knowledge bases, domain-specific datasets, or the internet) and then injecting that data into the model’s prompt or context. This improves factuality and recency.

How RAG Interacts with Standards Compliance
Contextual Data Enforcement

If your AI system needs to generate or consume data according to specific industry standards (like ACORD for policy data), the retrieval component can pull structured JSON that includes the relevant schemas or constraints (e.g., “policy_number,” “insured_age,” etc.).
The RAG pipeline might automatically fetch the correct format from the JSON dataset, feeding it into the prompt so the LLM outputs data consistent with ACORD or AIDX standards.
Governance Checks

Even if the AI system retrieves external data, the governance layer can impose standard checks on that data. For example:
Before the retrieved content is used in generation, governance ensures it meets a standard’s schema.
After generation, any final output is validated again to confirm compliance.
This is especially critical for regulated industries (e.g., financial, agricultural, or aviation) where data integrity is essential.
Key Distinction
RAG is a technical approach for pulling in relevant, possibly domain-specific info.
Governance is about organizational oversight—making sure whatever data is retrieved or generated abides by legal/industry requirements.
3. Model Context Protocol (MCP)
Core Idea
MCP is an open standard that aims to simplify how AI systems connect to external data sources. Instead of building separate integrations for each system, MCP provides a unified protocol, enabling:

Secure, two-way data exchange
Uniform authentication/authorization
A consistent interface (API) for retrieving or updating context
How MCP Interacts with Standards Compliance
Data Source Integration

Many industry standards revolve around how data is structured and exchanged (e.g., ACORD’s use of XML/JSON or AIDX’s flight data structure). MCP provides the pipeline mechanism to fetch or push data in these formats.
You could create an MCP server that specifically enforces ACORD or AIDX validation rules. This server might reject invalid requests or transform data to meet the standard.
Governance Layer Control

The governance layer can configure which MCP servers (i.e., data sources) the foundational model is permitted to access. For instance:
In an insurance context, it might only allow connections to an MCP server that enforces ACORD’s validation rules.
In an aviation context, it might only allow connections to servers that pass AIDX compliance checks.
Simplified Auditing & Logging

Because MCP standardizes the how of data exchange, compliance audits become easier. You can see exactly which data sources were queried, what data was transmitted, and whether it met the relevant JSON-based specification.
Key Distinction
MCP focuses on connectivity—how to securely and uniformly retrieve or push data.
Governance decides who can do what with that data and ensures compliance with standards once the data is in the AI pipeline.
4. Using the JSON Dataset for Standards Compliance
Let’s apply the JSON dataset you provided as an example of how governance could enforce compliance:

Central JSON Registry of Standards

Your JSON file includes multiple standards (ACORD, ActivityPub, AEF, AgGateway, AIDX), each with fields like required_fields, validation_rules, and test_scenarios.
Store this JSON in a central “compliance registry” that the governance layer references.
Policy Engine

A policy engine or compliance service can parse the JSON to generate live validation or transformation rules. For example:
If the “coverage_type” field is missing in an ACORD-based insurance dataset, the policy engine rejects or flags that message.
If the “flight_number” does not match the regex for AIDX, the transaction is invalid.
Real-time Enforcement

When an AI model attempts to generate a new insurance policy (ACORD) or retrieve flight data (AIDX), the governance layer intercepts the request/response and checks it against the relevant standard from the JSON.
RAG & MCP Integration

RAG might retrieve specific standard definitions from the JSON (e.g., “What are the required fields for ACORD?”) and feed them into the LLM prompt to ensure the output is formatted correctly.
MCP might serve as the middleman for exchanging these structured objects. The governance layer ensures any data flowing through MCP meets the constraints from the JSON.
5. Putting It All Together
A Hypothetical Workflow
Model Initialization:

An enterprise has a foundational LLM stored behind a governance layer.
Governance Configuration:

The governance layer loads your JSON dataset of standards (ACORD, AIDX, etc.).
It sets up rules that say: All insurance-related transactions must comply with ACORD policies, All flight data must comply with AIDX specs, etc.
MCP Integration:

The AI system uses MCP to connect to data sources: an insurance database for claims, an aviation database for flight schedules, etc.
Each connection is authorized by the governance layer, which also ensures data is validated according to the relevant standard in the JSON.
RAG Query:

If the AI model needs additional context (e.g., flight gate changes for an airline), it issues a retrieval request (RAG approach) through MCP. The governance layer ensures the data meets the AIDX schema.
Model Generation:

The LLM produces a response, possibly generating updated flight details. The governance layer finalizes the output, verifying it’s aligned with the “flight_number,” “departure_airport,” etc., constraints from the JSON (AIDX rules).
Audit & Logging:

Every step—retrieving data, generating output, applying transformations—is logged and can be reviewed for compliance or debugging.
Benefits
Confidence in Compliance: By referencing the JSON-based standards library, you ensure that no matter how the AI is used—whether retrieving data (RAG) or connecting to multiple sources (MCP)—it abides by those rules.
Reduced Fragmentation: Instead of duplicating compliance logic across many AI tools, you keep it centralized in a governance layer that references a single JSON.
Easier Updates: When a standards organization (ACORD, AEF, etc.) releases a new schema, you simply update the JSON. Your governance engine automatically enforces new constraints.
Conclusion
Governance Layer + JSON Standards:
The governance layer is your single “policy brain,” reading from a structured JSON data set that defines each industry’s validation rules, required fields, test scenarios, etc.

RAG:
A technique to enhance the model’s outputs with external knowledge. It can still be subject to the same governance and standard checks.

MCP:
Standardizes how data is accessed and shared. It’s complementary to the governance layer: governance enforces what data is allowed and ensures it meets the appropriate standard from your JSON.

By combining all three—a foundational model under a centralized governance layer that references JSON-encoded standards—you maximize AI’s potential (through RAG, MCP, or any other integration) while keeping full compliance with regulations and industry best practices.