skysight-inc/HackerNews huggingface dataset:
Crossfire supports encryption.
Mainline ELRS can't add encryption support because the whole idea of ELRS was to reduce LoRa packet size to the bare minimum needed for 4 full res channels + a bit extra for arming and time multiplexed aux channels. There's some discussion on protocol security and scope here [0].
I'm sure these days there are multiple LoRa based links (independent and ELRS forks) that support authenticated encryption.

[0] https://github.com/ExpressLRS/ExpressLRS/pull/1411
A good explanation for the layperson is: MFA means access requires something you know (a password) and something you have.

In the early days of MFA that thing meant a cellphone because it was SMS by default, but yeah, a laptop or computer of any kind is a "thing you have" as well.
> Like speech

Speech, in both the EU and the US is free under the limits set by law, the US isn't an “absolute free speech land”, you will definitely be jailed for speech that goes against the law (for instance death threats, see [1]).

> equity compensation...

What are you talking about, I've been given equity more than once…

[1]: https://nypost.com/2024/12/12/us-news/florida-mom-arrested-f...
The Genius of Benjamin Franklin
It is always amazing to me people who will chastise people for using Macs.

It is by far the most robust hardware and 15 years later Windows laptops may finally be catching up.

My first programming job was LAMP so I had a Linux desktop and loved it. Later I got a new job that gave us laptops, but they were quite beefy.

I had a Dell laptop with an Nvidia GPU and an Intel iGPU... After updating my OS my gpu was the only way to use my laptop, which made the battery die in under an hour and of course it was much hotter.

I tried numerous driver installs, proprietary, open source, reinstall OS, different OS... Nothing got it working again on a newer version of the Linux kernel.

Went to the Apple Store bought a MBP and have never had an issue since. Not one dead laptop, in 10 years, I plug in my USB C dock and go.

2 years later, what happened to one of my coworkers? Same exact thing. He spent 3 days trying to fix it and basically had a workaround that crashed occasionally.

I get paid to produce working software not configure my OS, and people wonder why Macs are so popular?
Many SSDs transform all-zero sector writes into a simple TRIM/DISCARD to reduce flash wear, so overwriting with pseudorandom data from /dev/urandom is likely more secure.
I totally agree, but what i hate about react.js is that if you have like a big app, the routes definitions will be a nightmare, i would love to see native file routing system inside react.js
Those without that mindset don’t write blog posts about it.
Last time I went to Milan, I remember that when I was in an empty alley with my wife I noticed something and my wife did as well, it was the only moment in the city we weren't smelling cigarette smoke. The city is beautiful and alive, but the pervasive smoking everywhere diminished my interest in ever going back.
I don't think that's correct as a blanket statement - you can use a passphrase, or remember a 14+ character password since you only have one to remember.

Even if it's only random-ish, password managers do key stretching (for example by hashing the password 600k times - bitwarden has a high default value and lets you increase it if you like) so that it has to take some computational effort to check if a single password is correct. That's why it take a few seconds to unlock your vault each time.

With these in place I think you're pretty safe for a long time. (Well, maybe until quantum computing breaks those cyphers?)
Curious: What are the "obscenity regulations", and which entities are "the internet" doing firebombing, in this case?
That’s harrowing.

If any journalists are lurking in this discussion, this would make a decent article.
I'll stay home
“In the current form nwipe does not sanitize solid state drives (hereinafter referred to as SSDs) of any form (SAS / Sata / NVME) and / or form factor (2.5" / 3.5" / PCI) fully due to their nature: SSDs, as the transistors contained in the memory modules are subject to wear, contain in most cases additional memory modules installed as failover for broken sectors outside of the host accessible space (frequently referred to as "overprovisioning") and for garbage collection.”

