Absolutely with you on the idea in the abstract, but the problem you run into in practice is that enabling local reasoning (~O(1)-time reading) often comes at the cost of making global changes (say, ~O(n)-time writing in the worst case, where n is the call hierarchy size) to the codebase. Or to put it another way, the problem isn't so much attaining local readability but maintaining it -- it imposes a real cost on maintenance. The cost is often worth it, but not always.

Concrete toy examples help here, so let me just give a straight code example.

Say you have the following interface:

void foo(void on_completed());

void callback();

void bar(int n)
{
foo(callback);
}

Now let's say you want to pass n to your callback. (And before you object that you'd have the foresight to enable that right in the beginning because this is obvious -- that's missing the point, this is just a toy example to make the problem obvious. The whole point here is you found a deficiency in what data you're allowed to pass somewhere, and you're trying to fix it during maintenance. "Don't make mistakes" is not a strategy.)

So the question is: what do you do?

You have two options:

1. Modify foo()'s implementation (if you even can! if it's opaque third party code, you're already out of luck) to accept data (state/context) along with the callback, and plumb that context through everywhere in the call hierarchy.

2. Just embed n in a global or thread-local variable somewhere and retrieve it later, with appropriate locking, etc. if need be.

So... which one do you do?

Option #1 is a massive undertaking. Not only is it an O(n) changes for a call hierarchy of size n, but foo() might have to do a lot of extra work now -- for example, if it previously used a lock-free queue to store the callback, now it might lose performance as it might not be able to do everything atomically. etc.

Option #2 only results in 3 modifications, completely independently from the rest of the code: one in bar(), one for the global, and one in the callback.

Of course the benefit of #1 here is that option #1 allows local reasoning when reading the code later, whereas option #2 is spooky action at a distance: it's no longer obvious that callback() expects a global to be set. But the downside is that now you might need to spend several more hours or days or weeks to make it work -- depending on how much code you need to modify, which teams need to approve your changes, and how likely you are to hit obstacles.

So, congratulations, you just took a week to write something that could've taken half an hour. Was it worth it?

I mean, probably yes, if maintenance is a rare event for you. But what if you have to do it frequently? Is it actually worth it to your business to make (say) 20% of your work take 10-100x as long?

I mean, maybe still it is in a lot of cases. I'm not here to give answers, I absolutely agree local reasoning is important. I certainly am a zealot for local reasoning myself. But I've also come to realize that achieving niceness is quite a different beast from maintaining it, and I ~practically never see people try to give realistic quantified assessments of the costs when trying to give advice on how to maintain a codebase.