Interesting and that they don’t mention Enhanced Security Erasure; that SATA command would take care of the broken sectors and firmware reserved sectors. HDPARM is capable of issuing the command if the SSD/HDD supports it and HDPARM is the tool they seem to be using. Not sure what they are using for NVME though as they use PCIE…not SATA commands.
Maybe sedutil from OPAL?
Anywho, tor most drives whether SSD, HDD or NVME you can ‘erase’ it by simply setting and deleting my the KEK and UEK but to securely erase you want to do security enhanced erase data command that runs locally in the drive and is independent of the OS.
Surely the title is misleading in that Pornhub is the entity blocking those states from accessing it, as they choose to not follow the new law. As-is it reads like the states are the ones blocking it, which they are not. They're simply asking for more than an "I promise I'm 18" button.
Are its competitors like OnlyFans also blocked similarly?

BTW PornHub is owned by an Ottawa, Canada-based company recently: https://www.ethicalcapitalpartners.com
This has bothered me for decades, why was this ever the case to begin with?
IMO the real advantages of 2FA are threefold:

1. The key is generated by the server, not the client (human), so it cannot be reused like a password.

2. The authentication is temporally bound, so phishing only offers access for ~30 seconds, unlike a password where it provides unlimited access until someone changes it (never unless forced in practice).

3. It's literally required for many services, so you need to use it. The alternatives to storing your secrets in your password manager are keeping them on your phone (which is how most people log in anyway, so its already becoming a single point of failure) or using something like SMS 2FA, which is even worse as SIM jacking is pretty trivially possible on most providers.
Vera C. Rubin Observatory is ready to transform our understanding of the cosmos
> the problem with "which is heavier, a 10 pound bag of feathers or a 10 pound bag of bricks?"

Interestingly, the variation of this problem that I first encountered, personally, was "which weighs more, a pound of feathers or a pound of gold?"

This is a much more difficult question. The answer given to me was that the pound of feathers weighs more, because gold is measured in troy weight, and a troy pound consists of only 12 ounces compared to the 16 ounces in a pound avoirdupois.

And that's all true. Gold is measured in troy weight, feathers aren't, a troy pound consists of only 12 ounces, a pound avoirdupois consists of 16, and a pound avoirdupois weighs more than a troy pound does.

The problem with this answer is that it's not complete; it's just a coincidence that the ultimate result ("the feathers are heavier") is correct. Just as a pound avoirdupois weighs more than a troy pound, an ounce avoirdupois weighs less than a troy ounce. But this difference, even though it goes in the opposite direction, isn't enough to outweigh the difference between 16 vs 12 ounces per pound.

Without acknowledging the difference in the ounces, the official answer to the riddle is just as wrong as the naive answer is.
I accidentally opened the EPUB3 file in 7Zip, then realized you can just decompress the archive and open the .xhtml files in any standard web browser.

Seems like it would be fairly simple to have web browsers support EPUB3.
I am more surprised at how the general notion has shifted towards the idea that Next.js is the default starting option now. It just feels like such a drastic change to me, compared to even 2 or 3 years back (last when I paid enough attention to frontend stuff).
To be honest I don’t know. Maybe the only way to know is to build and measure all these variations.
It feels like honest conversation doesn't happen so much in the public space these days if an issue can be politicized. But what will be very interesting to track would be the rate of change of social vices in the next 15 years.
Hardware keys and passkeys are better because they can't be phished. In the case of hardware keys, one should register multiple to prevent lockout. Most implementations of passkeys seem to be portable, letting them exist on multiple devices (something that gives me pause).

If an adversary can successfully phish someone, they can often also trick them into providing TOTP codes or approving push notifications. However, TOTP remains significantly better than the alternatives, as it prevents credential stuffing attacks and SMS-related compromises while potentially limiting any account breach to a single session.
The “economic anxiety” is only going to get worse now.
Well we are on HN. Odd to me for being downvoted for a question rooted in curiosity.

I’m just trying to understand the motivation. If it’s free then I can understand it’s a hobby. When it’s being charged for, and there are some “studios” pumping out commercial games, then to me it warrants trying to understand more about the game creators. Especially when they’re amiga games.
I think this is mostly addressed in the article

> Hes saying the sea has risen and the people who say it hasn't are wrong.

Quoting from the webpage

>> To be fair to those folks, it's true that – as they claim – the water level of various landmarks around the world... has not "visibly" risen since they were erected... The fact... is that the global average sea level has risen by 15-25cm (6-10") since 1900.

That is – there has been some sea level rise, but not that much (yet) and therefore people may not have noticed it.

Venturing beyond the first paragraph, the main point seems to be this paragraph (emphasis mine)

>> *The thing is, sea level rise lags behind global warming by several decades.* So (if you'll excuse my hitting-rather-close-to-home choice of pun), what we've seen so far is just the tip of the iceberg. We've already locked in another 10-25cm (4-10") of sea level rise between now and 2050. And we're currently looking at a minimum 28-61cm (11-24") of sea level rise between now and 2100, and a minimum 40-95cm (16-38") of sea level rise between now and 2200.
Why hasn't the ISP "market" provided a solution for concerned parents?
I'm in Tennessee but can still access it. It seems like the law was blocked by a federal judge.

https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2024/12/31/tennessee-a...
Epic Store: Kingdom Come: Deliverance for Free
Right, but there's been many operationalisations before. That's what's not new. Tome Mitchell's textbook has plenty of examples. Basically all of machine learning is about learning concepts- in practice as well as in theory. That's the whole point.
Oh, you're talking about red flag laws. What makes you think passing red flag laws will provide additional freedoms? It seems highly unlikely that those who support the current red flag laws would support any loosening of other firearm restrictions. Your statement also implicitly assumes that red flag laws would be significantly effective to allow looser restrictions overall. However, groups like RAND have found no conclusive evidence that red flags work. The best evidence they have is potentially reducing suicides. What would the protections you mention look like? The whole point of moving things like red flag laws or civil asset forfeiture to the civil side is because it lacks the protections on the criminal side - lower burden of proof, no right to representation, ex parte proceedings, etc. It's no wonder we see constant abuses of the process in traditional PFAs during divorces in many states. Surely we could fix the existing processes to ameliorate the problems and concerns thus providing a solid basis for the argument to expand them. Currently, the ACLU opposes most of the red flag laws due to civil liberties issues.

I would bet that the NRA will propose ammendments to any national red flag legislation introduced, just as they helped shape the 1968 legislation once it looked inevitable. That's all a part of the political game. Sure, the Overton Window is associated with some clickbait, but it's a real and valid concept in politics. This is why groups aren't going to volunteer to help implement things that are counter to their goals, be it the NRA or Everytown. Do you really think Everytown would support something like national reciprocity in exchange for red flag laws? No, as they are also a hardliner and playing the game.

"Solving problems requires clear-eyed appraisals of the risks and benefits of various approaches to arrive at optimal outcomes."

So what's the solution? What's the optimal outcome?
Am I the only one having a great time here? I've been using Next.js since the v14 launched and it's been great! Using RSCs, I have large portions of my app that just work even with client-side js turned off.

It's like having all the simple power of a PHP app except with a nice type system and the ability to seamlessly include interactive, stateful client components at the "leaf level" of my view tree.
I highly recommend their Youtube series on databases. They have great guest speakers.
Great article, +1 Insightful.

> the ultimate goal of software design should be (organizational) knowledge building
It's funny that on this forum I'm both called a neolib and a left wing nutjob from time to time depending on who gets triggered. Something to be proud of.
They say it's less convenient, that doesn't mean they say it's wrong. And yes it is less convenient, why are you saying it's "horrible"? Security is always about compromises, if the less convenient method causes people to come up with workarounds then it would be worse even if in theory it's more secure.
For Google Authenticator, you can do an export for device migration. Once it shows the QR code image, snap it and then abort the migration. Back up the QR code for later restoration.
Is the stack trace in the section "Clearer exception backtraces" actually from 3.4? It has mixed backticks and single quotes.
Doesnt work on mobile.
I'd rather have an honest conversation about teenagers having access to violent media, especially how violence is absolutely normalized in the US. Seeing a boob never killed anyone, but violence kills thousands every year in the US, including many children.
If you really get into them here’s a few series that are along similar lines

- Prey series by John Sandford

- Bosch series by Michael Connelly (He’s the “Lincoln Lawyer’s half-brother). Also a series on Amazon Prime

- Orphan X series by Mark Greany

I’ve followed all of these (as well as Jack Reacher and Gray man) series for years and have read all of them. Great brain candy.
Convert Website Content to GPT ready text file
A Python tool that converts your website content into GPT-friendly text files by scraping your sitemap.

This tool is particularly useful for creating training data or knowledge bases for GPT models from your website content.

Overview
---------------
Website to GPT automatically scrapes all pages listed in your website's sitemap.xml and converts them into clean text format.

It handles JavaScript-rendered content and offers two output options:

- Individual text files for each page
- A single merged file with clear page separators
This comment is a great example of why it is so hard to fight pandemics. It is incredibly tempting to give in to the post-hoc rationalization of how things worked out. Which then leads to a high degree of public complacency prior to the next pandemic.

On an individual basis, people who survive the pandemic (by avoiding infection or by surviving infection) are tempted to reason that the fear, doubt, and mitigations were all in fact overblown. After all, most folks got through it ok, right?

The reality is that COVID worked out way, way worse than even pessimistic guesses in early 2020. It killed over a million Americans, many of whom were in fact healthy adults without obvious risk factors. And the long-term legacy of “long COVID” impairment is still being learned.
This is an important distinction. The legislation requires customers identify themselves...not unlike being carded at a brick-and-mortar store. It's Pornhub that's refusing to take that step.
The LAMP stack is still here, waiting for you.
Obscenity regulations are laws that censor the creation or distribution of creative works considered to be obscene, eg show a woman's ankle, or acknowledge that sex acts exist.
What are your thoughts about Rails switching to SQLite from Redis? I've only used Redis to store session data and cache app data. So my opinions are pretty limited and mostly positive.

https://rubyonrails.org/2024/11/7/rails-8-no-paas-required
You can opt out by using a single (optional) catchall route and handle the path all by yourself. This is sometimes necessary to handle CMS pages for example.

Docs: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routin...
How many laid-off workers are H-1B owners though? You cannot just assume Tesla laid off 100% US workers then hired foreign labors to fill the gap. This is not an apple to apple comparison.
For a few years I've used the exact same setup as the author in regards to my TOTP codes, password manager, and WebAuthn hardware keys. This past year, I've supplemented this with biometric passkeys on Windows, Apple, and Android.
New Front-End Features for Designers in 2025
I read that access to porn consumption is inversely correlated with rape rates [1]. So it means that the rate of rapes will increase in those areas that fully ban porn. But I suspect sex in general will increase in those areas (see [2]), and maybe birthrates?, as porn consumption is likely inversely proportional to sex in general.

[1] "Victimization rates for rape in the United States demonstrate an inverse relationship between pornography consumption and rape rates." Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S13591...

[2] https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/sexual-intelligence/...
"With its capacity to detect faint objects, Rubin is expected to increase the number of known asteroids and comets by a factor of 10 to 100."
You can use Qubes OS (a linux that relies heavily on virtualization) if you want that.
Passkeys are a shitshow at the moment, I store passkeys in my password manager along with 2fa codes as it is the only way to make them reasonably usable. And obviously the only other way to manage passkeys is to rely either on a single device, trust big corps and vendor lock in, or to have multiple passkeys on multiple devices/services for the same sites/accounts.
Well, as an example, in the UK we had fairly tight control of pornographic material. Soft porn magazines were top shelf only. Movies had age ratings.

I'm not that old and I remember the controversy when someone found a sex game in GTA: San Andreas _if you hacked the game_.

Nowadays a kid with a smartphone googles and there you are, AI generated hardcore porn with your classmate's face. Different world.
"Sex addiction counselor" sounds like the kind of person who thinks anyone who has ever looked at porn is a pervert if single and an adulterer if partnered, and makes persecuting those people her whole identity. Definitely not someone I'd trust to have a reasonable opinion crafting the laws that govern society.
By all accounts I've read, describing India as "socialist" in the 1950s is not quite right. You only need look at the article I linked to see that a big reason for people going hungry was because couldn't afford the rising food prices. The prices being determined by purchasing power and market forces. And there was a functioning parliamentary democracy. At best you could say it was a mixed economy where the ruling party had some socialist economic policies. But you could say that about many modern European countries. So I still think the comparison with China is interesting.
The attractiveness of the American suburban compromise is just an accident of American policy choices, and that suburban compromise has major downsides that we’ve been frog-boiled into accepting (see TFA). Different policies would make urban living much more attractive than suburbs, as is the case in much of the rest of the developed world. So when you say “better”… yeah, fine, if we’re going to refuse to govern constructively and responsibly, yes, suburbs are probably a better choice in that landscape.
Jj for Developing Go
“Simply” lol
This goes at least as far back as anaphoric macros: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphoric_macro.
> I've seen many students use Nextjs for websites that could easily be written with plain html + css, and some chart library.

Students are the one case in which I'd say this is good.

The vast majority of the stuff students do is not going to be successful. The purpose here is not to build stuff, it's to learn how to build stuff, and in that case exploring technologies is a net win.
You don't have to lose backend/frontend logic colocation when you shed next.js, just implement your own ssr which is mostly trivial. You don't have to use server components either, you just have to guarantee that node imports get pruned from browser build, and then you can run node deps on ssr to your heart's content. I went this way in my recent pet project and not gonna lie, updating dependencies and nothing breaks feels wild after years of next/cra churn.
Acclaimed movie AZOR, Whatever My Grandpa Didn't Write
> Two Dedekind reals (A, B) and (A', B') are equal if and only if they have identical representations. […] Can you elaborate on how you're thinking about decidability?

Direct:

Make one of the sets uncomputable, at which point the equality of the sets cannot be decided. This happens when the real defined by the Dedekind cut is itself uncomputable. BB(764) is an integer (!) that I know is uncomputable off the top of my head. The same idea (defining an object in terms of some halting property) is used in the next proof.

Via undecidability of Cauchy reals:

Equality of Cauchy reals is also undecidable. The proof is by negation: consider a procedure that decides whether a real is equal to zero; consider a
sequence (a_n) with a_n = 1 if Turing machine A halts within n steps on all inputs, 0 otherwise; this is clearly Cauchy, but if we can decide whether it’s equal to 0, then we can decide HALT.

Cauchy reals and Dedekind reals are isomorphic, so equality of Dedekinds must also be undecidable.

Hopefully those two sketches show what I mean by decidable; caveat that I’m not infallible and haven’t been in academia for a while, so some/all of this may be wrong!
I agree. It’s as easy as that if you respect people having different values. But these laws come from a “my god told me that this is right” mindset and you can’t really argue with that.
if this is what people want, so be it. who cares!
It has the same scalability issues and the same scalability solutions as cell towers themselves, doesn't it? Densely populated areas have more cell towers and thus smaller cells.

Again: which computation paradigm works best depends on the use case. It is not an all or nothing situation.
Good article, both in spirit and factually.

One thing to add: the author talks about reviving a system as “slow and difficult process”, and it is. However, the concrete example described is not worthy of hand-wringing of this kind: a system that could have been built by a single competent engineer in 6 months (inevitably of alpha quality, at best), could be resurrected by a competent team of several programmers and brought to, say, beta quality, while keeping the lights on their alpha system on in how long? Let’s say, 9-12 months. No biggie, really.

Most companies routinely discard man-years of programmer’s effort, so those 9-12 months are likely just a blip in the lifetime of that firm.
> It's Pornhub that's refusing to take that step

I wouldn't want to be responsible for the privacy risk that age verification documents impose on site operators.